History.

The Wide Streets Commission was established in 1757. Over the following decades, the commission reshaped the old medieval city of Dublin, and created a network of main thoroughfares by wholesale demolition or widening of old streets or the creation of entirely new ones.  One of the first projects was to widen "Essex Bridge" (now Grattan Bridge), in 1755 to cope with the traffic congestion caused by human, horse-drawn, and bovine traffic crossing the River Liffey from Capel Street. The building of Parliament Street and the "Royal Exchange" (now Dublin City Hall), to create a vista from across the river Liffey on Capel Street, soon followed.  Other major initiatives, under the then Chief Commissioner John Beresford, included the effort to merge and widen several narrow streets into one new street on Dublin's northside, creating Sackville Street (now called O'Connell Street). The main north–south axis of the city was thus moved from Capel Street and Parliament Street to the new thoroughfare further east.  The widening of Dame Street, between Cork Hill and College Green was the second great initiative of the commission. This work was initiated in 1777, but it was not until 1782 that the first new building was built at Palace Street. Christchurch and George's Street are also the result of the project of widening Georgian Dublin's congested streets. North Frederick Street was created from 1789 linking Sackville Street and Dorset Street.  Between 1785 and 1790 further phases of the Dame Street project was undertaken between George's Lane and Trinity Street. Drawings exist dated 1832 for the buildings between Fownes Street and Temple Lane.  Westmoreland Street (90 feet wide), and D'Olier Street (90 feet wide and designed by Henry Aaron Baker) and part of Burgh Quay (1806) including the new Corn Exchange, formed part of the work of the commission. Originally many of the new houses had 15 feet high granite shop fronts at street level which were divided into three bays, a narrow bay at each side, incorporating a door, and a wide bay at the middle of the facade for the display of goods. Many of these shopfronts still remain on the west side of d'Olier Street.  Many of the Wide Street Commission buildings can be seen today on streets with granite shopfronts at ground floor level and brick facades above. They are generally streets with standardised house designs such as Burgh Quay.  Wellington Quay - with its arcaded shop fronts - and Merchants Arch are also part of the commission's work, as are Eden Quay, Lower Abbey Street, Bachelor's Walk, and Beresford Place.

The Wide Streets Commission (officially the Commissioners for making Wide and Convenient Ways, Streets and Passages) was established by an Act of Parliament in 1757, at the request of Dublin Corporation, as a body to govern standards on the layout of streets, bridges, buildings and other architectural considerations in Dublin. The commission was abolished by the Dublin Improvement Act of 1849, with the final meeting of the Commission taking place on 2 January 1851.

Wide Streets Commission (officiellement Commissioners for making Wide and Convenient Ways, Streets and Passages) a été créé par une loi du parlement en 1757, à la demande de la municipalité de Dublin, comme un organisme chargé de régir les normes sur le tracé des rues, ponts, bâtiments et autres considérations architecturales de Dublin. La commission a été abolie par la loi Dublin Amélioration de 1849, avec la dernière réunion de la Commission aura lieu le.


General information.

Hydrology.

The locality had several rivers that have been transformed into canals flowing into the Fucha River. It has several parks. There is one major commercial sector in the Restrepo neighborhood, with the balance of the locality consisting of residential areas with small stores and churches.

Topography.

The topography of the locality is mainly flat, as it is located on the Bogotá savanna.

Transportation.

The mass transport system of Bogotá, TransMilenio, runs on Avenida Caracas (Restrepo and Fucha stations) and Autopista Sur. Other buses serve Avenida Primera, Primero de Mayo, and Carrera 10.

History.

During the 19th century, the territory belonged to the rule of Muequetá, as part of the Muisca Confederation. Large estates, located on the shores of the rivers that crossed it, were built by the Spanish after the conquest. The process of urbanization started in 1920, and was completed over the following 50 years. It was separated as a locality in 1991. The majority of the locality contains estrato 3 residential areas.

Economy.

The Restrepo area is located on Carrera 24 until the Avenida Primero de Mayo, which is the largest commercial area of the locality. A large number of small companies are located here, with the production of low-cost, high-quality shoes among the most notable of industries.

Neighborhoods.

Main neighborhoods are Restrepo, Policarpa Salavarrieta, Luna Park, Villa Mayor, Eduardo Freí, San Antonio, Caracas, Ciudad Berna, Ciudad Jardín, La Fragua, Eduardo Santos, and Santander.

Antonio Nariño is the 15th locality of Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It is located in the central part of the city. This district is mostly inhabited by middle class residents. The locality is named after an early Colombian leader, Antonio Nariño, who is often referred to as the "precursor" to the presidency.

Antonio Nariño est le situé au sud de Bogota, la capitale de la Colombie. Sa superficie est de et sa population de.


Biography.

Born at Milan into a family of artists - both his father Carlo and his brother Roberto were painters - he entered a Barnabite school at the age of seven and then went on to study at the Collegio Zambelli. He was forced to abandon his studies while still young to provide for himself and his two younger sisters following the death of their mother. During that period, he worked in a series of menial jobs before becoming a copy editor for the newspaper "Corriere di Milano". This brought him into contact with the world of journalism and literature, which was to become his career.  An exponent of the second Scapigliatura artistic movement, Fontana was a very versatile writer. Apart from his plays and opera libretti, he wrote poems (in both Italian and Milanese dialect), travel books, and articles in various Italian newspapers, including "Corriere della Sera". From 1878 to 1879 he was the Berlin correspondent for the "Gazzetta Piemontese" (today "La Stampa").  During his time in Milan, Fontana wrote two plays in Milanese dialect, "La Pina Madamin" and "La Statôa del sciôr Incioda". Both had considerable success and starred Edoardo Ferravilla, considered one of the greatest comic actors in Milanese theatre. He wrote numerous libretti, including two for Alberto Franchetti ("Asrael" and "Zoroastro") and two for Puccini ("Le Villi" and "Edgar"). He also translated several operetta libretti for performance in Italy, including Franz Lehár's "Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow)" and "Der Graf von Luxemburg (The Count of Luxembourg)", Oskar Nedbal's "Polenblut (Polish Blood)", and Edmund Eysler's "Der Frauenfresser (The Woman-Eater)". Early in his career, Fontana's output was prodigious: an 1886 article in "La Stampa" said that at the time, 13 new libretti by Fontana were being composed by 12 different composers.  A committed and passionate socialist, he took part in the Milanese demonstrations in 1898 which led to the Bava-Beccaris massacre. Because of the repressions which followed, he fled to Switzerland where he first lived in Montagnola, a small town near Lugano. He remained in Switzerland until his death, living a modest life, and greatly reducing his literary activities.  Ferdinando Fontana died in Lugano in 1919, at the age of 69.

Texts set to music.

Unless indicated otherwise, the texts were opera libretti.

Ferdinando Fontana (30 January 1850 – 10 May 1919) was an Italian journalist, dramatist, and poet. He is best known today for having written the libretti of the first two operas by Giacomo Puccini – "Le Villi" and "Edgar".

Ferdinando Fontana ( Milan - Lugano) est un dramaturge et un librettiste italien connu aujourd'hui pour avoir écrit pour Puccini les livrets de ses deux premiers opéras, "Le Villi" et "Edgar".


History.

Anna Hutsol is credited as having founded the Femen movement on 10 April 2008, after she became aware of stories of Ukrainian women duped into going abroad and then taken advantage of sexually. However, according to the 2013 documentary by Kitty Green, "Ukraine Is Not a Brothel", Femen was founded by Viktor Sviatsky. In September 2013 Inna Shevchenko responded to the documentary stating that Sviatsky "did lead the movement some time ago....We accepted this because we did not know how to resist and fight it....This is when I decided to leave Ukraine for France to build a new Femen". Femen member Inna Shevchenko discussed Sviatsky with "The Independent" in January, 2014, and, while not using the word 'founder' said: "I will never deny that he is a smart person. He was the reason why we knew each other. He was one of those smart people around us at the beginning, who were more experienced". Since 2013 Femen has been led by Inna Shevchenko.  Initially, Femen gained attention by demonstrating in skimpy or erotic clothing. For example, on 21 September 2008 in front of the Turkish embassy, a dozen Femen members were dressed as nurses with smudged makeup and high pink heels; however, at the 24 August 2009 demonstration on Ukrainian independence day, Oksana Shachko went topless. Since this approach obtained such great publicity, it rapidly became FEMEN's signature approach. While most of the protests have been confined to bare breasts, in October 2010 Shachko exposed her buttocks outside a locked toilet in a demonstration to protest the lack of public toilets in Kiev, and four of the group members staged a similar protest in Kiev in February 2011.  Since May 2011, a host of international news outlets have started to report about the organization's actions; this has sharply heightened FEMEN's international profile.  From late 2011, the Ukrainian Femen activists started to hold more international protests. In December 2011, three Femen activists stated that the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus had abducted and terrorized them after they staged topless protests in Minsk. On 8 April 2013, five Femen members "topless ambushed" Russian President Vladimir Putin (accompanied by German Chancellor Angela Merkel) at the Hanover trade fair.  After Inna Shevchenko chopped down a wooden cross overlooking Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev on 17 August 2012, she stated that she had received several death threats and that her front door had been kicked in. Fearing arrest, she sought asylum in France and moved to Paris. There, in September 2012, she established a training facility for activists for Femen in France.  In late July 2013, one of the ideologists of the Femen, Viktor Sviatsky, and Hutsol were assaulted on the eve of a visit by Putin to Kiev to celebrate the 1,025th anniversary of the Christianization of Kievan Rus'. According to Hutsol, those who attacked them "resemble those cooperating with secret services SBU and FSB".  One of the founding members, Oksana Shachko, was found dead in Paris on 24 July 2018; her death is believed to be a suicide. She was living as an independent artist separated from the group after disputes with other members.

Organization.

Femen has several international branches. The Femen office in their native Kiev was closed and the organization's leadership left Ukraine ("Fearing for their lives and freedom") in August 2013.  In October 2012, the organization stated it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad, as well as twelve thousand followers via the social network Vkontakte.  In October 2013, Femen had its largest membership in France. In January 2013, Femen France counted 30 local activists. In 2010, the group comprised some 320 activists, with about 300 of the active participants being in Kiev. In a 2010 interview, Anna Hutsol said that in addition to 20 core organizers there are 300 activists in Kiev, as well as a social network based on vkontakte of about 20,000 persons. Female university students between 18 and 20 years old formed the backbone of the movement when it was formed in 2008, with few male members. In 2011, various sources stated that in an interview Anna Hutsol said that the movement has 150 thousand supporters. In October 2012, the organization said that it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad.  Hutsol stated in July 2010: "We are working better than any news agency. We have a photographer, cinematographer, designer and content manager." In Ukraine, most of FEMEN's demonstrations are staged in Kiev, but the organization has also held actions in cities like Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, and Zaporizhia. In April 2010 the organization contemplated becoming a political party to run for seats in the October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. However, it did not take part in these elections. Femen explained its methodology of topless protesting by saying: "This is the only way to be heard in this country. If we staged simple protests with banners, then our claims would not have been noticed". The organization plans to become the biggest and the most influential movement in Europe.  Facebook initially blocked the Femen page because it suspected it was pornographic. In addition, Femen has displayed several provocative images on its Facebook page, including images of Femen activists taking a chainsaw to the heads of Vladimir Putin and Kirill I of Moscow, who were depicted covered in blood.  In 2010 and 2011, Ukrainian members had stated that their involvement in Femen had caused their families to become alienated from them. Some Femen members, including Inna Shevchenko, have also been subject to threats, kidnapping, beating and other intimidation.

Criminal cases against the organization.

Several criminal cases have been opened against the organization in Ukraine on charges of "hooliganism" and "desecration of state symbols", among others, and the group has been fined. In addition, most Femen activists are detained by the police after protesting; in one case, the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus arrested Femen activists, "threatening them with knives and cutting their hair". According to Femen, after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych, the Security Service of Ukraine attempted to intimidate the Femen activists.  The Ukrainian police opened a criminal case against Femen when during its 27 August 2013 raid in the movement's Kiev office it purportedly found a TT pistol and a grenade. Femen stated that these items were planted there by the Ukrainian police as part of a conspiracy by the Russian and Ukrainian secret services to prosecute the movement, which the police denied. On 30 August 2013, Femen activist Yana Zhdanova, Anna Hutsol and Alexandra Shevchenko were called in for questioning; instead (according to a Femen statement), "fearing for their lives and freedom the activists escaped from Ukraine to Europe to continue Femen activities" (also in Ukraine [as Hutsol had stated three days before she left Ukraine]). The Kiev office became a (not Femen-affiliated) bookstore on 23 October 2013. By early March, Hutsol said that although the regime that had criminally probed them had fallen, it was "too risky to return to Ukraine"; in a February 2014 interview, Hutsol also stated that Femen activists who had stayed in Ukraine had helped during the Euromaidan protests that ultimately toppled this regime. Femen actions did recur in Kiev in the summer of 2014.

International branches.

Femen France.

Femen France is the French branch of Femen. After cutting down a crucifix near Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kiev in August 2012, Inna Shevchenko left the country and went to Paris to set up Femen France, a training center for activists. The international training center opened on 18 September 2012.  As of early January 2013, the organization consisted of 30 local activists. The only Ukrainians regularly present were Oksana Shachko and Inna Shevchenko. On 6 March 2013, Femen activists, together with French writer Galia Ackerman, released their first book, "Femen". The book was published by Calmann-Lévy.  The international training center opened on 18 September 2012. 15 activists marched topless from the metro station Château Rouge to the Lavoir Moderne Parisien, where their new headquarters are located, and organized a press conference there.  On 3 October 2012, French activists Éloïse Bouton, Elvire Duvelle-Charles, Miyabi K., Julia Javel, Jenny Bah, Nathalie Vignes and Inna Shevchenko protested against rape by standing topless in front of the Venus de Milo statue in the Louvre Museum. The Femen activists shouted, "We have hands to stop rape". They stated they chose the Venus de Milo because it has no arms, arguing this best symbolizes a woman's helplessness and vulnerability. This protest followed an incident in Tunisia where a woman faced charges of indecency after she said she was raped by police officers. On 15 October 2012, eight topless activists protested in front of the French Ministry of Justice at the Place Vendôme in Paris in response to the verdict in the trial of fourteen men for the gang rape of teenage girls. After a four-week trial in Fontenay-sous-Bois near Paris, four of the accused were found guilty of taking part in gang rapes, ten were acquitted. The sentences were far lighter than those recommended by the state prosecutor, who had called for prison sentences of five to seven years for eight of the men. The protesters accused the French authorities of tolerating the rape of minors.  Femen activists held protests in front of Great Mosque of Paris on 3 April 2013, to demand the release of Amina Tyler, a Femen activist in Tunisia. They also burned the Salafist flag. In September 2015 two topless Femen activists jumped onto the stage of a conservative Muslim conference in Paris.

Other branches.

Since late 2011, Femen has held rallies outside Ukraine. In late April 2011, the organization said it was setting up international branches in Warsaw, Zürich, Rome, Tel Aviv, and Rio de Janeiro. A demonstration by a group called RU Femen in the Russian capital, Moscow, in late April 2011 was immediately denounced as a fake offspring of Femen. Femen accused the Russian political party United Russia of having set up RU Femen. Early in 2013, Femen said that it had members in Brazil, Germany, the U.S., Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Bulgaria, and Tunisia.  On 23 January 2013, a third national Femen-group was opened officially when Alexandra Shevchenko launched Femen in Germany proposing to train and lead the group from Berlin and Hamburg bases. The German branch of Femen was founded by Irina Khanova, Hellen Langhorst, Klara Martens. An action the group took was amid the opening of the Barbie Dream House in Berlin's Alexanderplatz. Right before the pink plastic building opened, a Femen member emerged topless from a model high-heel shoe burning a Barbie doll, in protest of what was widely seen as giving girls an unrealistic view of life. The Femen member had written on her chest LIFE IN PLASTIC IS NOT FANTASTIC.  A Quebec-based Femen is also active, founded by Ukraine-born, Sept-Îles raised Xenia Chernyshova.  On 10 September 2013, the Belgium branch of Femen voluntary disbanded itself.  A branch of Femen in Turkey, founded in late-2013 is also active.  In June 2014, Femen opened a branch in Israel with 15 women. Femen notes, "our numbers are growing from week to week." The members, who range in age from 17 to 30, come from all over the country.  In August 2016, a branch of Femen launched in the United States of America, based in Seattle, Washington and led by Jordan Robson. To date, their most publicized action has been a protest held at the polling station used by Donald Trump in New York City on 8 November 2016.

Goals and stances.

Femen describes its stance as "radical feminism", and says that it is "fighting patriarchy in its three manifestations – sexual exploitation of women, dictatorship and religion". Femen has pledged to fight the sex industry and marriage agencies, the Church and its pro-life beliefs and patriarchal society, as well as those who oppose gay marriage. Femen has expressed opposition against Islamism, "Sharia law" and spoken against the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM). On its official website Femen states: "Femen – is sextremism serving to protect women's rights, democracy watchdogs attacking patriarchy, in all its forms: the dictatorship, the church, the sex industry".  Femen has expressed both support for and opposition against various public figures and organizations; for example, the group lauded Pussy Riot and collaborated with Aliaa Elmahdy. In 2011 the group stated that it had enjoyed limited success in pushing its agenda. It was also criticized for failure "to provide much insight into what the concrete goals [of the organization] are".

Feminist issues.

Founder Anna Hutsol is adamantly opposed to legalizing prostitution in Ukraine and advocates for criminalization of prostitution abroad. In late May 2009, Femen proposed the introduction of criminal responsibility for the use of sex industry services. Femen protested against what they argued were moves being made by the Ukrainian government to legalize prostitution during the EURO 2012 championships. The group asked UEFA and the Ukrainian government to create a social program devoted to the problem of sex tourism and prostitution in Ukraine; to inform football fans that prostitution is illegal in Ukraine; and to take additional steps to fight against prostitution and sex tourism.  Despite Femen's objection to the sex industry, the group has fought against the prosecution of Anastasia Grishay by Ukrainian authorities (initiated by a prominent Communist member of parliament) on grounds of her involvement in pornography.  According to (founder) Hutsol "The Femen movement stands for women-related policies, not women in politics". FEMEN's leadership has very low expectations of all current mainstream Ukrainian politicians. When asked (in April 2013) if she considered German Chancellor Angela Merkel "the enemy" Alexandra Shevchenko replied: "In so far as she shakes the hand of the dictator, yes; like Yulia Tymoshenko and like Margaret Thatcher before them, she has hardly spoken out for women's rights".

Ukrainian issues.

Femen has protested "against the limitation of democratic liberties and freedom of the press" during Viktor Yanukovich's presidency and against (Ukrainian) government corruption.  Femen protest actions have also taken place against anti-Ukrainian policies by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian President and Government of Russia. It also demanded "independence for the Ukrainian church".  In 2012, Femen stated that its goals were "to develop leadership, intellectual and moral qualities of young women in Ukraine" and "to build up the image of Ukraine, [a] country with great opportunities for women". In 2010, the stated goals of the organization were "to shake women in Ukraine, making them socially active; to organize in 2017 a women's revolution."

International issues.

In December 2012 Femen "warned" the European Union "to stop immediately political, economic and cultural contacts with Gazprom-Kremlin's dictatorship", because "dependence on Nord Stream will bring Europe to an economic collapse and the abolition of visas requirements for Russians threatens Europe with a cultural Armageddon". An 8 April 2013 "topless ambush" of Russian President Vladimir Putin (accompanied by German Chancellor Angela Merkel) at the Hanover trade fair was described by Alexandra Shevchenko as "non-violent women protesting against the most dangerous dictator in the world, it got great coverage and will hopefully inspire people in Russia as well as helping us to recruit new members".

Protests against religious institutions.

Examples of Femen protests against religious institutions are:

Amina Tyler case.

Amina Tyler (real name Amina Sboui), a Tunisian Femen activist, was arrested on 19 May 2013 in Tunis. International protests followed for her release from detention. On 12 June 2013 a Tunisian judge convicted two French Femen members and one German Femen member after they were charged with public indecency while protesting for the release of Tyler. Pauline Hillier, Marguerite Stern and Josephine Markmann were released on 26 June 2013 after a Tunisian court lifted their prison sentence.  Amina Tyler was acquitted for contempt and defamation on 29 July 2013; but she remained jailed pending trial on a separate charge of desecrating a cemetery.  Femen had staged protests in front of the Grand Mosque of Paris burning a Tawhid flag. Amina upon release in August 2013 from detention in a Tunisian jail declared she was leaving the group in protest adding that she thought FEMEN's actions in Paris were disrespectful to the Muslim world and because she saw a lack of financial transparency in the organization.

Cultural and political image.

Critics have stated Femen members are more interested in self-promotion than real reform, and that their antics are often tacky and undermine the cause of their protests. According to Ukrainian gender studies expert Tetyana Bureychak, most Ukrainian women are unimpressed by Femen. Ukrainian sociologist Oleh Demkiv has spoken out against the controversial nature of FEMEN's protests and in July 2011 he stated they "unfortunately, do not enjoy popular support, or lead to changes in Ukraine's consciousness". In February 2013 Joanna Rohozinska (from National Endowment for Democracy) stated "there is little evidence of any of Femen's protests having significant impact" and she called FEMEN's decision to set up branches in outside Ukraine "as disingenuous at best and, frankly, somewhat cowardly". Positive remarks in Ukraine about Femen came from Maria Mayerchyk (of Lviv University), who has spoken about Femen, saying that they are a "positive, radical and important phenomenon that is able to raise social issues", and Larysa Kobelianska (UN-led women's rights program) said the group has succeeded in attracting public attention to women's problems, even if by questionable means.  The group is seen more positively abroad. Naomi Westland wrote that "Western countries are more accustomed than those in the Eastern Hemisphere to seeing naked or semi-naked bodies in the media and on the streets. But in countries where nudity is taboo, the protests have more profound impact." Jeffrey Tayler noted: "Femen originated in Ukraine, born of young women who grew up without exposure to the West's culture of political correctness and who have scant respect for it; from their country's Soviet past, they know how deleterious the stifling of free speech can be. Now that they have moved to the West, Femen has courageously broken rules and enlivened the debate over religion's role in our world." Femen received a positive reception after opening their location in Paris.  In September 2013 Femen came under criticism when the Australian documentary filmmaker Kitty Green exposed a man named Victor Svyatski as the founder of the group. Svyatski was previously known as only a consultant to the movement.

Financing.

Femen activists earn funding through the sale of products bearing the Femen logo. Femen also receives donations from individuals like Helmut Geier (also known as DJ under the alias DJ Hell), German businesswoman Beate Schober (who is currently residing in Ukraine), the American businessman Jed Sunden (founder of Ukrainian KP Media and former owner of "Kyiv Post" newspaper) and Ukrainian Canadians.  In March 2012 Ukrainian magazine "Focus" said that Femen activists receive royalties for foreign interviews and in the tabloids. In the magazine Anna Hutsol confirmed that a rally in Istanbul was sponsored by a Turkish company producing underwear.  A Ukrainian 1+1 journalist, who claimed (in September 2012) to have infiltrated the organisation, says that its office in the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, costs the movement over $2,500 per month, on top of which each member’s salary was roughly per month.

Femen (), stylized as FEMEN, is a feminist activist group intended to protect women's rights. The organization became internationally known for organizing controversial topless protests against sex tourism, religious institutions, sexism, homophobia, and other social, national, and international topics. Founded in Ukraine, the group is now based in Paris.

Femen (aussi écrit FEMEN ; en ) est un groupe féministe d'origine ukrainienne, fondé à Kiev en 2008 par Anna Hutsol, Oksana Chatchko et Oleksandra Shevchenko. Le mouvement est actuellement représenté dans huit pays. Sa présidente à l'international est Inna Shevchenko.


History.

Modern municipal engineering finds its origins in the 19th-century United Kingdom, following the Industrial Revolution and the growth of large industrial cities. The threat to urban populations from epidemics of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhus led to the development of a profession devoted to "sanitary science" that later became "municipal engineering".  A key figure of the so-called "public health movement" was Edwin Chadwick, author of the parliamentary report, published in 1842.  Early British legislation included:  This legislation provided local authorities with powers to undertake municipal engineering projects and to appoint borough surveyors (later known as "municipal engineers").  In the U.K, the Association of Municipal Engineers, (subsequently named Institution of Municipal Engineers), was established in 1874 under the encouragement of the Institution of Civil Engineers, to address the issue of the application of sanitary science. By the early 20th century, Municipal Engineering had become a broad discipline embracing many of the responsibilities undertaken by local authorities, including roads, drainage, flood control, coastal engineering, public health, waste management, street cleaning, water supply, sewers, waste water treatment, crematoria, public baths, slum clearance, town planning, public housing, energy supply, parks, leisure facilities, libraries, town halls and other municipal buildings.  In the UK, the development of different strands of knowledge necessary for the management of municipal infrastructure led to the emergence of separate specialised institutions, including:  In 1984 the Institution of Municipal Engineers merged with the Institution of Civil Engineers.  Since the 1970s, there has been a global trend toward increasing privatisation and outsourcing of municipal engineering services.  In the UK in the 1990s a change in management philosophy brought the demise of the traditional organisational structure of boroughs where the three functions of town clerk, borough treasurer and borough engineer were replaced by an administrative structure with a larger number of specialised departments.  In the late 1990s and early 21st century there was increasing dissatisfaction over what was perceived to be fractured and dysfunctional public services designed along narrow specialties. A more holistic approach to urban engineering began to emerge as an alternative concept. Critics of the specialised approach included the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment that complained that the specialised approach to management of the public realm focussed too much on the on efficient movement of vehicles rather than the more general interests of local communities...GANESH.One of the civil eng.

Professional practice.

In the United Kingdom there is no longer any formal professional qualification in municipal engineering although there are degree courses available in urban engineering.  A professional certificate in Urban Engineering is available from through the Institution of Incorporated Engineers via the Public Realm Information and Advice Network.  The British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) caters to practitioners employed in the public sector, private consultancy and academia through its Proceedings Journal Municipal Engineer. The journal, first published in 1873, has a global scope and covers the whole life cycle of municipal services addressing technical, political and community issues. In addition an Expert Panel responds on behalf of ICE to Government consultations and is represented on the International Federation of Municipal Engineering.

International organization.

The International Federation of Municipal Engineering (IFME) is an organisation comprising professional municipal engineers from all round the world. IFME's mission is to connect municipal engineers, public works professionals, public agencies, institutions and businesses around the world in order that they can share a global pool of knowledge and experience. The aim is to foster continued improvement in the quality of public works and wider community services.  The inaugural meeting was held in 1960 at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. Membership has grown steadily and in 2009 comprised representatives from national associations in: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Southern Africa (South Africa, Botawana, Namibia & Zimbabwe), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland) and USA. Belgium and San Marino are presently Corresponding Members.

Related engineering disciplines.

Municipal or urban engineering combines elements of environmental engineering, water resources engineering and transport engineering.

Relationship to urban design or urban planning.

Today, municipal engineering may be confused with urban design or urban planning. Whereas the urbanist or urban planner may design the general layout of streets and public places, the municipal engineer is concerned with the detailed design. For example, in the case of the design of a new street, the urbanist may specify the general layout of the street, including landscaping, surface finishings and urban accessories, but the municipal engineer will prepare the detailed plans and specifications for the roads, sidewalks, municipal services and street lighting.

Site civil works.

In the case of large buildings or plants, facilities or campuses, site civil works may be required that are similar in scope or type as municipal infrastructure, namely, access roads, parking lots, potable water supply (including fire hydrants), on-site waste water treatment plants, site drainage including sedimentation and retention ponds or basins, etc. In most engineering consulting firms, Structural Engineering and Municipal Infrastructure are typically separate departments. On a large construction project, the civil engineering design will typically be divided into a structural portion, designed by structural engineers and typically focused on the buildings, and "civil" portion, designed by municipal engineers and focused on the site.

Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment. Municipal engineering is concerned with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure.

Le génie urbain, cousin de l'urbanisme, lié au concept voisin management urbain, est l'ensemble de disciplines chargées de permettre la vie en milieu urbain, particulièrement en milieu urbain dense. De conceptualisation récente et mouvante, il se base sur une vision holiste de réalités complexes, en réaction avec l'approche analytique des techniques le composant. Ainsi, il peut laisser une part autant aux aspects technologiques qu'aux sciences humaines.


History.

The first station on the current site, a temporary building that served the line to Lehrte, was erected in 1843. Instead of building a monumental terminus, a through station was built along with the line, making it the first through station in a major German city. The first central station ("Central-Bahnhof") was built from 1845 to 1847. Its architect is not certain, but it is sure that the far-sighted city architect August Heinrich Andrae was involved in selecting its specific location and that the Hanoverian court architect Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves and Ferdinand Schwarz contributed to it. It was built in a romantic-neoclassical style as a strictly symmetrical building. The massive masonry was covered in yellow plaster. Laves planned a new district, the Ernst-August-Stadt, for the area between Georgstraße and the railway. Roads led from several directions and converged on the station forecourt, the Ernst-August-Platz.  A wooden platform area was built next to the entrance building and on each side of the two tracks. That was enough for the first traffic because the still short trains running to the east and the west stopped at the same platform. There were no through trains initially. The first through train ran from 1 May 1851 between Berlin and Cologne. The first railway workshop was built opposite the station building. In 1853, the opening of the first section of the Southern Railway to Alfeld, Göttingen and Kassel made the through station into a railway junction. A marshalling yard was established in Hainholz to relieve the station in 1868.  The increasingly dense traffic on the railway created a problem since the railway line cut through the city. It was decided in 1873 to raise the railway line through the urban area by a height of. The old station building was demolished in 1875. The route built between 1875 and 1879 became the model for the Berlin Stadtbahn and similar projects in other German cities. In 1876, a yard for general freight was established at Weidendamm.

Second Station of 1879.

As the first station was built at street level and therefore hindered the expansion of the city, of railway track were laid for a new rail network that was grade-separated from the street system. In addition, the new station had a long system of tracks. After preparatory work in 1873 to relocate the workshops to Leinhausen and the marshalling yards to Hainholz and the construction of freight diversion routes, construction of the core network, which still exists, began in 1875. The new station building was designed by Hubert Stier in the Renaissance Revival style. It was again a symmetrical building with a main hall and two wings, each of which was completed by a corner building. The eastern corner building with its "Kaiserzimmer" ("Emperor's room") had a separate driveway. The building was designed in yellow brick with red brick stripes and a sandstone base. The four platforms with seven platform tracks and two through tracks were spanned by two halls with a 37-metre span. After the demolition of the nearly 30-year-old station building, the construction of the new station began in April 1877. It was opened on 22 June 1879 after 26 months of construction. Access to the platforms was via three tunnels and there were two more tunnels for the transport of luggage and for postal traffic. The system of tracks finished in 1883 comprised seven platform tracks and two central through tracks for freight trains. The train sheds consisted of two separate halls, each wide and long with a wide space between them for the two through tracks. The construction cost 12.7 million marks for the buildings and 22.5 million marks for the entire station precinct. In 1910, a third hall was built between tracks 10 and 11. The new hall, made of steel, had a span of and a height of and was built to a design by municipal architect Möller. Of particular operational significance for the Hanover–Hamburg railway was the completion of the "Hasenbahn" ("rabbit line")—a branch line planned in 1913 from the Heath Railway from Langenhagen via Großburgwedel to Celle: from May 1938 trains could run directly between Hamburg and southern Germany without running through Lehrte; it was no longer necessary for trains to reverse in Hanover.  In the timetable of summer 1939, Hanover station had a total of 144 scheduled long-distance arrivals and departures. It was the most important junctions on Deutsche Reichsbahn’s long-distance network after the terminal stations of Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main and the main stations of Leipzig and Duisburg.

War damage and reconstruction.

The station was largely destroyed during the air raids on Hanover in July and October 1943. Only the skeleton of the halls and the outer walls of the entrance building remained. It took four days to re-open one track.  On 13 June 1945, passenger services ran for the first time after the war to Minden, Nienburg and Göttingen. On 14 August, passenger services were significantly expanded. Passenger services again ran from Hanover to Bremerhaven, Duisburg, Hamelin, Göttingen, Braunschweig and Uelzen. On 15 August 1946, Hanover was again served for the first time after the war by the Nord Express running from Paris by Berlin and thus reconnected to the international long-distance network.  After the severe bomb damage, the reconstruction of the entrance building began in the summer of 1948, resulting in a facade with newly designed interiors and the remaining steel work of the roofs of the old halls was removed and the platforms were covered by temporary wooden canopies. The platforms were rebuilt from 1959 to 1961 and the baggage platforms disappeared as baggage lifts were built on the passenger platforms. The middle entrance was widened, the side pedestrian tunnel was closed and the platforms received new canopies. Since 1957, signals and switches were controlled by a mechanical interlocking. In 1963, the fifth platform was extended on track 12 (tracks 5 and 6 were through tracks without platforms). Coming from the south, electrification of the tracks reached Hannover Hauptbahnhof on 26 May 1963. Electrification was extended to Lehrte on 20 December 1963 and to Bremen on 14 December 1964. The connection to Hamburg was electrified at the end of 1964 and the two tracks to Celle were electrified on 6 April 1965. The overhead line from Lehrte via Brunswick to Helmstedt was not completed until 1976.

Construction of the Hanover StadtBahn.

The construction of the Hanover Stadtbahn caused far-reaching alterations to the station. Since the entire station had to be operated during the reconstruction, construction was only possible by blocking tracks. Between July 1969 and the spring of 1973, a sixth platform was built on tracks 13 and 14. Upon completion, two tracks were blocked from 1970 to 1975, through which the Stadtbahn tunnel and an overlying pedestrian level were built. For this, the central pedestrian tunnel was blocked and access to the platforms was via the re-opened side tunnel. As part of this restructuring the through track 6 was shifted to lie between platform tracks 8 and 9, while the through track 5 (now 40) remained at the old place (now 80). Then the station was rebuilt. The platforms including the canopies were also renewed. The western "Lister Meile" underpass between the main post office and the parcel post office located on Raschplatz was connected by long ramps for the transport of baggage and mail to the platforms.  With the introduction of the Intercity network in 1971, Hanover became a transfer hub, where it was possible to change between IC trains on the same platform. A passenger information system with information displays on the stairways and platforms was installed in the spring of 1988. With a total of 323 arrivals and departures of regularly scheduled long-distance trains, the station was the fourth most-important junction in the Deutsche Bundesbahn network in the summer 1989 timetable. Construction began on Deutsche Bahn's largest electronic interlocking to date in 1993. The system, which cost about 100 million marks, was designed to control about 5,000 trains and shunting movements each day, 279 sets of points and 535 signals by ten dispatchers. According to the manufacturer, it was the largest and most advanced electronic interlocking in the world in August 1998. The station was the most important node in Deutsche Bahn network in the summer 1996 timetable, with 398 arrivals and departures of regularly scheduled long-distance trains each day.

Remodelling for Expo 2000.

The station was again completely rebuilt for Expo 2000: the entrance building was gutted to the outer walls and rebuilt; the central tunnel was enlarged and opened to the platforms in order to allow in daylight; and passenger lifts to the platforms were installed. The conversion created a promenade in the station. Among other things, a shopping area was built in the entrance building after the relocation of the ticket office and the closure of the system for transporting baggage.  Between the summer of 2004 and the spring of 2006, the passageway in the basement was extensively modernised and adapted to become part of the Niki-de-Saint-Phalle-Promenade from Kröpcke to Raschplatz. There is a wide variety of outlets in the of retail space on two levels, and most stores are open to 10 PM on weekdays.  The Hanover S-Bahn was opened on 28 May 2000. Platforms 1 and 2 now serve S-Bahn services towards H-Bismarckstraße and Wunstorf and platforms 13 and 14 serve S-Bahn services towards Lehrte and Celle. At the same time, the approaches to the station were changed: in the west an additional pair of tracks was built south of the existing tracks for the S-Bahn track to Lehrte and in the east an additional track was built to the north of the existing tracks.

Train services.

Hannover Hauptbahnhof is served by some 622 trains daily, excluding the Hanover Stadtbahn and tramway. Hannover Hauptbahnhof connects the north-south ICE lines from Hamburg to Munich with the west-east lines from Dortmund and Cologne towards Berlin.  The station is served by the following services:

Hannover S-Bahn.

Hannover Hauptbahnhof is served by all S-bahn services. It is in "Zone 1" of Hanover.

Tram services.

Hannover Hauptbahnhof is served by all A, B and D lines. It's the terminus of line 8 and the event line 18. The station is the only one on the Hanover Stadtbahn where one can change from A to B line via Cross-platform interchange.

Hannover Hauptbahnhof (German for "Hanover main station") is the main railway station for the city of Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. The railway junction is one of the 21 stations listed as a railway Category 1 station by DB Station&Service. It is also the most important public transport hub of the region of Hanover and it is served regional and S-Bahn services. The station has six platforms with twelve platform tracks, and two through tracks without platforms. Every day it is used by 250,000 passengers and 622 trains stop at the platforms (as of October 2012). About 2,000 people work here.

La gare centrale de Hanovre est la principale gare ferroviaire de Hanovre (Basse-Saxe) en Allemagne. Avec environ par jour, elle est la sixième gare longue distance la plus fréquentée de la Deutsche Bahn après Hambourg, Munich, Francfort-sur-le-Main, Berlin et Cologne, ainsi que Düsseldorf. Il s'agit par conséquent d'un nœud important des transports publics et du S-Bahn de Hanovre.


Biography.

He was born to ethnic Hungarian parents in Târgu Mureș and completed secondary studies at the city's Bolyai Farkas High School. He then studied Economics at the University of Timișoara, graduating in 1977. While there, he was also a theatre actor, an activity he continued in Târgu Mureș until 1990, and is an avid tennis player. Following postgraduate studies at the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, which he finished in 1985, he attended a postgraduate seminar at the University of Salzburg in 1991, and (as of 2008) is pursuing a doctorate at Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca. Borbély worked as an economist in Reghin from 1977 to 1979, while continuing to live in his native city. That year, he was hired as an economist in Târgu Mureș; in 1984, he became the head of a commercial bureau there. He retained that position until 1988, when he resumed working as an economist, also in Târgu Mureș.  Following the 1989 Revolution, Borbély was initially part of the National Salvation Front but soon joined the newly created UDMR and represented it in the Chamber starting in 1990. In 1996, after the Romanian Democratic Convention (supported by the UDMR) came to power, Borbély became Secretary of State in the Ministry of Public Works and Land Management, serving until 2000. He returned to Parliament that year, and in 2004 was again named to the cabinet, this time as Minister-Delegate of Transportation. Following a reshuffle in 2007, he became Regional Development Minister, holding that position until his party entered opposition after the 2008 election. In June 2008, Borbély ran for mayor of Târgu Mureș, but was defeated by incumbent Dorin Florea of the PD-L on a 52.5-44.8 margin.  Within the UDMR, Borbély has served as President of the Mureș County Chapter (1990–1994), Executive Vice President (1998–2008) and President of the Mureș County Territorial Council (2000–2005). From 1992 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2004, he belonged to the Chamber of Deputies' Permanent Bureau. Since 1991, he has been president of the Dr. Bernády György Cultural Foundation in Târgu Mureș, and has also taught at Sapientia University's campus in that city.

László Borbély (born March 26, 1954) is a Romanian economist and politician. A member of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), he has been a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Mureș County since 2000, having previously served there from 1990 to 1996. Since December 2009 he has been the Minister of the Environment in the Boc cabinet, previously serving in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet as Minister-Delegate of Transportation from 2004 to 2007, and Minister of Regional Development, Public Works and Housing from 2007 to 2008.

László Borbély, né le à Târgu Mureș, est un homme politique roumain de la minorité magyare, membre de l'Union démocrate magyare de Roumanie (UDMR).


History.

Initial interest in the album was high, as physical and online pre-orders of the album totaled 150,000 copies. On its first day of sale, "Oh!" sold 30,000 copies. The album was released internationally via iTunes on February 8, 2010.  The group began promoting their album on MBC's "Music Core" on January 30. The group also performed "Show! Show! Show!" as a part of their special comeback performance on "Music Core" and SBS's "Inkigayo".  Upon the album's full release, various album tracks charted in the top ten of various charts.  In April 2010, one of the songs in their album entitled, "영원히 너와 꿈꾸고 싶다 (Forever)" has been featured on the OST of the drama "Pasta".

Repackaging release.

A "repackaged" version of the album was released in March, with a new concept based around a "Dark Girls' Generation" theme. The new single "Run Devil Run" was released as a digital single on March 17, 2010. A demo, guide version of the song was originally recorded by Kesha; however, the song's rights were then sold to SM Entertainment, and subsequently assigned to Girls' Generation. The music video was released on March 18, with their first comeback performance on KBS's "Music Bank".  S.M. Entertainment later stated that Yoona was the girl on the cover.

Promotion.

"Oh!" was first performed live on January 30, 2010 on MBC's "Music Core", as part of their "comeback stage". They also performed "Show! Show! Show!" However, there was a technical error in MBC's broadcast, with a few seconds of dead air near the end of the performance; the network was subsequently flooded with complaints. The incident was then parodied on YouTube, mixing in clips of the Korean drama "IRIS", receiving attention from Korean netizens. The group followed up with their second performance on "The Music Trend" the following day.  Starting from March 11, 2010, photos of the members were released online showcasing a dark concept, so called "Black SoShi". In the run of promotions for the song, an official iPhone application was released, available in free and paid versions. The free version has 30-second previews for all the songs on the album, a music video for “Run Devil Run” and a few photographs. The paid version has full tracks for all the songs on the album, music videos for “Run Devil Run”, “Gee”, “Oh!” and “Tell Me Your Wish (Genie)”, and a photo gallery. They concluded their song promotions by the May 2, 2010 in SBS' "Inkigayo".  They promoted the album with the tour Girls' Generation Tour, started on July 23, 2011 in Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea, ended in Impact Arena, Bangkok, Thailand on February 12, 2012.

Singles.

Kenzie, a songwriter who previously composed the group's debut single "Into the New World", also composed "Oh!". "Oh!" was released to digital music sites on January 25, 2010. The song quickly topped various digital music charts within 10 minutes of release. Moreover, the song reached #1 on Gaon Music Chart  "Run Devil Run" was written by American songwriters, Alex James and Busbee, with Swedish songwriter Kalle Engström. The song was first recorded by American singer-songwriter Ke$ha in 2008 while pre-production of her debut album, Animal was occurring. However, Ke$ha never included the song on the album. The song remained untouched for the next two years until executives at Universal Music Group sold the rights of the song to SM Entertainment, after this, Korean songwriter Hong Ji-yoo was brought on to translate and rearrange the English version of the song into Korean. Its first #1 on network television was on KBS's "Music Bank", where it won over Kara's "Lupin" and 2AM's "Jalmothaesseo" (I Did Wrong). Moreover, "Run Devil Run" was ranked #1 at South Korean Gaon Music Chart for two weeks.

Other charted songs.

All of the songs from "Oh!" appeared on the Gaon Digital Chart.  The track "Star Star Star" sold 1,480,417 digital copies, while the song "Show Show Show" sold 1,020,710 digital copies in 2010.

Track listing.

Notes

Charts.

Sales.

Notes

Oh! is the second studio album by the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. It was released on January 28, 2010 in Korea.<ref name="OH/ANNOUNCE"><ref name="OH/ANNOUNCE/2"> It features the lead single "Oh!". A repackaged version, "Run Devil Run" was released in March 2010, with new track "Run Devil Run" as the lead track.

Oh! est le second album studio du groupe sud-coréen Girls' Generation. L'album est sorti le en Corée du Sud. Il arrive au classement Gaon et se vend à exemplaires.


History.

Wunü Shan has a long history of human living. Recent years some archaeologists found historical remains and relics on the mountain. The oldest ones that had been proven are the potteries of the late Neolithic Age, more than 4,500 years ago. Those relics also include some human-used weapons and producing tools which have thousands of years of history. According to the Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo was founded above the mountain in 37 BC, and the mountain city remained its capital until King Yuri moved it to Gungnae Fortress in 3 AD. In contemporary sources, the city was called Holbon fortress(홀본성) in the Gwanggaeto Stele and Heulseunggol fortress(흘승골성) in Records of the Three Kingdoms. During the North-South States Period in Unified Shilla, it was recorded as Jolbon fortress(졸본성). During Goryeo period, according to Goryeosa, it was called Oros mountain fortress(오로산성) or Ura mountain fortress(우라산성).  Today's name of Wunü Mountain derives from a Chinese legend that five ladies from Tang Dynasty defended the mountain from foreign invaders.  In 1424 when the third king of Jurchen Li Manzhu invaded Liaoning with his troops, they quartered at this mountain and founded the Manchu tribe.

Location.

Wunü Shan is located in the northeast of Huanren County and the northwest of the Hun Jiang River, 8 km from the county. Its main peak measures 821 metres above sea level, has a length of 1,500 m from the north to the south side and a width of 300 m from the east to the west side. Its central coordinate is 41°19’36"N,125°24’44"E.

Natural significance.

Wunü Shan is located in the north temperate zone so it has four distinct seasons. There are more than 60 natural tourist spots. In the spring and summer one will find flowers, trees, butterflies, and birds, and there are tourist ships that travel down the river. In the fall, the mountain turns red because of the famous Chinese sweet gums. In the winter, the mountain receives snow.

Cultural significance.

Wunü Shan has all the elements of a defensive city wall, temple, palace, barn, barracks, water source, and a city wall of more than 200 metres above sea level. Therefore, the Goguryeo kingdom could quarter at the mountain for extended periods in the cold weapon era.

Wunü Shan (; Korean: 오녀산 Onyeosan), which means "mountain of Five Women", is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located in the north of the town of Huanren, in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, China. The tallest peak is the 821 metre-high Main Peak. Jolbon, the birthplace of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo and its capital from 37 BC to 3 AD, was in Wunü Mountain.

Le mont Wunu (五女山 en chinois et Wǔ Nǚ Shān en pinyin, 오녀산 en coréen, « la montagne des cinq femmes ») est une montagne possédant une grande importance historique et culturelle car ce serait, selon les textes historiques, le lieu de naissance du royaume de Koguryo (ou Goguryeo), un des Trois Royaumes de Corée au début de notre ère. Elle se situe dans le xian mandchou de Huanren dans le Nord-Est de la République populaire de Chine, à 8 km au nord du chef-lieu, au-dessus de la rivière Hunjiang maintenant bloquée par un barrage. La montagne culmine à 821 mètres d'altitude et forme un plateau entouré de falaises long de et large de 300 mètres.


Background.

The song was inspired, both musically and for Fogerty's vocal delivery, by 1950s rock 'n' roll songs, particularly that of Little Richard. Musically, it has also been described as nearly identical to The Monkees' 1967 song, "No Time". In October 1972, the company that held the publishing rights to Richard’s "Good Golly, Miss Molly" felt that "Travelin' Band" bore enough similarities to warrant a plagiarism lawsuit that was later settled out of court. The lyrics of the song describe what life is like for a musician on the road. The opening line "Seven-thirty-seven coming out of the sky" refers to the Boeing 737, then coming into service on short-to-medium range routes.

Cover versions.

It has been covered by a few artists, most notably Elton John, who recorded a cover of the song early in his career, and Bruce Springsteen, who has incorporated it into his "Detroit Medley" during live shows on numerous occasions. Jerry Lee Lewis sang the song with Fogerty on the album "Last Man Standing".  It has been covered by Def Leppard and Brian May of Queen. The cover was ended with "Rock and Roll" by Led Zeppelin. The cover appears on the deluxe edition of Def Leppard's Pyromania.  On April 18, 2010, Miranda Lambert, Carrie Underwood, Brad Paisley, Charlie Daniels, and Fogerty performed the song as the opening to the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards.

In popular culture.

A cover of "Travelin' Band" by Curtis Stigers and The Forest Rangers is played during a chase scene in season 3 episode 7 of the television show "Sons of Anarchy".  The song appeared in the Brazilian film "O Homem Que Copiava" in relation to an over-the-hill rock fan who has a preference for Creedence. It plays during the armored car robbery sequence.  The full version of "Travelin' Band" is played during the fight scene of the third episode of the television show "The Good Guys".  The song is available as a playable song for the "Rock Band" series of music video games as downloadable content.  Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel.

"Travelin' Band" is a song written by John Fogerty and originally recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival. It was included on their 1970 album "Cosmo's Factory". Backed with "Who'll Stop the Rain", it was one of three double sided singles from that album to reach the top five on the U.S. Pop Singles Chart and the first of two to reach the number 2 spot on the American charts, alongside "Lookin' Out My Back Door", in which he was unable to interrupt the six-week song of the successful number one, by "Bridge Over Troubled Water" by Simon and Garfunkel. "Travelin' Band" was also a hit in the UK, reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart.

Le single se classe aux États-Unis où il est certifié disque de platine avec d'exemplaires vendus. En Belgique, il atteint la première place de l'Ultratop 50 Singles Flandre. Aux Pays-Bas le single arrive en tête du Single Top 100 mais avec "Who'll Stop the Rain" en titre vedette sur la face A.


Design and composition.

The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar.  The medal, made of nickel-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the diagonal span of the arms. The tips of the star are capped by ball finials and enclosed in a raised silver edge with the field in red lacquer or enamel. A raised crescent, open at the top, encircles the center of the badge. Inside the crescent is the tughra or cipher of the decoration's creator, Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd, over the date 1333 AH (AD 1915). The reverse is flat, unadorned and has a straight pin.  Along with the badge came a ribbon with red and white stripes. The dimensions of the ribbon for combatants are: red 2.5 mm; white, 5 mm.; red, 29 mm.; white, 5 mm.; red 2.5 mm. For non-combatant awardees, the colors are reversed.  The campaign bar is a right-pointing parabola of white at 56mm in length and 7mm in height. In the field is red Arabic script denoting the specific campaign:

Wear.

When in formal dress, the badge was worn at the center, below the right breast pocket. Wear of the badge was exclusive; in everyday wear was substituted by the ribbon. The ribbon was worn from the second hole in the tunic button.  For Austrian and German awardees (usually members of the Asienkorps), the award took lower precedence to their own Iron Cross 2nd class, and the ribbon of the Iron Crescent was placed beneath that of the Iron Cross.  The ribbon could also be fashioned into a chest riband for placement on a ribbon bar when in undress.  The campaign bar was usually not worn.

The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as the Ottoman War Medal () or the Iron Crescent (from German "Eiserner Halbmond", in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of World War I to Ottoman and other Central Powers troops, primarily in Ottoman areas of engagement.

La médaille de guerre ottomane (turc ottoman :, ), aussi appelée Étoile de Gallipoli ou Croissant de fer est une décoration militaire de l'Empire ottoman instituée en 1915 par Mehmed V. Elle fut décernée à tous les combattants des Empires centraux ayant servi dans l'Empire ottoman.


Statement.

We give the version proved by Nash-Williams; Kruskal's formulation is somewhat stronger. All trees we consider are finite.  Given a tree formula_1 with a root, and given vertices formula_2, formula_3, call formula_3 a successor of formula_2 if the unique path from the root to formula_3 contains formula_2, and call formula_3 an immediate successor of formula_2 if additionally the path from formula_2 to formula_3 contains no other vertex.  Take formula_12 to be a partially ordered set. If formula_13 are rooted trees with vertices labeled in formula_12, we say that formula_15 is inf-embeddable in formula_16 and write formula_17 if there is an injective map formula_18 from the vertices of formula_15 to the vertices of formula_16 such that  Kruskal's tree theorem then states: If formula_12 is well-quasi-ordered, then the set of rooted trees with labels in formula_12 is well-quasi-ordered under the inf-embeddable order defined above. (That is to say, given any infinite sequence formula_38 of rooted trees labeled in formula_12, there is some formula_40 so that formula_41.)

Weak tree function.

Define tree(n), the weak tree function, as the length of the longest sequence of 1-labelled trees (i.e. formula_42) such that:  It is known that tree(1) = 2, tree(2) = 3, and tree(3) > 844424930131960, but TREE(3) (see below) is larger than tree(7).

Friedman's work.

For a countable label set formula_12, Kruskal's tree theorem can be expressed and proven using second-order arithmetic. However, like Goodstein's theorem or the Paris–Harrington theorem, some special cases and variants of the theorem can be expressed in subsystems of second-order arithmetic much weaker than the subsystems where they can be proved. This was first observed by Harvey Friedman in the early 1980s, an early success of the then-nascent field of reverse mathematics. In the case where the trees above are taken to be unlabeled (that is, in the case where formula_12 has order one), Friedman found that the result was unprovable in ATR, thus giving the first example of a predicative result with a provably impredicative proof. This case of the theorem is still provable in Π-CA, but by adding a "gap condition" to the definition of the order on trees above, he found a natural variation of the theorem unprovable in this system. Much later, the Robertson-Seymour theorem would give another theorem unprovable inside Π-CA.  Ordinal analysis confirms the strength of Kruskal's theorem, with the proof-theoretic ordinal of the theorem equaling the small Veblen ordinal (sometimes confused with the smaller Ackermann ordinal).

TREE(3).

Suppose that "P"("n") is the statement:  All the statements "P"("n") are true as a consequence of Kruskal's theorem and Kőnig's lemma. For each "n", Peano arithmetic can prove that "P"("n") is true, but Peano arithmetic cannot prove the statement ""P"("n") is true for all "n"". Moreover the length of the shortest proof of "P"("n") in Peano arithmetic grows phenomenally fast as a function of "n", far faster than any primitive recursive function or the Ackermann function for example. The least "m" for which "P"("n") holds similarly grows extremely quickly with "n".  By incorporating labels, Friedman defined a far faster-growing function. For a positive integer "n", take "TREE"("n") to be the largest "m" so that we have the following:  The "TREE" sequence begins "TREE"(1) = 1, "TREE"(2) = 3, then suddenly "TREE"(3) explodes to a value so immensely large that many other "large" combinatorial constants, such as Friedman's "n"(4), are extremely small by comparison. In fact, it is much larger than "n"(5). A lower bound for "n"(4), and hence an "extremely" weak lower bound for "TREE"(3), is "A"(1), where "A"() is a version of Ackermann's function: "A"("x") = 2 ["x"+1] "x" in hyperoperation. Graham's number, for example, is approximately "A"(4), which is much smaller than the lower bound "A"(1). It can be shown that the growth-rate of the function TREE is at least formula_45 in the fast-growing hierarchy. "A"(1) is approximately "g", where "g" is Graham's function.

In mathematics, Kruskal's tree theorem states that the set of finite trees over a well-quasi-ordered set of labels is itself well-quasi-ordered under homeomorphic embedding. The theorem was conjectured by Andrew Vázsonyi and proved by ; a short proof was given by. It has since become a prominent example in reverse mathematics as a statement that cannot be proved within ATR (a form of arithmetical transfinite recursion), and a finitary application of the theorem gives the existence of the notoriously fast-growing TREE function.

En mathématiques, le théorème des arbres de Kruskal est un résultat de théorie des graphes conjecturé en 1937 par Andrew Vázsonyi et démontré indépendamment en 1960 par Joseph Kruskal et S. Tarkowski, affirmant que l'ensemble des arbres étiquetés par un ensemble muni d'un bel ordre est lui-même muni d'un bel ordre. Ce théorème est un cas particulier du théorème de Robertson-Seymour, dont il a constitué une des motivations.


Gameplay.

"Skate 3" is a skateboarding extreme sports game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game takes place in the fictional city of Port Carverton, which embraces skateboarding, unlike the "skateboarding is a crime" mentality portrayed in the second game. Although the location is a more colorful and friendlier place than "Skate 2"s de-saturated, and grainy streets, the gameplay provides a similar feel to the first and second games. Port Carverton is made up of three districts, Downtown, the University, and Industrial. Although the overall look of the city is very clean (except industrial) each district has its own unique designs and monuments. Downtown is full of slick rigid ledges and rails, while the University is full of banks and open areas. Industrial is the most unusual; it is home to a huge quarry that has bricks of stone.  Several notable skateboarding professionals appear throughout the game, such as Danny Way, Darren Navarette, Terry Kennedy, Eric Koston, Chris Cole, Pat Duffy and Jason Lee.  In contrast with the original "Skate", two new difficulty levels have been added: "Easy" and "Hardcore" modes. "Easy Mode" allows the player to perform tricks easier and provides greater control of the character. "Hardcore Mode" attempts a more realistic simulation of skateboarding and requires the player to perform tricks precisely. It adds a more realistic feel to the game unlike easy. It would also be recommended for players who have more experience. The game also features an introductory "Skate School", where Coach Frank (Jason Lee) teaches players the basics of skateboarding, such as grinding and performing ollies. This feature is optional and the area can also be visited for unrestricted skateboarding.  Similar to the "Tony Hawk" games, "Skate" features a "Skate.Park" mode that allows players to build custom skate parks.  EA introduced three new online game modes: "1-Up", "Domination", and "Own The Lot". In "1-Up", players compete in turns to beat the other team's last score in a given time period. In "Domination", teams compete to gain the most points on set spots in an area within a time limit. In "Own The Lot", two or more players try to complete tasks before their time limit ends.  Unlike the previous "Skate" games, "Skate 3" has no offline multiplayer game modes on the disc. Players must purchase the "San Van Party Pack" downloadable content in order to access the offline "Party Play" mode.

Plot.

Some time after "Skate 2", the player character has proven that they are one of the best, and now goes by the alias "The Legend". They are attending the Port Carverton University. After a failed attempt to "Jump The Shark", a Thrasher challenge at the stadium, his next goal in life is to be the best skating mogul. By making a team composed of skaters like him, his goal is selling over 1 million boards while doing the same odd jobs around Port Carverton.

Development.

In the developers diary, it was revealed that characters such as Joey Brezinski, Dan Drehobl, Benny Fairfax, Josh Kalis, Lizard King, Andrew Reynolds, Chris Haslam, Terry Kennedy, Chris Cole, Jason Dill, and Rob Dyrdek would be featured in the game. New tricks were introduced, like the darkslide, underflip, and dropping into a ramp or bowl.  The soundtrack contains 46 licensed tracks.  John King of The Dust Brothers composed original score for the game. According to Mutato Muzika's website, Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo and Del the Funky Homosapien were involved with "Skate 3"s soundtrack, with each composer providing music for a different area in Port Carverton. The game also features music by composer Dan Diaz, who continues his work with the franchise after writing for "Skate 2" and "Skate It".

Reception.

"Skate 3" received "generally favorable reviews" from critics on both platforms according to the review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, where the PlayStation 3 version was ported for release on December 16, 2010, followed by the Xbox 360 version a week later, "Famitsu" gave both console versions each a score of three sevens and one eight for a total of 29 out of 40.  "The A.V. Club" gave the Xbox 360 version a B+ and said, "Online play isn't essential, but it would be a shame to continue skating in a vacuum." 411Mania gave the same console version a score of eight out of ten and said it was "a great follow-up to "Skate 2" but it might be a bit too close for comfort. The last thing we want is for "Skate" to start taking a page out of Tony Hawk's book with yearly iterations that bring nothing new to the table." "The Daily Telegraph" gave the same console version eight out of ten and called it "a difficult, slow burning game that never strays far into the whimsical and overblown. Understanding the mechanics, let alone mastering them, is a slow, difficult, painful crawl from gnarly amateur to diamond champion." "Wired" similarly gave it eight stars out of ten and said that it "doesn't take gamers anywhere as exotic or over-the-top. And that's its charm. The realistic setting and complex control scheme make for an engaging single-player experience, but it's the wide range of online multiplayer options that make "Skate" gleam the cube." "The Escapist" gave the same console version four stars out of five and stated: "Fans of the series will find more to love in the third installment. For newcomers, this is the most accessible and fun skateboarding game there is." "Edge" gave the PS3 version seven out of ten and said, "While refinement might be the best way to make a good game better, it certainly isn't the best way to justify the cost of a second sequel in as many years."  The game has become a popular staple of Let's Play channels, due to its humorous ragdoll physics and glitches, resulting in the game being a high-selling game as late as 2014, requiring EA to issue a reprinting of the title. The game was also one of the most requested titles to be added to the Xbox One backwards compatibility feature, and was made backwards compatible on November 10, 2016.  EA shut down the game's servers around the end of 2016. However, just prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018 and in late 2019 after Electronic Entertainment Expo 2019, EA reactivated the servers, leading to speculation of either a remaster of Skate "3" or a new title in the "Skate" series.

Skate 3 is a skateboarding video game, the third installment in the "Skate" series and the sequel to 2009's "Skate 2", developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It was released worldwide in May 2010 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

Skate 3 est un jeu vidéo de skate édité par Electronic Arts et développé par EA Black Box sorti en France le. Il est disponible sur PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 et sur Xbox One (en rétrocompatible). Le jeu se déroule dans la ville fictive de Port Carverton, et met en scène un univers de skate très envoûtant.


Plot.

Alice and the others on the Umbrella Corporation freighter "Arcadia" are attacked by a fleet of tiltrotor V-22 Ospreys led by Alice's former ally, Jill Valentine, resulting in the killing of many of the survivors in the ship. Alice is captured during the attack while the fates of Chris Redfield, Claire Redfield, and K-Mart are left ambiguous.  The story switches to a suburban Alice living with her husband, Todd, and her deaf daughter Becky. Zombies attack, revealing the suburbia was actually Raccoon City during the contamination incident. Alice and Becky manage to run away from the undead with the help of Rain Ocampo by letting them ride in her car. As the three escape, they are hit by a garbage truck, knocking Rain unconscious. Alice hides Becky but is killed by a zombified Todd.  Meanwhile, the real Alice awakens in an underground facility and is interrogated by Jill. During a power failure, Alice escapes her cell and the laser grid, finding herself in a simulation of Shibuya Square, Tokyo. Fighting her way out against zombies, she enters a control room filled with dead Umbrella employees and encounters Ada Wong, one of Albert Wesker's top agents. Wesker appears on a screen, explaining that they no longer serve Umbrella, and the power outage was staged by Wesker's hacking into the facility's computer mainframe. Wesker also reveals that the Red Queen, one of Alice's arch-enemies, was reactivated after the Hive incident and now controls Umbrella. He furthermore explains that the facility is underwater, located in Kamchatka, Russia and that it formerly served as a Soviet naval outpost.  The facility was designed by Umbrella for manufacturing clones and creating simulated outbreaks to show the effect of the T-virus. Ada and Alice plan to rendezvous with a rescue crew organized by Wesker, which includes Leon S. Kennedy, Barry Burton, and Luther West (Alice's former ally, who survived after ). Leon's team plants explosives near the entrance of the facility, which will detonate in two hours to ensure the facility's destruction. The group plans to meet with Alice and Ada in the Raccoon City suburbia area. In a New York City simulation, Alice and Ada defeat two Executioners. Leon and his team enter a Moscow simulation (Red Square in front of the GUM façade), but they are cut off by a heavily armed Las Plagas undead horde, which has surrounded them.  In the Suburban setting, Alice and Ada encounter Becky, who mistakes Alice for her clone mother, and is instantly attached to her. They also encounter Jill and the clones of Alice's deceased allies, James "One" Shade, "evil" Rain Ocampo, and Carlos Oliveira, who are sent to capture them. During a shootout triggered by Ada, she gives Alice her smart glasses and her grappling hook so that she and Becky can find their way out, and they become separated. They encounter the "good" clone of Rain (whom they met in Suburbia at the beginning) in the Moscow simulation ("Arbatskaya" metro station), and Alice gives her a weapon. She then rescues Leon's surviving crew from the barrage of Las Plagas zombies and a giant Licker. Once united, the group heads toward the tunnel and reaches the submarine pens in the facility exit, but they are ambushed by Jill's team. Becky is captured by the Licker, and "good" Rain is killed, breaking her neck after being thrown by the Licker. Alice rescues Becky and kills the Licker using a belt of grenades she found. Barry sacrifices himself in the process, holding the Umbrella operatives off long enough to ensure the others' escape. Using Leon's bombs, they finally manage to destroy the facility, allowing Leon and Luther to escape, while Alice and Becky also survive, having used the ventilation system.  On the surface, their snowmobile is knocked over by Jill Valentine's Oscar-Class submarine. Jill and "bad" Rain confront the group with Ada being held as their hostage. Jill and Alice begin fighting each other, while Rain – now also enhanced with the Las Plagas parasite, granting her superhuman strength and healing – fights Leon and Luther. Alice is able to tear the mind-controlling scarab off Jill's chest, returning her to her normal self. Unfortunately, Rain kills Luther, while Leon is knocked out. Realizing that Rain is too powerful to fight, Alice shoots the ice under her feet, and she is dragged down by the swimming zombies from the undersea installation to be devoured, killing her for good. Alice, Ada, Becky, Leon, and Jill travel to Wesker's headquarters, a heavily barricaded and fortified White House, staffed by the remainders of the U.S. Armed Forces. Alice meets Wesker in the heavily barricaded Oval Office, where he injects her with the T-virus, returning her superhuman abilities; as only Alice successfully bonded with it, she is the ultimate weapon. On the roof, Wesker explains that the Red Queen is trying to wipe out humanity, and all of the remaining uninfected humans are in the base; it is humanity's last stand. A pull-away shows the U.S. Military defending the White House alongside the remaining Umbrella Corp. soldiers against enormous hordes of T-virus abominations swarming all over the walls.

Production.

Development.

After the release of "", director Paul W. S. Anderson was in discussion with Screen Gems of filming a fifth and sixth film back to back. But Anderson later decided to just focus on "Resident Evil: Retribution". Anderson returned as writer and director, Glen McPherson serves as director of photography, Kevin Phipps as production designer, and Nick Powell as both a fight choreographer and second-unit director.

Influences.

When Ada and Alice encounter each other the first time they recreate a scene from "Resident Evil 4" in their brief fight. An element from "Resident Evil 4", a parasite called Las Plagas plays a part in the film and allows the undead to "run around, ride motorbikes, and shoot machine guns." An action scene inspired by "Resident Evil 5" where the characters are driving a Hummer while being chased by zombies is featured, but for the film the Hummer was changed to a Rolls Royce Phantom. The metal bug on Jill Valentine's chest can be seen in "Resident Evil 5".  Aside from the video games, writing for the film was heavily influenced by science-fiction films. "I think "Inception" had a huge impact on everyone," says Bolt, "and I think "Westworld" is an important film to Paul. Everybody knows, because he talks about it enough, the "Alien" series, "Blade Runner", all these things are inspirations."  Makeup effects supervisor Paul Jones stated that he wanted the makeup on the zombies to look realistic. He took inspiration from "Day of the Dead".  The film's fight sequences were influenced by Asian cinema. "We watched a lot of Thai movies this time around because of the movies (Powell) has done," says Anderson. "He did "The Last Samurai" as well. He has worked with a lot of Japanese stuntmen and he has worked with a lot of Hong Kong stuntmen. But we felt the area that hadn't been mined by western cinema much was that whole kind of high impact Thai style of fighting. So we just watched a lot of action sequences from a lot of Thai movies. There were moves and just a general feel that we thought we could infuse the movie with. You know, that kind of bone crunch where you really feel the impact. We tried to bring that into the movie, which is also good for 3D because obviously 3D makes it harder to sell those kind of fake phony punches because you see the distance between the fist and the face. So that kind of Thai style of fighting where you actually make contact is a lot stronger."

Casting.

Returning from the previous film are: Milla Jovovich as Alice, Sienna Guillory (Jill Valentine) and Boris Kodjoe (Luther West). Shawn Roberts (Albert Wesker) makes a cameo appearance. Colin Salmon who played James "One" Shade and Michelle Rodriguez who played Rain Ocampo in the first film return. Oded Fehr who portrayed Carlos Oliveira in the and also returns. There will be two "versions" of Rain and Carlos; one being portrayed as "evil" and one as "good". The characters, Ada Wong (played by Li Bingbing), Leon S. Kennedy (Johann Urb) and Barry Burton (Kevin Durand) appear in the film. Ali Larter (Claire Redfield), Wentworth Miller (Chris Redfield) and Spencer Locke (K-Mart) do not return and they are presumed to have died in the attack on Arcadia or held captive elsewhere by Umbrella. Also, a new character portrayed by Aryana Engineer has been added to the franchise cast.

Filming.

Principal photography started on October 10 and wrapped on December 23, 2011, for a 55-day shoot. Filming locations included Toronto at Cinespace's Kipling studio facility, Times Square in New York City, Tokyo, and Red Square in Moscow. "Resident Evil: Retribution" is the second film in the series to be shot in 3D, the first being "Resident Evil: Afterlife". It was also filmed in 4K resolution. The Red Epic camera system was used, which producer Jeremy Bolt said is 50% smaller than the Sony F35 that was used for "Resident Evil: Afterlife".  On October 11, a platform collapsed during the second day of filming and injured 16 people on the set. According to Toronto police, ten people were taken to the hospital for emergency treatment. Injuries included bruises and broken bones. Emergency workers had a difficult time determining which injuries were real since the people were dressed in zombie costumes with fake blood.  The streets of Red Square were cleared for a day and background filming was done in the Russian subway after it was cleared for five hours (although the subway station scene is actually the Lower Bay abandoned station of Toronto subway). Most of the streets were built into sets. The car chase scene was filmed in late November in Moscow.  Durand and Roberts wrapped filming in the first week of December and Li wrapped on December 14. A fight scene between Jill and Alice that involved over 200 moves began filming December 14 until the end of production.

Music.

The music group Tomandandy, who performed the "" score, returned to score "Resident Evil: Retribution". Anderson explains that the score for this film will be a progression of "Afterlife", stating that he "wants to kind of mesh their more electronic stuff with an orchestra this time. It still has that cool Tomandandy feel, but it has a more epic scope to it." The official soundtrack was released on September 11, 2012, under Milan Records, which included Tomandandy's score for the film, as well as the film's end credits song "Hexes" produced by Bassnectar featuring Chino Moreno (of the Deftones) on vocals. Singer Mika Nakashima sings the theme song for the Japanese version of the film, "Ashita Sekai ga Owarunara."

Marketing.

The first teaser trailer of the film was attached to "", an installment from "Resident Evil"'s rival film series, and released in January 2012, featuring product placement promoting Sony products such as the Xperia phone, the PlayStation Vita and the Tablet S before transitioning into a post-apocalyptic Washington, D.C., with Alice standing on the roof of the White House, in similar fashion to the promotion for previous installments, and.  A viral website, UmbrellaCorporation.net, supposedly informed about Umbrella, reported that it was on a recruitment tour all over the world searching for "great minds to help them advance". On several occasions, a video of Alice (Milla Jovovich) appeared, telling the viewer not to trust Umbrella. At the same time, an actual mobile tour for the film was launched, travelling to Cancún, Barcelona, Poznań, Warsaw and Rome. Furthermore, a black, tinted SUV with the Umbrella Corporation symbol and name on its doors and license plate was seen in Atlanta in June.  A second trailer premiered online on June 14, following a live Q&A with Milla Jovovich in New York City and was attached to prints of "That's My Boy".  Milla Jovovich, Michelle Rodriguez, Oded Fehr, Boris Kodjoe, Mika Nakashima and Paul W. S. Anderson appeared at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con Convention on Friday, July 13. A discussion for the film took place, and never-before-seen footage debuted.  On August 10, 2012, a group of 27 people dressed as zombies "invaded" the Shibuya shopping district and handed out leaflets to promote the film. The group marched across the crossing in front of the Shibuya Station and then moved on to Shibuya's underground shopping area "Shibuchika" and to the "Shibuya Cine Palace".

Release.

"Resident Evil: Retribution" was released worldwide on September 14, 2012, in 3D, IMAX 3D, and 2D. The MPAA's official rating for the film is R for "sequences of strong violence throughout". It was not screened in advance for critics.  The film's world premiere took place in Tokyo, Japan (where the film was retitled "Biohazard V: Retribution") on September 3. Originally, a promotional stunt was planned that involved Jovovich pretending to come out with a gun and shoot "zombies" in the theater. In response to the Aurora shootings, Jovovich declined the stunt, commenting that "There's absolutely no way I'm doing anything violent in a movie theater." Jovovich, Anderson, and Nakashima appeared at the premiere for a red carpet event.  Li Bingbing did not appear at the premiere, raising speculation from reporters that her absence was a demonstration against the escalating dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands. Li's agent Ji Xiang explained that Li had been informed of the premiere two months before but she was too busy in Beijing to attend at that time. However, Ji did not deny that politics were involved, saying: "We are in line with our government – the Diaoyu Islands belong to China. Bingbing will be attending movie premieres held in other places across the world and she skipped the Tokyo leg only."  The film was released on December 21, 2012, on DVD, Blu-ray and Ultraviolet Digital Copy. The United Kingdom release is set for January 28, 2013, also on DVD, Blu-ray and Ultraviolet Digital Copy. Pre-order for was available in November 2012 on Amazon.

Box office.

United States and Canada.

"Resident Evil: Retribution" opened at #1 in 3,012 theaters, beating out the 3-D re-release of "Finding Nemo". During its opening weekend, the film grossed $21,052,227 domestically (an average of $6,989 for each theater), which makes the film the second lowest domestic opening weekend in the series, with the lowest being the original "Resident Evil" ($17.7 million), though it sold the least tickets. The audience in the opening weekend was 64% male, and 55% were 25 years of age or older. Regular 3D showings accounted for 48% of ticket sales, while IMAX 3D contributed 14% and other large format showings contributed 4%. In its second weekend, the film dropped to fifth place behind newcomers "End of Watch", Jennifer Lawrence's "House at the End of the Street", and "Trouble with the Curve" with $6.7 million on the domestic charts. With a 68% decline from its previous weekend, this makes the worst domestic drop so far for a "Resident Evil" film. Its third weekend grossed $2.9 million, making a lighter 55% decrease and putting it into the number eight spot.

International territories.

"Resident Evil: Retribution" broke the series record for the highest worldwide opening with $49.6 million, beating out "Afterlife"'s opening of over $39 million. In its opening weekend, the film was strongest in Asia, where it had the best 2012 Hollywood debut so far in Japan ($11.2 million), Taiwan ($4.4 million) and Malaysia ($2 million). Its premiere in South Korea ($2 million) was underwhelming, where it underperformed to the local film "Masquerade" ($7.3 million). Elsewhere, the movie did very good business in Russia ($8.5 million) and Brazil ($3.1 million), but was disappointing in Australia ($1.5 million). The film retained the number one spot in its second weekend, grossing $30.5 million for a new foreign total of $103.8 million. Its top market was once again Japan, where it eased 27% to $6.3 million. Its new debuts included Germany ($3.6 million) and Mexico ($3.5 million). In its third weekend, the film dropped to the number two spot behind "Looper", making $21.1 million. It had its premiere in France ($2 million), Italy ($1.4 million), and the United Kingdom ($1.3 million). The film broke $200 million in its fourth weekend, notably due to its opening in Spain ($1.4 million).  Worldwide, the film grossed $240 million, after the movie opened in China on 17 March. Although this does not match its predecessor's gross of $296 million, it still ranks as the second highest grossing in the series, the highest grossing foreign film in Japan in 2012 (7th overall), and the highest grossing Canadian film of 2012, and second of all time (behind "Afterlife").

Critical reception.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 29% based on reviews from 73 critics, with an average rating of 4.35 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Resident Evil: Retribution" offers everything one might reasonably expect from the fifth installment in a heavily action-dependent franchise – which means very little beyond stylishly hollow CGI-enhanced set pieces". On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 39 based on 17 reviews. CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "C+" on an A+ to F scale.  Jim Vejvoda at IGN gave the film a 6 out of 10, saying, "Even with all of its dopey dialogue, wooden characters and 'been there, done that' elements, "Resident Evil: Retribution" is pretty amazing as far as entries in this series go. It certainly feels more like a video game and has a bit more emotion to it than some of the past "Resident Evil" sequels, but if you don't like this series then there's not much here to make you suddenly warm up to it." Clark Collis from "Entertainment Weekly" also gave the film a mostly positive review, stating that "writer-director W.S. Anderson's overseeing of the "Resident Evil" zombie franchise has proven to be both lunatically haphazard and dementedly enthusiastic."

Sequel.

When "Retribution" outgrossed "Afterlife" Sony distribution's head, Rory Bruer, confirmed that there would be a sixth film. In an interview with "Forbes", producer Samuel Hadida stated that a sixth and seventh installment were planned and a reboot of the series was possible.  On June 16, 2014, Anderson said he was in the process of writing the final film, tentatively titled "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter" and stated that no dates had been set for the start of production or its release in theaters. On September 18, 2015, filming in South Africa began, with Roberts reprising his role as Wesker and Iain Glen who portrayed Sam Isaacs in the second and third film, returning as Sam's twin brother, Dr. Alexander Isaacs. Joining the cast were Ruby Rose as Abigail, Eoin Macken as Doc, William Levy as Christian, Fraser James as Michael and Rola as Cobalt. The film was released on January 27, 2017.

Resident Evil: Retribution is a 2012 action horror film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. A direct sequel to "" (2010), it is the fifth installment in the "Resident Evil" film series, which is loosely based on the video game series of the same name, and the third to be written and directed by Anderson after the first film and the. The film focuses on Alice (Milla Jovovich) captured by the Umbrella Corporation, forcing her to make her escape from an underwater facility in the Extreme North, used for testing the T-virus.

C'est le cinquième volet de la série de films librement adaptée de la série de jeux vidéo " édités par Capcom.


Synopsis.

Setting: Hungary in the year 1213

Act 1.

King Endre II, the monarch of the country, is fighting abroad while Gertrúd, his queen, who is of Meranian birth, plays hostess to the leading members of the Court (in the first place foreigners) at prodigal feasts. Bán Bánk, the king's deputy, is touring the poverty-ridden country while Otto, the Queen's younger brother, is trying to seduce Bánk's beautiful wife Melinda. A group of angry Magyar nobles headed by Bán Petur are plotting a conspiracy against the queen, anxious for the fate of their homeland and the honour of Bánk's wife. Petur has sent for Bánk, hoping to recruit him for their cause. The Bán arrives, but is outraged that his old friend would dare threaten the throne. When Petur informs him of Otto's advances toward Melinda, however, Bánk promises that he shall attend their meeting.

Act 2.

Bánk, distraught, prays over his nation and his good name. On the porch of the castle of Visegrád, Tiborc, an old peasant, tells Bánk about the desperate poverty of the entire country, a grave consequence of the wasteful extravagance of the foreigners, but Bánk is so overcome by the tragedy of his own position that he listens only halfheartedly. It is revealed that Tiborc, a vassal of the Bán, saved his life at a battle long ago; Bánk promises his aid. Otto, encouraged by the Queen's open approval, attempts to seduce Melinda, without success. He drugs and rapes her. The desperate woman staggers to her husband half insane with shame. In his bitter grief Bánk blasts a terrible curse at his own son, but then raises to himself the innocent little boy, giving solace to his wife. Finally, he asks Tiborc to escort Melinda and their little son to their home, a castle in East Hungary, beyond the River Tisza.  In the throne-room Bánk calls the Queen to account for plunging the country into poverty and for the honour of his betrayed wife. Gertrúd counters him with contemptuous scorn and draws a dagger. Bánk wrests the dagger from her hand, and in the scuffle, she is fatally stabbed. Bánk laments over the actions he has been forced to take.

Act 3.

Tiborc reaches the bank of the Tisza River with Melinda and her little son. In a fit of insanity, Melinda throws herself into the waves together with her son, within view of the helpless old peasant.  Endre II returns. Standing by his queen's funeral bier, he calls to the nobles to account for the murder, who deny having had a part in the assault on the Queen. Bánk, however, admits that, convinced of her guilt which was known to all, he killed the Queen deliberately. King and Viceroy face each other with swords almost drawn when Tiborc arrives with the corpses of Melinda and the child. The sword drops from Bánk's grip, and he collapses over the bodies of his wife and son. The nobles and retainers pray for the repose of all the dead.

Bánk bán is an opera in 3 Acts by composer Ferenc Erkel. The work uses a Hungarian language libretto by Béni Egressy which is based on a stage play of the same name by József Katona. ("Bán" is ban in English, similar to a viceroy, a duke or palatine.) The main storyline is based on the assassination of Queen Gertrúd, wife of Andrew II in 1213. The opera was first performed at the Pesti Nemzeti Magyar Szinház in Pest on 9 March 1861.

Bánk bán est un opéra en trois actes de Ferenc Erkel sur un livret de Béni Egressy d'après la pièce du même nom de József Katona (1814). Composé en 1850-52, il est créé le à Pest sous la direction du compositeur.