Personal life.

Anne Keothavong was born in Hackney in London, to parents who had fled from their wartorn home country of Laos in the 1970s. Her father, Somsak, encouraged her to play short tennis from an early age. Her mother's name is Vathana and she has two brothers: James, who is a tennis umpire, and Mark. She also has a sister, Lena. Keothavong married Andrew Bretherton on 28 February 2015.  Keothavong attended Kingsland Secondary School in Hackney. At the age of seven, she took up tennis at Hackney Downs and Highbury Fields. Her preferred surface was hardcourt.

Career.

Junior (1996–2001).

Keothavong played her first match on the junior ITF circuit in February 1996, at age 12, and her last in August 2001. In singles she won one title at the "LTA Junior International Tournament – Bisham Abbey" where she beat compatriot Elena Baltacha in the final. She also reached a total of three semifinals (one of which was at the 2001 Wimbledon girls' tournament where she was beaten by Dinara Safina, the future world number one, who like Anne, went on to reach a higher ranking in seniors than in juniors) and ten quarterfinals.  In junior doubles she won one tournament, the 13th Salik Open and lost in the final of two others: the LTA International Junior Tournament – Bisham Abbey and the 11th Malaysian International Junior Championships. All three of these were in 1999 and all three were partnering Elena Baltacha.

1998–2001.

Keothavong played her first professional match on the ITF circuit in April 1998, at age 14, when she fell in the first round of qualifying for the $10k tournament in Birmingham. That year she played only two more matches (in the qualifying tournaments for the $10k events in Hatfield, Hertfordshire and Felixstowe) and lost both of them. She finished the year without a world ranking.  During May 1999, Keothavong played in a total of five ITF tournaments with her best result being in the $10k event in Sunderland where she won three matches to qualify and then reached the second round. In the other four events, she either lost in the first round or qualifying stages. Her final ranking of the year was world No. 702.  In 2000, Keothavong played ten ITF tournaments, losing in the qualifying stages in one, round one in three others, the second round four times (once as a lucky loser) and the quarterfinal in the $50k tournament in Cardiff. The other tournament she entered was the qualifying event for Wimbledon in which she participated courtesy of a wild card. She beat Eva Martincová in round one of qualifying before losing to Yuka Yoshida. She improved her ranking to world No. 377.  2001 started well for Keothavong; in her first tournament of the year she won the title by beating compatriot Emily Webley-Smith in the quarterfinals and Elodie Le Bescond in the final. She then reached the quarterfinals of her next tournament, the $10k event in Tipton. In February she reached the semifinals in Sutton, London ($25k) as a qualifier. She played in the Fed Cup for the first time in April and lost all three of her singles rubbers in straight sets. In June she was given wild cards into the qualifying draws for the DFS Classic (where she was beaten in the first round of qualifying) and the Britannic Asset Management International Championships (where she reached the second round of qualifying) and the main draw of Wimbledon. She faced Janet Lee in round one and lost. In September and October she reached three ITF quarterfinals (one $50k, one $25k and one $10k) and one semifinal ($25k). Her world ranking at the end of 2001 was world No. 268.

2002.

Keothavong's 2002 season started slowly; she played in 13 ITF tournaments and did not pass the second round in any. In June, she was given a wildcard into the qualifying draw for the DFS Classic where she lost in round one. She also attempted to qualify for the Britannic Asset Management International Championships and was again beaten in the first round. She next competed in the main draw of Wimbledon where in the first round, she lost to Virginie Razzano. Immediately after Wimbledon she headed to Felixstowe to participate in a $25k tournament where she reached the quarterfinals. In August and September, she reached four consecutive ITF finals, winning three. She won the first in Bath beating Hannah Collin in the final. She was victorious in London when she defeated Yvonne Doyle but lost in the third final in Glasgow to Selima Sfar. In Sunderland, her fourth consecutive final of August and September, she won by again beating Hannah Collin. She competed in three more $25k tournaments that year and reached the semifinals in two of them. Her final ranking of 2002 was world No. 233.

2003.

The first tournament of 2003 for Keothavong was the qualifying event for the Hobart International where she lost to Tiffany Dabek in the first round. Keothavong then headed to the Australian Open in order to attempt to qualify and she again lost in the first round to Sandra Klösel. After this she headed to the ITF circuit and won the $25k event in Belfort by defeating Nathalie Viérin in the final. Two weeks later she reached the quarterfinals of a $25k in Redbridge, London and the week after that lost in the final of yet another $25k event in Ostrava. In March she reached the quarterfinals of Redding, California ($25k0) and in April she headed to Portugal to represent Great Britain in the Fed Cup. She won two of her four singles rubbers. May saw Keothavong reach the second round of qualifying for the French Open. In her next tournament (Surbiton $25k) she reached the semifinals but had to withdraw before the match. Keothavong did not compete again until mid-June when she was given a wild card into the main draw of the Hastings Direct International where she was defeated by Japanese veteran, Ai Sugiyama. A second consecutive wild card gave her entry into the main draw of Wimbledon where she had to withdraw during her first round match against Katarina Srebotnik with the score at 2–6, 0–4. After Wimbledon she reached the final round of qualifying for the US Open and lost to Maureen Drake but had no more notable results that year. She finished the year with a singles ranking of world No. 177.

2004.

The season began well for Keothavong as she started off by qualifying for the Tier V, Moorilla Hobart International, beating Kaia Kanepi along the way. In the first round she faced world No. 69, Rita Grande, from Italy but was beaten. This was followed by an attempt to qualify for the first Grand Slam of the season, the Australian Open. She was beaten in the first round of qualifying by Stephanie Gehrlein. In February she reached the quarterfinals of ITF events in Sunderland ($25k) and St Paul ($50k), beaten by Lisa Stanciute and Jill Craybas respectively. The next month she won the sixth ITF title of her career by beating Mashona Washington in the final of the $25k event in Redding. In late April and early May, she represented Britain in the Fed Cup and won all three of her singles rubbers, but lost her one and only doubles match with partner, Elena Baltacha, before going on to lose in the first round of qualifying for the French Open to Květa Peschke. In the run up to Wimbledon, Keothavong was given a wild card into the main draw of the DFS Classic where in the first round she faced, world No. 60, Marta Marrero, who she managed to beat in three sets. Keothavong came up against world No. 56, María Sánchez Lorenzo (the 16th seed) in the second round and lost in three sets. She headed to the main draw of the Hastings International Direct, a Tier II event after whis and faced No. 8 seed Magdalena Maleeva and was again beaten in three sets. A wild card granted Keothavong entry to the main draw of Wimbledon for the fourth consecutive year where she won her first round match, beating Nicole Pratt, the world No. 41, in a performance assisted by a rain delay when Keothavong was 3–1 down in the first set. The eventual champion Maria Sharapova beat her in the second round. After Wimbledon, Keothavong played in two $50k events in the United States reaching the second round in one and the quarterfinals in the second, in Lexington, Kentucky where she had to withdraw due to sustaining serious ligament damage with the score at 5–7, 3–5. She did not play again that year and finished the year with a ranking of world No. 175.

2005.

Keothavong recovered well from her injury and returned to action ahead of schedule in March at the $10k tournament in Sunderland where she suffered a three-set first-round defeat by Verdiana Verardi. She then immediately reached three successive $10k finals; the first in Bolton and the second two in Bath. She won the first two by beating Veronika Chvojková and Claire Peterzan respectively and lost the third to compatriot, Melanie South. The first of the two tournaments in Bath was also the only time Keothavong competed with her sister Lena in doubles on the ITF circuit. They reached the quarterfinals together. In late April, Keothavong competed in the Fed Cup and helped Britain avoid relegation from the Africa/Europe Zone Group I by beating Caroline Wozniacki to help Britain beat Denmark. This meant that although they lost ties against Serbia and Montenegro and Slovenia, they avoided a place in the relegation play-offs for another year. In May she reached the semifinals of a $25k event in Monzón where she lost to Angelique Kerber. She was then given a wildcard into the main draw of the DFS Classic where she lost to Laura Granville in the first round. This was followed by a wild card into the Hastings Direct International qualifying tournament where Arantxa Parra Santonja defeated her in the first round. After this, another wildcard allowed Keothavong entry into the main draw of the Wimbledon Championships where she faced Mariana Díaz Oliva in the first round and lost in straight sets.  After Wimbledon, Keothavong competed on the ITF circuit for the rest of the year (except when she reached the second round of the Tier III event, the Bell Challenge, where she lost to Sofia Arvidsson) and won two more titles. The first was in Nottingham, a $10k event, where she beat Karen Paterson in a three-set final and the second was a $25k tournament in Lagos where she defeated Maša Zec Peškirič to win the title. She also reached one more $25k final this year, also in Lagos, where she lost to Petra Cetkovská in three sets. Her year-end ranking for 2005 was world No. 239.

2006.

Keothavong started her 2006 season by losing in the first round of qualifying for the Brisbane International (Tier III), the final round of qualifying for the Moorilla Hobart International (Tier IV) and the second round of qualifying for the Australian Open. In February, Keothavong returned to Britain and reached the final of the ITF tournament in Jersey where she beat Ana Vrljić to win the title. She then entered the $25k tournament in Sunderland where she beat four compatriots; Melanie South, Rebecca Llewellyn, Sarah Coles and Katie O'Brien in straight sets to reach the final where she was beaten by Elise Tamaëla. Later in February, Keothavong reached the quarterfinals of an ITF tournament in Orange, California ($25k) and one month later, in March, she reached another ITF final, again $25k. In April she reached the semifinals of the $25k event in Patras and competed for Great Britain in the Fed Cup where she won one of her three singles rubbers. She qualified for the Internationaux de Strasbourg, a Tier III tournament, where she lost to Anna Smashnova in the first round.  Keothavong competed in four tournaments in June: a $25k event in Surbiton, the DFS Classic, the Hastings Direct Championships and Wimbledon. She was beaten by Laura Granville in the semifinals, Eleni Daniilidou in round one, Vera Dushevina in the first round and Karolina Šprem in the first round respectively. During her American hard-court season, she reached the quarterfinals of a $50k tournament in Lexington where she fell to Camille Pin of France. In August, Keothavong lost in the first round of qualifying for the US Open and followed this up with three consecutive first-round losses in WTA events. She then returned to the ITF circuit playing $25k tournaments and won one more title, in Přerov. She also reached two semifinals (Glasgow and Opole) and a quarterfinal in Jersey. She ended the season with her world ranking at No. 168.

2007.

The new season began in the same way as the 2006 for Keothavong; she again started her year by falling in qualifying for the WTA events in the Moorilla Hobart International and the Australian Open. In February she reached two consecutive ITF semifinals in Tipton ($25k) and St. Paul ($50k) before going on to lose in qualifying for the Cellular South Cup and in qualifying for Indian Wells in March. Keothavong again represented her country in the Fed Cup in April and won one of her three singles matches. In May she reached the semifinals of an $25k in Antalya and lost in the second round of the French Open qualifying tournament to María Emilia Salerni. As in 2006, June saw Keothavong lose in the first round of the DFS Classic, the Hastings Direct International and Wimbledon after she was given a wildcard into each of these events. Elena Baltacha was her conqueror in the Hastings Direct whereas Jelena Janković was the victor over Keothavong in Wimbledon.  After Wimbledon Keothavong reached two consecutive finals of $50k events in Lexington and Vancouver, facing Stéphanie Dubois in the finals of both and winning once. Following this she lost in qualifying for the Rogers Cup, the US Open and Bali before going on to reach her first ever WTA Tour semifinal in the Sunfeast Open, a Tier III tournament held in Kolkata. She did this by defeating Sara Errani in the first round, Sunitha Rao in round two and Tzipi Obziler in the quarterfinals. She lost to Mariya Koryttseva in the semifinals. In October she reached the quarterfinals of the $25k tournament in Rockhampton, Queensland and her year-ending singles ranking was world No. 122.

2008.

Keothavong's 2008 campaign began when Keothavong failed to qualify for the Tier II tournament, the Medibank International. She then attempted to qualify for the Australian Open and won her first match against Jorgelina Cravero before losing her second to Monica Niculescu. February saw her join compatriots, Melanie South, Katie O'Brien and Elena Baltacha, to represent Britain in the Fed Cup. Despite Keothavong winning each of her three singles matches in the round robin stage, Britain was forced to fight relegation from the Europe/Africa Group I by playing Portugal. They won 2–0 thanks to yet another victory in singles from Keothavong and a singles victory from O'Brien. For the remainder of February, Keothavong competed on the ITF circuit and reached the quarterfinals of a $25k event in Stockholm and won a $25k title in Capriolo. In early April she lost in the final of a $50k tournament; this one in Patras where Magdaléna Rybáriková defeated her in straight sets. Continuing competition on the ITF circuit, she won a $50k tournament in Jounieh, Lebanon (despite break outs of fighting between Shia and Hezbollah militia less than ten miles away in Beirut). This tournament win propelled Keothavong into the top 100 for the first time in her career and guaranteed her a place in the main draw of Wimbledon for the first time in her career; the first time a British woman had entered Wimbledon on merit since 1999. She then fell in the first round of qualifying for the French Open before reaching another $50k final (in Surbiton).  In the run up to Wimbledon, Keothavong lost in the first round of the DFS Classic to Kateryna Bondarenko and in the first round of the Ordina Open to Sara Errani. In her first-round match in Wimbledon, she faced American, Vania King, and lost the first set. She regrouped during a toilet break at the end of the first set and came back to win the match in three sets despite being 2–0 down in the deciding set. She then lost to the eventual champion, Venus Williams, in the second round. After Wimbledon, Keothavong made a successful start to her American hard-court season by winning three matches to qualify for the Tier II event in Stanford. She then defeated Sania Mirza in the first round before giving Marion Bartoli a tough time in round two in a match which she eventually lost in three tight sets. In August she entered the US Open for the first time in her career and faced Alexa Glatch in round one. She won the match and then went on to beat Francesca Schiavone in the second round in three sets. However No. 5 seed, Elena Dementieva, proved too much for Keothavong in the third round; Keothavong lost. After the US Open, Keothavong won two more ITF events: Barnstaple ($50k) and Kraków ($100k) and as a result, her year end ranking was world No. 61.

2009.

Keothavong began her 2009 season by launching her official website before heading to the ASB Classic where she reached the semifinals. En route she defeated Mirjana Lučić, No. 8 seed Carla Suárez Navarro and Ayumi Morita before falling in a three-hour, three set battle to Elena Vesnina. This was only the second time in her career that she reached the semifinals of a WTA Tour event. Keothavong then competed in the Moorilla Hobart International where she faced a tough draw in round one against world No. 25, Ágnes Szávay. Nevertheless, Keothavong came through without too much difficulty, beating Szávay in two sets. She lost to Virginie Razzano in the second round. Keothavong then headed to the main draw of the Australian Open for the first time in her career where she came up against Anna Chakvetadze, who was the 17th seed. She lost in a controversial match where a mistake by the umpire allowed Chakvetadze to serve first in the final set, an advantage which should have gone to Keothavong. Keothavong was the fourth seed in her next tournament, the Cellular South Cup, and she followed up on this seeding by reaching the semifinals of a WTA event for the second time in 2009. She defeated Maria Elena Camerin, Michelle Larcher de Brito and No. 5 seed Marina Erakovic on the way to being demolished by top seed Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals. Despite this crushing defeat, a semifinal run was enough to help Keothavong make the hop from world No. 52 to world No. 48, her debut in the top 50. Keothavong then endured three consecutive first round defeats in the BNP Paribas Open, the Sony Ericsson Open (both Premier Mandatory tournaments) and a $100k ITF tournament in Tourhout, Belgium, where she was forced to retire due to a viral illness.  Following this, Keothavong began her clay court season by defeating Maret Ani to reach the second round of the Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem where she was defeated by Lourdes Domínguez Lino. This was followed by another first-round defeat in a Premier event in the Italian Open, this one at the hands of Carla Suárez Navarro. In the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open she beat Mariana Duque Marino in round one before losing to Lucie Šafářová in the second round. In her very next tournament she reached the fourth WTA Tour semifinal of her career and her third in 2009 in the Warsaw Open. She faced No. 7 seed, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, in round one, American veteran Jill Craybas in the second round, qualifier Ioana Raluca Olaru in the quarterfinals and was beaten by eighth seed Alona Bondarenko in the semifinals. Nevertheless, in reaching the semifinals she became the first British woman to reach the semifinals of a WTA clay-court event since Jo Durie reached the semifinals of the 1983 French Open, 26 years before. She then came up against reigning world No. 1, Dinara Safina, in the first round of the French Open and endured the dreaded "double bagel" when she was defeated, 0–6, 0–6. Keothavong began her grass court season on home turf with a victory over Sofia Arvidsson in the first round of the Aegon Classic before losing to eventual semifinalist, Sania Mirza, in round two. She was then defeated in the first round of the Aegon International by world No. 28, Sybille Bammer, but saw off a mugger in central London who tried to snatch her handbag before heading to Wimbledon, where she experienced a first round loss to world No. 80, Patricia Mayr.  After this, Keothavong played the Bank of the West Classic in Stanford, California, where she lost in the opening round of the singles to Elena Dementieva. Keothavong also played in the doubles with Ayumi Morita against Julie Coin and Marie-Ève Pelletier, trailing 4–6, 5–3 when she attempted to run down a drop shot and, in trying to avoid a collision with the net post, suffered a serious knee injury, rupturing her left anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus, a similar injury to the one she suffered in 2004 in her right knee. This injury ended Keothavong's year and as a result, her year-end ranking dropped to world No. 84.

2010.

After six months out of action due to her knee injury, Keothavong returned to competitive action in February 2010 at the Fed Cup. She faced Patricia Mayr of Austria in her first match back and was beaten in straight sets. She partnered Sarah Borwell to take on Mayr and Yvonne Meusburger in the doubles and again lost in straight sets. However Keothavong did manage to claim victory in her other two singles ties against players from Belarus and the Netherlands.  Keothavong then returned to the tour at the Dow Corning Tennis Classic in Michigan in the 100k event. Keothavong battled past Croatia's Ivana Lisjak in three sets before only dropping two games in a drubbing of Daniilidou of Greece. She then faced Marta Domachowska of Poland and went down in three sets after she won the first.  At the Cellular South Cup in Memphis, Keothavong reached the semifinals, on her return to the main tour. By defeating Kristina Barrois, Michelle Larcher de Brito, and Karolina Šprem in three impressive wins, all in straight sets. She then fell in three sets to Sofia Arvidsson in the semifinals, after battling back from a set down lost she lost the decider.  Keothavong then competed in two Premier tournaments, the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells and Sony Ericsson Open in Miami. Keothavong crashed out in round one in both tournaments. To Anna Chakvetadze of Russia in three sets after winning the first to continue her losing record against her in Indian Wells. And under sad circumstances in Miami as she lost in straight sets to Tamira Paszek and said afterwards "Frankly tennis didn’t seem that important today" after receiving news before the match that her grandmother had died.  Less than a week after her loss in Miami, Keothavong bounced back in a 75k event in Monzón, Spain. She reached the quarterfinals after beating two Asian players, Yurika Sema in straight sets and Tamarine Tanasugarn in three after losing a tight first set. She bowed out to Maria Elena Camerin in straight sets.  Keothavong then moved on to Torhout, Belgium for a 50k event. She made it to the semifinals after taking out Shapatava of Georgia, Ukraine's Kristina Antoniychuk and Canada's Valérie Tétreault in straight sets. In the semifinals she faced another Canadian, Rebecca Marino, Keothavong lost.  At Wimbledon she was defeated in the first round by Anastasia Rodionova.  Keothavong entered the Luxembourg Open using a protected ranking and reached the semifinals after beating Virginie Razzano, Patty Schnyder and Iveta Benešová but was beaten by Roberta Vinci, preventing Keothavong from making her first WTA Tour final.  This year, Keothavong and Laura Robson, as members of Team Aegon, received the equivalent of £48k to provide them with personal coaches plus a £12k travel budget.

2011.

At the beginning of the year in Australia, Keothavong reached the second round of the ASB Classic in Auckland losing to Kateryna Bondarenko 5–7, 3–6 and the second round of the Australian Open, where she qualified, losing to 30th seed Andrea Petkovic 6–2, 5–7, 0–6.  Keothavong then played several ITF circuit events with limited success. She then entered the French Open where she lost a closely fought match in the first round to Vesna Dolonc 6–3, 6–7, 4–6.  She then moved onto grass in her home country and won a round at the $100k event in Nottingham before losing to Stéphanie Dubois. At Eastbourne, Keothavong entered the qualifying round, defeating eighth seed Alizé Cornet 6–4, 6–2 and Sorana Cîrstea 6–3, 6–3 before losing in the final round to Mirjana Lučić 5–7, 1–6. At Wimbledon, Keothavong defeated fellow Briton Naomi Broady in the first round 6–2, 6–4 before losing in the second round to No. 8 seed and eventual champion Petra Kvitová.  Keothavong had little success during the U.S. hard court series, but the majority of her successes for 2011 came during the European hard court series towards the end of the year. Keothavong qualified and reached the second round of the Generali Ladies Linz, losing a close match to third seed Jelena Janković 6–3, 2–6, 1–6. Keothavong then qualified again and this time reached the semifinals of the BGL Luxembourg Open, defeating Ana Ivanovic 6–3, 6–2 along the way before losing a close match to Monica Niculescu 5–7, 6–4, 3–6.  Keothavong then won back-to-back ITF events. She won the $75k event in Barnstaple, defeating Marta Domachowska in the final 6–1, 6–3 and she also won the doubles event with Eva Birnerová. She then won the singles title in the $50k event in Ismaning, defeating Yvonne Meusburger in the final 6–3, 1–6, 6–2 and again winning the doubles title as well, this time with Kiki Bertens.

2012.

Keothavong played her first event of the 2012 season at the ASB Classic where she was the top-seed in the qualifying tournament. She defeated Australian wild card Emily Fanning 6–3, 6–4 in the first round, and followed this with a 6–3, 6–3 victory over Varvara Lepchenko. In the third round Keothavong lost 6–1, 6–4 to Jamie Hampton.  Keothavong went straight into the main draw at the Australian Open, but had to retire due to illness from her first-round match after losing the first set to Mona Barthel.  Keothavong was selected for the British Fed Cup team to play in the Europe/Africa Group 1 match at Eilat, Israel on 1–4 February 2012. In the group stages she played singles, defeating opponents from Portugal, and Israel in the group stages but losing to the Netherlands. The team qualified for a play-off against Austria in which Keothavong beat Patricia Mayr-Achleitner 7–6, 6–3 and Great Britain won 2–0 to secure a place in the World Group II play-off to be held in April 2012.  Keothavong lost in straight sets in the first round of the French Open.  In Wimbledon, Keothavong lost her second round match against Sara Errani, 1–6, 1–6.  At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she was knocked out in the first round by Caroline Wozniaki, and she and team-mate Elena Baltacha were also knocked out in the first round of the women's doubles.

2013.

Keothavong made a disappointing start to 2013, losing in the first round qualifier in the Australian Open to Grace Min. Despite this, she was still named in the Fed Cup team alongside Laura Robson, Heather Watson and Johanna Konta to face Portugal, Hungary and Bosnia. Keothavong reached her first WTA final with doubles partner Valeria Savinykh, surprisingly reaching the doubles final of the Brasil Tennis Cup. They were, however, beaten by top seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues and Yaroslava Shvedova, 0–6, 4–6. She played her final match of her career at the Wimbledon Championships, losing in the first round to Spanish teenager Garbiñe Muguruza by the scoreline of 4–6, 0–6.

Retirement.

On 24 July 2013, she announced her retirement from professional tennis.  In December 2016, Keothavong was selected as the new captain for the Great Britain Fed Cup team, replacing Judy Murray. She was involved in controversy in 2017 when Ilie Năstase, captain of the Romania Fed Cup team, used obscene language towards her and the British team during a match. At the pre-match dinner the day before, Nastase had asked for Keothavong's room number.

Playing style.

Keothavong's greatest strength is her powerful forehand which she uses to try to dominate play from the baseline and she adds as much topspin as possible to increase the probability of the ball landing in court. As well as her forehand, she can rely on her first-serve to get her some easy points as she often has a high first-serve percentage and usually wins the majority of points on her first-serve. She rarely has a match where she serves no aces at all, and in her second round match at the 2008 US Open she served a total of seven aces.

Anne Viensouk Keothavong (born 16 September 1983) is a retired British tennis player. During her career she won a total of 28 titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, and reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 48 (achieved on 23 February 2009). She also reached the semifinals of six WTA International tournaments, and the semifinals of one Premier tournament. Anne was British No. 1 at the year-end rankings five times, and in 2009 became the first British player to make the WTA top 50 since 1993. In April 2001, aged 17, she became, until Katie Swan in 2016, the youngest player ever to play in the Fed Cup for Great Britain, and she is second (alongside Elena Baltacha) to Virginia Wade's record for most Fed Cup ties played for Great Britain with 39.

Anne Keothavong (née le à Hackney, Grand Londres) est une joueuse de tennis professionnelle britannique. Sa surface de prédilection est le dur. En 2009, lors du tournoi de Stanford, elle se rompt les ligaments antérieurs du genou gauche ainsi que le ménisque. Le, elle annonce qu'elle arrête sa carrière professionnelle pour rejoindre BT Sport afin de commenter les tournois WTA. Elle est actuellement capitaine de l'équipe de Fed Cup de la Grande Bretagne.


History.

Debut and demo tape.

Arising from a very assorted musical scene, the band played under the name of Breed Machine until changing their musical structure. The founding members were Nuno Loureiro (lead guitar and vocals), Paulo Lafaia (drums), Alexandre Afonso (bass), and Ricardo Correia (guitar). All of them had previous projects, including Nuno Merciless Death, Exiled, Sublevel, Disaffected, Grog, and Squad. All of the members had also played with Mortify. The band started to work on songs, they began to tour, and in the last two weeks of December 1998, they released a demo tape. The tape was produced by Nuno Loureiro and recorded in the band's rehearsal room.

"Aggressive Ways to Pacify".

In April 1999, work on the debut album, "Aggressive Ways to Pacify", began in the Rec'N'Roll studios, owned by Luis Barros. Soon after, the band signed a record deal with Paranoid Records. "Aggressive Ways to Pacify" was released in 2001. After its release, Painstruck began an extensive tour of Portugal and Spain. The tour included a two-date set with the heavy-metal band Biohazard. In summer 2002, Painstruck received an invitation to play at one of Portugal's largest summer festivals, Ermal. Other invitees included Slipknot, Dimmu Borgir, and the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion.

"A Whole New Perception".

"Aggressive Ways to Pacify" sold well in Portugal that year. The second album, "A Whole New Perception", was already finished by March, and was released in October 2002. Painstruck aimed for this to be their masterpiece. The first release of the album sold out, and a second edition, with never-before-seen photos and videos, was released.  In 2003, Painstruck played a two-night set with Stone Sour. A friend of the band recorded the action and compiled the footage in a video for one of the band's singles, "In Us You Live." The video played throughout the year on the TV station Sol Musica, and the band was invited to the 2003 Ermal festival, one of Portugal's most famous festivals.

Recent events.

In April 2005, the band began a new round of touring. Early in 2006, they opened for Testament. In, 2006, Painstruck released an EP, "The Scalpel", and in 2008, a self-released album, "Hell's Wrath In God's Glory".

Painstruck are a doom-death band from Portugal formed in August 1997. The current members of the group are Nuno Loureiro, Raul Vicente, and Paulo Lafaia.

Painstruck est un groupe de death-thrash metal et metalcore portugais, originaire de Lisbonne. Formé en 1997, le groupe se nomme initialement Breed Machine avant de se rebaptiser peu de temps après la même année. Après une démo, un EP, et trois albums studio le groupe se sépare en 2008.


Career.

Schenken's lower formula results included winning the 1968 British Lombank Formula Three Championship, winning the 1968 Grovewood Award, winning the 1968 British Formula Ford Championship, winning the 1968 ER Hall Formula Three Trophy, winning the 1969 French Craven A Formula Three Championship, winning the 1969 Greater London Formula Three Trophy, finishing fourth in the 1971 European Formula Two Championship and finishing third in the 1972 Brazilian Formula Two International Tournament.  He had a great deal of success in Sports Cars racing for Ferrari. In 1972 he won the Buenos Aires 1000 km and Nurburgring 1000 km races, finished second in the Daytona 6hour, Sebring 12hour, Brands Hatch 1000 km and the Watkins Glen 6hour, and finished third at the Monza 1000 km and Zeltweg 1000 km races. 1973 saw him finish second at the Vallelunga 6hour and Monza 1000 km races. In 1975 and 1976 he finished second in the Nurburgring 1000 km and then in 1977 he won the Nurburgring 1000 km race for a second time. At Le Mans in 1976 he finished second in the GT Class and was 16th overall. In 1975 he was runner up in the European GT Championship and finished third in the championship in 1976.  In 1974 he co-founded Tiga Race Cars in Britain with New Zealander Howden Ganley, whose cars had great success in the Sports 2000 category, and constructed cars for a number of over formulae. He is currently employed each year as the Race Director for the Australian V8 Supercar Championship Series. He also is a director of the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport, the Clerk of the Course at the Australian Grand Prix and was the Clerk of the Course for the inaugural 2008 Singapore Grand Prix.  As of the 2019 season, Schenken is one of only five Australians who have stood on the podium for a Formula One Grand Prix. The others are Grand Prix winners Mark Webber and Daniel Ricciardo, as well as World Champions Sir Jack Brabham and Alan Jones.  On 16 June 2016, Tim Schenken was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the General Division as part of the Queen’s Birthday honours. He is currently the Director of Race Operations for CAMS.  He is married and has a son, Guido, and identical twin daughters, Laura and Natalie.

Timothy "Tim" Theodore Schenken (born 26 September 1943) is a former racing driver from Sydney, Australia. He participated in 36 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 16 August 1970. He achieved one career podium at the 1971 Austrian Grand Prix, and scored a total of seven championship points. He did however have two non-championship race podiums – he finished third in the 1971 BRDC International Trophy and third in the 1972 International Gold Cup.

Tim Schenken est un pilote automobile australien né le à. Schenken a notamment disputé 34 Grands Prix de Formule 1 entre 1970 et 1974. Il a inscrit un total de 7 points, son meilleur résultat en course étant une troisième place, lors du Grand Prix d’Autriche 1971. Il est maintenant directeur de course du Grand Prix d'Australie.


Etymology.

In Japan, early whalers called it or. It preys on the anchovy and it was commonly associated with the skipjack. As modern whaling shifted to the Sanriku area, whalemen confused the sei whale with it; now only applies to the latter. Incidentally, anchovies are dominant prey for both species off Japan. They are now called, for their resemblance to the sei whale.

Taxonomy.

The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are Bryde's whale "B. brydei" and the Sittang or Eden's whale "B. edeni", that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name "B. edeni" is commonly used or they are simply referred to "B." cf "brydei/edeni".  In 1878, the Scottish zoologist John Anderson, first curator of the Indian Museum in Calcutta, described "Balaenoptera edeni", naming it after the former British High Commissioner in Burma, Sir Ashley Eden, who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the Sittang and Beeling Rivers, on the Gulf of Martaban, where he found a 37-foot whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than 20 miles up the creek—it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species. In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at Durban and Saldanha, in South Africa, described "Balaenoptera brydei", naming it after the Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde. In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of "B. edeni" and "B. brydei" with a 39-foot, physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between Singapore and Sumatra, in July 1936, synonymized the two species into "B. edeni".  In the 1950s it was discovered that there were two types of "sei whale" off Japan, a northern form with longer, finer baleen and shorter ventral grooves and a southern form with shorter, coarser baleen and longer ventral grooves. They also differed in the shape of the palate. The former was caught off northeastern Honshu and eastern Hokkaido, while the latter was taken off western Kyushu and southern Honshu. Both were caught off the Bonin Islands, but at different seasons. It was realized that the northern form were indeed sei whales ("B. borealis"), but the southern form were Bryde's whale ("B. brydei/edeni"). A later study revealed that Bryde's caught off Japan exhibited lateral ridges on their rostrum, whereas sei whales lacked this feature.  In the 1960s it was discovered that some of the "sei whales" being caught off Brazil were also Bryde's whales based on the same characters that distinguished the two species off Japan (i.e. three ridges on the rostrum versus one, shape of the palate, texture of the baleen, length of the ventral grooves).

Description.

Several differences in anatomy are seen between Bryde's and Eden's whales; morphological similarities have caused confusions regarding species identification.

Size.

Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately-sized rorquals, falling behind sei whales, but being larger than Omura's whale and the relatively small minke whales. The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a female caught off Durban in November 1912, while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, were a female caught in October 1962 and a male caught in April 1963; both were the offshore form. At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages for males and for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages. The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging and adult females. At sexual maturity, males average and females near Japan. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are. The body mass of Bryde's whales can range.

External appearance.

The Bryde's whale is a baleen whale, more specifically a rorqual belonging to the same group as blue whales and humpback whales. It has twin blowholes with a low splashguard to the front. Like other rorquals, it has no teeth, but has two rows of baleen plates.  Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than fin whales), with the greatest height of the body being one seventh their total length—compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often a galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus—although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to the tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are long by wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles.  The 40 to 70 ventral pleats extend to or past the umbilicus, occupying about 58% and 57% of the total length, respectively; sei whales, though, have ventral pleats that extend only halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus, occupying only 45–47% of the total body length, whereas their umbilicus is usually 52% of the total body length. Both species are often covered with white or pink oval scars caused by bites from cookie-cutter sharks.  Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that is up to in height, average, and is usually between. It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender.

Behaviour.

Their blow is columnar or bushy, about high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleens, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons.  They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas. They are more active on the water surface than sei whales, especially in coastal waters.

Breathing.

They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to. When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at, but can reach. They sometimes generate short (0.4 seconds) powerful, low-frequency vocalizations that resemble a human moan.

Diet.

Bryde's whales feed on a wide variety of fish, planktonic crustaceans, and cephalopods. In the western North Pacific, Bryde's whales caught by Japanese scientific whaling vessels (2000–2007) mainly fed on Japanese anchovy ("Engraulis japonicus", 52%) and various species of euphausiid (36%, including "Euphausia similis", "E. gibboides", "Thysanoessa gregaria", and "Nematoscelis difficilis"), as well as oceanic lightfish ("Vinciguerria nimbaria", nearly 3%), and mackerels ("Scomber" spp., less than 2%). The prey differed by location and season. In coastal areas, euphausiids dominated the diet, comprising 89 and 75% of the diet in May and June, respectively. Further offshore, Japanese anchovy was the dominant species, accounting for nearly 100% of the diet in late summer. Based on the stomach contents of Bryde's whales caught by Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions in the North Pacific in the 1970s, the majority where found to feed on euphausiids (nearly 89%), whereas only about 11% fed on fish. Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between the inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on anchovies ("Engraulis capensis", 83%), maasbankers ("Trachurus trachurus", 36%), and pilchards ("Sardinops ocellata", 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with euphausiids ("Nyctiphanes capensis"). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily "Euphausia lucens", but also "E. recurva", "N. capensis", and "Thysanoessa gregaria"), as well as various deep-sea fish (including Mueller's pearlside, "Maurolicus muelleri", and a species of "Lestidium"). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as "Lycoteuthis diadema").  In the Gulf of California, they mainly feed on Pacific sardine ("Sardinops sagax") and Pacific thread herring ("Opisthonema libertate") (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly "Nyctiphanes simplex", 11%). They have also been observed feeding on pelagic red crabs ("Pleuroncodes planipes") off southern Baja California. In the Coral Sea, the South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean, they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with anchovies ("E. australis") in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale). Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets especially within Gulf of Tosa.  Along southeastern coasts of Brazil, whales add twisting movements to lunge feeding.  In the Pacific and northern Indian Ocean, Bryde's whales have been observed employing "tread-water feeding" or "trap feeding," a behaviour more commonly known from the northern Gulf of Thailand which is also performed by humpback whales in the northeastern Pacific.

Reproduction and nurturing.

Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about long at birth and weigh. They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are. The mother nurses for 6–12 months.

Distribution.

"B. brydei".

"B. brydei" occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of. In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as Honshu to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as Washington in the United States. A resident population is found in the Gulf of California and they occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including Peru and Ecuador, where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off Chile between 35° and 37°S. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the North Island of New Zealand.  Based on osteological features, a specimen from Taiwan was referred to "B. brydei", while several specimens from the Philippines and Indonesia differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in the pelagic western North Pacific and Bonin Islands (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off Hawaii, the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to "B. brydei". Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands. Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern Sea of Japan on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-meter-long specimen at Nakhodka in 2011.  "B. brydei" occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about 35°S. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to "B. brydei", as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the Maldives. Individuals sighted in the Red Sea may or may not be "B. brydei". Bryde's whales are considered to be more common in Red Sea than previously thought, and possibly a local resident group exists within the sea. Whales still migrate through coastal areas nearby such as in Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Aqaba, and in Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz.  In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as Cape Hatteras. They occur in the Gulf of Mexico and throughout the wider Caribbean—two specimens from Aruba were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within "B. brydei" and to form a clade with a specimen from Madeira and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the Azores in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms, but do not occur in the Mediterranean Sea (regarding the bones of a baleen whale found, Bryde's whale was listed as one of suggested species). They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around Rio de Janeiro—Cape Frio, Armação dos Búzios, entrance to Guanabara Bay, Ilha Anchieta State Park, Ilha Grande, and so on. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and Saldanha Bay, whereas the larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter. Regular occurrences have been noted around Cape Verde as well.  Distribution of the group in Gulf of Mexico has been restricted in a very small area unlike the original range occupying throughout the gulf, and the total abundance is estimated to be from 33 to 44 or around 100 individuals.  There are unusually large aggressions of Bryde's whales inhabit between Curaçao and Venezuela.

"B. edeni".

The type specimen is from the Gulf of Martaban coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the Bay of Bengal coast of Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Thailand to Vietnam, Taiwan and continental China. A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in the East China Sea has also been referred to "B. edeni". A whale stranded in Hong Kong and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size—estimated at in length—sighted off the northeastern side of the Solomon Islands during a survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to "B. edeni". Four of the whales, estimated at in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from in length. It is unknown whether eight small individuals—reaching only at maturity—caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of "B. edeni" or "B. omurai". Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces to Hainan Island and the north-eastern tip of the Gulf of Tonkin such as off Tieshangang District and around Weizhou and Xieyang Islands. For further information on whales in Chinese waters, see "Wildlife of China". "B. edeni" is also considered to be the most common baleen whales in Vietnamese waters. Resident local groups have been found rather cosmopolitan among southeast to east Asian waters such as at Gulf of Thailand, Sundarbans National Park, Thandwe and Mergui Archipelago, Kasasa, Kagoshima and Koshikijima Islands, Gulf of Tosa. In Bohol Sea and nearby Sulu Sea, the first documented reappearance was in 2010 although there have been previous sightings in the region such as off Pamilacan Island in 2004. Nationally endangered, resident population occur on east coasts of North Island, New Zealand including Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf, and Bay of Plenty.

Population.

The population may include up to 90,000–100,000 animals worldwide, with two thirds inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere.  For management purposes, the U.S. population is divided into three groups: the Eastern Tropical Pacific stock (11,000–13,000 animals) and the Hawaiian stock (350–500) and an endangered stock of about 100 whales in the Gulf of Mexico. As of 2016, the Bryde's whale is considered to be critically endangered in New Zealand as there are approximately 200 left in the wild.  Prior to 2006, only two confirmed sightings of Bryde's whale had been reported in the eastern North Pacific north of Baja California—one in January 1963, only a kilometer off La Jolla (originally misidentified as a fin whale), and another in October 1991 west of Monterey Bay. Between August 2006 and September 2010, six sightings were made by scientists in the Southern California Bight. Five were west of San Clemente Island, and one between San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island. All but one involved single individuals. Another sighting was made off Dana Point, California, on 19 September 2009, which was originally misidentified as a fin whale.  More recently, a rare sighting of an adult Bryde's whale and its young calf was seen feeding off of the coast of Auckland, New Zealand by a team of researchers from the Auckland University of Technology.  In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends.

Conservation.

"Balaenoptera edeni" is listed as least concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.  It is listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I, which prohibits international trade.  "Balaenoptera brydei" has yet to be evaluated.  Bryde's whale is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.  In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).

Whaling.

Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in the 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. The Japanese hunt this species as part of their scientific whaling program. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines.  Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and Soviet (1966–79) fleets, as well as from Taiwan (1976–80), the Bonin Islands (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the Philippines (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981–87, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in the mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924–29; two were also caught off central California in 1966.  An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932–79. Over 2,000 were caught off Cape Province, South Africa, from 1911–67, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler "Sierra" in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off Brazil from 1948–77, but possibly only 8%.  Over 30,000 Bryde's whales were caught between 1911 and '87, including over 1,400 taken by the Soviets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1948–73 (only 19 were reported). The peak reported catches were reached in 1973–74 and 1974–75, when over 1,800 were taken each year. In 2000, the Japanese began implementing a scientific research programme involving an annual catch of 50 Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific. Nearly 500 have been caught since the program began (as of 2009).

Other threats and incidents.

Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. Anthropogenic noise is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.  These whales are protected off the USA by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.  In March 2019, a diver off the coast of South Africa was accidentally caught in the mouth of a feeding Bryde's whale. The diver and tour-operator, Rainer Schimpf, was photographing sharks circling a bait-ball of fish, when the whale suddenly appeared from below and opened its mouth near the surface in an attempt to swallow the fish. In doing so, it accidentally engulfed Schimpf as well; his entire upper body (down to his waist) went into the whale's mouth. The whale gripped him with its jaws for a few moments as Schimpf held his breath and feared the whale would deep dive. Soon after the whale submerged again, it quickly spit Schimpf (who was unharmed) back out and swam away.  Tourists on jet skis have harassed whales off the gulf coast of Phetchaburi Province, Thailand.

Bryde's whale ( ), or the Bryde's whale complex, putatively comprises two species of rorqual and maybe three. The "complex" means the number and classification remains unclear because of a lack of definitive information and research. The common Bryde's whale ("Balaenoptera brydei", Olsen, 1913) is a larger form that occurs worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and the Sittang or Eden's whale ("B. edeni", Anderson, 1879) is a smaller form that may be restricted to the Indo-Pacific. And also, a smaller, coastal form of "B. brydei" is found off southern Africa, and perhaps another form in the Indo-Pacific differs in skull morphology, tentatively referred to as the Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale. The recently described Omura's whale ("B. omurai", Wada et al. 2003), was formerly thought to be a pygmy form of Bryde's, but is now recognized as a distinct species.

Le Rorqual de Bryde ou rorqual tropical ("Balaenoptera edeni" syn. "Balaenoptera brydei") est un cétacé appartenant à la famille des "Balaenopteridae". Le plus ancien fossile connu de ce rorqual a été retrouvé à Osaka (Japon) et date d'une période entre 6.800 et 2000 av. J.-C..


Personal life.

He was married to the Australian women's soccer player Danielle Small from 2006 to 2009. He is now married to Jessica Jaques, and is the father to a son Samuel Jaques and daughter Charlotte Jaques.

Early career and domestic success.

Jaques commenced his cricketing career whilst a student at Nareena Hills Public School in Wollongong. A junior with the Wests team in Wollongong he moved onto the Sutherland club while still attending Figtree High School to further his career.  In 1999 Jaques was awarded a cricketing scholarship by New South Wales, which enabled him to spend the English summer playing for Northern Cricket Club near Liverpool. A last minute call up to the NSW team on 15 March 2001 for a match against Queensland saw him rush from Sydney to Brisbane where he arrived in time to debut at the unfamiliar number 10 position with the score at 70/8, up against a Queensland attack on a seaming green-top, he top scored with 40.  After struggling to establish himself for New South Wales thereafter, Jaques transformed his career by signing for the English County Championship side Northamptonshire in 2003. He was prolific, hitting over 1200 runs including a double century and returned to NSW an established member of the Pura Cup Champions. 2003/04 saw the consolidation of Jaques' English form in Australia as he built a reputation of being a player who could score quickly but also occupy the crease for many hours. After returning to England to play for Yorkshire (1,118 runs in 2004 and 1,359 in 2005) and maintaining a consistent standard with New South Wales (1,191 runs in 2004–05), many were calling for his promotion to the national team. He went back to England to play for Worcestershire for the 2006 and 2007 seasons, where he scored 1689 runs in 18 matches. Uniquely for the current Australian test team, Jaques has played more first-class games overseas than he has in Australia (62 overseas, mainly in England, 51 in Australia as of 25 November 2007). His batting average in the English County Championship is also quite a lot better than his average in the Pura Cup (59.31 compared to 47.46 as of 25 November 2007).

Eligibility.

Jaques was born to English parents, Stuart and Mary, and is a holder of a British passport. This made him eligible to play for both England and Australia. With Matthew Hayden and Justin Langer established at the top of the Australian batting line up, Jaques himself did not rule out qualifying to become an English player. However, his desire to play for Australia proved too strong, and his record-breaking form in the 2004–05 season led to his Australian international call-up.

International cricket.

In 2005–06 a timely century in the Pura Cup followed three consecutive centuries in the ING Cup for New South Wales, and Jaques was selected for the Australian squad for the 2nd Test against South Africa starting on Boxing Day, 2005 in Melbourne after regular opener Justin Langer pulled a hamstring in the previous match. He was unable to capitalise however, making only 2 and 28. Jaques was given another chance making 66 in his second Test against Bangladesh in April 2006 after Langer was ruled out with concussion sustained in an earlier Test.  Making his One-Day International debut for Australia against South Africa, Jaques made 94, falling six runs short of his maiden century. His innings broke a 23-year-old record of the highest score on debut for Australia in a One-Day International. In November 2006, Jaques scored successive centuries in three days against England, in the warm up to the 2006–07 Ashes series in Australia. His first, playing for a Prime Minister's XI, was an impressive 112. His second was 107, playing for New South Wales. However the selectors stuck with regular openers Hayden and Langer and Jaques was forced to bide his time with NSW. One year later, and following the retirement from international cricket of Justin Langer, Jaques was called up to the Test squad for the home series against Sri Lanka ahead of his rival for the place, Western Australia's Chris Rogers, in part due to a fluent second innings 167 in a Pura Cup match against Western Australia in which Rogers scored 9 and 17.  Jaques took full advantage of his opportunity to start to cement a permanent opening slot in the Australian side by scoring his maiden test century in the first test at the Gabba. Jaques was dropped on 68 and 90 but made the most of these lives to notch up his first hundred at international level with a boundary off the first ball after a drinks break. His century came from 196 balls and included 14 fours, it having taken him 34 deliveries to get off the mark. He was dismissed without adding to his score just seven balls later, stumped by Prasanna Jayawardene off Muttiah Muralitharan. One week later, Jaques impressed again by scoring 150 and 68 in the second test at the Bellerive Oval. This was enough for him to be selected as Hayden's opening partner for the 2008 West Indies tour where he starred with a century in the final test at Bridgetown. On the subsequent tour to India he was dropped when Simon Katich was selected ahead of him. He returned home early to have surgery on long term back problems, and did not return to the Test team.  For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World Test XI by Cricinfo.

Philip Anthony Jaques (; born 3 May 1979 in Wollongong, New South Wales) is a former Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed opening batsman who has played first-class cricket for New South Wales, Northamptonshire, Yorkshire and Worcestershire, as well as international cricket for Australia.

Philip Anthony Jaques, dit Phil Jaques, né le à Wollongong, est un joueur de cricket international australien. Cet ouvreur, c'est-à-dire l'un des deux premiers batteurs d'une manche, débute avec l'équipe de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en 2000. Né de parents britanniques, il choisit de jouer avec l'équipe d'Australie et dispute son premier test-match en 2005 et son premier en 2006.


Synopsis.

In the pilot episode, Ricky Stratton (Ricky Schroder) arrives at the mansion of the father he has never met to introduce himself, move in, and get to know him better. Edward Stratton III (Joel Higgins) epitomizes the phrase "overgrown child"; he has never taken responsibility for anything in his life, including his toy business, Eddie's Toys. Ricky recognizes that his father needs to grow up; Edward thinks his son is too uptight and needs to have more fun while he's still young.  Edward's father is played by John Houseman as the intelligent, well-to-do patriarch and industrialist whose demeanor starkly contrasts with Edward's and seems more similar to Ricky's (at first). Throughout the series, the comic tension arises between Grandfather Stratton's belief that people with money are obligated to make more money and Edward's belief that money should be used to make people happy. Ricky is often caught between the two, wishing only for peace and harmony within the family.  Ricky's mother is Evelyn Bluedhorn (Christine Belford). Edward and Evelyn's romantic relationship led to a week-long marriage. Now Evelyn has remarried and placed Ricky in a military boarding school. When Ricky arrives at the Stratton residence, Edward is stunned to discover that his long-ago brief marriage produced a son (when he expressed incredulousness because he "wasn't married that long," Ricky pointed out, "It doesn't "take" that long"). At first he sends Ricky right back to the boarding school; later he dresses up as a swamp monster to take Ricky out of the school and back to the mansion to live with him. The mansion is stocked with arcade games and a scale-model freight train runs through it.  Edward exhibits his childishness and playfulness in many ways, such as performing a little dance while the "Pac-Man" plays its theme song. Stratton's personal assistant, Kate Summers (Erin Gray), is often the voice of reason. Kate's role adds tension to the show and provides incentive for Edward to act more maturely (at least sometimes). Edward and Kate's will-they-or-won't-they relationship gives way to a third-season wedding.  During the series' early years, Ricky befriends "bad boy" Derek Taylor (Jason Bateman, seasons 1–2), smooth-talking "cowboy" J.T. Martin (Bobby Fite, seasons 1–2), and "nerdy" Freddy Lippincottleman (Corky Pigeon, seasons 1–4). They get into a lot of trouble and learn many childhood lessons along the way.  Edward's original attorney was Leonard Rollins (Leonard Lightfoot), who departed after the first season, and was replaced by the aptly named business manager Dexter Stuffins (Franklyn Seales), who was somewhat stuffier and more erudite than Leonard had been. Dexter remained through the rest of the series and was joined in fall 1984 by his hip, breakdancing nephew Alfonso Spears (Alfonso Ribeiro, seasons 3–5), who became Ricky's new best friend. Once Ricky, Freddy and Alfonso were in high school in season four, their circle was completed by Brad (Billy Jacoby, seasons 4–5), a reintroduction of the type of "bad boy"-character similar to that of Derek during the show's early years. That year, as Kate and Edward adjusted to married life, Kate's doddering uncle, Harry Summers (Ray Walston), moved into the Stratton mansion.

Production notes.

Theme song.

The show's theme song titled "Together" was written by Rik Howard and Bob Wirth. The original version was accompanied mostly by guitar with vocals by Ron Dante. Two other versions of the theme were used during the show's run. A synthesized version was used in 1985 with a different vocalist. The third version of the theme, a rock version, was introduced in January 1986 and began in use during the second half of season 4 with vocals again by Ron Dante and composed by Ray Colcord.

The Stratton mansion.

The brick Tudor period mansion shown in the opening credits is actually a private residence located in Warwickshire, England. The elaborate home, named Compton Wynyates, was built in 1481. Before "Silver Spoons", it was used in the 1977 Disney film "Candleshoe", starring Helen Hayes, Jodie Foster and David Niven.

Reruns and syndication.

Reruns of "Silver Spoons" aired on NBC's daytime schedule from July 1, 1985 to September 20, 1985 at 10:00am (EST).  The show was also rerun on WWOR EMI Service from December 28, 1992 to September 3, 1993. Select episodes were also aired on Nick at Nite in 2001 and 2005. The show is also available on Xfinity digital cable's On Demand service as of September 19, 2006. Chicago's WWME ("Me TV") currently airs two episodes back to back on Saturday afternoons. The first season is also available for purchase by episode or season on iTunes. In 2008, video on demand sites Hulu and Crackle began airing the syndicated version of the first season of "Silver Spoons".  FamilyNet (now The Cowboy Channel) aired reruns of the series nightly with back-to-back episodes at 9pm Eastern (and noon ET Mondays-Saturdays), until June 30, 2017, when the network underwent a programming format change the following day. Antenna TV began airing reruns of the series starting in January 2018.

Home media.

On June 19, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of "Silver Spoons" on DVD in Region 1. As of 2015, this release has been discontinued and is out of print. It is unknown if the remaining 4 seasons will be released.

Silver Spoons is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from September 25, 1982, to May 11, 1986, and in first-run syndication from September 27, 1986, to May 30, 1987. The series was produced by Embassy Television for the first four seasons, until Embassy Communications moved the series to syndication.

Ricky ou la Belle Vie ("") est une série télévisée américaine en 116 épisodes de 23 minutes, créée par Howard Leeds, Ben Starr et Martin Cohan et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau NBC et entre le et le en syndication.


Evolution and purpose of codes of journalism.

Journalism's codes of ethics are intended to ensure reliability of reported information by defining acceptable practices; and provide guidelines about circumstances to avoid that could interfere with, or appear to interfere with, the reliability of reported information. Circumstances to avoid include conflicts of interest. The guidelines assist journalists in identifying and dealing with ethical dilemmas. When such circumstances cannot be avoided, they should be disclosed so that recipients of reported information can judge potential bias in the reporting. The codes and canons provide journalists with a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction.  Journalism is guided by five values:

Codes of practice.

While journalists in the United States and European countries have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news reporting organizations in most countries with freedom of the press. The written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, but there is substantial overlap between mainstream publications and societies. The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) launched a global Ethical Journalism Initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013 the Ethical Journalism Network was founded by former IFJ General Secretary Aidan White. This coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media.  One of the leading voices in the U.S. on the subject of journalistic standards and ethics is the Society of Professional Journalists. The Preamble to its Code of Ethics states: ...public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist's credibility.  The Radio Television Digital News Association, an organization exclusively centered on electronic journalism, has a code of ethics centering on public trust, truthfulness, fairness, integrity, independence, and accountability.  The Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation, revealed a new Journalism Code of Practice designed to reflect the key standards and principles of modern journalism. The new Code of Practice is particularly notable for officially recognizing that journalism is no longer solely the preserve of the professional journalist.

Common elements.

The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following.

Harm limitation principle.

During the normal course of an assignment a reporter might go about gathering facts and details, conducting interviews, doing research and background checks, taking photos, and recording video and sound in search of justice. Harm limitation deals with the questions of whether everything learned should be reported and, if so, how. This principle of limitation means that some weight needs to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating a practical and ethical dilemma. The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics offers the following advice, which is representative of the practical ideas of most professional journalists. Quoting directly:

Self-regulation.

In addition to codes of ethics, many news organizations maintain an in-house ombudsman whose role is, in part, to keep news organizations honest and accountable to the public. The ombudsman is intended to mediate in conflicts stemming from internal or external pressures, to maintain accountability to the public for news reported, to foster self-criticism, and to encourage adherence to both codified and uncodified ethics and standards. This position may be the same or similar to the public editor, though public editors also act as a liaison with readers and do not generally become members of the Organisation of News Ombudsmen.  An alternative is a news council, an industry-wide self-regulation body, such as the Press Complaints Commission, set up by UK newspapers and magazines. Such a body is capable of applying fairly consistent standards and of dealing with a higher volume of complaints but may not escape criticisms of being toothless.

Ethics and standards in practice.

One of the most controversial issues in modern reporting is media bias, particularly on political issues, but also with regard to cultural and other issues. Another is the controversial issue of checkbook journalism, which is the practice of news reporters paying sources for their information. In the U.S. it is generally considered unethical, with most mainstream newspapers and news shows having a policy forbidding it. While tabloid newspapers and tabloid television shows, which rely more on sensationalism, regularly engage in the practice.  There are also some wider concerns, as the media continue to change, for example, that the brevity of news reports and use of soundbites has reduced fidelity to the truth, and may contribute to a lack of needed context for public understanding. From outside the profession, the rise of news management contributes to the real possibility that news media may be deliberately manipulated. Selective reporting (spiking, double standards) are very commonly alleged against newspapers, and by their nature are forms of bias not easy to establish, or guard against.  This section does not address specifics of such matters, but issues of practical compliance, as well as differences between professional journalists on principles.

Standards and reputation.

Among the leading news organizations that voluntarily adopt and attempt to uphold the common standards of journalism ethics described herein, adherence and general quality vary considerably. The professionalism, reliability, and public accountability of a news organization are three of its most valuable assets. An organization earns and maintains a strong reputation in part through the consistent implementation of ethical standards, which influence its position with the public and within the industry.

Genres, ethics, and standards.

Advocacy journalists—a term of some debate even within the field of journalism—by definition tend to reject "objectivity", while at the same time maintaining many other common standards and ethics.  Civic journalism adopts a modified approach to objectivity; instead of being uninvolved spectators, the press is active in facilitating and encouraging public debate and examining claims and issues critically. This does not necessarily imply advocacy of a specific political party or position.  Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and literary devices more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into the often book-length treatment of the subjects about which they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphor, digression and other such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. They venture outside the boundaries of standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts. One widely regarded author in the genre is Joyce Carol Oates, as with her book on boxer Mike Tyson.  Investigative journalism often takes an implicit point of view on a particular public interest, by asking pointed questions and intensely probing certain questions. With outlets that otherwise strive for neutrality on political issues, the implied position is often uncontroversial—for example, that political corruption or abuse of children is wrong and perpetrators should be exposed and punished, that government money should be spent efficiently, or that the health of the public or workers or veterans should be protected. Advocacy journalists often use investigative journalism in support of a particular political position, or to expose facts that are only concerning to those with certain political opinions. Regardless of whether or not it is undertaken for a specific political faction, this genre usually puts a strong emphasis on factual accuracy, because the point of an in-depth investigation of an issue is to expose facts that spur change. Not all investigations seek to expose facts about a particular problem; some data-driven reporting does deep analysis and presents interesting results for the general edification of the audience which might be interpreted in different ways or which may contain a wealth of facts concerned with many different potential problems. A factually-constrained investigation with an implied public interest point of view may also find that the system under investigation is working well.  New Journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic prose in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market segment. These favor a subjective perspective and emphasize immersive experiences over objective facts.  Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. The 2011 News International phone hacking scandal is an example of this. Supermarket tabloids are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have "news" stories that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic standards but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such claims.  Some publications deliberately engage in satire, but give the publication the design elements of a newspaper, for example, "The Onion", and it is not unheard of for other publications to offer the occasional, humorous articles appearing on April Fool's Day.

Relationship with freedom of the press.

In countries without freedom of the press, the majority of people who report the news may not follow the above-described standards of journalism. Non-free media are often prohibited from criticizing the national government, and in many cases are required to distribute propaganda as if it were news. Various other forms of censorship may restrict reporting on issues the government deems sensitive. In the United States, freedom of the press is protected under the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. Under the First Amendment, the government is not allowed to censor the press. The government does not have the right to try to control what is published and cannot prevent certain things from being published by the press. Prior constraint is an attempt by the government to prevent the expression of ideas before they are published. Some countries that have freedom of the press are the U.S., Canada, Western Europe and Scandinavia, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan and a handful of countries in South America.

Variations, violations, and controversies.

There are a number of finer points of journalistic procedure that foster disagreements in principle and variation in practice among "mainstream" journalists in the free press. Laws concerning libel and slander vary from country to country, and local journalistic standards may be tailored to fit. For example, the United Kingdom has a broader definition of libel than does the United States.  Accuracy is important as a core value and to maintain credibility, but especially in broadcast media, audience share often gravitates toward outlets that are reporting new information first. Different organizations may balance speed and accuracy in different ways. "The New York Times", for instance, tends to print longer, more detailed, less speculative, and more thoroughly verified pieces a day or two later than many other newspapers. 24-hour television news networks tend to place much more emphasis on getting the "scoop." Here, viewers may switch channels at a moment's notice; with fierce competition for ratings and a large amount of airtime to fill, fresh material is very valuable. Because of the fast turn-around, reporters for these networks may be under considerable time pressure, which reduces their ability to verify information.  Laws with regard to personal privacy, official secrets, and media disclosure of names and facts from criminal cases and civil lawsuits differ widely, and journalistic standards may vary accordingly. Different organizations may have different answers to questions about when it is journalistically acceptable to skirt, circumvent, or even break these regulations. Another example of differences surrounding harm reduction is the reporting of preliminary election results. In the United States, some news organizations feel that it is harmful to the democratic process to report exit poll results or preliminary returns while voting is still open. Such reports may influence people who vote later in the day, or who are in western time zones, in their decisions about how and whether or not to vote. There is also some concern that such preliminary results are often inaccurate and may be misleading to the public. Other outlets feel that this information is a vital part of the transparency of the election process, and see no harm (if not considerable benefit) in reporting it.  Objectivity as a journalistic standard varies to some degree depending on the industry and country. For example, the government-funded BBC in the United Kingdom places a strong emphasis on political neutrality, but British newspapers more often tend to adopt political affiliations or leanings in both coverage and audience, sometimes explicitly. In the United States, major newspapers usually explicitly claim objectivity as a goal in news coverage, though most have separate editorial boards that endorse specific candidates and publish opinions on specific issues. Adherence to a claimed standard of objectivity is a constant subject of debate. For example, mainstream national cable news channels in the United States claim political objectivity but to various degrees, Fox News has been accused of conservative bias and MSNBC accused of liberal bias. The degree to which these leanings influence cherry-picking of facts, factual accuracy, the predominance of non-news opinion and commentators, audience opinion of the issues and candidates covered, visual composition, tone and vocabulary of stories is hotly debated.  News value is generally used to select stories for print, broadcast, blogs, and web portals, including those that focus on a specific topic. To a large degree, news value depends on the target audience. For example, a minor story in the United States is more likely to appear on CNN than a minor story in the Middle East which might be more likely to appear on Al Jazeera simply due to the geographic distribution of the channels' respective audiences. It is a matter of debate whether this means that either network is less than objective, and that controversy is even more complicated when considering coverage of political stories for different audiences that have different political demographics (as with Fox News vs. MSNBC).  Some digital media platforms can use criteria to choose stories which are different than traditional news value. For example, while the Google News portal essentially chooses stories based on news value (though indirectly, through the choices of large numbers of independent outlets), users can set Google Alerts on specific terms which define personal subjective interests. Search engines, news aggregators, and social network feeds sometimes change the presentation of content depending on the consumer's expressed or inferred preferences or leanings. This has both been cheered as bypassing traditional "gatekeepers" and whatever biases they may have in favor of audience-centric selection criteria, but criticized as creating a dangerous filter bubble which intentionally or unintentionally hides dissenting opinions and other content which might be important for the audience to see in order to avoid exposure bias and groupthink.

Taste, decency, and acceptability.

Audiences have different reactions to depictions of violence, nudity, coarse language, or to people in any other situation that is unacceptable to or stigmatized by the local culture or laws (such as the consumption of alcohol, homosexuality, illegal drug use, scatological images, etc.). Even with similar audiences, different organizations and even individual reporters have different standards and practices. These decisions often revolve around what facts are necessary for the audience to know.  When certain distasteful or shocking material is considered important to the story, there are a variety of common methods for mitigating negative audience reaction. Advance warning of explicit or disturbing material may allow listeners or readers to avoid content they would rather not be exposed to. Offensive words may be partially obscured or bleeped. Potentially offensive images may be blurred or narrowly cropped. Descriptions may be substituted for pictures; graphic detail might be omitted. Disturbing content might be moved from a cover to an inside page, or from daytime to late evening when children are less likely to be watching. There is often considerable controversy over these techniques, especially concern that obscuring or not reporting certain facts or details is self-censorship that compromises objectivity and fidelity to the truth, and which does not serve the public interest.  For example, images and graphic descriptions of war are often violent, bloody, shocking and profoundly tragic. This makes certain content disturbing to some audience members, but it is precisely these aspects of war that some consider to be the most important to convey. Some argue that "sanitizing" the depiction of war influences public opinion about the merits of continuing to fight, and about the policies or circumstances that precipitated the conflict. The amount of explicit violence and mutilation depicted in war coverage varies considerably from time to time, from organization to organization, and from country to country.  Reporters have also been accused of indecency in the process of collecting news, namely that they are overly intrusive in the name of journalistic insensitivity. War correspondent Edward Behr recounts the story of a reporter during the Congo Crisis who walked into a crowd of Belgian evacuees and shouted, "Anyone here been raped and speaks English?"

Campaigning in the media.

Many print publications take advantage of their wide readership and print persuasive pieces in the form of unsigned editorials that represent the official position of the organization. Despite the ostensible separation between editorial writing and news gathering, this practice may cause some people to doubt the political objectivity of the publication's news reporting. (Though usually unsigned editorials are accompanied by a diversity of signed opinions from other perspectives.)  Other publications and many broadcast media only publish opinion pieces that are attributed to a particular individual (who may be an in-house analyst) or to an outside entity. One particularly controversial question is whether media organizations should endorse political candidates for office. Political endorsements create more opportunities to construe favoritism in reporting, and can create a perceived conflict of interest.

Investigative methods.

Investigative journalism is largely an information-gathering exercise, looking for facts that are not easy to obtain by simple requests and searches, or are actively being concealed, suppressed or distorted. Where investigative work involves undercover journalism or use of whistleblowers, and even more if it resorts to covert methods more typical of private detectives or even spying, it brings a large extra burden on ethical standards.  Anonymous sources are double-edged—they often provide especially newsworthy information, such as classified or confidential information about current events, information about a previously unreported scandal, or the perspective of a particular group that may fear retribution for expressing certain opinions in the press. The downside is that the condition of anonymity may make it difficult or impossible for the reporter to verify the source's statements. Sometimes news sources hide their identities from the public because their statements would otherwise quickly be discredited. Thus, statements attributed to anonymous sources may carry more weight with the public than they might if they were attributed.  The Washington press has been criticized in recent years for excessive use of anonymous sources, in particular to report information that is later revealed to be unreliable. The use of anonymous sources increased markedly in the period before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Examples of ethical dilemmas.

One of the primary functions of journalism ethics is to aid journalists in dealing with many ethical dilemmas they may encounter. From highly sensitive issues of national security to everyday questions such as accepting a dinner from a source, putting a bumper sticker on one's car, publishing a personal opinion blog, a journalist must make decisions taking into account things such as the public's right to know, potential threats, reprisals and intimidations of all kinds, personal integrity, conflicts between editors, reporters and publishers or management, and many other such conundra. The following are illustrations of some of those.  A partial listing of questions received by The Ethics AdviceLine:

Criticisms.

Jesse Owen Hearns-Branaman of the National Institute of Development Administration, Thailand, argued that journalistic professionalism is a combination of two factors, secondary socialization of journalists in the workplace and the fetishization of journalistic norms and standards. In this way, undesirable traits in new journalists can be weeded out, and remaining journalists are free to cynically criticize journalistic professional norms as long as they keep working and following them. This criticism is adapted from interviews of twenty political journalists from BBC News, Sky News, "The Guardian", "The New York Times", "The Washington Post" and MSNBC/NBC News, and from philosopher Slavoj Žižek's concept of ideology.

Journalistic ethics and standards comprise principles of ethics and good practice applicable to journalists. This subset of media ethics is known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism". The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements by professional journalism associations and individual print, broadcast, and online news organizations.

La déontologie du journalisme est définie par deux textes de référence, dont l'un a été approuvé par les syndicats de journalistes des 6 pays membres de la CEE en 1971, plus ceux de la Suisse et de l'Autriche, la Déclaration des devoirs et des droits des journalistes, dite Charte de Munich, et l'autre rédigée en 1918 par le Syndicat National des Journalistes et modifié en 1938 et 2011, la Charte d'éthique professionnelle des journalistes. Certaines sociétés de presse ont rédigé leur propre charte « maison », qui ne s'applique que dans leurs murs. Les règles de déontologie sont, dans le journalisme, essentiellement déclaratives, et elles ne sont donc sanctionnées par aucune juridiction.