Early life.

Born in Limerick, Kilcoyne played his schools rugby with Ardscoil Rís, where he won the Munster Schools Junior Cup.

Munster.

Kilcoyne joined the Munster Academy at the start of the 2010–11 season, after impressing in the 2009–10 British and Irish Cup campaign. On 26 December 2011, he made his Munster debut as a replacement against Connacht in a Pro12 match. He made his first start for Munster in the Round 21 league fixture against Scarlets on 21 April 2012. On 6 April 2012, Kilcoyne scored a try in extra-time of the Munster A v Leinster A British and Irish Cup semi-final, securing a place in the final for Munster A. He also started in the 2011–12 British and Irish Cup Final on 27 April 2012, which Munster A won after beating Cross Keys 31–12 in Musgrave Park, Cork.  Kilcoyne made his Heineken Cup debut on 13 October 2012, in Munster's opening 2012–13 Heineken Cup fixture away to Racing 92. He played in all of Munster's remaining pool matches, except the away match to Saracens due to illness. Kilcoyne scored his first try for Munster on 29 March 2013, in a league fixture against Glasgow Warriors. He started for Munster in their 18–12 quarter-final victory away to Harlequins on 7 April 2013. Kilcoyne also started the 16–10 semi-final defeat to Clermont Auvergne on 27 April 2013. He was nominated for Munster Player of the Year for the 2012–13 season, but lost to Tommy O'Donnell.  Kilcoyne started against Edinburgh in Round 1 of the 2013–14 Heineken Cup. He also started against Gloucester in Round 2 on 19 October 2013. Kilcoyne also started against Perpignan on 8 December 2013. He was a replacement against Perpignan on 14 December 2013. Kilcoyne started the 20–7 away win against Gloucester on 11 January 2013, a win that secured quarter-final qualification for Munster. He started against Edinburgh in the Round 6 38–6 win on 19 January 2014 that secured a home quarter-final. Kilcoyne started in Munster's Heineken Cup quarter-final against Toulouse on 5 April 2014, scoring a try in the 47–23 win. He started in Munster's 24–16 semi-final defeat to Toulon on 27 April 2014. Kilcoyne was named in the 2013-14 Pro12 Team of the Season on 5 May 2014.  Kilcoyne scored a try for Munster in their 31–5 win against Zebre on 19 September 2014. He started against Sale Sharks in Munster's first European Rugby Champions Cup game on 18 October 2014, scoring a try. He came off the bench against Saracens in Round 2 of the Champions Cup on 24 October 2014, scoring a try in the 14–3 win. Kilcoyne started against Clermont Auvergne on 6 December 2014, but went off injured early in the first-half.  Kilcoyne started Munster's opening pool game of the 2015–16 European Rugby Champions Cup against Benetton on 14 November 2015. On 19 February 2016, Kilcoyne scored two tries in Munster's 27–24 defeat against Glasgow Warriors in the 2015–16 Pro12. On 7 May 2016, Kilcoyne earned his 100th cap for Munster in their 31–15 win against Scarlets. On 4 November 2016, Kilcoyne scored two tries and won the Man-of-the-Match award in Munster's 33–0 win against Ospreys. On 24 January 2017, it was announced that Kilcoyne had signed a contract extension with Munster. On 5 May 2017, Kilcoyne was named in the 2016–17 Pro12 Dream Team. On 9 September 2017, Kilcoyne made his 100th appearance in the Pro14 when he came off the bench against South African side Cheetahs in round 2 of the 2017–18 Pro14. Kilcoyne was Man-of-the-Match in Munster's 14–7 win against Racing 92 in Round 2 of the 2017–18 European Rugby Champions Cup on 21 October 2017.  Kilcoyne earned his 150th cap for Munster on 7 April 2018, coming off the bench and scoring a try in the provinces' 39–22 away win against Southern Kings. He signed a three-year contract extension with Munster in March 2020, a deal that will see Kilcoyne remain with the province until at least June 2023.

Ireland.

On 24 October 2012, Kilcoyne was included in the senior Ireland squad for the 2012 Autumn Tests. Kilcoyne made his Ireland debut on 10 November 2012, as a temporary replacement for Cian Healy in the test against South Africa. He started for Ireland in their non-capped friendly against Fiji on 17 November 2012. He won a second cap against Argentina on 24 November 2012, again as a replacement.  Kilcoyne was named in Ireland's training squad for the 2013 Six Nations Championship on 17 January 2013. He started for Ireland Wolfhounds in their friendly against England Saxons on 25 January 2013. Kilcoyne made his Six Nations debut on 2 February 2013, coming on as a replacement in Ireland opening 30–22 win against Wales. He again came on as a replacement against England on 10 February 2013, Scotland on 24 February 2013, and Italy on 16 March 2013.  Kilcoyne was named in the Ireland squad for the 2013 Ireland tour to North America on 19 May 2013. He started against the United States on 8 June 2013, his first start for Ireland. He came off the bench against Canada on 15 June 2013.  Kilcoyne started for Ireland Wolfhounds in their friendly against England Saxons on 25 January 2014. He was included in Ireland's squad for the 2014 Six Nations Championship fixture against England. Kilcoyne was named in the Ireland squad for their 2014 tour to Argentina on 19 May 2014. He came off the bench in the first test against Argentina on 7 June 2014. Kilcoyne started the second test against Argentina on 14 June 2014. Kilcoyne was named in the Ireland squad for the 2014 Guinness Series on 21 October 2014. He came off the bench during the 29–15 win against South Africa on 8 November 2014. Kilcoyne started against Georgia on 16 November 2014, scoring a try in the 49–7 win.  Kilcoyne was named in the 45-man training squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup on 24 June 2015. He came off the bench in the first World Cup warm-up against Wales on 8 August 2015. Kilcoyne started the second warm-up against Scotland on 15 August 2015. He came off the bench in the warm-up game against Wales on 29 August 2015. However, he was left out of the final 31-man squad for the tournament.  On 25 May 2016, Kilcoyne was named in the 32-man Ireland squad to tour South Africa in a 3-test series. On 18 June 2016, Kilcoyne came on as a replacement in the second test against South Africa. On 7 November 2016, Kilcoyne was added to the senior Ireland squad for the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals. On 23 January 2017, Kilcoyne was named in the Ireland squad for the opening two rounds of the 2017 Six Nations Championship. On 2 March 2017, Kilcoyne was added to the Ireland squad for final two rounds of the 2017 Six Nations Championship. He was also selected in the squad for the 2017 Summer Tour against the United States and Japan, coming off the bench in all three tests. He came off the bench in Ireland's wins against South Africa and Argentina during the 2017 Autumn Internationals.  Kilcoyne was selected in the 31-man Ireland squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, having featured in the warm-up match against Wales.

Statistics.

International analysis by opposition.

"Correct as of 23 February 2020"

David Kilcoyne (born 14 December 1988) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro14 and European Rugby Champions Cup. He plays as a prop and represents UL Bohemians in the All-Ireland League.

David Kilcoyne, né le à Limerick, est un joueur irlandais de rugby à XV évoluant au poste de pilier. Il joue avec le Munster depuis 2011 et en équipe d'Irlande depuis 2012.


Gameplay.

In "Proteus", the player explores an island from a first-person perspective. The island is drawn in a pixel art style and consists of hills, trees, structures, and animals such as frogs and rabbits; the layout of these elements is different each time the game is played. The focus of the game is on exploration rather than interaction, as there is no narrative and the player is given no instructions on how to proceed. Possible interactions are limited—for example, animals may run away when the player comes too close. The game's soundtrack varies depending on the player's movements and location; it may fall silent when the player is at the top of a hill and become sonically dense as they travel down it. The soundtrack layers additional sounds and notes when the player nears objects and animals in the world. Many objects on the island are rendered as two dimensional sprites, contrasting with the three-dimensional landscape.  When the game begins, the player is situated away from the island and must move across an ocean to reach it. Upon arrival, players are free to explore the whole island during the initial season of spring. During the night, the player can enter a designated area to advance time to the next season, exploring each until the end of winter, after which the game ends. The landscape changes with the season—for example, trees shed their leaves in autumn. The player can capture a screenshot via a "save a postcard" feature, through which they can save and load their progress.  In addition to the base gameplay elements, the PlayStation Vita version allows the player to directly affect the environment with the console's rear touch panel and to generate islands based on the current date and location in the real world.

Development.

British game designer Ed Key began work on "Proteus" in 2008 during his evenings and weekends, though the game only neared its final form when David Kanaga joined development in 2010. Key originally envisioned the game as a procedural role-playing game in the same vein as "", in which the player would visit towns and complete quests. Realizing the extent of the work that would be needed for such a game, the developers decided to instead make something "nontraditional and nonviolent". The first technology developed for the game was the landscape generator, for which Key was inspired by walking in the village of Avebury, England. While he knew he wanted to make an exploration game, "Proteus" went through a variety of early iterations as Key explored different gameplay ideas.  Key developed "Proteus" using a game engine written in the C# programming language. He found the game's visual style early in development, with the impressionistic tree design being one of the first he settled on. Art Deco and the work of Paul Nash have been cited as "big influences". After Kanaga joined the development team as its audio composer, the game's music and sound mechanics were refined through testing a wide range of ideas, including allowing players to create their own music within the game. This idea was ultimately cut because Key and Kanaga felt it would detract from the game's exploratory emphasis and instead turn it into a creative tool. During development, and after the game's release, the developers expressed interest in allowing player-created mods of the game; some have since been created by the community.  "Proteus" was released on 30 January 2013 for Windows and OS X, and on 8 April of the same year for Linux. When pre-orders opened in 2012, an Artifact Edition was also available—a version which included a boxed copy of the game containing artwork, the soundtrack, and notes on the game's development. Key apologised when the Artifact Edition had not yet shipped at the end of its release year, and offered to refund customers upon request. The edition became available for purchase in July 2016.  Around the time of the game's release, Curve Studios approached the developers to port the game for release on PlayStation 3 and Vita. These versions of the game use Curve Studio's own game engine. Sony requested that new features be added to the game, though Key said that the company never attempted to steer the direction of the development of these features. Key added location and date-based world generation and a method for changing the world's color using the Vita's rear touchpad. He stated that the location- and date-specific world generation feature may come to the game's other versions in the future. The PlayStation 3 and Vita versions were released on 29 October 2013.

Reception.

Pre-release.

Before its full release, a beta version of "Proteus" was featured in a number of indie game festivals and received coverage from video game journalists. It won the 2011 IndieCade Award for Best Audio, and was shortlisted for the 2012 GameCity Prize, ultimately losing to "Journey". "Proteus" was a finalist for the 2012 Independent Games Festival's Nuovo Award, a prize aimed at abstract and unconventional game development, and received honorable mentions in the Excellence in Audio and Seumas McNally Grand Prize categories. The game also won the Most Amazing Indie Game prize at the 2012 "A MAZE. Indie Connect" Festival and in the same year was featured in the Museum of Modern Art's "Common Senses" exhibit.  In an article that discussed 2011's exploration games, Jim Rossignol of "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" described "Proteus" as "one of the most charming experiences" he had had in an indie game. An "IGN" preview found the game to be "delightfully intoxicating", unique, and intriguing, with the author replaying it multiple times. "PC Gamer" likewise responded positively, drawing particular attention to the game's changing soundtrack and the ways in which it coherently reacts to the player's movement.

Post-release.

"Proteus" also received generally positive reviews following release, holding aggregate scores of 80% and 78% on Metacritic and GameRankings respectively for the Windows PC version. A Shacknews staff poll named "Proteus" the seventh best game of 2013, calling it "delightfully devoid of explanation".  Reviewers praised the game's dynamic audio, commenting positively on how it accompanied them through the game. Patrick Hancock of "Destructoid" called the game's dynamic soundtrack its "biggest accomplishment", with the Hancock investigating every object he saw to uncover its musical contribution. "IGN" wrote "It's oddly captivating to just walk around and let [the sounds] wash over your surroundings", going on to say that investigating the sounds that each object and animal made was an enjoyable experience. "PC Gamer" described the audio as "a deeply satisfying emergent arrangement". A review in "Edge" however, though generally positive about the soundtrack, said that the music "never truly gets going", particularly because of the lack of drums in most seasons.  The game's variety and replay value received mixed reactions. "IGN"'s reviewer commented positively on the replayability, finding that the game provided a deeper experience on each subsequent playthrough. "GameSpot", on the other hand, wrote that while some events and locations weren't guaranteed on each generated island, later portions of the game were less interesting due to their familiarity. Likewise, "PC Gamer" said that towards the end of the game they began to find it aimless and unstimulating, in particular because of the sparsity of animal life.  The PlayStation 3 and Vita versions were also well received. "Pocket Gamer" gave a positive review, praising the audio and the extra features present in the Vita version such as PlayStation Trophies, which provided a reason to replay the game. They noted, however, that the game had some performance issues, particularly when moving the camera. "Metro"s review described the game as a "fascinating interactive experience", particularly as a result of the music. "PlayStation Official Magazine" called the PlayStation 3 version "simple but wonderfully effective", commenting positively on the game's uniqueness and sense of wonder.  Many players and journalists debated "Proteus" status as a video game, citing aspects such as the lack of goals or objectives. Some, including the game's developers, called it an anti-game, a description which was controversial. Ian Bogost proposed that the game was intentionally unconventional, arguing that ""Proteus" is a game about being an island instead of a game about being on one". "IGN" argued that "Proteus" does contain an action (walking) and a goal (proceeding through the seasons). "Edge"s reviewer contended that the day/night cycle, changeable weather, and a player-triggered change of seasons qualified "Proteus" as a legitimate game. Key responded by pointing out that, while the product does include rudimentary game mechanics, interacting with them is optional and they do not usually provide feedback. However, Key went on to argue that "encouraging a strict definition of 'game' does nothing but foster conservatism and defensiveness".

Proteus is a 2013 exploration and walking simulator video game designed and created by Ed Key and David Kanaga for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. In the game, the player traverses a procedurally generated environment without prescribed goals. The world's flora and fauna emit unique musical signatures, combinations of which cause dynamic shifts in audio based on the player's surroundings.

Proteus est un jeu vidéo d'exploration en monde ouvert développé par Ed Key avec une musique de David Kanaga. Le jeu est sorti le pour la version PC.


Biography.

Maurizio Martina was born in Calcinate, near Bergamo, in 1978. He grew up in a middle-class working family, he attended the Agricultural Institute and later he graduated in political science at the University of Macerata.  In 1994 he joined the Students' Movement, a left-wing organization, and in 1999 he was elected to the city council of Mornico al Serio for the Democrats of the Left (DS). In the early 2000s he became a leading member of the Youth Left, the youth wing of the DS.  In 2007 he joined the new-founded Democratic Party and in 2009 he was appointed Responsible for Agriculture in the new secretariat led by Pier Luigi Bersani.  In 2013 he was appointed undersecretary to the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, in the government of Enrico Letta.

Minister of Agriculture.

On 22 February 2014, when the new secretary of the PD, Matteo Renzi, forced Letta to resign, becoming the new Prime Minister, he appointed Martina Minister of Agriculture.  In 2015 Martina founded Left is Change, a left-wing social-democratic faction within the PD, allied with the centrist ones led by Matteo Renzi and Dario Franceschini.  During his tenure as Minister of Agriculture, various measures have been developed and approved in favor of youth employment in agriculture, bureaucratic simplification for businesses, generational turnover and internationalization of enterprises. Furthermore, during his mandate, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which has been in force since 1 January 2015, has been definitively approved.  During his ministry, Milan hosted the Universal Exposition; the themes were technology, innovation, culture and traditions concerning food. Participants to the Expo include 145 countries, three international organisations, several civil society organisations, several corporations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The participants are hosted inside individual or grouped pavilions.  Martina proposed a law against the so-called "caporalato", that is the exploitation of unreported employment in agriculture, which had been a serious and widespread problem especially in Southern Italy.  On 12 December 2016, when Renzi resigned as Prime Minister after the constitutional referendum, Martina was confirmed as Agriculture Minister by the new Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni.  In February 2017 the incumbent secretary Matteo Renzi announced an electoral ticket with Martina for the Democratic leadership election in April; Martina would become Deputy Secretary and would probably lead the party if Renzi becomes Prime Minister again. Renzi won by a landslide and Martina was appointed new Deputy Secretary on 7 May.

Secretary of the Democratic Party.

In the 2018 election, the centre-left coalition arrived third behind the centre-right alliance, in which Matteo Salvini's League was the main political force, and the Five Star Movement of Luigi Di Maio finished second. On 5 March, Renzi announced that the PD will be in opposition during this legislature and he will resign as secretary when a new cabinet will be formed. Renzi officially resigned on 12 March during PD's national directorate, and his deputy secretary Martina was appointed acting leader.  On 23 April 2018, after Elisabetta Casellati, President of the Senate, failed to form a cabinet combining the M5S and the centre-right, President Sergio Mattarella gave an exploratory mandate to the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Roberto Fico, to try to create a political agreement between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party.  Martina expressed his positive views, declaring that a government with the M5S could be possible. However, on 30 April, in an interview to Fabio Fazio, the former PD's leader Renzi expressed his strong opposition to an alliance with the M5S, and after few days the national direction of the party voted against the alliance.  On 7 July he was elected Secretary by the party's assembly, with the aim of bringing the PD toward new leadership election in early 2019, before the European election.

Maurizio Martina (born 9 September 1978) is an Italian politician, Member of the Chamber of Deputies, who served as Secretary of the Democratic Party from March to November 2018, being appointed after the general election of 2018.

Maurizio Martina (né le à Calcinate) est un homme politique italien, membre du Parti démocrate, secrétaire depuis le. Il devient secrétaire d'État des Politiques agricoles, alimentaires et forestières du gouvernement Renzi en 2013, puis ministre des gouvernements Renzi puis Gentiloni l'année suivante. Il démissionne de son poste de ministre le.


Early life.

Glendon Swarthout was the only child of Fred and Lila (Chubb) Swarthout, a banker and a homemaker. Swarthout is a Dutch name; his mother's maiden name was from Yorkshire. Swarthout generally did well in school, especially in English. He was a Michigan high-school debate champion.  In math, however, he floundered, and only a kindly lady geometry teacher passed him with a D, so he could graduate from Lowell, Michigan High School. He took accordion lessons and occupied his free time with books, for at 6 feet, 99 pounds, he was not good at sports. The summer of his junior year, he got a job playing his instrument in the resort town of Charlevoix, on Lake Michigan, with Jerry Schroeder and his Michigan State College Orchestra, for $10 per week.  Graduating in 1935, he relocated to Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan (UM). He became more seriously involved in music, forming and singing lead for a four-piece band that played for hops and for three consecutive summers at the Pantlind Hotel in Grand Rapids, the largest hotel in Michigan outside of Detroit.  Glendon majored in English at the UM, pledged Chi Phi, and dated Kathryn Vaughn, whom he had met when he was 13 and she 12, at her family's cottage on Duck Lake, outside of Albion, Michigan. They were married on December 28, 1940, after both had graduated from UM and Swarthout was writing advertising copy for Cadillac and Dow Chemical at the MacManus, John and Adams advertising agency in Detroit.

Beginning writer.

After a year in the advertising business, Swarthout decided the way to become a writer was to see the world as a journalist. He signed as a stringer for 22 small newspapers and travelled with his bride on a small freighter to South America, sending home a weekly column of their adventures. While in Barbados, they heard Pearl Harbor had been bombed and tried immediately to get to the States, but they needed five roundabout months avoiding German U-boats to cruise the East Coast to Manhattan.

Wartime.

Swarthout was ineligible for Officer Candidate School because he was underweight at 117 pounds. The couple both went to work at Willow Run, the new bomber plant outside of Ann Arbor. Working long days as a riveter on B-24s, he wrote his first novel at night in six months. "Willow Run", a story about people working in a bomber factory, was published after a rewrite to mediocre reviews. He always saw this book as his training novel.  He was fit enough for an infantry company, however, as the war wore on, and he enlisted in the Army and was sent to Naples as a replacement for the 3rd Division. Awaiting the Anzio breakout on the beach in Italy, he was transferred to division headquarters. The 3rd Division moved out of Anzio and captured Rome, and Swarthout later landed in the second wave at St. Tropez and saw his only combat for six days, getting eyewitness statements for a few posthumous Medals of Honor as the unit moved rapidly north into France. When the 3rd Division was about to invade Germany, Swarthout ruptured a disc in his spine while unloading a truck. He was shipped home a sergeant and eventually discharged without surgery. Glendon suffered back pain for the rest of his life and received military disability. He eventually had back surgery in Arizona in his 50s on two imploded spinal discs.

Postwar.

Swarthout returned to UM, earned a master's degree, and began teaching college. During that time, his son Miles was born and he won a Hopwood Award for $800 for another novel, promoting him to the University of Maryland for a few years, where he ghost-wrote speeches for Congressmen and wrote more unpublished fiction. That autumn, he began teaching at Michigan State University and during eight years in East Lansing earned his PhD in Victorian literature in 1955, while his wife got her master's degree and a teaching certificate and commenced teaching children in the second grade.  Swarthout also began to sell short stories to national publications such as "Cosmopolitan" and "The Saturday Evening Post". He was paid $2500 in 1955 for one of these stories, "A Horse for Mrs. Custer", which became a Randolph Scott low-budget Western for Columbia Pictures in 1956, under the title "7th Cavalry". The day after he finished his last doctoral examination, he started writing a novel called "They Came To Cordura". Its setting was Mexico of 1916 during the Pershing Expedition to capture Pancho Villa, and some of its fictional cavalry troopers had been nominated for Medals of Honor. The book was quickly sold to Random House and then to Columbia Pictures in 1958, becoming one of their major motion pictures starring Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth a year later. This" NY Times "bestseller and the movie money enabled Swarthout to become a professional writer at last. He was 39 years old.  He completed another novel while teaching Honors English at Michigan State. "Where the Boys Are" (1960) was set on the Michigan State campus and was the first comic novel about the annual "spring break" invasion of the beaches of southern Florida by America's college students. MGM's quick movie version, "Where the Boys Are" (1960), became the highest-grossing low-budget movie in the studio's history.  Swarthout went on to write many more novels, some of which were made into movies. He worked on the screenplay of only one, "Cordura", at Columbia Pictures in Los Angeles for six months, before moving from Michigan to Arizona, where he continued to teach English at Arizona State University for four years before retiring to write full time. Many of his novels were set in either Michigan or Arizona, and some used his war experiences.  Several other works were sold for films that were never made; these include "The Eagle and the Iron Cross" (Sam Spiegel, 1968) and "The Tin Lizzie Troop" (Paul Newman, 1977), as well as a number of movie options, now lapsed, on his many stories. Besides a Hopwood Award and a Theatre Guild Award for his one play, Swarthout was twice nominated by his publishers for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (for "They Came To Cordura" by Random House and "Bless The Beasts & Children" by Doubleday), he received an O. Henry Prize Short Story nomination (in 1960 for "A Glass of Blessings"), a Gold Medal from the National Society of Arts and Letters in 1972, won Spur Awards for Best Western Novel of the Year from the Western Writers of America for "The Shootist" (1976) and "The Homesman", a Wrangler Award for Best Western Novel of 1988 for "The Homesman" from the Western Heritage Association, and finally the Western Writers' Owen Wister Award for Lifetime Achievement at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum (previously known as National Cowboy Hall of Fame) in Oklahoma City in June 1991. "The Shootist" was the basis of John Wayne's final film in 1976 and has since come to be recognized as a classic Western film and one of the Duke's very best. His British publisher (Secker & Warburg) claimed Swarthout had "the widest writing range" of any American novelist. From gunfighting Westerns "The Shootist" to the first of "the beach pictures," "Where the Boys Are", from satires such as "The Cadillac Cowboys", to tragedies such as "Welcome to Thebes", or his adventure novel about the Pershing Expedition into Mexico, "They Came to Cordura", or a mystery/thriller such as "Skeletons", even a period romance such as "Loveland", or an animal rights/environmental tale such as "Bless the Beasts & Children", science fiction was about the only literary genre he did not attempt.  Glendon was inducted into the Western Writers Hall of Fame at its convention in Scottsdale, Arizona in 2008. The WWA's Hall of Fame is in the library of the famous Buffalo Bill Museum in Cody, Wyoming.  Swarthout, a lifelong smoker, died of emphysema in his home in Scottsdale, Arizona, on September 23, 1992.

Significance.

Swarthout, like most of his contemporaries, was affected by the Great Depression and World War II, which in turn influenced his 16 novels, particularly those set in the Midwest. "Welcome to Thebes" (1962), "Loveland" (1968), and "Pinch Me, I Must Be Dreaming" (1994) depict how the problems of adults affect their children, especially youth trying to adapt to an adult world. Although "They Came to Cordura" (1958) is set in Mexico at the time of the 1916 border dispute with Pancho Villa, its analysis of the nature of courage was influenced by Swarthout's wartime experiences. Teaching freshman honors English classes gave Swarthout insight into the mating rituals of college students on the beaches of Fort Lauderdale during spring break, and his hit "Where the Boys Are" (1960) definitely presaged the antiwar protests that occurred on American college campuses later in the decade. "A Christmas Gift" (1977, also known as "The Melodeon") is an exception to Glendon's other work in several respects. It suggests a farewell tribute to his Michigan ancestors and his awareness of their tradition of understanding and concern for others.  With the conspicuous exception of "A Christmas Gift", all of Swarthout's novels are infused with a sardonic spirit, usually in respect to examples of the cruelty and viciousness of which man is capable. His greatest bestseller, "Bless the Beasts and Children", is a good example of this distinguishing literary trait. Another common theme of his writings is his study of courage, the extraordinary heroism of which otherwise common, ordinary men are sometimes capable, given the right circumstances. In setting free a doomed herd of buffalo, the group of mentally disturbed teenagers in "Beasts" demonstrates valor during harrowing conditions. The style of Swarthout's writing is fundamentally dispassionate, however, and written in a clear, linear, pictorial style, which is why so many of his stories were adapted easily to film. Swarthout was a great admirer of Somerset Maugham (with whom he studied, along with Ernest Hemingway and Joyce Cary as part of his doctoral thesis in literature) and humorist Charles Portis, who influenced his writing.

Family.

Kathryn Swarthout.

Kathryn (1919-2015), the wife of Glendon and mother of Miles, was a former elementary school teacher for five years at Red Cedar School in East Lansing, Michigan, after earning her master's in education at Michigan State University, and bachelor of arts in English from the University of Michigan.  She co-wrote six young-adult novels with her husband; several of them have been published overseas. Kathryn was a columnist for "Woman's Day" magazine with her free-form poetry, "Lifesavors", which ran in the magazine for over 20 years. Some of these columns were published in a book of the same title by Doubleday in 1982.  In 1962, Glendon and Kathryn established the Swarthout Writing Prizes at Arizona State University, administered by the English Department in Tempe. These six prizes in both poetry and fiction (with a current top prize of $1500 in each category), have grown until they now rank among the five highest awards financially for undergraduate and graduate writing programs given annually at any college or university in America.

Miles Swarthout.

Miles (1946-2016) was a screenwriter and author living in Playa Del Rey, California, near the beach and LAX. He received a Writers Guild nomination for Best Adaptation for "The Shootist" in 1976 (the film starred John Wayne and Lauren Bacall). He had adapted a number of his father's novels into films, among them "A Christmas to Remember" for CBS in 1978, which starred Joanne Woodward, Jason Robards, and Eva Marie Saint. As a journalist, Miles wrote a Hollywood Western film column for the Western Writers of America's bi-monthly magazine, "The Roundup". He won a Stirrup Award from that organization for "The Duke's Last Ride, the Making of The Shootist," the best article to appear in that publication in 1994.  Miles Swarthout also wrote several articles for Persimmon Hill, the quarterly magazine of the National Cowboy Hall of Fame, among them "The Westerns of Glendon Swarthout" in the special summer issue from 1996, "Hollywood and the West", as well as in the sequel to this best-selling issue for spring 2000, "America's First Cinema Cowboy: William S. Hart".  Miles edited the only volume of his late father's 14 short stories, "Easterns and Westerns", which included an extensive overview of Glendon's literary career. Michigan State University Press published "Easterns and Westerns" in hardcover in the summer of 2001. Miles Swarthout also wrote "The Sergeant's Lady", based upon one of his late father's old short stories, and this new novel won the Spur Award from the Western Writers as the Best First Western Novel of 2004. "The Last Shootist", his sequel to his father's novel, was named 2014's Best Western Novel by the editors of "True West" magazine.

Glendon Fred Swarthout (April 8, 1918, near Pinckney, Michigan – September 23, 1992, Scottsdale, Arizona) was an American writer and novelist.

Glendon Swarthout, né le à, dans le Michigan, et mort le à Scottsdale, en Arizona, est un écrivain américain, auteur de western et de roman policier.


Route description.

For the most part, the drive is fairly benign, passing through the pine forests, farmlands, and blackwater streams and swamps of the Coastal Plain. As the route travels north, it moves inland from coastal cities such as Hardeeville, and inland to cities such as Darlington. However, a few landmarks do exist to break up the monotony. Crossing from the south from Georgia just over the Savannah River bridge, motorists are greeted to an elaborate gateway of sabal palmettos into the state of South Carolina. The Juanita M. White Crosswalk also exists between exits 18 and 21. A flyover on twin high-spans over Lake Marion provides an unexpected scenic break in the center of the highway's length. The old US 15-301 bridge runs along the west side of I-95 and is used for recreational purposes. Moving further north and out of the Palmetto State, the NC state line is prominently marked by the South Of The Border amusement complex at the US 301/501 exit. Local traffic parallel to the interstate uses US 301 from South Of The Border to Santee, US 15 from Santee to Walterboro, and a combination of US 17 and US 17 Alt from Walterboro to the Georgia state line north of Savannah. In addition, Interstate 95 shares a number of concurrencies, or multiplexes, with three of these U.S. Routes at various stretches in South Carolina.

Services.

The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) operates and maintains three welcome centers and five rest areas along I-95. Welcome centers, which have a travel information facility on site, are located at mile markers 4 (northbound), 99 (southbound) and 195 (southbound); rest areas are located at mile markers 47 (north and southbound), 99 (northbound) and 139 (north and southbound). Common at all locations are public restrooms, public telephones, vending machines, picnic area and barbecue grills.  The South Carolina Department of Public Safety (SCDPS) and State Transport Police (STP) operate and maintain one truck inspection/weigh station, located northbound at mile marker 74. The location utilizes weigh-in-motion that does not require commercial motor vehicles to leave the freeway to be weighed. An inspection shed and pit are also on site, where full-service inspections are performed for flagged and randomly picked trucks.  Several parking area locations are also found along I-95; these were either formally rest areas or weigh stations that were converted. The parking areas offer no amenities and some are even restricted for commercial motor vehicles only.

Dedicated and memorial names.

Interstate 95 in South Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges, interchanges and stretches of freeway.

History.

Interstate 95 first appeared on state maps between 1962–1964, with construction from US 17 north of Hardeeville to Ridgeland. By 1967, more sections were under construction, including Pocotaligo to Walterboro and Santee to the North Carolina state line. The first section to officially open happened in 1968, from SC 527, near Gable, to SC 9/SC 57, in Dillon.  In 1971–1972, more sections of Interstate 95 was completed: Going north from SC 9/SC 57, in Dillon, to the North Carolina state line. Going south from SC 527, near Gable, along the recently completed 1968-built Lake Marion bridge, to US 301 Connector, in Santee (exit 97). Also part of US 17 between Ridgeland (exit 22) to near Yemassee (exit 33) was combined with Interstate 95, with temporary status through Coosawhatchie; Interstate 95 then continued on new freeway north to SC 63, in Walterboro.  By 1975, Interstate 95 was open continuously from US 17, in Hardeeville, to SC 63, in Walterboro; temporary exits were removed around Coosawhatchie. In 1976, the two sections of Interstate 95 were connected, from SC 63, in Walterboro, to US 301 Connector, in Santee (exit 97). In the same year, exit numbers were added along Interstate 95. The last section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1978, connecting US 17, in Hardeeville, south to the Georgia state line.  In 1990, exit 21 was added, for what was then US 278, now SC 336. Between 1998–2000, exit 153, Honda Way, was added. In 2003, Interstate 95 was widened to six lanes from just south of Interstate 20 to north of SC 327, around Florence.

Future.

Various small projects along the route are scheduled to fix various intersections and replace bridges along route, but no major projects scheduled. Discussions of possibly converting Interstate 95 into a toll road have met with resistance, especially within SCDOT; however if both North Carolina and Georgia changed Interstate 95 into a toll road, then they would consider it as well.  Local leaders in Hardeeville are pushing for a new exit 3, at Purrysburg Road, for a proposed RiverPort Business Park. Project is currently still in the planning stage with no time frame or official confirmation from SCDOT at this time.

Proposed business loop.

Additionally, community planners in Walterboro have been hinting at the desire for an I-95 business loop between Exits 53 and 57, along SC 63, US ALT 17, US 15, and SC 64.

Interstate 95 (I-95) is a major Interstate Highway, running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine. In South Carolina, I-95 runs approximately parallel to the Atlantic Ocean shore although about inland, from Hardeeville in the south to Dillon in the northeast. The route runs through the cities of Florence and Walterboro.

L'Interstate 95 en Caroline du Sud constitue un segment de l'Interstate 95, autoroute majeure de la côte est des États-Unis, longue de plus de, traversant les villes de Miami, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphie, New York, Boston notamment.


Route description.

Interstate 95 enters North Carolina at the South Carolina line, just north of the South of the Border attraction and just to the south of the town of Rowland. Traveling mostly northeast from the border, the road enters Lumberton where it interchanges with I-74. Frontage roads through Lumberton have extensive travel services, including restaurants, shops, and hotels. Leaving Lumberton, the route turns due north through a rural area of the state, past the small farming community of St. Pauls. I-95 serves as the eastern bypass of Fayetteville where Interstate 95 Business, an older alignment, connects I-95 to downtown Fayetteville.  I-95 interchanges with I-40 in Benson, North Carolina, U.S. 264 in Wilson, and U.S. 64 in Rocky Mount, three of the main east-west routes in the eastern part of the state. The last city it passes is Roanoke Rapids before leaving the state near the unincorporated community of Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. For most of the route, I-95 is paralleled closely by U.S. 301.

Services.

The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) operate and maintain two welcome centers and six rest areas along I-95. Welcome centers, which have a travel information facility on site, are located at mile markers 5 (northbound) and 181 (southbound); rest areas are located at mile markers 47 (north and southbound), 99 (north and southbound) and 142 (north and southbound). Common at all locations are public restrooms, public telephones, vending machines, picnic area and barbecue grills.  The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (NCDPS) operate and maintain four truck inspection/weigh stations along I-95. The Robeson County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 24, each has one fixed scale. The Halifax County stations are located on both north and southbound at mile marker 151, each has two fixed scales.

Dedicated and memorial names.

Interstate 95 in North Carolina feature numerous dedicated or memorialized bridges, interchanges and stretches of freeway.

History.

Established in 1956, as part of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, I-95 was routed along or near existing US 301 throughout the state of North Carolina. By 1961, two stretches of the interstate opened: from mile marker 56, in Fayetteville, to mile marker 107, near Kenly; the other a small bypass near Saint Pauls. In 1964, the Saint Pauls section extended further south into Lumberton; while another small stretch opened from US 158, in Roanoke Rapids, to the Virginia state line. In 1969, I-95 was extended further south from Roanoke Rapids to exit 145, in Rocky Mount (later used for NC 4). In 1973, Interstate 95 was completed from Saint Pauls to the South Carolina state line.  By the mid 1970s, I-95 had two gaps along its route in Fayetteville and Kenly-Gold Rock. In May 1978, two Interstate 95 Business loops were established, both overlapping US 301, to help connect through the gaps and make I-95 appear as one continuous route throughout the state. In November 1978, the first gap to be completed was the Kenly-Gold Rock section. The final section of Interstate 95 was completed in 1980, an easterly bypass of Fayetteville.

Tolls.

The idea of tolling I-95 started in 2001 as a way to pay for improvements along the route. In 2003, state officials sought permission from the Federal Highway Administration for a plan that would cost $3 billion and put toll booths every thirty miles along the entire route. However, this was quickly killed by Governor Mike Easley, who did not support tolls.  In 2006, when the Virginia General Assembly passed the resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway, North Carolina was asked to join in on the compact of putting tolls along the entire length of Interstate 95 in both states. Again, this was stopped by Governor Mike Easley, who did not see the benefit in such a compact and reiterated his opposition of tolls along Interstate 95.  In 2010, North Carolina leaders revived talks on tolling Interstate 95, submitting a request to the Federal Highway Administration to toll the entire route. Approval would be considered after an environmental assessment and other conditions. Support has grown in a number of factors including the fact that the interstate is mostly rural and used predominantly by out-of-state drivers.  On January 20, 2012, NCDOT received final approval of the Environmental Assessment for improvements along I-95 in North Carolina. The following recommendations were made: It is estimated to cost $4.4 billion with recommendation that it should be paid through tolls. Construction would begin in two phases: Phase 1 (exit 31-exit 81) would begin in 2016 with tolls starting after completion; phase 2 would begin in 2019, which covers the remainder of the interstate. With a possible 2019 start date for the tolls, NCDOT plans to install nine overhead toll collection sensors every twenty miles with additional toll collection sensors at exits before tolls (to reduce drivers from jumping off and on at each toll); main toll stations will charge twenty miles each while exit tolls will charge ten miles each. Gaps along the route, where no toll collectors are located, will allow local traffic to utilize the interstate toll free. Though the toll rates have not been established, a NCDOT report suggest charging for cars in the phase 1 section, with a much lower rate of on phase 2 sections; which would work out to be $19.20 from border to border (trucks with three axles or more will be charged more). Drivers that do not carry a toll transponder (i.e. North Carolina Quick Pass) will have their license numbers recorded by cameras and will be billed by mail, at a higher toll rate.  As of June 5, 2018 a share of $147 million dollars in federal grant money provided by the Trump administration is currently being used to partially fund current upgrades to I-95. There is no current mention of tolls yet.

Future.

NCDOT plans to widen I-95 from four to six lanes between mile markers 14 and 21, in Robeson County. However, it is currently flagged "Scheduled for Reprioritization," with no estimated cost or date established.  An improvement project along I-95 includes widening sections of the interstate in Cumberland and Robeson counties between Exit 22 & Exit 40 and in Harnett & Johnston counties between Exit 71 & Exit 81 to eight lanes. Currently, funding is expected for the Cumberland and Robeson section after 2027 and construction scheduled for the Harnett & Johnston counties section in 2026.

Interstate 95 (I-95) is a major Interstate Highway, running along the East Coast of the United States from Florida to Maine. In North Carolina, I-95 runs diagonally across the eastern third of the state, from Rowland at the South Carolina border to Pleasant Hill at the Virginia border. From south to north, the route passes through or near the cities of Lumberton, Fayetteville, Wilson, Rocky Mount and Roanoke Rapids. The route goes through a mostly rural area of the state, avoiding most of the major metro areas of North Carolina. It forms the informal border between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of the state. There are two auxiliary routes for I-95 in the state: I-295, a partially completed bypass of Fayetteville and I-795, a spur route connecting I-95 to the city of Goldsboro.

L'interstate 95 en Caroline du Nord constitue un segment de l'Interstate 95, qui est une autoroute majeure de la côte est des États-Unis. Elle traverse les principales villes de la côte est, soit Miami, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphie, New York et Boston. Elle est longue de plus de 3000 kilomètres, et est l'une des autoroutes inter-États américaines les plus empruntées au pays.


Early life.

Maloney was born in Alvechurch, Worcestershire, educated at King Edward VI Five Ways and served in the Royal Air Force before becoming an actor in repertory theatre.

Career.

Maloney joined the BBC as a television production assistant and trained to be a director at the corporation. His directing credits included the police series "Z-Cars", "" and "Juliet Bravo", and an adaptation of the Walter Scott novel "Ivanhoe" (1970).  He first worked on "Doctor Who" as a production assistant to Christopher Barry on the serial "The Rescue" (1965). He directed eight "Doctor Who" serials between 1968 and 1977. He became, along with Douglas Camfield, one of producer Philip Hinchcliffe's two favourite directors. He then became the producer of the first three seasons of "Blake's 7" (1978–80), which included directing three episodes himself. He left "Blake's 7" to produce the last series of "When the Boat Comes In" (1981). He also produced the BBC's adaptation of John Wyndham's novel "The Day of the Triffids" (1981).

Later work.

Subsequent to his work in television drama, Maloney moved to factual programme-making and travelled the world making various documentaries for the ITV contractor Central. Towards the end of his life, he appeared in a number of TV and DVD documentaries about his work on "Doctor Who". He also provided DVD commentaries for three of the serials he directed, "The Mind Robber" (1968), "Genesis of the Daleks" (1975) and "The Talons of Weng-Chiang" (1977).

Death.

Maloney died on 18 July 2006. He is survived by his three children; his wife Edwina (née King) predeceased him.

"Blake's 7".

As well as producing the first three seasons of "Blake's 7", Maloney also directed the following three episodes:

David John Lee Maloney (14 December 1933 – 18 July 2006) was a British television director and producer best known for his work on the BBC science-fiction series "Doctor Who", "Blake's 7" and "The Day of the Triffids". "The Guardian" described him on his death as "one of that old school who could turn out 30-minute dramas in two days shooting time".

David Maloney (né le à Alvechurch, dans le Worcestershire, en Angleterre et mort le à Hampstead (un quartier de Londres en Angleterre) est un réalisateur et producteur de télévision britannique.


History.

Hungerford is a slight abbreviation and vowel shift from a Saxon name meaning "Hanging Wood Ford". The town's symbol is the estoile (a six-pointed star with wavy arms) and crescent moon.  The place does not occur in the Domesday Book of 1086, but certainly existed by 1173. By 1241, it called itself a borough. In the late 14th century, John of Gaunt was medieval lord of the manor and he granted the people the lucrative fishing rights on the River Kennet.  The noble family of Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford originated from the town (c. 1450–1450), although after three generations the title passed to Mary, Baroness Hungerford who married Sir Edward (afterwards Lord) Hasting and the family seat moved to Heytesbury, Wiltshire.  During the English Civil War, the Earl of Essex and his army spent the night here in June 1644. In October of the same year, the Earl of Manchester’s cavalry were also quartered in the town. Then, in the November, the King’s forces arrived in Hungerford on their way to Abingdon.  During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, William of Orange was offered the Crown of England while staying at the Bear Inn in Hungerford. The Hungerford land south of the Kennet was for the centuries, until an 18th-century widespread growth in cultivation the area, in Savernake Forest.  St. Lawrence's parish church stands next to the Kennet and Avon Canal. It was rebuilt in 1814–1816 by John Pinch the elder in Gothic Revival style and refurbished again in the 1850s.  In the late 19th century, two policeman were shot by poachers in Eddington. Their memorial crosses still stand where they fell.

Massacre.

The Hungerford massacre occurred on 19 August 1987. A 27-year-old unemployed local labourer, Michael Robert Ryan, armed with several weapons including a Type 56 assault rifle and a Beretta pistol, shot and killed 16 people in and around the town – including his mother – and wounded 15 others, then killed himself in a local school after being surrounded by armed police. All his victims were shot in the town or in nearby Savernake Forest.  A report on the massacre was commissioned by Home Secretary Douglas Hurd from the Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police, Colin Smith. It is one of three highly costly firearms atrocities in terms of lives in the United Kingdom since the invention of such rapid fire weapons, the other two being the Dunblane massacre and Cumbria shootings. The massacre led to the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988, which banned the ownership of semi-automatic centre-fire rifles and restricted the use of shotguns with a magazine capacity of more than two rounds. The Hungerford Report had demonstrated that Ryan's collection of weapons was legally licensed.

Government.

Hungerford is a civil parish, covering the town of Hungerford and a surrounding rural area, including the small village of Hungerford Newtown. The parish shares boundaries with the Berkshire parishes of Lambourn, East Garston, Great Shefford, Kintbury and Inkpen, and with the Wiltshire parishes of Shalbourne, Froxfield, Ramsbury and Chilton Foliat.  Parish council responsibilities are undertaken by Hungerford Town Council, which consists of fifteen volunteer councillors and committee members, supported by a full-time clerk. The mayor is elected from amongst their numbers. The parish forms part of the district administered by the unitary authority of West Berkshire, and local government responsibilities are shared between the town council and unitary authority.  Hungerford is part of the Newbury parliamentary constituency. Its MP is the Conservative Richard Benyon, son of Sir William Benyon of Englefield House. He has represented the two towns since 2005.  Hungerford participates in town twinning to foster good international relations:

Geography.

Hungerford is on the River Dun. It is the westernmost town in Berkshire, on the border with Wiltshire. It is in the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the entire South East England region is the 297 m (974 ft) summit of Walbury Hill, centred 4 miles (7 km) from the town centre. The Kennet and Avon Canal separates Hungerford from what might be described as the town's only suburb, the hamlet of Eddington.  The town has as its western border a county divide which also marks the border of South East and South West England regions; it is 68 miles (109 km) west of central London and 55 miles (88 km) east of Bristol on the A4 road. It is almost equidistant from the towns of Newbury and Marlborough, and lies 2.5 miles (4 km) south of junction 14 of the M4 motorway.  Hungerford has a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on the western edge of the town, called Freeman's Marsh.

Administrative history.

The parish was divided into four tithings: Hungerford or Town, Sanden Fee, Eddington with Hidden and Newtown and Charnham Street. North and South Standen and Charnham Street were officially detached parts of Wiltshire until transferred to Berkshire in 1895. Leverton and Calcot were transferred to Hungerford parish from Chilton Foliat in Wiltshire in 1895.

Nearby places.

Towns: Newbury, Marlborough, Lambourn, Wantage, Swindon, Reading.  Villages: Chilton Foliat, Great Shefford, Kintbury, Little Bedwyn, Froxfield, Ramsbury, Shalbourne, Stockcross, Ham, Inkpen, Aldbourne, Burbage, Hungerford Newtown.  Places of interest: Crofton Pumping Station, Wilton Windmill, Littlecote House, Freeman's Marsh, Walbury Hill.

Transport.

Hungerford is situated on several transport routes, of both historic and current importance, including the M4 motorway (junction 14), the Old Bath Road (A4), and the Kennet and Avon Canal (opened 1811). It also has a railway station on the Reading to Taunton line; a reasonable rail service to Newbury, Reading and London means that the Hungerford has developed into something of a dormitory town which has been slowly expanding since the 1980s. Many residents commute to nearby towns such as Newbury, Swindon, Marlborough, Thatcham and Reading.

Sport and leisure.

Hungerford has a cricket team that played against the full English professional team in 1852, 1853 and 1854, a football team, Hungerford Town F.C., that plays at the Bulpit Lane ground, a rugby team, Hungerford RFC. and a Netball Club. Hungerford Archers, a longbow archery club, uses the sports field of the John O'Gaunt School as its shooting ground. Hungerford Hares running club was established in 2007.

Hocktide.

Hungerford is the only place in the country to have continuously celebrated Hocktide or Tutti Day (the second Tuesday after Easter). Today it marks the end of the town council's financial and administrative year, but in the past it was a more general celebration associated with the town's great patron, John of Gaunt (see below). Its origins are thought to lie in celebrations following King Alfred's expulsion of the Danes.  The "Bellman" (or Town Crier) summons the Commoners of the town to the Hocktide Court held at the town hall, while two florally decorated "Tutti Men" and the "Orange Man" visit every house with commoners' rights (almost a hundred properties), accompanied by around six Tutti Girls, drawn from the local school. Originally they collected "head pennies" to ensure fishing and grazing rights. Today, they largely collect kisses from each lady of the house. In the court, the town's officers are elected for the coming year and the accounts examined. The court manages the town hall, the John of Gaunt Inn, the Common, Freemen's Marsh, and fishing rites in the Rivers Kennet and Dun.

Legends.

There is an old legend that "Hingwar the Dane" (i.e. Ivarr the Boneless) was drowned accidentally while crossing the Kennet here, and that the town was named after him. This stems from the probably mistaken belief that the Battle of Ethandun took place at Eddington in Berkshire rather than Edington, Wiltshire or Edington, Somerset.

Literature.

Hungerford is one of two places which arguably meet the criteria for Kennetbridge in Thomas Hardy's novel "Jude the Obscure", being "a thriving town not more than a dozen miles south of Marygreen" (Fawley) and is between Melchester (Salisbury) and Christminster (Oxford). The main road (A338) from Oxford to Salisbury runs through Hungerford. The other contender is larger Newbury.

Hungerford is a historic market town and civil parish in Berkshire, England, west of Newbury, east of Marlborough, northeast of Salisbury and 60 miles (97 km) west of London. The Kennet and Avon Canal passes through the town from the west alongside the River Dun, a major tributary of the River Kennet. The confluence with the Kennet is to the north of the centre whence canal and river both continue east. Amenities include schools, shops, cafés, restaurants, and facilities for the main national sports. The railway station is a minor stop on the London to Exeter (via Taunton) Line.

Hungerford est une bourgade et une paroisse civile dans le Berkshire, en Angleterre, située à () à l'ouest de Newbury. Elle couvre une superficie de et, selon le recensement de 2001, a une population de (estimée en 2006 à ).


Early life and career.

Nieto is of Mexican-American descent. Nieto's father, Jesse, is a longshoreman, while his mother, Mary, is a Nordstrom makeup artist.  Nieto grew up in Long Beach, California, in a dangerous neighborhood; his mother had stated: "There were drive-by shootings. He jokes about it, that Snoop Dogg lived around the corner. It's true, but Matt wasn't born then."  When he was two years old, Nieto became interested in skating, particularly rollerblading, when he saw his sister skating in the family's house. His grandfather later bought him a hockey stick, and when he was three Nieto began playing roller hockey at the YMCA. As a youth, he played in the 2004 and 2005 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Los Angeles Hockey Club minor ice hockey team, and was teammates with Emerson Etem and Rocco Grimaldi.  Nieto has a sister with Down syndrome and autism and his mother is battling advanced breast cancer.

Playing career.

Amateur.

Nieto began attending Salisbury School, a preparatory school, in Salisbury, Connecticut, at the start of his sophomore year of high school. In one season with the school's hockey team, he scored eight goals and ten assists in 28 games. The performance drew the attention of the USA Hockey National Team Development Program, and Nieto subsequently moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, to play in the Program. In 2008–09, he played for the under-17 and under-18 teams, scoring 20 goals and 33 assists and six goals and eight assists, respectively. The next season, he played for the Program's United States Hockey League (USHL) team, scoring 15 goals and 14 assists; he also returned to the under-17 team, scoring one goal.  After participating in the Program, Nieto was offered a chance to play major junior hockey for the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL), but opted to attend college instead and play at the collegiate level. When choosing colleges, Nieto decided between Boston University and Boston College, and elected to attend the former on a full scholarship. In his freshman year, Nieto scored 10 goals and 13 assists. The next year, he scored 16 goals and 26 assists with a plus-minus rating of +19. In 2012, Nieto scored 18 goals, second-most on the team behind Dan O'Regan, and 19 assists. He ended his Terriers career with 44 goals and 102 points in 115 games.  Nieto was ranked the 43rd-best prospect and the second-best player in the NCAA's Hockey East conference by NHL.com among the 2011 draft class. Hockey's Future stated he had struggled earlier in his career defensively, but had since improved. They added he had "explosive speed," and excels with puck handling and passing while moving. The website gave him a 7.5/10 talent score.  In the Draft's second round, Nieto was selected by the San Jose Sharks with the 47th overall pick, their first pick of the draft. Nieto became the first Californian to be selected by the team. Regarding Nieto, Sharks Director of Scouting Tim Burke stated, "We were watching this guy over two years now. He has offensive ability on the rush and has shown he can do other roles, like penalty kill."

Professional.

Nieto signed a three-year, $2.3 million contract with the Sharks on April 1, 2013. He spent time with the Sharks' then-American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Worcester Sharks, during the year, playing in 11 games. He scored two goals with four assists, a −4 plus-minus rating and six penalty minutes.  Nieto made his NHL debut against the Vancouver Canucks on October 3, 2013. He scored his first career NHL goal against Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers on October 8, off assists by Joe Pavelski and Tommy Wingels. Nieto, however, returned to Worcester over one month later, on November 25, though he was later recalled on December 7. Despite being reassigned to the San Francisco Bulls of the ECHL on December 18, Nieto was recalled by the Sharks three days later after an injury to forward Tomáš Hertl.  Nieto scored his first career Stanley Cup playoff goal on April 22, 2014, via an empty net goal against the Los Angeles Kings.  In the 2016–17 season, Nieto struggled to retain his role in adding an offensive touch to the Shark's bottom six forwards. Surpassed in the depth chart, Nieto played in just 16 games with 2 assists before he was placed on waivers in order to gain more playing time. Nieto was claimed off waivers by the Colorado Avalanche the following day, on January 5, 2017.  On July 25, 2017, Nieto and the Avalanche avoided arbitration by agreeing to a one-year, $1 million contract. Nieto set career high's in the 2018 season with 74 games played and 15 goals scored. After the year the Avalanche signed Nieto to a two-year deal worth $3.95 Million in July 2018.

International play.

Nieto was first selected to represent the United States at the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships, posting four goals in seven games to help capture the gold medal. He was reselected the following year and successfully defended Team USA's gold medal at the 2010 IIHF World U18 Championships.

Matthew Evan Nieto (born November 5, 1992) is an American professional ice hockey left winger currently playing for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the San Jose Sharks in the second round, 47th overall, of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.

Matthew "Matt" Nieto (né le à Long Beach situé dans l'État de Californie aux États-Unis) est un joueur professionnel américain de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'ailier gauche.


Biography.

Spir was born on 15 November 1837 in his father's estates of Spirovska, near the city of Elisavetgrad (Elizabethgrad, Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine). His father, Alexander Alexandrovich Spir, of Jewish-German descent, was a Russian surgeon—Chief Physician of the military Hospital of Odessa specifically—and former professor of mathematics in Moscow. In 1812, he received the Order of St. Vladimir, was knighted, and became councillor and member of Kherson's Governorate hereditary nobility. His mother, Helena Constantinovna Spir, daughter of the major Poulevich, was on her mother's side the granddaughter of the Greek painter Logino, who arrived in Russia under the reign of Catherine the Great. Alexander Spir gave each of his five children—four boys and one girl—names chosen in an old Greek Calendar, which is the source of the curious name "Afrikan". Spir disliked his Christian name, simply signing his letters and books "A. Spir". His modesty impelled him not to use either the German "von" or the French "de"—denoting his noble status—before his family name. He described his education as follows: "I spent my childhood in the countryside and later I studied for a while in Odessa, first in a Private boarding-school and after in a Gymnasium, more or less equivalent, if I do not mistake, to a French high-school. I have not been at the University, instead I entered the Midshipmen's School in Nikolayev (now Mykolaiv), not far from the Black Sea." During this period he developed an interest in philosophy and read (in the French translation of Tissot) Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason", which gave him the basis of his speculative thought. He later followed the readings of Descartes, David Hume, and Stuart Mill.  In 1855, at the age of 18, he participated as Sub-lieutenant of the Russian navy in the Crimean War, during which he was twice decorated (Order of St. Andrew and Order of St. George). Spir defended the same bastion (N. 4 at Malakoff) as Leo Tolstoy during the siege of Sevastopol. After his father's death in 1852, he inherited his father's estates (his last remaining brother, the poet Aristarch, having died in 1841) whereupon he emancipated his serfs and gave them land, goods and money, presaging the reform of 1861. In 1862, he left Elizabethgrad for a tour in Germany, where he spent two years "to know better the mind's matter". His sister Charitis died soon after his return to Russia in 1864. After the death of his mother, in 1867, he sold his estates at a ridiculously low price, distributed almost all of his possessions and left Russia permanently.  He first went to Leipzig, where he attended the lectures of Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (1802–1896), a Herbartian philosopher and one of the forerunners of the neo-Kantian revival of the 1860s. He was there at the same time that Nietzsche was a student, although it does not appear that they met. In 1869, he moved to Tübingen and to Stuttgart in 1871. Here, at the orthodox Church of the Court, he married on 30 January 1872, Elisabeth (Elise) Gatternich and the two had a daughter, Hélène. In Leipzig, Spir befriended the publisher and fellow Freemason Joseph Gabriel Findel, who published most of Spir's works. His most important book, "Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie" ("Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy") was published in 1873. A second edition, which was the one owned by Nietzsche, was published in 1877. In an attempt to reach a broader readership, Spir wrote directly in French his "Esquisses de philosophie critique" ("Outlines of critical philosophy"), published for the first time in 1877. A new edition was published forty years after his death, in 1930, with an introduction by the French philosopher and professor at the Sorbonne Léon Brunschvicg.  In 1878, having suffered from pneumonia, in order to treat the consequences of his illness, a chronic cough, Spir moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, where he spent five years. In 1884, Spir asked the Russian Emperor authorization to leave Russian citizenship and to obtain Swiss citizenship. In the same year, he received the imperial authorization and applied for a certificate of registry at Belmont-sur-Lausanne, where he lived with his family. In 1886, to enjoy the facilities of a bigger library (the "Société de Lecture", a private reading society), he moved to Geneva. On 17 September 1889, he received from the Swiss Federal Government the authorization for his wife, his daughter, and himself to become Swiss citizens. He died of influenza on 26 March 1890 in Geneva, at 6 rue Petitot. He was buried in the Saint-Georges cemetery. He was survived by his wife Elisabeth and his daughter, Hélène.  Manuscripts, personal papers, photographs, books by or on African Spir were donated in March 1940 by his daughter Hélène Claparède-Spir (who was married to the Swiss neurologist Édouard Claparède) to the Library of Geneva (Bibliothèque de Genève, formerly Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève), where they compose the "Fonds African Spir" and can be consulted.  Other papers concerning Spir, his daughter Hélène Claparède-Spir and her family can be consulted at Harvard University Library.

Philosophy.

Epistemology.

Due to his personal readings and his attending of Drobisch's lectures, Spir must be considered as a neo-Kantian philosopher. Spir referred to his philosophy as "critical philosophy". He sought to establish philosophy as the science of first principles, he held that the task of philosophy was to investigate immediate knowledge, show the delusion of empiricism, and present the true nature of things by strict statements of facts and logically controlled inference. This method led Spir to proclaim the principle of identity (or law of identity, "A" ≡ "A") as the fundamental law of knowledge, which is opposed to the changing appearance of the empirical reality.

Ontology.

For Spir the principle of identity is not only the fundamental law of knowledge, it is also an ontological principle, expression of the unconditioned essence of reality (Realität=Identität mit sich), which is opposed to the empirical reality (Wirklichkeit), which in turn is evolution (Geschehen). The principle of identity displays the essence of reality: only that which is identical to itself is real, the empirical world is ever-changing, therefore it is not real. Thus the empirical world has an illusory character, because phenomena are ever-changing, and empirical reality is unknowable.

Religion and morality.

Religion, morality and philosophy, have for Spir the same theoretical foundation: the principle of identity, which is the characteristic of the supreme being, of the absolute, of God. God is not the creator deity of the universe and mankind, but man's true nature and the norm of all things, in general. The moral and religious conscience live in the consciousness of the contrast between this norm ("Realität") and empirical reality ("Wirklichkeit"). "There is a radical dualism between the empirical nature of man and his moral nature" and the awareness of this dualism is the sole true foundation of moral judgment.

Social justice.

Socially, Spir was not favourable to inherited wealth's accumulation in private hands and demanded just distribution of material goods, but disapproved of collectivism. He set the example, redistributing his personal inherited land properties to his former serfs.

Critical reception.

Although he spent most of his life as a philosopher, Spir never held a university appointment and his writings remained relatively unknown and unrecognized throughout his life. Indeed, Spir complained of a wall or conspiracy of silence ("das Totschweigen"). Yet, he had a significant influence on several eminent philosophers, scholars and writers such as Hans Vaihinger, Friedrich Nietzsche, William James, Leo Tolstoy and Rudolf Steiner. Vaihinger read Spir's "Thought and Reality" as soon as it was published (1873) and recalls that it made a "great impression". Nietzsche described him as "an outstanding logician" ("ein ausgezeichneter Logiker"). James makes several references to Spir in his "Principles of Psychology", for example when debating a certain Kantian issue he wrote, "On the whole, the best recent treatment of the question known to me is in one of A. Spir's works, his "Denken und Wirklichkeit"". In 1896 Leo Tolstoy read "Thought and Reality" and was also deeply impressed, as he mentioned in a letter to Hélène Claparède-Spir: "reading "Thought and Reality" has been a great joy for me. I do not know a philosopher so profound and at the same time so precise, I mean scientific, accepting only what is strictly necessary and clear for everybody. I am sure that his doctrine will be understood and appreciated as it deserves and that the destiny of his work will be similar to that of Schopenhauer, who became known and admired only after his death".  In his (2 May 1896) Tolstoy wrote: "Still another important event the work ["Thought and Reality"] of African Spir. I just read through what I wrote in the beginning of this notebook. At bottom, it is nothing else than a short summary of all of Spir's philosophy which I not only had not read at that time, but about which I had not the slightest idea. This work clarified my ideas on the meaning of life remarkably, and in some ways strengthened them. The essence of his doctrine is that things do not exist, but only our impressions which appear to us in our conception as objects. Conception (Vorstellung) has the quality of believing in the existence of objects. This comes from the fact that the quality of thinking consists in attributing an objectivity to impressions, a substance, and a projecting of them into space". The next day (3 May 1896) he added, "I am reading Spir all the time, and the reading provokes a mass of thoughts".  The most important works on Spir's philosophy were published between 1900 and 1914 (Lessing, Zacharoff, Segond, Huan, Martinetti).  In a lecture given in 1917, Rudolf Steiner called Spir "extraordinarily fascinating" and an "original thinker", and someone possessed of a "subtlety" not found in his 19th century contemporaries. As a consequence, Spir was unfortunately not understood and "suffered all the distress that a thinker can experience from being entirely ignored; killed by silence as the saying goes".  After the First World War, the interpretation of Spir's thought by the Italian philosopher Piero Martinetti (1872–1943) gave it a second life for a short while, in the form of a "religious idealism".  Before the Second World War, Hélène Claparède-Spir published some new editions of her father's books in French and had an extensive exchange of letters to promote her father's thought. In 1937, for the centennial of Spir's birth, Martinetti published in Italy a monographic edition on Spir of the "Rivista di Filosofia" ("Philosophical Review").  After the Second World War, African Spir fell into oblivion. In 1990, for the centennial of Spir's death in Geneva, the Geneva Public Library organized an exhibition of African Spir's corpus and published the analytical catalogue. Many of Spir's books have not been entirely sold and are still available in their first or second edition (in German, French, Italian, English, or Spanish translations). Presumably, due to the increasing interest in the argument at the beginning of the twenty-first century, a reprint of the Italian translation by Odoardo Campa in 1911 of Spir's "Moralität und Religion" (1874) has been published in 2008.

Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir (1837–1890) was a Russian neo-Kantian philosopher of German-Greek descent who wrote primarily in German. His book "Denken und Wirklichkeit" ("Thought and Reality") exerted a "lasting impact" on the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche.

Afrikan Aleksandrovich Špir (en russe : Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Шпир ; en ukrainien : Африка́н Олекса́ндрович Спір or Шпір, transcrit African Spir en français ; né le à Elisavetgrad, Empire russe, (aujourd'hui Kropyvnytsky en Ukraine) mort le à Genève, Suisse) est un philosophe russe post-kantien d'origine allemande. Son livre de 1877 "Pensée et réalité" exerça une profonde influence sur Friedrich Nietzsche et Tolstoï lui vouait une grande admiration.


History.

Thanks in part to efforts from a grassroots soccer organization, better known as the supporters group Brickyard Battalion, on January 16, 2013, the NASL announced that an Indianapolis expansion team owned by Ersal Ozdemir, CEO of Keystone Group LLC, would join the league in 2014. Ozdemir named Peter Wilt as the team's first President and General Manager, this after the veteran American soccer executive had served in a consulting role to explore the viability of professional soccer in Indianapolis in the three months leading up to the January 2013 announcement.  The name and club colors were officially revealed to the public on April 25, 2013 during a ceremony held at Indianapolis' Soldiers and Sailors Monument. The team was named after the 11th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an infantry regiment that served with notoriety in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Colonel Lew Wallace commanded the regiment, which was mustered on April 25, 1861. The team name reflects both the culture of the game and pays homage to the history of the state. The number also is an obvious reference to the number of players on the field when at full strength. The number eleven is also important to the world-renowned Indianapolis 500, with the race traditionally featuring eleven rows of cars and drivers and the first race being held in 1911.  Indy Eleven named former Indiana University standout, U.S. international and English Premier League and Major League Soccer veteran Juergen Sommer as its first Head Coach/Director of Soccer Operations on June 11, 2013.  On October 1, 2013 the team announced Kristian Nicht as their first signing.  Even though the team did not begin play until the spring 2014 season, the team announced in November 2013 that it had already sold over 7,000 season tickets, and in capping season ticket sales, became the first team in NASL history to have a wait list for season tickets.  The team made its NASL regular-season debut on April 12, 2014, in a 1–1 draw against the Carolina Railhawks at home in front of 11,048 fans at Carroll Stadium.  On June 2, 2015, Juergen Sommer was fired as manager, with Tim Regan taking over in an interim capacity. Regan's interim role ended on December 2 with Tim Hankinson being appointed as the club's manager.  Indy Eleven won the 2016 Spring Championship after an undefeated season. The team, in a game called "The Miracle at the Mike," overturned a three-goal tiebreaker deficit to secure its first title.  On January 31, 2017, the Eleven announced that they would seek to join Major League Soccer during the league's expansion efforts for teams to join by 2020. The Eleven were passed over in the initial 2017 bidding.  On November 28, 2017, the Eleven announced that Tim Hankinson would not be returning as manager for the 2018 season.  On January 10, 2018, the Eleven announced they had left the NASL and joined the United Soccer League for the 2018 season. Martin Rennie was then named as the Eleven's new head coach on January 16.  On March 27, 2020, The Shop Indy teamed up with Indy Eleven to start selling t-shirts with "Indy Eleven Cares" on it. The t-shirts are being sold in response to the 2019-2020 Coronavirus Pandemic. Funds from the t-shirt sells will go to the Community Health Network Foundation's Lisa Borinstein Caregiver Assistance Fund to help employees and caregivers pay for medical expenses, transportation, food, and more.

MLS Expansion Bid.

Indianapolis became the 12th team to apply for one of four available expansion spots in the MLS, submitting their application just before the January 31, 2017 deadline. However, on November 29, 2017, MLS Commissioner Don Garber announced the four finalist cities for the round of expansion and Indianapolis was not among them. Subsequently, Indy Eleven released a statement claiming, "We are planning on being a finalist for the next round of MLS expansion opportunities." Despite Indy Eleven's persistence to establish a stadium deal with the city and a location for the venue, other cities surpassed their efforts and were awarded franchises. This included Cincinnati, Nashville, Sacramento, St. Louis, and Charlotte, along with a new team in Austin.  Greg Stremlaw reiterated after Charlotte was accepted to the MLS in December, 2019, as the league's 30th team, that Indy Eleven is still committed to their bid and believes further expansion will occur. Stremlaw stated, "I think we have a very strong application" and claimed that the ownership group and the bid will stick to the process that they have followed throughout the expansion talks.

Colors and crest.

The name "Eleven" references the eleven men who take to the field representing Indiana and also pays homage to Indiana's 11th Regiment Indiana Infantry in the American Civil War, while the navy colored checkered background is a nod to both Indianapolis' auto-racing culture and the Brickyard Battalion supporters group (more information below). Lady Victory from the Soldiers' and Sailors' monument is the focal point of the crest. The color scheme is the same as that of the civic flag of Indianapolis.

Kits.

Predominantly red, white and blue, the jerseys unveiled on October 1, 2013, also featured a sublimated checker board pattern paying homage to Indianapolis' rich auto racing heritage centered around the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The jerseys were manufactured by Diadora and Honda was the primary sponsor.  The jerseys used since the 2017 season are manufactured by Adidas with Honda remaining the sponsor.

Supporters.

Brickyard Battalion.

The primary supporters group for the Indy Eleven is the Brickyard Battalion and were established on August 3, 2011. The supporters group has its origins in a grassroots campaign to elicit local support for bringing professional soccer to Indianapolis. Membership consists of more than 2,000 supporters, with over 4,000 officially registered supporters throughout the state of Indiana; affiliate chapters in the greater Indianapolis area and beyond include, but are not limited to: Slaughterhouse-19 BYB, Battery 37 BYB and Cologne – Germany BYB (an affiliate chapter based in Cologne, Germany).

Rivalries.

LIPAFC.

Indy Eleven first played against Louisville City FC in the third round of the 2015 U.S. Open Cup, a game Louisville City won, 2–0. The two clubs would meet again in a series of friendlies the following two seasons, as well as the third round of the 2016 U.S. Open Cup, where Indy would defeat Louisville by a score of 2–1. The arrival of the Eleven to the United Soccer League in 2018 resulted in the two becoming divisional rivals, and was given the unusual title of ""Louisville-Indianapolis Proximity Association Football Contest"", or ""LIPAFC"" during the season by both clubs on social media.

Stadium.

Indy Eleven play their home matches at Lucas Oil Stadium, in Downtown Indianapolis. From their inaugural season in 2014 to 2017, the Eleven played their home matches at IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium.  In early 2014, Indy Eleven sought to build a new $87 million stadium with a capacity of 18,500 seats, but were not able to build the political support to finance their plan. On January 13, 2015, House Bill 1273 was submitted to the Indiana General Assembly, proposing to pay for the stadium by expanding ticket taxes through 2045 instead of ending in 2023 at a projected $5 million per year  In 2018, the club announced that they will play their home matches at Lucas Oil Stadium, home of the Indianapolis Colts. IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium will continue to be used as a secondary venue for if the home matches may need to be moved due to potential scheduling conflicts with Lucas Oil Stadium.  In 2019 the club announced a plan to build Eleven Park, a new $550 million mixed-use development, with a new stadium with a capacity of 20,000 as the centerpiece. This site is planned to include 600 apartments, 150,000 square feet of office space, 100,000 square feet of retail space, and a 200-room hotel. Ersal Ozdemir stated that is "the opportunity to create a vibrant community that will attract individuals and families from near and far to live, work and play." The club is proposing to fund $400 million for the project, with the remaining $150 million being financed through a public-private partnership. In February, 2019, the Indy Eleven ownership asked lawmakers to fund $150 million of a soccer-specific stadium in the city.  On April 8, 2019, the Indiana House Ways and Means Committee unanimously voted to allow Indy Eleven to negotiate a stadium regardless of whether the team is accepted into the MLS or not. This subsequently passed through the senate and I Governor Eric Holcomb approved plans to build the stadium.  On January 31, 2020, it was reported that the stadium originally planned to seat 20,000 fans, may be adjusted down to a much smaller crowd of 12,000. Greg Stremlaw, noted that the stadium will not be smaller than 12,000 seats and “will be built to ensure we can properly accommodate the fan base associated with leading the USL Championship league, but also be able to expand to all MLS specifications if and as needed."

Indy Eleven is an American professional soccer team based in Indianapolis, Indiana. Founded in 2013, the team made its debut in the North American Soccer League in 2014, before moving to the United Soccer League in 2018. The franchise plays its home games at Lucas Oil Stadium, with plans for a new stadium in the city's downtown district.

L'Eleven d'Indy (en anglais : "Indy Eleven"), est une franchise de soccer professionnel basée à Indianapolis, dans l'État de l'Indiana, fondée en 2013. La franchise évolue en United Soccer League, le deuxième niveau dans la hiérarchie nord-américaine.


History.

The name "œillade" has two potential origins. The name could come from the French word "ouiller" that means "to top up" which can have a winemaking connotation of being a "topping wine" that is used to fill up wine barrels and other containers to remove ullage space that allows air to seep in and potential wine faults to develop. It could also be derived from the word "œil" which means eye and may be a viticultural reference to the fruiting bud of a grapevine.  The first mention of an œillade grape was in the lyrics of a "harvest song" sung by vineyard workers that was recorded in 1544 by the French author Bonaventure des Périers. The lyrics includes reference to ""œillades, cépage de la vallée du Rhône"" which has led many ampelographers to speculate that the lyrics are actually referring to the white Rhone grape Picardan (most notable for being one of the 13 varieties permitted in the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC) that was historically known as œillade blanche. The first undisputed mentioning of œillade noire was in a 1676 catalogue of black grape varieties compiled by the French botanist Pierre Magnol where œillade is listed along the black-skin grapes of the Terret and Piquepoul families.

Viticulture.

Œillade noire is a mid-ripening grape variety that has a tendency to produce high yields of large berries and clusters. Growers working with the variety will often keep the vine in check with winter pruning and short cordons. In southern France it has been traditionally planted in higher elevation vineyards where varieties like Cinsault tend not to ripen well. The vine is susceptible to a number of viticultural hazards including coulure, millerandage, botrytis bunch rot and leafhoppers.

Wine regions.

Œillade noire has a long history of being grown throughout southern France including in the Gard, Hérault, Rhône, Vaucluse, Var departments covering mostly what is now the Languedoc and Provence wine regions. After the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th and World Wars of the 20th century, plantings of œillade noire sharply diminished and the grape was on the verge of extinction. It is slowly being revived in the Languedoc region in Saint-Chinian and by at least one wine estate in the town of Béziers who is making a varietal style red and "rosé" of Oeillade noire. However the grape is currently not a permitted variety in any "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) designated wines and can only be produced as a vin de table.

Styles.

According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, œillade noire tends to produce soft, fruity light bodied red wines of modest alcohol levels that are meant to be released soon after vintage and consumed young.

Synonyms.

Over the years Oeillade noire has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Aragnan noir (in the Vaucluse department), Aragnan sec, Araignan, Araignan noir, La Croque, Negra Gentile, Œillade, Œillade noir, Ouilade, Ouillade, Ouillard, Ouiliade, Passerille noire (in the Saint-Péray AOC), Puillade, Uliade and Ulliade.

Œillade noire () is a red French wine grape variety that has been historically grown in the Languedoc and Provence wine region but it is now close to extinction. The grape is often confused for the Rhone wine grape Cinsault which is known under the synonym œillade noire when it is sold as a table grape. It was also once thought to be a color mutation of Picardan which is known as "œillade blanche" and share several similar synonyms to œillade noire. However the grape has no known relation to both Cinsault and Picardan.

L'œillade noire est un cépage noir, originaire du Languedoc rhodanien. Cette variété, souvent confondue avec le cinsault, a été pour la première fois cité au. Cépage à double fin, l'œillade peut être vinifiée - comme à Chypre actuellement - mais elle a été surtout consommée en tant que raisin de table.


World War I grain razvyorstka.

1916 saw a food crisis in the Russian Empire. While the harvest was good in Lower Volga Region and Western Siberia, its transportation by railroads collapsed. Additionally, the food market was in disarray as fixed prices for government purchases were unattractive. A decree of November 29, 1916 signed by Aleksandr Rittich of the Ministry of Agriculture introduced razvyorstka as the collection of grain for defense purposes. The Russian Provisional Government established after the February Revolution of 1917 could not propose any incentives for peasants, and their state monopoly on grain sales failed to achieve its goal.

Soviet prodrazvyorstka.

In 1918 the center of Soviet Russia found itself cut off from the most important agricultural regions of the country. The reserves of grain ran low, causing hunger among the urban population, where support for the Bolshevik government was strongest. In order to satisfy minimal food needs, the Soviet government introduced strict control over the food surpluses of prosperous rural households. Since many peasants were extremely unhappy with this policy and tried to resist it, they were branded as "saboteurs" of the bread monopoly of the state and advocates of free "predatory", "speculative" trade. Vladimir Lenin believed that prodrazvyorstka was the only possible way to procure sufficient amounts of grain and other agricultural products for the population of the cities during the civil war.  Before prodrazvyorstka, Lenin's May 9, 1918 decree ("О продовольственной диктатуре") introduced the concept of "produce dictatorship". This and other subsequent decrees ordered the forced collection of foodstuffs, without any limitations, and used the Red Army to accomplish this.  A decree of the Sovnarkom introduced prodrazvyorstka throughout Soviet Russia on January 11, 1919. Prodrazvyorstka was also extended to Ukraine and Belarus in 1919, and Turkestan and Siberia in 1920. In accordance with the decree of the People's Commissariat for Provisions on the procedures of prodrazvyorstka (January 13, 1919), the amount of different kinds of products designated for collection by the state (some historians call it an outright confiscation) was calculated on the basis of the data on each guberniya's areas under crops, crop capacity and the reserves of past years. Within each guberniya, the collection plan was broken down between uyezds, volosts, villages, and then separate peasant households. The collection procedures were performed by the agencies of the People's Commissariat for Provisions and prodotryads (продовольственный отряд, food brigades) with the help of kombeds (комитет бедноты, committees of the poor) and of local Soviets.  Initially, prodrazvyorstka covered the collection of grain and fodder. During the procurement campaign of 1919–20, prodrazvyorstka also included potatoes and meat. By the end of 1920, it included almost every kind of agricultural product. According to Soviet statistics, the authorities collected 107.9 million poods (1.77 million metric tons) of grain and fodder in 1918–19, 212.5 million poods (3.48 million metric tons) in 1919–20, and 367 million pounds (6.01 million metric tons) in 1920–21.  Prodrazvyorstka allowed the Soviet government to solve the important problem of supplying the Red Army and the urban population, and of providing raw materials for different industries. Prodrazvyorstka left its mark on commodity-money relations, since the authorities had prohibited selling of bread and grain. It also influenced relations between the city and the village and became one of the most important elements of the system of war communism.  As the Russian Civil War approached its end, prodrazvyorstka lost its actuality, but it had done much damage to the agricultural sector and caused growing discontent among peasants. As the government switched to the NEP (New Economic Policy), a decree of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in March 1921 replaced prodrazvyorstka with prodnalog (food tax).

Prodrazvyorstka (, short for, "food apportionment") was a policy and campaign of confiscation of grain and other agricultural products from peasants at nominal fixed prices according to specified quotas (the noun "razvyorstka,", and the verb "razverstat' "refer to the partition of the requested total amount as obligations from the suppliers). This strategy often led to the deaths of many country-dwelling people, such as its involvement with the Holodomor famine.

La prodrazviorstka (en russe : "Продразвёрстка", "продовольственная развёрстка", se traduisant par « système d'appropriation de surplus », « réquisition ») était une politique de réquisition de céréales et d'autres produits agricoles des paysans par les bolcheviques de 1919 jusqu'en 1921.


Development.

"Down and Out in America" was produced under Grant and husband/producer Joseph Feury's production deal with HBO. The film was greenlit while Grant was still on location in Yugoslavia on another project. She reportedly told Feury that the subject was too important and that if she couldn't return in time he should let another director make the film. He refused and convinced her to wrap her current project as early as possible and make the documentary.

Reception.

The film received largely positive reviews. The New York Times felt that ""DOWN AND OUT IN AMERICA" is clear about its message: The system has failed, and the American dream has died.". The film went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Documentary feature, the first Oscar for any cable network. It has been compared to Barbara Kopple's Oscar winner "Harlan County, USA".

Legacy.

The film's negative has been preserved in the Academy Film Archive. It is regularly taught in university film and journalism classes. A new print premiered at New York's Film Forum in late 2019 as part of a 13 film retrospective of Grant's work as both actor and director, and the kick off of the film's digital and repertory re-release. Grant and Barbara Kopple introduced the Film Forum screening.. It remains one of the most influential portraits of Reaganomics. In April 2020, in response to the COVID-19 crisis, the re-release of Grant's documentaries was re-imagined as one of the first examples of virtual cinema and became "the first virtual repertory series."

Down and Out in America is a 1986 American Oscar-winning documentary film directed by Academy Award winner Lee Grant. It is a critique of Reaganomics and exploration of poverty in the United States. It won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, tying with "".

Produit par Home Box Office, c'est le premier programme d'une chaîne du câble à avoir reçu l'Oscar du meilleur film documentaire.