Overview.

Carole Bienaimé has 15 years of experience in the international Entertainment industry and fundraising. Since 1998 she has been involved in many international productions. Since 2007, besides her Producer & CIO position in April Snow Films & Capital, Carole Bienaimé serves as board member of COSIP Fund (annual budget: 583M€) at the Centre National du Cinéma et de l'Image Animée (CNC) – the French public organisation part of the French Ministry of Culture that invests in Feature Films and TV Programmes. Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, Minister of Culture at that time, named her member of the board of the fund. Producer, advisor for international productions and coproductions, and financing expert, she was invited in 2010 by The Financial Times, to be part, as speaker, of the FT Business of Film Summit in Doha, Qatar, with other producers such as Harvey Weinstein, Bill Mechanic, Jeremy Thomas, Mark Gordon, etc.  Beside all that, from February 2012 to January 2014 she was board member and Vice President at the French Producers Guild: USPA. Since March 2012, she's also a regular columnist on Le Huffington Post (in association with Le Monde group). The Editor in chief of the French version of The Huffington Post (Time Warner group) is managed by Anne Sinclair.  Previously in 2007 Carole Bienaimé was managing director and Producer at Elemiah, the production company of Yamina Benguigui and Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière part of FIMALAC Group. In 2006 she became shareholder of B Pop LLP, the production company of Malcolm McLaren, the same year Fast Food Nation by Richard Linklater, a feature film based on the novel of Eric Schlosser, produced by Malcolm Maclaren and Jeremy Thomas was selected by Festival de Cannes to be part of the official competition. Before that, in 2004, she co-founded Productions Campagne Première, an international documentary films production company with Martin Meissonnier. Prior to this, in 2000 she was Head of fundraising & communications of Jacques Attali's international financing institution, PlaNet Finance, for which she also served as active Board member.  Carole Bienaimé established her career in 1998 in the film industry working as Production Manager at Productions Phares & Balises (Jean Labib & T. Celal) and with producer Marco Cherqui ("Un Prophète").  Since July 2010 Carole Bienaimé is Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts & des Lettres which is a French cultural honor from French Ministry of Culture, for people of artistic or literary creation or for the contribution they have made to the spread of arts and letters in France and the world. Carole has a master's degree in Law and International Relations and a MBA in Economics.

Filmography.

Feature films.

2012: "Heart of Blackness" by Valérie Tong-Cuong and Isabelle Boni-Claverie with Danny Glover, based on the novel "Où je Suis" by Valérie Tong-Cuong published by Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle 2006 : special advisor of Malcolm McLaren producer of "Fast Food Nation" a film by Richard Linklater, based on the novel of Eric Schlosser. Official competition at Festival de Cannes.

Documentary films.

2013 : "Abraham Lincoln, the roads to Freedom" by Carole Bienaimé (France Télévisions) 2012 : "Label & Life", a documentary TV series about creation with Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, etc. by David Carr-Brown, Carole Bienaimé and Alain Teulère (NRJ Group/ NRJ 12/ NRJ Paris) 2008 : "The Real Joan of Arc" by Martin Meissonnier (ARTE) 2007 : "Henri Leclerc au Nom de L'Homme", by Rémi Lainé, Empreintes (France 5) 2007: "Taking on Chanel" by Bren Simson (Al Jazeera English) 2004 : "On God's Right" by Martin Meissonnier (Canal + and SBS Australia) 2000 : "Fous d'Opéra" by Elizabeth Aubert (Canal +) 2000 : "All about E.U.? / Mein Gott Europa" by Nick Fraser and Ben Lewis (BBC and ARTE) 2000 : "Have you seen Jesus?" by Alix de Saint-André and Bernard Cazedepats (Canal+) 1999 : "Histoires d'en Sortir" by Didier Lannoy (ARTE and France 3) 1998 : "Journey to the Far Right" by Nick Fraser and Christian Poveda (BBC and ARTE) 1998 : "Le Saint-Suaire" by Didier Lannoy (France 3) 1998 : "Édouard Boubat" by Itaka Schlubach (Paris Première) 1998 : "Fashion : passion, sex and rebellion" by Jaci Judelson and Gideon Koppel (BBC and ARTE)

TV Fictions.

2007 : "Aïcha" by Yamina Benguigui (France 2)

Music Videos.

2000: "1,2,3 Soleils" (Khaled/Rachid Taha/Faudel) by Don't Kent (Barclay) 1999: Rodolphe Burger / "Unlimited marriage II" by Jacques Audiard (Chrysalis) 1999: "Kenza", by Claude Santiago with Khaled (Barclay Polygram) 1999: Femi Kuti / "Beng Beng Beng" by Yves Buclet (Barclay Polygram / Universal Music) 1999: Liberté de Circulation / GISTI / "Les petits papiers" by Jacques Audiard (Naïve) 1998: Alain Bashung / "Sommes-nous" by Jacques Audiard 1998: Alain Bashung / La nuit je mens by Jacques Audiard, Best music video at Victoire de la musique in 1999 (Barclay Polygram) 1998 : Johnny Hallyday / "Debout" by Xavier Durringer (Mercury Records / Universal Music)

Carole Bienaimé (alter name Carole Bienaimé-Besse), is a French producer (TV and Cinema) and a director. She is managing director of the production company and advisory firm, April Snow Films & Capital. Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, she was a board member of the Fund "Compte de Soutien de l'Industrie de Programmes Audiovisuels (COSIP)" at Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée (CNC). She was also Vice-President of major Producers Guild in France (USPA) and board member of French Producers Society (PROCIREP).

Carole Bienaimé (également connue sous son nom marital Carole Bienaimé Besse) est membre du Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) depuis. Elle était auparavant productrice de télévision et de cinéma française, auteur et réalisatrice de films documentaires et directrice générale de sociétés de production et de conseil basées au Royaume Uni et en France.


World War I service.

On October 3, 1918, Major Charles White Whittlesey and more than 550 men were trapped in a small depression on the side of the hill behind enemy lines without food or ammunition. They were also beginning to receive friendly fire from allied troops who did not know their location. Surrounded by the Germans, many were killed and wounded and only 194 men were still alive and not captured or wounded by the end of the engagement. Because his runners were consistently intercepted or killed by the Germans, Whittlesey began dispatching messages by pigeon. The pigeon carrying the first message, "Many wounded. We cannot evacuate." was shot down. A second bird was sent with the message, "Men are suffering. Can support be sent?" That pigeon also was shot down. The artillery batteries supporting Whittlesey's men attempted to provide a "barrage of protection" for Whittlesey's men on the northern slope of the Charlevaux Ravine, but believed Whittlesey was on the southern slope of the ravine, resulting in a barrage inadvertently targeting the battalion, "Cher Ami" was dispatched with a note, written on onion paper, in a canister on her left leg,  As Cher Ami tried to fly back home, the Germans saw her rising out of the brush and opened fire. After several seconds, she was shot down but managed to take flight again. She arrived back at her loft at division headquarters 25 miles (40 km) to the rear in just 25 minutes, helping to save the lives of the 194 survivors. She had been shot through the breast, blinded in one eye, and had a leg hanging only by a tendon.  Cher Ami became the hero of the 77th Infantry Division. Army medics worked to save her life. They were unable to save her leg, so they carved a small wooden one for her. When she recovered enough to travel, the now one-legged bird was put on a boat to the United States, with General John J. Pershing seeing her off.

Awards.

The pigeon was awarded the Croix de Guerre Medal with a palm Oak Leaf Cluster for her heroic service in delivering 12 important messages in Verdun. She died at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, on June 13, 1919 from the wounds she received in battle and was later inducted into the Racing Pigeon Hall of Fame in 1931. She also received a gold medal from the Organized Bodies of American Racing Pigeon Fanciers in recognition of her service during World War I.  The man responsible for training and caring for the pigeon in the signal corps, Enoch Clifford Swain, was given an award for his service.  In November 2019 she became one of the first winners of the Animals in War & Peace Medal of Bravery, bestowed on her posthumously at ceremony on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.

Remembered.

To American school children of the 1920s and 1930s, Cher Ami was as well known as any human World War I heroes. Cher Ami's body was later mounted by a taxidermist, who discovered that the "male" pigeon was actually a female, and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution. She is currently on display with that of Sergeant Stubby in the National Museum of American History's "Price of Freedom" exhibit.

Cher Ami (French for "dear friend", in the masculine) was a female homing pigeon who had been donated by the pigeon fanciers of Britain for use by the U.S. Army Signal Corps in France during World War I and had been trained by American pigeoners. She is most famous for delivering a message from an encircled battalion despite serious injuries during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, October 1918.

Cher Ami est un pigeon voyageur donné par des pigeonniers du Royaume-Uni, entraîné par des pigeonniers américains, puis reversé à l'United States Army Signal Corps pour un usage en France lors de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il participa au sauvetage du Lost Battalion de la d’infanterie américaine lors de l'offensive Meuse-Argonne, en octobre 1918.


Biography.

Max von Brandt was the son of Prussian general and military author Heinrich von Brandt. He was baptized as Protestant and attended the French College in Berlin. At first he became a Prussian officer before taking part in the Eulenburg Expedition of 1860/61 to East Asia leading to the signage of a Japanese-Prussian trade-treaty on January, 24th. Afterwards, Max von Brandt was consul and later general consul of the North German Confederation, and from 1872, German "Ministerresident" in Japan. From 1875 to 1893 he then was imperial envoy in China and, in 1882/1883, concluded a trade- and amicability-treaty with Korea, where he intensely studied the culture and history of East Asia. Due to his detailed knowledge of Asia, his impressing personality as well as his pleasantness, von Brandt was highly esteemed in Beijing, where he became doyen of the diplomatic corps for many years.

Japan post.

Max von Brandt spent most of his diplomatic career serving in East Asia, where he was first a part of the Prussian mission in 1860. Two years later, he became the consul of Yokohama. In his early years in the region, he was mostly dismissed due to his low rank as a consul. Brandt, therefore, acquired a tendency to assert himself in order to coordinate the German policy with the other representatives of treaty powers in East Asia. It was said that, in order to do this, he often outlined ambitious colonial projects to assert his own influence.  There were several recorded documents that offer insights into Brandt's activities in Japan. For example, he started cultivating German assets, whom he sent to serve as military advisers to emerging Japanese groups after learning of the successes of a German sergeant called Carl Koppen. Koppen built a reputation for transforming a band of samurai into a modern army in Wakayama.  Brandt solidified his position in Japan by successfully transitioning the focus of the German policy in the country. Initially, there was the ambition of creating a German colonial outpost in Japan. However, due to the consolidation of Japan under the Meiji emperor, Brandt promoted the expansion of German commercial and cultural presence in the country.

Maximilian August Scipio von Brandt (born 8 October 1835 in Berlin; died 24 August 1920 in Weimar) was a German diplomat, East Asia expert and publicist.

Maximilian August Scipio von Brandt (né le à Berlin et mort le à Weimar) est un diplomate allemand, spécialiste de la culture et de l'histoire de l'Extrême-Orient.


History.

Germany does not have a long tradition of small horse breeding; the only native small horse is the Dülmener. From the early twentieth century ponies and small horses were imported, mostly from Great Britain, and some private individuals started breeding from them. The Arenberg-Nordkirchen breed was started in 1923 by the then Duke of Arenberg as a semi-feral herd on his estates in Nordkirchen, near Münster in Westphalia. It was based on the Dülmener, from which he intended to create a small and elegant riding horse. His stock was small, with no more than about 40 mares. In 1968 the entire herd was sold to a breeder from Nordkirchen, who introduced other pony and small horse blood to improve its riding-horse qualities. In the 1980s the herd was broken up, and the horses sold in Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia, where they became part of the regional German Riding Pony populations.  The Arenberg-Nordkirchen was seen at the Berlin International Green Week in 1984, after which it was thought extinct. In 1995 a small number of surviving animals were found. Since 1999 the known population has remained stable at about 20–25 head. In 2007 there were four stallions and eighteen mares.  The Arenberg-Nordkirchen is classed as "Category I: extremely endangered" on the Rote Liste (red list) of the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen, the German national association for the conservation of historic and endangered domestic animal breeds; it was listed as "critical" by the FAO in 2007. It is not among the 151 horse breeds reported by Germany to DAD-IS.

The Arenberg-Nordkirchen,, is a breed of small riding horse from north-west Germany. It was believed extinct in 1985, but in 1995 a small number were discovered, and since 1999 the population has remained stable at about 20–25 head. The Arenberg-Nordkirchen is in the highest-risk category of the Rote Liste (red list) of the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen, the German national association for the conservation of historic and endangered domestic animal breeds.

L′Arenberg-Nordkirchener () est une race de poneys originaire d'Allemagne. Considérée comme extrêmement menacée, elle perdure en effectifs très réduits, de l'ordre de 20 à 25 sujets.


Career.

Jeff worked with father Jordan Cronenweth (cinematographer most notable for "Blade Runner") as a camera loader and second assistant camera during high school, working his way up to first assistant camera and then camera operator until the mid-1990s. The first major motion picture where he acted as a DP was "Fight Club". Other notable feature films on which he worked as a DP are "One Hour Photo", "", "Down With Love", "The Social Network", "Hitchcock", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo", and "Gone Girl".  Jeff and his brother Tim ("The Cronenweths") have worked as a director/DP team, doing numerous commercials and music videos in and out of Los Angeles.  In 2011, Cronenweth was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on "The Social Network".  In 2012, Cronenweth was nominated for a second time for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo".

Style.

Jeff is known for his use of light or the absence of and composition to elegantly weave a visual language through out a story as shown in his work on "Fight Club,The Social Network, The Girl With The Dragon tattoo, and Gone Girl and including many of the iconic music videos and commercials he has photographed. As he says on Fight Club, "Whether we were inside or outside, we always wanted to embrace depth of field or the lack of as a key story telling element in guiding an audiences focus on what we wanted them to embrace."

Jeffrey Scott Cronenweth, (born January 14, 1962) is an American cinematographer based in Los Angeles, California who is known for his role as the director of photography on the David Fincher films "Fight Club", "The Social Network", and "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" (the latter two earned him Academy Award for Best Cinematography nominations). He graduated from the USC School of Cinematic Arts and was invited to join the cinematographers branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2004. He is the son of Jordan Cronenweth, one of the most influential cinematographers in motion picture history.

Jeff Cronenweth est un directeur de la photographie américain né le à Los Angeles. C'est le fils de Jordan Cronenweth.


Orbit and classification.

"Angelica" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–4.0 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,049 days; semi-major axis of 3.16 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 21° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to this relatively high inclination and eccentricity, "Angelica" has a Jupiter Tisserand's parameter just barely above 3, which is commonly used as the threshold to distinguish between the populations of asteroids and Jupiter-family comets. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1927, or six years after its official discovery observation at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after Angelica Hartmann, wife of German astronomer Johannes F. Hartmann, who discovered this asteroid. The was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 ().

Physical characteristics.

In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Angelica" is a Xc subtype, that transitions from the X-types to the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.

Rotation period.

During five nights in December 2017, a rotational lightcurve of "Angelica" was obtained from photometric observations by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory in Tempe, Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a very low brightness variation of magnitude (), which is indicative of regular, spherical shape.  Another observation from January 2018, by Brigitte Montminy and Katherine McDonald at Minnetonka High School, and Russell Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory in Minnetonka, Minnesota, determined a concurring period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude (). Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station obtained the object's first lightcurve in December 2006, measuring a period of hours and an amplitude magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Japanese Akari satellite, "Angelica" measures, and kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of, and, respectively. Earlier published measurements by the WISE team gives larger mean-diameter of and. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0515 and a diameter of 53.39 km based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.

965 Angelica ("prov. designation:" "or" ), is a large background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 4 November 1921, by astronomer Johannes F. Hartmann at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. The dark X-type asteroid (Xc) with a low T has a rotation period of 26.8 hours and is likely spherical in shape. It was named after the discoverer's wife, Angelica Hartmann.

(965) Angelica est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le par l'astronome argentin Juan Hartmann. Sa désignation provisoire était 1921 KT.


Historical background.

Carrier Division Three.

The aircraft carrier was assigned to Carrier Division Three from November 1940. In April 1941, a Central Atlantic Neutrality Patrol was established under Admiral A.B. Cook, based at Bermuda. It comprised Carrier Division Three, the cruisers and, and Destroyer Squadron 11. On 7 December 1941, in the Atlantic Fleet, Carrier Division Three comprises "Wasp" and under Rear Admiral A.B. Cook. Commander Carrier Division Three served as Commander Task Force 77 during the Korean War. In 1966, Carrier Division Three was embarked aboard USS "Enterprise" flying missions in the Gulf of Tonkin off Vietnam.

Carrier Group Three.

On 30 June 1973, Carrier Division 3 was redesignated Carrier Group 3. U.S. Navy carrier battle groups have, since the mid-Cold War period, maintained a pattern of deployments to trouble spots, beginning with an overhaul, individual ship training, battle group training, group preparation exercise, and then the deployment. On returning home, the cycle begins once more. As part of these deployments, the "Carl Vinson" carrier battle group participated in Exercise RIMPAC '84, RIMPAC '86, RIMPAC '98, PACEX '89, Exercise Rugged Nautilus, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Desert Strike, Operation Desert Fox, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. From 1989 to 1991, USS "Carl Vinson" served as the flagship for Carrier Group 3. During this period, Carrier Group 3 was one of three battle groups that took part in PACEX '89.  In August 1990, Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet was deployed to Bahrain in order to serve as Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (ComUSNAVCENT) following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Since ComUSNAVCENT operated from onboard ship, he established NAVCENT-Riyadh as a staff organization to provide continuous Navy representation at United States Central Command headquarters. This mission was assigned initially to Commander, Carrier Group Three. During succeeding months, the NAVCENT-Riyadh staff was augmented substantially but remained small, relative to the United States Army Central and CENTAF staffs. In November, the NAVCENT-Riyadh command was transferred from COMCARGRU 3 to Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group 5. This change resulted in the Navy flag officer at NAVCENT Riyadh's remaining relatively junior to other Service representatives, particularly the Air Force.  In the middle of 1992, the U.S. Navy made some organizational changes. Each of the Navy's twelve carrier battle groups was planned to consist of an aircraft carrier; an embarked carrier air wing; cruiser, destroyer, and frigate units; and two nuclear-powered attack submarines. The chart below shows the ships and aircraft of the group after the reorganization.  From June 1993, Commander Carrier Group 3 had his flag aboard "Abraham Lincoln". In 1993, the battle group provided support to the multinational military forces assigned to Operation Restore Hope in Somalia, and the group subsequently made three Western Pacific/Persian Gulf deployments for Operation Southern Watch and Operation Vigilant Sentinel. On 13 May 1997 Carrier Air Wing Eleven was reassigned to Commander, Carrier Group 3 and the USS "Carl Vinson".  Carrier Group 3 formed the core of the naval power during the initial phase of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001. At the time the group comprised, Destroyer Squadron 9 and Carrier Air Wing Eleven. Commander, Carrier Group 3, Rear Admiral Thomas E. Zelibor, arrived in the Arabian Sea on 12 September 2001 and was subsequently designated Commander Task Force 50 (CTF 50), commanding multiple carrier task groups and coalition forces. The Task Force conducted strikes against Al Quida and Taliban forces in Afghanistan. Task Force 50 comprised over 59 ships from six nations including six aircraft carriers, stretching over 800 nautical miles.  Rear Admiral Evan M. Chanik was the last commander of Carrier Group 3. During his tenure, Admiral Chanik led the group through a reorganized Inter-Deployment Training Cycle which greatly compressed the training required for overseas deployment. On 1 October 2004, Carrier Group Three was redesignated as Carrier Strike Group Three.

Command structure.

The strike group commander is responsible for unit-level training, integrated training, and material readiness for the group's ships and aviation squadrons. When it is not deployed, the group reports to Commander, U.S. Third Fleet which directs the group's pre-deployment training and certifications including its Composite Training Unit Exercises. When deployed beyond U.S. coastal waters, the group comes under the command of the numbered fleet commander in the area in which it is operating – either Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, or Seventh Fleets. When deployed in this fashion, the group utilizes a task force or task group designator, for example, Task Group 50.1 in the Fifth Fleet area.  Group commanders since 2004 have included:

Operational history.

2005 deployment.

On 17 January 2005, "Carl Vinson" departed Bremerton, Washington, with Carrier Air Wing Nine embarked for a six-month deployment, which included several months in the Persian Gulf supporting U.S. forces fighting the War in Iraq. On 30 January 2005, the group departed San Diego following the completion of its 22-day pre-deployment Joint Task Force Exercise.  In total, the group launched more than 6,500 sorties, totaling more than 20,000 flight hours, in support of Multi-National Force - Iraq troops and various maritime interdiction operations, including 2,600 flight hours logged by its four F/A-18 strike-fighter squadrons. Destroyer Squadron 31 conducted more than 80 boardings in conjunction with British, Italian, Australian, Canadian and regional forces.  On 11 June 2005, rendered assistance in response to a distress call from the Iranian fishing dhow "Henif". A boat transported an ill Iranian fisherman to "Mustin", where he was subsequently transferred to "Vinson" by helicopter. Once aboard "Vinson", the fisherman was taken to the ship's infirmary where he underwent tests. The fisherman was apparently suffering from a severe allergic reaction. He was treated, and after a short recovery period, he was returned to the "Henif" via one of the carrier's boats.  The group completed its 2005 deployment at Naval Station Norfolk on 31 July 2005. "Vinson" then began a scheduled 36-month Refueling and Complex Overhaul, prior to becoming flagship for Carrier Strike Group One. The new group flagship,, changed its homeport to Bremerton in January 2005, and once there, underwent an 11-month overhaul. Reflecting the reduced responsibilities while the ships were undergoing overhauls, Rear Admiral Clingan was succeeded by Captain Scott A. Berg in September 2005 as carrier strike group commander. Rear Admiral Kevin M. Quinn subsequently relieved Captain Berg in November 2005.

2007 deployment.

"Stennis" departed from its homeport in Bremerton, Washington, on 16 January 2007, spent one day in port on-loading Carrier Air Wing Nine onto the carrier, and the strike group departed San Diego on 20 January 2006 for its 2007 deployment.  During its 2007 deployment, Carrier Air Wing Nine flew more than 7,900 sorties providing more than 22,000 flight hours and dropping nearly 90,000 pounds of ordnance in support of the International Security Assistance Force operating on the ground in Afghanistan and Iraq. The guided-missile destroyers and were primarily responsible for carrying out Maritime Security Operations, Maritime Interdiction Operations, and Visit, Board, Search and Seizure operations for the strike group during the deployment.  On 23 May 2007, "Stennis", along with eight other warships including the aircraft carrier and amphibious assault ship, passed through the Strait of Hormuz into the Persian Gulf "(pictured)". US Navy officials said it was the largest such move of warships since 2003. The group subsequently participated in Expeditionary Strike Force (ESF) training while simultaneously providing close-air support to coalition ground forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. The ESF training brought together Carrier Strike Group 3, Carrier Strike Group 11 led by "Nimitz", and "Bonhomme Richard" Expeditionary Strike Group to test their ability to plan and conduct multi-task force operations across a broad spectrum of naval disciplines.  Thereafter, the group participated in Exercise Valiant Shield off the coast of Guam between 7–14 August 2007. The exercise brought together more than 30 ships, including carrier strike groups led by the and ; 280 aircraft; and more than 20,000 service members from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard. Valiant Shield 2007 tested the military's ability to rapidly bring together joint forces in response to any regional contingency. Valiant Shield was the last operational portion of the group's 2007 deployment.  The group entered Pearl Harbor on 20 August 2007. The strike group returned to San Diego on 27 August 2007, and the carrier "John C. Stennis" returned to its homeport on 31 August 2007.

2009 deployment.

"John C. Stennis" departed Bremerton on 13 January 2009, and the group departed Naval Air Station North Island on 17 January 2009 after embarking Carrier Air Wing Nine. Carrier Air Wing Nine flew more than 7250 sorties, consisting of approximately 12,747 flight hours with a sortie completion rate of 97 percent during its 2009 deployment.  Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 71 (HSM-71), a new component to Carrier Air Wing Nine, was the first squadron of its kind to embark on board a carrier as part of a carrier air wing "(pictured)". The squadron flew more than 4,690 hours with a 95 percent sortie completion rate and earned the right to fly the Enlisted Aviation Warfare Pennant. The highlight for the squadron occurred during the undersea warfare exercise when HSM-71 deployed multiple aircraft to practice engagements on U.S. and Japanese submarines. The squadron kept three helicopters aloft throughout the entire four-day exercise for a total of 222 flight hours and conducted 28 simulated attacks on two U.S. and two Japanese submarines.  The strike group participated in Exercise Key Resolve/Foal Eagle which began on 28 February 2009. Key Resolve/Foal Eagle was held in the aftermath of the sinking of the ROK corvette "Cheonan" and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island by North Korea. During the exercise, the aircraft carrier "Stennis" was overflown by two Russian Ilyushin Il-38 maritime patrol aircraft on 16 March and two Tupolev Tu-95 long-range bombers on 17 March. Both time the Russian aircraft were intercepted and escorted by F/A-18 Hornets until the Russian aircraft left the exercise area.  The strike group then split. Both "Kidd" and "Preble" returned to port on 16 June 2009. "John C. Stennis" and "Antietam" sailed north to the Gulf of Alaska to participate in Operation Northern Edge, held between 15–26 June 2009. "Stennis" returned to port on 10 July 2009.

2011–2012 deployment.

On 25 July 2011, the aircraft carrier "John C. Stennis" departed from its homeport of Naval Base Kitsap-Bremerton, Washington. "Stennis" was subsequently joined by Carrier Air Wing Nine, Destroyer Squadron Twenty-one, and the guided-missile cruiser "Mobile Bay". On 29 July 2011, the strike group departed from Naval Air Station San Diego near San Diego, California, for its 2011–2012 deployment.  The first port-of-call for the group was to have been Manila, the Philippines, but that port-call was cancelled because of Typhoon Mina. On 13 October 2011, the guided-missile destroyer was directed to join Carrier Strike Group 5 to provide disaster relief to flood-ravaged Thailand.  During the deployment, the strike group and Carrier Air Wing Nine launched a combined total of 13,389 sorties in support of Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan. On 18 December 2011, the strike group's aircraft flew the final carrier-based air sortie over Iraq, effectively ending U.S. naval support for Operation New Dawn. The final command-and-control mission for U.S. forces over Iraq was flown by an E-2C Hawkeye ("pictured") from Airborne Early Warning Squadron 112, catapulting off the carrier "Stennis" at 7:32 am and returning at 11:04 a.m, both local time.  While operating with Combined Task Force 151, on 13 December 2011, the destroyer disrupted a group of suspected pirates south of Yemen near the Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor. At approximately 8:40 am local time, the merchant vessel M/V "Nordic Apollo" reported to United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations, Dubai, of being fired upon by pirates in a skiff. At approximately 11:00 am, the M/V "Heather", operating 30 nautical miles from "Nordic Apollo", reported suspicious activity by a skiff. CTF-151 commander Rear Admiral Kaleem Shaukat, Pakistan Navy, ordered "Pinckney" to investigate. "Pinckney" got underway and launched its MH-60R helicopter which located a suspicious skiff. Once under observation, the helicopter reported that the skiff had nine suspected pirates aboard, as well as several ladders, weapons and fuel containers that the suspected pirates attempted to cover up or throw overboard. As "Pinckney" closed, the skiff stopped and the suspected pirates threw their weapons overboard, which were identified as five AK-47 rifles, one rocket propelled grenade (RPG) launcher. and three RPG rounds. "Pinckney" conduct a boarding using their visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) team ("pictured"), and once aboard, the VBSS team confirmed that there were nine suspected pirates, one grappling hook, 36 barrels of fuel, and 75 and 45 horsepower outboard engines. The VBSS team scuttled one outboard motor and left the skiff with enough fuel and water to return to shore.  On 5 January 2012, at approximately 12:30 p.m local time, an SH-60S Seahawk helicopter from guided-missile destroyer detected a suspected pirate skiff alongside the Iranian-flagged fishing dhow "Al Molai" operating in the northern Arabian Sea. Simultaneously, the "Kidd" received a distress call was from the master of the "Al Molai" claiming to be held captive by pirates. The "Kidd" dispatched a visit, board, search and seizure team that boarded the "Al Molai" ("pictured") and subsequently detained 15 suspected pirates who had been holding a 13-member Iranian crew hostage for several weeks. The pirates did not resist the boarding, quickly surrendered, and were detained on the "Al Molai" by the "Kidd" boarding party until the next morning, 6 January 2012, when they were transferred to the aircraft carrier "John C. Stennis" where the incident was reviewed for potential prosecution. According to the Iranian vessel's crew, the "Al Molai" had been pirated and used as a "mother ship" for pirate operations throughout the Persian Gulf during the preceding 40–45 days. The pirates forced the "Al Molai" crew to live in harsh conditions under the constant threat of violence with limited supplies and medical aid. The "Kidd" VSBB team provided the "Al Molai" crew with food, water, and medical care, and the "Al Molai" master thanked the VBSS team for their assistance.  On 18 January 2012, at 7:53 am local time, an MH-60R Seahawk helicopter from the squadron HSM-71 spotted the Iranian fishing vessel "Al Mamsoor" disabled in the Arabian Sea. The vessel was in a sinking condition, and the helicopter alerted the guided-missile destroyer which rendered assistance. "Dewey" dispatched a visit, board, search and seizure (VBSS) team ("pictured") which discovered that the "Al Mamsoor" was in a sinking condition for the previous three days. The VBSS team provided food, water, medical, and hygienic supplies to the Iranian mariners, and after confirming Iranian nationals' safety, departed the scene.  On 27 December 2011, "Stennis" concluded a four-day port visit to Jebel Ali in the United Arab Emirates. It then steamed through the Strait of Hormuz to the North Arabian Sea to provide combat air support to coalition ground forces in Afghanistan. On 3 January 2012, following the end of Velayat 90, a 10-day Iranian military exercise in international waters near the Strait of Hormuz, the Iranian Army chief of staff, General Ataollah Salehi, warned the United States to not send the "Stennis" back into the Persian Gulf. This initiated the 2011–12 Strait of Hormuz dispute between the United States and Iran over access through the strait.  On 27 February 2012, the strike group completed its seven-month deployment. The cruiser "Mobile Bay" and destroyers "Pinckney", "Kidd", "Dewey", and "Wayne E. Meyer" returned to Naval Base San Diego. "Stennis" stopped in San Diego before returning to its homeport of Naval Base Kitsap, Washington, on 28 February 2012.

2012–2013 deployment.

Between 29 June and 17 July 2012, "Stennis" conducted Fleet Replacement Squadron Carrier Qualifications and Sustainment Exercises off the coast of southern California. On 27 August 2012, four months ahead of schedule, the group departed for an eight-month U.S. Fifth Fleet deployment under the command of Rear Admiral Charles M. Gaouette. On 30 August 2012, "Stennis" arrived at Naval Air Station North Island, California, to embark Carrier Air Wing Nine, departing on 1 September 2012 with the guided-missile cruiser "Mobile Bay". On 31 August 2012, the carrier "Stennis" embarked additional Carrier Air Wing Nine personnel during a port visit to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, departing on 1 September 2012, with the guided-missile "Paul Hamilton" joining the strike group.  On 11 September 2012, the group came under U.S. Seventh Fleet command and soon began taking part in Exercise Valiant Shield 2012 off Guam ("pictured"). The deployment of two carrier strike groups for this exercise coincided with the ongoing Senkaku Islands dispute between China and Japan. After four weeks underway, the first port call of the deployment followed at Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, the first such visit by a U.S. aircraft carrier to that port. Following its port visit to Phuket, Thailand, the group participated in joint operations with Carrier Strike Group 5 in the Andaman Sea ("pictured").  On 17 October 2012, the strike group entered the Fifth Fleet area, joining Carrier Strike Group 8 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, maritime security operations, and theater security cooperation missions. On 21 October 2012, Carrier Air Wing Nine began strikes supporting the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. On 22 March 2013, the group concluded air operations over Afghanistan, with its aircraft having flown around 1,200 sorties totaling over 7,400 flight hours.  On 27 October 2012, Fifth Fleet commander Vice Admiral John W. Miller ordered the temporary reassignment of Rear Admiral Gaouette pending the results of an investigation by the Naval Inspector General. Gaouette's chief of staff, Captain William C. Minter, led the strike group until the arrival of Rear Admiral Troy Shoemaker as Gaouette's replacement. Later it emerged that Gaouette was dismissed for misconduct including '..for misconduct including foul language, flipping off lieutenants, speculation that black admirals were chosen because of their race and sending fellow officers a racially charged email about a black sailor.'  On 6 February 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense announced that the upcoming deployment of the carrier and the cruiser would be postponed pending the resolution of the upcoming budget sequestration, leaving Carrier Strike Group 3 as the only U.S. carrier force operating in the Persian Gulf region.  In an March 2013 interview, group commander Rear Admiral Troy Shoemaker noted that the shortfall of U.S. escort ships was being off-set by the assignment of the British destroyer and the French frigate Chevalier Paul", to operate with the strike group. Two destroyers from Carrier Strike Group 8, the and, also joined Carrier Strike Group 3 temporarily. In that capacity, on 2 March 2013, the "Farragut" joined the guided-missile frigate is aiding distressed mariners aboard a dhow in the Gulf of Aden. Both "Farragut" and "Churchill" left the U.S. Fifth Fleet via the Suez Canal on 8 March 2013. On 1 March 2013, the destroyer from Carrier Strike Group Eleven entered the Persian Gulf for operations with the strike group.  On 26 March 2013, the strike group departed the Fifth Fleet. During over five months of operations, Carrier Air Wing Nine had flown a total of more than 9,000 sorties and more than 23,000 flight hours in support of coalition forces in Afghanistan. Also on that date, the carrier "Stennis" and Carrier Air Wing Nine received the 2012 Ramage Award for carrier/air wing operational excellence during the 2012–2013 deployment.  On 29 April 2013, the carrier "Vinson" and the cruiser "Mobile Bay" arrived at Naval Station San Diego, California, ending the 2013 deployment. The strike group had steamed over and aircraft assigned to Carrier Air Wing Nine had flown 10,000 sorties totaling 30,400 flight hours during the eight-month-long operation.

2013–2015 operations & upkeep.

On 27 June 2013, the carrier "John C. Stennis" began a scheduled 14-month-long overhaul when it entered drydock at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility at Bremerton, Washington ("pictured"). On 19 August 2013, the destroyer "Milius" completed its Extended Drydocking Selected Restricted Availability (E-DSRA) overhaul. On 23 September 2013, the destroyer "Wayne E. Meyer" completed its Mid-Cycle Inspection (MCI) assessment with the Board of Inspection and Survey.  Between 7–11 October 2013, the cruiser "Mobile Bay" and destroyer "Dewey" participated with other U.S. and Canadian warships in a Task Group Exercise (TGEX) maneuvers. Following this exercise, the "Mobile Bay" began its Selected Restricted Availability (SRA) overhaul at the BAE Systems ship repair facility in San Diego, California, with a completion date of May 2014.  In November 2013, the destroyer "Kidd" completed its two-week Independent Deployer Certification (IDCERT) exercises. Also, during that month, the "Wayne E. Meyer" underwent its own IDCERT exercises in the southern California operating area, as well as participating Group Sail maneuvers with Carrier Strike Group Nine, as part of "Wayne E. Meyer"s work-up for its upcoming 2014 deployment.  On 25 April 2014, "John C. Stennis" departed drydock, completing its 14-month-long overhaul ("pictured"). Between 23–28 September 2014, strike group planners held a pre-deployment training planning meeting among the various component commands. It was held at Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor, Washington. Both "Stennis" and Carrier Air Wing 9 completed their flight deck certification on 11 December 2014. During 13–15 January 2015, "Stennis" on-loaded over six million pounds of munitions at the U.S. Naval Magazine Indian Island, Washington.  On 23 March 2015, "John C. Stennis" departed Naval Base Kitsap, Washington, for a Tailored Ship's Training Availability (TSTA) and Final Evaluation Period (FEP) exercises in the Southern California operating area ("pictured") after a six-week Continuous Maintenance Availability (CMAV). The "Stennis" subsequently conducted joint training exercise with the U.S. Army helicopters, stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, while transiting the Strait of Juan de Fuca. On 8 June 2015, the "Stennis" departed Bremerton, Washington, for Carrier Qualifications (CQ) exercises before paying a port call at Naval Air Station North Island, California, from 12–15 June 2015. The "Stennis" completed its Composite Training Unit Exercise (COMPTUEX) and Joint Task Force Exercise (JTFEX) training before returning to its home-base on 1 September 2015.

2016 deployment.

On 15 January 2016, "John C. Stennis" left Naval Base Kitsap for a scheduled deployment to the Western Pacific. On 20 January 2016, the destroyers, and, along with the cruiser and the fast combat support ship, left port, all running off a 'Great Green Fleet' biofuel blend made from tallow, or rendered beef fat, a Navy spokesman told Navy Times. The biofuel mix was 10% biofuel and 90% petroleum. However, the 50-50 goal is still on track, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus told Navy Times in September 2015. The strike group was planned to make a seven-month deployment within the Seventh Fleet area of responsibility.

Carrier Strike Group 3 (CSG-3 or CARSTRKGRU 3) is a U.S. Navy carrier strike group. Carrier strike groups gain and maintain sea control as well as project naval airpower ashore. The aircraft carrier is the group's current flagship. Other units assigned include Carrier Air Wing Nine; the s and ; and the ships of Destroyer Squadron 21.

Le Carrier Strike Group Three, abrégé CSG-3 ou CARSTRKGRU 3, est l'un des 6 groupes aéronavals de l'U.S. Navy affecté à la Flotte du Pacifique. Stationné à la base aéronavale de Kitsap, il est rattaché administrativement à la Flotte (pacifique Est) et ses déploiements opérationnels se font au profit de la (pacifique Ouest) et de la (Golfe Arabo-Persique et océan Indien). La désignation de Carrier Strike Group date de 2004.


History.

Yemenite Hebrew may have been derived from, or influenced by, the Hebrew of the Geonic era Babylonian Jews: the oldest Yemenite manuscripts use the Babylonian system of vowel symbols, which is believed to antedate the Tiberian vowel system. As late as 937 CE, Qirqisāni wrote: “The biblical readings which are wide-spread in Yemen are in the Babylonian tradition." Indeed, in many respects, such as the assimilation of "paṯaḥ" and "səġūl", the current Yemenite pronunciation fits the Babylonian notation better than the Tiberian (though the Babylonian notation does not reflect the approximation between "holam" and "sere" in some Yemenite dialects). This is because in the Babylonian tradition of vocalization there is no distinct symbol for the "səġūl". It does not follow, as claimed by some scholars, that the pronunciation of the two communities was identical, any more than the pronunciation of Sephardim and Ashkenazim is the same because both use the Tiberian symbols.  The following chart shows the seven vowel paradigms found in the Babylonian supralinear punctuation, which are reflected to this day by the Yemenite pronunciation of Biblical lections and liturgies, though they now use the Tiberian symbols. For example, there is no separate symbol for the Tiberian "səġūl" and the "pataḥ" and amongst Yemenites they have the same phonetic sound. In this connection, the Babylonian vowel signs remained in use in Yemen long after the Babylonian Biblical tradition had been abandoned, almost until our own time.

Distinguishing features.

The following chart shows the phonetic values of the Hebrew letters in the Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation tradition. Among the Yemenites, they have preserved the sounds for each of the six double-sounding consonants: "bəged-kəfet" (). The following are examples of their peculiar way of pronunciation of these and other letters:

Vowels.

Yemenite pronunciation is not uniform, and Morag has distinguished five sub-dialects, the best known being probably Sana'ani, originally spoken by Jews in and around Sana'a. Roughly, the points of difference are as follows:

"Qamats Gadol" and "Qamats Qatan".

The Yemenites in their reading practices continue the orthographic conventions of the early grammarians, such as Abraham ibn Ezra and Aaron Ben-Asher. One basic rule of grammar states that every word with a long vowel sound, that is, one of either five vowel sounds whose mnemonics are "pītūḥe ḥöthom" (i.e. "ḥiraq", "šūraq", "ṣeré", "ḥölam" and "qamaṣ"), whenever there is written beside one of these long vowel sounds a "meteg" (or what is also called a "ga’ayah") and is denoted by a small vertical line below the word (such as shown here זָכְרוּ), it indicates that the vowel (in that case, "qamaṣ") must be drawn out with a prolonged sound. For example, ōōōōōō, instead of ō, (e.g. "zoː— kh ru"). In the Sephardic tradition, however, the practice is different altogether, and they will also alter the phonetic sound of the long vowel "qamaṣ" whenever the vowel appears alongside a "meteg" (a small vertical line), giving to it the sound of "a", as in "cat", instead of "ōōōōō." Thus, for the verse in, the Sephardic Jews will pronounce the word כָּל as "kal" (e.g. "kal ʕaṣmotai", etc.), instead of "kol ʕaṣmotai" as pronounced by both Yemenite and Ashkenazi Jewish communities.  The "meteg", or "ga’ayah", has actually two functions: (1) It extends the sound of the vowel; (2) It makes any šewa that is written immediately after the vowel a mobile "šewa", meaning, the "šewa" itself takes on the sound of a reduced vowel in Germanic languages, equivalent to, or "a" in the word "about." For example: = "šoː m ru", = "ye r du", = "ye d ‘u", = "ʔö m rim", = "šö m rim", = "sī s ra", = "šū v kha", and = "tū v kha".  The "Qamats qatan" is realized as the non-extended "o"-sound in the first "qamats" ("qamaṣ") in the word, חָכְמָה ⇒ "ḥokhma" (wisdom).  The Yemenite "qamaṣ", represented in the transliterated texts by the diaphoneme, is pronounced as the English "a"-sound in "all" or as in "halt", or "caught," and this phoneme is always the same, whether for a long or short vowel, but the long vowel sound is always prolonged.

"Holam" and "sere".

A distinct feature of Yemenite Hebrew is that there is some degree of approximation between the "ḥōlam" and the "ṣêrệ". To the untrained ear, they may sound as the same phoneme, but Yemenite grammarians will point out the difference. The feature varies by dialect:  Some see the assimilation of the two vowels as a local variant within the wider Babylonian family, which the Yemenites happened to follow.

Strict application of Mobile Shewā.

Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and Rabbi Jacob Saphir have praised the Yemenites in their correct pronunciation of Hebrew. They still read the biblical lections and liturgies according to what is prescribed for Hebrew grammar and are meticulous to pronounce the mobile "šĕwā" in each of its changing forms. While most other communities also adhere to the rule of mobile "šĕwā" whenever two "šĕwā"s are written one after the other, as in, most have forgotten its other usages. Aharon Ben-Asher, in his treatise on the proper usage of Hebrew vowels and trope symbols, writes on the "šĕwā": "[It is] the servant of all the letters in the entire Scriptures, whether at the beginning of the word, or in the middle of the word, or at the end of the word; whether what is pronounced by the tongue or not pronounced, for it has many ways... However, if it is joined with one of four [guttural] letters, א ח ה ע, its manner [of pronunciation] will be like the manner of the vowel of the second letter in that word, such as: בְּֽהֹנוֹת ידיהם ורגליהם = "bhonoth"; מתי פתים תְּֽאֵהֲבוּ פתי = "t’ehavu"; עיניו לְֽחֵלְכָה יצפנו = "lḥeləkhah"; שריה רְֽעֵלָיָה מרדכי = "rʻeloyoh"." On the mobile "šĕwā" and its usage amongst Yemenite Jews, Israeli grammarian Shelomo Morag wrote: "The pronunciation of the "šĕwā" mobile preceding א, ה, ח, ע, or ר in the Yemenite tradition is realized in accordance with the vowel following the guttural; quantitatively, however, this is an ultra-short vowel. For example, a word such as is pronounced "wḥuṭ". A "šĕwā" preceding a "yōḏ" is pronounced as an ultra-short "ḥīreq": the word is pronounced "byōm". This is the way the "šĕwā" is known to have been pronounced in the Tiberian tradition."  Other examples of words of the mobile "šĕwā" in the same word taking the phonetic sound of the vowel assigned to the adjacent guttural letter or of a mobile "šĕwā" before the letter "yod" (י) taking the phonetic sound of the "yod", can be seen in the following: מִזְמוֹר שִׁיר לְיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת. טוֹב לְהֹדוֹת לַה' וּלְזַמֵּר לְשִׁמְךָ עֶלְיון. לְהַגִּיד בַּבֹּקֶר חַסְדֶּךָ וֶאֱמוּנָתְךָ בַּלֵּילוֹת  The above rule applies only to when one of the four guttural letters (אחהע), or a "yod" (י) or a resh (ר) follows the mobile "šĕwā", but it does not apply to the other letters; then, the mobile "šĕwā" is always read as a short-sounding "pataḥ".

Distinctive pronunciations preserved.

Geographically isolated for centuries, the Yemenite Jews constituted a peculiar phenomenon within Diaspora Jewry. In their isolation, they preserved specific traditions of both Hebrew and Aramaic. The traditions, transmitted from generation to generation through the teaching and reciting of the Bible, post-biblical Hebrew literature (primarily the Mishnah), the Aramaic Targums of the Bible, and the Babylonian Talmud, are still alive. They are manifest in the traditional manner of reading Hebrew that is practised by most members of the community. The Yemenite reading traditions of the Bible are now based on the Tiberian text and vocalization, as proofread by the masorete, Aaron ben Asher, with the one exception that the vowel "sǝġūl" is pronounced as a "pataḥ", since the "sǝġūl" did not exist in the Babylonian orthographic tradition to which the Jews of Yemen had previously been accustomed. In what concerns Biblical orthography, with the one exception of the "sǝgūl", the Yemenite Jewish community does not differ from any other Jewish community.  Although the vast majority of post-Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic words are pronounced the same way or nearly the same way by all of Israel's diverse ethnic groups, including the Jews of Yemen, there are still other words whose phonemic system differs greatly from the way it is used in Modern Hebrew, the sense here being the tradition of vocalization or diction of selective Hebrew words found in the Mishnah and Midrashic literature, or of Aramaic words found in the Talmud, and which tradition has been meticulously preserved by the Jews of Yemen. Two of the more recognized Yemenite pronunciations are for the words רבי and גברא, the first pronounced as "Ribbi", instead of Rabbi (as in Rabbi Meir), and the second pronounced "guvra", instead of "gavra". In the first case, archaeologist Benjamin Mazar was the first to discover its linguistic usage in the funerary epigrams of the 3rd and 4th-century CE, during excavations at the catacombs in Beit Shearim. Nahman Avigad, speaking of the same, wrote: "Of special interest is the title Rabbi and its Greek transliteration (). In the inscriptions of Beth She'arim found in the former seasons ריבי and ביריבי are usual, and only once do we find רבי, which has been regarded as a defective form of ריבי, for in Greek we generally find the form (). The transliteration () found here shows that the title was pronounced in Palestine in different ways, sometimes "Rabbi" (ΡΑΒΒΙ, ΡΑΒΙ), sometimes "Ribbi" (ΡΙΒΒΙ, ΡΙΒΙ) and occasionally even "Rebbi" (ΒΗΡΕΒΙ)." In the latter case, the Jerusalem Talmud occasionally brings down the word גברא in "plene scriptum", גוברייא (pl. for גברא), showing that its pronunciation was the same as that in use by the Yemenites. Some have raised the proposition that the Yemenite linguistic tradition dates back to the Amoraim.  R. Yehudai Gaon, in his "Halakhot Pesukot" (Hil. "Berakhot"), uses "yod" as the "matres lectionis" to show the vowel "hiriq", after the "qoph" (ק) in "Qiryat Shema" (). The editor of the critical edition, A. Israel, who places its composition in Babylonia, notes that "linguists would take an interest" in Yehudai Gaon's variant spellings of words, where especially the "matres lectionis" is used in place of vowels, "represented either by a plene "alef" (א), "waw" (ו), and "yod" (י)." The use of the "matres lectionis" in place of the vowel "hiriq" in the construct case of the words קִרְיַת שְׁמַע ("recital of Shemaʻ" = קירית שמע) reflects apparently the Babylonian tradition of pronunciation, and, today, the same tradition is mirrored in the Yemenite pronunciation of "Qiryat shemaʻ".  The following diagrams show a few of the more conspicuous differences in the Yemenite tradition of vocalization and which Israeli linguist, Shelomo Morag, believes reflects an ancient form of vocalizing the texts and was once known and used by all Hebrew-speakers.  Notes on transliteration: In the Yemenite Jewish tradition, the vowel "qamaṣ", represents. The Hebrew character "Tau" (), without a dot of accentuation, represents. The Hebrew character "Gimal" (), with a dot of accentuation, represents. The Hebrew word גנאי (in the above middle column, and meaning 'a thing detestable'), is written in Yemenite Jewish tradition with a vowel "qamaṣ" beneath the, but since it is followed by the letters אי it represents. The vowel "ḥolam" in the Yemenite dialect is transcribed here with, and represents a front rounded vowel. Another peculiarity with the Yemenite dialect is that the vast majority of Yemenite Jews (excluding the Jews of Sharab in Yemen) will replace, used here in transliteration of texts, with the phonetic sound of.  In the Yemenite tradition, the plural endings on the words זָכִיּוֹת ("merits"), מַלְכִיּוֹת ("kingdoms"), גָּלִיּוֹת ("exiles"), טעִיּוֹת ("errors"), טרפִיּוֹת ("defective animals") and עֵדִיּוֹת ("testimonies"), all differ from the way they are vocalized in Modern Hebrew. In Modern Hebrew, these words are marked with a "shuraq", as follows: זָכֻיּוֹת - מַלְכֻיּוֹת - גָּלֻיּוֹת - טעֻיּוֹת - טרפֻיּוֹת - עֵדֻיּוֹת. Although the word ("kingdoms") in Daniel 8:22 is vocalized "malkhuyöth", as it is in Modern Hebrew, Shelomo Morag thinks that the Yemenite tradition reflects a phonological phenomenon known as dissimilation, whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar. Others explain the discrepancy as being in accordance with a general rule of practice, prevalent in the 2nd century CE, where the Hebrew in rabbinic literature was distinguished from that of Biblical Hebrew, and put into an entire class and category of its own, with its own rules of vocalization (see "infra").  The Hebrew noun חֲתִיכָּה ("ḥăṯīkkah"), in the upper left column, is a word meaning "slice/piece" (in the absolute state), or חֲתִיכַּת בשר ("piece of meat") in the construct state. The noun is of the same metre as קְלִיפָּה ("qǝlipah"), a word meaning "peel," or the "rind" of a fruit. Both the "kaph" and "pe" in these nouns are with a "dagesh". However, the same roots applied to different meters, serving as gerunds, as in "slicing/cutting" [meat] and "peeling" [an apple], the words would respectively be חֲתִיכָה ("ḥăṯīḫah") and קליפָה ("qǝlīfah"), without a "dagesh" in the Hebrew characters "Kaph" and "Pe" (i.e. "rafe" letters), such as when the verb is used with the preposition "after": e.g. "after peeling the apple" = אחרי קליפת התפוח, or "after cutting the meat" = אחרי חתיכת הבשר.  In the Talmud, the Sages of Israel had a practice to read words derived from the Scriptures in their own given way, while the same words derived from the Talmud or in other exegetical literature (known as the Midrash) in a different way: "When Isse the son of Hinei went up [there], he found Rabbi Yoḥanan teaching [a certain Mishnah] to the creations, saying, "raḥelim" (i.e. רחלים = the Hebrew word for "ewes"), etc. He said to him, 'Teach it [by its Mishnaic name = רחלות], "raḥeloth"!' He replied, '[What I say is] as it is written [in the Scriptures]: Ewes ("raḥelim"), two-hundred.' He answered him, 'The language of the Torah is by itself, and the language employed by the Sages is by itself!'" (לשון תורה לעצמה, לשון חכמים לעצמן).  This passage from the Talmud is often quoted by grammarians of Yemenite origin to explain certain "discrepancies" found in vocalization of words where a comparable source can be found in the Hebrew Bible, such as the Yemenite tradition in rabbinic literature to say ("maʻbīr"), rather than ("maʻăvīr") – although the latter rendering appears in Scripture, or to say ("zīʻah"), with "ḥīraq", rather than, ("zeʻah"), with "ṣerê", although it too appears in Scripture, or to say ("birkhath ha-mazon") (= "kaph" rafe), rather than as the word "blessing" in the construct state which appears in the Scriptures, e.g. "birkath Avraham" (ברכת אברהם), with "kaph" dagesh. Others, however, say that these anomalies reflect a tradition that antedates the Tiberian Masoretic texts.  Along these same lines, the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible renders the words (), in II Chronicles 26:6, and (), in Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35, as "Yävnɛ" and "Lōð", respectively. However, in their demotic-forms, the Yemenites will pronounce these words as () and () = "Yovnei" and "Lūd", respectively. The use of the phoneme "ṣerê", represented by the two dots "◌ֵ", instead of "pataḥ-səġūl" ( ֶ ) for the word "Yavneh" may have been influenced by the Palestinian dialect spoken in the Land of Israel in the 1st-century CE.  In Yemenite tradition, many words in both Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew which are written with the final "hê" ending (without the "mappîq") are realized by a secondary glottal stop, meaning, they are abruptly cut short, as when one holds his breath. Shelomo Morag who treats upon this peculiarity in the Yemenite tradition of vocalization brings down two examples from the Book of Isaiah, although by no means exclusive, where he shows the transliteration for the words תִּפָּדֶה in Isaiah 1:27 and וְנֵלְכָה in Isaiah 2:5, and both of which represent, as in "tippoːdä(ʔ)" and "wǝnelχoː(ʔ)" respectively. The word פָרָשָׁה (Bible Codex) in the upper-middle column is pronounced in the same way, e.g. "frsh".  Excursus: The preposition (), translated as "of" or "belonging to" in English, is unique in the Yemenite Jewish tradition. The Hebrew preposition is always written with the noun, joined together as one word, and the "lamed" is always accentuated with a "dagesh". For example, if the noun, מלך ⇒ "king", would normally have been written with the definite article "the," as in הַמֶּלֶךְ ⇒ "the king", and the noun was to show possession, as in the sentence: "the palace of the king," the definite article "the" (Hebrew: ה) is dropped, but the same vowel "pataḥ" of the definite article is carried over to the "lamed", as in שֶׁלַּמֶּלֶךְ, instead of של המלך. The vowel on the "lamed" will sometimes differ, depending on what noun comes after the preposition. For example, the definite article "the" in Hebrew nouns which begin with "aleph" or "resh" and sometimes "ayin", such as in הָאָדָם and in הָרִאשׁוֹן, or in הָעוֹלָם, is written with the vowel "qamaṣ" – in which case, the vowel "qamaṣ" is carried over to the "lamed", as in שֶׁלָּאָדָם and in שֶׁלָּרִאשׁוֹן and in שֶׁלָּעוֹלָם. Another general rule is that whenever a possessive noun is written without the definite article "the", as in the words, "a king's sceptre," or "the sceptre of a king" (Heb. מלך), the "lamed" in the preposition is written with the vowel "shǝwa" (i.e. mobile "shǝwa"), as in שרביט שֶׁלְּמֶּלֶךְ, and as in, "if it belongs to Israel" ⇒ אם הוא שֶׁלְּיִשְׂרַאֵל. Whenever the noun begins with a "shǝwa", as in the proper noun "Solomon" (Heb. שְׁלֹמֹה) and one wanted to show possession, the "lamed" in the preposition is written with a "ḥiraq", as in ("Song of Solomon" 3:7): מטתו שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה ⇒ "Solomon's bed", or as in עונשם שֶׁלִּרְשָׁעִים ⇒ "the punishment of the wicked", or in חבילה שֶׁלִּתְרוּמָה ⇒ "a bundle of heave-offering."  Another rule of practice in Hebrew grammar is that two "shǝwa"s חְ are never written one after the other at the beginning of any word; neither can two "ḥaṭaf pataḥ"s חֲ or two "ḥaṭaf sǝġūl"s חֱ be written at the beginning of a word one after the other. The practical implication arising from this rule is that when there is a noun beginning with a "ḥaṭaf pataḥ", as in the word, חֲבִרְתָּהּ ⇒ “her companion”, and one wishes to add thereto the preposition “to” – as in, “to her companion” ⇒ לַחֲבִרְתָּהּ, the "lamed" is written with the vowel "pataḥ", instead of a "shǝwa" (i.e. a mobile "shǝwa"), seeing that the "shǝwa" at the beginning of a word and the "ḥaṭaf pataḥ", as well as the "ḥaṭaf sǝġūl", are all actually one and the same vowel (in the Babylonian tradition), and it is as though he had written two "shǝwa"s one after the other. Likewise, in the possessive case, “belonging to her companion” ⇒ שֶׁלַּחֲבִרְתָּהּ, the "lamed" in the preposition של is written with the vowel "pataḥ".

Hebrew vernacular.

The Leiden MS. of the Jerusalem Talmud is important in that it preserves some earlier variants to textual readings of that Talmud, such as in Tractate "Pesaḥim" 10:3 (70a), which brings down the old Palestinian-Hebrew word for "charoseth" (the sweet relish eaten at Passover), viz. "dūkeh" (), instead of "rūbeh/rabah" (), saying with a play on words: “The members of Isse's household would say in the name of Isse: Why is it called "dūkeh"? It is because she pounds [the spiced ingredients] with him.” The Hebrew word for "pound" is "dakh" (), which rules out the spelling of " "rabah" " (), as found in the printed editions. Today, the Jews of Yemen, in their vernacular of Hebrew, still call the "charoseth" by the name "dūkeh".  Other quintessential Hebrew words which have been preserved by the Jews of Yemen is their manner of calling a receipt of purchase by the name, "roy" (), rather than the word " "qabbalah" " that is now used in Modern Hebrew. The weekly biblical lection read on Sabbath days is called by the name "seder" (), since the word "parashah" () has a completely different meaning, denoting a Bible Codex containing the first Five Books of Moses (plural: codices = פרשיות).  Charity; alms (, "miṣwoː"), so-called in Yemenite Jewish parlance, was usually in the form of bread, collected in baskets each Friday before the Sabbath by those appointed over this task for distribution among the needy, without them being brought to shame. The same word is often used throughout the Jerusalem Talmud, as well as in Midrashic literature, to signify what is given out to the poor and needy. Today, in Modern Hebrew, the word is seldom used to imply charity, replaced now by the word, "ts’dakah" (Heb. צְדָקָה). In contrast, the word צדקה amongst Jews in Sana’a was a tax levied upon Jewish householders, particularly those whose professions were butchers, and which tax consisted of hides and suet from butchered animals, and which things were sold on a daily basis by the Treasurer, and the money accruing from the sale committed to the public fund for the Jewish poor of the city, which money was distributed to the city's poor twice a year; once on Passover, and once on Sukkot. The fund itself was known by the name "tḏer" (), lit. "the constant [revenues]."  Although Jews in Yemen widely made-use of the South-Arabic word "mukhwāṭ" () for the “metal pointer” (stylus) used in pointing at the letters of sacred writ, they also knew the old Hebrew word for the same, which they called "makhtev" (). The following story is related about this instrument in Midrash Rabba: “Rabban [Shimon] Gamliel says: ‘Five-hundred schools were in Beter, while the smallest of them wasn’t less than three-hundred children. They used to say, ‘If the enemy should ever come upon us, with these "metal pointers" () we’ll go out against them and stab them!’...”  In other peculiar words of interest, they made use of the word, "shilṭön" (), for “governor” or “king,” instead of “government,” the latter word now being the more common usage in Modern Hebrew; "kothev" (), for “scrivener”, or copyist of religious texts, instead of the word “sofer” (scribe); "ṣibbūr" (), for "a quorum of at least ten adult males," a word used in Yemen instead of the Modern Hebrew word, "minyan"; "ḥefeṣ" (), a noun meaning “desirable thing,” was used by them to describe any “book” (especially one of a prophylactic nature), although now in Modern Hebrew it means “object”; "fiqfūq" () had the connotation of “shock,” “violent agitation,” or “shaking-up,” although today, in Modern Hebrew, it has the meaning of “doubt” or “skepticism”; the word, "harpathqe" (), was used to describe “great hardships,” although in Modern Hebrew the word has come to mean “adventures.” The word "fazmūn" (), any happy liturgical poem, such as those sung on "Simhat Torah", differs from today's Modern Hebrew word, "pizmon" (), meaning, a “chorus” to a song. Another peculiar aspect of Yemenite Hebrew is what concerns denominative verbs. One of the nouns used for bread (made of wheat) is "himmuṣ" (), derived from the blessing that is said whenever breaking bread, [המוציא [לחם מן הארץ = "He that brings forth" [bread from the earth]. Whenever they wanted to say its imperative form, “break bread!”, they made use of the denominative verb "hammeṣ"! (). Similarly, the noun for the Third Sabbath meal was "qiyyūm" (), literally meaning “observance,” in which they made use of the denominative verb, "tǝqayyem" () = "Will you eat with us" (the Third Sabbath meal)?, or, נְקַיֵּם = "Let us eat" (the Third Sabbath meal), or, "qiyam" () = "He ate" (the Third Sabbath meal).

Yemenite Hebrew ( "Ivrit Temanit"), also referred to as Temani Hebrew, is the pronunciation system for Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. Yemenite Jews brought their language to Israel through immigration. Their first organized immigration to the region began in 1882.

L'hébreu yéménite, aussi appelé hébreu temani, fait référence à un système de prononciation de l'hébreu biblique utilisé en liturgie par les Juifs yéménites. Les Juifs yéménites apportèrent leur langue en Israël par immigration, dont la première occurrence organisée eut lieu en 1882.


Marketing plan.

Company vision.

Boo.com was intended to become the largest online sports e-retailer in the world, planning to set up stores in both Europe and America simultaneously.

Brand name.

The brand name was initially suggested as Bo.com, which was inspired by the actor Bo Derek. The final domain name, Boo.com, was bought for $2500 from a dealer as the domain Bo.com was already in use.

Strategy.

The target customers of Boo.com were young, wealthy and fashionable people between 18 and 24 years old, who were expected to be attracted by sports and fashion brands offered by Boo.com. Boo.com created a virtual shopping assistant, Miss Boo, to assist customers with tips given at each step. Boo.com also developed technology that allowed online customers to put their chosen products onto 3D models and then inspect the result.

Headquarters and relaunch.

The company had its headquarters along Carnaby Street in London in a building which it initially shared with the "Erotic Review Magazine". The company initially had 40 employees. In October 1999, it had a total of eight offices and 400 employees in Amsterdam, Munich, New York City, Paris, and Stockholm. It relaunched in the autumn of 2000 with Kate Buggeln, an ex-Bloomingdale's salesperson and Internet consultant, appointed as president. She told "Women's Wear Daily" that they were working to "expand beyond the portal business model into Boo products and Boo licensing."

Reasons for failure.

Timing.

Although there were several months of delays prior to launch and problems with the user experience when boo.com first launched, these had been largely fixed by the time the company entered receivership. Sales had grown rapidly and were around $500,000 for the fortnight prior to the site being shut down.  The fundamental problem was that the company was following an extremely aggressive growth plan, launching simultaneously in multiple European countries. This plan was founded on the assumption of the ready availability of venture capital money to see the company through the first few years of trading until sales caught up with operating expenses. Such capital ceased to be available for all practical purposes in the second quarter of 2000 following dramatic falls in the NASDAQ presaging the "dot crash" following the Dot-com bubble. Boo was one of numerous similar Dot-com company failures over the subsequent two years.  One Boo.com manager acknowledges that the company's failure was that global marketing and advertising costs too much, and that managers and technology invest too little. It spent $135 million of its investment in 2 years.

Problems with the user experience.

The boo.com website was widely criticized as poorly designed for its target audience, going against many usability conventions. The site relied heavily on JavaScript and Flash technology to display pseudo-3D views of wares as well as Miss Boo, a sales-assistant-style avatar. The first publicly released version of the site included many large pages; the home page, for example, was several hundred kilobytes which meant that many users had to wait minutes for the site to load, as broadband technologies were not widely available at the time. The site's front page contained the warning, "this site is designed for 56K modems and above".  The complicated design required the site to be displayed in a fixed-size window, which limited the space available to display product information to the customer. Navigation techniques changed as the customer moved around the site.  The site's interface was complex and included a hierarchical system that required the user to answer four or five different questions before sometimes revealing that there were no products in stock in a particular sub-section. The same basic questions then had to be answered again until results were found.

Excessive expenditure on marketing.

Within 18 months, $135 million was spent on marketing by Boo.com. Boo.com spent $25 million on advertising and public relations marketing before it had even opened to sell products.  To attract consumers, the site developed a new Internet virtual technology with which consumers could drag their intended clothes onto a virtual 3D body model, and then view it from whatever angles and distance they wanted. The investment in this technology cost Boo.com over $6 million to develop and $0.5 million every month to maintain.

Burn rate.

Boo.com spent £125 million in just six months. Boo.com's sales did not match expectations, due partly to a higher-than-expected rate of product returns (a service that was offered for free, but charged for by their logistics supplier Deutsche Post). Poor management and a lack of communication between departments resulted in rapid growth in costs. The effectiveness of an expensive ad campaign was limited since the website was not ready in time, resulting in curious visitors being greeted with a holding page.  Staff and contractors were recruited in large numbers, with a lack of direction and executive decision about how many people were required, resulting in high payroll costs.

Aftermath.

The biggest loser among boo.com's investors was Omnia, a fund backed by members of Lebanon's wealthy Hariri family, which put nearly £20 million into the company.  Creditors, most of whom were advertising agencies, were owed around £12 million. Over 400 staff and contractors were made redundant in London and around the world, and many had not been paid for several months.  In a widely circulated article, former Interim CTO Tristan Louis broke down the problems that plagued the company, in one of the first post-mortems of a technology company posted online.  Fashionmall.com, which had been operating since 1994, bought the remains of Boo.com, which included brand, web address and advertising materials but did not include any physical assets, software or distribution channels. The deal also included the Miss Boo character. Boo's main assets, its software and technology, were sold to Bright Station, a British company run by Internet entrepreneur Dan Wagner, for $250,000 and served as the basis for Venda Inc. Wagner credited the technology he acquired as key to the success of Venda (and its eventual acquisition by NetSuite for US$50M in 2014.  Less than $2 million was earned by selling all Boo's remaining assets.  Of the original global boo.com staff only one worked for both boo.com incarnations. Bill Burley of the original boo.com staff in New York City is a retail executive in buying and merchandise planning. Burley was hired by fashionmall as the Global Fashion Director of the new boo. He reported directly to Ms. Buggeln.  In 2005 CNET called Boo.com the sixth greatest dot-com flop.

Current state of the domain.

In May 2007 Web Reservations International (WRI) turned boo.com into a travel site with reviews and listings. When the new site launched, it already had more than one million user reviews which had been collected from existing WRI travel sites.  In October 2010, the new boo.com site announced that it was closing down with effect from 1 November 2010.

Boo.com was a short-lived, British Internet company, founded in 1998 by Swedes Ernst Malmsten, Kajsa Leander and Patrik Hedelin, who were regarded as sophisticated Internet entrepreneurs in Europe by the investors because they had created an online bookstore named Bokus.com, the third largest book e-retailer (in 1997), before founding boo.com.

Boo.com est une ancienne entreprise britannique du secteur de l'Internet, spécialisée dans la vente de vêtements en ligne, fondée en 1998 par les suédois Ernst Malmsten, Kajsa Leander et Patrik Hedelin.


Sporting career.

Competing in three Summer Olympics, Paulen earned his best finish of seventh in the 800 m event at Antwerp in 1920. In 1924, he became first of over forty world record breakers (up to his 1985 death) in athletics at Bislett stadion in Oslo, setting a record in 500 m, then an official distance. Besides competing at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, Paulen was also a member of the Organizing Committee.  Stepping down from his athletic career in 1931, Paulen also participated in the Monte Carlo Rally eight times and once competed in the Dutch TT MotoGP event. In his youth, Paulen competed in football (soccer) at an international level.

World War II.

When Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, Paulen joined the Nederlandse Unie, an organisation that strived for co-operation with the German occupier. In August 1940 Paulen participated in fusion talks between the Nederlandse Unie and the fascistic "Nationaal Front", which original name was "Zwart Front" (Black Front). Other participants for the Nederlandse Unie during these talks were Jan de Quay, after the war minister-president, Louis Einthoven, former head of the Rotterdam police and afterwar director of the BVD (secret service) and Hans Linthorst Homan, commissioner of the Queen in the province Groningen. For the Nationaal Front the infamous fascist Leader Arnold Meijer was head of a four men delegation. During these talks Jan de Quay, head of the delegation of the Nederlandse Unie, called himself a fascist, the Nederlandse Unie a fascistic organisation and said that he opposed democracy. The fusion talks failed.  Later during the war Paulen was engineer at a coal mining industry Staatsmijnen. Workers started a strike and Paulen refused to give the Germans a list of strikers and was convicted to death, however Paulen was released soon. In 1944 Paulen crossed the front and joined the allied troops. Paulen met some of the British Army forces during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. Paulen kept a diary regarding Operation Market Garden and its aftermath that was released to the public in 1989, four years after his 1985 death, including meeting with United States Army officials during that time and would eventually be made a Colonel in the US Army.

Medal of Freedom and Knighthood.

On 7 January 1946, by general order number 8, Paulen was awarded the US Medal of Freedom with bronze palm. On 12 September 1947, by Royal Decree, Paulen was knighted by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, receiving the fourth class (Knight) of the Military William Order. The Order is the highest and oldest military honour of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, bestowed for "performing excellent acts of Bravery, Leadership and Loyalty in battle". The award is comparable to the British Victoria Cross and seldom awarded.

Sporting official.

Following the end of World War II, Paulen played a key role in rebuilding the IAAF in 1946. He also served as president from the Dutch Athletic Committee (KNAU) from 1946 to 1964. In 1965, Paulen served as director of the Dutch Olympic Committee, a position he held until 1970. While working for the KNAU and Dutch Olympic Committee, he also served as an official for the IAAF. Paulen's best known role as an IAAF official was at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich when he was responsible for the "Cata-Pole" controversy in the men's pole vault and the claim by the pole manufacturers that their poles did not contain carbon fiber even though IAAF rules stated no such requirements. This controversy had a negative impact upon competition which the United States would lose the pole vault gold for the first time in the Summer Olympics. Bob Seagren, who won the pole vault gold at Mexico City in 1968, would finish with silver at Munich. At the end of the competition, Seagren thrust the pole into Paulen's lap, stating he "was returning the unwanted pole back to...[Paulen]." Paulen succeeded David Burghley as IAAF President in 1976 and served in that position until 1981. During Paulen's tenure, he led the fight to control doping within athletics.

Death and legacy.

Paulen died during an operation on a broken hip in 1985. The FBK Games in Hengelo were named in Paulen's honor from 1988 to 2000.

Adriaan "Adje" Paulen (12 October 1902, Haarlem – 9 May 1985, Eindhoven) was a Dutch athlete who competed from 1917 to 1931. During World War II, he was part of the Dutch resistance in the Netherlands. Following World War II, Paulen became a sports official, becoming president of the IAAF (then International Amateur Athletic Federation), serving from 1976 to 1981.

Adriaan « Adje » Paulen (né le à Haarlem et mort le à Eindhoven) est un athlète et dirigeant sportif néerlandais. Il fut détenteur du record du monde du 500 mètres. Licencié à l'AV Haarlem, il mesure pour.


Childhood.

There are very few accounts of Babaji's childhood. One source of information is the book "Babaji and the 18 Siddha Kriya Yoga tradition" by Marshal Govindan. According to Govindan, Babaji was born to a Nambudiri Brahmin couple and was named Nagarajan (king of serpents) by them. V.T. Neelakantan and S.A.A. Ramaiah founded on 17 October 1952, (they claim – at the request of Babaji) a new organization, "Kriya Babaji Sangah," dedicated to the teaching of Babaji's Kriya Yoga. They claim that in 1953 Mahavatar Babaji told them that he was born on 30 November 203 CE in a small coastal village now known as Parangipettai, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India. Babaji's Kriya Yoga Order of Acharyas Trust (Kriya Babaji Sangah) and their branch organizations claim his place and date of birth. He was a disciple of Bogar and his birth name is Nagarajan.  In Paramahansa Yogananda's "Autobiography of a Yogi", many references are made to Mahavatar Babaji, including from Lahirī Mahasaya and Sri Yukteswar. In his book "The Second Coming of Christ", Yogananda states that Jesus Christ went to India and conferred with Mahavatar Babaji. This would make Babaji at least 2000 years old. According to Govindan's book, Babaji Nagaraj's father was the priest of the village's temple. Babaji revealed only those details which he believed to be formative as well as potentially instructive to his disciples. Govindan mentioned one incident like this: "One time Nagaraj's mother had got one rare jackfruit for a family feast and put it aside. Babaji was only 4 years old at that time. He found the jackfruit when his mother was not around and ate it all. When his mother came to know about it, she flew in blind rage and stuffed a cloth inside Babaji's mouth, nearly suffocating him, but he survived. Later on he thanked God for showing him that she was to be loved without attachment or illusion. His love for his mother became unconditional and detached."  When Nagaraj was about 15 years of age, he joined a small group of wandering sannyāsin due to their radiant faces and love for God. During the next few years, he wandered from place to place, studying holy scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishad, Mahabharata, Ramayana and Bhagavad Gita and practiced deep meditation

Quest for Self-realization.

According to Marshall Govindan's book, at the age of eleven, he made a difficult journey on foot and by boat with a group of ascetics to Kataragama, Sri Lanka. Nagaraj met Siddha Bhogarnathar and became his disciple. Nagaraj performed intensive yogic sadhana for a long time with him. Bhogarnathar inspired Nagaraj to seek his initiation into Kriya Kundalini Pranayam from Siddha Maharishi Agastya. Babaji became a disciple of Siddha Agastya. Nagaraj was initiated into the secrets of Kriya Kundalini Pranayama or "Vasi Yogam". Babaji made a long pilgrimage to Badrinath and spent eighteen months practising yogic kriya taught to him by Siddha Agastya and Bhogarnathar. Babaji attained self-realization shortly thereafter.  It is claimed that these revelations were made by Babaji himself to S.A.A. Ramaiah, a young graduate student in geology at the University of Madras and V.T. Neelakantan, a famous journalist, and close student of Annie Besant, President of the Theosophical Society and mentor of Krishnamurti. Babaji was said to have appeared to each of them independently and then brought them together to work for his Mission in 1942.

Reports of meetings, 1861–1935.

Shyāmacharan Lahirī.

The first reported encounter with Mahavatar Babaji was in 1861, when Shyāmacharan Lahirī (called "Mahāsaya" by disciples, devotees, and admirers) was posted to Ranikhet in his work as an accountant for the British government. One day while walking in the hills of Dunagiri above Ranikhet, he heard a voice calling his name. Following the voice up the mountain, he met a "tall, divinely radiant sadhu." He was amazed to find that the sadhu knew his name. This sadhu was Mahavatar Babaji.  Mahavatar Babaji told Lahirī that he was his guru from the past, then initiated him into Kriya Yoga and instructed Lahiri to initiate others. Lahiri wanted to remain with Mahavatar Babaji, who told him instead that he must return to the world to teach Kriya Yoga and that "Kriya Yoga sadhana would spread through the people of the world through his (Lahiri's) presence in the world."  Lahirī reported that Mahavatar Babaji did not give his name or background, so Lahiri gave him the title "Mahavatar Babaji." Many sadhus in India are called Babaji, and sometimes even "Babaji Maharaj", which has caused confusion between Mahavatar Babaji and other sadhus with similar names.  Lahirī had many meetings with Mahavatar Babaji, recounted in several books, including Paramhansa Yogananda's "Autobiography of a Yogi", "Yogiraj Shyama Charan Lahiri Mahasaya" (Lahiri's biography), and "Purana Purusha: Yogiraj Sri Shama Churn Lahiri", among others.  There are references to Sri Lahiri Mahasaya in Sampoorna Sripada Vallabha Charitam as guru to Sri Shirdi Saibaba, who initiated him to kriya yoga.

Disciples of Shyāmacharan Lahirī.

Several disciples of Shyāmacharan Lahirī also reported having met Babaji. Through discussion with each other, and the fact that some of these encounters included two or more witnesses, they confirmed that the person they saw was the same sadhu that Lahirī called Mahavatar Babaji.  At the 1894 Kumbha Mela in Allahabad, Yukteswar Giri, a disciple of Lahirī, met Mahavatar Babaji. He was struck by the resemblance between Lahirī and Mahavatar Babaji. Others who met Babaji also commented on the resemblance. It was at this meeting that Mahavatar Babaji instructed Sri Yukteswar to write the book that was to become "Kaivalya Darshanam", or "The Holy Science". Yukteswar had two more meetings with Mahavatar Babaji, including one in the presence of Lahiri Mahasaya.  Pranabananda Giri, another disciple of Lahirī, also met Mahavatar Babaji in the presence of Lahirī, at Lahirī's home. Pranabananda asked Mahavatar Babaji his age. Mahavatar Babaji responded that he was about 500 years old at that time.  Keshabananda, a disciple of Lahirī, tells of meeting Mahavatar Babaji in the mountains near Badrinath around 1935, after he became lost wandering in the mountains. At that meeting, Pranabananda reported that Babaji gave him a message for Paramahansa Yogananda, that "I won't see him this time, as he is eagerly hoping; but I shall see him on some other occasion." In his book "Autobiography of a Yogi", Paramahansa Yogananda wrote that Mahavatar Babaji visited him before his journey to America and addressed him saying, "You are the one I have chosen to spread the message of Kriya Yoga in the West."  Other disciples of Lahirī who reported meetings with Mahavatar Babaji include Kebalananda Giri and Ram Gopal Muzumdar, who recounted meeting Mahavatar Babaji and his sister, whom he called Mataji. In addition, a disciple of Trailanga Swami, Shankari Mata (also called Shankari Mai Jiew) met Mahavatar Babaji while visiting Lahiri Mahasaya.

Traditional legends.

Paramahansa Yogananda, in his Autobiography, described Mahavatar Babaji's role on earth: The Mahavatar is in constant communion with Christ; together they send out vibrations of redemption, and have planned the spiritual technique of salvation for this age. The work of these two illumined masters–one with the body, and one without it–is to inspire the nations to forsake suicidal wars, race hatreds, religious sectarianism, and the boomerang-evils of materialism. Babaji is well aware of the trend of modern times, especially of the influence and complexities of Western civilization, and realizes the necessity of spreading the self-liberations of yoga equally in the West and in the East.  In addition, Babaji is reputed to be ageless, according to some accounts, and about 500 years old around the late 1800s, according to Pranabananda. Yogananda reports that, according to the disciples of Lahirī, nobody knows Babaji's age, family, place of birth, true name, or other details "dear to the annalist's heart."  According to Yogananda's autobiography, he has a sister called Mataji (meaning "Holy Mother") who also has lived throughout the centuries. Her level of spiritual attainment is comparable to her brother's, and she lives in a state of spiritual ecstasy in a cave. Although only three pages in the book are dedicated to her, she is described by Ram Gopal as "young and surpassingly lovely" as well as a "glorious woman."...  Yogananda frequently prayed out loud to "Babaji-Krishna."

Modern claims and popular references.

Mahavatar Babaji was on the cover of The Beatles' 1967 album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". He can also be seen on the cover of George Harrison's 1974 album "Dark Horse".  In Book 3 of "Conversations with God" (1998), by Neale Donald Walsch, it is mentioned that Babaji may at one time have resurrected himself from the dead, just like Lazarus, Jesus and others.  The 2002 Tamil film "Baba" written by Rajinikanth was based on Babaji. Swami Maheshwarananda writes in his book "The hidden power in humans", that the Guru of the legendary Babaji is Sri Alakh Puriji.  In his autobiography "Apprenticed to a Himalayan master: a yogi's autobiography" (2010), Sri M (Mumtaz Ali) narrates his meeting with Babaji near Neelkant hill. In his book, Sri M gave description of Babaji as golden complexioned, bare-bodied, except for a shining white loin cloth that barely reached the knees, and flowing brown hair that fell to his shoulders. He mentioned that a lovely scent emanated from Babaji and he looked divine. In the second last chapter of his book, he mentions that Babji himself was Lord Shiva. He describes seeing Babaji changing his form to Lord Shiva again and again. He also mentions that Sai Baba, Jesus, Guru Nanak and many others were disciples of Mahavatar Babaji.  Songwriter Roger Hodgson of English rock band Supertramp composed a song called "Babaji" in reference to Mahavatar Babaji. This song was recorded and released on their 1977 album "Even in the Quietest Moments..."

Mahāvatār Bābājī (literally; Great Avatar (Revered) Father or Elder or Wise One) is the name given to an Indian yogi by Yogiraj Lahiri Mahasaya, and several of his disciples, who reported meeting him between 1861 and 1935. Some of these meetings were described by Paramahansa Yogananda in his 1946 book "Autobiography of a Yogi", including a report of Yogananda's own meeting with the yogi. Another account was given by Sri Yukteswar Giri in his 1894 book "The Holy Science". According to Sri M's autobiography (Apprenticed to a Himalayan Master), Babaji was Lord Shiva. In the second last chapter of his book, he mentions Babaji changing his form to that of Lord Shiva. All of these accounts, along with additional reported meetings, are described in various biographies. According to Yogananda's autobiography, Babaji has resided for at least hundreds of years in the remote Himalayan regions of India, seen in person by only a small number of disciples and others.

Mahavatar Babaji (ou simplement "Babaji") est un des noms donnés par Lahiri Mahasaya, puis à la suite par d'autres personnes, à un hypothétique maître spirituel indien qui aurait été rencontré une première fois entre 1861 et 1935. Certaines de ses rencontres ont été décrites par Paramhansa Yogananda dans son livre "Autobiographie d'un yogi" (1946). Un autre témoignage a été donné par Sri Yukteswar Giri dans son livre "La science sacrée". Le nom réel et la date de naissance de Mahavatar Babaji sont inconnus. Son immortalité alléguée ainsi que son existence même sont mises en doute, même si quelques personnes se sont effectivement présentées sous ce nom en Inde et dans d'autres pays.


Gameplay.

Like the previous "Mario Party" titles, two to four players move around a virtual board and play minigames. A new gameplay element in all of the boards is that all four players move around together in one vehicle. The number of spaces the player moves is determined by a roll of the dice block found within the game. Instead of trying to collect coins to buy stars, players receive Mini Stars if they pass by them. Whoever collects the most Mini Stars wins the game. While doing that, players must also try to avoid Mini Ztars, which deduct their current amount of Mini Stars. Mini Stars and Mini Ztars are replaced with bananas and Z-bananas on the board "DK's Jungle Ruins."  Minigames have a larger focus on the gameplay than they did in the previous game. However, the minigames don't appear after everyone moves, but only when a player ends up on any of the spaces or events that triggers a minigame. A person can play on solo mode to unlock the final stage, as well as two playable characters.  Another new feature is that each board culminates in a boss battle that is played with all players in the vehicle. There is also a boss battle at the halfway point of a board. There are 82 minigames in "Mario Party 9", divided into five categories: Free-for-all, 1-vs.-Rivals, Bowser Jr., Boss Battle, and Extra.  At the end of each stage, the number of Mini Stars the player collects is converted into Party Points, which can be used to buy new stages, constellations, vehicles, difficulties, and sounds in the museum.

Playable characters.

"Mario Party 9" features twelve playable characters, with two (Shy Guy and Kamek) being unlockable through the Solo Mode.

Plot.

The player selects a character that is not Shy Guy or Kamek to play Story Mode. One night outside of Peach's Castle, the characters come to watch the Mini Stars glitter in the sky. As the chosen character searches through the telescope, he/she notices that the stars are being sucked through a vortex, controlled by Bowser and Bowser Jr. on a spacecraft, who are using a vacuum-like machine to suck the stars in the sky. Upon witnessing this, the character leads a charge with the others and sets out to defeat them and save the Mini Stars. Shy Guy and Kamek then follow them from behind, as part of Bowser's plan. The chosen character then travels through all six courses to recover the Mini Stars, fighting off two henchmen selected by Bowser. They must defeat Shy Guy and/or Kamek on each course, but will have at least one ally for the first five courses unless otherwise stated. If Shy Guy or Kamek win, the player must restart the course.  The final course is Bowser's station, where the character must defeat both Shy Guy and Kamek en route to defeating Bowser. Bowser's machines trapping the Mini Stars are destroyed, and all the Mini Stars will return to the sky. The player's character will wave goodbye to the stars as they depart for the night sky. Bowser and Bowser Jr. are seen flying in their Clown Cars, their plan to decorate the castle with Mini Stars foiled. All the characters then reunite to witness the Mini Stars once again, and the story concludes with the ending sentences: "And so the adventure came to an end. Rescued by (the character that the player chose), the Mini Stars were free to glitter in the night sky forever."

Reception.

"Mario Party 9" received mixed or average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, "Famitsu" gave it a score of one nine, two eights, and one nine, for a total of 34 out of 40.  German magazine "N-Zone" gave "Mario Party 9" a 75% score for single player mode, and 85% for multiplayer mode. "Nintendo Power" said that "the majority of the game's 82 activities are fun", while commenting that "some may be discouraged by the game's radical changes". IGN praised the game's graphical improvement and its control style. Like previous "Mario Party" games, "IGN" strongly criticized the luck-based factor of the game. GamesRadar praised "Mario Party 9" for being balanced, but criticized the predictability of the boards. Ashton Raze of GameSpot said that the game is too "predictable" and "much too familiar". However, he praised the game's wide variety of fun mini-games and cheerful, colorful visuals. , "Mario Party 9" sold 2.24 million copies worldwide.

"Mario Party 9" was the second and last game in the series released for the Wii, and was followed by "" for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013 and "Mario Party 10" for the Wii U in 2015.

Mario Party 9 est un jeu vidéo de type "party game" développé par Nd Cube et édité par Nintendo sur Wii en 2012. Il s'agit du neuvième épisode de la série "Mario Party" et du deuxième à être édité sur la Wii. Il suit Mario Party 8 et précède Mario Party 10.