Early life, education and early career.

Dannel Patrick Malloy was born and raised in Stamford, Connecticut, the seventh of seven sons and youngest of the eight children of Agnes Veronica (née Egan), a nurse, and William Francis Malloy. He is of Irish descent and was raised as a Catholic.  As a child, Malloy suffered from learning disabilities and difficulties with motor coordination. He did not learn to tie his shoes until the fifth grade. Malloy eventually was diagnosed with dyslexia and learned the skills necessary to succeed academically. He does not write or type, and rarely reads from notes in public, but developed an extraordinarily useful memory. He graduated "magna cum laude" from Boston College, where he met his wife Cathy, and later earned his J.D. degree from Boston College Law School.  After passing the bar exam, Malloy served as an Assistant District Attorney in Brooklyn, New York from 1980-84. During his tenure as a prosecutor, Malloy tried 23 felony cases, four of them homicides, and won 22 convictions. He was subsequently a partner in the Stamford law firm of Abate and Fox from 1984-95. He served on the Stamford Board of Finance from 1983-94.

Mayor of Stamford (1995–2009).

In 1995, he ran successfully for Mayor of Stamford, defeating two-term Republican incumbent Stanley Esposito. At the same time, voters approved a measure to extend the Mayor's term of office from two years to four, effective at the next election. He was re-elected in 1997, 2001 and 2005.  Malloy made crime reduction a priority during his tenure as mayor; Stamford saw a dramatic decrease in homicides under his administration. Stamford is currently ranked as the 9th safest city in the United States and 3rd safest in the Northeast region and for the past six years has ranked in the top 11 safest cities with populations of 100,000 or more, according to the FBI. Malloy wrote a blog known as "The Blog That Works", since deleted, until mid-January 2010.  Budgeting and districting of the various fire departments throughout the city has been unstable since 2007, due to an extended legal conflict between the volunteer departments and the Malloy administration, which sought to consolidate the fire departments against the advice and wishes of the volunteer fire departments.

Governor of Connecticut (2011–2019).

Elections.

2006.

In 2004, Malloy was the first candidate to announce his bid for the Democratic Party nomination for Governor of Connecticut. In a major upset in Malloy's favor, he received the convention endorsement of the Democratic Party on May 20, 2006 by one vote. Malloy lost in the primary election however against New Haven Mayor John DeStefano, Jr. on August 8, 2006.

2010.

On February 3, 2009, Malloy officially filed paperwork with Connecticut's State Elections Enforcement Commission to form a gubernatorial exploratory committee, and subsequently announced that he did not intend to seek re-election as Mayor of Stamford. On March 9, 2010, Malloy filed the required paperwork to officially run for governor.  Malloy received the Democratic Party's endorsement for governor on May 22, 2010, in a 68-32 vote over 2006 Democratic senatorial candidate Ned Lamont. Connecticut's Democratic Party rules allow any candidate who received more than 15% of the vote at its nominating convention to challenge the endorsed candidate for the nomination in a primary, and Lamont announced that he would challenge Malloy in the gubernatorial primary. The primary was held on August 10, 2010. Malloy won with 58% of the vote, according to AP-reported unofficial results. According to preliminary numbers, he beat Lamont 101,354 to 73,875.  As a Democratic candidate for governor prior to the Democratic state convention and subsequent primary, Malloy chose Nancy Wyman to be his running mate. Wyman is the only woman elected State Comptroller since the office was created in 1786. Malloy's choice was confirmed by the Democratic nominating convention on May 22, and Wyman became the official 2010 Democratic candidate for lieutenant governor when she defeated primary opponent Mary Glassman on August 10. After the primaries, candidates for governor and lieutenant governor run together as a team on a single ticket. Thus, Malloy and Wyman were both elected on November 2, 2010.  Malloy faced Republican Thomas C. Foley, the former United States Ambassador to Ireland under President George W. Bush, in the race for governor. Tom Foley had never been elected to public office. In the last Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll released on the morning before Election Day, Malloy trailed Foley 48% to 45%.  According to "The New York Times" on November 3, Malloy was elected governor; they later placed Foley in the lead with no declared winner. The Associated Press had at one point also placed Foley ahead by 8,424 votes because they hadn't added the votes from New Haven or Bridgeport at that time. In the days following the election, there was controversy over several polling locations in Bridgeport remaining open until 10 p.m. on Election Day due to ballot shortages. Foley's team looked into the events that took place in Bridgeport and determined there was insufficient evidence of enough fraud to overcome the vote deficit.

2014.

On March 28, 2014, Malloy announced his intention to seek a second term. With full support, he was unopposed in the Democratic primary. On August 12, Tom Foley, Malloy's Republican opponent in 2010, won his party's nomination, making the 2014 election a rematch of the bitter 2010 contest. As expected, the race was very close. On November 4, Malloy won reelection with 51.1 percent of the vote. Foley conceded the election on November 5 without direct communication with Malloy.

Tenure.

Malloy was sworn in as the 88th Governor of Connecticut on January 5, 2011, succeeding Republican Governor Jodi Rell.  In the state's legislative elections of November 2012, Republicans tried to tie Democratic legislators to Malloy, who had consistently faced negative job approval ratings. The strategy did not work and the Democrats recorded no losses in either house. Malloy called the results a "vindication" and said that "Tough times require tough decisions that are not immediately popular... you should not be afraid to make tough decisions, particularly if you are transparent about those decisions, if you explain why those decisions were necessary. In our case, the tough decisions we had to make were in fact caused by Republican governors."  According to a July 2016 "New York Times" survey, Malloy was the most unpopular Democratic governor in the country, with a 64% disapproval and 29% approval rating, and the second-most unpopular overall, after Republican Sam Brownback of Kansas.

Economy.

The first task facing Malloy upon taking office was addressing a multibillion-dollar deficit as a result of the prior state budget enacted by the Democratic super-majority-controlled legislature which Rell chose to accept without signing. Malloy adopted what he called an agenda of "shared sacrifice" which was dependent on increases in various taxes, including the income tax, the gas tax, the sales tax, and the estate tax, as well as $1 billion each year in union concessions. Malloy chose not to reduce aid to municipalities as part of his budget agenda, although such aid would have been jeopardized if labor concessions were not reached. After two months of negotiations, in May 2011, Malloy won $1.6 billion in union givebacks. The budget deal meant that, in contrast to many other states, there were no layoffs. Many of Malloy's proposed tax increases were unpopular, despite a statewide "listening tour" to promote the budget.

Marijuana.

In June 2011, Malloy signed a bill that decriminalized possession of small amounts of marijuana. Offenders pay a $150 fine for a first offense and a fine ranging from $200 to $500 for subsequent offenses. Those younger than 21 face a 60-day driver's license suspension. Paraphernalia has also been decriminalized as long as the person possesses under 1/2 an ounce of marijuana. Offenders may still be arrested for under 1/2 an ounce or a pipe if they are in a school zone and there is a mandatory minimum sentence (MMS) of 3 years. There is also an MMS of 3 years for sale to a minor.  Connecticut became the 17th state to legalize medical marijuana on June 1, 2012 after Malloy signed a bill into law. Some portions of the law were effective immediately while the remaining portions became effective on October 1, 2012.  In December 2016, Malloy publicly stated that he opposed the legalization of recreational marijuana in Connecticut and that he would not support legislative efforts at legalization.

LGBT equality.

Malloy supports progressive social measures, including protections for transgender identity. Malloy praised the Transgender Rights Bill HB 6599 and promised he would sign it into law. It passed the legislature and he signed it on July 5, 2011. The bill protects the rights of transgender residents, including the right to use public facilities of the gender a person identifies with.

Labor laws.

On September 21, 2011, Malloy issued Executive Orders 9 and 10, which would allow the Service Employees International Union to unionize day care workers subsidized through Care 4 Kids and personal care attendants under Medicaid waivers by redefining these employees as state employees for collective bargaining purposes. The executive orders generated intense opposition from child care providers, personal care attendants, their employers with disabilities, the National Federation of Independent Business, and We the People of Connecticut, a constitutionalist organization. Disability advocates objected to being excluded from the decision-making process, to union interference in the intimate relationship between employers and PCAs, and to the likely loss of PCA hours under a capped program; NFIB feared a "terrible precedent" in allowing other union organizing drives of small businesses by executive order through card check; and legislators viewed Malloy's actions as a violation of the state Constitution's separation of powers. Malloy responded that these workers, whom he described as being among the hardest working and lowest paid, deserved the opportunity to collectively bargain if they wished to do so.

Criminal justice.

Malloy, who has long campaigned against capital punishment, signed a bill to repeal the state's death penalty on April 25, 2012. The bill was not retroactive and did not affect those on death row in Connecticut at the time. On August 13, 2015, however, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in "State v. Santiago" that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to "evolving standards of decency," thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. Malloy was in the process of having Connecticut be the first state in the nation to raise the age of being within the juvenile system from 18 to 21 via the Second Chance initiative.

Education.

Malloy's "centerpiece" education reform bill was unanimously passed by the Connecticut House of Representatives and signed into law in early May 2012. The bill increases funding for early childhood education and poorer school districts, creates 1,000 more preschool places, creates a kindergarten to third grade literacy pilot program and reformed teacher tenure, tying it to performance.

Voting.

Also in May 2012, Malloy signed a bill that expanded voting rights in Connecticut, allowing for same-day voter registration. Other provisions to allow early voting and "no-excuse" absentee ballots will be subject to a referendum, to be held in 2014. It also allows for online voter registration, beginning in 2014.

Gun laws.

In the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown in December 2012, Malloy pushed for strict new gun control laws. In April 2013, he signed into law a bill that passed the legislature with bipartisan support and required universal background checks, banned magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds, created the country's first registry for dangerous-weapon offenders and added over 100 types of gun to the state's assault weapons ban.  In December 2015, Malloy announced he would issue an executive order to prohibit anyone on federal terrorist watchlists (such as the No Fly List) from obtaining the permits required to acquire firearms in Connecticut. The executive order would also revoke existing permits for people on such lists.

Immigration laws.

On June 7, 2013, Malloy signed a bill that allows all residents of Connecticut, including illegal immigrants, to apply for a driver's license. He called it a public safety issue that "needs to be addressed". The licenses cannot be used to vote or board a plane and the bill took effect in July 2015.

Other issues.

At the end of May 2012, Malloy signed a bill that repealed Connecticut's ban on the sale of alcohol on Sundays. Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana and Minnesota had previously been the only states that still had broad restrictions on the sale of alcohol on Sundays.  In response to Hurricane Sandy, Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26, 2012 and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day. On October 28, President Barack Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed. On October 29, Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways. Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut. Malloy's strong initial response is credited with helping the state to avoid much of the damage that affected neighbouring New York City and nearby New Jersey. Five people were killed and over 30,000 houses were destroyed. The Federal Emergency Management Agency gave the state over $283 million in the 6 months following the hurricane and in August 2013, Malloy announced that the Department of Housing and Urban Development was giving another $71.8 million.

Later career.

Malloy was unanimously chosen by the University of Maine System Board of Trustees to be its Chancellor on May 30, 2019, with his service beginning on July 1.

Personal life.

Malloy and his wife have been married since 1982. Cathy Malloy is the chief executive officer of the Greater Hartford Arts Council. She formerly served as executive director of the Center for Sexual Assault Crisis Counseling and Education serving lower Fairfield County. The couple has three sons: Dannel, Ben, and Sam. In 2007, while she was a 17-year-old senior in high school, Candace Owens received three racist death threat phone call voice mail messages, totaling two minutes, that were traced to a car in which the 14-year-old son of then-Mayor Dannel Malloy was present. Joshua Starr, the city's superintendent of schools, listened to the voicemail messages and said that they were "horrendous."

Electoral history.

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Malloy was also listed on the Working Families Party line.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>Malloy was also listed on the Working Families Party line.  <nowiki>**</nowiki>Foley was also listed on the Independent Party line.

Dannel Patrick Malloy (; born July 21, 1955) is an American politician, who served as the 88th governor of Connecticut from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, he chaired the Democratic Governors Association from 2016 to 2017. On July 1, 2019, he began his tenure as the Chancellor of the University of Maine System.

Dannel Patrick Malloy dit Dan Malloy, né le à Stamford (Connecticut), est un homme politique américain membre du Parti démocrate. Il est le gouverneur du Connecticut de 2011 à 2019 avec Nancy Wyman comme lieutenant-gouverneur.


Formation.

The 118th Jäger Division was formed under the name 718th Infantry Division following an order dated 16 April 1941, under which each of Germany's fifteen military districts ("Wehrkreis") was required to raise two additional infantry regiments for the war effort. Each of these pairs would become its own infantry division, for a total of fifteen divisions that would go on to form the divisions of the fifteenth "Aufstellungswelle". The 718th Division consisted of the two regiments raised in "Wehrkreis XVIII" (Salzburg), the Infantry Regiments 738 and 750. Like the other divisions of the fifteenth wave, the 718th Division consisted of only two rather than the standard three infantry regiments.

Background.

The main purpose of the German "jäger" divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The "jäger" divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division, but not as well armed as a larger infantry formation. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains. The "jäger"s (it means "hunters" in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the Jäger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.

The 118th "Jäger" Division () was a light infantry division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, by the redesignation of the 718th Infantry Division which had itself been formed in April 1941. It was transferred to Yugoslavia in May 1941, to conduct anti partisan and Internal security operations. It took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska in June 1943, and fought partisans in Bosnia before being sent to the Dalmatian coast to guard against Allied landings in the summer of 1944.

La de Chasseurs (en allemand : 118. Jäger-Division) est une des divisions d'infanterie de l'armée allemande (Wehrmacht) durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


History.

Construction on Intimidator began during the summer of 2009 with land clearing and footings being constructed. Track pieces first began to arrive at Carowinds on August 7, 2009. About 3 weeks later, Intimidator was officially announced on August 26, 2009 by Carowinds. Along with the announcement, Carowinds reached a licensing agreement with Dale Earnhardt, Inc. to utilize NASCAR racing legend Dale Earnhardt's brand as part of the ride. One of Earnhardt's sons, Kerry Earnhardt, was on-hand for the press conference announcing the attraction and endorsed the ride on behalf of the family. The first supports and track for Intimidator were installed on September 1, 2009. The lift hill was erected on October 1, 2009 and was completed on October 13, 2009. In order to install the last lift piece, 3 cranes were required. Construction on the roller coaster layout continued through November and December with the final track piece installed on December 21, 2009. Construction on the station, mechanics, and landscaping of Intimidator took place during the months of January and February. On February 4, 2010, testing of Intimidator commenced with the new roller coaster officially opening to the public on March 27, 2010.  Seat belts were added to the ride in the spring of 2014 as a supplement to the original lap-bar restraint system.

First Rider Auction.

On January 14, 2010, Carowinds launched a "First Rider Auction" in which people from anywhere in the world would bid against each other in order to be one of the first public riders on Intimidator, with ninety–six seats being made available to bid on. The bidders that fell in the top 96 were given the opportunity to be the first public riders on Intimidator on March 27, 2010, before the ride opened to the general public. All money raised during the auction went to the Dale Earnhardt Foundation. The highest bid for a single seat was US$500.

Ride experience.

Intimidator features eight drops, seven camelback hills, a panoramic u-turn, and a diving spiral. One cycle lasts about 3 minutes and 33 seconds.  Before the train leaves the station, a short message is played, "Gentlemen, start your engines!" After departing from the station, the train heads straight to the chain lift hill. Once the train reaches the top of the lift, it drops back down to the ground at a 74 degree angle reaching speeds of up to. Following the first drop, the train then goes over the first camelback hill which stands at tall. After the camelback hill, the train makes a sharp right hand turn back to the ground followed by a left hand turn. After the turn, the train goes over the second camelback hill which is tall. Following the hill, the train enters a panoramic u-turn. The train then goes over a third camelback hill, immediately followed by another camelback hill at. Next, the train makes a left hand turn into the mid-course brake run which slows the train down. After the train exits the brake run, it goes over the fifth camelback hill which stands at and makes a sharp right hand turn into an element known as a Diving Spiral. The train goes through two more camelback hills standing at and, respectively, before entering the final brake run which leads into the station.

Characteristics.

Trains.

Intimidator operates with three open-air stadium style steel and fiberglass trains. Each train has eight cars that have four seats each for a total of 32 riders per train. Additionally, the trains are themed after Dale Earnhardt’s 1998 RCR No. 3 Chevrolet Monte Carlo.

Track.

The steel track is in length and the height of the lift is approximately. The angle of the first descent is approximately 74 degrees. Also, the roller coaster includes trim brakes and magnetic brakes for speed control.

Intimidator is a steel roller coaster built by Bolliger & Mabillard at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina. The roller coaster is located in the Celebration Plaza section of the park. Intimidator is the thirteenth roller coaster installed at Carowinds and is located on the site of the former Carowinds River Adventure near the entrance of the theme park. It is currently one of the tallest, fastest and longest roller coasters in the Southeast with a lift hill, a top speed of and a track length of. It was announced on August 26, 2009 and opened March 27, 2010. The roller coaster's name comes from the nickname of NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt.

Intimidator sont des méga montagnes russes et des hyper montagnes russes du parc Carowinds, situées en Caroline du Sud, aux États-Unis.


Early life and career.

He was born September 4, 1851 at Lévis, Quebec, and educated at what is now Bishop's University. After studying for a year at Manitoba College, he began work as a railway and township surveyor. In 1874, he began work as a draftsman at the Department of Marine and Fisheries in Ottawa, working on the design of lighthouses. In 1876 he married Dorothea Susannah Small.

Later career.

Anderson became Chief Engineer of the department in 1880, and served continuously until his retirement in 1919. During his career, he designed and built more than 500 lighthouses and fifty fog-alarm stations across Canada. Among the more important works may be mentioned the Colchester Reef lighthouse (1885) on a caisson in Lake Erie, the construction and installation in 1898 of the first-order fog siren station on Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador), and the nine flying buttress lighthouses at Pointe-au-Pere, Escarpment Bagot, Estevan Point, Michipicoten Island, Caribou Island, Belle Isle Northeast, Cape Bauld, Cape Norman, and Cape Anguille. Near the end of his career, Anderson designed the visually appealing Point Abino Lighthouse near Fort Erie, Ontario.  Anderson had an active interest in military matters. He joined the Canadian Militia in 1864, when he was 14 years old, saw active service during the First and Second Fenian Raids, and later commanded the Ottawa and Carleton Rifles regiment in the militia. He was made a companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1913.  He was a crack marksman, winning ten Dominion and Provincial Rifle medals, the McDougall Cup in 1879, and winning a place in the Governor General’s Cup in 1879, 1880, 1885 and 1887 as well as being a member and commandant on two Canadian Bisley teams. He was Chair of the Small Arms Committee of Canada, as well as a Member of Council and Life Governor of the Dominion Rifle Association.  He was founder and editor of the Canadian Militia Gazette, and Chairman of the Geographic Board of Canada, 1911-1913 and 1925-26, being a member from 1898-1926. Also a charter member of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers and the Engineering Institute of Canada. He was Chair of the Ottawa Public School Board, as well as contributing many articles to Encyclopedia Britannica.  Colonel William P. Anderson died at home in Ottawa on February 1, 1927, and was survived by his wife, a daughter, and four sons. His grave is in Beechwood Cemetery.

Colonel William Patrick Anderson (1851–1927) was a Canadian civil engineer. He was Superintendent of Lighthouses for almost 40 years, and was responsible for many of the more notable lighthouses in Canada.

William Patrick Anderson est né en 1851 à Lévis au Québec et décédé en le à Ottawa. Il a exercé la profession d'ingénieur civil pour le ministère de la Marine et des Pêcheries du Canada pendant plus de 40 ans. Il a été surintendant de la Commission des phares dès sa création en 1904 et responsable, à ce poste, de la construction d'un nombre important de phares construits au Canada au début du.


Historical significance.

Chanhudaro is one of the most important sites of Indus Civilization. More than 2500 sites belonging to Indus Civilization are identified so far and Chanhu-daro is one of the bigger sites where lot of scope is identified for excavation. However, of late, excavations in this site have not been in progress leading to a decline in contributions from this site. It is situated in a desert area, but it is believed that the Sarasvati River used to flow near this site. Sarasvati river is believed to have dried up during 2nd millennium BC, causing the life at Chanhudaro and several hundreds of dwellings situated on the banks of Sarasvati to become very difficult. The people there probably had to abandon their dwelling places and it is thought that drying up of Sarasvati is one of the reasons for the decline of these dwellings, (cities and villages) which in turn contributed to the decline of Indus Civilization itself.

Early excavation.

Chanhudaro is about 12 miles east of present-day Indus river bed. Chanhu-Daro was investigated in 1931 by the Indian archaeologist N. G. Majumdar. It was observed that this ancient city was very similar to Harappa and Mohenjadaro in several aspects like town planning, building layout etc.  The site was excavated in the mid-1930s by the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, where several important details of this ancient city was investigated.

Town planning.

For building houses, baked bricks were used extensively at Chanhudaro and Mohenjo-daro. Several constructions were identified as workshops or industrial quarters and some of the buildings of Chanhudaro might have been warehouses.

Industrial activity.

Evidence of shell working was found at Chanhudaro and bangles and ladles were made at this site. Harappan seals were made generally in bigger towns like Harappa, Mohenjadaro and Chanhudaro which were involved with administrative network.

Artifacts found.

Copper knives, spears, razors, tools, axes, vessels and dishes were found, causing this site to be nicknamed the "Sheffield of India" by Earnest Mackay. Copper fish hooks were also recovered from this site. Terracotta cart models, a small terracotta bird which when blown acts as a whistle, plates and dishes were found. Male spear thrower or dancer - a broken statue (4.1 cm) is of much importance, found at Chanhudaro, is now displayed at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA. Indus Seals are also found at Chanhudaro and Chanhudaro is considered as one of the centres where seals were manufactured. The scale of craft production at Chanhudaro seems much greater than that at Mohenjodaro, perhaps taking up half of town for this activity.

Bead making factory.

An Impressive workshop, recognised as Bead Making Factory, was found at Chanhudaro, which included a furnace. Shell bangles, beads of many materials, stealite seals and metal works were manufactured at Chanhudaro.

Cultivation.

Sesame, which is a native of South Africa, is known from number of Harappan sites, including Chanhudaro, probably grown for oil. Peas are also grown at Chanhudaro.

Importance.

In respect of Indus Script, ||/ sign is only found on inscriptions found at Chanhudaro. It occurred on eleven objects, (around one sixth of all inscribed objectes recovered from Chanhudaro) leading to suggestion by Asko Parapola that it may represent town's name.  Cotton cloth traces preserved on silver or bronze objects were known from Chanhudaro, Harappa and Rakhigarhi.  Objects of Iron were reported from Chanhudaro, Ahar, Rajasthan (India) and Mundigak and this gains importance as it has been claimed that Iron was produced in 3rd Millennium in South Asia.

Chanhu-daro is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. The site is located south of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, Pakistan. The settlement was inhabited between 4000 and 1700 BCE, and is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads. This site is a group of three low mounds that excavations has shown were parts of a single settlement, approximately 5 hectares in size.

Chanhu-daro est un site archéologique de la Civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus, situé au nord-est de Karachi dans l'actuel Pakistan, à 130 km au sud de Mohenjo-daro. Il a été exploré par un américain, Ernest MacKay, durant l'hiver 1935-36. Depuis 2015 des fouilles archéologiques ont été reprises dans le cadre de la Mission Archéologique Française du Bassin de l'Indus, dirigée par Aurore Didier (CNRS).


History.

Neapolitan ice cream was named in the late 19th century as a reflection of its presumed origins in the cuisine of the Italian city of Naples, and the many Neapolitan immigrants who brought their expertise in frozen desserts with them to the United States. Spumone was introduced to the United States in the 1870s as Neapolitan-style ice cream. Early recipes used a variety of flavors; however, the number of three molded together was a common denominator, to resemble the Italian flag (cf. insalata tricolore). More than likely, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry became the standard for the reason that they were the most popular flavors in the United States at the time of introduction.  It is the first type of ice cream to combine three flavors. The first recorded recipe was created by head chef of the royal Prussian household Louis Ferdinand Jungius in 1839, who dedicated the recipe to Fürst Pückler.

Quotes from food historians.

Jenifer Harvey Lang, in "Larousse Gastronomique": "Cosmopolitan slice. A slice of ice-cream cake made with mousse mixture and ordinary ice cream, presented in a small pleated paper case. Neapolitan ice cream consists of three layers, each of a different colour and flavour (chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla), moulded into a block and cut into slices. Neapolitan ice-cream makers were famous in Paris at the beginning of the 19th century, especially Tortoni, creator of numerous ice-cream cakes."  John F. Mariani, in "The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink": "Eighteenth century... confectioners' shops [were] very often run by Italians. Consequently ice creams were often called 'Italian ice creams' or 'Neapolitan ice creams' throughout the nineteenth century, and the purveying of such confections became associated with Italian immigrants."  Stuart Berg Flexner, in "I Hear America Talking": "Neapolitan ice cream, different flavoured layers frozen together...[was] being first being talked about in the 1870s."  A cultural reference from "The New York Times" in 1887: "...in a dress of pink and white stripes, strongly resembling Neapolitan ice cream."

19th-century descriptions.

1885 – "Neapolitan box" (A. B. Marshall, "The Book of Ices")  "You must have a Neapolitan box for this ice and fill it up in three or four layers with different coloured and flavoured ice creams (a water ice may be used with the custards); for instance, lemon, vanilla, chocolate and pistachio. Mould in the patent ice cave for about 11⁄2 to 2 hours, turn it out, cut it in slices, and arrange neatly on the dish, on a napkin or dish-paper."  1894 – "Neapolitan Icey Cones" (Lizzie Heritage, "Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book")  "These are prepared by putting ices of various kinds and colors into a mold known as a Neapolitan ice box, which, when set and turned out, is cut into slices suitable for serving. However small the pieces, the block should be cut so that each person gets some of each kind. They are generally laid on a lace paper on an ice plate. Four or five kinds are usually put in the mold, though three sorts will do. The following will serve as a guide in arranging: First, vanilla cream, then raspberry or cherry or currant water; coffee or chocolate in the middle; the strawberry cream, with lemon or orange or pineapple water to finish. A cream ice flavored with any liqueur, a brown bread cream flavored with brandy, with a couple of bright-colored water ices, form another agreeable mixture. Tea cream may be introduced into almost any combination unless coffee were used. Banana cream, pistachio, or almond cream with cherry water and damson or strawberry water are other options.  "The Neapolitan Ice Spoon has a double use; ice bowl is for putting the mixture into the mold, and the handle is for leveling it. The boxes may be made of tin, which is less expensive than pewter. They are generally sold small enough to make single ices, but these are much more troublesome to prepare. After filling the molds, if there is no cave, 'bed' the ice in the usual way."

Cake.

In Australia there is a popular cake known as Neapolitan cake or marble cake, made with the same three colors of Neapolitan ice cream swirled through in a marble pattern, usually topped with pink icing.

Neapolitan ice cream, also sometimes called Harlequin ice cream, is a type of ice cream composed of three separate flavors (vanilla, chocolate and strawberry) arranged side by side in the same container, usually without any packaging in between.

La tranche napolitaine, en anglais ", est un dessert d’origine américaine composé de crèmes glacées de différents parfums, généralement trois, moulées et disposées en couches alternées. Apparue au, elle serait dérivée du spumone importé par les immigrés italiens, réputés pour leurs desserts glacés. Les parfums vanille, fraise chocolat se sont rapidement imposés comme les plus populaires à l’époque.


History.

The Ogyū clan was a cadet branch of the Matsudaira clan based in northern Mikawa Province, and were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa clan. Matsudaira Masatsugu was awarded a 6000 "koku" "hatamoto" post within the Tokugawa shogunate for his services in the Battle of Osaka. His son, Matsudaira Noritsugu, increased to 16,000 "koku", and was thus promoted to the ranks of the "fudai daimyō" in 1684.  In 1713, Matsudaira Norizane moved the seat of the domain from mountainous Ogyū (in what is now the northern portion of the city of Toyota to the more conveniently located Okutono location (in what is now part of the city of Okazaki. However, the domain suffered greatly due to inclement weather and flooding of the Yasaku River during the Kyōhō period, which led to crop failure and famine. The problems were repeated during the Great Tenpō Famine of 1832–36, although the domain was able to escape the more severe effects of the famine due to reforms implemented by its lord, Matsudaira Noritoshi.  In the Bakumatsu period, the domain achieved prominence thanks to its last "daimyō", Matsudaira Norikata, who served as a senior councilor in the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate. Another contemporary figure born in Okutono was Nagai Naoyuki. During Norikata's tenure, the domain seat was moved from Mikawa Province to the Tanokuchi district of Shinano Province (though the holdings remained unchanged), and with the construction of Tatsuoka Castle, the domain also became known as Tatsuoka Domain. The domain was dissolved by the Meiji restoration in 1871 with the abolition of the han system.

Holdings at the end of the Edo period.

As with most domains in the han system, Okutono Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.

List of "daimyō".

Ogyū-Matsudaira clan, 1703–1871 ("fudai")

, also known as Okudono, was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kamo District and Nukata Districts of Mikawa Province (part of modern Aichi Prefecture), and in Saku District, Shinano Province, (part of modern Nagano Prefecture) Japan. The domain was also known as and later known as and. The ruling family was the Ogyū-Matsudaira clan.

Le, est un domaine féodal japonais de l'époque d'Edo situé dans les districts de Kamo et Nukata dans la province de Mikawa, partie de la moderne préfecture d'Aichi, et dans le district de Saku, province de Shinano, partie de la moderne préfecture de Nagano. Le domaine est également connu sous les noms puis, plus tard, et. La famille dirigeante en est le clan Ogyū-Matsudaira.


Stages.

Stage 1.

Extremely windy conditions made stage 1 of the Ladies’ Tour of Qatar very eventful. After taking off early making the best of the tailwind, 7 riders battled it out for victory in Al Khor. In the last kilometres title holder Ellen van Dijk tried her luck taking with her Loes Gunnewijk and Kirsten Wild. But the front group bunched together again for the final sprint. Wild eventually flew to victory beating Hosking and Van Dijk to the line and claiming the first stage of the 2012 edition.

Stage 2.

Straight from the start, just after noon, the pack broke up into several groups as soon as the first kilometres. Like on the previous day, a group of 11 and then 9 riders managed to power away. At km 28, the group including Van Dijk, white jersey Hosking, Worrack, Golden jersey Wild, Duster, Guderzo, Arndt, Gunnewijk and Bruins could enjoy a 28" lead over a first slim bunch of chasers. Eventually, as the riders entered the final circuit around Madinat Al Shamal, the leaders lost ground with the wind blowing sideways. At the second intermediate sprint (first passage on the line, km 78), won by Arndt ahead of Wild and Van Dijk, the gap had dropped down to 20". The leaders were finally caught at km 85 and over 40 riders were bunched together again. Despite several attempts, the pack remained together until the second passage on the line. At km 89, Worrack, Arndt, Wild and Visser managed to take off. Two kilometres later, the first two insisted and the gaps grew: 20" over Wild and Visser and 50" over the peloton. With just four kilometres left, Worrack and Arndt could enjoy a 1’15 advantage over the first two chasers and 1’35 over the pack. Victory finally went to Trixi Worrack outsprinting her day's rival and claiming her first success in Qatar while Judith Arndt captured the overall leader's Golden jersey.

Stage 3.

The third and final stage of the Ladies’ Tour of Qatar competed in windy conditions, ended in a bunched sprint. The peloton remained packed all the way to the finish at a very fast pace due to the tailwind all the way to the finish. Decision was to be made after a bunched sprint. Like on day 1, Kirsten Wild powered to victory. The Dutch rider beat her compatriots Ellen van Dijk and Adrie Visser to the line. Germany's Judith Arndt managed to keep control of her leader's Golden jersey and wins this 2012 edition of the event.

The 2012 Ladies Tour of Qatar was the third edition of the Ladies Tour of Qatar cycling stage race. It was rated by the UCI as category 2.1, and was held between 3 and 5 February 2012, in Qatar.

Le Tour du Qatar féminin 2012 est la quatrième édition du Tour du Qatar féminin. La compétition s'est déroulée du 1 au. La course qui ouvre le calendrier international féminin UCI 2012 a été remportée par l'Allemande Judith Arndt.


Structure.

Citrate synthase's 437 amino acid residues are organized into two main subunits, each consisting of 20 alpha-helices. These alpha helices compose approximately 75% of citrate synthase's tertiary structure, while the remaining residues mainly compose irregular extensions of the structure, save a single beta-sheet of 13 residues. Between these two subunits, a single cleft exists containing the active site. Two binding sites can be found therein: one reserved for citrate or oxaloacetate and the other for Coenzyme A. The active site contains three key residues: His274, His320, and Asp375 that are highly selective in their interactions with substrates. The adjacent images display the tertiary structure of citrate synthase in its opened and closed form. The enzyme changes from opened to closed with the addition of one of its substrates (such as oxaloacetate).

Function.

Mechanism.

Citrate synthase has three key amino acids in its active site (known as the catalytic triad) which catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoA [HCC(=O)−SCoA] and oxaloacetate [OCCHC(=O)CO] into citrate [OCCHC(OH)(CO)CHCO] and H−SCoA in an aldol condensation reaction. This conversion begins with the negatively charged carboxylate side chain oxygen atom of Asp-375 deprotonating acetyl CoA’s alpha carbon atom to form an enolate anion which in turn is neutralized by protonation by His-274 to form an enol intermediate [HC=C(OH)−SCoA]. At this point, the epsilon nitrogen lone pair of electrons on His-274 formed in the last step abstracts the hydroxyl enol proton to reform an enolate anion that initiates a nucleophilic attack on the oxaloacetate’s carbonyl carbon [OCCHC(=O)CO] which in turn deprotonate the epsilon nitrogen atom of His-320. This nucleophilic addition results in the formation of citroyl−CoA [OCCHCH(CO)CHC(=O)−SCoA]. At this point, a water molecule is deprotonated by the epsilon nitrogen atom of His-320 and hydrolysis is initiated. One of the oxygen’s lone pairs nucleophilically attacks the carbonyl carbon of citroyl−CoA. This forms a tetrahedral intermediate and results in the ejection of −SCoA as the carbonyl reforms. The −SCoA is protonated to form HSCoA. Finally, the hydroxyl added to the carbonyl in the previous step is deprotonated and citrate [OCCHC(OH)(CO)CHCO] is formed.

Inhibition.

The enzyme is inhibited by high ratios of ATP:ADP and NADH:NAD, as high concentrations of ATP and NADH show that the energy supply is high for the cell. It is also inhibited by succinyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, which resembles Acetyl-coA and acts as a competitive inhibitor to acetyl-CoA and a noncompetitive inhibitor to oxaloacetate. Citrate inhibits the reaction and is an example of product inhibition. The inhibition of citrate synthase by acetyl-CoA analogues has also been well documented and has been used to prove the existence of a single active site. These experiments have revealed that this single site alternates between two forms, which participate in ligase and hydrolase activity respectively. This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.

The enzyme citrate synthase E.C. 2.3.3.1 (previously 4.1.3.7)] exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making enzyme in the first step of the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). Citrate synthase is localized within eukaryotic cells in the mitochondrial matrix, but is encoded by nuclear DNA rather than mitochondrial. It is synthesized using cytoplasmic ribosomes, then transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Citrate synthase is commonly used as a quantitative enzyme marker for the presence of intact mitochondria. Maximal activity of citrate synthase indicates the mitochondrial content of skeletal muscle. The maximal activity can be increased by endurance training or high-intensity interval training, but maximal activity is increased more with high-intensity interval training.

La citrate synthase (CS) est une acyltransférase qui catalyse la réaction : Cette enzyme intervient à la du cycle de Krebs, où elle catalyse une réaction irréversible qui engage cette voie métabolique<ref name="10.1146/annurev.bb.15.060186.000525"> : la condensation du résidu acétyle de l'acétyl-CoA sur l'oxaloacétate pour former du citrate en libérant la coenzyme A ; l'oxaloacétate est régénéré après un tour complet du cycle de Krebs. Elle est présente chez presque tous les êtres vivants connus. Chez les eucaryotes, elle est active dans la matrice mitochondriale, où se déroule le cycle de Krebs, mais est codée dans le génome nucléaire, traduite par des ribosomes cytosoliques, et enfin transportée à l'intérieur des mitochondries à travers la membrane mitochondriale interne. Elle est couramment utilisée en laboratoire comme marqueur enzymatique pour mesurer la quantité de mitochondries intactes.


History.

There is an archaeological site located in Bagh called Bagh Fort.  Prior to 1947, Bagh was a tehsil in the Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Administrative divisions.

The district of Bagh is sub-divided into 3 tehsils:

Geography and climate.

Topographically, the entire Bagh district is a mountainous area, generally sloping from northeast to south-west. The area falls in the lesser Himalayas zone. The main range in the district is Pir-Panjal.  The Haji-Pir Pass is situated at the height of 3421 meters above sea level. The general elevation is between 1500 and 2500 meters above sea level. The mountains are generally covered with coniferous forests. Mahl Nala (in the Bagh sub-division) and Betar Nala (in the Haveli sub-division) are the two main streams. However, numerous other rivulets flow in the district.  The climate of the district varies with altitude. The temperature generally remains between 2 °C to 40 °C. The main eastern part of the district is very cold in winter and moderate in summer. However, the lower valleys, the localities bordering Bagh at Kohala and its adjoining areas (Mongbajri and Ajra-Bagh) remain cold in winter and hot in summer. May, June and July are the hottest months. Maximum and minimum temperatures during the month of June are about 40 °C and 22 °C respectively. December, January and February are the coldest months. The maximum temperature in January is about 16 °C and minimum temperature is 3 °C respectively. Annual rainfall is about.

Demography.

The total population of the district according to the 2017 census was 371,919.  The major language of Azad Kashmir is Pahari. The Pahari dialect spoken in Bagh is closely related to the dialect spoken to the north in Muzaffarabad (84% shared basic vocabulary) and with the core Pahari varieties spoken to the south(west) in the Galyat region around Murree (86–88%).

Education.

According to Pakistan District Education Ranking 2017, a report by Alif Ailaan, the district of Bagh is ranked at number 5 nationally in the ranking related to education, with an education score of 73.99. The learning score is at 85.42 and gender parity score of 88.32.  The school infrastructure score of Bagh is 28.32, giving Bagh a national rank of 126. School infrastructure is a major problem in all of Kashmir. Access to schools, schools being far away is also a reason why there are fewer enrollments, especially after completing primary school.

2005 earthquake.

The city of Bagh, like other areas of the district, was heavily damaged in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Sixty percent of the buildings collapsed. Thousands of people died and many more found themselves homeless. In the aftermath of the earthquake, NATO came to the district to help with reconstruction and clearing. There was a report that an entire village was wiped out in the district. The U.S., through Pakistan, distributed vouchers so people could buy water and food.

Bagh District () is one of the ten districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The district, which had been part of Poonch District, was created in 1988.

Le district de Bagh est une subdivision administrative du centre du territoire Azad Cachemire au Pakistan. Son chef-lieu est la ville de Bagh.


History.

The Yonekura clan, former retainers of the Takeda clan of Kai Province, pledged allegiance to Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Takeda were destroyed by Oda Nobunaga, and subsequently served as "hatamoto" in the Tokugawa shogunate after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1603. (1637–1699) was favored by "Shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, rising rapidly through the ranks until he reached the post of "wakadoshiyori" in 1696.  The additional revenues provided by this office propelled him past the 10,000 "koku" necessary to qualify as a "daimyō", and he became the first lord of Mutsuura Domain. He was subsequently transferred to Minagawa Domain in Kōzuke Province. His line died out with his grandson (1683–1712), but a son of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was selected to inherit the family name, taking the name Yonekura Tadasuke and was transferred back to Mutsuura Domain in 1722.  Mutsuura Domain was a "jin'ya" domain, and was not allowed a castle. It also lacked a unified area, but consisted of a number of widely dispersed holdings in what is now Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Hadano, Kanagawa and Hiratsuka, Kanagawa. Although the "jin'ya" itself was located in what is now southern Yokohama, the clan’s family temple was the temple of Zorin-ji in Hadano.  During the Bakumatsu period, the 8th (and final) "daimyō", Yonekura Masakoto, sided with the new Meiji government in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration. His domain was renamed Mutsuura Domain in June 1868, to avoid confusion with Kanazawa Domain in Kaga Province. Mutsuura Domain was abolished on July 4, 1871 with the abolition of the han system, becoming Mutsuura Prefecture. On November 14 of the same year, it was assigned to the new Kanagawa Prefecture.

From its location near the famous medieval library of Kanazawa Bunko, it was referred to as or during the Edo period, although the Kanazawa Bunko itself was not within its territory.

Le est un domaine féodal "fudai" japonais de l'époque d'Edo situé au sud de la province de Musashi dans ce qui est à présent la préfecture de Kanagawa. Il se compose de deux zones géographiques séparées, l'une dans le district de Kuragi, Musashi, et l'autre dans le district d'Osumi, province de Sagami, son quartier général se trouvant à Musashi dans ce qui fait maintenant partie de Kanazawa-ku. À cause de sa proximité avec la fameuse bibliothèque médiévale Kanazawa Bunko, il est connu sous le nom ou durant la période Edo, bien que le Kanazawa Bunko lui-même ne se trouve pas dans le territoire.


Plot.

As its name suggests, Earth 2140 takes place in the year 2140. Previous wars have left much of the Earth a nuclear wasteland, forcing most of the world's population into underground cities. Tensions rise between the Earth's two major factions, the Eurasian Dynasty (ED) and the United Civilized States (UCS), as both sides vie for the world's steadily dwindling resources. A UCS raid on an ED base is enough to ignite the rivalry into full-scale war as the ED fails in its bid to control Mexico and the UCS counterattacks Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, and the Iberian Peninsula.

Factions.

The United Civilized States (UCS) controls all of North and South America, Western Europe and North Africa. His nation is populated mostly by hedonists. As much work as possible is done by robots. Automated butlers are the standard in UCS households, even politics and war are left up to the machines. As such, UCS citizens are often portrayed by their detractors as decadent "pigs". A glitch in the upgrade of the UCS war processor GOLAN caused the giant robot to miscalculate the military strength of the Eurasian Dynasty, thus compelling it launch an attack on the ED. After losing several battles in Mexico, GOLAN quickly adapted to the ED threat and began to retake lost ED territory and win battles in Europe. The UCS is generally more technologically advanced than its adversary, employing robot infantry and automated bipedal combat vehicles (more commonly known as mechas).  The Eurasian Dynasty (ED) controls Eastern Europe and Asia. The antithesis of the UCS, the ED is run by an autocratic monarchy under the Khan Dynasty that often makes life harsh, short, and without luxury for its citizens. As the less technologically advanced of the two factions, the ED utilizes cyborgs, traditional vehicles such as tanks, and armed helicopters in its arsenal. Because of its technological disadvantage, the ED finds itself more often on the defensive throughout the Earth 2140 storyline.

Gameplay.

Earth 2140 basically requires the player to complete various objectives, mostly destroying all opposing units and structures (or capturing them). Failure of missions happens when all the player's units are wiped out or a vital objective is not met. Structures are built by deploying mobile vehicles on suitable terrain. Mines used to fund the player with money for purchasing can only be built where ore is available. Materials used to gain funds at 1000 credits a piece are carried from a mine (or material on ground) by a BANTHA truck or Heavy Lifter and placed at the Refinery and converted into credits. Mines eventually finish when all ore is extracted.  Units and vehicles can be recruited from their respective factories. Each faction has four types of units, with an exception to the civils who don't serve any purpose but garrison. The player can create up to 5 queued units and even an infinite queue of the same unit. Unlike most strategy games, credits cannot be refunded when recruitment is cancelled and structures cannot be sold. In some missions it is possible for the player to call for reinforcements only once. Structures can only be removed with self-destruction. All structures except the Construction Center require power from power plants. Lack of power will cause buildings to operate slowly. Destruction of a power plant leaves a permanent scar on the terrain, which drains vitality of any units nearby. Certain types of buildings must be built to enable the player to build others and to recruit more types of units and vehicles, especially the Research Center. To capture an enemy structure, the player must send in enough units to overwhelm enemy units in garrison. Capturing the opposing faction's factories enables the player to make use of otherwise unavailable technology (depending on the research center progress). Guard towers and superweapon launchers cannot be captured. Most of the units and vehicles just move, attack and escort, but certain ones serve with special tasks such as mine laying, cargo carrying and others. Not every vehicle is land-based; Vehicles like submarines are sea-based and vehicles like helicopters are air-based. Air-based vehicles can travel anywhere on the map screen and while they are airborne can only be shot down by rocketry. A unique feature in the game is that a vehicle once disabled (easily accomplished with ion technology) can be reprogrammed to join the player using a HMCR repair vehicle.

Expansion packs.

Two expansion packs were released for this game:

Earth 2140 is a 2D real-time strategy computer game created in 1997 by Polish-based Reality Pump Studios and published by TopWare Interactive (later acquired by Zuxxez Entertainment). Due to lack of publicity and marketing, the game was virtually unknown in the United States as well as Western Europe. It has two sequels, "Earth 2150" and "Earth 2160".

Le jeu a fait l'objet de plusieurs suites, la première - baptisée " - ayant été publié le 6 mai 2000.


Saison 2011 de l'équipe cycliste Garmin-Cervélo

2011 roster.

Ages as

One-day races.

Before the spring season and the races known as classics, the team was active in the Vuelta a Mallorca series of one-day races. Farrar won the first, the Trofeo Palma de Mallorca, after a field sprint, but this result does not count in the UCI's official records. Beginning with the 2011 season, the UCI has banned race radios from all 1.HC, 2.HC, and below events, having previously banned them at 1.2, 2.2, and national events in 2010 (bans for World Tour races are planned for 2012). The ban is extremely unpopular among teams and riders. Since the Vuelta a Mallorca is a series of 1.1 races, it is covered by the ban. However, prior to the Trofeo Palma de Mallorca, most of the riders in the race signed in wearing radios anyway, in defiance of the ban, and refused to remove them, in protest both of the ban itself and of the UCI making major decisions without the teams' input. Consequently, the UCI's commissaires refused to officiate the race and declared its results moot. The next day, Farrar won the Trofeo Cala Millor without controversy, edging's John Degenkolb in a depleted group sprint. The riders did not protest nor strike, deciding against doing so in the best interests of the race organizers after the UCI threatened to cancel the race altogether if they did. The squad was also victorious in the final Vuelta a Mallorca race, the Trofeo Magaluf-Palmanova. Though the course, with five categorized climbs, suggested a breakaway winner, Fischer took the team's ninth victory of the season from a 20-rider sprint finish.

Spring classics.

The team was active at the traditional Belgian opener, Omloop Het Nieuwsblad. Maaskant figured into a 12-man breakaway that formed as the morning's initial break was caught. Sebastian Langeveld and Juan Antonio Flecha went on to decide the race among themselves, with Maaskant finishing seventh 90 seconds back. Farrar just missed out on the podium at Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne. He took fourth in the field sprint finish.  At the first monument race of the season, Milan–San Remo, the team was thought to be one of the top favorites. They had three potential candidates for victory in Hushovd, Farrar, and Haussler, all of whom had shown good form during the season and Farrar and Haussler had race wins to their credit. They admitted that they each envisioned different scenarios which would lead to their respective potential victories, possibly complicating things for the team, but they remained committed to riding as a team. Each was separately viewed by analysts or fellow riders as a favorite for the day, as well. The race played out differently from these expectations. On the Le Manie climb, from the finish, Hushovd crashed from roughly the middle of the peloton, leading to the race effectively being split in two. The crash also cost Hushovd one of his wheels. While teammate Vansummeren obligingly offered the world champion one of his, Hushovd stated after the race that the crash ended his chances at victory, since he could not pedal at full strength due to a hip injury. Farrar was also

Fall races.

The team had few noteworthy performances in the later season single-day races. Kreder took tenth in a 25-rider sprint finish to the Coppa Ugo Agostoni in August. He was likewise tenth at Vattenfall Cyclassics, in a 34-rider finale. Hushovd turned in a strong ride at the GP Ouest-France, taking fourth place in an odd finish. Sprinter Grega Bole jumped early for the win, while attackers Simon Gerrans and Thomas Voeckler were caught out between him and the peloton behind for second and third. Hushovd led the peloton across the line for fourth, but all the riders were credited with

Stage races.

The team entered the Tour Down Under with a squad led by Farrar, who sought to win the race overall. After failing to figure in the finish to stage 1, Farrar was conclusively ruled out of any overall contention due to a stage 2 crash. At this point, the team specifically turned to Cameron Meyer for their overall chances, and he delivered. In stage 4, Meyer and Wilson both made the day's breakaway, and in a happening rare in the Tour Down Under's history, the breakaway stayed away. Back in the peloton, their teammates rode at the front of the group to try to thwart the plans of,, and to get another mass finish. Meyer won the stage, with Wilson fading to fourth toward the end. The break's time gap over the main field gave Meyer the overall race leadership. It was the first time in his career that Meyer had ever been a race leader, and with the race's queen stage to Willunga ahead, he was nervous of being able to hold the lead. In the Willunga stage, Meyer finished with the leading group, holding onto his race lead, though it was narrowed to 8 seconds due to fellow stage winner Matthew Goss getting bonus seconds at the finish line for his third place. In the Adelaide criterium to close the race, Meyer preserved his lead, emerging as Tour champion. Goss, however, mounted a spirited challenge, winning bonus time not only at the finish but also in the first intermediate sprint, coming up two seconds short in the final overall standings.  As he had been in his two seasons with, Haussler was active in the Tour of Qatar in February. After finishing second to Tom Boonen in stage 1, Haussler won stage 2, outkicking Daniele Bennati at the finish, and moved within one second of Boonen in the overall classification. Though he had won the event's points classification in each of the last two years, this was Haussler's first ever stage win at the Tour of Qatar. In stage 3, Boonen flatted at a critical moment when the peloton was at its top speed and lost three minutes, leaving the top of the overall standings wide open. Haussler picked up a second consecutive stage win in Mesaieed, and in so doing he also moved into the overall race leadership. He credited the win to the team treating the third stage like a one-day classic, while also mentioning that's Bernhard Eisel performed an effective leadout for all the sprinters at the finish. Haussler lost the overall lead in stage 4, as's Mark Renshaw took the stage win and opened a six-second gap with his time bonus at the finish. Haussler was a distant ninth in the event's final stage, meaning the bonus time on offer went wanting and he finished second overall, though winning the points classification for the third year in a row. Similarly continuing's legacy, the squad won the teams classification as their antecedents also had in each of the previous two editions. Haussler stated that he was pleasantly surprised by his early-season form and hoped it would portend for Milan–San Remo and the Tour of Flanders. At Paris–Nice in March, Haussler won the points classification without

Grand Tours.

Giro d'Italia.

Originally, Le Mével and Martin were set to share leadership duties at the Giro d'Italia, though about a week and a half before the race was to begin Martin was pulled due to allergies. Millar, Farrar, Wilson, and Lancaster were named to the squad at that time, with Peterson, Cameron Meyer, Fischer, and Stetina eventually rounding out the squad. The squad held the stage 1 team time trial and subsequently taking the first pink jersey as an immediate goal, having done exactly that in the equivalent stage at the 2008 Giro d'Italia. The team's plan was for Le Mével to ride for the overall, Farrar and Millar for stage wins, and the other riders for support. Stetina made his Grand Tour debut in this race, with his goal simply to finish. The squad finished fifth in the team time trial, coming home with the minimum of five riders together 24 seconds off the winning time set by. Farrar was a relatively distant seventh in the group sprint finish to stage 2. He described it as a missed opportunity, with the leadout train faltering at the to go mark, though he anticipated

Tour de France.

Garmin-Cervélo's squad for the Tour included two riders who had never participated in it before, Navardauskas and Danielson. Vaughters commented that the selection process was not easy, stating that the team had "15 or 18 riders capable of riding the Tour." While Navardauskas was in his neo-pro season in 2011, consequently making this his first Grand Tour, Danielson was a ten-year veteran who had often in his career been tapped as the next great overall classification rider to come out of the United States. He had ridden the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España several times in his career, with three top-ten finishes in the Vuelta, but this marked his first Tour de France. The other riders on the squad were Dean, Farrar, Hesjedal, Hushovd, Millar, Vande Velde, and Zabriskie, with Hesjedal and Vande Velde considered the overall classification hopefuls. The team also revealed a new design for the Tour, predominantly white rather than their predominantly black jersey from earlier in the year, and also reincorporating the argyle pattern that had featured in past year's kits.  The Tour's first stage was largely flat, with a short uphill finish. Farrar said the finish was too hard for him and he would work for Hushovd on the stage, as he expected Hushovd to work for him on the more straightforward sprint stages. Hushovd was active in the frenzied finale on the Mont des Alouettes, but finished third six seconds back of Philippe Gilbert. Hesjedal, Vande Velde, and

Vuelta a España.

After taking some time to recover from the Giro d'Italia, Le Mével was again the squad leader for the Vuelta a España. Martin, coming off his Giro della Toscana win, was also named as an overall classification rider. The team's sprint hopes were tied to Haussler, riding his first Grand Tour since the 2009 Tour de France. The squad had a notable exclusion in Hushovd. The world champion had already signed to ride for the in 2012, but made it clear that he wished to ride the Vuelta as part of his world championships preparation, something

Away from competition.

Dismissal of Matt White.

On January 24, the day after the Tour Down Under ended, dismissed Matt White, an Australian former cyclist who had been a sporting director for them since 2008. White was the team's director at the Tour Down Under. This was announced one week after the long-rumored formation of a new top-level Australian team, known under the name GreenEDGE, was confirmed for 2012. White, as well as riders Cameron Meyer and Jack Bobridge, had been speculated to be bound for the new team, since the contracts of all three expire at the end of 2011.  Vaughters denied that this link was the case, and the team's official announcement gave a different reason for White's firing. Officially, White was released for referring former team rider Trent Lowe to a Spanish doctor named Luis Garcia del Moral, who has been implicated in several doping cases. This referral took place in April 2009. Garcia del Moral had been the team doctor for the team for the first five of Lance Armstrong's consecutive Tour de France victories, a period during which Floyd Landis claims he witnessed and participated in organized doping with the team, and was otherwise involved in some suspect activities during that time. However, Garcia del Moral's checkered past may not have figured into White's firing – the team stated that White had violated an important internal rule simply by sending Lowe to a doctor outside the team's employ or without approval of the medical staff.  Complicating the story were reports that Lowe had blackmailed the team's management with publicly revealing the fact that he had been sent to see Garcia del Moral, demanding the unpaid portion from his 2010 contract (which was withheld due to Lowe riding with

The 2011 season for the cycling team began in January at the Tour Down Under and ended in October at the Noosa Grand Prix. As a UCI ProTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the UCI World Tour.

La saison 2011 de l'équipe cycliste Garmin-Cervélo est la septième depuis le lancement de l'équipe TIAA-CREF en 2005, et la quatrième de cette équipe avec Garmin pour principal sponsor.


History.

In World War II (WWII), the United States Navy produced a number of light carriers by converting cruiser hulls. These s, converted from light cruisers, were unsatisfactory ships for aviation with their narrow, short decks and slender, high-sheer hulls; in virtually all respects the escort carriers were superior aviation vessels. These issues were superseded by "Independence"-class ships' virtue of being available at a time when available carrier decks had been reduced to and in the Pacific and in the Atlantic. In addition, unlike escort carriers, they had enough speed to take part in fleet actions with the larger carriers. Late in the war, a follow on to the "Independence" class, the, was designed. Two vessels in this class— and —were completed after the war's end. After very brief lives as carriers, the "Saipan"s were converted to command and communication ships.  By the start of WWII, the Royal Navy's, the first purpose-built aircraft carrier (launched 1919, sunk 1942) was being considered as equivalent to a light aircraft carrier, due to her small size, small aircraft complement and lack of armour. The British 1942 design light fleet carrier, originally designated the "Colossus" class, was a scaled-down version of their fleet carrier. The design could be built in a yard with little or no experience of warship construction. Although built to merchant standards, the design incorporated better watertight subdivision. Expected to have a lifetime of about three years, the last of the design was taken out of service in 2001. The first ten were built as the "Colossus" class, though two of these were modified whilst under construction into aircraft maintenance carriers. An additional five carriers, none of which were completed in time for service in WWII, were built with revisions upgrading the design to handle larger and heavier aircraft, receiving the designation "Majestic" class. In the post-war period, the Royal Navy operated a force of the ten "Colossus" carriers, while the five "Majestic" carriers were sold, during construction, to Australia, Canada and India. The "Majestics" were followed, after the war, by the four light carriers of the "Centaur" class.  In the 1970s the RN introduced a new type of light carrier, designed to operate the V/STOL Hawker Siddeley Harrier. Originally classed as "through-deck cruisers," the three-ship Invincible class served into the early 21st century; HMS "Invincible" was key to the British victory in the Falklands War.

A light aircraft carrier, or light fleet carrier, is an aircraft carrier that is smaller than the standard carriers of a navy. The precise definition of the type varies by country; light carriers typically have a complement of aircraft only one-half to two-thirds the size of a full-sized fleet carrier. A light carrier was similar in concept to an escort carrier in most respects, however light carriers were intended for higher speeds to be deployed alongside fleet carriers, while escort carriers usually defended convoys and provided air support during amphibious operations.

Un porte-avions léger est un navire plus petit que les porte-avions « standards » (on emploie aussi les termes de porte-avions d'escadre, en ) la définition pouvant varier d'une marine à l'autre. À la différence du porte-avions d'escorte, lent et peu protégé, qui est conçu pour défendre les convois ou soutenir des opérations amphibies, le porte-avions léger constitue une version plus petite d'un porte-avions standard, souvent moins rapide et moins protégée mais néanmoins capable d'intégrer un groupe aéronaval.


Design and development.

Two Soviet aircraft shared the designation Ilyushin Il-18. The first Il-18 was a propeller-driven airliner of 1946 but after a year of test flights that programme was abandoned.  In the early 1950s with a need to replace older designs and increase the size of the Soviet civil transport fleet, a Soviet Council of Ministers directive was issued on 30 December 1955 to the chief designers Kuznetsov and Ivchenko to develop new turboprop engines and to Ilyushin and Antonov to design an aircraft to use these engines. The two aircraft designs were developed as the Ilyushin Il-18 and the Antonov An-10 and the engine chosen was the Kuznetsov NK-4 rather than the Ivchenko AI-20.  The Il-18 design had started in 1954 before the directive was issued and experience with the piston-engined Il-18 was used although the aircraft was a new design. The design was for a four-engined low-wing monoplane with a circular pressurised fuselage and a conventional tail. The forward retracting tricycle landing gear had four wheels fitted on the main leg bogies, the main legs bogies rotated 90 degrees and retracted into the rear of the inboard engines. A new feature at the time was the fitting of a weather radar in the nose and it was the first Soviet airliner to have an automatic approach system. The aircraft has two entry doors on the port-side before and after the wing and two overwing emergency exits on each side.  The prototype SSSR-L5811 was rolled out in June 1957 and after ground-testing it began taxi test and high-speed runs on 1 July 1957. On 4 July 1957 the prototype first flew from Khodynka. On 10 July 1957 the aircraft was flown to Moscow-Vnukovo Airport to be presented to a Soviet government commission; also present was the prototype Antonov An-10 and the Tupolev Tu-114. The Il-18 type was formally named "Moskva" and this was painted on the fuselage, although the name was not used when the aircraft entered production.  The Moscow Machinery Plant No. 30 located at Khodynka, near where the Ilyushin design office and the prototype had been built, was chosen to manufacture the aircraft. During 1957 the plant began to reduce its production of the Ilyushin Il-14 and prepare to build the production aircraft designated IL-18A. The Il-18A was only different from the prototype in minor details, mainly internal configuration to increase the seating from 75 to 89. The first production aircraft were powered by the Kuznetsov NK-4 but the engines were plagued with problems so the Council of Ministers decreed in July 1958 that all production from November 1958 would use the Ivchenko AI-20 and earlier production would be re-engined. Only 20 IL-18As were built before production changed to the improved Il-18B, this new variant had a higher gross weight and the nose was re-designed with a larger radome which increased the length by 20 cm. The first Il-18B flew on 30 September 1958 powered by the AI-20; a VIP variant was also built as the IL-18S for the Soviet Air Force. From April 1961 a TG-18 Auxiliary Power Unit was fitted for ground starting rather than the bank of lead-acid batteries. Some aircraft were modified to allow the APU to be run in flight.  With experience of the earlier aircraft a further improvement was the Il-18V variant. The Il-18V was structurally the same but the interior was re-designed including moving the galley and some minor system changes. The first Il-18V appeared in December 1959 and was to continue into production until 1965 after 334 had been built. Specialised variants of the aircraft also appeared, including aircraft modified for flight calibration and a long-range polar variant. Military variants also appeared including the anti-submarine Ilyushin Il-38.

Operational history.

The first Il-18, initially equipped with Kuznetsov NK-4 engines, flew on 4 July 1957. On 17 September 1958 the aircraft first flew with the new Ivchenko AI-20 engines. Vladimir Kokkinaki was the test pilot. Between 1958 and 1960 twenty-five world records were set by this aircraft, among them flight range and altitude records with various payloads. In 1958 the aircraft was awarded the Brussels World Fair Grand Prix. In April 1979 a monument was unveiled at Sheremetyevo airport to commemorate this remarkable aircraft.  Seventeen foreign air carriers acquired some 125 Il-18 aircraft, seating 100-120 passengers. Il-18s are still in service in Siberia, North Korea and the Middle East, whilst a number of examples manufactured in the mid-1960s were still in civilian use in Africa and south Asia as at 2014. The type operates in various military capacities, including the Il-22PP electronic warfare and reconnaissance aircraft which entered service in October 2016.  An Il-18 (registration DDR-STD) belonging to Interflug and used as a transport by East German leaders, including Erich Honecker, has been converted into a static hotel suite in The Netherlands.  As of July 2018, there are 7 aircraft in airliner service with 6 operators.

Variants.

"Data from:OKB Ilyushin"

Operators.

Military operators.

Current operators: Former operators:

The Ilyushin Il-18 (; NATO reporting name: Coot) is a large turboprop airliner that first flew in 1957 and became one of the best known and durable Soviet aircraft of its era. The Il-18 was one of the world's principal airliners for several decades and was widely exported. Due to the aircraft's airframe durability, many examples achieved over 45,000 flight hours and the type remains operational in both military and (to a lesser extent) civilian capacities. The Il-18's successor was the long range Il-62 jet airliner.

LIliouchine (en, code OTAN : « "Foulque" ») est un grand avion de ligne quadri-turbopropulseur qui a volé pour la première fois en 1957 et est devenu l'un des avions soviétiques les plus connus et durables de son époque. Entré en service le, l' est l'un des principaux avions de ligne du monde depuis plusieurs décennies et a été largement exporté. En raison de la longévité de la cellule de l'avion, de nombreux exemplaires ont réalisé plus de de vol, et le modèle reste opérationnel dans les armées et dans le monde civil. Le successeur de l' est l'avion de ligne long courrier.


Waiting time examples.

With memory.

Most phenomena are not memoryless, which means that observers will obtain information about them over time. For example, suppose that is a random variable, the lifetime of a car engine, expressed in terms of "number of miles driven until the engine breaks down". It is clear, based on our intuition, that an engine which has already been driven for 300,000 miles will have a much lower than would a second (equivalent) engine which has only been driven for 1,000 miles. Hence, this random variable would not have the memorylessness property.

Without memory.

In contrast, let us examine a situation which would exhibit memorylessness. Imagine a long hallway, lined on one wall with thousands of safes. Each safe has a dial with 500 positions, and each has been assigned an opening position at random. Imagine that an eccentric person walks down the hallway, stopping once at each safe to make a single random attempt to open it. In this case, we might define random variable as the lifetime of their search, expressed in terms of "number of attempts the person must make until they successfully open a safe". In this case, will always be equal to the value of 500, regardless of how many attempts have already been made. Each new attempt has a (1/500) chance of succeeding, so the person is likely to open exactly one safe sometime in the next 500 attempts – but with each new failure they make no "progress" toward ultimately succeeding. Even if the safe-cracker has just failed 499 consecutive times (or 4,999 times), we expect to wait 500 more attempts until we observe the next success. If, instead, this person focused their attempts on a single safe, and "remembered" their previous attempts to open it, they would be guaranteed to open the safe after, at most, 500 attempts (and, in fact, at onset would only expect to need 250 attempts, not 500).  Real-life examples of memorylessness include the universal law of radioactive decay, which describes the time until a given radioactive particle decays, and the time until the discovery of a new Bitcoin block. An often used (theoretical) example of memorylessness in queueing theory is the time a storekeeper must wait before the arrival of the next customer.

Discrete memorylessness.

Suppose is a discrete random variable whose values lie in the set {0, 1, 2,...}. The probability distribution of is memoryless precisely if for any and in, we have  Here, denotes the conditional probability that the value of is greater than given that it is greater than or equal to.  The memoryless discrete probability distributions are the geometric distributions, which count the number of independent, identically distributed Bernoulli trials needed to get one "success". In other words, these are the distributions of waiting time in a Bernoulli process.

A frequent misunderstanding.

"Memorylessness" of the probability distribution of the number of trials until the first success means that, for example,  It does mean that  which would be true only if the events and were independent, i.e. formula_4

Continuous memorylessness.

Suppose is a continuous random variable whose values lie in the non-negative real numbers. The probability distribution of is memoryless precisely if for any non-negative real numbers and, we have  This is similar to the discrete version, except that and are constrained only to be non-negative real numbers instead of integers. Rather than counting trials until the first "success", for example, we may be marking time until the arrival of the first phone call at a switchboard.

The memoryless distribution is an exponential distribution.

The only memoryless continuous probability distribution is the exponential distribution, so memorylessness completely characterizes the exponential distribution among all continuous ones. The property is derived through the following proof:  To see this, first define the survival function,, as  Note that is then monotonically decreasing. From the relation  and the definition of conditional probability, it follows that  This gives the functional equation (which is a result of the memorylessness property):  From this, we must have for example:  In general:  The only continuous function that will satisfy this equation for any positive, rational is:  where formula_14  Therefore, since is a probability and must have formula_15 then any memorylessness function must be an exponential.  Put a different way, is a monotone decreasing function (meaning that for times formula_16 then formula_17)  The functional equation alone will imply that restricted to rational multiples of any particular number is an exponential function. Combined with the fact that is monotone, this implies that over its whole domain is an exponential function.

In probability and statistics, memorylessness is a property of certain probability distributions. It usually refers to the cases when the distribution of a "waiting time" until a certain event does not depend on how much time has elapsed already. To model memoryless situations accurately, we must constantly 'forget' which state the system is in: the probabilities would not be influenced by the history of the process.

En probabilités et statistique, la perte de mémoire est une propriété de certaines lois de probabilité : la loi exponentielle et la loi géométrique. On dit que ce sont des lois sans mémoire.


Career.

Born in 1930 in El Bayadh, he joined the maquis in early 1957 and occupied important functions in the ranks of the armed revolution. He was among the founders of the Algerian secret services, led the section of espionage based in Tripoli, and was a member of the general secretariat of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution from 1959 to 1962.  After independence, he served as ambassador in several European and Arab capitals (Bern, the Vatican, Cairo, Kuwait City, Rabat). In 1971, he was appointed as Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  In 1979, he joined the government and held several ministerial positions. He was appointed successively as Minister of Information, Minister of Post and Telecommunications, Minister of Culture, and ultimately as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1988 to 1989. As such, he participated actively in the tripartite Algeria - Morocco - Saudi Arabia, decided by the Arab Summit in Casablanca, the efforts made to arrive at the 1989 Taif Agreement to put an end to the Lebanese Civil War.  In 1997, he was appointed as a member of the Council of the Nation (the upper house of Parliament), and he was then elected as President of the Commission of Foreign Affairs of the Council. Subsequently he was Ambassador to Morocco. He was appointed by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika as President of the Constitutional Council in September 2005, serving in that post until March 2012.  Bessaïh was appointed as Minister of State and Special Adviser to President Bouteflika, as well as Personal Representative of the President, on 11 June 2016. He died less than two months later, on 28 July 2016, at the age of 86.

Boualem Bessaïh (1930 – July 28, 2016) was an Algerian politician and writer. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 1988 to 1989 and President of the Constitutional Council from 2005 to 2012. He was a professor of letters and human sciences at the University of Algiers.

Boualem Bessaih (né en 1930 à El Bayadh et mort le ) est un homme politique, diplomate et homme de lettres algérien, plusieurs fois ministre, et ancien président du Conseil constitutionnel. Il fut, du à sa mort, ministre d’État, conseiller spécial auprès du président de la République, représentant personnel du chef de l'État dans le gouvernement Sellal IV.


Career.

After his studies, Dembri studied at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Paris. Subsequently, he was, among other things, secretary general of the ministry of higher education and scientific research and secretary general of the ministry of labour and social affairs. After being secretary general of the State Department between 1979 and 1982, he was ambassador to Canada from 1982 to 1984. He then worked as a government adviser on political and diplomatic affairs. In 1992, he became Ambassador to Greece and remained in this post until 1993.  Upon his return, Dembri took over the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs from Redha Malek in 1993, who in turn took up the post of Prime Minister on 23 August 1993 and formed a new government. Until 1996, Dembri also held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the following governments of Prime Ministers Mokdad Sifi and Ahmed Ouyahia.  He then became Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva in 1996 and remained in this post until 2005. At the same time, Dembri was accredited to the Holy See between 1997 and 2004. He was in 1999 President of the Conference on Disarmament UNCD (United Nations Conference on Disarmament) and between 2000 and 2001 president of the local working group for development rights, then from 2001 to 2003 President of a group of work of the Commission on Human Rights, before 2004 President of the Executive Committee of the 101st session of the International Organization for Migration (IOM).  Dembri was accredited as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom from September 2005 to 2010. He was also the founder of the National Institute for Global Strategic Studies and the author of numerous articles in professional journals. He was married and the father of two children.

Mohamed Salah Dembri (; 30 January 1938 – 2 January 2020) was an Algerian politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 1993 to 1996.

Mohamed Salah Dembri (né le à El Harrouch (Algérie) et mort le à Narbonne (Aude)) est un homme politique et diplomate algérien, ministre des Affaires étrangères de 1993 à 1995, ambassadeur d'Algérie auprès du Royaume-Uni et de l'Irlande de 2005 à 2010.


Biography.

Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, holding a doctorate of medicine from Algiers University, opened a medical practice in the eastern Constantine region in 1944. At the time, Algeria was a governorate of France, but with the exception of European settlers, Algerians were not accorded civil rights. He quickly became active in politics, and joined Messali Hadj's Parti du peuple algérien (PPA) leftist nationalist movement in 1939. During the Second World War, he was arrested by colonial authorities for nationalist agitation and for inciting Algerian conscripts to refuse military service in the French army (while also condemning Nazism). He emerged as one of the group's most important leaders, pushing for confrontation with the colonial authorities and demanding independence (as opposed to the more moderate followers of Ferhat Abbas, who, unlike the PPA, restricted their demands to full citizenship for Algerian Muslims and autonomous rule).  In 1946, Lamine Debaghine was elected to the French parliament as a deputy of Constantine on a list backed by the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties, a successor movement to the banned PPA. In parliament, he called for Algeria's independence and described France's annexation of the country in 1830 an "aggression", but otherwise stayed out of most parliamentary debates and votes (an exception being to vote against French membership in NATO in 1949).  In 1951, his parliamentary mandate ended, and three years later, an armed rebellion for Algeria's independence erupted led by the Front de libération nationale (FLN), a PPA/MTLD splinter group. In 1956, Lamine Debaghine was made a member of the FLN's exterior delegation (i.e. outside the country) and its shadow parliament, the CNRA, later CCE. Lamine Debaghine was elected minister of foreign affairs in the first lineup of the FLN's government-in-exile, GPRA, under Ferhat Abbas's presidency, holding the post for the period 1958-1960. In this role, he served as a primary spokesman of the FLN to the outside world, and worked to build alliances with the newly independent countries of the Arab world and other regions. However, being outside the country, he had limited authority over the actual armed rebellion of the FLN's armed wing, the Armée de libération nationale (ALN). A Time Magazine article from 1957 described him as Abbas's close collaborator, "Dr. Mohammed Lamine-Debaghine, 40, [the] bitterly anti-French veteran nationalist who is subject to bouts of depression caused by attacks of neuralgia that partially paralyze his face." As an ally of Abane Ramdane, he was later sidelined by Ramdane's rivals, including Ahmed Ben Bella and others, and he was excluded from the GPRA's two following ministerial lineups, as well as from any important role in post-independence politics.  Following the war, he reopened a medical practice in Sétif. He died in Algiers, the Algerian capital, in 2003, at the age of 86.

Dr. Mohamed Lamine Debaghine (24 January 1917 in Hussein Dey, Algeria; – 23 January 2003 in Algiers, Algeria) was an Algerian politician and independence activist.

Mohamed Lamine Debaghine né le à Hussein Dey et mort le à Alger était un homme politique et nationaliste algérien qui a combattu pour l'indépendance de son pays.


Club career.

Iraklis.

Papadopoulos started out his career at Iraklis as a trainee. His second season was a very impressive one, catching the eye of major Greek teams in 2007–08, which eventually earned him a move to Olympiacos on 3 June 2008. The transfer fee was thought to be around 800,000 Euros. Papadopoulos is left-footed, and his main strength is his powerful shot which he uses to great effect by often shooting from long distances.

Olympiacos.

On 5 October 2008, Papadopoulos became a man as he made his Olympiakos debut as a substitute for teammate Dudu Cearense against city rivals AEK Athens. He impressed, having played a creative role in the second goal of Olympiakos' 2–0 win. After he had terminated his contract with Olympiacos in July 2011, he switched to Dynamo Dresden.

Dynamo Dresden.

On 12 August 2011 he debuted with the club in a victorious 4–0 home win against Union Berlin. His first year in 2. Bundesliga was an impressive one having 24 appearances, 15 as a starter. Unfortunately the period 2012/13 was mostly a substitute, therefore after he had terminated his contract with Dynamo Dresden in July 2013, he signed a 1-year contract with Aris, returning to Super League.

Aris.

He made his debut with the club on 18 August in an away loss from Apollon Smyrni. On 2 March 2014 Papadopoulos terminates his contract with the club, signing with the Polish club Cracovia. There will have the opportunity to find a mate from Greek Super League,the former Croatian central defender of Panthrakikos Tomislav Mikulic. "" Aris F.C. announces the termination of cooperation with the footballer Yannis Papadopoulos. The management team would like to thank the 24 years' old for his contribution and wishes him continued success in his career"" said the announcement of the club. Papadopoulos had informed his coach Soulis Papadopoulos for his intention to leave the club due to serious economic problems and that was the reason that was not among the starting XI in the home game against OFI.

Cracovia.

On 1 March 2014 he signed a one and a half-year contact with the Polish club Cracovia. He made his debut with the club on March, 17 in a 1–0 home win against Jagiellonia Białystok and a week later he scored the only goal in a 1–1 away draw against Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. At the end of the 2013/14 season Cracovia announced the end of cooperation with the Greek midfielder due to financial disagreements.

Career in Israel.

On 11 July 2014, Papadopoulos signed a one-year contact with the Israeli football club Bnei Sakhnin F.C. playing for Israeli Premier League. In February 2015, he signed for the rest of the season with the Israeli club Hapoel Acre.  During this period Hapoel Acre began to show a different face making a championship rally, as in the next nine games, managed to lose only from Hapoel Tel Aviv counting 5 wins and 4 draws. Papadopoulos described as "multi-tool" from the sports press, as in addition to defensive midfielder role in the game, he could play both as central back as well as an attacking midfielder, and with his goals helped his team in that achievement. As a result of this outstanding performance one of the biggest sports' sites in the country («sports.walla») indicate that his acquisition was crucial for the club, a fact that is also acknowledged from the team coach, Shlomi Dora, who in an interview he gave on the same site asked what were the five key moments of the year and of course stated that the acquisition of the Papadopoulos is one of them. ""I had seen Yiannis several times at Bnei Sakhnin F.C. and I think he is an excellent player, so when his contract expired, we moved immediately for his acquisition and we have not been disappointed" " he said among others.  On 16 July 2015 signed to Hapoel Kfar Saba On 20 December 2015, he scored his first goal in the season, helping his club to escape with a 1-1 draw against Maccabi Haifa. On 30 April 2016, he scored with an incredible left kick in a 2-1 home win against Ironi Kiryat Shmona.

Veria.

On 2 August 2016, he signed a year contract with Greek club Veria for an undisclosed fee, returning in Superleague after 2,5 years.

Nea Salamina.

On 21 June 2017, he signed a two years contract with Cypriot club Nea Salamina for an undisclosed fee.

Iraklis.

On 28 July 2018, newly promoted side Iraklis announced the signing of Papadopoulos.

International career.

He was member of Greece U21 and Captain of Greece U19. On 29 May he demonstrated this capability by scoring a 30-yard shot against Russia for the Greece U19 team.

Personal life.

Papadopoulos is the son of Iraklis all-time leader in appearances Daniil Papadopoulos.

Giannis Papadopoulos (; born 9 March 1989) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Cypriot club Digenis Morphou.

Ioánnis Papadópoulos (en grec "Γιάννης Παπαδόπουλος"), né le à Thessalonique en Grèce, est un footballeur international grec qui évolue au poste de milieu de terrain à KS Cracovia.


Mythology.

In another, more famous version Canace was a lover not of Poseidon, but of her own brother Macareus. This tradition made them children of a different Aeolus, the lord of the winds (or the Tyrrhenian king), and his wife Amphithea. Canace fell in love with Macareus and committed incest with him, which resulted in her getting pregnant. Macareus promised to marry Canace but never did. When their child was born, Canace's nurse tried to take the baby out of the palace in a basket, pretending to be carrying a sacrificial offering, but the baby cried out and revealed itself. Aeolus was outraged and compelled Canace to commit suicide as punishment, sending her a sword with which she was to stab herself. He also exposed the newborn child to its death. This story was told by Latin poet Ovid in the "Heroides", a selection of eighteen story-poems that pretend to be letters from mythological women to their lovers and ex-lovers. The story is also briefly referred to by Hyginus and retold by Pseudo-Plutarch, in whose account Macareus kills himself over the matter as well. It was also the subject of Euripides' lost play "Aeolus", on which the extant versions appear to be based.  In the myth of Arachne, told in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Arachne depicts Poseidon seducing Canace as a bull in her tapestry of the male gods and their various love affairs.  Her story was also put to the stage in the verse tragedy "Canace" (1588), by Italian playwright Sperone Speroni, as well as being the subject of a tale in Gower's "Confessio Amantis". She also gave her name to the heroine of Geoffrey Chaucer's "Squire's Tale".

In Greek mythology, Canace (; Ancient Greek: Κανάκη means "‘barking") was a daughter of Aeolus and Enarete, and lover of Poseidon. Her brothers were Athamas, Cretheus, Deioneus, Magnes, Perieres, Salmoneus and Sisyphus. Her sisters were Alcyone, Arne, Calyce, Peisidice, Perimede and Tanagra. With Poseidon, she was the mother of Aloeus, Epopeus, Hopleus, Nireus and Triopas.

Dans la mythologie grecque, Canacé (en grec ancien ) est la fille d'Éole (fils d'Hellen et éponyme des Éoliens, roi de Thessalie) et d'Énarété. Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec son homonyme, Canacé, la fille d'Éole (fils d'Hippotès).