Exécutions dans les ruines du ghetto de Varsovie (1943-1944)

Origins.

Warsaw was considered by the Germans to be the centre of Polish resistance against the Nazi "New Order". Although in the occupied General Government the former capital of Poland was degraded to the role of a provincial city, Warsaw still remained the centre of Polish political, intellectual and cultural life. It was also the seat of the authorities of the Polish Underground State and a place of functioning of particularly strong and well-organized structures of the resistance movement. Governor General Hans Frank wrote in his diary on December 14, 1943: "If we had not had Warsaw in the General Government, we would not have four-fifths of the difficulties we had to face. Warsaw is and will remain a focus of turmoil, the point from which unrest spreads in that country".  From the first days of the occupation, Germans imposed brutal terror on the people of Warsaw, directed primarily at the representatives of the Polish political and intellectual Elites, the Jewish community and people who were in any way connected with the activities of the resistance movement. Warsaw's Prisons and detention centres – Pawiak, the investigator's arrest at Daniłowiczowska Street, the Mokotów Prison, and the basements of Sipo's headquarters in Szucha Avenue – were filled with arrested people. Street round-ups, deportations to concentration camps and mass murders became daily occurrences. Executions of Political prisoners from Warsaw were usually carried out in secret in areas inaccessible to bystanders. The places of massacres were, among others: the Sejm gardens at Wiejska Street; Kabaty Forest; Swedish Mountains in Bemowo; Sękocin Forest near Magdalenka; Chojnów Forests near Stefanów; Laski, Wydmy Łuże and Wólka Węglowa on the outskirts of Kampinos; and above all – infamous Palmiry.  From the executioner's point of view, however, executions carried out in the Forests near Warsaw entailed certain risks and logistic problems. The discreet transport of convicts from Warsaw's prisons to places of execution located several kilometers from the city was a complicated and time-consuming operation. The protection of execution sites from unauthorized witnesses and escape of convicts also posed serious problems. The Germans had no guarantee that the inhabitants of the surrounding villages would not be able to find mass graves by accident or intention.

First executions in the ruins of the ghetto.

Starting from June 1942, there were several cases when small groups of Poles, ranging from a few to several dozen, were murdered by the Germans in the Warsaw Ghetto, which at that time was completely isolated from the rest of the city. The bodies of the murdered were usually abandoned directly in the streets of the "Jewish residential district", where they were then taken care of by Jewish working groups, whose duties included cleaning the streets from the bodies of the dead inhabitants of the ghetto. They usually buried the corpses in the Jewish cemetery or in the "Skra" football field. Such executions took place on a larger scale during the great displacement operation in the ghetto (summer 1942), because in the conditions of general chaos, it was easy for Germans to hide the fact of the murder and to get rid of the victims' bodies unnoticeably. In the spring of 1943, the Germans finally shut down the Warsaw Ghetto by brutally suppressing the uprising which had been started by the Jewish resistance movement. Areas of the former "Jewish residential district" were transformed by the occupying forces into a "stone-brick desert". The management of the Warsaw Gestapo came to a conclusion that the ruins of the ghetto might turn out to be a convenient place to carry out secret executions of Poles – this time on a massive scale. SS-Gruppenführer Jürgen Stroop, the then SS and Police Commander (SS- und Polizeiführer) for the Warsaw district, claimed that the author of this idea was Dr Ludwig Hahn, Commander of the German security police and security service in Warsaw. While in Mokotów Prison waiting for the trial, Stroop reported on talks with Hahn to his co-prisoner from the cell, Kazimierz Moczarski.  “"Doctor Hahn said something like this: "Let's use Grossaktion to finish Poles as well. Many Jews died in the ghetto and will continue to do so. There are corpses everywhere, so if a few thousand more dead Poles arrive, nobody will be able to verify anything anyway"" – reported by Jürgen Stroop.  From the point of view of the occupants, a number of factors spoke in favor of using the ruins of the ghetto as a place of mass executions. The district was directly adjacent to the Pawiak prison, where the vast majority of Polish political prisoners were detained. The ghetto walls and numerous German posts completely isolated the "stone and brick desert" from the rest of the city. Police patrols constantly hunted Jews hiding in the ruins, which explained the sound of shots coming from behind the walls. It was easy to bury or burn the bodies of the murdered in the ruins. Finally, in the summer of 1943, a German concentration camp – the so-called Konzentrationslager Warschau – began to operate in the area of the former ghetto (near Gęsia Street). Its premises and crew were used for carrying out executions, as well as its equipment (crematorium).  The first execution of Pawiak's prisoners, carried out in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto, took place on May 7, 1943, i.e. before the end of the Ghetto Uprising. At that time, 94 people were murdered in the gate of a tenement house at 21 Dzielna Street. From the end of May 1943, executions in the former "Jewish residential district" took place almost every day. Since then, the Germans have almost completely abandoned execution of convicts in forests near Warsaw and have significantly limited the deportations of Pawiak prisoners (and of other Warsaw prisons and jails) to concentration camps. Instead, Polish political prisoners were hastily and massively murdered in the ruins of the ghetto, often after only a few or several days of investigation or even without any investigation at all. Almost every day executions of several or a dozen Jews captured by the Germans on the "Aryan side", as well as Poles who hid them, took place there. The names of these victims were in most cases never established, as the captured Jews were not entered in the Pawiak's records at all. Instead, after a few hours, or at most a few days of their stay on the death row, they were executed in the ghetto. It was not uncommon for whole families, including women and children, to be murdered in the ruins.  Germans carried out the executions at various places in the former ghetto, but most often on the grounds of the property at 25 and 27 Dzielna Street, in the garden of the house at 29 Nowolipki Street and in the courtyard of the house at 19 Zamenhofa Street. Pawiak prisoners or other people brought from the city were also shot on the grounds of the Warsaw concentration camp (KL Warschau). The corpses of the murdered were burned – most often on the grounds of the property at 45 Gęsia and 27 Pawia Streets or within the KL Warschau camp (on piles made of wooden parts of demolished houses or in the local crematorium). The corpses were burned by labor units composed of Jews - prisoners of the camp.  The information on German crimes provided to the outside by the members of the AK conspiracy employed as the Pawiak custodian staff was inevitably fragmented, so it is impossible to determine the exact dates and course of all the murders carried out in the ghetto ruins in the spring and summer of 1943. However, it is known that in the executions that were carried out almost every day a few to a dozen people died. There have been cases in which dozens or even hundreds of Poles and Jews have been murdered in individual executions. On May 29, 1943, a great massacre of Pawiak prisoners took place in the former ghetto, during which about 530 people were killed. The execution echoed widely in occupied Warsaw – it was then that the inscriptions "Pawiak pomścimy" (We'll avenge Pawiak) began to appear on a large scale on the walls of the city. On June 24, 1943, about 200 people died in the next big execution in the ghetto. On July 15, 1943, from 260 to 300 people were shot there – Poles and Jews arrested as a result of the so-called scandal of the Polish Hotel. The next day, 132 more prisoners of Pawiak were executed in the camp at Gęsia Street.

Executions during Kutschera's rule.

In October 1943 German terror against the people of Warsaw was dramatically intensified. The Germans intensified their efforts throughout the General Government to break the growing Polish resistance movement. On October 2, 1943, Hans Frank's ordinance ""On combating attacks on the German work of reconstruction in the General Government"" was announced. It sanctioned the principle of collective responsibility fully applied by the occupying power, providing, among other things, that "instigators and helpers are punishable as perpetrators" and that "an attempt to commit a crime is punishable as a committed crime". The only form of punishment provided for in the Regulation was the death penalty. In Warsaw, the intensification of the Nazi terror was also caused by the fact that SS-Brigadeführer Franz Kutschera took over the function of the SS and Police Commander for the Warsaw district (September 25, 1943). The new SS- und Polizeiführer advocated a hard hand policy towards the nations conquered by the Third Reich. He wanted to pacify Warsaw by means of mass executions of Hostages, carried out in retaliation for every anti-German act. However, executions were to be carried out not only in the ruins of the ghetto, but also in an open manner – on the streets of Warsaw. The Germans hoped that in this way they would be able to intimidate the capital's population and at the same time drive a wedge between the resistance movement and ordinary citizens.  The intensification of the occupant's policy was communicated in Warsaw by a wave of round-ups of unprecedented intensity, which fell on the city on October 13, 1943 and since then have been organized by the Germans almost daily – even several times during a single day and in many parts of the city. The first of numerous street executions took place on October 16, 1943, on Niedpodległości Avenue (at the corner of Madaliński Street). In order to have an appropriate psychological effect, names of the victims were read out by street megaphones, together with the announcement of shooting of the next group of hostages (named after them) in case of another anti-German attack in Warsaw. After some time, megaphone announcements were replaced by written announcements on the walls (Bekanntmachung). The infamous Posters, printed on pink paper and usually bearing the anonymous signature "SS and Police Commander for the district of Warsaw", appeared for the first time on the streets of Warsaw on October 30, 1943.  Mass roundups and executions, in which hundreds of innocent people were killed, shocked Warsaw. While German repressions were usually directed against specific social or political groups, the terror perpetrated by Kutschera was basically used in a random manner. Next to political prisoners arrested by the Gestapo, ordinary Warsaw residents who were accidentally detained during round-ups died in great numbers. However, while street executions naturally attracted public attention, the simultaneous action of secret elimination of hostages in the ruins of the ghetto took on a much larger scale. Between October 15, 1943 and May 15, 1944, the Germans executed almost 5000 people in the city and its immediate vicinity (about 270–300 people a week), of whom about 3800 were shot in the ruins of the ghetto. This means that there were 3–4 people murdered secretly in the ghetto per 1 person killed in a street execution.  At that time, executions in the ruins of the ghetto were carried out not only daily, but often even several times in a single day. Dozens or even hundreds of prisoners of Pawiak or ordinary Warsaw citizens detained during round-ups were repeatedly killed in single executions. One of the biggest executions in Pawiak's history, which lasted several hours until 4:00 am, took place during the night from October 17 to 18, 1943. Naked prisoners were led out of the prison in groups and shot with machine guns on the section of 36–42 Pawia Street and 37–42 Dzielna Street, about 600 people were killed. Rumors spread later in prison that the execution was so horrible that one of the SS soldiers did not endure the mental stress and committed suicide. On October 23, 1943, about 300 hostages, brought the day before from Praga, were executed in the ruins. Mass executions also took place on November 12 and 13 (about 240 and 120 victims, respectively), December 9 (about 146 victims, including 16 Jewish women with one young child), December 14 (about 230 victims), December 16 (about 100 victims), January 13, 1944 (about 260 victims) and January 28 (about 170–180 victims).  At the same time, according to the information provided by the underground cells operating in Pawiak, in November 1943, the Germans started to erase the traces of previous executions and evidence of crimes committed while the Warsaw Ghetto was still in existence. Labour units composed of KL Warschau prisoners began to extract bodies from mass graves hidden in the former ghetto or in the Jewish cemetery under the supervision of the Germans. The exhumed corpses were then burned or blasted with explosives. According to Regina Domańska, on November 17, 1943, Germans gathered about 300 men in the ruins of one of the houses in the former ghetto, and then blew up the building.  On February 1, 1944, soldiers of the "Pegasus" unit belonging to Kedyw AK carried out a successful attack on Kutschera in Ujazdów Avenue. Most of the victims of the retaliatory executions carried out by the Germans in the following days were murdered in the ruins of the ghetto. As early as February 2, Germans shot 300 Polish hostages, 100 of whom were executed in a street execution at the corner of Ujazdów and Chopin Avenues (near the assassination point), and the remaining 200 in the ghetto. Another mass executions in the ruins took place on February 3 (about 150 victims), February 10 (about 330 victims) and February 15 (about 210 victims, including 18 women).

Last months of the occupation.

After the death of Kutschera, the German terror against people of Warsaw was clearly reduced. The Germans decided not to carry out street executions, and stopped informing about the execution of hostages by means of megaphone announcements and posters. One could clearly feel the desire of the occupants not to give Poles the opportunity to manifest patriotic feelings. However, the extermination process in the ruins of the ghetto continued on a full scale. In the spring of 1944, dozens or even hundreds of Pawiak prisoners or people brought from the city for execution were being killed almost daily. On February 22, 1944, about 312 people were executed in the ruins of the ghetto. On February 28, about 100 prisoners of Pawiak were executed. On March 4, another 84–100 prisoners (including 4 Jewish women) were killed in the ruins. Their bodies were thrown into the cellars of a demolished house at Nowolipie Street (corner of Karmelicka Street) and set on fire. Some of the severely wounded convicts were burnt alive. Six days later, 40 Jews captured in a hiding place at Grójecka Street and a few Poles who gave them shelter (Mieczysław Wolski and Władysław Marczak with their families) were shot in the ghetto. One of the murdered Jews was the famous Jewish historian Emanuel Ringelblum. On March 21, another 200 people were murdered in the ghetto, mainly inhabitants of Villages near Warsaw. Until the late evening hours, the glow over the crematorium of KL Warschau was visible in the city and the smell of burning bodies was evident.  Mass executions in the ghetto ruins also took place on March 16 (ca. 185 victims), March 29 (ca. 100–150 victims), March 30 (ca. 95 victims), March 31 (ca. 140 victims, of which ca. 100–150 were brought from Łowicz), April 6–7 (approx. 100), April 13 (approx. 115), April 14 (approx. 154–163), April 15 (approx. 100), April 17 (about 140 victims), April 26 (about 110), 11 May (about 120–130 victims, including a Russian woman and some Jews), 19 May (about 103 victims), 20 May (about 160–200), 22 May (about 200), 27 May (about 100), June 5/6 (about 110), June 9/10 (about 100). In addition, there were several executions of small groups of prisoners (often of Jewish origin), the number of whom is difficult to determine. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the prisoners of Pawiak's third unit (a night from July 19 to 20, 1944), 154 (according to other sources – 173) unfortunate escapees were shot in the ruins of the ghetto.  As the eastern front was approaching, the Germans started to dismantle Pawiak at the end of July 1944. The great evacuation transport, which included over 1800 prisoners, left Warsaw on July 30. Before that, activities aimed at erasing the evidence of crimes committed in Warsaw had also been intensified (e.g. on June 8 the ruins of a house on Nowolipki Street, where executions were regularly carried out were blown up). On August 13, 1944, almost two weeks after the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, the last execution took place in the ruins of the ghetto. At that time the Germans shot about 100 people – prisoners of Pawiak, who could not be evacuated from Warsaw before the outbreak of the uprising. There were 18 women among the victims, including two midwives with newborns.

Number of victims.

It is impossible to determine the exact number of victims of executions carried out in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto. Historian calculated that between January 1, 1943 and July 31, 1944, in secret or open executions carried out in Warsaw, the German occupiers murdered about 20,500 people, most of whom were in all probability executed in the former ghetto. According to IPN historians, around 20,000 people were murdered in the ruins of the ghetto between 1943 and 1944, including around 10,000 Poles. It is difficult to determine, however, how many of the murdered were prisoners of KL Warschau (mostly Jews from various European countries) and how many were the residents of Warsaw or the surrounding towns shot in retaliation executions. Hence, the probable number of victims of murders carried out in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto amounts to several thousand. According to Władysław Bartoszewski's calculations – based mainly on estimates of underground reports of the Pawiak cells and covering only those executions in which it was possible to determine at least the approximate number of victims – about 9600 people were murdered in the ruins of the ghetto between May 7, 1943 and August 13, 1944.  The following people were murdered in the ruins of the ghetto: Mikołaj Arciszewski (a journalist, cartoonist, head of one of the Soviet intelligence networks in Warsaw), Mieczysław Bilek (president of the underground Democratic Party, former President of Gdynia), Sławomir Bittner (company commander in the Home Army Battalion "Zośka"), Stanisław Chudoba (leader of the Polish Socialist Workers' Party), Tytus Czaki (one of the organizers of the Riflemen's Association, pre-war President of Brest and Włocławek), Hanna Czaki (daughter of Tytus, scout, liaison officer and secretary of the Information Department in the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the Home Army), Paweł Finder and Małgorzata Fornalska (leaders of the Polish Workers' Party), Tadeusz Hollender (poet, satirist, publicist), lieutenant Jan Hörl alias "Frog" (Home Army soldier, Silent Unseen/Cichociemny), Gustaw Kaleński (historian, archivist, captain of the Polish Army in retirement), Stefan Kapuściński (Silesian trade union and political activist), Mieczysław Kotarbiński (painter, graphic designer), dr Józef Lewicki (pedagogue, upbringing historian, lecturer at the Free Polish University in Warsaw), prof. Tadeusz Pruszkowski (painter, art critic, pedagogue), Emanuel Ringelblum (famous historian of Jewish origin), Colonel Józef Rosiek (inspector of the Warsaw Home Army), Stefan Sacha (president of the Main Board of the underground National Party).

Perpetrators.

Responsibility for the management of thousands of murders committed in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto falls primarily on the SS and Police Commanders in the Warsaw district, who held their positions from May 1943 to August 1944. That includes: SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Strop (sentenced to death by a Polish court after the war and executed on March 6, 1952), SS-Brigadeführer Franz Kutschera (killed by the soldiers of Kedyw AK on February 1, 1944), SS-Oberführer Herbert Böttcher (sentenced to death by a Polish court after the war and executed on June 12, 1950) and SS-Oberführer Paul Otto Geibel (sentenced to life imprisonment by a Polish court after the war, committed suicide in the Mokotów prison in 1966). Dr Ludwig Hahn, the commander of the German security police and service in Warsaw, played a special role in the extermination operation. Hahn – the originator of the idea of adapting the ruins of the ghetto to the extermination of the Warsaw population and the spiritus movens of all terrorist and extermination activities carried out against the Polish and Jewish population of Warsaw in 1941–1944 – lived in Hamburg under his real name for many years after the war. He was not brought to court until 1972 and was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment after a one-year trial. The Hamburg sworn court changed the sentence to life imprisonment during the revision process. Hahn was released in 1983, however, and died three years later.  Executions in the ruins of the ghetto were carried out by:  Both open and secret executions carried out in Warsaw were repeatedly led by SS-Obersturmführer Norbert Bergh-Trips, SS-Haupturmführer Paul Werner and SS-Obersturmführer Walter Witossek. The latter often presided over the police "trio" signing mass death sentences for Polish political prisoners, which were later pronounced by the ad hoc court of the security police

Executions in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto (1943–1944) – mass executions of Polish Political prisoners and people of Jewish descent carried out secretly by German occupiers in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto.

Les exécutions dans les ruines du ghetto de Varsovie (1943-1944) sont des exécutions massives de prisonniers politiques polonais et de personnes d’origine juive, effectuées par les forces d’occupation allemandes dans les ruines du ghetto de Varsovie.


Early life and education.

Abdo Benítez was born in Asunción on 10 November 1971 and is the son of Ruth Benítez Perrier and Mario Abdo Benítez Sr. His father's ancestry is Lebanese.  Upon completion of his secondary schooling in 1989 he joined the Paraguayan Armed Forces, obtaining the rank of Second Lieutenant of Reserve Aviation and in turn was appointed by the Air Force Command as a paratrooper.  At 16 years old, Abdo Benítez moved to the United States. He then completed his university studies at Teikyo Post University in Waterbury, Connecticut, obtaining a degree in marketing.

Early political career.

His first steps in politics were in 2005 as a member of the Republican National Reconstruction movement. He was later a member of the Peace and Progress movement and won the Vice Presidency of the Colorado Party in 2005. In June 2015, he was elected president of the Senate of Paraguay.  Abdo Benítez has faced criticism for his relationship with the military dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, as his father was Stroessner's private secretary. When Stroessner died in 2006, Abdo Benítez was one of the pallbearers at his funeral in Brasília, and Abdo Benítez later proposed that the Governing Board of the Colorado Party pay tribute to Stroessner. The fortune Abdo Benítez owns was inherited from his father, who after the fall of the dictatorship was prosecuted for illicit enrichment, but the case was eventually dismissed. Abdo Benítez has stated that while he believes that Stroessner "did a lot for the country", he also clarified that he does not condone the violations of human rights, torture and persecution committed during the regime.

Presidency.

Election.

In December 2017, Abdo Benítez won the Colorado Party presidential primaries by defeating former Minister of Finance Santiago Peña with 564,811 votes (50.93%) to 480,114 (43.29%). In April 2018, Abdo Benítez won the 2018 elections by defeating Efraín Alegre, with 46.46% of the votes to Alegre's 42.73%. At age 46 Abdo Benítez became, alongside Nicanor Duarte Frutos, the youngest President of Paraguay since the fall of Stroessner's dictatorship.  Abdo Benítez was inaugurated as president on 15 August 2018. His predecessor Horacio Cartes, with whom he was in conflict, was not present at the ceremony.

Domestic policy.

He supported the reform of the judicial system, considered corrupt. Like his opponent at the elections Alegre, he opposes the legalization of abortion and gay marriage, though he stated to be "open" to a "debate" on abortion.  In mid-2019, he faced the possibility of a impeachment procedure for having signed an agreement with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro on the Itaipu Dam, which was considered to be clearly unfavourable for Paraguay. He finally had this agreement cancelled, defusing the impeachment process.  On economic issues, Abdo Benitez's government continues the policy pursued for a century in favor of large landowners. Abdo Benitez's government designed a tax reform that was approved by Congress in September 2019. In 2019, the Paraguayan economy went into recession.  One year after taking office, the government has experienced a high rate of disapproval of its management (69.3% in August 2019). As a result, the phrase "Desastre ko Marito" (a mixture of Guarani and Spanish roughly meaning "Marito is a disaster") became widespread in use, spawning merchandising. Abdo Benítez has jokingly referenced the phrase on occasion.

Foreign policy.

In September 2018, he annulled the decision of his predecessor to transfer the Paraguayan embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, stating that he had not been consulted, and declared that he had taken this decision believing it to "contribute to the intensification of regional and international diplomatic efforts in the goal of achieving an enlarged, just and lasting peace in the Middle East". This decision led to tensions with the Israeli government, which responded by closing its embassy in Paraguay.  In January 2019, he broke off diplomatic relations with Venezuela and recognized Venezuelan opposition leader and National Assembly President Juan Guaidó as President of the country. He received Guaidó at the presidential palace in Asunción.

Personal life.

His first marriage was to Fátima María Díaz, with whom he had two sons. Following their divorce, he married Silvana López Moreira, with whom he has one son.

Honors.

Benítez was awarded the Order of Brilliant Jade with Grand Cordon by President of the Republic of China Tsai Ing-wen in October 2018. During the ceremony, Tsai mentioned the role that Benítez's father held in the Stroessner government, which established bilateral relations.

Mario Abdo Benítez (; born 10 November 1971), nicknamed "Marito", is a Paraguayan politician. A former president of the Senate of Paraguay, Abdo Benítez is the President of Paraguay.

Mario Abdo Benítez, né le à Asunción (Paraguay), est un homme d'État paraguayen, ancien président de la Chambre des sénateurs de 2015 à 2016, président de la République depuis le.


Historical and doctrinal background.

In its early days, Mormonism was a Restorationist faith, and leaders such as Joseph Smith and Brigham Young frequently discussed efforts to re-introduce social, legal, and religious practices described in the Bible, such as temple building, polygamy, and a patriarchal, theocratic governing structure. The term "blood atonement" does not appear in Mormon scripture. However, in the Book of Mormon there are verses which clearly detail that "the law of Moses" requires capital punishment for the crime of murder and that Jesus' death and Atonement "fulfills" the law of Moses such that there should be no more blood sacrifices.  The concept of blood atonement for adultery was less clearly articulated in LDS scripture. In Doctrine and Covenants 132, Joseph Smith wrote that people who break the "New and Everlasting Covenant" (Celestial marriage) would be "destroyed in the flesh" and be punished until they received their exaltation at the Last Judgment.  The requirement that blood should be shed as an atonement for capital crimes grew into the idea that salvation would be blocked unless this penalty was adhered to, because the "law" would remain "unfulfilled." The belief in the necessity of spilled blood and death in order to make restitution for adultery and murder was aided by a generally favorable view of capital punishment, the idea that spilled blood "cries out" for retribution, the "blood for blood" doctrine that says crimes of bloodshed should be punished by the spilling of blood, and the concept that repentance requires restitution. Although the scriptures in Alma 34 of the Book of Mormon speak of the "requirement" in terms of a legal obligation, Brigham Young described blood atonement-worthy crimes as precluding Eternal Progression offered to the faithful, stating that a sinner's crimes "will deprive him of that exaltation which he desires." In Mormon theology, Salvation is not the same as Exaltation which has more to do with "where in heaven" whereas Salvation is "being in heaven."

Capital punishment in Mormon scripture and ritual.

Mormonism's teachings regarding capital punishment originated in older Jewish and Christian teachings. For example, in 1 Corinthians 5:5, Paul discusses a man who copulated with his father's wife and commands church members to "deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus." The "Book of Mormon" also has passages favoring capital punishment, saying "And now, behold, I speak unto the church. Thou shalt not kill; and he that

"Blood for blood" doctrine and retributive capital punishment.

Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was a strong proponent of capital punishment, and favored execution methods that involved the shedding of blood as retribution for crimes of bloodshed. In 1843, he or his scribe commented that the common execution method in Christian nations was hanging, "instead of blood for blood according to the law of heaven." Years before making this remark, however, Smith was quoted as saying that the hanging of Judas Iscariot was not a suicide,

Being "destroyed in the flesh" for violation of celestial marriage covenants.

The most immediate precursor to the blood atonement doctrine stems from a controversial section of Mormon scripture dictated by Smith in 1843 commanding the practice of plural marriage (D&C 132). This revelation stated that once a man and a woman enter the "New and Everlasting Covenant" (a celestial marriage), and it is "sealed unto them by the Holy Spirit of promise" (which Smith later taught was accomplished through the second anointing ritual)" If a sealed person shed innocent blood, they would suffer the fate of David, who was redeemed, but fell short of his exaltation, and did not become a joint-heir with Christ (D&C 132:39), since a murderer is not forgiven in the sense that he will enter the Celestial kingdom. But although, regarding his

Blood atonement teachings during the Brigham Young administration.

Teachings by the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve.

As far as scholars can tell, the author of the blood atonement doctrine was LDS Church president Brigham Young, who first taught the doctrine after the death of Joseph Smith. The doctrine first began to be taught, however, during the period when Brigham Young was Governor of the Utah Territory a period also known as the Mormon Reformation (1856–1858), particularly by Jedediah M. Grant of the First Presidency. Public talk of blood atonement diminished substantially by the end of the Mormon Reformation in 1858 when Young was replaced as territorial governor by Alfred Cumming. The subject of blood atonement remained largely dormant until the 1870s, when the issue was revived by the national media during the John D. Lee trials for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre.

Development of the doctrine in the 1840s and early 1850s.

When Brigham Young led the Saints from Nauvoo, Illinois to the Salt Lake valley beginning in the mid-1840s, he and his followers intended to establish a theocracy independent of the United States, where there would be no distinction between church and state. ("For Mormon theocratic political theory, see" Theodemocracy). Brigham Young's first recorded teachings on the blood atonement doctrine were in 1845, when Young had stepped into the shoes of Joseph Smith, the previous theocratic leader who had been killed in 1844. That year, he was said to have approved of a Mormon being killed by an unknown assailant in Nauvoo, Illinois, an act he characterized as "a deed of charity" because "he might now possibly be redeemed in the eternal world".  In the Salt Lake valley, Young maintained a Council of Fifty composed of religious leaders as a kind of legislature, but this body's power was limited. In 1849, as Young and the Council of Fifty were drafting a plan for a proposed State of Deseret, Young

Impending theocratic blood atonement for "covenant breaking" Mormons.

During the Mormon Reformation, church leaders began to criss-cross Mormon communities in a dramatic call for greater orthodoxy and religious purity. Brigham Young, who was then a theocratic leader, began preparing church members for what they thought was the quickly-approaching Second Coming, and a time of "Celestial law" in the Utah Territory. According to Young: "The time is coming when justice will be laid to the line and righteousness to the plummet; when we shall take the old broadsword and ask, Are you for God? And if you are not heartily on the Lord's side, you will be hewn down."  The most vocal proponent of the blood atonement doctrine was Jedediah M. Grant, Young's second counselor in

Voluntary blood atonement and enforcement by individuals.

In addition to talk about blood atonement as a theocratic form of capital punishment whose time was "nigh at hand," church leaders also discussed unofficial blood atonement. According to one interpretation of Brigham Young's sermon on March 16, 1856, the sermon encouraged enforcement of the doctrine by "individuals" in certain situations. He said that if "you found your brother in bed with your wife, and put a javelin through both of them, you would be justified, and they would atone for their sins, and be received into the kingdom of God." He

Blood atonement for apostasy.

Most discussion of blood atonement during the Mormon Reformation concerned the killing of "covenant breakers." The greatest covenant breakers were thought to be "apostates," who according to early Mormon doctrine would become sons of perdition and for whom "there is no chance whatever for exaltation." Nevertheless, Brigham Young believed that blood atonement would have at least some benefit. Young's first discussion of blood atonement in 1845 concerned a man who may have been considered an apostate in Nauvoo, Illinois. On February 8, 1857, Young said, regarding apostates, that "if their blood had been spilled, it would have been better

Properly-practiced blood atonement.

Blood atonement as taught above was not to be used as a way to punish, but as a way for the sinner to make restitution for his sins. One hearsay account was given by John D. Lee, who was killed for his involvement in the

Mountain Meadows massacre.

The Mountain Meadows massacre of September 11, 1857 was widely blamed on the church's teaching of blood atonement and other anti-United States rhetoric by LDS Church leaders during the Utah War. The widely publicized massacre was a mass killing of Arkansan emigrants by a Mormon militia led by prominent Mormon leader John D. Lee, who was later executed for his role in the killings. After escalating rumors that the emigrants participated in early Mormon persecution, the militia conducted a siege, and when the emigrants surrendered, the militia killed men, women, and children in cold blood,

Rumors of blood atonement enforcement by Utah-era Danites.

Many of these rumors were centered around a group called the "Danites." The Danites were a fraternal organization founded by a group of Latter-day Saints in June 1838, at Far West in Caldwell County, Missouri. The Danites operated as a vigilante group and took a central role in the events of the Mormon War. Although the organization ceased to formally exist in Missouri, the name "Danites" may have been used in both Nauvoo and Utah. It is not certain whether the Danites continued to exist as a formal organization in Utah.  During the 1860s and 1870s, there were widespread rumors that Brigham Young had a Danite organization that was enforcing

Thomas Coleman murder.

An example used by some to illustrate the alleged practice of blood atonement is the 1866 murder of the former-slave, Thomas Coleman (or Colburn), who was in good standing as a member of the LDS Church. As Mormon historian D. Michael Quinn has documented, Coleman was apparently secretly courting a white Mormon woman, contrary to both territorial law and contemporaneous Mormon teachings regarding people of African descent.  At one of their clandestine meetings behind the old Arsenal (on what is now Capitol Hill in Salt Lake) on

Other killings.

One of the examples cited by critics of the church is a set of murders in Springville, Utah of individuals who, according to historical documents and court records, were "very questionable characters." Judge Elias Smith stated in regard to the case: "We have carefully examined all the evidence furnished by a remarkably accurate stenographic reporter, and can only conclude that evidence before the court goes to show that Durfee, Potter and two of the Parrishes got into a row about matters best, if not only, known to themselves, and for that Potter

Blood atonement after Brigham Young.

By 1877, when Brigham Young died, the blood atonement doctrine, whether or not it was properly understood by the public, had "done more than any other thing save polygamy to bring Mormonism into disrepute". In response, church leaders and journalists took an active interest in explaining and justifying the doctrine, and in countering the negative press. John Taylor, Young's successor, acknowledged in "North American Review" the "we believe some crimes can only be atoned for by the life of the guilty party"; however, he said, "all culprits worthy of death...should be executed by the proper civil officer, not by any exercise of the "lex talionis" or the intervention of ecclesiastical authority".  Chief among the Latter-day Saint writers defending the doctrine in the late 19th century was Charles W. Penrose, editor of the church-owned "Deseret News", who would later become a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency.

Blood atonement for murder.

Prior to the death of Brigham Young, blood atonement doctrine was taught primarily as a means for Mormon "covenant breakers" (usually adulterers and apostates) to pay for their sins, but a full list of sins requiring blood atonement was never given. In at least one instance, Heber C. Kimball suggested that the principle would apply to the sin of murder. After Young's death, blood atonement continued to be taught as a necessary means to pay for the sin of adultery, however, blood atonement teachings largely ignored the penalty for apostates and lesser "covenant breakers", and focused primarily on the sin of murder, emphasizing that it was intended to be operative

Repudiation of allegations of the practice by the LDS church in 1889.

The practice of “blood atonement” was formally denied and repudiated by the church in a statement issued in 1889:  MANIFESTO OF THE PRESIDENCY AND APOSTLES "SALT LAKE CITY, Dec. 12th, 1889. To Whom It May Concern: In consequence of gross misrepresentations of the doctrines, aims and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly called the 'Mormon' church, which have been promulgated for years, and have recently been revived for political purposes and to prevent all aliens, otherwise qualified, who are members of the 'Mormon' church

Accusation by R. C. Evans.

In 1920, R. C. Evans, a former member of the First Presidency of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who had left the church, wrote a book titled "Forty Years in the Mormon Church: Why I Left It!". Evans accused both the RLDS Church and the Utah-based LDS Church of advocating “blood atonement” and he also associated the alleged practice with the “Danites.” In response to denials that the practice had ever been implemented by both churches, Evans wrote:  Thus we

Response by Joseph Fielding Smith.

Responding to Evans’s accusations regarding the alleged implementation of the practice of “blood atonement”, Joseph Fielding Smith restated the doctrine, but denied that it had ever been practiced by the church, claiming that any such accusation was a “damnable falsehood.” Smith wrote,  Through the atonement of Christ all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the

Statements in the late twentieth century.

Like several teachings enunciated by Brigham Young ("see, e.g.", Adam-God theory), blood atonement has been widely criticized by Latter Day Saints. The status of the teaching has been addressed by modern leaders in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As late as 1970, the church's First Presidency authorized a church publication that interpreted D&C 132:26 (Joseph Smith's written revelation authorizing plural marriage in 1843) as saying that even after repentance, "some sins may call for a most dreadful punishment even then—the destruction in the flesh and being turned over to the buffetings of Satan until the day of redemption. This punishment is most severe."  In 1954, church historian Joseph Fielding Smith taught the following about blood atonement:

McConkie's repudiation of the need to practice the doctrine.

In 1978, Bruce R. McConkie, acting under the direction of President of the Church Spencer W. Kimball and the First Presidency, repudiated the blood atonement doctrine: You note that I and President Joseph Fielding Smith and some of our early church leaders have said and written about this doctrine and you asked if the doctrine of blood atonement is an official doctrine of the Church today. If by blood atonement is meant the atoning sacrifice of Christ, the answer is Yes. If by blood atonement is meant the shedding of the blood of men to atone in some way for their own sins,

Blood atonement in a theocracy.

In McConkie's letter, he suggested that the doctrine could, in fact, be valid, but only in a pure theocracy, although he also stated that "Brigham Young and the others were speaking of a theoretical principle that operated in ages past and not in either their or our day." He further stated: There simply is no such thing among us as a doctrine of blood atonement that grants a remission of sins or confers any other benefit upon a person because his own blood is shed for sins. Let me say categorically and unequivocally that this doctrine can only operate in

Relationship to capital punishment in Utah.

Joseph Fielding Smith stated:  [T]he founders of Utah incorporated in the laws of the Territory provisions for the capital punishment of those who wil[l]fully shed the blood of their fellow men. This law, which is now the law of the State, granted unto the condemned murderer the privilege of choosing for himself whether he die by hanging, or whether he be shot, and thus have his blood shed in harmony with the law of God; and thus atone, so far as it is in his power to atone, for the death of his victim. Almost without exception the condemned party chooses the latter death. This is by authority of the law of the land, not that of the Church. In addition, in his first edition of the book "Mormon Doctrine", McConkie opined that because blood atonement requires the "spilling of blood upon the ground", execution by firing squad was superior to execution by hanging, which would not suffice to create a blood atonement. Regarding this, McConkie commented:  As far as I can see there is no difference between a firing squad, an electric chair, a gas chamber, or hanging. Death is death and I would interpret the shedding of man's blood in legal executions as a figurative expression which means the taking of life. There seems to me to be no present

The practice of "blood atonement" by Mormon fundamentalist groups.

In modern times, the concept of "blood atonement" has been used by a number of fundamentalist splinter groups as an excuse to justify the murder of those who disagree with their leaders or attempt to leave their churches. These groups all claim to follow the "original" teachings of Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, and they also claim that the LDS Church has strayed from the proper path by banning these practices. This concept is attributable to a tendency towards extreme "literalism" that exists with regard to the interpretation of early doctrines.

Warren Jeffs and the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

Warren Jeffs, leader of the LDS splinter-group Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS), a polygamous sect based in Arizona and Utah, USA, has allegedly indicated his desire to implement the doctrine in his church. Former

Ervil LeBaron and the Church of the Lamb of God.

Ervil LeBaron, the leader and prophet of the Church of the Lamb of God, initiated a series of killings which ultimately resulted in his being sentenced to life in prison. Before his death in prison, LeBaron wrote a document which he called "The Book of the New Covenants". This document listed a number of people who had been disloyal and "deserved to die." Copies of this list fell into the hands of LeBaron's followers, who proceeded to administer what they called "blood atonement" to the

References to "blood atonement" in modern works.

A number of modern authors refer to "blood atonement," usually in association with "Danites." These references often appear in works which are critical of the LDS Church, and rumors of "Danites" practicing some form of "blood atonement" often play a significant role in these accounts.  In her book "Leaving the Saints", Martha Beck postulates the existence of a "Danite" band "disposing" of people who opposed Brigham Young:  Brigham Young formalized and anointed these assassins as the Danites, whose mission included espionage, the suppression of information, and quietly, permanently disposing of people who threatened the Mormon prophet or the Latter-day Saint organization. Again, not many Mormons know this detail of Church history, but every now and then, Utah papers record murders with uniquely Mormon flavoring (death by temple-sanctioned methods,

Blood atonement is a disputed doctrine in the history of Mormonism, under which the atonement of Jesus alone does not redeem the eternal sin. Instead, to atone for this sin, the sinner should be killed in a way that allows his blood to be shed upon the ground as a sacrificial offering, so he does not become a son of perdition. The largest Mormon denomination, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), has denied the doctrine since 1889, with early church leaders referring to it as a "fiction" and later church leaders referring to it as a "theoretical principle" that had never been implemented in the LDS Church.

L'expiation par le sang est une ancienne doctrine mormone controversée selon laquelle certains péchés sont trop graves pour que le sacrifice de Jésus-Christ permette leur pardon.


History.

Abraham L. Erlanger, theatrical producer and a founding member of the Theatrical Syndicate, constructed the St. James on the site of the original Sardi's restaurant. Designed by architects Warren and Wetmore (one of two firms that designed Grand Central Terminal), the theatre's simple brick facade is dominated by a large cast iron loggia, masking the fire escapes from the auditorium over the expansive street front. The gilded, landmarked auditorium is ornate, with two balconies. It opened in 1927 as The Erlanger Theatre. Upon Erlanger's death in 1930, the Astor family, who owned the land on which the theatre stood assumed control of the venue and renamed it the St. James Theatre.  The theatre was taken over by the Shuberts in 1941. They were forced to sell it to William L. McKnight in 1957 following the loss of an antitrust case. McKnight renovated the St. James and reopened it in 1958. In 1970, McKnight then transferred the theatre to his daughter Virginia and her husband James H. Binger, who had formed Jujamcyn Theaters. After Binger's death in 2004, producer and president of Jujamcyn, Rocco Landesman, announced his plans to buy the company. Landesman purchased the group in 2005, and in 2009 he sold half his stake to up-and-coming theatrical producer, Jordan Roth. Shortly after, Landesman was asked to head the NEA and Roth and assumed control of the group. The theatre has been home to a number of long-running and Tony Award-winning musicals in its ninety-one-year history, including original productions of "Oklahoma!", "The King and I", "Hello, Dolly!", "The Who's Tommy" and "The Producers". Located on 44th Street in the Theater District, the St. James neighbors a handful of large musical houses including the Majestic, Broadhurst, Shubert, and the Hayes Theater.  In 2017, the St. James completed a renovation which extended its stage by ten feet into the alley between the Hayes Theater and the St. James. The stage expansion accommodates the current Broadway run of the Disney musical "Frozen".

Box office record.

"Frozen" achieved the box office record for the St. James Theatre. The production grossed $2,624,495 over eight performances for the week ending December 30, 2018.

Filming location.

In April and May 2013, film director Alejandro González Iñárritu spent 30 days shooting his film "Birdman "almost entirely within the St. James Theatre and its environs. The film depicts the production of a Broadway show during its preview nights and premiere and utilizes the theatre's stage, lobby, and backstage areas. The theatre features in the opening montage of Woody Allen's "Manhattan", his "love letter" to New York City. St. James Theatre is also shown in the season 4 finale of "Curb Your Enthusiasm" when Larry David and David Schwimmer star in the Broadway version of "The Producers". There is also a scene on the street in front of the theatre in which Larry David gets into a confrontation with a tourist played by Stephen Colbert. The theatre has also appeared in several episodes of NBC's "Smash" and was featured in season 5 of the FOX Television series "Glee" as Lea Michele's Rachel Berry stars in the revival of "Funny Girl" staged at the theatre.

The St. James Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 246 W. 44th St. in midtown Manhattan. With 1,710 seats over three levels, it is one of the largest Broadway theatres. The St. James Theatre, named after the famed St James's Theatre in London, is owned and operated by Jordan Roth, President, and owner of Jujamcyn Theaters.

Le St. James Theatre est un théâtre de Broadway situé au 246 W., 44th St. (entre les et avenues) dans le Theater District, au centre de Manhattan, à New York (États-Unis).


History.

In 1991, Azerbaijani Internal Troops was founded based on the decree of the president and later in 1994 activity areas of Internal Troops were determined by the law of the country on the Status of Internal Troops. 12 March is defined as a "Day of Internal Troops" by presidential decree dated 9 March 1995.

Roles.

According to law, the Internal Troops perform the following tasks:

Main Department of Internal Troops.

This department is considered as a main structural unit in order to preserve governmental and civil interests of the country. In accordance with the article 11 of the law on the Issues of Internal Troops, the main department of the Internal Troops is led by the commander of internal troops. Internal Troops of Azerbaijan cooperates with the same bodies of several countries such as China, the US, and Turkey.  The period for the military service is eighteen months but for undergraduates, this period is defined as a year.

Military Council.

Military Council acts within the Main Department of Internal Troops on the basis of statue accepted by the president. The council consists of the commander of internal troops, chief of headquarter and deputy directors of commander. However, other officials of the main department include the military council.

Commander of Internal Troops.

Commander of Internal Troops is a deputy director of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the chairman of the staff of internal troops. The main responsibilities of the commander are leading of the internal troops, providing the preparation of mobilization and effective implementation of officers’ duties. Furthermore, according to the article 10, the commander is considered as a decision maker relating to the issues of internal troops.  Shahin Mammedov is a commander of Internal Troops in Azerbaijan since 2013. He is ranked a lieutenant-general in accordance with the presidential decree dated 11 March 2015.

High Military School of Internal Troops.

High Military School of Internal Troops of Azerbaijan was created in accordance with the presidential decree dated 25 February 2011 on the base of the Vocational Military School of the Internal Troops. Regulation of the military school was confirmed by the presidential decree in 2012. High Military School of Internal Troops is situated in Baku and led by Ilqar Mammadov.  Military School is responsible for preparing special-military educated personnel, improving specialties of military officers and implementing scientific-investigation issues. Educational duration is four years and trainings and subjects are defined relating to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) that guarantees academic recognition of studies abroad. The High Military School gives two specialties to the graduates such as, military and civil specialty. "High Special-Military Educated Military Officer" is a military specialty and "Physical Education and Initial Preparation Teacher" is a civil specialty. At the same time graduates gain both bachelor's degree and lieutenant military rank.

Gala training regiment.

The training regiment acts on the basis of the training center of internal troops since 2003. NATO standards are applied to the educational system. Three types of training courses are arranged at the regiment such as, half-yearly preparation courses, quarterly improvement courses for officer and Warrant officers and a month academy courses. More than 930 military officers and warrant officers have passed military courses at the Gala Training Regiment respectively, 527 and 406 Servicemen.

The Internal Troops of Azerbaijan () also known as Interior Troops or Interior Guard is the uniformed gendarmerie-like force in Azerbaijan. Internal Troops are subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan (the police authority of the country) The Internal Troops are the descendant of the Soviet Union's Internal Troops, and are used to deal with internal emergencies such as natural disasters, restoring public order, internal armed conflicts and to safeguard important facilities. During wartime, the Internal Troops fall under the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijani Land Forces and fulfill tasks of local defense and security.

Les troupes internes de l'Azerbaïdjan (en Azeri: Azərbaycan Respublikası Daxili Qoşunları), également connues sous le nom de troupes intérieures ou de la garde intérieure, sont la force en uniforme de la gendarmerie en Azerbaïdjan. Les troupes internes sont subordonnées au Ministère de l'Intérieur d'Azerbaïdjan (l'autorité policière du pays). Les troupes internes sont les descendants des troupes internes de l'Union soviétique et sont utilisées pour faire face aux situations d'urgence internes telles que les catastrophes naturelles, le rétablissement de l'ordre public, les conflits armés internes et la sauvegarde des installations importantes. En temps de guerre, les troupes internes tombent sous la juridiction des forces terrestres azerbaïdjanaises et accomplissent des tâches de défense et de sécurité locales.


Gran Canaria (Parliament of the Canary Islands constituency)

Circonscription autonomique de Grande Canarie

Electoral system.

The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands of 1982 and was first contested in the 1983 regional election. The Statute provides for the seven main islands in the Canarian archipelago—El Hierro, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, La Gomera, La Palma, Lanzarote and Tenerife—to be established as multi-member districts in the Parliament of the Canary Islands. Each constituency is allocated a fixed number of seats: 3 for El Hierro, 8 for Fuerteventura—7 until 2018—15 for Gran Canaria, 4 for La Gomera, 8 for La Palma, 8 for Lanzarote and 15 for Tenerife.  Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Canary Islands and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Canarian citizens abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (). Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 15 percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots; until a 1997 reform, the threshold was set at 20 percent; between 1997 and 2018, it was set at 30 percent—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Alternatively, parties can also enter the seat distribution as long as they reach four percent regionally—three percent until 1997, six percent between 1997 and 2018.  The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.

Gran Canaria is one of the seven constituencies () represented in the Parliament of the Canary Islands, the regional legislature of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands. The constituency currently elects 15 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the island of Gran Canaria. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of fifteen percent in the constituency or four percent regionally.

La circonscription électorale de Grande Canarie est l'une des sept circonscriptions électorales des îles Canaries pour les élections au Parlement des Canaries.


Career.

McGlashan spent his youth career with Celtic Boys Club. He signed for Dundee at the start of the 1982-83 season, where he stayed for 18 months and scored one goal in 11 league appearances. McGlashan signed for Dunfermline Athletic midway through the 1983-84 season, where he stayed for 6 months and scored one goal in 16 league appearances.  McGlashan signed for Cowdenbeath at the start of the 1984-85 season, where he stayed for 2 years and scored 27 goals in 60 league appearances. He signed for Clyde at the start of the 1986-87 season, where he stayed for 4 years and scored 48 goals in 140 league appearances. McGlashan was a cult hero with the Bully Wee supporters and a fans favourite.  McGlashan signed for Clyde's fiercest rivals Partick Thistle at the start of the 1990-91 season, where he stayed for 3 years and scored 30 goals in 103 league appearances. The Clyde supporters branded McGlashan a "Judas" for joining the Firhill club at that time.  McGlashan signed for Ayr United at the start of the 1993-94 season, where he stayed for 1 year and scored 3 goals in 36 league appearances. He signed for Montrose at the start of the 1994-95 season, where he stayed for 4 years and scored 67 goals in 141 league appearances. McGlashan signed for Montrose's arch rivals Arbroath at the start of the 1998-99 season, where he stayed for 3 years and scored 33 goals in 88 league appearances.  McGlashan's final professional club was Elgin City, whom he signed for at the start of the 2001-02 season, where he stayed for 3 years and did not score any league goals in the 14 league matches that he played in. McGlashan retired at the end of the 2003-04 season at the age of 40.

Colin McGlashan (born 17 March 1964 in Perth, Scotland), is a Scottish former football striker. In a career spanning an incredible 22 seasons, McGlashan played for 9 professional football clubs and scored 210 goals in 609 league appearances. McGlashan supports Rangers and frequently attends games at Ibrox.

Colin McGlashan est un footballeur écossais, né le à Perth, Écosse. Évoluant au poste d'avant-centre, il est principalement connu pour sa longévité, avec 22 saisons comme joueur professionnel, au cours desquelles il a porté le maillot notamment de Cowdenbeath, Clyde, Partick Thistle, Montrose et Arbroath.


List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems-on-chip

Liste des microprocesseurs Qualcomm Snapdragon

Snapdragon S4 series.

Snapdragon S4 is offered in three models; S4 Play for budget and entry-level devices, S4 Plus for mid-range devices and S4 Pro for high-end devices. It was launched in 2012.  The Snapdragon S4 were succeeded by Snapdragon 200/400 series (S4 Play) and 600/800 series (S4 Plus and S4 Pro)

Snapdragon 200 series.

Qualcomm 205, Snapdragon 208, 210 and 212 (2014–17).

The Snapdragon 208 and Snapdragon 210 were announced on September 9, 2014. The Snapdragon 212 was announced on July 28, 2015. The Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform formally falls under the Mobile Platform brand, but is practically a Snapdragon 208 with a X5 LTE modem. It was announced March 20, 2017.

Qualcomm 215 (2019).

The Qualcomm 215 was announced on July 9, 2019.. It is a toned-down variant of the Snapdragon 425 and primarily optimized for Android Go Edition devices.

Snapdragon 400 series.

The Snapdragon 400 Series is the entry-level SoC designed for budget devices. It is the successor of the Snapdragon S4 Play.

Snapdragon 410, 412 and 415 (2014/15).

The Snapdragon 410 was announced on December 9, 2013. It was Qualcomm's first 64-bit mobile system on a chip and first manufactured in China by SMIC. The Snapdragon 412 was announced on July 28, 2015. The Snapdragon 415 and the older Snapdragon 425 (later cancelled) were announced on February 18, 2015.

Snapdragon 425, 427, 430 and 435 (2015/16).

Snapdragon 425, 427, 430 and 435 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 429, 439, 450, 625, 626 and 632. The Snapdragon 430 was announced on September 15, 2015. The new Snapdragon 425 and Snapdragon 435 were announced on February 11, 2016. The Snapdragon 427 was announced on October 18, 2016.

Snapdragon 429, 439 and 450 (2017/18).

The Snapdragon 450 was announced on June 28, 2017. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 632; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439. The Snapdragon 429 and 439 were announced on June 26, 2018. Snapdragon 429 and 439 pin and software compatibility; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 430, 435, 450, 625, 626 and 632.

Snapdragon 460 (2020).

The Snapdragon 460 was announced on January 20, 2020 with NavIC support. It is the first Snapdragon 400 model to incorporate the Kryo architecture.

Snapdragon 600 series.

Snapdragon 600 (2013).

The Snapdragon 600 was announced on January 8, 2013. Unlike the later models of the 600 series, Snapdragon 600 was considered a high-end SoC similar to the Snapdragon 800, and was the direct successor of both the Snapdragon S4 Plus and S4 Pro.

Snapdragon 610, 615 and 616 (2014/15).

The Snapdragon 610 and Snapdragon 615 were announced on February 24, 2014. The Snapdragon 615 was Qualcomm's first octa-core SoC. Starting with the Snapdragon 610, the 600 series is a mid-range SoC lineup, as opposed to the original Snapdragon 600, which was a high-end model. The Snapdragon 616 was announced on July 31, 2015.

Snapdragon 617, 625 and 626 (2015/16).

The Snapdragon 617 was announced on September 15, 2015. The Snapdragon 625 was announced on February 11, 2016. The Snapdragon 626 was announced on October 18, 2016. Snapdragon 625, 626, 632 and 450 are pin and software compatible; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439.

Snapdragon 650 (618), 652 (620) and 653 (2015/16).

The Snapdragon 618 and Snapdragon 620 were announced on February 18, 2015. They have been since renamed as Snapdragon 650 and Snapdragon 652 respectively. The Snapdragon 653 was announced on October 18, 2016.

Snapdragon 630, 636 and 660 (2017).

Snapdragon 630, 636 and 660 are pin and software compatible. The Snapdragon 630 and Snapdragon 660 were announced on May 9, 2017. The Snapdragon 636 was announced on October 17, 2017.

Snapdragon 632, 662, 665, 670 and 675 (2018-20).

The Snapdragon 632 was announced on June 26, 2018. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 625, 626 and 450; software compatible with Snapdragon 425, 427, 429, 430, 435 and 439. The Snapdragon 670 was announced on August 8, 2018. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 710. The Snapdragon 675 was announced on October 22, 2018. The Snapdragon 665 was announced on April 9, 2019. The Snapdragon 662 was announced on January 20, 2020 with NavIC Support.

Snapdragon 690 (2020).

The Snapdragon 690 was announced on June 16, 2020.

Snapdragon 700 series.

February 27, 2018 Qualcomm Introduces New Snapdragon 700 Mobile Platform Series

Snapdragon 710 and 712 (2018/2019).

The Snapdragon 710 was announced on May 23, 2018. Pin and software compatible with Snapdragon 670. The Snapdragon 712 was announced on February 6, 2019.

Snapdragon 720G, 730/730G and 765/765G/768G (2019/20).

The Snapdragon 730 and 730G were announced on April 9, 2019. The Snapdragon 765 and 765G were announced on December 4, 2019. The Snapdragon 765/765G were Qualcomm's first SoCs with 5G integrated modem and first 700 series SoC supporting Updateable GPU Drivers via the Play Store. The Snapdragon 720G was announced on January 20, 2020. The Snapdragon 768G were announced on May 10, 2020 featuring 15% faster CPU and GPU.

Snapdragon 800 series.

A Snapdragon 802 chip, 8092, for use in Smart TVs, was formerly announced by Qualcomm. They later confirmed that it will not be released, as demand for processors in that market is "smaller than anticipated".

Snapdragon 800, 801 and 805 (2013/14).

The Snapdragon 800 was announced on January 8, 2013.  The Snapdragon 801 was announced on February 24, 2014. Notable features:  The Snapdragon 805 was announced on November 20, 2013.

Snapdragon 808 and 810 (2015).

The Snapdragon 808 and 810 were announced on April 7, 2014.  Snapdragon 808 notable features over its predecessor (805): Snapdragon 810 notable features over its lower end (808):

Snapdragon 820 and 821 (2016).

The Snapdragon 820 was announced at the Mobile World Congress in March 2015, with the first phones featuring the SoC released in early 2016. The Snapdragon 821 was announced in July 2016. The 821 provides a 10% improvement in performance over the 820 due to a faster clocked CPU, but otherwise has similar features, with Qualcomm stating that the 821 is designed to complement rather than replace the 820.  Notable features over its predecessor (Snapdragon 808 and 810):

Snapdragon 835 and 845 (2017/18).

The Snapdragon 835 was announced on November 17, 2016.  Notable features over its predecessor (821).  The Snapdragon 845 was announced on December 7, 2017.  Snapdragon 845's notable features:

Snapdragon 855 and 855+ (2019).

The Snapdragon 855 was announced on December 5, 2018. The Snapdragon 855 is Qualcomm's first 7 nm FinFET chipset.  Notable features over its predecessor (845):  The Snapdragon 855+ was announced on July 15, 2019.

Snapdragon 865 (2020).

The Snapdragon 865 was announced on December 4, 2019.  Notable features over its predecessor (855):

Snapdragon Compute Platforms for Windows 10 PCs.

Snapdragon 835, 850, 7c, 8c, 8cx and SQ1.

The Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 5, 2017. The Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs, was announced on June 4, 2018. It is essentially an over-clocked version of the Snapdragon 845. The Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs was announced on December 6, 2018.  Notable features over the 855:  The Microsoft SQ1 was announced on October 2, 2019. Co-developed with Microsoft, it was exclusively designed for Microsoft's Surface Pro X. Technically, it's a Snapdragon 8cx SoC with faster Adreno 685 GPU core providing performance of 2100 GFLOPs. The Snapdragon 7c Compute Platform and Snapdragon 8c Compute Platform for Windows 10 PCs were announced on December 5, 2019.

Hardware codec supported.

The different video codecs supported by the snapdragon SoCs.  D - decode; E - encode  FHD = FullHD = 1080p = 1920x1080px  HD = 720p which can be 1366x768px or 1280x720px

Snapdragon 200 series.

The different video codecs supported by the snapdragon 200 series.

Snapdragon 400 series.

The different video codecs supported by the snapdragon 400 series.

Snapdragon 600 series.

The different video codecs supported by the snapdragon 600 series.

Snapdragon 700 series.

The different video codecs supported by the snapdragon 700 series.

Snapdragon 800 series.

The different video codecs supported by the Snapdragon 800 series.

Wearable platforms.

Snapdragon Wear 1100, 1200, 2100, 2500 and 3100.

The Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear 2100 processor is designed for smartwatches. It is available in both connected (4G/LTE and 3G) and tethered (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) versions. The LG Watch Style uses this processor. The Snapdragon Wear 2500 was announced on June 26, 2018. The Snapdragon Wear 3100 was announced on September 10, 2018.

Automotive platforms.

Snapdragon 602A and 820A.

The Snapdragon 602A, for application in the motor industry, was announced on January 6, 2014. The Snapdragon 820A was announced on January 6, 2016.

Embedded platforms.

Snapdragon 410E, 600E, 800, 810 and 820E.

The Snapdragon 410E Embedded and Snapdragon 600E Embedded were announced on September 28, 2016. The Snapdragon 800 for Embedded The Snapdragon 810 for Embedded The Snapdragon 820E Embedded was announced on February 21, 2018.

Vision Intelligence Platform.

The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform was announced on April 11, 2018. The Qualcomm Vision Intelligence Platform is purpose built to bring powerful visual computing and edge computing for machine learning to a wide range of IoT devices.

Home Hub and Smart Audio platforms.

Qualcomm 212, 624 and Smart Audio.

The Qualcomm Smart Audio Platform (APQ8009 and APQ8017) was announced on June 14, 2017. The Qualcomm 212 Home Hub (APQ8009) and Qualcomm 624 Home Hub (APQ8053) were announced on January 9, 2018.  The QCS400 Series was announced March 19, 2019.

eXtended Reality (XR) platforms.

Snapdragon XR1 and XR2.

In May 2018, Qualcomm announced the Snapdragon XR1 Platform, their first purpose-built SoC for Augmented reality, Virtual reality and mixed reality. Qualcomm also announced that HTC Vive, Pico, Meta, and Vuzix would be announcing consumer products featuring the XR1 by the end of 2018. The Snapdragon XR2 5G Platform was announced on December 5, 2019.

Bluetooth SoC platforms.

Following Qualcomm's acquisition of CSR in 2015, Qualcomm designs ultra-low-power Bluetooth SoCs under the CSR, QCA and QCC brands for wireless headphones and earbuds. Qualcomm has worked with both Amazon and Google on reference designs to help manufacturers develop headsets with support for Alexa, Google Assistant and Google Fast Pair. Qualcomm announced the QCC5100 Series at CES 2018.  On January 28 2020, the QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were published as Bluetooth 5.2 certified by the Bluetooth SIG. On the previous day Qualcomm published a blog post on LE Audio, referring to the QCC5100 series. On March 25 2020, the BLE Audio QCC304x and QCC514x SoCs were officially announced.

This is a list of Qualcomm Snapdragon chips. Snapdragon is a family of mobile system on a chip (SoC) made by Qualcomm for use in smartphones, tablets, laptops, 2-in-1 PCs, smartwatches, and smartbooks devices.

Ceci est une liste des microprocesseurs Qualcomm Snapdragon. Snapdragon est une famille de systèmes sur une puce (SoC) fabriquée par Qualcomm destinées principalement aux smartphones, tablettes et liseuses. D'autres variantes existent pour les montres et maisons intelligentes et pour les systèmes embarqués des automobiles.


Plot.

A small plane carrying Frank Munson and a handcuffed prisoner, Ed Stone, crashes in the California wilderness. Ed knocks out Frank, unlocks the cuffs and flees, coming upon a woman called Cally tending to sheep, seemingly by herself in a remote cabin.  Frank follows and identifies himself as a Utah lawman who after tracking Ed for nearly two years finally caught up with him. Cally is hesitant to trust either stranger. She is an educated woman whose father, a former college professor, is living with her but is currently away.  As a torrential rain falls, Ed attempts to escape, but the passage is flooded. Cally tries to warn him, but pulls a knife when Ed tries to kiss her. At the cabin, Frank has no weapon and searches for a rifle Cally has hidden. Ed returns and, while trapped there during the storm, explains to Cally that he shot Frank's brother in self-defense, whereupon Frank had himself deputized but intends to kill him rather than bring him to justice.  Cally's father returns and is startled to find two men there. He hears their stories and, aware that his daughter is falling in love with Ed, offers him a chance to turn himself in to other authorities. With a gun in his hand and a single bullet in the chamber, Ed proves his intent by refusing to shoot Frank when he has the chance. He sets off to surrender himself to the actual police.

Production.

The film was to be the first in three movies starring Jean Simmons produced by Howard Welsch. He took over the contract Simmons had with RKO. Filming started 3 December 1953.  Welsh later sold the remaining two-film-commitment with Simmons to 20th Century Fox.  In April 1954 Welsch signed a deal with Columbia to distribute the film.

A Bullet Is Waiting is a 1954 American film noir crime film directed by John Farrow and starring Jean Simmons, Rory Calhoun, Stephen McNally and Brian Aherne.

Une balle vous attend (titre original : "A Bullet is Waiting") est un film américain de John Farrow sorti en 1954.


Constraint graphs.

In the simplest version of nondeterministic constraint logic, each edge of an undirected graph has weight either one or two. (The weights may also be represented graphically by drawing edges of weight one as red and edges of weight two as blue.) The graph is required to be a cubic graph: each vertex is incident to three edges, and additionally each vertex should be incident to an even number of red edges.  The edges are required to be oriented in such a way that at least two units of weight are oriented towards each vertex: there must be either at least one incoming blue edge, or at least two incoming red edges. An orientation can change by steps in which a single edge is reversed, respecting these constraints.  More general forms of nondeterministic constraint logic allow a greater variety of edge weights, more edges per vertex, and different thresholds for how much incoming weight each vertex must have. A graph with a system of edge weights and vertex thresholds is called a "constraint graph". The restricted case where the edge weights are all one or two, the vertices require two units of incoming weight, and the vertices all have three incident edges with an even number of red edges, are called "and/or constraint graphs".  The reason for the name "and/or constraint graphs" is that the two possible types of vertex in an and/or constraint graph behave in some ways like an AND gate and OR gate in Boolean logic. A vertex with two red edges and one blue edge behaves like an AND gate in that it requires both red edges to point inwards before the blue edge can be made to point outwards. A vertex with three blue edges behaves like an OR gate, with two of its edges designated as inputs and the third as an output, in that it requires at least one input edge to point inwards before the output edge can be made to point outwards.

Hard problems.

The following problems, on and/or constraint graphs and their orientations, are PSPACE-complete: The proof that these problems are hard involves a reduction from quantified Boolean formulas, based on the logical interpretation of and/or constraint graphs. It requires additional gadgets for simulating quantifiers and for converting signals carried on red edges into signals carried on blue edges (or vice versa), which can all be accomplished by combinations of and-vertices and or-vertices.  These problems remain PSPACE-complete even for and/or constraint graphs that form planar graphs. The proof of this involves the construction of crossover gadgets that allow two independent signals to cross each other. It is also possible to impose an additional restriction, while preserving the hardness of these problems: each vertex with three blue edges can be required to be part of a triangle with a red edge. Such a vertex is called a "protected or", and it has the property that (in any valid orientation of the whole graph) it is not possible for both of the blue edges in the triangle to be directed inwards. This restriction makes it easier to simulate these vertices in hardness reductions for other problems. Additionally, the constraint graphs can be required to have bounded bandwidth, and the problems on them will still remain PSPACE-complete.

Applications.

The original applications of nondeterministic constraint logic used it to prove the PSPACE-completeness of sliding block puzzles such as Rush Hour and Sokoban. To do so, one needs only to show how to simulate edges and edge orientations, and vertices, and protected or vertices in these puzzles.  Nondeterministic constraint logic has also been used to prove the hardness of reconfiguration versions of classical graph optimization problems including the independent set, vertex cover, and dominating set, on planar graphs of bounded bandwidth. In these problems, one must change one solution to the given problem into another, by moving one vertex at a time into or out of the solution set while maintaining the property that at all times the remaining vertices form a solution.

In theoretical computer science, nondeterministic constraint logic is a combinatorial system in which an orientation is given to the edges of a weighted undirected graph, subject to certain constraints. One can change this orientation by steps in which a single edge is reversed, subject to the same constraints. It is PSPACE-complete to determine whether there exists a sequence of moves that reverses a specified edge.

En informatique théorique et en théorie des jeux, la logique contrainte (nom original en anglais : "constraint logic") est un formalisme proposé par Robert A. Hearn et Erik D. Demaine pour démontrer plus simplement des résultats de complexité théorique pour des jeux de plateau, comme le jeu de pousse-pousse qui a été montré complet pour la classe PSPACE. La logique contrainte propose des gadgets et est utilisée pour prouver la dureté de généralisation de problèmes sur les graphes comme ensemble indépendant.


Death.

Kuriş was allegedly a former member of the Turkish Hezbollah, but later denounced the organisation and criticised dogmatic interpretations of the Qur'an. Kuriş disappeared in July 1998. She was tortured for 38 days and then killed and buried in a shallow grave. Torture sessions were recorded by the killers. Her body was found in January 2000 after the operation in which Hüseyin Velioğlu, the Hizbollah leader was killed. She was 38.

Perpetrators.

The Turkish Hizbollah claimed responsibility for her abduction, torture, and death with a statement "An enemy of Islam and a secular-feminist Konca Kuriş, due to her actions and statements against Allah and Quran Al Karim, has been kidnapped by Hizbullah warriors and questioned in our bases. Konca Kuriş, who has been acting in parallel with the official religion statements and under the directives of the irreligious-secular Turkish Republic and also who has been used by the Zionists as well, has been punished according to the requirements of the sheria law for initiating activities that would put Muslims into doubt. " It was found that Hizbollah killed many people. The only woman victim of Hizbollah is Kuriş.

Personal life.

She was married to Orhan Kuriş and had five children. She was a devout Muslim.

Legacy.

A plaque with the text ""Konca Kuris 1960-1998 Tortured and murdered for advocating women's rights in Islam"" had been placed at the "Canberra Nara Peace Park", part of the Lennox Gardens in Canberra, Australia.

Konca Kuriş (16 October 1961 – 1999) was a Turkish feminist writer who was murdered in Konya, Turkey on 20 July 1999 after having disappeared in 1998.

Konca Kuriş (1961-1999) était une féministe turque de confession musulmane, assassinée à Konya (Turquie) en 1999, un an après sa disparition inexpliquée.


Service history.

"Glennon" was launched on 26 August 1942 by the Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, of Kearny, New Jersey, sponsored by Miss Jeanne Lejeune Glennon (whose later surname was Hull), granddaughter of Admiral Glennon, and commissioned on 8 October 1942, with Lieutenant Commander Floyd C. Camp in command.

Convoy duty and operations in the Mediterranean.

After shakedown training along the New England coast, "Glennon" guarded troops and supply convoys for the Allied invasion of Sicily, Italy. She was in action during the Amphibious Battle of Gela, fought from 9 to 15 July 1943.  "Glennon" continued to operate in the Mediterranean Sea and returned to New York on 3 December 1943. The destroyer then made two round-trip convoy escort voyages to the British Isles and one to Gibraltar. She arrived in New York from Gibraltar on 22 April 1944, and stood out of that port on 5 May with a task group which arrived at Belfast, Northern Ireland, on the 14th.

Invasion of Normandy and sinking.

Assigned to Assault Force "U" of the Western Naval Task Force, she arrived in the Baie de la Seine, France, on 6 June. After patrolling around the bombardment group for submarines and fast German torpedo boats, she joined in gunfire support of troops ashore.  On 7 June, she hurled in 430 shells ashore in support of troops advancing north toward Quinéville. Under command of Commander Clifford A. Johnson, she was again approaching her gunfire support station at 08:30, 8 June, when her stern struck a mine. A whaleboat picked up survivors while minesweepers and arrived on the scene, one passing a towline while the other swept ahead of the damaged destroyer. The destroyer escort closed in the wake of the minesweepers to assist, then felt a heavy explosion as she slowly rounded "Glennon"s stern to clear the area. Minutes later a second explosion blew off a section of "Rich"s stern, followed by a third mine explosion under her forecastle. "Rich" sank within 15 minutes of the first explosion.  The minesweeper "Staff" found she could not budge "Glennon", whose stern seemed to be firmly anchored to the bottom by her starboard propeller. Most of her crew boarded "Staff", and those remaining on "Glennon" lightened her stern by pumping fuel forward and jettisoning depth charges and topside gear. On 9 June, salvage equipment was assembled, and some 60 officers and men of "Glennon" came back on board. The following morning, just as Cdr. Johnson was preparing to resume efforts to save his ship, a German shore battery near Quinéville found her range. A second salvo hit "Glennon" amidships and cut off all power. After a third hit, Cdr. Johnson ordered his crew to abandon ship and the men were taken off in a landing craft. "Glennon" floated until 21:45, 10 June 1944, then rolled over and sank (location: ). She suffered 25 lost and 38 wounded.  "Glennon" was awarded two battle stars for services in World War II.

USS "Glennon" (DD-620) was a, the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral James H. Glennon, who was a recipient of the Navy Cross.

L'USS "Glennon" (DD-620) est un destroyer de classe Gleaves en service dans la Marine des États-Unis pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il fut le premier navire nommé en l'honneur du contre-amiral de l'US Navy, un officier récipiendaire de la Navy Cross.


Professional career.

Pittsburgh Steelers.

In five seasons with the Steelers from 2002 to 2006, Haynes gained 660 yards on 159 carries (4.2 average per carry) and three touchdowns. He also recorded 39 receptions for 322 yards (8.3 average per reception) and two touchdowns, including one from wide receiver Antwaan Randle El. Haynes missed most of the 2006 season due to a knee injury.  On March 1, 2007, he was cut by the Steelers in order to save cap room. However, he re-signed with the team on June 4, 2007. On September 1, 2007, he was released again. He was re-signed on December 24 when starting running back Willie Parker was placed on injured reserve.

Atlanta Falcons.

Haynes signed with the Atlanta Falcons on April 29, 2009.  On December 5, 2009, he was released by the Falcons and re-signed on December 8.

Personal.

Haynes continues to be an active pillar in the community serving as a Board of Directors member for TurningPoint in Alpharetta, GA. TurningPoint is a non-profit Women's Healthcare organization that was established in 2003 in response to the unmet survivorship needs of women with breast cancer. He gives back to his homeland of Trinidad and Tobago though various Philanthropic efforts and the forming of The Red Sail Watersports company. In addition, Haynes splits his time between appearances, running The Verron Haynes Foundation, football clinics and camps and commentating for ESPN International. In an effort to give back to the Youth and share his story, Verron Haynes is collaborating with a Fortune 500 company on a Philanthropic venture.

Verron Ulric Haynes ( ; born February 17, 1979) is a Trinidadian-born former American football running back. Verron Haynes was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft, following three successful college football seasons at The University of Georgia. With the Steelers, he won Super Bowl XL against the Seattle Seahawks.

Verron Ulric Haynes () est un joueur trinidado-américain de football américain, né le. Il évolue au poste de "running back" en "National Football League" avec les Steelers de Pittsburgh de 2002 à 2007, puis avec les Falcons d'Atlanta en 2009. Il remporte le Super Bowl XL avec les Steelers.


Waddams Township, Stephenson County, Illinois

History.

On March 6, 1848 the Illinois State Constitution was adopted and went into effect on April 1, 1848. In the new constitution was an "Act" providing for a county, upon majority vote, to develop township governments. On November 5, 1849 Stephenson County voted on the "Act" and passed it with a vote of 973 to 99. In December three commissioners were appointed to divide the county from its six precinct form of government to sixteen townships. The commissioners were Levi Robey, Robert Forster and Erastus Torrey. On November 5, 1850 the supervisors for the township were elected.  Waddams was one of the original sixteen townships. Michael Lawver was its first supervisor. Some of the areas earliest settlers lived in the vicinity of the newly formed section. The first settlers in the township were Levi Robey and his wife Almira (Waite). He claimed about one half of a section of land in the northwest part of the township. He first arrived in the county with his parents and siblings at Brewster's Ferry in November 1834. After making his claim he proceeded to build a double log cabin on the west side of the river. He cut logs for the cabin on the east side of the river and then pulled them across the frozen river by horse. The family moved into their new home on Valentine's Day of 1835 and lived there for twenty years. The site of his first cabin is at the foot of a hill at the present Robert Kleckler Farm on North Stubbe Road. He later built a new house 1⁄2 mile southwest of the first. That house still stands at the northwest corner of Fisher and North Stubbe Roads. When he settled in the area in 1835 his only white neighbors were his family at Brewster's Ferry, William Waddams and John Dixon (living at the present site of Dixon, IL). Also a man named Kent who lived in the area that is now Rockford, Illinois, and a man named "Mack" who married an Indian woman and lived at the mouth of the Pecatonica River.  Many firsts are attributed to Levi Robey. He was the first Justice of the Peace for the county. He conducted the first marriage ceremony in Stephenson County which after its formation required a marriage license. The couple he married were Eunice Waddams, (daughter of William), and George Place, wed on July 4, 1837. Robey was also the first chairman of the Old Settlers Association and on the executive committee for the Soldiers Monument.  Hubbard Graves arrived in 1835 and was also a notable figure in the history of Waddams Township. His wife Cynthia, sister of Levi Robey, accompanied him. Graves was the county's first tax collector. His total tax collected was $96.00. He was also a county sheriff in 1838 and was in state legislation serving Stephenson and Carroll Counties from 1842 - 1844.  Pells Manny came to Waddams Township in 1836 and settled in the west-central portion. He is best noted for the invention of the "Manny Header" and "Manny Reaper". His factory was located at the mouth of Waddams Creek near the mill run by William Soladay and Benjamin Sheckler. The location is approximately one mile south of McConnell. A Post Office was moved to the location in 1840 from Waddams Grove for the convenience of its customers. Manny's son, John Henry Manny, started a plant in Rockford to manufacture the reaper. In 1856 Pells started a plant in Freeport. He later moved to Freeport. The Post Office closed on March 11, 1857. A lawsuit was filed by Cyrus McCormick against Manny's patent right for the reaper. Manny prevailed in the suit, with an opinion by Supreme Court Judge John McLean.

Geography.

Waddams is township 28 North, Ranges 6 (part) and 7 (part) East of the Fourth Principal Meridian.  According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of, of which (or 99.94%) is land and (or 0.03%) is water.

Waddams Township is located in Stephenson County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 807 and it contained 360 housing units. The unincorporated communities of McConnell and Damascus are located in the township, and once New Pennsylvania was located here also.

Waddams Township est un township du comté de Stephenson dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. En 2010, le township comptait une population de habitants.


History.

In 2007, the region voted in a referendum 85% against forming a municipality. In the Georgia State Senate, Kasim Reed sponsored the legislation authorizing the referendum.  The 2016 Georgia General Assembly passed bill HB514 to incorporate South Fulton, which received the signature of Governor Nathan Deal on April 29, 2016. On November 8, 59% of the citizens of South Fulton voted to become a chartered city. In early 2017, South Fulton held elections on March 21, followed by runoff elections before incorporation took effect on May 1.  This referendum, like the one before it, was part of a "cityhood movement" in the Atlanta metropolitan area that began with the incorporation of Sandy Springs in 2005, on the opposite side of Atlanta, with several other communities in Fulton voting to incorporate in 2007. With the passage of the South Fulton referendum in 2016, Fulton County became the first county in Georgia with no unincorporated residential areas. As a result, in 2017 Fulton County also became the first county in Georgia to cease providing municipal services such as fire, police, zoning, and code enforcement. Many former Fulton County personnel and facilities were transferred to the City of South Fulton.  In November 2017, after a one-year waiting period mandated by state law, the city council selected Renaissance as the new name for the city, also having considered Campbellton (a historic town now partly within the city), Atlanta Heights, Wolf Creek and retaining South Fulton among a total of 20 names out of 250 suggested by the public. Following a three-week public notice period and two regular public meetings, which are required to amend the city charter, the city council approved the name change in December 2017. However, Mayor Edwards vetoed the name change on December 18, citing several reasons including contracts and some public opposition. Popular opinion has since shifted to two proposed names; Campbellton, which is the commonly accepted name for the area, and King City, in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Demographics.

South Fulton's population as of 2019 is estimated to be 99,155. In 2010, prior to incorporation, the United States Census Bureau estimates that the area now within South Fulton's boundaries was home to 85,769 people.  More than 90% of South Fulton residents are African Americans.

South Fulton is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. It includes all of the land that had remained unincorporated in southwest Fulton County with the exception of the Fulton Industrial Boulevard corridor. The communities of Red Oak, Cooks Crossing, Stonewall Tell, Fife, (part of) Campbellton, Ben Hill, Sandtown, Cliftondale, and Peters Woods (a few of which were towns founded before the American Civil War) are located in South Fulton. It has a population of 99,155 and an area of.

South Fulton est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté de Fulton en Géorgie. Lors de sa création, en 2017, elle compte près de.


Background.

In 2002, Sony BMG decided to publish the singer's first best of, "Rien ne s'arrête", which achieved a good success. At the same time, Kaas started her acting career in Claude Lelouch's film "And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen", with Jeremy Irons. To accompany the film, the concept album "Piano Bar By Patricia Kaas" was released in 2002, which was explicitly not a soundtrack to the film (the real soundtrack has never been released). "Piano Bar" was the sixth album of the singer, but the first one published that was sung mainly in English, and is a tribute to the great French chanson artists of history.  The album contains cover versions of "Where Do I Begin", which was originally on the soundtrack to "Love Story", and an English version of Jacques Brel's "Ne me quitte pas" (Eng: "Don't leave me"), re-entitled "If You Go Away". There are also a cover version of Yves Montand's song "Les Feuilles mortes", and another of Gilbert Bécaud, "Et Maintenant", under the title "What Now My Love".

Critical reception.

About this album, "Allmusic" said : "The end result is a lovely, winning album, another fine recording by a fine vocalist".

Charts performance.

In France, the album had a moderate success, It started at #14 on April 14, 2002, then reached #10 in its second and sixth week, but was unable to climb higher. It remained for nine weeks in the top 20, 22 weeks in the top 50, 26 weeks in the top 100 and 30 weeks on the chart. Even if it was certified double gold, sales were less in comparison with the previous albums. By contrast, "Piano Bar" reached #12 in Germany, which was the second most successful album of the singer in this country.  In Belgium (Wallonia), the album reached #6 debuted at #35 on April 27, 2002, jumped to #9 and finally reached #6 for two consecutive weeks. It totaled six weeks in the top ten, stabilized in the top 20, then dropped quickly, and deseappered after its 21 weeks.  In Switzerland, the album peak at #6 too. It hit this position in its second week, on May 5, 2002, before dropping first slowly, then quickly, remaining for ten weeks in the top 50 and 24 weeks on the chart (top 100). It achieved Gold status.  The album hit only #38 in Austria, and for the first time in Kaas' career, one of her albums was charted in New Zealand, peaking at #35 in its second and last week, on April 20, 2003.

Piano Bar is the name of the sixth studio album recorded by the French artist Patricia Kaas. It was released in 2002. Although it was less successful in France, a country in which Kaas' albums are generally well-received, it had higher sales and chartings in other countries such as Germany, Russia, USA, UK and Finland.

Piano Bar est le sixième album studio enregistré par Patricia Kaas, sorti en 2002. Il s'agit d'un album de reprises excepté le titre "And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen", chanson issue du film "And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen" de Claude Lelouch dans lequel a tourné Patricia Kaas.