Composition.

For Kraftwerk, "Tour de France" was a departure from the technological tone of the two previous albums, "The Man-Machine" and "Computer World". Instead, the song is a joie de vivre celebration of cycling, marking the group's increasing interest in the sport. Of the current line-up, Hütter and Fritz Hilpert have been known to take part in cycling events. The track was originally recorded with the intention of being included on the subsequently abandoned "Techno Pop" album. The single was originally released on seven and twelve inch vinyl, and as a cassette-single. It has the most complicated set of variants of any Kraftwerk song, having been variously edited and remixed to the point that there is no completely definitive version.

Releases.

Original release.

In Germany it was released in both German and French language versions, one on each side of the vinyl disc, but in other countries the versions of the song that were issued were sung only in French. Typically, the seven inch sides were edited down versions of the longer tracks released on twelve inch singles. In the UK however the seven inch B side was an instrumental edit of the A side track; an additional instrumental track of percussion and samples, "Tour de France, Étape 2", was included on the UK twelve inch and cassette releases.

Remix release.

On 22 June 1984 the song was re-released in two new versions: a substantially different and largely instrumental arrangement, remixed by François Kevorkian in New York; and a Kraftwerk-remixed alternative version of the original arrangement, featuring longer percussive sections than the 1983 version in the latter half of the track. Sleeves for later UK pressings of this version included the message "As featured in the film "Breakdance"" on the front. The remix reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and number 4 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.

Digital remaster.

In October 1999, the recordings were digitally remastered and released, this time as a CD and a twelve-inch single, with a slightly modified version of the original cover design: the faces of former members Karl Bartos and Wolfgang Flür, who had left the band by 1999, were replaced by faces presumably representing current members Fritz Hilpert and Henning Schmitz.  The 1999 vinyl twelve-inch had the 1984 Kraftwerk remix as the A side (now sub-titled "Kling Klang Analog Mix") and the Kevorkian version as the B side (re-titled "Remix François K"). The CD also included the 1983 seven-inch single edited mix of the song (re-titled "Radio Version") and a QuickTime format file of the video, featuring an edited version of the 1984 Kraftwerk remix with German lyrics ("Multi-Media-Track") over an amended video. The video itself was re-edited to remove sequences showing the 1983 incarnation of the band and now comprised only archive footage of Tour de France cyclists, such as the Italian champion Fausto Coppi and the French champion Jacques Anquetil.

2003 version.

A completely new recording was made for the 2003 album "Tour de France Soundtracks", based on the original 1983 arrangement. The album was remastered and re-released in 2009.

Music videos.

For the 1983 release a video clip with footage was released. The 1984 Kevorkian-Video had also its video. On that rare videomaterial the band members are seen in Düsseldorf on their bicycles. The 1999 release had the same video like the 1983 Version.

Track listing.

UK 12-inch vinyl, 1983 Catalog number: 12 EMI 5413  UK 7-inch vinyl, 1983 Catalog number: EMI 5413  UK cassette, 1983 Catalog number: TC-EMI 5413  US 12-inch vinyl, 1984 Catalog number: 20146  UK 12-inch vinyl, 1984 Catalog number: 12 EMI 5413 UK 7-inch vinyl, 1984 Catalog number: EMI 5413  German 12-inch vinyl, 1983 Catalog number: 1CK 052 1652046  German 7-inch vinyl, 1983 Catalog number: 1C 006 1652047  German 12-inch vinyl, 1984 (1) Catalog number: 1CK 052 1652046 German 12-inch vinyl, 1984 (2) Catalog number: 1CK 062 2003776  German 7-inch vinyl, 1984 Catalog number: 1C 006 200376-7  EU 12-inch vinyl, 1999 Catalog number: 7243 8 87421 6 0

"Tour de France" is a song by German electronic band Kraftwerk. It was first issued in early August 1983, peaking at number 22 in the United Kingdom singles chart since August 6th. It is notable for the use of sampled voices and mechanical sounds associated with cycling that were used to supplement a simple electro-percussion pattern – an approach Kraftwerk had used on earlier tracks such as "Metal on Metal" (from "Trans-Europe Express") and "Numbers" (from "Computer World"). The music is credited to Ralf Hütter, Florian Schneider and Karl Bartos; the lyrics are credited to Hütter and Maxime Schmitt, a French label associate of the band. The melody appears to quote a fragment of the opening section of Paul Hindemith's “Sonata for Flute and Piano” (“Heiter Bewegt”).

Tour de France est une chanson du groupe allemand de pop électronique Kraftwerk sortie en single, dans sa première version, en août 1983.


List of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language

Liste des pays ayant le chinois pour langue officielle

History.

Nearly every historic Chinese dynasty and state has had some form of Chinese as an official language. The spoken language of bureaucrats and officials, also known as Mandarin has usually been based on the local speech of capital city. Historical governments associated with Korea, Japan, and Vietnam have also used Classical Chinese as an official written language, but for inter-personal communication used their respective native languages. Other states and countries that have used written or spoken Chinese in an official capacity include, Manchukuo, Ryukyu Kingdom and Lanfang Republic.

Chinese varieties as official languages.

Cantonese.

As special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau list the ambiguous "Chinese" as their official language, although in practice, the regionally spoken Cantonese dialect is used by the government as the official variant of Chinese rather than Mandarin as on the mainland.  Cantonese is also highly influential in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, where the language originated. Despite Mandarin's status as the official language of China, the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) has allowed local television and other media in Guangdong Province to be broadcast in Cantonese since 1988 in order to countermeasure against Hong Kong influence. Meanwhile, usage of the country’s other dialects in media is rigorously restricted by the SARFT, with permission from national or local authorities being required for a dialect to be the primary programming language at radio and television stations. Despite its unique standing relative to other Chinese dialects, Cantonese has also recently been targeted by the SARFT in attempts to curb its usage on local television in Guangdong. This created mass demonstrations in 2010 that resulted in the eventual rejection of the plans.

Mandarin.

While the Mandarin dialect group consists of closely related varieties of Chinese spoken natively across most of northern and southwestern China, a form based on the Beijing dialect has been established as the national standard and is official in the People's Republic of China, Singapore and Taiwan. However, in the latter two jurisdictions as well as in Hong Kong and Macau, local languages have influenced the spoken vernacular form of Mandarin.

Status of other Chinese variants.

In China, the public usage of varieties other than Standard Mandarin ("Putonghua") is officially discouraged by the government and nearly all education and media is conducted in the standard variant, with a notable exception being Cantonese in Guangdong media and public transportation. As a result, younger populations are increasingly losing knowledge of their local dialects. However, in recent years, there has been limited activity in reintroducing local dialects at schools through cultural programs and broadcasting restrictions on dialects have been somewhat slightly uplifted.  Although Mandarin is official variant of Chinese in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka are widely spoken and used in media. Additionally, they are also taught at the primary school level and are used in public transportation announcements. There is also a thriving literary scene for both Taiwanese and Hakka alongside Mandarin. In 2002 the Taiwan Solidarity Union proposed making Taiwanese an co-official language, but this was criticized by both Blue and Green politicians as promoting Hoklo chauvinism at the expense of Hakka and the Aboriginal language. In December 2017, Hakka was recognized as a national minority language, allowing it to be used for official purposes in townships where speakers form at least half of the population.  In Singapore, the public usage of varieties other than Standard Mandarin is discouraged as in China. The Singaporean government has actively promoted the Speak Mandarin Campaign (SMC) since the 1980s and forbids non-cable broadcasting and Chinese language medium of instruction in non-Mandarin varieties. However, since the mid-1990s, there has been a relaxation in allowing non-Mandarin broadcasting via cable networks and a massive following of Hong Kong television dramas and pop culture, which are in Cantonese.

The following is a list of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language. While those countries or territories that designate Chinese as an official language use the term "Chinese", as Chinese is a group of related language varieties, of which many are not mutually intelligible, in the context of the spoken language such designations are usually understood as designations of specific varieties of Chinese, namely Cantonese and Standard Mandarin. In the context of the written language, written modern standard Chinese is usually understood to be the official standard, though different territories use different standard scripts, namely Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters.

Le chinois est une langue officielle de plusieurs pays indépendants, ainsi que de territoires autonomes. Cet article dresse une liste des entités territoriales ayant le chinois comme langue officielle.


Brady Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania

Brady Township (comté de Huntingdon, Pennsylvanie)

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (0.47%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,035 people, 376 households, and 291 families residing in the township. The population density was 32.9 people per square mile (12.7/km2). There were 440 housing units at an average density of 14.0/sq mi (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.74% White, 0.10% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.  There were 376 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.17.  In the township the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $33,438. Males had a median income of $29,231 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,292. About 14.8% of families and 17.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 16.2% of those age 65 or over.

Brady Township is a township in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,172 at the 2010 census. The township includes the villages of Fousetown and Airydale. Brady Township was named for Hugh Brady, a Brigadier General in United States Army who was born in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. Township had been separated from Henderson in 1846.

Brady Township est un township situé à l'est du comté de Huntingdon, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Life.

George Lunt was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts on December 31, 1803. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1824, with special distinction in Greek, studied law, and began practice in Newburyport in 1827.  In earlier life Mr. Lunt was an active member of the Whig party, and in its interests was distinguished as a public speaker. On the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat. He was elected successively representative for Newburyport and senator from Essex County in the legislature, was an active member of the convention that nominated General Zachary Taylor for the presidency, and was appointed United States District Attorney for Massachusetts under Taylor's administration. He eventually resumed the private practice of his profession, devoting his leisure to literary pursuits. When the Whigs dissolved, he joined the Democrats.  Prior to and during the Civil War he was editor of the "Boston Courier" in conjunction with George S. Hillard. He opposed policies which would estrange the South and defended slavery. When he returned to the practice of his profession, he appeared frequently in the state courts, and was counsel before congressional committees in reference to French claims, preparing a bill and efficiently pressing it for the action of congress. Mr. Lunt's later years were marked by labors in behalf of harbors of refuge, notably at Scituate, Massachusetts, on the south shore of Boston bay. By persevering effort he succeeded in securing very considerable appropriations from congress to this end. He was a man of firm convictions in both political and religious matters, and fearless and manly in their expression. As a writer his style was marked by strength, dignity, and grace.  Lunt died in Boston on May 17, 1885.

George Lunt (December 31, 1803 – May 17, 1885) was an American editor, lawyer, author, and politician. George's ancestor, Henry Lunt, was one of the original settlers of Newbury (1635). His grandfather's exploits with John Paul Jones were chronicled by James Fenimore Cooper.

George Lunt, né le à Newburyport et mort le à Boston dans le Massachusetts, est un homme politique et un écrivain américain.


Function.

The CCG is known to perform mostly coastal and oceanic search and rescue or patrols, including anti-smuggling operations. During wartime it may be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

Roles.

Roles of the CCG are diverse but include: In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out contrast of illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, when performing duties related to the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.

Command.

After the reform in 2018, CCG consists commands (subbureaus) and divisions (local bureaus). The name in the parentheses is for general use.

Training.

The Chinese Coast Guard conducts periodic joint-training sessions with other navies, including the US Coast Guard service. The Chinese Coast Guard also participates in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have been assigned to serve on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.

Equipment.

Vessels.

Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with blue stripe and wording China Coast Guard in English and Chinese.  Typical Coast Guard ships include the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. Up until very recently, the largest ship in Chinese Coast Guard service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong).  In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred 2 Type 728 cutter (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as 1002 & 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory.  In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton China Coast Guard (CCG) 3901 cutter No. 1123 to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea. The CCG 3901 cutter is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is much larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton "Ticonderoga"-class guided-missile cruisers and its 8,300-9,300 ton "Arleigh Burke"-class guided missile destroyers. The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns.

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force Coast Guard Corps (), also called China Coast Guard Bureau () and abbreviated as China Coast Guard () or Haijing () serves as a coordinating agency for maritime search and rescue and law enforcement in the territorial waters of the People's Republic of China. It is currently the world's largest coast guard.

Le Corps de la garde côtière des forces de police armées chinoises ( chinois : 中国 人民 武装警察 部队 海 警 总队 ; pinyin : "Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì Hǎijǐng Zǒngduì"), également appelé China Coast Guard Bureau ( chinois : 中国 海 警局 ; pinyin : "Zhōngguó Hij Jú" ; lit.: "Bureau de la Police maritime chinoise") et abrégé en China Coast Guard ( chinois : 中国 海 警 ; pinyin : "Zhōngguó Hǎijĭng" ; lit.: "Police maritime chinoise") ou Haijing ( chinois : 海 警 ; pinyin : "Hǎijĭng" ; lit.: "Police maritime") sert d'agence de coordination pour la recherche et sauvetage en mer et l'application des lois dans les eaux territoriales de la République populaire de Chine. C'est actuellement la plus grande garde-côtes du monde.


Balkan Peninsula before 582.

At Maurice's accession, the greatest omissions of his predecessors were to be found in the Balkans. Justinian I had neglected Balkan defences against the Slavs, who threatened the frontier since 500 and pillaged the Balkan provinces ever since. Although he rebuilt the fortifications of the Danube Limes, he avoided campaigns against the Slavs, in favour of a policy focusing on the eastern and western theatres. His nephew and successor, Justin II, played off the Avars against the Gepids and later against the Slavs, but that only allowed the Avar Khaganate to become a more powerful threat than the Gepids and Slavs. As Justin II let the Avars attack the Slavs from Roman territory, they soon noted where the most booty was to be had. To make matters worse, Justin II started the Roman-Persian War of 572–591, which tied down forces in the east while they were needed in the Balkans. Maurice's predecessor and father-in-law, Tiberius II Constantine, emptied the treasury. For all those reasons, the Slavic incursions in the Balkans continued.  A few months before Maurice's accession in the winter of 581/2, the Avar Khagan Bayan, aided by Slavic auxiliary troops, took Sirmium, a large fortified settlement south of the Danube. By doing this, Bayan established a new base of operations within Roman territory from where he could raid anywhere in the Balkans unhindered. The Avars were not compelled to leave the territory until the Romans agreed to pay 80,000 solidi annually. The Slavs, partially under Avar rule, were not bound by the treaty and continued to pillage south of the Danube, which made the Avars and Slavs to be quite different threats.

Avar and Slavic incursions (582 to 591).

In 583, the Avars demanded an increase in the tribute to 100,000 solidi. Maurice decided to end all tribute to the Avars, as he concluded that additional concessions would only provoke additional demands. The renewed Avar invasion began in 583 with the capture of Singidunum after stiff resistance. The Avars quickly moved east and captured Viminacium and Augustae, and they began attacking as far southeast as Anchialus after only three months of war. A Roman embassy met the Avars near Anchialus, but negotiations broke down after the Avar Chagan threatened further conquests, provoking an irate response out of Comentiolus, one of the Roman ambassadors. Nevertheless, Maurice established peace in 584 by agreeing to pay the Avars' initial demands of 100,000 solidi. However, the Slavs were unhindered by the treaty and began to raid further south into Macedonia and Greece, as is evidenced by many coin hoards in the region, particularly in Attica near Athens and in the Peloponnese.  As Maurice's forces were tied down in a war against the Persians caused by Justin II, (see Roman-Persian Wars for details), he could muster only a small army against the Avars and Slavs who were marauding in the Balkans. His efforts were hampered by the fact that operations in the Balkans were a completely defensive matter. As opposed to the Persian theatre, the Balkan theatre provided little possibility for a soldier to bolster his pay by pillaging, which made fighting there rather unattractive. Maurice's badly-motivated troops found it difficult to achieve even minor and local success. Rather an exception, a victory won by Comentiolus at Adrianople 584/585 deflected Slavic incursions to Greece. The evident destruction of vast parts of old Athens probably happened around then.  Later on, the Balkans deteriorated in such a manner that in 585, the Persian shah, Hormizd IV, could reasonably hope to negotiate a peace treaty that would leave Armenia to the Persians. Maurice rejected the offer and was able to negotiate much more favorable peace terms in 591, after substantial successes on the battlefield. For the time being, however, he had to abide by Avar and Slavic incursions and hope that his forces garrisoned at Singidunum could deter the invaders, who posed a constant threat to the Avar homeland, just on the other side of the Danube. The Roman presence at Singidunum was strong enough to effect constant ends of Avar raids. However, it could not prevent the attacks.  Despite the Roman garrison at Singidunum, the Avars destroyed the fortified towns of Ratiaria and Oescus, on the Danube, and besieged Thessaloniki in 586, which were accompanied by Slavic raids down to the Peloponnese. Under the leadership of Comentiolus, the outnumbered Roman Army avoided any direct confrontation and restricted itself to disturbing the Avar raids by skirmishes and night attacks, a tactical expedient that was advised by Maurice's Strategikon. In 586 and 587, Comentiolus won several victories against the Slavs on the Lower Danube and nearly caught the Avar Khagan Bayan twice. At Tomis, on the shores of the Black Sea, the Khagan escaped via the lagoon-shaped coast, but an ambush on the south slope of the Balkan Mountains was thwarted by miscommunication among the Roman troops:  The quoted phrase at the root of the misunderstanding is held to be the first sample of the Romanian language.  The following year, Priscus took over command from Comentiolus. His first campaign in Thrace and Moesia turned out to be a fiasco, even encouraging the Avars to advance as far as the Marmara Sea. As the state of the Avar bridges across the Sava river near Sirmium deteriorated, however, Avar pressure decreased.  Even so, Maurice did all he could to reinforce his troops on Balkans, as Slavic pillaging continued. He hoped to acquire more money by cutting the soldiers' payment by a quarter. Announcing the plans led to a mutiny on the Persian front in 588, which forced Maurice to abandon the idea. As a consequence, in the Balkans Maurice had only limited means to keep the Avars and Slavs at bay for the next three years.

Campaigns in 591 to 595.

In the late summer of 591, Maurice finally made peace with Persian Shah Khosrau II, who ceded most part of Armenia to the Roman Empire. Finally, the veterans of the Persian wars were at his disposal and so was the recruiting potential of Armenia. Decreasing Avar and Persian pressure enabled the Romans to focus on the Slavs in 590/591. Maurice had already visited Anchialos and other cities in Thrace personally in 590 to oversee their reconstruction and to boost the morale of his troops and the local population. After making peace with Persia, he sped up that development by redeploying troops to the Balkans.  In 592, his troops retrieved Singidunum, but it was to be lost to the Avars again. Smaller Roman units were involved in policing actions against Slavic raiders in Moesia, re-establishing lines of communication between the Roman cities. Maurice aimed to re-establish a sturdy defense line along the Danube River, as Anastasius I had done a century earlier. Furthermore, he intended to keep the Avars and Slavs off Balkan territory by invading their homeland beyond Danube, to enable Roman troops to increase their earnings other than regular pay, by pillaging in hostile territory, which would make such campaigns more attractive.  General Priscus began to hinder the Slavs crossing the Danube in the spring of 593. He routed them several times before he crossed the Danube to carry on the fight in the uncharted swamps and forests of modern-day Greater Wallachia until autumn. Then, he disobeyed Maurice's order to spend the winter on the northern Danube bank, among the frozen swamps and rivers and the leafless forests. Instead, Priscus retired to winter quarters in Odessos (modern Varna). That led to a new Slavic incursion 593/594 in Moesia and Macedonia, during which the towns of Aquis, Scupi and Zaldapa in Dobruja were destroyed.  In 594, Maurice disposed of Priscus and replaced him by his own rather inexperienced brother Peter. Despite initially failing, Peter maintained his position, defeated the Slavs (Priscus speaks about Bulgars) at Marcianopolis and patrolled the Danube between Novae (modern Svishtov) and the Black Sea. In late August, he crossed the Danube near Securisca west of Novae and fought his way to the Helibacia River, effectively disturbing Slav preparations for new pillaging campaigns.  That success enabled Priscus, who had meanwhile been entrusted with the command of another army upstream to prevent an Avar siege of Singidunum in 595 in a combined action with the Roman Danube fleet. The fact that the Avars retreated and gave up their plans to destroy the city and deport its inhabitants, as opposed to their conquest of 584, showed their lack of confidence and the threat they saw in the border fortress.  Subsequently, the Avars turned off to Dalmatia, where they sacked several fortresses, avoiding direct confrontation with Priscus. Roman commanders were never unduly concerned about barbarian incursions into that remote and impoverished province and so Priscus had to act cautiously. He could not afford to neglect the defence of the Danube and so he dispatched a small force to check the Avar advance. The small force hampered the Avar advance and even retrieved part of the booty.

Quiet interlude (596–597).

After that only moderately successful Avar raid into Dalmatia, there were only minor actions in the Balkans for about one-and-a-half years. Discouraged by the lack of success, the Avars saw more prospect for booty in the West and so raided the Franks in 596. Meanwhile, the Romans used Marcianopolis, near Odessos, as a base of operations on the lower Danube against the Slav and failed to exploit the Avar absence. No major Slav raids took place meanwhile.

Renewed campaigns (597–602).

Strengthened by Frankish pay-offs, the Avars resumed their Danubian campaigns in autumn 597, which surprised the Romans. The Avars even managed to besiege Priscus' army in Tomis. On 30 March 598, however, they lifted the siege, as Comentiolus had led an army of rather inexperienced soldiers over the Haemimons and was moving along the Danube up to Zikidiba, near modern-day Medgidia, just from Tomis. For reasons that remain unknown, Priscus did not pursue the Avars and aid Comentiolus. The latter was forced to retire to Iatrus, where his troops were nonetheless routed and had to fight their way south over the Haemus Range. The Avars used the victory to advance to Drizipera, near Arkadiopolis, between Adrianople and Constantinople, where a large part of their army and seven sons of the Avar Khagan were killed by the plague.  Comentiolus was temporarily relieved of his command and replaced by Philippicus, and Maurice summoned the Circus factions and his own bodyguards to defend the long walls west of Constantinople. For the time being, Maurice had managed to buy off the Avars, and in the same year, a peace treaty was concluded with Bayan, the Avar Khagan, explicitly allowing Roman expeditions in Wallachia. The Romans used the remainder of the year to reorganize their forces and analyze the causes of failure.  Then, the Romans violated the treaty: Priscus advanced in the area surrounding Singidunum and wintered there in 598/599. In 599, the armies of Priscus and Comentiolus moved downstream to nearby Viminacium and crossed the Danube. On the north bank, they defeated the Avars in open battle in their own homeland. That was not only the first Avar defeat in their own homeland, but also saw the death of several more sons of Bayan Khagan. Priscus then thrust north into the Pannonian plain, the Avar homeland. He defeated the Avars deep within their realm, but Comentiolus remained near the Danube. Afterwards, Priscus devastated vast tracts of the land east of the Tisza, much in the same way the Avars and Slavs had done in the Balkans. Several Avar tribes and their Gepid subjects suffered particularly high casualties. Two other battles on the banks of the Tisza meant further Avar defeats.  Furthermore, the Exarch of Ravenna Callinicus repulsed Slav attacks on Istria in 599.  In autumn 599, Comentiolus reopened the Gate of Trajan pass, near modern-day Ihtiman. The mountain pass had not been used by the Romans for decades. In 601 Peter advanced to the Tisza and kept the Avars away from the Danube cataracts, the latter being vital for the Roman Danube fleet to maintain access to the cities of Sirmium and Singidunum. In 602, Peter inflicted another severe defeat on the Slavs in Wallachia, and the Avar Khaganate was opposed by the Antes and was on the brink of collapse because of the mutiny of several Avar tribes. One of the rebellious tribes even defected to the Roman side. For the time, the Romans had successfully re-established the Danube line, and forward defense in the hostile territories of Wallachia and Pannonia was waged with success. However, when Maurice ordered the army to spend the winter of 602/603 on the northern bank of the Danube to further his success and to save money on quarters, his troops mutinied, as they had done in 593. While Priscus then had used his own judgment and initiative, Peter did not dare disobey the emperor's orders. He, therefore, soon lost control of his army, which marched straight to Constantinople. That led to the well-known overthrow and death of Maurice, the first successful coup d'état in Constantinople.

Balkan Peninsula after 602.

Maurice had pacified the Balkan borders, a feat not achieved since the reign of Anastasius I. The Avars and Slavs had been kept sternly at bay. The provinces were at a stage of potential recovery; reconstruction and resettlement were the keys to restoring Roman rule firmly. Maurice had planned to settle Armenian militia peasants within the depopulated areas and to Romanize the Slavic settlers in the area. After his ouster, those plans went astray as well as the campaigns and the possible destruction or submission of the Avar realm. The new Roman emperor, Phocas (602–610), would have to fight against the Persians once more: the eastern enemy occupied Armenia in the first phase of the new war. Therefore, Phocas could neither continue the campaigns on the same scale as before nor settle any Armenians in Balkans. That finally led to the decline of classical Roman rule in the Balkan interior, marking the end of Late Antiquity in that region.

Phocas' unknown Balkan campaigns (602–612/615).

The view that Roman control of Balkans collapsed immediately after his accession is not supported by the evidence.  Phocas indeed continued Maurice's campaigns (albeit with likely much less rigour and discipline) and probably transferred forces to the Persian front after 605. However, even after 605, it is unlikely that he withdrew all forces from the Balkans because of his Thracian heritage. There is no archaeological evidence such as coin hoards or destruction of communities implying Slav or Avar incursions, let alone a total collapse of Roman power during Phocas' reign. On the contrary, there is evidence that refugees from Dardania, Dacia and Pannonia sought protection in Thessalonica only under his successor, Heraclius (610–641). Even a moderate recovery under Phocas may have taken place. Evidently, many fortresses were rebuilt either under Maurice or Phocas. However, even so, it was Phocas' inaction, more or less imposed by the deteriorating situation on the Persian front, that paved the way for the massive invasions of Heraclius' first decade as was well as the eventual collapse of Roman rule over the Balkans.

The great Slav and Avar raid (612–626).

It is likely that Heraclius withdrew all Roman forces from the Balkans, so as to deal with ongoing Persian invasion. The civil war against Phocas led to a deterioration of the Persian front unequalled by anything before. That, as well as their successful campaigns against the Lombards in Friuli in 610 and against the Franks in 611, probably encouraged the Avars and their Slav subjects to renew their incursions some time after 612. Fortunately to them, Persian capture of Jerusalem in 614 was the key event that Roman counterattack was unlikely. To support this view, the chronicles written in the 610s again record wholesale pillaging. Cities like Justiniana Prima and Salona succumbed to such attacks. It is unknown when a certain area was subdued by Slavic tribes but some events clearly stand out: the destruction of Novae after 613, the conquest of Naissus and Serdica and the destruction of Justiniana Prima in 615; three sieges of Thessalonica (c.604, 615 and 617); the battle of Heraclea Perinthus, on the shores of the Marmara Sea in 619; Slavic raids on Crete in 623 and the siege of Constantinople in 626. From 620 onward, archaeological evidence also provides evidence of Slav settlements within the destroyed Balkan regions.

Slow decline of the Balkans after 626.

Some cities survived the Avar and Slav incursions and were able to maintain communications with Constantinople via the sea and rivers. Chronicles mention a Roman commander of Singidunum in the middle of Heraclius' reign. Many Danube tributaries accessible by ship, Roman settlements survived like modern-day Veliko Tarnovo on the Yantra River, which even has a church built in the 7th century. Heraclius made use of the short time between the end of the last war against Persia in 628 and the outbreak of Arab attacks in 634, in order to try to re-establish at least some sort of Roman authority over the Balkans. Clear evidence for that is the construction of the fortress of Nicopolis in 629. Heraclius also allowed the Serbs to settle in the Balkans as "foederati" against the Avars and the Croats in Dalmatia and Lower Pannonia; the Croats even pushed the frontier to the Sava in 630. Having to fight off the Arabs in the east, however, he could not finish his project. Roman rule in rural areas of the Balkans was limited to the successes attained in short summer campaigns. The cities of the Balkans, traditionally the major centres of Roman civilization, had degenerated from the populous, wealthy and self-sufficient "polis" of Antiquity to a limited, fortified "kastron". They were unable to form a cultural and economic nucleus upon which the Roman state could build. Their population was then assimilated by the Slavic settlers. Even so, some cities along the Danube retained their Romanness until the Proto-Bulgarian invasion of 679, also being under Byzantine rule until then. The fact that the Proto-Bulgarians used a debased form of Greek as their administrative language shows that Roman population and administrative structures existed there even after 679. In Dalmatia, Romance languages (Dalmatian) persisted into the late 19th century, and in Macedonia, the ancestors of modern-day Aromanians survived as transhumant nomads. In Albania, parts of Montenegro, Kosovo and Macedonia, a small ethnic group, unnoticed over centuries of Roman rule, retained its pre-Roman language and also survived Slavic landfall, the ancestors of modern-day Albanians.  In short, the decline of Roman power on the Balkans was a slow affair that took place only because of the lack of Byzantine military presence. Being short on troops in the Balkans, Byzantium could not have provided for safe communication among cities. Byzantium could locally impose a rule over the Balkan Slavs only on a short-term basis, not enough to assimilate them. Byzantium, however, used any opportunity given by pauses of activity on the Arab front to subjugate the Slavs and resettle them "en masse" to Asia Minor.  After a delay of two centuries, Thrace and Greece were re-Hellenized, while, with the exception of the Albanians and the proto-Romanian Vlachs, but the rest of the former Byzantine Balkans became permanently Slavicized.

Legacy.

In the end, the successes of Maurice's campaigns were foregone by Phocas. Maurice's hopes for rebuilding the Balkans and resettling Armenian militia peasants to the depopulated areas were not realised. Heraclius could do even less for the Balkans, preoccupied with the Eastern front. Therefore, the only immediate consequence was the mentioned delay in Slavic landfall on the Balkans. For that reason, it is often falsely and superficially assumed that Maurice's Balkan campaigns were a failure.  Probably, Avar defeats in the late part of the campaigns from 599 onward had a long-term impact. The Avars had been bloodily defeated in their own country and had proved to be unable to protect themselves, let alone their subjects. Until the battle of Viminacium in 599, they had been seen as invincible, allowing them to thoroughly exploit their subjects. Once Avar renown had fallen, the first rebellions occurred, to be crushed after 603. The Avars were able to score further successes against the Lombards, Franks and Romans; however, they were unable to restore their former reputation. That can explain the Slavic uprising under the leadership of Samo in 623, three years "before" the abortive Siege of Constantinople.  Maurice's campaigns put an end to Avar dreams of hegemony over the Balkans and paved the way for an end of the Avar threat. The Khagan's power collapsed only after the unsuccessful Siege of Constantinople in 626, and the Avar Khaganate would be finally destroyed much later, by Charlemagne in (791–803). The Avar Khaganate Empire ceased to exist after 790. The Muslim conquests, in the 630s onward, led to the loss of all of Rome's long-held eastern provinces since BCE 1st century southeast to Taurus Mountains. The constant Arab threat over strategically important Asia Minor had a great impact on the Balkans. Several decades were to pass before Constantinople could regain the initiative and reconquer parts of the Slav-controlled areas ("Sklavinia"). Several centuries were to pass before Basil II restored, by fire and sword, all of the Balkans to Byzantine control.

Maurice's Balkan campaigns were a series of military expeditions conducted by Eastern Roman Emperor Maurice (reigned 582–602) in an attempt to defend the Balkan provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Avars and the Slavs. Maurice was the only East Roman emperor, other than Anastasius I, who did his best to implement determined Balkan policies during Late Antiquity by paying adequate attention to the safety of the northern frontier against barbarian incursions. During the second half of his reign, the Balkan campaigns were the main focus of Maurice's foreign policies, as a favourable peace treaty with Persia in 591 enabled him to shift his experienced troops from the Persian front to the region. The refocusing of Roman efforts soon paid off: the frequent Roman failures before 591 were succeeded by a string of successes afterwards.

Les campagnes de Maurice dans les Balkans désignent la série d'opérations militaires décidées par l'empereur byzantin Maurice au cours de son règne (582-602). Après avoir subi plusieurs assauts des Avars et des Slaves dans les années 580, il réagit par des contre-offensives vigoureuses dans les années 590. Maurice est l'un des empereurs romains d'Orient à avoir le plus mobilisé d'énergie pour sauvegarder la frontière du Danube depuis Anastase Ier, grâce à la paix avantageuse qu'il conclut avec les Sassanides en 591, qui l'autorise à déployer des forces importantes dans la péninsule.


Signs and symptoms.

McCune–Albright syndrome is suspected when two or more of the following features are present:  Patients may have one or many of these features, which may occur in any combination. As such, the clinical presentation of patients with McCune Albright syndrome varies greatly depending on the disease features.  Various endocrine diseases may present in McCune–Albright syndrome due to increased hormone production.

Genetics.

Genetically, there is a spontaneous postzygotic mutation of the gene GNAS, on the long (q) arm of chromosome 20 at position 13.3, which is involved in G-protein signaling. This mutation, which occurs only in the mosaic state, leads to constitutive receptor signaling and inappropriate production of excess cAMP.  The mutation that causes McCune–Albright syndrome arises very early during embryogenesis. Because all cases of the syndrome are sporadic, it is believed that the mutation would be lethal if it affected all cells in the embryo. Mutant cells can only survive when they are intermixed with normal cells.  There are no known risk factors for acquiring McCune–Albright syndrome, and no exposures during pregnancy that are known to either cause or prevent the mutation from occurring. The disease cannot be inherited and occurs equally among all ethnic groups.

Diagnosis.

McCune–Albright syndrome has different levels of severity. For example, one child with McCune–Albright syndrome may be entirely healthy, with no outward evidence of bone or endocrine problems, enter puberty at close to the normal age, and have no unusual skin pigmentation. Diagnosis may be made only after decades. In other cases, children are diagnosed in early infancy, show obvious bone disease, and obvious increased endocrine secretions from several glands.

Skeletal abnormalities.

Patients with fibrous dysplasia may have bone fractures, pain, and deformities. Patients may also develop low blood phosphate levels due to overproduction of the protein fibroblast growth factor 23.  CT scan of the skull is the most useful test for craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Regular hearing and vision screening is recommended. X-rays are usually sufficient to reveal fibrous dysplasia of the appendicular skeleton, but CT and/or MRI scans can reveal microfractures. Regular screening for scoliosis should also be undertaken.

Endocrine abnormalities.

Precocious puberty is more common in females, but may occur in males as well. Drugs such as letrozole and anastrozole can be used to prevent short stature in both males and females. In males, drugs such as spironolactone and flutamide can be used to treat the behavioral issues associated with androgen excess.  Males with McCune–Albright syndrome may present with benign testicular tumors, though testicular cancer appears to be rare. Annual ultrasounds of testicular masses should be performed to screen for cancer.  Hyperthyroidism is found in about 38% of patients. Medications such as thioamides are useful in treating these symptoms. However, as thyroid symptoms in this disorder almost never resolve spontaneously, surgery or radiation are more definitive treatments. Annual thyroid ultrasounds should be performed to screen for thyroid cancer. Hyperparathyroidism secondary to Vitamin D deficiency is common, and may worsen fibrous dysplasia. Levels of calcium and parathyroid hormone should be periodically assessed.

Treatment.

Treatment is dictated by both the tissues affected and the extent to which they are affected.

Skeletal abnormalities.

Surgical management of skeletal abnormalities has evolved over the years. Surgical intervention may be necessary for some skeletal abnormalities. Bisphosphonates are helpful in relieving bone pain, but it is no longer believed that they prevent progression of the disease. Denosumab has been found successful in reducing bone pain and decreasing tumor growth. Muscle strengthening exercises are important for preventing bone fractures; cycling and swimming are recommended in order to reduce the risk of fracture during exercise.

Endocrine abnormalities.

In one study, 18% of McCune–Albright patients had hypophosphatemia due to kidney involvement. High doses of oral phosphate and calcitriol should be given for treatment.  Pituitary hormone abnormalities may occur. Growth hormone excess may worsen craniofacial dysplasia; treatment with somatostatin analogues or pegvisomant may be effective. Surgery may be an option, but may be complicated by the cranial abnormalities associated with the disorder. Excessive prolactin secretion may also occur; this is treated with dopamine agonists such as cabergoline.  Cushing syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal complication that can occur in the first year of life. Adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice. Metyrapone may also be used for treatment.

Epidemiology.

McCune–Albright syndrome is estimated to occur at a frequency between 1 person in 100,000 to 1 person in 1,000,000 individuals worldwide.

McCune–Albright syndrome is a complex genetic disorder affecting the bone, skin and endocrine systems. It is a mosaic disease arising from somatic activating mutations in "GNAS", which encodes the alpha-subunit of the Gs G protein-coupled receptor. These mutations lead to constitutive receptor activation.

Le syndrome de McCune – Albright (SMA) est une maladie génétique complexe affectant les systèmes osseux, cutané et endocrinien. Il s'agit d'une maladie mosaïque résultant de mutations activatrices somatiques dans "GNAS", qui code pour la sous-unité alpha du récepteur couplé à la protéine Gs G. Ces mutations conduisent à l'activation constitutive des récepteurs.


Creation.

The Mint Act of 1835, established by the United States Congress on 3 March, established "one branch at the city of New Orleans for the coinage of gold and silver; one branch at the town of Charlotte...for the coinage of gold only; and one branch at or near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin County, in the state of Georgia, also for the coinage of gold only."  Ignatius Alphonso Few, appointed commissioner, bought ten acres south of Dahlonega for $1,050 (equal to $ today) in August 1835, and hired the architect Benjamin Towns, the lowest bidder at $33,450 (equal to $ today), to construct the mint within eighteen months. Mint machinery was installed in 1837, which included "cutting presses, a fly wheel, a drawing frame, a crank shaft, a coining press, and eighteen annealing pans." The coining press could make "fifty to sixty gold coins per minute."  Superintendent Dr. Joseph Singleton, opened the mint in February 1838. About a thousand ounces of gold were deposited in the first week, and the first coins consisting of eighty five-dollar gold pieces, were minted on 17 April.

Production.

The mint produced coins every year from 1838 through 1861. Denominations produced included $1.00; $2.50 (quarter eagles); $3.00 (1854 only); and $5.00 (half eagles).

The Civil War.

When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the Dahlonega Mint was seized by the Confederates. It is believed that after the Confederates took over the mint in 1861, that some gold dollars and half eagles were minted under the authority of the Confederate States Government. The exact number of 1861-D gold dollars produced is unknown, while approximately 1,597 1861-D half eagles were struck. Because of their relatively low mintage, all Dahlonega-minted gold coins are rare. It is generally accepted that gold coins estimated to exceed $6 million were minted here.

Post Civil War.

After the end of the Civil War, The United States Government decided against reopening the mint. The building was unused until the founding of North Georgia College in 1873. The mint building was used as the main academic and administrative building for the college until a fire destroyed the original building in December 1878. A new building for the college was erected on the foundations of the old mint building. This building is now named Price Memorial Hall after William P. Price, the founder of the college, and is still used by the college today.  Gold leaf from this area also covers the exterior of the domed roof over the rotunda of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta. Local media often refer to the state legislature's activities as what's going on "under the gold dome". After the capitol building was gold leafed citizens of Dahlonega began a campaign to gold leaf Price Memorial Hall after the same fashion as the capitol.  For other United States Mint facilities, see "Historical United States mints".

Superintendents.

Six men acted as Superintendent of the Dahlonega Mint.

The Dahlonega Mint was a former branch of the United States Mint built during the Georgia Gold Rush to help the miners get their gold assayed and minted, without having to travel to the Philadelphia Mint. It was located at (34°31.8′N 83°59.2′W ) in Dahlonega, Lumpkin County, Georgia. Coins produced at the Dahlonega Mint bear the "D" mint mark. That mint mark is used today by the Denver Mint, which opened many years after the Dahlonega Mint closed. All coins from the Dahlonega Mint are gold, in the $1, $2.50, $3, and $5 denominations, and bear dates in the range 1838–1861.

La Monnaie de Dahlonega est une ancienne succursale de la Monnaie des États-Unis construite pendant la ruée vers l'or de Géorgie pour aider les mineurs à faire analyser et à extraire leur or sans avoir à se rendre à la Monnaie de Philadelphie. Elle était située à Dahlonega, dans le comté de Lumpkin, en Géorgie. Les pièces y produites portent le différent « D ». Cette marque est utilisée aujourd'hui par la, qui a ouvert ses portes de nombreuses années après la fermeture de celle de Dahlonega. Toutes les pièces de la Monnaie de Dahlonega sont en or, dans les d'un dollar, d'un "quarter eagle", de et d'un "half eagle", et portent des dates comprises entre 1838 et 1861.


Origin.

Emotional reasoning, as a concept, was first introduced by psychiatrist Aaron Beck. It was included as a part of Beck's broader research topic: cognitive distortions and depression. To counteract cognitive distortions, Beck developed a type of therapy formally known as cognitive therapy, which became associated with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Originally, emotional reasoning was attributed to automatic thinking. Beck believed that emotional reasoning stemmed from negative thoughts that were uncontrollable and happened without effort. This reasoning has been commonly accepted over the years. Most recently, a new explanation states that an "activating agent" or sensory trigger from the environment increases emotional arousal. With this increase in arousal, certain areas of the brain are inhibited. Combining the increase in emotional arousal with the inhibition of parts of the brain leads to emotional reasoning.

Treatment.

Before seeking professional help, an individual can influence the effect that emotional reasoning has on them based on his or her coping method. Using a proactive problem-focused coping style leads to more effectiveness at reducing stress and stressful events. Additionally, having good social support also leads to lower psychological stress. If one has to seek professional help, the most common therapy method is cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this approach, the automatic thoughts that control emotional reasoning are studied and realistically reasoned by the patient. In doing so, the psychologist hopes to change the automatic thoughts of the patient and reduce his/her stress levels. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been generally regarded as the most effective method of treatment for emotional reasoning. Most recently, a new therapeutic approach uses the RIGAAR method to reduce emotional stress.  RIGAAR stands for:  Additionally, reducing emotional arousal is also suggested by the human givens approach as a way to stop emotional reasoning. As seen above, high emotional arousal inhibits brain regions necessary for logical complex reasoning. With less emotional arousal, cognitive reasoning is not diminished and the potential to not associate oneself with his or her emotions is stronger.

Implications.

If not treated, debilitating effects can occur, the most common being depression. On the other hand, emotional reasoning has the potential to be good when used to appraise the outside world and not ourselves. It is useful when one has to emotionally appraise something. Judging by how one feels when assessing the object, person, or event, it can be an instinctual survival response and a way to adapt to our world. "The amygdala buried deep in the limbic system serves as an early warning device for novelty, precisely so that attention can be mobilized to alert the mind to a potential danger and to prepare for a potential of flight or fight".

Emotional reasoning is a cognitive process by which a person concludes that his/her emotional reaction proves something is true, regardless of the observed evidence. For example, even though a spouse has shown only devotion, a person using emotional reasoning might conclude, "I know my spouse is being unfaithful because I feel jealous."

Le raisonnement émotionnel est un processus cognitif par lequel une personne conclut que sa réaction émotionnelle prouve que quelque chose est vrai, indépendamment des preuves observées. Par exemple, même si un conjoint n'a fait preuve que de dévotion, une personne utilisant un raisonnement émotionnel pourrait conclure: «Je sais que mon conjoint est infidèle parce que je me sens jaloux».


Family.

Elizabeth was born at Castle Badlesmere, Kent, England in 1313 to Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere and Margaret de Clare. She was the third of four daughters. She had one younger brother, Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere, who married Elizabeth Montagu, but did not have any children.  Her paternal grandparents were Guncelin de Badlesmere and Joan FitzBernard, and her maternal grandparents were Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald of Offaly.  Elizabeth's father was hanged, drawn and quartered on 14 April 1322 for having participated in the Earl of Lancaster's rebellion against King Edward II of England; and her mother imprisoned in the Tower of London until 3 November 1322. She had been arrested the previous October for ordering an assault upon Queen consort Isabella after refusing her admittance to Leeds Castle, where Baron Badlesmere held the post of governor. Elizabeth and her siblings were also sent to the Tower along with their mother. She was eight years old at the time and had been married for five years to her first husband; although the marriage had not yet been consummated due to her young age.  In 1328, Elizabeth's brother Giles obtained a reversal of his father's attainder, and he succeeded to the barony as the 2nd Baron Badlesmere. Elizabeth, along with her three sisters, was a co-heiress of Giles, who had no children by his wife. Upon his death in 1338, the barony fell into abeyance. The Badlesmere estates were divided among the four sisters, and Elizabeth's share included the manors of Drayton in Sussex, Kingston and Erith in Kent, a portion of Finmere in Oxfordshire as well as property in London.

Marriages and issue.

On 27 June 1316, when she was just three years old, Elizabeth married her first husband Sir Edmund Mortimer (died 16 December 1331) eldest son and heir of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville. The marriage contract was made on 9 May 1316, and the particulars of the arrangement between her father and prospective father-in-law are described in Welsh historian R. R. Davies' "Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in the late Middle Ages". Lord Badlesmere paid Roger Mortimer the sum of £2000, and in return Mortimer endowed Elizabeth with five rich manors for life and the reversion of other lands. The marriage, which was not consummated until many years afterward, produced two sons:  By the order of King Edward III, Elizabeth's father-in-law, the Earl of Mortimer was hanged in November 1330 for having assumed royal power, along with other crimes. His estates were forfeited to the Crown, therefore Elizabeth's husband did not succeed to the earldom and died a year later. Elizabeth's dower included the estates of Maelienydd and Comot Deuddwr in the Welsh Marches.  In 1335, just over three years after the death of Edmund Mortimer, Elizabeth married secondly William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312–1360), fifth son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan. He was a renowned military commander and diplomat. Their marriage was arranged to end the mutual hostility which had existed between the Bohun and Mortimer families. A papal dispensation was required for their marriage as de Bohun and her first husband, Sir Edmund Mortimer were related in the third and fourth degrees of consanguinity by dint of their common descent from Enguerrand de Fiennes, Seigneur de Fiennes. Elizabeth and de Bohun received some Mortimer estates upon their marriage.  By her second marriage, Elizabeth had two more children:  In 1348, the earldom of March was restored to her eldest son Roger who succeeded as the 2nd Earl.

Death.

Elizabeth de Badlesmere died on 8 June 1356, aged about forty-three years old. She was buried in Black Friars Priory, London. She left a will dated 31 May 1356, requesting burial at the priory. Mention of Elizabeth's burial is found in the records (written in Latin) of Walden Abbey which confirm that she was buried in Black Friars:  "Anno Domini MCCCIxx.obiit Willielmus de Boun, Comes Northamptoniae, cujus corpus sepelitur in paret boreali presbyterii nostri. Et Elizabetha uxor ejus sepelitur Lundoniae in ecclesia fratrum praedictorum ante major altare".

Elizabeth de Badlesmere, Countess of Northampton (1313 – 8 June 1356) was the wife of two English noblemen, Sir Edmund Mortimer and William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton. She was a co-heiress of her brother Giles de Badlesmere, 2nd Baron Badlesmere.

Élisabeth de Badlesmere, comtesse de Northampton (1313 - ) est l'épouse de deux aristocrates anglais, Edmond Mortimer puis Guillaume de Bohun. Elle était la co-héritière de son frère Gilles de Badlesmere, 2e baron Badlesmere.


Initial arrest.

On September 22, 2017, Sarah Hegazi attended a concert for Mashrou' Leila whose lead singer, Hamed Sinno, is openly gay. She was arrested along with a group of others for waving a rainbow flag in support of LGBT rights. Her arrest coincided with Egypt's zero-tolerance crackdown response to end public support for LGBT rights in the country. She recalled being jailed, beaten and abused by inmates. She was released and fined E£2,000 ($113).

Political views.

Hegazi identified as a communist and supported the Bread and Freedom Party while living in Egypt, and became involved with the Spring Socialist Network once in Canada. Hegazi reported being fired from her job for opposing the Sisi regime in Egypt. Nine years after the Egyptian revolution of 2011, Hegazi wrote that "the old regime will try anything, even sacrificing important icons of their regime, in order to stay in power or regain power", describing President el-Sisi as "the most oppressive and violent dictator in our modern history" and writing that "revolutionaries believe the battle is one of class". Hegazi wrote that in consequence of the revolution being left incomplete "most of us are now in the grave, in prison or in exile."

Education.

In 2010, Hegazi graduated from Thebas Academy with a bachelor's degree in Information Systems, and the American University in Cairo Continuing Education Center in 2016. Through distance learning, Hegazi completed certificates in "Fighting for Equality: 1950–2018", "Feminism and Social Justice", "Research Methods", "Diversity and Inclusion in the Workplace", and "Understanding Violence" at Columbia University, University of California Santa Cruz, SOAS University of London, the University of Pittsburgh, and Emory University.

Death and legacy.

A short letter attributed to Hegazi, written in Arabic, circulated on social media following her death in Toronto, Canada. The letter read: "To my siblings – I tried to survive and I failed, forgive me. To my friends – the experience was harsh and I am too weak to resist it, forgive me. To the world – you were cruel to a great extent, but I forgive." Her death was reported across a range of international news outlets, with tributes to her activism a recurring theme. Hamed Sinno shared a tribute on his Facebook profile to Hegazi which read "لروحك الحرية", or "Freedom for your soul". The Canadian socialist magazine "Spring" published an obituary to Hegazi with Valerie Lannon writing: "I remember her saying 'I never felt so alive as during the revolution.' In her honour, and to fulfil our own sense of life, it is our duty to continue fighting for the revolution here, Egypt and around the world."

Sarah Hegazi (; 1989 – June 13, 2020), also spelled Hegazy or Higazy, was an Egyptian lesbian activist. She was arrested, imprisoned and tortured in prison in Egypt for three months after flying a rainbow flag at a Mashrou' Leila concert in 2017 in Cairo. She had claimed asylum and was living in Canada while living with PTSD resulting from the prison torture she had experienced in Egypt.

Sarah Hegazi (1989 - ), souvent écrit Hegazy, est une militante lesbienne égyptienne. En 2017, elle est arrêtée, emprisonnée, et torturée en prison en Égypte pendant trois mois après avoir brandi un drapeau arc-en-ciel, symbole du mouvement LGBT, lors d'un concert de Mashrou'Leila au Caire. Après sa libération, elle demande l'asile et vit au Canada, alors qu'elle souffre d'un Trouble de stress post-traumatique à la suite des tortures qu'elle a subi en Égypte. Elle se suicide le 14 juin 2020.