History.

BFMTV was launched by the NextRadioTV group as an offshoot of BFM Radio, which exclusively focused on business and the economy, on December 14, 2004. BFM is an abbreviation of "Business FM", the original name of BFM Business. Approved by the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) on May 5, 2005, it began broadcasting on November 28, 2005. Alain Weill has served as Chairman and CEO since 2005.  The "small independent news channel" became "one of the most influential voices in French media and politics" by distinguishing itself with "a reactive, live format—and dumping the French habit of endless pre-recorded talk". Ratings continuously increased and became the most watched French news channel in June 2008. With a 1.8 national share (as of mid-2012), it greatly exceeds its first competitor, I-Télé (0.7 national share). As the ratings and the advertising revenues increased, the budget of the network peaked at €50 million in 2011, compared to €15 million in 2006.

Spin-off networks.

BFM Sport.

Launched on June 7, 2016, BFM Sport is the second TV all-news sports channel in France, after Infosport+. The channel features an 8-minute update every 30 minutes (with the loop all night long). It also carries 3 magazines: "After Foot" (daily 10pmmidnight), "Le Grand Week-end Sport" (weekends 9amnoon) and "60 Minutes Sport" (SundayFriday 78pm).

BFM Paris.

Launched of November 7, 2016, BFM Paris is mainly inspired by America's News 12. The main programming consists of local news updates, traffic, weather, sports, and cultural information. There's a live morning show seven days a week and an evening show on weeknights.

Programming history.

1st version (28 November 20058 May 2006).

The channel's first schedule version focused on the morning and evening daypart.  Weekdays, from 6am to 9:30am, during "BFM Matin", the channel runs a 30-minute block with Stéphanie de Muru on the 15-minute general news and Thomas Misrachi on the 15-minute financial news. This block kept running throughout the day with images-only newscasts (French: "JT tout en image"). Between 6pm and 11:30pm, during "BFM Soir", BFMTV carried a newscast every half-hour with Ruth Elkrief (6pm/7pm), Olivier Mazerolle (8pm), Florence Duprat (7:30pm/9pm/11pm) and Jean-Alexandre Baril (6:30pm/9pm/10pm).  Every evening at 8:30, Mazerolle presented "Mazerolle Direct", featuring an interview with one or two guests. The show was replayed two hours later.  Between 11:30pm and 6am, there were nothing live except the 11pm newscast in a looped format.  On weekend, BFMTV ran image-only newscasts every 15 minutes (except at 7pm and 8pm, when Guillaume Vanhems anchored half-hour news reports).

2nd version (9 May 20063 June 2007).

This version was launched at 6p.m. on 9 May 2006. The channel now puts anchors in the set news blocks, especially during "BFM Soir", including: Thomas Misrachi (69:30a.m.), Ruth Elkrief (68p.m.), Olivier Mazerolle (89p.m.), Florence Duprat (9p.m.midnight) and Thomas Sotto (weekends 69p.m.).  Between "BFM Matin" and "BFM Soir", BFMTV now had a branded block, titled "BFM Non-Stop", with an updated news flash every 15 minutes and continuous loop of weather reports in-between, with: Guillaume Vanhems (9:30a.m.1p.m.), Jean-Alexandre Baril (14:30p.m.) and Stéphanie De Muru (4:306p.m.). However, the images-only weekend news reports were kept except the new block from 6 to 9p.m. by Thomas Sotto.  During the 2007 presidential election, Mazerolle changed his show's name from "Mazerolle Direct" to "Journal de Campagne", with the same time broadcast (8:30p.m.). Also, at the same time, a new weekday political show was run on BFM TV, "Bourdin 2007", with Jean-Jacques Bourdin, from 8:30 and 9a.m., simulcast from RMC. From November 2006, Ruth Elkrief started co-anchoring with Hedwige Chevrillon on BFM Business for the new show, "Le Duo BFM", which simulcast at 12:30p.m. on both channels. BFM TV re-ran this show at 9:30p.m. In January 2008, the show was replaced by "La Tribune BFM", which was a Sunday evening interview.  In January 2007, Elkrief also presented "Élysee 2007", a nightly political debate from 7 to 8pm. Also, at the same time, "BFM Non-Stop" changed presenters: Guillaume Vanhems is no longer on air, Jean-Alexandre Baril now presented the morning news, Stéphanie de Muru was still on the afternoon. From 6 to 7p.m. and 8 to 8:30p.m., Nathalie Levy presented news reports with Gilane Barret (general news) and Julian Bugier (business).

3rd version (4 June 200718 May 2008).

In this time, the channel relaunched its infographics (graphics, music, 3D images), schedule and slogan ("Live et Direct" replaced "La nouvelle chaine d'info"). It also received 50 more journalists and presenters.  Christophe Delay, formerly anchored from 7 to 8am on Europe 1, replaced Thomas Misrachi and goes alongside with Karine de Menonville on the first part of "Première edition" (68:30a.m.). Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi now presented the new midday newsshow. Weekday evening had a new program, "QG de l'info", from 6 to 7p.m. with Ronald Guintrange and Thomas Sotto. Marc Autheman and Valérie Béranger now presented the weekend evening news from 6 to 9pm, known as "Info 360 le week-end". From 6am to 6p.m., BFM TV still kept its image-only reports. Starting 27 August 2007, "Bourdin 2007" was renamed as "Bourdin Direct". Also, Marc Autheman and Stéphanie de Muru now presented the weekend evening news, renamed as "Week-End 360". Thomas Sotto had a new "QG de l'info" right after this show.  In February 2008, the channel set up a new weekend schedule, affecting only the 6pmmidnight slot, with four changes:

4th version (19 May 2008 – Present).

BFMTV announced, in January 2008, the schedule changes somewhere around March and April, before postponing it until 19 May 2008. The channel would update the morning and evening news block, while showing sports in partnership with RMC in the afternoon. From January 2008, the channel started carrying "La Tribune BFM", in partnership with Dailymotion, Sundays at 6pm.  In this new schedule, BFMTV now branded themselves as "première chaine d'info en France", with totally live in antenna. The continuous news block "BFM Non-Stop" now has two journalists each timeslot, instead of one, include: Diane Gouffrant and Jean-Alexandre Baril (mornings), Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret/Rachid M'Barki (afternoons (already ending 1 hour earlier)). From May to June 2008, Thomas Sotto anchored "Partageons nos idées" each Saturday at 8:50pm.

Continuous changes.

Starting from 2008, BFMTV has been updating its schedule every September, with the announce that it would broadcast "all live" from 6am to midnight. Here are some changes:

September 2008.

Alain Marschall and Olivier Truchot, who have been hosting Les Grandes Gueules from 11am to 2pm on RMC since 2004, take over Ruth Elkrief's slot (from 7pm to 8pm) with an interactive program offering viewers a chance to comment on current events. Ruth Elkrief started anchoring "Midi Ruth Elkrief" from noon to 2pm each weekday. "BFM Non-Stop" now was presented by: Jean-Alexandre Baril and Roselyne Dubois from 9am to noon, Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret (newsreader in Midi Ruth Elkrief) from 2pm to 3pm, then Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi from 3pm to 6pm.  While presenting "La Tribune BFM-Dailymotion" from 7 to 8pm each Sunday, Olivier Mazerolle became political editor and let Thomas Sotto anchor the 8pm newscast. Candice Mahout, who was a chronicler in "Première edition", presented "Showtime" from 8:30 to 9pm, a current affairs magazine.  Finally, Karl Zéro anchored "Karl Zéro sur BFM TV" at 10:10pm, which was an interview with 1 or 2 guests, and it was inspired by CNN's Larry King. "Info 360", presented by Ronald Guintrange and Nathalie Levy, was broadcast weekdays from 9 to 10pm, then 11pm to midnight.  Each weekend, Marc Autheman anchored "QG de l'info" from 6 to 7pm and from 8 to 9pm, followed by the 9pmmidnight "Week-end 360" with Rachid M'Barki and Diane Gouffrant.  In November 2008, Marc Menant joined BFMTV for "Partageons nos idées" from 7 to 8pm. 6 versions of this show were presented by Thomas Sotto until summer 2008.  In January 2009, the 8pm edition of "QG de l'info" and "Showtime" were combined to "Le 20H" with Thomas Sotto. Stéphanie Soumier now presented "Partageons nos idées".  In 7/2009, "Info 360" had two replaces: Nathalie Levy, the co-presenter, joined France 5; and Julian Bugier, the business presenter, joined i-Télé, BFMTV's main competitor.

September 2009.

Karine de Menonville started presenting "Info 360" with Ronald Guintrange (this show now ended at 12:15am instead of midnight).  Graziella Rodriguez anchored "Première edition" with Christophe Delay.  Karl Zéro presented the live interview "Sarko Info" each weeknight at 8:35pm.  From 7 to 8pm, the interactive show with Alain Marschall and Olivier Truchot was re-introduced, now with Louise Ekland.  In November 2009, BFMTV launched its new website, bfmtv.com (formerly bfmtv.fr), now also included the allowing to watch selection of programs, instead of just watching live.  In January 2010, BFM TV slightly changed its afternoon and early evening schedule on weekdays. Florence Duprat and Thomas Misrachi now presented "BFM Non-Stop" from 2 to 5pm, then followed by the new "debate for highlight of the day" "BFM Story" from 5 to 6pm with Alain Marschall and Olivier Truchot (this show was called "Top Story" on the first broadcasting week). Then, from 6 to 8:30pm, Thomas Sotto presented "QG de l'info" alongside Pauline Revenaz (Pascale de la Tour du Pin from March 2010). Louise Ekland continued her cultural magazine at 7:40pm.  In March 2010, BFMTV started showing various chronicles on its 6am6pm image-only weekend block, press reviews in the morning for example.  At the end of April 2010, several presenters exchanged their shift to one another. Ronald Guintrange joins "BFM Non-Stop" in the morning with Roselyne Dubois (9amnoon), replacing Jean-Alexandre Baril who takes over the "BFM Non-Stop" in the afternoon with Florence Duprat (25pm). Thomas Misrachi, who presented afternoons until then, rejoined "Info 360" (9pm12:15am) with Stéphanie de Muru for Karine de Ménonville, who was on maternity leave until June 2010. Pascale de La Tour du Pin and Graziella Rodriguès moved their role: the first person rejoined "Première édition" with Christophe Delay, the latter person joined "QG de l'info".  Throughout World Cup 2010, the channel broadcast, throughout the day, many magazines related to this sport event. Thomas Sotto, for a week before this event, presented "QG de l'info" live from South Africa. Rolland Courbis, a consultant on Radio RMC, joined BFM TV, where he presented his morning appointment, "Le Tackle de Courbis", and at 6:25pm and 7:25pm, Rolland Courbis participated in "Coup franc", a program presented by Gilbert Brisbois, journalist-anchor at RMC Sport. Two small parts of the "After Foot" program, presented by the trio Gilbert Brisbois, Rolland Courbis and Daniel Riolo on RMC, is broadcast simultaneously on BFMTV, every night from 10:45 to 11pm and from 11:40pm to midnight.

September 2010.

In the summer of 2010, Nathalie Levy returned BFMTV, and joined "Info 360" from 9pm to 10pm and from 11pm to 12:30am (the show was cut in between for "QG de l'info"). As a result, the evening schedule was changed completely: afternoon "BFM Non-Stop" was pushed forward to an hour but the same duration (now 3-6pm); as a consequence, "BFM Story" was also shifted to a new 67pm slot. After two years working the midday slot, Ruth Elkrief rejoined the evening slot, with a new 78pm debate show, and "Sarko Info" was extended to 8 minutes long. Thomas Sotto's 8pm newscast was extended to an hour long (finished now at 9pm), before his "QG de l'info". Louise Ekland's cultural magazine wasn't changed, although many changes took place elsewhere on the schedule like above. Karine de Ménonville rejoined the weekday midday slot with Stéphanie de Muru and Gilane Barret from noon to 3pm, known as "Midi|15H".  On the weekend, the schedule was also shifted a lot, however "QG de l'info" was still broadcast from 10 to 11pm. The new "After Foot", presented by Gilbert Brisbois with Rolland Courbis and Daniel Riolo, was broadcast from 11pm to midnight (however, since January 2011, 11:45pm to midnight). The rest of the evening (68pm, 910pm, 1112:30am (1111:45pm and 1212:30am since January 2011)) carried "Info 360" with Nathalie Levy.  In January 2011, following the launch of La Tribune BFM, the channel launches a new Sunday political show from 6 to 8pm, "BFM TV 2012 Le Point-RMC", in partnership with Le Point and the radio station RMC (which belongs to the same group as BFMTV). During two hours, a political personality answers the questions of Olivier Mazerolle in particular topics.  In the summer of 2011, Thomas Sotto left BFMTV to rejoin M6 as a "Capital" presenter. Philippe Verdier also left the channel to rejoin France 2 and working there as a weathercaster.

September 2011.

Jean-Jacques Bourdin now presents, until today, "Bourdin Direct" from 8:35 to 9am. Ruth Elkrief, after her show, stayed on the air until 9pm to co-present the 8pm newscast with Alain Marschall.  At the end of August 2011, BFMTV reorganised its evening schedule. Alain Marschall left "BFM Story" to present the 8pm weekday newscast (with Marc Autheman on the weekend), and as a result, Olivier Truchot became "BFM Story"'s standalone presenter. Jean-Rémi Baudot was responsible for news updates between 6 and 8pm, in addition to his evening business shift which he has been working since the beginning of 2009. Nathalie Levy stayed on the air on "Info 360", but the broadcasting time would increase (no longer two separate hour-long blocks but now a continuous three-hour block from 9pm to midnight). Her co-partner on this show was now Jean-Baptiste Boursier (after leaving I-Télé) and he also presented the midnight newscast on BFMTV. Fanny Agostini joined the channel from RMC to present evening weather.  In September 2011, BFMTV added several multi-hour shows with set hosts and tone to compartmentalize "Non-Stop" (which, until then, didn't feature on-air talent of any kind). Fabien Crombé, who joined channel from RMC, and Céline Pitelet presented live news coverage from 6am to 10am, known as "Week-end Première". "Non-Stop", now added a "Week-End" moniker, only aired in two separate blocks from 10am to noon and 2pm to 6pm. While Stéphanie de Muru and Rachid M'Barki presented the morning edition, the afternoon team was Céline Couratin and Graziella Rodrigues (plus Jean-Alexandre Baril, who left the weekday afternoon edition of "Non-Stop" and replaced by Mathieu Coache). Also, the morning team presented the all-new midday "Midi|14H Week-End". Lucie Nuttin (came from LCP) and Damien Gourlet (came from Europe 1) presented together "Week-End 360" from 6pm to 8pm, 9pm to 10pm, 11pm to 11:45pm and midnight to 12:30am.  At the beginning of 2012, two chroniclers rejoined the channel: Emmanuel Lechypre in business and Ulysse Gosset in international politics.

September 2012.

At the end of August 2012, BFMTV updated its evening schedule. From 9pm to 11pm, Nathalie Levy presented "Info 360" with Jean-Rémi Baudot, and then the midnight newscast. Jean-Baptiste Boursier had a new role: presenting the all-new "Le Soir BFM" from 11pm to midnight, a show focusing on the facts of the day's news (however, in March 2013, "Le Soir BFM" started at 10:30pm).  The weekday schedule was also refreshed: 9amnoon: "Non-Stop" with Roselyne Dubois and Damien Gourlet; noon-3pm: "Midi|15H" with Karine de Ménonville and Ronald Guintrange; 3pm6pm: "Non-Stop" with Gilane Barret and Florence Duprat. Mathieu Coache left his afternoon shift to become Washington's correspondent.  On weekends, BFMTV had a new weekly analysis programme: "7 Jours BFM", presented by Thomas Misrachi and aired every Saturday from 6pm to 8pm. Frédéric de Lanouvelle and François Gapihan rejoined Stéphanie de Muru on morning "Non-Stop Week-End" and "Midi|14H Week-End". At the afternoon "Non-Stop Week-End" (26pm), Sandra Gandoin, who previously worked as a substitute host for Céline Couratin, now became an official presenter alongside Jean-Alexandre Baril. Lucie Nuttin had a new co-host on "Week-end 360": Maxime Cogny.

September 2013.

BFMTV added a new block for "Première edition" from 4:30am to 6am, presented by Céline Pitelet and Jean-Rémi Baudot; then Christophe Delay and Pascale de La Tour du Pin anchored the normal 68:30am slot. This decision made "Première edition" the earliest live news programme in France.  In July 2013, Apolline de Malherbe, who returned to BFMTV, replaced Anna Cabana on the morning political segment at 6:50am and 7:50am; plus she also had another political-related show alongside Hedwige Chevrillon, "BFM Politique" every Sunday from 6pm to 8pm.

September 2014.

Nathalie Levy's "Info 360" was replaced by a new show: "News et Compagnie" alongside Laurent Neumann and Emmanuel Lechypre from 9pm to 10pm Mondays to Thursdays.  Jean-Baptiste Boursier's "Le Soir BFM" was renamed "Grand Angle" and airing Mondays to Thursdays from 10pm to midnight. Rachid M'Barki, who presented news bulletins every half-hour between 6pm and 8pm, now also presented two new newscasts at 9pm and midnight.  Dominique Mari replaced Fabien Combé on 6am10am "Week-end Première". "Midi|14H Week-end" was dropped in favor of an extra two-hour block of "Non-Stop Week-End".  Christophe Hondelatte rejoined BFMTV to present the 8pm weekend newscast as well as "Hondelatte Direct" from 10pm to midnight Fridays to Sundays alongside newsreader Lucie Nuttin. Fabien Combé had a new role: presenting "News Week-end" from 9pm to 10pm Fridays to Sundays as well as "Le Journal de la Nuit Week-end".  On weekends, Philippe Gaudin anchored "Non-Stop Week-End" from 2pm to 6pm alongside Graziella Rodrigues.  Throughout 2015, BFMTV was, according to Médiametrie, France's number one news channel. In July 2015, almost 34 million French people watched this channel, which is nearly 9 million daily in average.

Criticism.

As a rolling news channel, BFMTV has been criticized for "accelerat[ing] reality, and creat[ing] pressure for instant solutions", as well as being conflating what it means to be "popular" and "populist" due to its pursuit of audiences. Thus other media institutions have insinuated that BFMTV has furthered the cause of Marine Le Pen, the head of the nationalist "Front national" political party. For example, BFMTV "star interviewer" Jean-Jacques Bourdin has been ridiculed for "rejoicing at the prospect of a President Le Pen"; such insinuations tend to arouse "fury" in the BFMTV newsroom. In March 2014 French media regulator Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) examined BFMTV's distribution of airtime for election candidates, stating that the channel gave UMP and Socialist Party candidates limited access while allowing the Front National "persistent overrepresentation".  Daniel Schneidermann, a media commentator writing for the left-wing "Libération", thinks that BFMTV "may not set out to be right-wing but it ends up that way de facto", claiming that BFMTV "over-cover[s] her" because they need good ratings and Le Pen "always gets a good audience". Similarly, Schneidermann notes that they prioritize coverage of sensational issues such as crime stories to the detriment of "social" stories. Indeed, Bourdin and another TV host Christophe Hondelatte have been described as a "duo of shock". For example, Hondelatte revealed that his pay is tied to the size of the audience he attracts.  BFMTV was sued in April 2015 for its coverage of the 9 January 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege. Six hostages hiding in the Hypercacher kosher grocery store claimed that the network endangered their lives by broadcasting the fact that they were seeking refuge in the grocery's refrigerator while the siege was still ongoing.

Broadcasting.

It was launched first on the French digital terrestrial television (TNT, or "télévision numérique terrestre") and is broadcast free 24 hours a day, by satellite on CanalSat (see frequencies below), French digital terrestrial television, by DSL providers Free, Neuf, Alice, Orange, by mobile television on Orange and SFR, by cable provider Numericable, and live on the channel's website (via Windows Media streaming).  BFMTV has a policy called "priorite au direct" that mandates that live outside feeds are used whenever possible.  BFMTV is freely broadcast by satellite in DVB-S MPEG-2 unencrypted:

BFM TV anchors.

BFMTV journalists, who tend to be young, "pride themselves on doing things differently".  Currently, the channel has 250 journalists, with 49 work on screen.

Prix Spécial BFM Business de la Bourse.

The Prix Spécial is awarded to a personality, an investment company. performance, net flows and profile with the French and international financial communities are the key criteria retained to award the prize.

Connection with Fox News.

In 2011, BFMTV produced a promo to thank viewers for "France's most watched news channel", which, in some way, copies the structure and format of a similar promo of Fox News Channel, produced in 2003, which looks as follows:  Fox News: BFMTV: BFMTV has also sometimes been known by viewers as "the French answer to Fox News" due to somewhat similar right-wing bias.

BFM TV (, stylised as BFMTV) is a 24-hour rolling news and weather channel based in France and available globally via digital, cable and satellite television.

BFM TV est une chaîne de télévision française d'information nationale en continu, filiale du groupe NextRadioTV. La chaîne détient entre autres BFM Business, RMC Story, RMC Découverte, BFM Paris, BFM Lyon, BFM Grand Lille et BFM Grand Littoral.


Rugby Union career.

Amateur career.

He captained his school's rugby team.  Dallas played club rugby for Watsonians. He was elected Vice-Captain in 1898. He won the Scottish Unofficial Championship with Watsonians in the 1902-03 season.

Provincial career.

He represented Edinburgh District in 1902.

International career.

Dallas played just a single international game for Scotland, the encounter with England during the 1903 Home Nations Championship. Scotland had already beaten Wales and Ireland in the tournament, and a win over England would give the Scottish team the Triple Crown. Dallas was brought into the pack, along with a returning Jimmy Ross, as replacements for David Bedell-Sivright and captain Mark Coxon Morrison. Although not an exciting game, the close score made this an interesting game, with Scotland finishing 10-6 winners. Dallas not only ended the game as a Triple Crown winning player, but he also scored one of two Scottish tries, when he crossed the line in the first half after good build-up work from wing James Stirling MacDonald. Despite the victory and the score, Dallas never represented the Scotland national team again, the Scottish selectors preferring heavy scrummagers whereas Dallas' play was more of a fast wing-forward.

Referee career.

In 1905 the first New Zealand touring team came to Britain, and brought an exciting tactical game that the British clubs found difficult to play against. Before the team came to Wales, they had played 27 matches against teams from Scotland, England and Ireland, and beaten them all, including victories over the three national teams. Wales had just won the Home Nations Championship and were seen as possessing one of the greatest teams in the sport's history. The encounter between Wales and New Zealand was seen as a great challenge between the two hemispheres, and was being dubbed the 'Game of the Century' before the match had taken place. In the buildup to the game, the New Zealand manager George Dixon and the Welsh Rugby Union had difficulty agreeing on a referee. Four officials had been rejected before the WRU, using I.B. regulations called on a neutral union, in this case the Scottish Rugby Union, to choose a referee on their behalf. Scotland chose Dallas.  This was Dallas' first international match as a referee but the game started controversially for him as he was criticised for his poor choice of attire. Dallas turned up for the match wearing street clothes and his boots had neither bars or studs. Dallas was also criticised during the game for being unable to keep up with the action. In a thrilling game, the match was decided by a single try, scored by Teddy Morgan to give Wales the win. Unfortunately for Dallas the game is also remembered for a controversial decision where New Zealand centre Bob Deans claimed to have grounded the ball over the Welsh goal line, only to have the try disallowed by Dallas. Deans stated that he scored the try, but was dragged back over the line by the Welsh defence. Although New Zealand manager Dixon attacked Dallas in private for not being able to keep up with the game, and thus missing the try; Dallas had no doubts, he believed that Deans had grounded the ball 6 to 12 inches short.  The IRB kept faith with Dallas, and he continued to referee at international level, officiating over the Wales vs. Ireland encounter in the 1908 Home Nations Championship then Wales vs. England and Ireland vs. England in the 1909 Championship. Dallas refereed four more matches, when the Championship became the Five Nations Championship with the inclusion of France. Dallas was given the England vs Wales and Ireland vs. Wales in the 1910 Five Nations Championship, Ireland vs. England in the 1911 Championship and a final game in the 1912 tournament between Ireland and Wales.  Dallas refereed one more international match and it provides a quirky claim to fame. This was the Ireland v South Africa match in 1912. Originally the match was supposed to be refereed by Frank Potter-Irwin, the English referee. However in the days before the match Potter-Irwin fell ill. The Scottish Rugby Union stepped in to help. They suggested John Tulloch, the Scottish referee, and this was accepted by both teams. Some of the press reports still credit Tulloch or Potter-Irwin for the match. However it was Dallas that took the field rather than Tulloch. More quirkier, Dallas became injured or 'lame' in the first half and could not continue for the second half. So the Irish referee Fred Gardiner had to step in and referee the second half. It was this international match that first saw the use of a substitute referee: Dallas the original referee and Gardiner the substitute.

Administrative career.

He became the 39th President of the Scottish Rugby Union. He served one year from 1912 to 1913.  He was one of two Scottish representatives on the International Rugby Board.

Military career.

During the First World War, Dallas joined the British Army and was posted to The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) as part of the 16th Battalion. He saw service in German East Africa and Portuguese East Africa.

Outside of rugby and military.

A lawyer, he was called to the Scottish Bar in 1905. His legal career was interrupted by his military career. In his later life he was a judge based in Aberdeen.  Dallas was a notable tennis player.  He also partook in other sports:- golf, bowling, angling and shot.

John Dewar Dallas (11 June 1878 – 31 July 1942) was a Scottish international rugby union player. Dallas played international rugby for Scotland but is more notable as a rugby referee, and controversially officiated the 1905 encounter between Wales and New Zealand, a match seen as one of the greatest games in the history of the rugby union. He became the 39th President of the Scottish Rugby Union.

John Dewar Dallas, né le à Édimbourg et mort le à Aberdeen, est un joueur de rugby écossais, évoluant avec l'Écosse au poste d'avant, il a également arbitré.


History.

Founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, the roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the Self-Respect Movement and Justice Party. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the Indian National Congress party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1917, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

Ideology.

Being completley opposed to Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance of Southern India, the primary purpose of the Dravida Kazhagam was to secure the complete independence of a Dravidian Republic (Dravida Nadu). The party at its inception retained similar values to the Justice Party which had the views of a traditional type of balance signifying the idea of equality. Also being heavily influenced by Periyar's Self-Respect Movement it also adopted many of its goals and objectives. A few of these similarities was to eliminate the cast, class and creed divide amongst people to foster a balanced society, working towards the elimination of inequality and ensuring that men and women have equal opportunities towards all aspects of life and pushing for the eradication of superstitious beliefs based on religion.

Controversies.

12 members belonging to Hindu Munnani were detained by the police for disrupting a public meeting organized by the Dravidar Kazhagam in Trichy on April 2019. Two members of the Dravidar Kazhagam were said to be injured as the Hindu Munnani members threw slippers and stones at the stage established for the public meeting.

Conflict years.

As the party gained prominence, many in the party wanted to contest in the elections including Annadurai. However, Periyar argued that politics will force ideology to the background. With a straining relationship in the organization and Periyar marrying Maniammai, who was more than 40 years younger than him, some members of the party broke up and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Periyar marrying a girl of younger age caused strains within organization and outside it. The organization was headed by Maniammai and later by K.Veeramani after her demise.

Later years.

Periyar's protests were largely symbolic and did not call for the destruction of private property or physically harming anyone. It based its interests on anti-Hindi and anti-brahmin agitations and never became a full-fledged political party.

Dravidar Kazhagam Flag.

The flag of Dravidar Kazhagam can trace its origins back to 1937. During that year, Hindi was made into a compulsory subject in South India. In reaction to this, Thanthai Periyar organised anti-hindi protests in which a plain black flag was flown. From these protests, Periyar gained a large amount of popularity and went onto be elected as the president of the Justice Party a year later. When the Justice Party was rebranded as the Dravida Kazhagam in 1944, the party adopted its official flag. The design features red circle with a black background with the color black representing "the deprivations and the indignities that the Dravidians had to face under the strict Hindu religion" while Red represented "the tireless efforts taken to eliminate the ignorance and blind faith among the people and to free them from any kind of mental and materialistic exploitation".

Activities.

The party often adopted a hard line approach and was often involved in mass attempts to change the system outright. One such incident involved bringing Adi Dravidas into the inner sanctum sanctorum of temples and threatening Brahmin priests to recite hymns in Tamil instead of Sanskrit. During Indian independence in 1947, the party did not accept the same as Periyar viewed Independence as the transfer of power from British to the Brahmin-Bania combine who occupied all important positions. With a firm belief that caste-based reservations are the only way to empower the under-represented, they supported reservations in education and employment right from 1919. Periyar was instrumental in introducing reservation in Tamil Nadu from 1921 even before independence.

Legacy.

The organization laid the foundation for further Tamil people involvement into politics. It enthused a new Tamil spirit that later on led to the formation of many parties that would eventually challenge the Indian National Congress stranglehold. Though it failed to achieve its grandiose idea of an independent Dravidian nation, it fostered a spirit of unity amongst the Dravidians, especially in opposing Hindi language in the seventies.  Dravida Kazhagam strongly rooted for the implementation of Mandal Commission report, which was later adopted by the V.P. Singh led government in 1990. It has also involved itself in the Srilankan Tamils issue and has been vocal in the support of LTTE.

Dravidar Kazhagam ("Dravidian Federation") is a social movement, that was founded by E. V. Ramasamy, also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including untouchability and on a grander scale to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian nation) from the Madras Presidency. Dravidar Kazhagam would in turn give birth to many other political parties including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

Le Dravidar Kazhagam (ou "Dravida Kazhagam"), dont le nom signifie "Organisation dravidienne" fut le premier parti entièrement dravidien créé en Inde. C'est en 1944 que Periyar E. V. Ramasamy donne ce nom à l'ancien « Parti de la Justice » ("Justice Party"), dont il avait pris la tête en 1939.


Neutron capture at small neutron flux.

At small neutron flux, as in a nuclear reactor, a single neutron is captured by a nucleus. For example, when natural gold (Au) is irradiated by neutrons (n), the isotope Au is formed in a highly excited state, and quickly decays to the ground state of Au by the emission of gamma rays (γ). In this process, the mass number increases by one. This is written as a formula in the form Au+n → Au+γ, or in short form Au(n,γ)Au. If thermal neutrons are used, the process is called thermal capture.  The isotope Au is a beta emitter that decays into the mercury isotope Hg. In this process the atomic number rises by one.

Neutron capture at high neutron flux.

The r-process happens inside stars if the neutron flux density is so high that the atomic nucleus has no time to decay via beta emission in between neutron captures. The mass number therefore rises by a large amount while the atomic number (i.e., the element) stays the same. When further neutron capture is no longer possible, the highly unstable nuclei decay via many β decays to beta-stable isotopes of higher-numbered elements.

Capture cross section.

The absorption neutron cross section of an isotope of a chemical element is the effective cross sectional area that an atom of that isotope presents to absorption, and is a measure of the probability of neutron capture. It is usually measured in barns (b).  Absorption cross section is often highly dependent on neutron energy. As a generality, the likelihood of absorption is proportional to the time the neutron is in the vicinity of the nucleus. The time spent in the vicinity of the nucleus is inversely proportional to the relative velocity between the neutron and nucleus. Other more specific issues modify this general principle. Two of the most commonly specified measures are the cross section for thermal neutron absorption, and resonance integral which considers the contribution of absorption peaks at certain neutron energies specific to a particular nuclide, usually above the thermal range, but encountered as neutron moderation slows the neutron down from an original high energy.  The thermal energy of the nucleus also has an effect; as temperatures rise, Doppler broadening increases the chance of catching a resonance peak. In particular, the increase in uranium-238's ability to absorb neutrons at higher temperatures (and to do so without fissioning) is a negative feedback mechanism that helps keep nuclear reactors under control.

Thermochemical significance.

Neutron capture is involved in the formation of isotopes of chemical elements. As a consequence of this fact the energy of neutron capture intervenes in the standard enthalpy of formation of isotopes.

Uses.

Neutron activation analysis can be used to remotely detect the chemical composition of materials. This is because different elements release different characteristic radiation when they absorb neutrons. This makes it useful in many fields related to mineral exploration and security.

Neutron absorbers.

The most important neutron absorber is B as BC in control rods, or boric acid as a coolant water additive in PWRs. Other important neutron absorbers that are used in nuclear reactors are xenon, cadmium, hafnium, gadolinium, cobalt, samarium, titanium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, molybdenum and ytterbium; all of which usually consist of mixtures of various isotopes—some of which are excellent neutron-absorbers. These also occur in combinations such as MoB, hafnium diboride, titanium diboride, dysprosium titanate and gadolinium titanate.  Hafnium, one of the last stable elements to be discovered, presents an interesting case. Even though hafnium is a heavier element, its electron configuration makes it practically identical with the element zirconium, and they are always found in the same ores. However, their nuclear properties are different in a profound way. Hafnium absorbs neutrons avidly (Hf absorbs 600 times more than Zr), and it can be used in reactor control rods, whereas natural zirconium is practically transparent to neutrons. So, zirconium is a very desirable construction material for reactor internal parts, including the metallic cladding of the fuel rods which contain either uranium, plutonium, or mixed oxides of the two elements (MOX fuel).  Hence, it is quite important to be able to separate the zirconium from the hafnium in their naturally occurring alloy. This can only be done inexpensively by using modern chemical ion-exchange resins. Similar resins are also used in reprocessing nuclear fuel rods, when it is necessary to separate uranium and plutonium, and sometimes thorium.

Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons, which are repelled electrostatically.

En physique nucléaire, la capture neutronique est le processus par lequel un noyau capture un neutron sans se désintégrer (et émet un rayonnement gamma pour évacuer l'énergie en excès). Ils fusionnent pour former un noyau plus lourd. Comme les neutrons n'ont pas de charge électrique, ils peuvent entrer dans un noyau plus facilement que les particules chargées positivement, qui sont repoussées électrostatiquement.


Overview.

Oberá is the second city in size and importance of the province, and the core of the Sierras Centrales region. The area is a colorful landscape, with luxurious vegetation, streams, cascades and hilly areas. Oberá is also the educational and cultural capital of the central region of the province, with availability of universities and colleges (such as the National University of Misiones). Its economy is based on agriculture and industry.  The local culture is marked by European influences, since the area was settled by numerous colonies of immigrants, starting in 1897.  Oberá is also known as the "City of the Churches", since it features more than 30 churches, belonging to a diversity of denominations (including Eastern and Western Catholic rites, Eastern Orthodox, and several Evangelical/Protestant churches). On June 13, 2009, Oberá was made the see of the newly erected Roman Catholic Diocese of Oberá. The latter was created with territory carved out from the Diocese of Posadas.

Tourist attractions.

In addition to the many churches, other tourist sites include: Other attractions include visits to small farms and plantations, including those of yerba mate and tea, the major products of Misiones.

Sports.

The city is home to the Oberá Tenis Club, a multi-sports club which is especially known for its professional basketball department. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Oberá Tenis Club.

History.

In 1913, a group of immigrants, most of them Swedish, founded it, drawing inspiration for its name from a valkyrie or escudera [female warrior] (mother Svea) belonging to an ancient tradition in the history of Sweden.  The territory where Svea was founded had originally been largely populated by nomadic indigenous peoples, and it belonged to the province of Corrientes until the province of Misiones was federalized in 1891. The province is located in the northeast of Argentina and has very particular geographical features, among which the jungle areas and the Iguazu River stand out. The Iguazu River flows north into the famous Iguazu Falls, which were declared a World Heritage Site and are located about 300 kilometers away from the north of the city of Oberá.

Background.

The colonies founded by immigrants in Misiones took place between the end of 1890 and at the beginning of the 20th century (Azara and Apóstoles), where Austro-Polish immigrants from Galitzia settled down. In 1907, Bonpland was founded by Finnish immigrants, after a delegation of that nationality visited the site in 1905.  Between 1890 and 1891, Brazil organized the installation of a settlement plan for immigrants in Rio Grande do Sul, which subsequently failed. Therefore, many immigrants arriving in the country moved south to Misiones. That’s how Bonpland originated, where the Finns were granted fiscal lots.  ""In January 1906, a decree promoted agricultural colonization in this area, 50 square leagues between Cerro Corá, Bonpland and properties of Roca and Dávila, giving origin to the colony Yerbal Viejo. Although it was designed for the settlement of the Finns, Swedish families also went there looking for better crop lands, and then immigrants of other nationalities joined them.""

Founding.

In 1913, also as a result of the failure of the settlement in Brazil, a group of immigrants, most of them Swedish, began to cross over from Brazil. They crossed the Mato Grosso forest looking for the territory of Misiones in the south. Many of the immigrants died in the attempt.  ""My grandfather left Stockholm in 1892 with a group of Swedish people. They were bewildered because it was America and when they arrived in here they were greatly disappointed. They came here from Brazil through what they called the path of death, led by my grandfather, and after traveling many kilometers, without roads or anything, they settled here. They worked hard; they did not even know how to feed themselves. They began to build their houses and to work on the hill, since this area was a virgin forest. They had to start from scratch.""  ""There was nothing, only forest. Actually, there was something. They had to deal with the forest, the heat, the insects and a lot of deprivation. Sometimes, whole families died. There were no medicines, there was nothing. Besides, no one knew the language. They had to meet and talk to each other: Swedish, Finns and some Norwegians and Danish.""  Thus, the fortunate group that managed to make it there, most of them Swedish, were able to settle the site and build the first farms, giving origin to the colony and later the city of Svea. The first families that arrived between 1913 and 1915 were the families of Hermann Kallsten, Aldolfo Lindstrom, and Carlos Pettersson.  Subsequently, more families from other nationalities joined them and the city was created with the name of Svea. Danes, French, Norwegians, and eventually Finns, Russians, Germans, English, and Lebanese immigrants joined them before and after World War I and World War II.  In 1927, the Argentinian government decided to change the name of the Svea to Oberá, as it is known today. Oberá was officially founded on 9 July 1928. Its name was taken from a renowned aboriginal chief, and it means "bright, shining". More than 15 national/ethnic communities of people descended from immigrants coexist, maintaining their legacy and traditions. On the first fortnight of September every year they celebrate this diversity with the Immigrant's Festival.

Oberá, formerly Svea, is a city in the interfluvial province of Misiones, Argentina, and the head town of the Oberá Department. It is located 96 km east of the provincial capital Posadas, on National Route 14, and about 1,150 km north of Buenos Aires. It has 63,960 inhabitants according to the.

Oberá est une ville d'Argentine ainsi que le chef-lieu du Département d'Oberá de la province de Misiones. Elle est située à 95 km au nord de Posadas et à 1 150 km de Buenos Aires, sur la route nationale 14.


Fictional character biography.

"Saw".

Amanda's first appearance was as a minor character in the 2004 film "Saw". She was the only known survivor of the Jigsaw Killer (John Kramer), a man who abducts people he sees as unappreciative of their lives and forces them into death traps. Her trap is depicted in a flashback while it is described to police and Dr. Lawrence Gordon: she wakes up with a device attached to her head set to rip her jaws open. The key is in the stomach of her "dead cellmate", who has actually been heavily sedated; she nevertheless kills him and frees herself moments before the device springs open.  David Tapp comments that Amanda was targeted by Jigsaw for that game because she was a drug addict. At the end of the scene, she remarks that Jigsaw helped her.

"Saw II".

It is revealed in "Saw II" that Amanda started using heroin in jail. She was sentenced to prison after being framed by Detective Eric Matthews for a crime she did not commit. She appears in most of the film as one of the subjects John traps in the Nerve Gas House along with several other people who Eric had framed, as well as the detective's son, Daniel. As the last surviving female in the Nerve Gas House, it seems that her character is filling the role of a final girl of the film, yet this is a red herring. In a twist ending it is revealed that Amanda is working with John, seeing him as a father figure and agreeing to become his apprentice. Amanda claims that the test she experienced in the first film ultimately saved her life, and this is what caused her to join him. She survives the nerve gas house, saved from the violent victim Xavier by Daniel, and upon the arrival of Eric Matthews she abducts him as her first "test subject" and rescues John from his custody. Amanda expresses vengeful tendencies toward Eric as she tells him that the "tables have turned" and that she will make him experience what it is like to be imprisoned, as she traps him in a bathroom to rot. At the end of the film Amanda claims that she intends to carry on John's work after he dies.

"Saw III".

"Saw III" specified that Amanda had been working with John since the first film, that she kidnapped one of the film's protagonists, Adam Stanheight, and that she had killed Adam out of guilt shortly after said film. Flashbacks in "Saw III" also clarified that Eric had escaped from his trap, and engaged in a vicious fight with Amanda for the whereabouts of his son. Amanda succeeded in defeating him, and left Eric for dead.  By the third film, Amanda is depicted as ignoring John's modus operandi by creating inescapable traps that kill the subject regardless of whether or not they successfully complete their test. She also displays tendencies of cutting herself under stress. The dying John decides to put Amanda through a test to see if she is still stable enough to carry on his work by having her work with Dr. Lynn Denlon to keep him alive while she oversees the tests of Jeff Denlon. Amanda acts abusively toward Lynn, jealous of the attention John is giving her, even having a fight with her at one point. At one point, she goes into another room to find an envelope that John told her about before his surgery; she finds a letter inside it which causes her even more distress, and, upon reading its contents, she breaks down and cries. While John is being operated on, he becomes delirious and professes his love for his ex-wife, but which Amanda mistakes as an undeserved professed love for Lynn. Amanda becomes angry and refuses to remove the shotgun collar from Lynn, which will kill her if John flatlines. A heated argument about John's ethics and whether or not Lynn learned anything ensues, revealing that Amanda made her traps inescapable because she felt that the victims wouldn't have learned anything from the test they were put through, and ending with Amanda shooting Lynn in the abdomen just as Jeff walks in. Jeff witnesses this and shoots Amanda in the neck. As she dies, a saddened John explains the nature of her test - Lynn and Jeff are in fact husband and wife – and expresses disappointment at her effectively defeating the point of his actions by giving her victims no chance to learn from their tests.  A deleted scene in "Saw III" shows Amanda killing Eric, cutting his body several times while on top of him. Darren Lynn Bousman fought to keep this scene in, but the producers removed it because they thought it would be better to leave the door open for Eric's return in "Saw IV". Leigh Whannell confirms on the "Saw III" DVD commentary that Amanda murdering Eric was the first time she killed out of spite and that it was this incident which caused her to stray from John's intentions.  Two deleted scenes were included in the "Saw III" Director's Cut DVD. The first was a flashback which showed Amanda meeting Adam in his apartment building prior to abducting him for Jigsaw's game. Adam complimented Amanda's hair, gave her a flyer promoting a friend's concert, and flirtatiously took a photo of her. The second deleted scene took place between Amanda and Lynn in which they engaged in a fight that resulted in cuts on Amanda's arms.

"Saw IV".

During "Saw IV", Amanda's ability to pick up the much heavier Kerry's unconscious body is questioned by the FBI, leading them to believe another accomplice is helping John. It is discovered that the events of "Saw III" and "Saw IV" occurred at the same time, revealing that Amanda was alive during the events of the fourth film. Her blood-covered corpse is found by Agent Peter Strahm in the makeshift operating room just moments after her death. It is later revealed that Detective Mark Hoffman, John's other apprentice, wrote the upsetting letter to Amanda in the previous film.

"Saw V".

Amanda reappeared in "Saw V", though only through flashbacks and voice appearances. On August 7, 2008, Shawnee Smith confirmed in an interview with "Bloody-Disgusting" that she had heard she would indeed be featured in the fifth installment of "Saw". However, she claimed that she was never on set for the fifth film. Smith guessed that her reappearance will most likely be through the use of archive footage that had been previously filmed.  In the fifth film Mark Hoffman questioned, in a flashback, why Amanda would be needed to be involved in the nerve gas house trap (from the second film). Amanda is briefly seen in this flashback, lying unconscious on the ground as John and Hoffman set up that game. In another flashback, in the operating room seen in "Saw III", Hoffman questioned John as to why he was letting emotional attachment get in the way of his perception of Amanda. Hoffman also predicted that she would fail John. He then left the room through a secret exit shortly before Amanda entered the room with Lynn.

"Saw VI".

In "Saw VI", a flashback showed that Amanda, desperate for drugs, sent Cecil into Jill's clinic to steal some for her, making her an accessory in the miscarriage of Gideon in "Saw IV".  It was also shown that following Amanda's survival of her test in the first film, John also showed Amanda to Jill to prove that his method of rehabilitation was the only one that worked. It is hinted that Amanda was a patient at Jill's clinic once and that Jill had given up on her. Amanda told Jill that John's method helped her.  Amanda appeared in a flashback with John and Mark Hoffman as they put Timothy Young into his trap. It was shown that Amanda and Hoffman, although both apprentices to John, had a very competitive and tense rivalry with each other. Amanda openly expressed doubt in Hoffman's abilities to set up the mechanics of their devices properly, remarking that she thought he was only useful for "heavy lifting". Hoffman in turn openly expressed his dislike for her, saying he was the one who truly cherishes his life. Amanda also questioned whether Hoffman should be tested, reflecting upon the fact that she had already passed a test. Amanda's close emotional attachment and care for John was also further displayed. Amanda appeared awkward and uncomfortable when she and John later ran into Jill as they exited the room. It was also revealed that the masked figure that kidnapped Lynn in "Saw III" was Amanda. Another flashback showed Hoffman had plotted to sabotage Amanda's final test in "Saw III". Hoffman, knowing of Amanda's involvement in Jill's miscarriage, blackmailed Amanda into killing Lynn Denlon through the letter he left for her in "Saw IV" (read by her in "Saw III"). In the letter, Hoffman told Amanda he would inform John of Amanda's indirect role in the incident. Feeling the pressure not to disappoint her mentor, Amanda complied with Hoffman's threats and shot Lynn. This resulted in Amanda's failure to pass the final test John had set for her and thus her death.  In the Director's Cut of "Saw VI", one of the reinserted scenes presents a dialogue between Amanda and Cecil, in which she persuades him to rob the clinic by claiming, "I've been good to you." Also in the Director's Cut a scene was added after the end credits in which she approaches the room Corbett Denlon is locked in (during the events of "Saw III") and frantically tells her, "Don't trust the one who saves you."

"Saw 3D".

Amanda appears in a quick flashback of the bathroom at the end of "Saw 3D".

"Jigsaw".

Although Amanda does not appear in the eighth film, "Jigsaw", it is revealed that John was assisted by Logan Nelson in preparing the "Reverse Bear Trap" for the game of which she survived in the first film.

In other media.

"Saw: Rebirth".

The character of Amanda Young is also featured in the comic book, "", which is set prior to the events of the first movie. It is revealed that while receiving treatment in hospital for his illness, John Kramer first notices Amanda. She is portrayed as a fellow patient at the hospital who was being treated for an overdose that she had suffered, due to her drug addiction. John expressed frustration that Amanda did not learn anything from her overdose. This motivates John to design her test which was featured in the first film.

"Scott Tibbs' Documentary".

Amanda has a brief appearance in the short film "Scott Tibbs' Documentary" which is available on the Special Edition DVD of "Saw II". In the short film she is being harassed by a news reporter who wants information on her experience when she was captured by Jigsaw. In response, Amanda punches the reporter in the face and storms off.

"Saw: The Video Game".

Amanda also appeared in the video game, "Saw", as the first victim that protagonist David Tapp had to save. Upon being placed in the asylum, she was held in a poison/antidote injection trap to reflect her intravenous drug use habits. Tapp rushes to save her and she proceeds to follow him around the asylum. However, she is soon abducted by Pighead, a minion wearing Jigsaw's robes, to cover up Amanda's identity as Jigsaw's apprentice.

"Dead By Daylight - The SAW Chapter".

Amanda is a playable character featured in the asymmetrical game "Dead By Daylight" as part of the downloadable Saw Chapter. The chapter includes Amanda Young as the killer called "The Pig", alongside David Tapp as the survivor and Gideon Meat Plant, in downloadable content for "Dead by Daylight" released on January 23, 2018.

Characterization.

Several of the film crew behind the "Saw" film series have commented on the extent to which Amanda's character had been written to be one of the most important in the franchise. Marcus Dunstan, writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" stated that "Shawnee Smith's character [Amanda] represents a tremendous viable, emotional thread throughout the narratives." Fellow writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" Patrick Melton, further stated that "I don't think we could have effectively told the story of Hoffman and John Kramer without including Amanda." Kevin Greutert, the editor of "Saw", "Saw II", "Saw III", and "Saw IV", and director of "Saw VI" and "Saw 3D", further stated that "[Smith] did a great job, and [Amanda's] such a peculiar aspect of the Jigsaw character, with the fact that he had these tender feelings for this weirdo."  Speaking about her character, actress Shawnee Smith said that while she was not able to completely identify Amanda Young with that of herself, she was however, able to perceive several of Amanda's characteristics to be admirable nevertheless. Smith stated that: "When you first meet [Amanda], she's at the bottom, she can't go any lower and it's the combination of that and having nothing left to lose and finding someone to love and to sacrifice for. Obviously she's tragic, but 95% of her was capable of growing the strength to serve and sacrifice for another human being. Now that's rare and it takes strength, courage, practice, diligence, and a fearlessness to build that."  Smith also stated that she attempted to find the human being in Amanda, and tried not to merely turn her into a "super killer". Smith remarked of Amanda's relationship with Jigsaw that it was not so much an apprentice relationship, but that she perceived it as "a true friendship and a real partnership".  Through interviews with Shawnee Smith, it was revealed that Amanda's evolution into the killer she was at the end of "Saw III" was in part due to a horrible childhood. Smith stated on numerous occasions that Amanda was severely abused and neglected when she was a child. This had been confirmed by "Saw" series writer and co-creator Leigh Whannell, who also commented on Amanda's past in a commentary for "Saw III". In the original script of "Saw III", dialogue between John and Amanda made references to her past; in a scene she explains to John that "When I was a little girl, my father would lock me under the stairs. I was terrified of the dark, and he would leave me in there alone. For hours." The scene had explained Amanda's emotional turmoil with the Bathroom Trap.  Because of her childhood, Amanda had never properly learned to deal with stress and emotional pain, and thus turned to self-harm as a way of dealing with her problems. While in prison, her abusive tendencies were replaced with heroin use. However, after surviving the "Reverse Bear Trap", she no longer used heroin and returned to cutting, burning, and other forms of self-injury. Her frail emotional state and somewhat mental instability made her quick to anger, and she would often act purely on impulse or emotion (such as trying to kill Eric Matthews, and her emotionally and physically abusive behaviour towards Lynn Denlon).  A scene in "Saw III" explores Amanda's self-injuring tendencies, and shows her cutting the inside of her thigh. The scene was not in the original script, and instead there was a brief scene in which Amanda is shown squeezing a razor blade (which was later replaced by a scene of Amanda squeezing a leather cutter), only hinting at Amanda self-injuring. Prior to filming, Smith had been reading "A Bright Red Scream", a book that explains the reasons one would turn to self-injury. It was Smith who insisted that a self-injury scene be filmed and put into the film, believing it was necessary to show Amanda's tendencies for character depth.  Amanda displayed indications of guilt and remorse in her actions, as she had a nightmare of one of her victims in a deleted scene in the director's cut of "Saw III". In her dream she was confronted by Adam for what she had done to him, thus further revealing the emotional turmoil that her character exhibited.  Jake Huntley wrote of the complexity of Amanda's character in the "Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies". Huntley noted that although Amanda sets herself as notably different from the Jigsaw killer, her attachment toward him and her desire to be like him are central to her character's state of mind. Huntley stated that:  Huntley further points out that the biggest dilemma that Amanda's character faced is that she lost her sense of "self" following her "Reverse Bear Trap" in the first film. This is characterised by her claim to have been "reborn", symbolising her neurotic desire to be somebody else other than herself. The viewer is confronted with a character who grapples with trying to understand her own identity as she simultaneously attempts to emulate Jigsaw's characteristics, while also setting herself apart as different from him. It is claimed by Huntley that it was this predicament that caused Amanda's gradual emotional breakdown. Huntley stated that:  To add to this, some film critics have interpreted Amanda's character to have suffered from Stockholm syndrome in regards to her complex relationship with John.

Symbolic representations.

Emulation of Jigsaw's icons.

After becoming one of John's apprentices, Amanda often took on many of John's iconic symbols. For instance, she often wore a pig mask when capturing her victims. Also, in "Saw III", she appeared wearing John's iconic red and black theatrical robe. Huntley analysed this as an attempt by Amanda to be "dressed as Jigsaw".  Huntley further stated that: "For Amanda, Jigsaw as signifier can only ever stand in the place of a vexatious and frustrating lack and it is this which locates Amanda in such a conflicted position – having given "every cell" of herself to Jigsaw she is only able to act in an imitative and repetitive way, a second, or understudy, in danger of being only slightly more useful than the Billy doll, waiting both for and against Jigsaw's inevitable and impending death."

Inescapable traps.

Amanda eventually developed her own unique modus operandi, in which the traps she set were inescapable, and would kill the test subjects even when the victims had achieved the goals of their games. While John always refused to acknowledge his traps as murder, Amanda openly admitted that her actions did define her as a murderer. She chose to execute her subjects because she did not believe anyone would change, including herself.  Huntley pointed out that Amanda's traps are used as a creative tool of juxtaposition with that of Jigsaw's, to effectively point out what the Jigsaw killer was not. Huntley outlined this, stating that: "If Jigsaw's games are encounters with Deleuzian affect, Amanda's games are anti-deleuzian, operating more as encounters with Lacanian notions of the signification of death within the symbolic order and the death drive. This is because Amanda, as a Lacanian subject, becomes caught between her own subjectivity and the object of her desire. In purely cinematic terms, Jigsaw directs his games while Amanda acts in hers... The subject's of Amanda's games, undertaken for Jigsaw, constitute only the throwing away, the discarding... At the most basic level, Amanda does not allow chance or potential to interfere, only ever seeing Jigsaw's games as constitutive of the symbolic order, as an elaborate cover for staging the death of those who lack the survival instinct and thus do not deserve life."

Reception.

A film review of "Saw III" claimed: "I found Amanda the scariest part of the movie, not because Shawnee Smith can match the creepy gravitas of Tobin Bell... but the sheer notion of her transformation. Jigsaw, while not physically powerful has the ability to reproduce his twisted world view in formerly sane people, including the ones he's 'tested.'"  Don Summer, a writer for "Best-Horror-Movies.com", commented that Shawnee Smith did a "fantastic job" in her recurring role as Jigsaw's "trusty sidekick", Amanda.  A film critic for the website "Angel Fire" concurred that Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith performed very well in their roles. Particularly commenting on the third film, he went on to claim that "while Bell's Jigsaw played a major role in "Saw III", most of the film is carried along by Shawnee Smith as Amanda" who he believed presented an "interesting and intriguing character". He also expressed admiration for the manner in which Amanda began as a minor character in the original movie, only to have her character's prominence surely yet gradually increase in the sequels. He claimed that "You've gotta love the way her character has been expanded in the series from a victim in the first "Saw" movie, to a trojan horse in the second film, and to a major player in the third film."  Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith were nominated for the Spike Scream Award in the category of "Most Vile Villain" for their portrayals of John and Amanda respectively in "Saw III".  Following the release of "Saw III", film critic David Medsker acknowledged the iconic status that the character had attained, by labelling her as the "poster child for Stockholm syndrome". It has therefore been suggested that she has become a fictional icon of the condition.  In a list compiled by Scott Collura for IGN of the top fifty villainesses in modern popular culture, entitled "Top 50 Chicks Behaving Badly", Amanda Young was ranked as number 42. Collura remarked that Amanda was so villainous that she made "a killer like Jigsaw look like the good guy..."  On Tom Cullen's list of the top five most noteworthy fictional female serial killers, as featured on "Asylum", Amanda Young was ranked as number four. In a list that included Sharon Stone's iconic Catherine Tramell, Cullen remarked that of all those featured on his list, Smith's Amanda would be the "most in need of psychiatric help".  Shawnee Smith has been acknowledged as a "scream queen" due to the roles she has played in horror films, which includes her role as Amanda in the "Saw" films. This culminated in the selection of Smith as a judge and host for the reality series "Scream Queens", in which contestants competed for a role in "Saw VI".  Smith's depiction of Amanda in the Reverse Bear Trap was used in promotional posters for the first film. The same image also appears on the soundtrack for the first film. A depiction of Amanda in this device was released as a collectable statue by Hollywood Collectables, indicating the iconic status that the character has obtained.

Amanda Young is a fictional character in the "Saw" franchise. She is portrayed by Shawnee Smith. At first a minor character in the original film, her role expanded in the sequels until she became one of the most important characters in the series.

Amanda Young est un personnage de fiction de la série de films Saw. De simple personnage mineur dans le premier film, "Saw", elle apparaît comme un des successeurs de Jigsaw dans les suites "Saw II", "III", "IV", "V" et VI.


Background.

Rabinowitz was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Rose (née Netter) and Louis M. Rabinowitz, a factory owner who had emigrated from Lithuania. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA in 1931 and University of Michigan Law School with a JD in 1934.

Career.

Rabinowitz, Boudin.

Rabinowitz was hired right out of law school by the progressive law firm Hays, Podell and Shulmman. Rabinowitz was a law clerk at Hays, Podell until mid-1938, when Rabinowitz followed Hays, Podell junior partner, the leftist Ben Algase, into the firm of Louis B. Boudin, a labor lawyer, active in "radical politics."  In 1944, he formed a new firm with Boudin's nephew Leonard Boudin: Rabinowitz and Boudin, currently Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky & Lieberman, in New York City. Rabinowitz and Boudin were the senior partners, joined by Michael Standard, Michael Krinsky, and Eric Lieberman. (Krinsky and Lieberman remain senior attorneys to the present.) The firm's papers, held by the Tamiment Library of New York University, describes it as follows: The firm represented numerous labor unions, most notably the American Communications Association, and assisted clients in passport cases, loss of employment and other legal matters arising from the targeting of individuals in government security investigations. The firm has been deeply involved in civil rights work and, during the Vietnam War, successfully defended, on First Amendment grounds, some of the leading opponents of the war, as well as draft resisters and conscientious objectors. Clients included: Julian Bond, Paul Robeson, Alger Hiss, Benjamin Spock, Daniel Ellsberg, Dashiell Hammett, the Church of Scientology, and Jimmy Hoffa. It has also represented the government of Chile under Salvador Allende, and the Cuban government since June 1960 and has been Cuba's only U.S. legal counsel in all U.S.-related matters. Other clients included: Rockwell Kent, other unions, the Fellowship of Reconciliation, and other non-union organizations.  In November 1947, Rabinowitz ran as American Labor Party candidate against Republican candidate Jacob P. Lefkowitz and Democratic/Liberal Party of New York candidate Abraham J. Multer for the Fourteenth Congressional District of New York, caused by the resignation of Leo F. Rayfiel (appointed as a United States district judge). In 1951, Rabinowitz joined more than half a dozen other lawyers in defending 17 Communist Party members, including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. The communists were accused of charged conspiring to "teach and advocate violent overthrow" of the government. The other lawyers were: Abraham L. Pomerantz, Carol Weiss King, Michael Begun, Harold I. Cammer, Mary Kaufman, Leonard Boudin, and Abraham Unger. Later, they were relieved by O. John Rogge, gangster Frank Costello's lawyer George Wolf, William W. Kleinman, Joseph L. Delaney, Frank Serri, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Henry G. Singer, Abraham J. Gellinoff, Raphael P. Koenig, and Nicholas Atlas.  Rabinowitz argued many cases before the United States Supreme Court.  In 1963, when daughter Joni Rabinowitz was convicted of perjury regarding work for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, he won her release on the grounds that the jury under-represented a local black population.  In 1984, he played an "important role in anchoring the defense" when Kathy Boudin, Weather Underground member and Leonard Boudin's daughter, pled guilty to murder as part of armored truck robbery.

Associations.

Rabinowitz helped found the National Lawyers Guild in 1937 and served as its national president from 1967 to 1970.  From 1942 until the early 1960s, he was a member of the American Communist Party (CPUSA).  During the 1940s, he was active in the American Labor Party (ALP) and ran for office on their ticket.

Personal life and death.

Rabinowitz was married twice, first to the former Marcia Goldberg of Brooklyn, New York, and following their divorce in 1967, he married filmmaker, journalist and author Joanne Grant Rabinowitz (1930–2005).  He died at his Manhattan home on November 16, 2007.

Legacy.

Rabinowitz was a prominent figure in the civil rights and civil liberties eras.  He chaired the Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation for his father. A 1967 file from the Federal Bureau of Investigation showed that it supported Civil Rights leader Floyd McKissick.

See also.

Family:  Associates:  Clients:

External Links.

Victor Rabinowitz Papers at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections.

Victor Rabinowitz (July 2, 1911 – November 16, 2007) was a 20th-Century American lawyer known for representing high-profile dissidents and causes.

Victor Rabinowitz ( - ) est un avocat gauchiste américain actif près de 75 ans, dont les causes et clients inclurent des puissants syndicats américain, des membres de l’organisation des Black Panthers, Dashiell Hammett et le Dr. Benjamin Spock.


Early life, education and career.

Born in Sydney in 1953, Fleming attended high school at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, where he was taught english literature by Joseph Castley and Charles MacDonald, S.J., and the classics by Charles Fraser, S.J. Near contemporaries at the college included writers Gerard Windsor and Nick Enright and composer Stewart D'Arrietta. He was taught music by Lorraine Henderson, Julienne Horn and Tessa Birnie. Fleming later studied at the Ensemble Theatre under Hayes Gordon and Zika Nester and has degrees in law from Dublin University and Sydney University, and a Master of Laws from University College London. He was associate to District Court Judge John Lincoln from 1974 until 1979 and for some years a barrister in Dublin and Sydney, before devoting himself full-time to writing. He is married to author and academic, Fae Brauer.

Career as playwright.

Fleming's first play, "Hammer", was staged at the Festival of Sydney in 1981 and was followed by "Indian Summer" in 1982. In 1983, in the Sydney Opera House, Sir Robert Helpmann starred for the Sydney Theatre Company in the world premiere of Fleming's play "The Cobra". Helpmann portrayed the elderly Lord Alfred Douglas, reflecting bitterly on his notorious youthful relationship with Oscar Wilde.  In 1989, the Sydney Theatre Company produced "Harold in Italy" at the Sydney Opera House; it was later staged by the Teatr Studyjny in Lodz Poland. "The Deep Blue" was staged at The Bush, London, in 1991 and the following year the Ensemble Rep Studios produced "The Nonsense Boy". Fleming has twice been awarded the Nancy Keesing Writer's Fellowship to the Cité internationale des arts in Paris (1993, 1998), where he wrote "The Starry Messenger" and "Burnt Piano" (in French "Le piano brulé"). The latter was staged around Australia and went on to win the New York New Dramatists' Award in the year 2000 and opened in New York City in March 2001. It was short-listed for various awards including the NSW Premier's Literary Awards and won the Banff PlayRites Residency, Canada. The playwright Harold Pinter was an admirer of Fleming's work, particularly the portrait of Samuel Beckett in "Burnt Piano". Pinter described Fleming as a writer "of authority and distinction".  Other plays include adaptations of Émile Zola's "Au Bonheur des Dames" ("The Department Store") and D. H. Lawrence's "Kangaroo" at the Illawarra Performing Arts Centre, 27 August 2003.  Fleming has been librettist and lyricist on "Crystal Balls" (Compact Opera/Sadler's Wells, London), "The Ninth Wonder" (Sydney Theatre Company), "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (Savoy Theatre, London and UK tour), "Accidental Miracles" (WAAPA/Sydney Theatre Company/Cameron Macintosh), "Satango" (Griffin Theatre Company/Riverside Theatres/Vegas Theater Company), "Ripper" (Ensemble Theatre), "Laid in Earth" (Queensland Music Festival) and "The Merry Widow" for Opera Australia, West Australian Opera, Opera Queensland, State Opera of South Australia, and "Whiteley" for Opera Australia.  In 2006, Fleming was made Writer-in-Residence by the Dr Robert and Lina Thyll-Dur Foundation at La Casa Zia Lina, Elba in Italy, where he translated Molière's "Tartuffe" (titled as "The Hypocrite") from the original French into English. In 2007 he was awarded the Writer's Residency at Arthur Boyd's Bundanon, where he wrote "Origin", a play on the subject of Charles Darwin, commissioned by the Melbourne Theatre Company. He was also awarded the Tasmanian Writers' Centre Residency in 2008, where he wrote "His Mother's Voice". In 2011, Fleming was commissioned by the Bell Shakespeare Company to translate Molière's "The School for Wives" and by Ensemble Studio Theatre and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, New York, to write "Soldier of the Mind", a play about Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the Spanish neuroscientist.  In 2015, Riverside Theatres produced "Shellshock" and in 2016 Griffin Theatre Company and Bell Shakespeare Company co-produced "The Literati", Fleming's adaptation of Molière's "Les Femmes Savantes". 2018 saw "Dresden" at KXT in Sydney, and "The Misanthrope" in Bell Shakespeare Company's co-production with Griffin Theatre Company; and in 2019, Bell Shakespeare Company toured his translation of "The Miser".  Fleming has been vice president of the Australian Writers' Guild and served on the board of the Australian National Playwrights' Centre. His plays have been produced and published widely, including the UK, US, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium and Poland.

Other works.

Among his works for television, Fleming wrote Part One of the history of Australian cinema, "The Celluloid Heroes" for ABC TV. Fleming's history of the Common Law, "Barbarism to Verdict", was written for ABC/BBC television, and published internationally by HarperCollins with a foreword by John Mortimer QC. Other publications include Fleming's histories: "The Crest of the Wave" (Allen & Unwin), "The Vision Splendid" and "All that Brothers Should Be" (Beaver Press). His Paris journal was published by Halstead Press in "Paris Studio". He is the author of "Stage Lines – Writing Scripts for the Theatre" (Phoenix Education) and "A Molière Anthology" (Five Senses Education).

Justin Fleming (born 3 January 1953) is an Australian playwright and author. He has written for theatre, music theatre, opera, television and cinema and his works have been produced and published in Australia, the US, Canada, the UK, Belgium, Poland and France. Fleming has been a barrister and vice president of the Australian Writers' Guild and a board member of the Australian National Playwrights' Centre.

Justin Fleming, né 1953 à Sydney, est un écrivain australien. Il a étudié au Saint Ignatius College, Riverview à Sydney, à l'Université de Sydney, à l'Université de Dublin et au University College London.


Name.

The chapel acquired the "Sancta Sanctorum" sometime in the ninth century. The spelling is "Sancta", the neuter plural form of the Latin adjective "holy": this is a reference to the multiple relics preserved there (i.e. "the most holy things") and to the Holy of Holies in Jerusalem, traditionally called in Latin both "sanctum sanctorum" (the singular form) or "sancta sanctorum".

History.

The founder of the chapel is unknown. It was originally dedicated to Saint Lawrence, and served as the pope's private oratory until the Renaissance. It is located at the top of the Scala Sancta, ("Holy Stairs"). The first mention of the chapel is found in the "Liber Pontificalis", during the tenure of Pope Stephen III (†772).  It formed part of the Lateran Palace, headquarters of the public offices of the papal court throughout the Middle Ages. Gregory IV (†844) had a private apartment built near the chapel to allow him to pray there. It later became part of the Palace and Holy Steps complex commissioned by Sixtus V in 1586.

Artwork.

The chapel contains a cypress wood reliquary box, placed under the altar by Pope Leo III (†816). It supposedly houses the bones of at least 13 saints (whereof the chapel derives the name "holy of holies"). The reliquary box itself is taken to represent the Ark of the Covenant in Solomon's Temple.  Over the course of time, other relics were added, including the cloisonné enameled cross commissioned by Paschal I (†824).  The "opus sectile" floor dates from 1278. This style of intarsiated pavement was created in the 12th century by the Cosmati family of stonecutters and widely copied throughout Rome in the 13th century.  The chapel also houses an icon of Christ Pantocrator, known as the "Veronica", that was supposedly begun by Saint Luke and finished by an angel. It belongs to a class of icons known as "acheiropoieta", or images not made by human hands, the most famous of which is the image of Christ’s face that miraculously imprinted itself on the "sudarium" of Veronica.

The Sancta Sanctorum () is a Roman Catholic chapel entered via the "Scala Sancta" (Holy Staircase) of the Lateran Palace in Rome. It was the original private chapel of the papacy before it moved to Avignon, and later to the Vatican Palace. The chapel is the only building from the old Lateran Palace that was not destroyed during its reconstruction.

La chapelle Saint-Laurent de Rome (chapelle San Lorenzo in Palatio), plus connue sous le nom de Sancta Sanctorum (Saint des Saints), est tout ce qui reste du palais du Latran médiéval, monument de Rome en Italie détruit au. Le pape Sixte V voulut préserver la chapelle et la Scala Santa, l'escalier du palais de Pilate à Jérusalem qui fut, selon la tradition, apporté en Italie par sainte Hélène.


History.

The ancient name was Enegup. Caves may have first been built in the soft volcanic rock by the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, in the 8th–7th centuries B.C., according to the Turkish Department of Culture. When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with Greek, to which it was related, the inhabitants, now Christians, expanded their caverns adding the chapels and inscriptions.  The city was greatly expanded and deepened in the Byzantine era, when it was used for protection from Muslim Arab raids during the four centuries of Arab–Byzantine wars (780-1180). The city was connected with Derinkuyu underground city through miles of tunnels. Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries A.D. These cities continued to be used by the Christian inhabitants as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century.  After the region fell to the Ottomans, the cities were used as refuges (καταφύγια) from the Turkish Muslim rulers, and as late as the 20th century the inhabitants, called Cappadocian Greeks, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research on the Cappodocian Greeks in the area from 1909-1911, recorded that in 1909,  When the Christian inhabitants of the region were expelled in 1923 in the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey the tunnels were abandoned.

Description.

The houses in the village are constructed around the nearly one hundred tunnels of the underground city. The tunnels are still used today as storage areas, stables, and cellars. The underground city at Kaymakli differs from Derinkuyu in terms of its structure and layout. The tunnels are lower, narrower, and more steeply inclined. Of the four floors open to tourists, each space is organized around ventilation shafts. This makes the design of each room or open space dependent on the availability of ventilation.  A stable is located on the first floor. The small size of the stable could indicate that other stables exist in the sections not yet opened. To the left of the stable is a passage with a millstone door. The door leads into a church. To the right of the stables are rooms, possibly living spaces.  Located on the second floor is a church with a nave and two apses. Located in front of the apses is a baptismal font, and on the sides along the walls are seating platforms. Names of people contained in graves here coincide with those located next to the church, which supports the idea that these graves belonged to religious people. The church level also contains some living spaces.  The third floor contains the most important areas of the underground compound: storage places, wine or oil presses, and kitchens. The level also contains a remarkable block of andesite with relief textures. Recently it was shown that this stone was used for cold-forming copper. The stone was hewn from an andesite layer within the complex. In order for it to be used in metallurgy, fifty-seven holes were carved into the stone.  The technique was to put copper into each of the holes (about in diameter) and then to hammer the ore into place. The copper was probably mined between Aksaray and Nevsehir. This mine was also used by Asilikhoyuk, the oldest settlement within the Cappadocia Region.  The high number of storage rooms and areas for earthenware jars on the fourth floor indicates some economic stability. Kaymakli is one of the largest underground settlements in the region. The large area reserved for storage in such a limited area appears to indicate the need to support a large population underground.  Currently only a fraction of the complex is open to the public.

Kaymakli Underground City (Turkish: Kaymaklı; Cappadocian Greek: Ανακού) is contained within the citadel of Kaymakli in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. First opened to tourists in 1964, the village is about 19 km from Nevşehir, on the Nevşehir-Niğde road.

Kaymaklı est, avec Derinkuyu, la plus remarquable des cinq cités souterraines ouvertes au public, sur un total de 200 sites de ce genre en Cappadoce (Turquie), dont 36 comportent au moins trois niveaux. Elle est située à une vingtaine de kilomètres au sud de Nevşehir, au cœur d'un bourg qui s'appelait autrefois Enegüp, nom transformé en "Enegobi" par les Grecs. Après l'échange de population de 1924, les Turcs lui donnèrent son nom actuel de Kaymaklı.