Features.

OpenSimulator is written in C# and is designed to be easily expanded through the use of plugin modules. OpenSimulator can operate in one of two modes: standalone or grid mode. In standalone mode, a single process handles the entire simulation. In grid mode, various aspects of the simulation are separated among multiple processes, which can exist on different machines.  OpenSimulator uses loadable modules for most of its functionality. These loadable modules can be independently developed to add functionality to the server.  OpenSimulator currently uses a modified Second Life protocol for client to server communication, and requires retrofitting to the Second Life client in order to connect. Interoperability with Second Life protocols was once a design goal since 2007. Interoperability with Second Life was no longer a design goal as of OpenSimulator Community Conference 2015. During OpenSimulator Community Conference 2018, the core developers announced they will not maintain compatibility with Linden Lab's Second Life Protocols, and will change them to fix and change whatever they need.  OpenSim has a number of features not available in Second Life. These include extensions to the scripting language that enable saving and retrieval of text data to avatar inventory in notecard format and the creation and management of non-player characters (NPCs).  OpenSim also uses an architecture known as "Hypergrid", which allows users to teleport between multiple OpenSim-based virtual worlds by providing a hyperlinked map which indexes public grids. This allows for public grids to retain teleportation links to each other without having to be on the same grid. The number of hypergrid enabled opensimulator grids fluctuates. A list of active hypergrid enabled opensimulator grids is maintained by Hypergrid Business-Active Hypergrids. As of January 2020, there were just over 300 active hypergrid enabled services.

OpenSimulator is an open-source server platform for hosting virtual worlds and the Metaverse. At one point, it was compatible with the client for "Second Life" but compatibility has waned for several years.

OpenSimulator, souvent appelé OpenSim, est un serveur open source utilisé pour héberger des mondes virtuels. Même s'il est surtout connu pour sa compatibilité avec le client de Second Life, il peut également héberger des mondes alternatifs ayant un ensemble de fonctionnalités variées et de multiples protocoles. OpenSimulator est conçu pour être facilement complété grâce à l'utilisation de plugin ou modules. Ainsi, il existe plusieurs distributions modifiées d'Opensimulator, par exemple realXtend. On peut trouver des plugins additionnels sur OpenSimulator Forge. Plusieurs serveurs peuvent être intégrés dans une même "grille" ce qui permet la simulation de zones étendues plus complexes. OpenSimulator est écrit en C#, et peut tourner sous les environnements Mono ou Microsoft.NET.


American Film Institute Life Achievement Awards

History of the award.

Director John Ford was the unanimous choice of the Board of Trustees for the first award as he "clearly stands preeminent in the history of motion pictures." President Richard M. Nixon attended the gala dinner at which Ford was presented the award on March 31, 1973.  The Board of Trustees later amended the "test of time" requirement to enable the AFI Life Achievement Award to be presented to individuals with active careers, such as Tom Hanks, who, at age 46, was the youngest recipient ever, and Steven Spielberg, who received the award at age 48. Silent film star Lillian Gish, was the oldest recipient of the AFI Lifetime Achievement Award, when in 1984 was honored at the age of 90.

Televised broadcast.

All Life Achievement Award ceremonies have been televised on major TV networks and cable channels: CBS, NBC, ABC, Fox, USA, TV Land, TNT and TBS. Agreeing to appear at the televised ceremony apparently is part of the AFI's criteria for selecting the award. The televised ceremony generates income for the AFI, which is no longer funded by the US government. Ten of the honorees have been women: Bette Davis, Lillian Gish, Barbara Stanwyck, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Meryl Streep, Shirley MacLaine, Jane Fonda, Diane Keaton and Julie Andrews.

Recipients.

The American Film Institute has awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award to one person each year since 1973. The 48th Award will be presented to Julie Andrews in Los Angeles. The event was originally scheduled for April 25th, 2020, with a broadcast on May 7th on TNT, but the event was postponed for early summer, due to concerns of 'the rapidly evolving nature of current events' regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. New dates for the event and broadcast will soon be announced.

The AFI Life Achievement Award was established by the Board of Directors of the American Film Institute on February 26, 1973, to honor a single individual for his or her lifetime contribution to enriching American culture through motion pictures and television. The recipient is selected and honored at a ceremony annually, with the award presented by a master of ceremonies and recently, the prior year's recipient, who usually gives a brief synopsis of the awarded individual and career background including highlights and achievements.

Les sont des récompenses honorifiques remises chaque année depuis 1973 par l'American Film Institute (AFI) à un acteur ou un réalisateur ayant accompli une carrière remarquable au cinéma.


History.

Channel 5 first took to the air as KRSC-TV on November 25, 1948, becoming the first television station in the Pacific Northwest. The station was originally owned by Palmer K. Leberman's Radio Sales Corporation, which also operated KRSC radio (1150 AM, now KKNW, and FM 98.1, now KING-FM). The first broadcast on channel 5 was a live remote of a Thanksgiving Day high school football game – the telecast was plagued with technical difficulties, but local viewers reported being impressed nonetheless. Channel 5 was originally a primary CBS affiliate, and carried secondary affiliations with NBC, ABC and DuMont.  Eight months after the television station debuted, KRSC-TV and KRSC-FM were purchased by King Broadcasting Company, owners of KING radio (1090 AM, now KFNQ) and the original KING-FM (94.9, frequency now occupied by KUOW-FM), for $375,000 in May 1949. The station changed its callsign to KING-TV to match its radio sisters (according to legend, King Broadcasting president Dorothy Bullitt purchased the KING call letters while on a fishing boat). For many years, the stations' logo was "King Mike", an anthropomorphized microphone in ermine robes and a crown, drawn by cartoonist Walt Disney (Portland, Oregon sister stations KGW-AM-FM-TV used a similar logo, called "Pioneer Mike"; the King Mike logo was later brought back for KING's 50th anniversary in 1998 and still appears in promotional announcements to this day).  Once the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed freeze on television station license awards ended in 1952, KING-TV lost its monopoly in the market. During 1953, the Seattle–Tacoma area received three new stations: KTNT-TV (channel 11, now KSTW) debuted in March as the market's CBS outlet; while NBC went to KMO-TV (channel 13, now KCPQ), which signed on in August. NBC moved a few months later to KOMO-TV (channel 4), which went on the air in December. By the end of the year, KING-TV was left with poor-performing ABC and DuMont, the latter of which ceased operations in 1956. Subsequently, Bullitt lobbied NBC for a group affiliation for her stations, and in October 1958, KING-TV and KGW-TV in Portland began carrying NBC programming. In Seattle, channel 5 shared NBC and ABC with KOMO-TV for most of the 1958–59 television season. On September 27, 1959, KING-TV became an exclusive NBC station and KOMO-TV affiliated with ABC full-time. KING-TV is one of a few handful of stations in the country to have held a primary affiliation with all of the "Big Three" networks.  Dissatisfied with Stimson Bullitt's management style, Dorothy Bullitt, and Mr. Bullitt's sisters, arranged for his voluntary resignation from King Broadcasting in 1972. Stimson sold his company shares to his sisters, Harriet and Patsy. He then received control of the family's real estate interests. Ancil Payne, who had served as general manager of the company's Portland stations since 1965, became president and CEO. By the 1970s and 1980s, KING-TV was the flagship of a growing regional media empire which at various times included ventures in publishing, the film industry, cable television systems (under the name of King Videocable, the assets of which have by now been absorbed into Comcast) and even various timber assets in the Far East.  Locally produced programs that debuted on the station during the 1970s and 1980s included "Seattle Today"/"Good Company", a mid-morning talk show hosted by Cliff Lenz and Shirley Hudson and later by Susan Michaels and Colby Chester; "Seattle Tonight, Tonite!", hosted by Ross McGowan and later Dick Klinger; "Almost Live!", originally a Sunday night talk and comedy show hosted by Ross Shafer, that later became an ensemble sketch comedy show (that eventually moved to Saturday nights) after Shafer left to become host of "The Late Show" on Fox; and a local "Evening Magazine" franchise, first hosted by Penny LeGate and Brian Tracey. Of these, only "Evening Magazine" (now entitled simply "Evening") exists today. "How Come?", a half-hour early Sunday evening family television program hosted by Al Wallace, won several awards during its run during the 1970s and early 1980s. The show covered topics on how things were made or done in the world. Dick Klinger hosted the show after Al Wallace died.  King Broadcasting's stations included KGW radio and television in Portland, KREM-TV in Spokane, KTVB-TV in Boise, KHNL-TV and KFVE in Honolulu and KYA/KOIT radio in San Francisco. Long-time station-owner Dorothy Bullitt died in June 1989. Dorothy Bullitt's daughters Harriet Bullitt and Priscilla "Patsy" Bullitt Collins decided to sell the King assets in 1992—eventually selling King Broadcasting (including KING, KREM, KGW, KTVB, KHNL/KFVE and the cable provider assets) to The Providence Journal Company. KING-TV and other King Broadcasting stations later became Belo properties as a result of that company's merger with The Providence Journal Company in 1997. As a result, Belo was forced to divest KIRO-TV to Cox Enterprises in order to keep the higher rated KING-TV.  Bonneville International Corporation purchased KING-AM in 1994. During the 1990s, "Almost Live!", as it became a pure comedy show, launched the careers of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Joel McHale (of "The Soup" fame) nationally and locally, Pat Cashman and John Keister (who replaced Ross Shafer as host of that show in 1988). KING-TV was also the home for "Watch This!", a fast-paced Emmy Award-winning show aimed at children and teenagers; the show lasted five years and was hosted by local anchors, Jim Dever and Mimi Gan. On December 18, 1995, King Broadcasting launched Northwest Cable News (NWCN), which was a 24-hour regional cable news channel available primarily to cable providers in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho with lesser cable coverage in Alaska, Montana and California. "Almost Live!" ended after 15 years in 1999.

Gannett/Tegna, move to SoDo.

On June 13, 2013, the Gannett Company announced that it would acquire Belo. The sale was completed on December 23. On June 29, 2015, Gannett's newspaper business was spun out, with KING-TV and Gannett's former TV properties renamed Tegna  In April 2014, KING-TV announced plans to sell its South Lake Union headquarters and re-locate, taking advantage of a booming real estate market in the South Union Lake area. In September 2014, it was reported that the station was planning to lease multiple floors at the Home Plate Center, a complex in the SoDo area of Seattle, and located across the street from T-Mobile Park (formerly Safeco Field). In March 2015, Gannett confirmed that KING, KONG, and NWCN would move to the lower three floors of the Home Plate Center, and announced plans for KING-TV to utilize the lower floor for the market's first street-side studio. The former facilities were sold to Kilroy Realty for nearly $50 million, and were demolished during the summer of 2016, and will be replaced by mixed-use developments.  The choice of a smaller location was in response to concerns that the large size of its previous facility inhibited collaboration. The ground floor contains two studios: a street-side studio for KING-TV's news programming, and the other for local productions such as "New Day Northwest". The newsroom is located on the second floor, and contained NWCN's main set. The new facility was equipped with new Grass Valley master control, graphics, and playout hardware, and Sony automation equipment. After broadcasting its final newscast from the North Dexter Avenue studio on February 12, 2016, KING quietly transitioned its master control to Home Plate Center during that night's broadcast of "Late Night with Seth Meyers", and began broadcasting newscasts from the new facility the following morning.  On January 6, 2017, NWCN was shut down due to declining viewership, the free online streaming of KING and KONG's newscasts, and the reluctance of local cable systems to pay more for the channel to keep it operating.

Digital television.

Digital channels.

The station's digital signal is multiplexed: On December 6, 2011, Belo signed an agreement with the Live Well Network to affiliate with digital subchannels of KING-TV and Spokane sister station KSKN; Live Well Network replaced Universal Sports on digital subchannel 5.2 on January 1, 2012, as Universal Sports transitioned into a cable and satellite channel during the first quarter of 2012. Justice Network replaced Live Well Network on 5.2 in January 2015.

Analog-to-digital conversion.

KING-TV shut down its regular program over analog, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. As the "analog nightlight" station for the Seattle–Tacoma market, it aired a loop reminding viewers to get a digital converter box on analog channel 5 until June 26, 2009. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 48, using PSIP to display KING-TV's virtual channel as 5 on digital television receivers.

Programming.

As of September 2014, KING broadcasts only two syndicated programs during its weekday schedule, "Dr. Phil" and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". This, as part of the station's reliance on NBC's daytime programming and the station's newscast and local programming, makes KING one of several stations in the U.S. to share a similar strategy; other stations relying on this strategy include WTMJ in Milwaukee, WFRV in Green Bay, KSNV and KTNV in Las Vegas, and KPNX in Phoenix (the latter is also owned by Tegna). Despite this, KING was airing 31⁄2 hours of syndicated programming prior to September 2013, consisting of the two aforementioned programs, as well as "Katie" and "Inside Edition". However, "Katie" was cancelled by the end of the 2013–2014 TV season and "Inside Edition" moved to KONG, as newscasts were used to replace the void.  On New Year's Eve, KING broadcasts coverage of the fireworks show on the Space Needle.

Sports programming.

KING opted not to carry NBC's telecasts of the Stanley Cup Finals in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2013, when the games began at 5 p.m. Pacific time, choosing to instead air its regular lineup of local newscasts and syndicated shows. KONG picked up the NBC telecasts of the games, and CBC Television's broadcasts of the games were available to most cable providers in the region through the network's Vancouver owned-and-operated station CBUT. For the 2007 and 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, however, KING aired NBC's Saturday night telecasts, while KONG aired the other NBC telecasts. As for the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals, KING aired games 1, 2 and 5 while KONG aired games 6 and 7.  KING was the official broadcast home of Seattle Seahawks preseason games, with the exception of those shown on national television, from 1981 to 2000 and again from 2005 to 2011 (sister station KONG carried Seahawks preseason games in 2003 and 2004). The station also airs Seahawks games through NBC's broadcast contract with the NFL (via "Sunday Night Football"; it has also served as the team's unofficial home station, carrying most games from 1977 to 1997 when the team played in the AFC, which NBC held the broadcast rights to in those years). Both KING and KONG served as official television broadcasters of the city's Major League Soccer club Seattle Sounders FC from 2009 to 2013, in which KONG aired a weekly magazine program on Sunday nights during the season called "Sounders FC Weekly", and was rebroadcast Mondays on sister cable channel Northwest Cable News.  KING also broadcast all Seattle SuperSonics games covered through NBC's NBA broadcast contract from 1990 to 2002; it also aired select Seattle Mariners games via NBC's MLB broadcast contract from 1977 to 1989, and for the postseason only from 1995 to 2000.

News operation.

KING-TV presently broadcasts 46 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday, six hours on Saturdays and five hours on Sundays).  In 1999, to compete against KOMO-TV, KING-TV began broadcasting its newscasts in high definition; at the time it only had one studio camera that was HD-capable. In April 2007, KING-TV upgraded all of its studio cameras, graphics and weather system to high definition, and began broadcasting its public affairs programming in the format as well. Field reports continue to be broadcast in standard definition (480i converted to 1080i HD for telecast) but are taped in a aspect ratio, giving the appearance of high-definition. According to KING-TV, it is "Seattle's First HD Newscast".  Following its sale to the company, KING-TV adopted Gannett's standardized newscast presentation (which used a color coding system modeled upon co-owned newspaper "USA Today".

Canadian and out-of-market coverage.

KING-TV is one of five Seattle television stations that are available in Canada on satellite providers Bell TV and Shaw Direct, and is available to most cable subscribers in the Vancouver/Victoria, British Columbia area as the NBC affiliate. The station is also carried on several cable providers in southeastern Alaska and northwestern Oregon, as well as in the Yakima DMA cities of Cle Elum and Ellensburg, with NBC programming and some syndicated shows blacked out due to FCC regulations.

References.

Specific citations:  General references:

KING-TV, virtual channel 5 (UHF digital channel 25), is an NBC-affiliated television station licensed to Seattle, Washington, United States and also serving Tacoma. The station is owned by Tegna Inc., as part of a duopoly with Everett-licensed independent station KONG (channel 16). The two stations share studios at the Home Plate Center in the SoDo district of Seattle and transmitter facilities in the city's Queen Anne neighborhood.

KING-TV est une station de télévision américaine située à Seattle dans l'État de Washington affilié au réseau NBC et appartenant à Tegna Inc. Elle possède une station sœur,, indépendante.


Cycling.

Henie was an active track cyclist from 1889 to 1902. He represented the club "Kristiania Velocipedklub". When he became World Champion in 1894, he was also the first Norwegian World Champion in any sport.

Early efforts.

Henie started in his first race in June 1889, on the Majorstuen velodrome, and surprised by winning his class. In August 1889 he won the 2000 metre race on the Bygdø velodrome. In 1890 he represented his club at races in Copenhagen, and achieved a third place in 1 English mile.

Scandinavian success.

In 1891 Henie experienced a lot of triumphs in Scandinavian races. He won races in Malmø and in Copenhagen, where he became Scandinavian Champion on 5000 metres. He also won 1st prizes at Majorstuen. He set Scandinavian records in halfmile, in one English mile, in 4000 metres, in 5000 metres and in 5 English miles. Henie was appointed consul for "Svenskt Hjulsportförbund" in 1892. The consular connections were important at the time, as Norway was not a member of the International Cycling Association, and enrollment to international races had to go through member countries.

International career.

Henie participated in "100 km motor pace" at the 1894 Track Cycling World Championships for amateurs in Antwerp, and became World Champion. He did not have a motor pace as his hardest competitors, but was helped by Dutch tandem cyclists at the end of the race. Henie won the championship 13 rounds ahead of Green from England. He set two World Records in 1894, in two English miles and in ten English miles, both at the Herne Hill Velodrome in London. In 1895 he finished 3rd at the World Championships in Cologne, behind Mathieu Cordang and Witteveen. In 1900 he finished second at the World Championships in Paris, behind Bastien, with Hildebrand finishing third. He continued active cycling until 1902.

Speed skating.

Henie was also a speed skater. He competed at the 1896 European Speed Skating Championships in Hamburg, where he finished second on 500m, third in 1500m, third in 5000m, and third in 10000m.

Coach and manager for Sonja.

Henie was married to Selma Lochmann-Nielsen (1888–1961). They had two children, Leif and Sonja. Sonja started taking ballet lessons from she was five years old, and got her own skates when she was six. The family lived close to Frogner Stadion in Kristiania, and Sonja found her way to the ice, where she liked to play and experiment with the skates. When Sonja was only six years old, she was discovered by Hjørdis Olsen, a figure skater and coach for the skating club.  When Henie learned to know that his daughter had extraordinary talent, he decided to give her the best possible training. He found professional coaches for her, and travelled to the best training sites in Europe. Among her early coaches were former Norwegian champion and professional coach Oscar Holthe, and Martin Stixrud (10 times national champion, and Olympic medalist in 1920). In addition to training sessions with professional coaches, Henie himself coached her daughter. In her book "Mitt livs eventyr" Sonja says she had "the world's best manager, promotor, coach, helper and father". Later he also and arranged for performances at sports meetings. Sonja performed during intermissions at the large skating competitions in Oslo in 1921, 1922 and 1923, which gave her experience in performing in front of a large public.  Henie managed to get Sonja enrolled at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, and followed her to preparations in St. Moritz prior to the games. Sonja was then only eleven years old. Henie and his wife Selma also designed Sonja's skating costumes. Sonja became World Champion in figure skating first time in 1927, and from then on every year until 1936. She became Olympic Champion in 1928, and again in 1932 and in 1936. She was European champion in 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 and 1936, and several times national champion. During this period Henie devoted much of his time and energy on his daughter's career.  After three Olympic gold medals and ten World Championships, Sonja gave up her amateur status and headed for a film career in Hollywood. The family travelled to America in 1936, when Sonja was 25 years old. Henie hired the skating stadion "The Polar Palace" in Los Angeles for an ice show, arranged for promotion in newspapers, and invited important persons from Hollywood. Sonja signed a lucrative five years' contract with film maker Darryl F. Zanuck, and her first film, "One In A Million" was finished late 1936. Parallel to the film career, Sonja also performed in popular ice revues.  Henie died in 1937.

Wilhelm Henie (7 September 1872 – 10 May 1937) was a Norwegian sportsman and furrier. He was track cycling World Champion in 1894, and competed at the European Speed Skating Championships in 1896. Henie was coach and manager for his daughter Sonja, who became a famous figure skater and later film actress.

, Sonja Wilhelm Henie (né le à Kristiania et décédé le à Oslo) est un athlète norvégien, spécialiste du cyclisme sur piste et du patinage de vitesse.


Writing and recording.

In late 2009, two years after Avenged Sevenfold released their self-titled album, and four years after they had issued their breakthrough studio set, 2005's "City of Evil", the band started working on their next record, their "most personal and epic that will definitely take you on a very dark journey." However, as recording was in session, a few casualties arose.  On December 28, 2009, drummer Jimmy Sullivan (a.k.a. The Rev) died. Afterwards, the band suspended work on the album for some time. Not wanting to hire a permanent replacement for The Rev for the time being, the band selected Mike Portnoy of Dream Theater (a major influence on The Rev and the rest of the band) to finish recording the drum tracks for the album:  After a couple of months, more notices about the album became available; a short message from Zacky Vengeance was posted on the official Avenged Sevenfold Twitter on April 17, 2010: "Tracking is complete. There are no words that will ever describe the feeling of listening to this album while driving home alone at 4 am."  Johnny Christ stated in an interview with Ultimate Guitar about the writing process and subject matter of "Nightmare":  M. Shadows and Synyster Gates, in an interview with "The Pulse of Radio", confirmed The Rev's special appearance in the record. According to the band members, he left a couple of vocals (to their fortune, clear and in key) before his death, which they used on the record. With his drum fills and vocals intact, the record showed itself to be the band's last record with The Rev. The same band members revealed some details about the new record in an interview to "Hard Drive radio":

Release and promotion.

The first single, "Nightmare", was released digitally on May 18, 2010. A preview for the song was released on May 6, 2010 on Amazon.com, but was removed soon after for unknown reasons; however, on May 10, 2010, a 30-second audio uncensored sample was again revealed, but this time at SoundCloud and on the band's official website. The band also posted, the same day, a video of the song on their official YouTube channel with animated lyrics, which received over 275,000 plays in 24 hours.  On June 3, 2010, the band revealed a "Limited Edition" of "Nightmare" for pre-order available only on their website, which contains:  Since May 27, 2010, the band revealed the album cover piece by piece like a jigsaw puzzle over a period of eighteen days, revealing the complete cover on June 14, 2010, along with the track listing.  On June 29, 2010, the band made available an iTunes pre-order of the album, which contains: The song "Buried Alive" was posted on the band's Facebook page on July 14, 2010, but experienced loading issues due to a large number of users trying to access the video, and was briefly taken down. The problem was resolved on July 15, 2010, and was posted on YouTube as a lyric video which also contained a small animation.  On July 21, 2010 the song "So Far Away" was released by KROQ radio exclusively for one day.  On October 19, 2010, the single "Welcome to the Family" was released.  On April 5, 2011, "So Far Away" was released, followed by the music video.  In September 2011, the band announced plans for a music video for their next single, "Buried Alive". They tried to get Rob Zombie to direct the video, but he declined due to being focused on another project.

Critical reception.

"Nightmare" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 62, based on 7 professional reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".  In the August 2010 issue of Metal Hammer, Terry Beezer rated the album an eight out of ten. In his review, he had praised the band members for their courage despite the death of The Rev and called it "the ultimate tribute to a fallen friend." He also praised Mike Portnoy for his part in the album and found him a fitting stand-in for The Rev.  411 Mania gave the record a lengthy but highly positive review by giving it a score of 9.0/10. As a conclusion they stated, "If you’re a fan of Avenged Sevenfold, "Nightmare" is a must-have for you. This album is incredibly moving and is better than any tribute to the late Rev I could have possibly imagined."  "Kerrang!" gave the album 4 K's out of 5 concluding: "Where Avenged [Sevenfold] go from here is still in the lap of the gods. Whatever their future, though, "Nightmare" marks the point at which the Huntington Beach crew put away childish things and became men. Wherever he is now, their brother must be immensely proud."

Track listing.

All songs credited to Avenged Sevenfold. Actual songwriters are listed below.

Personnel.

Avenged Sevenfold  Session musicians Production

Nightmare is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. It was released on July 27, 2010 through Warner Bros. Records. It was produced by Mike Elizondo and mixed in New York City by noted engineer Andy Wallace. "Nightmare" is the first Avenged Sevenfold recorded without James "The Rev" Sullivan performing drums on all the songs due to his death in December 2009. However, he did write parts that were used for the final recordings, making this the last album he would write on, The Rev's vocals are still on the album as a tribute to him. The rest of the drum tracks were handled by Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy, who also played with the band for all their tours through the end of 2010. They then hired drummer Arin Ilejay, who played with the band for the next four years. The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA in the United States. The album debuted at number 1 in the "Billboard" 200. As of December 2016, the album has sold 964,000 copies in the United States. The cover of the album features a tribute to Jimmy "The Rev" Sullivan, the tombstone reads "FOREVER" with emphasis on "REV".

Nightmare (en français : « Cauchemar ») est le cinquième album du groupe de heavy metal américain Avenged Sevenfold. Enregistré sur une période de cinq mois, l'album est sorti le en Angleterre et en France et le aux États-Unis. C'est le premier album qui a permis à l'ensemble du groupe (y compris The Rev) d'obtenir des Golden Gods Awards, y compris l'album de l'année, meilleurs guitaristes, meilleur chanteur et meilleur batteur. L'album s'est classé dans les premières positions des charts américains, ce qui fait de "Nightmare" l'un des albums les mieux vendus de l'année 2010.


XP-52.

The XP-52 design was begun by the Bell Company in 1940, separate from the R-40C competition, under the Air Material Command designator MX-3.  The short fuselage carried a piston engine in the rear, driving a pair of contra-rotating propellers in a pusher configuration. The wings were swept back at an angle of 20 degrees, with a horizontal stabilizer mounted behind the propeller on twin booms running back from the wings. The fuselage was unusually streamlined, being round and barrel-shaped, with the forward-located pilot's cockpit fully faired-in to its lines and the nose ending in a round air intake which was ducted back internally to the engine. The undercarriage was a tricycle arrangement, with the main wheels retracting into the tailbooms. Propulsion was to be provided by the experimental Continental XIV-1430-3 inverted V-12 engine.  The XP-52 was cancelled in October 1940 because the XIV-1430 engine ran into technical difficulties. Bell submitted a similar design to the US Navy as the Model 19, but this too was never built.

XP-59.

Although generally similar in layout to the XP-52, the XP-59 was slightly larger and heavier, and was to be powered by a Pratt and Whitney R-2800-23 engine of. Two prototypes were ordered in February 1941.  On 3 October 1941 the contract for Bell's first jet fighter was signed. The prototype was designated the XP-59A and it would enter production as the P-59 Airacomet. The original XP-59 was cancelled on November 25, 1941 because Bell itself was pre-occupied with development of the Bell P-63 Kingcobra.

The Bell XP-52 and subsequent XP-59 were World War II fighter aircraft design projects by the American Bell Aircraft Corporation.

Le Bell XP-52 ("model 16") est un prototype d'avion de chasse bipoutre développé par la Bell Aircraft Corporation. Cet appareil fait partie des avions à configuration particulière développés aux États-Unis durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ce projet est une réponse à un appel d'offres de l'United States Army Air Corps lancé durant l'hiver 1939, pour un chasseur à la fois performant, peu coûteux et facile d'entretien.


Facts.

Three Iranian offshore oil platforms and a United States Navy warship,, were destroyed when the ship struck a mine in international waters near Bahrain. The basis of the Court's jurisdiction was a bilateral commercial agreement between Iran and the United States: the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights (United States–Iran).

Judgments.

On December 12, 1996, the Court rejected the U.S. preliminary objection to the Court's jurisdiction, by a vote of fourteen to two. The two dissenters were Vice President Schwebel (nationality: U.S.) and Judge Oda (Japan), each of whom wrote dissenting opinions. Among the majority, separate opinions were appended by Judges Shahabuddeen (Guyana), Ranjeva (Madagascar), Higgins (U.K.), and Parra-Aranguren (Venezuela), and Judge ad hoc Rigaux (Belgium, appointed by Iran).  On March 10, 1998, the Court held that the U.S. counter-claim against Iran, for mining and other attacks on U.S. shipping, was admissible.  Oral arguments were held between February 17 and March 7, 2003.  On November 6, 2003, 11 years after the initial application was submitted by Iran, the ICJ rejected the claims of both states. The court found (1) by a vote of 14-2 (dissenting Judges Al-Khasawneh (Jordan), Elaraby (Egypt)) that the U.S. actions against Iranian oil platforms in 1987 and 1988 do not meet the treaty's essential security exception but that they did not breach the treaty's freedom of commerce provision and so Iran's claim against the U.S. could not be upheld, and (2) by a vote of 15-1 (dissenting Judge Simma (Germany)) that the U.S. counter-claim against Iran could not be upheld. (Paragraph 125 of the Decision.) Eleven judges attached declarations or separate opinions.

Oil Platforms case (formally, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) ICJ 4) is a public international law case decided by the International Court of Justice in 2003.

L'affaire Plates-formes pétrolières (Iran c. États-Unis) est une affaire de droit international public jugée le par la Cour internationale de justice (CIJ). Elle concerne le bombardement de plates-formes pétrolières iraniennes par les États-Unis en 1986-1987, lors de la guerre Iran-Irak. En 2003, les deux États sont déboutés, la CIJ examinant l'affaire sous l'angle de la liberté de commerce garantie par un traité bilatéral de 1955.


Early life.

Birgitte was born Birgitte Eva Henriksen, in Odense, Denmark, the younger daughter of Asger Preben Wissing Henriksen, a lawyer, and his wife, Vivian van Deurs. She was educated in Odense and at finishing schools in Lausanne and Cambridge.  She took her mother's ancestral name van Deurs on 15 January 1966, when her parents separated. After studying for three years in Copenhagen, she moved back to England in 1971 to work at the Danish Embassy in London.

Marriage.

Birgitte first met Prince Richard of Gloucester, the younger son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, in the late 1960s in Cambridge. In February 1972, they became engaged. The groom designed her coral and silver engagement ring. They married on 8 July 1972 at St Andrew's Church, Barnwell, Northamptonshire. The bride's wedding dress was designed by Norman Hartnell. It had a "high collar, simple skirt and small train, and long sleeves all done in white Swiss organdie with a floral embossing." Instead of wearing a tiara, the bride wore stephanotis flowers on her hair which secured the veil.  Six weeks after their wedding, Prince Richard's elder brother, Prince William, was killed in a flying accident. Prince Richard unexpectedly became heir apparent to the dukedom and upon his father's death in 1974, the couple became the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester.  The couple have three children: Alexander (born 1974), Davina (born 1977), and Rose (born 1980).

Activities.

The Duchess of Gloucester has accompanied the Duke of Gloucester on his official visits overseas: her first visit was in 1973, when they represented the Queen at the 70th birthday celebrations of King Olav V of Norway. Other joint visits have included Australia, Belgium, China, Denmark, Gibraltar, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Luxembourg, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tonga, Tunisia and the United States.  Birgitte has also travelled overseas in support of her own patronages and military units, including a visit to Iraq in December 2008.  She and her husband represented the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh at the state funeral of King Tāufaāhau Tupou IV of Tonga on 19 September 2006. They also represented the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh at the coronation of King George Tupou V of Tonga on 1 August 2008 in Nukualofa.  Birgitte is sponsor of two Royal Navy ships: and. She is also the Royal Patron of the Bermuda Regiment. She is patron of SeeAbility, a charity for people with learning disabilities and sight loss; Bliss, the special care baby charity; and Music in Hospitals & Care. She regularly attends functions at schools of which she is president or patron: St Paul's Cathedral School; the Friends of St Paul's Cathedral; St John's School, Leatherhead; Bridewell Royal Hospital (King Edward's School, Witley); the Royal Alexandra and Albert School; the Children's Society; Parkinson's UK; Hope for Youth Northern Ireland; Scottish Opera; Lawn Tennis Association; the Royal School of Needlework; and Princess Helena College.  After the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, Birgitte became President of the Royal Academy of Music. She is also the patron of Prostate Cancer UK, and in March 2006, she opened the Prostate Centre.  The Duke and Duchess live in London at Kensington Palace, their official royal residence.

Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester, (born Birgitte Eva Henriksen, later van Deurs; 20 June 1946), is the wife of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.

Birgitte Eva van Deurs, née "Henriksen" le à Odense, duchesse de Gloucester, est un membre de la famille royale britannique, épouse du prince Richard, duc de Gloucester.


History.

Wilber was platted in 1873 by C. D. Wilber, and named for him. In 1878, the seat of Saline County was transferred to Wilber from Pleasant Hill. Wilber was declared the official Czech Capital of the United States on July 10, 1987, in a decree signed by president Ronald Reagan. Wilber hosts the annual Czech Days festival which celebrates the city's Czech heritage.

Geography.

Wilber is located at (40.481838, -96.962376).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,855 people, 696 households, and 449 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 782 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 90.5% White, 1.8% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.8% of the population.  There were 696 households of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.01.  The median age in the city was 38.8 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,761 people, 728 households, and 457 families living in the city. The population density was 1,960.2 people per square mile (755.5/km2). There were 795 housing units at an average density of 884.9 per square mile (341.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.33% White, 0.06% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82% of the population.  There were 728 households out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.97.  In the city, the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.  As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $36,513, and the median income for a family was $45,556. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $21,824 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,249. About 4.4% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Wilber is a city in Saline County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,855 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Saline County. Wilber is the official "Czech Capital of the USA" and hosts an annual Czech festival in August. Wilber's school is the Wilber-Clatonia High School.

Wilber est une ville de l’État du Nebraska, siège du comté de Saline, au centre des États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à en 2010.


Club career.

Early career.

He began his footballing career at Plavis, the youth team of his region, Santa Giustina. He then transferred to Montebelluna and immediately after to Treviso, with whom he debuted in the Serie B season of 2000–01, at age 17.  In the summer of 2001 he officially joined Lazio on a two-year loan, and was given a place in the youth team. He played for the youth team for two seasons, but never played for the first team, and in 2003 returned to Treviso at the end of the loan.

Viterbese.

In August 2003 he was sold outright to Viterbese, at the time led by former coach of Genoa Guido Carboni. He was a regular starter for the side, contesting 31 games scoring a goal. He played four games in the promotion play-offs to Serie B, which Viterbo lost in the final against Crotone.  At the end of the season the club was declared bankrupt, and Gazzi and all the players on the team were released on a free transfer.

Bari and Reggina.

In July 2004 he moved definitively to Bari in Serie B, along with his coach and teammates Vincenzo Santoruvo and Lorenzo Sibilano. In his first season in Apulia, he played 34 games and scored 3 goals, contributing to the final placement of 10th in the league standing.  The following year he took to the field 35 times, scoring 1 goal. On 4 January, he signed an extension until 2009. In the following season he played 11 games, but on the last day of the winter transfer market was sold to Reggina in co-ownership, where for the first time in his career he had the opportunity to play in Serie A. He made his debut in the top flight on 11 February 2007 in a win against Torino, and played 9 games until the end of the season. Thanks to his contribution, the team, then led by Walter Mazzarri, attains salvation in spite of an 11-point deduction due to the 2006 Italian football scandal. Gazzi was awarded, together with his companions, the title of honorary citizen of Reggio Calabria.

Return to Bari.

On 22 June 2007 the co-ownership agreement was resolved in favor of Bari, and the player returned to Apulia. On 22 September, during a game against Ravenna, he suffered an eye injury which forced him into hospital and resulted in two weeks on the sideline. On 21 November, he extended his contract with Bari until 2011.  In the 2008–09 season, with 39 appearances, Gazzi was one of the most active players in the promotion of Bari into Serie A, coached by Antonio Conte. The following year he was a fixture of the team led by Giampiero Ventura, playing 32 games in the top flight. On 7 April 2010 he signed a further contract extension until 2013, and during 2011–2012, despite relegation, he was again an impressive player, with 31 games played. On 10 April 2011 he scored his first goal in Serie A against Catania.

Siena.

After the relegation of Bari in Serie B, there were rumours of a possible transfer to Chievo Verona and especially Torino, but on 11 August 2011 a transfer was formalised to Sienna, newly promoted to Serie A.  The anchor of the midfield, made his debut under Giuseppe Sannino on 11 September against Catania and scored his first goal for the "bianconeri" 20 November, in a home game against Atalanta. He played 33 games for the club, scoring 1 goal.

Torino.

On 13 July 2012 Gazzi was sold to Torino for €2.5 million cash, plus Matteo Rubin to Sienna in co-ownership. He officially debuted for Torino on 18 August 2012, in a Coppa Italia fixture against Lecce; his league debut for the "Granata" was on 26 August, against his former club, Siena. He scored his first goal for Torino on 30 September in a 1–5 win away against Atalanta. He concluded the 2012–13 season with 34 appearances and 2 goals - plus an appearance in Coppa Italia. On 28 August 2014 he made his debut in European competition in a 1–0 defeat of HNK Hajduk Split. In February 2015 he renewed his contract with the club until the end of the 2015–16 season.

Palermo.

On 3 August 2016, Palermo announced the signing of Gazzi from Torino. Upon signing for the club, he was handed the number 14 shirt.

Alessandria.

On 2 August 2017, signed a two years deal with Alessandria. In the summer of 2018, his contract was renewed until June 2020.

2011–12 Italian football scandal.

In the month of August 2012, he was investigated by prosecutors in Bari for sporting fraud, along with his other former teammates at A.S. Bari, in regard to match-fixing in the past.  On 6 June 2013, he was suspended for 3 months and 10 days, plus a fine of €40,000.

Style of play.

Although he is capable of playing in several midfield positions, Gazzi is usually deployed as a central or defensive midfielder, due to his work-rate, ball-winning abilities, as well as capacity to organise his team and distribute the ball to team-mates after winning back possession, despite his lack of notable technical skills. Known for his professionalism and consistency, he is a tenacious player of great physicality and determination, who possesses a strong left foot.

Career statistics.

Club.

"Updated 31 May 2015".

Alessandro Gazzi (born 28 January 1983) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Alessandria. He became an honorary citizen of the city of Reggio Calabria on 27 May 2007.

Alessandro Carlo Gazzi est un footballeur italien (né à Feltre en province de Belluno, le ), évoluant au poste de milieu de terrain.


History.

On 2 February 1993, three decorations, including the Medal of Military Valour, were created by Queen Elizabeth II as a family of Canadian military valour decorations. The first awarding of the star was by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, on 27 October 2006; only with Canada's participation in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan did there emerge, for the first time since 1993, circumstances wherein one could carry out actions deserving of the Medal of Military Valour.

Design.

The Medal of Military Valour is in the form of a gold medal with, on the reverse, the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch beneath a St. Edward's Crown—symbolizing the Canadian monarch's roles as both fount of honour and Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces—and the inscription "PRO VALORE". The obverse bears a maple leaf surrounded by a laurel wreath, and the name and rank of the recipient is engraved on the medal's edge.  This medallion is worn on the left chest, on a wide crimson ribbon with three vertical white stripes: for men, hung from a bar, and for women, on a ribbon bow, both pinned to the left chest. Should an individual already possessing a Medal of Military Valour be awarded the medal again for subsequent valourous acts, he or she is granted a simple gold medal bar, bearing a maple leaf at its centre, for wear on the ribbon from which the original medal is suspended;

Eligibility and receipt.

The medal is awarded only to members of the Canadian Forces, or members of allied armed forces serving alongside the Canadian Forces, who have shown conspicuous acts of valiance in the face of enemy hostility. Should a person meet these criteria, nominations are made through his or her chain of command to the Military Valour Decorations Advisory Committee—a part of the Chancellery of Honours at Government House—which then makes its recommendations to the Governor General of Canada, via the Chief of the Defence Staff. Once they have been decorated with the Medal of Military Valour, recipients are granted the right to use the post-nominal letters "MMV". The Medal of Military Valour can be awarded posthumously, as well as multiple times. By August 2009 the decoration had been awarded 38 times. No bars have yet been issued.

The Medal of Military Valour () is a decoration that is, within the Canadian system of honours, the third highest award for military valour, and one of three honours for military valour gifted by the Canadian monarch, generally through his or her viceroy-in-Council. Created in 1993, the medal is presented to both living and deceased members of the Canadian Forces deemed to have carried out "an act of valour or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy," and grants recipients the ability to use the post-nominal letters MMV.

La Médaille de la vaillance militaire (MVM) est décernée aux membres des Forces canadiennes en reconnaissance « des actes de bravoure ou de dévouement face à l'ennemi »


Overview.

The basic premise is to lead the main character Mr. ESC, an escapologist, out of hospitals, underground facilities, offices and other buildings within a time limit. Along the way, the player gets hindered by obstacles such as fires, earthquakes, floods, or even meteor showers.  Sometimes the player must help trapped individuals escape as well, and it will take quick thinking and planning ahead to exit the building successfully.

Gameplay.

Each level includes a starting point for Mr. ESC and an exit point. There may also be one or more trapped individuals within the level, and in many cases, Mr. ESC cannot successfully complete the level unless he rescues some or all of the individuals before he escapes. There is a time limit for completing each level.  Mr. ESC is rather agile, and can swim, run faster, and jump higher, more than any of the other trapped individuals. However, he is still prone to injury from hazards or from falling off of too high heights.  The individuals come in four types: Except for the injured, the player as Mr. ESC can order these people to perform certain tasks, move to specific locations, or pick up, use, or trade tools on the level; however, until Mr. ESC has touched them, they remain in a panicked state and cannot help. These individuals will not willfully put themselves in a bad situation (they will refuse to make a drop they could not survive, for example), but they can still be injured from an indirect event (dropping a crate on them, for example). If a survivor is injured, they are carried to safety by Jet (a competitor of Mr. ESC). If too many survivors are injured to be able to meet the requirement, or if Mr. ESC himself is injured, the level is over and must be restarted.  Obstacles include crates which can be used to create platforms to reach higher ledges, fires that must be extinguished before they can be passed, water hazards which only Mr. ESC can swim in, one-way doors, fallen rock walls, exposed electrical wires, and more. Some tools can be used to remove the obstacle (such as a fire extinguisher to dose a fire or a pick-axe to clear rubble). There are some levels that are dark, and a flashlight is needed to see even part of an area of the level.  After completing a level, a score is given based on the number of people rescued, and the par time for the level. 100 points are possible for each level.  There are a total of 100 different levels, which are designed to appeal to the pick-up-and-play qualities of the PSP. 70 stages are available from the start, and the player can then play through them in any order. A player can repeat the level later to try and beat their previous high score. In addition to the packaged levels, 100 more are available for download off the game's website utilizing the PSP's on-board network functionality. The Xbox Live Arcade version has a total of 220 levels.

Reception.

The PSP and Xbox 360 versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the DS version received "mixed" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, "Famitsu" gave the PSP version a score of two nines and two eights for a total of 34 out of 40. The same magazine later gave the DS version one nine and three eights for a total of 33 out of 40.  Charles Herold of "The New York Times" gave the PSP version a favorable review, saying it was "tremendous fun for fans of logic puzzles, but it has a few annoying quirks. Jumping large gaps in the floor is tricky, and I died far too often doing this. The process for giving commands to other people is a bit cumbersome." "Detroit Free Press" gave it three stars out of four, saying that it "has enough substance to keep you playing for hours and hours." 411Mania gave the DS version a score of 7.5 out of 10, calling it "a pretty simple game with a simple premise but it's hard to master and get down to a science." However, "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave the PSP version three stars out of five, calling it "A good mental workout that can prove to be addictive, despite its punishing quirks."

Sequel.

In late June 2006, "Famitsu" revealed that Taito was working on a sequel to "Exit" titled "Kangaeru Exit", released elsewhere as "Exit 2". It was released in September 2006; a demo of the sequel was released for download in Japan in November 2006. Eventually the game was released for the Xbox Live Arcade on February 25, 2009.

Exit is a 2005 action-puzzle video game that was developed and published by Taito for the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan, on December 15, 2005, in North America on February 14, 2006, in Australia on March 30, 2006, and in Europe on March 31, 2006. A version for Xbox Live Arcade was released on October 24, 2007. A version for the Nintendo DS was released in 2008 as Exit DS.

Exit est un jeu vidéo de réflexion sur PlayStation Portable. Il a été développé par Moss et édité, au Japon et en Europe, par Taito, et en Amérique du Nord et en Australie, par Ubisoft. Il est le premier jeu vidéo d'une série débutée en décembre 2005 au Japon. Sa sortie officielle en France s'est faite le 30 mars 2006. Il est ensuite sorti sur la plate-forme de téléchargement Xbox Live Arcade, le 24 octobre 2007. Il a aussi été porté sur Nintendo DS en janvier 2008 par Taito au Japon, par Square Enix en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, et par Ubisoft en Australie.


Discovery.

Warikahnite was discovered by Clive Queit at Tsumeb mine and was first described in 1979 by Keller, Hess, and Dunn. The name "warikahnite" honors Walter Richard Kahn, who was born in 1911. He was from Bad Bayersoien, Germany, and he was a dealer and collector that specialized in Tsumeb minerals. He was honored due to his support of research into rare secondary minerals. The type material is located at the University of Stuttgart, the Smithsonian Institution, and Harvard University.

Physical properties.

Warikahnite has perfect cleavage on the c-axis {001}; and good cleavage on both the a- and b-axes ({100} and {010}). It has bladed subhedral crystals up to 3 x.5 x.5 mm, elongated on {100} and flattened on {010}, with a hardness of approximately 2 as presented in table two. Its specific gravity is 4.24 and it exhibits a colorless to pale yellow hue, along with a white streak and vitreous luster. This triclinic specimen classified under the space group P features striated crystals up to two centimetres in radial to subparallel aggregates. The Handbook of Mineralogy further states the cell dimensions of biaxial Warikahnite to be calculated as a = 6.710(1) Å, b = 8.989(2) Å, and c = 14.533(2) Å, with unit cell volume as 788.58 Å.

Crystal structure.

The crystal structure of Warikahnite, determined from diffractometer data, contained six various coordination polyhedra of zinc with components of As, O, and H2O; with the coordination numbers six, five, and four; and with five different combinations of ligand. Also noted in the “Die Kristallstruktur von Warikahnit” article, is that the hydrogen bonds are discussed appertaining to both charge balance and infrared spectra. Recent data shows the Gladstone-Dale relation compatibility of Warikahnite is ranked as superior (-0.010).

Chemical composition.

Warikahnite has the chemical formula Zn(AsO)•2HO. Along with arsenate ions (AsO4), the infrared spectrum revealed H2O. These water molecules present in the warikahnite sample were determined by thermo gravimetric analysis, and lost at 365°C. Both H2O and (AsO4) readily dissolved when hot hydrochloric acid (HCL) or nitric acid (HNO3) were added to the specimen. After a microprobe analysis, the weight percent oxides were calculated as follows in the table directly below.

Geologic occurrence.

Warikahnite’s only known localities to date are the Tsumeb Mine in Namibia, South West Africa; and Plaka and Lavrion, Greece. The first discovery of this type specimen in the mine was found with white koritnigite, blue stranskiite, pale to emerald-green cuprian adamite, crystals of helmutwinklerite, and white corroded crystals of claudetite, ludlockite, tsumcorite, and lavendulan; while the second acquisition was only linked to quartz.

Warikahnite is a rare zinc arsenate mineral of the triclinic crystal system with Hermann- Mauguin notation, belonging to the space group P. It occurs in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia on corroded tennantite in the second oxidation zone under hydrothermal conditions in a dolomite-hosted polymetallic ore deposit. It is associated with adamite, stranskiite, koritnigite, claudetite, tsumcorite, and ludlockite. The origin of discovery was in a dolosmite ore formation within an oxidized hydrothermal zone, in the E9 pillar, 31st level of the Tsumeb Mine in Namibia, Southwest Africa. It has also been found at Lavrion, Greece and Plaka, Greece as microscopic white needles.

La warikahnite est un minéral du groupe des arséniates et du sous-groupe des arséniates hydratés sans anions étrangers de formule.


Career.

Podkowiński was born in Warsaw and began his artistic training at Wojciech Gerson's drawing school, He then transferred to the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts where he studied between 1880 to 1884. After graduating, Podkowinski began to contribute to many of the leading art journals in Warsaw at the time. In 1885, he travelled, along with Józef Pankiewicz, to the Imperial Academy of Arts where he studied from 1885 to 1886. Returning from St. Petersburg in 1886, Podkowiński obtained a position of an illustrator for the "Tygodnik Ilustrowany" magazine where he became one its most renowned artists.  His first watercolor and oil paintings were produced during this time, but Podkowiński still considered them personal, not a public endeavor. Those early paintings were mainly influenced by Aleksander Gierymski. He adopted painting as a profession after a trip to Paris in 1889, where he was profoundly influenced by French Impressionist painters including Claude Monet. Podkowiński was later credited for bringing the Impressionist movement to Poland, but toward the end of his life, his failing health inclined him toward Symbolism. He died in Warsaw at the very early age of 28 due to tuberculosis.  His best known painting, "Frenzy of Exultations" ("Szał uniesień"), exhibited first in Zachęta, is surrounded by the turn-of-the-century atmosphere of scandal and public outcry. In 1894, it was featured in a Warsaw art exhibition and violently criticized. The exhibition lasted only 36 days because Podkowinski brought a knife on the 37th day, and slashed his work on display. The painting was restored after his death. Today, it is prominently exhibited at the Sukiennice Museum in Kraków.

External links.

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Władysław Podkowiński (; February 4, 1866 – January 5, 1895) was a Polish master painter and illustrator associated with the Young Poland movement during the Partition period.

Władysław Podkowiński (), né le à Varsovie et mort le dans la même ville est un peintre et illustrateur polonais.


Background.

Following the United States occupation of Nicaragua in 1912 during the Banana Wars, the Somoza family political dynasty came to power, and would rule Nicaragua from 1937 until their ouster in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution. The Somoza dynasty consisted of Anastasio Somoza García, his eldest son Luis Somoza Debayle, and finally Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by rising inequality and political corruption, strong US support for the government and its military, as well as a reliance on US-based multinational corporations.

Rise of the FSLN.

In 1961 Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga, and Tomás Borge Martínez formed the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) with other student activists at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua (UNAN) in Managua. For the founding members of the FSLN, this was not their first experience with political activism. Amador, first General Secretary of the organization, had worked with others on a newspaper "broadly critical" of the Somoza reign titled "Segovia".  Consisting of approximately 20 members during the 1960s, with the help of students, the organization gathered support from peasants and anti-Somoza elements within Nicaraguan society, as well as from the communist Cuban government, the socialist Panamanian government of Omar Torrijos, and the socialist Venezuelan government of Carlos Andrés Pérez.  By the 1970s the coalition of students, farmers, businesses, churches, and a small percentage of Marxists was strong enough to launch a military effort against the regime of longtime dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The FSLN focused on guerrilla tactics almost immediately, inspired by the campaigns of Fidel Castro and Ché Guevara. Penetrating the Northern coast of Nicaragua, the Río Coco/Bocay-Raití campaign was largely a failure: "when guerrillas did encounter the National Guard, they had to retreat...with heavy losses." Further operations included a devastating loss near the city of Matagalpa, during which Mayorga was killed, which led Amador to a "prolonged period of reflection, self-criticism and ideological debate." During this time, the FSLN reduced attacks, instead focusing on solidifying the organization as a whole.

Overthrow of the Somoza regime.

In the 1970s the FSLN began a campaign of kidnappings which led to national recognition of the group in the Nicaraguan media and solidification of the group as a force in opposition to the Somoza Regime. The Somoza Regime, which included the Nicaraguan National Guard, a force highly trained by the U.S. military, declared a state of siege, and proceeded to use torture, extra-judicial killings, intimidation and censorship of the press in order to combat the FSLN attacks. This led to international condemnation of the regime and in 1978 the administration of U.S. president Jimmy Carter cut off aid to the Somoza regime due to its human rights violations (Boland Amendment). In response, Somoza lifted the state of siege in order to continue receiving aid.  On 10 January 1978, the editor of the Managua newspaper "La Prensa", and founder of the Union for Democratic Liberation (UDEL), Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal was murdered by suspected elements of the Somoza regime, and riots broke out in the capital city, Managua, targeting the Somoza regime. Following the riots, a general strike on 23–24 January called for the end of the Somoza regime and was, according to the U.S. State Department staff at the U.S. Embassy, successful at shutting down around 80% of businesses in not only Managua but also the provincial capitals of León, Granada, Chinandega, and Matagalpa.  In the words of William Dewy, an employee of Citi Bank who witnessed the riots in Managua:  On 22 August 1978 the FSLN staged a massive kidnapping operation. Led by Éden Pastora, the Sandinistan forces captured the National Palace while the legislature was in session, taking 2,000 hostages. Pastora demanded money, the release of Sandinistan prisoners, and, "a means of publicizing the Sandinista cause." After two days, the government agreed to pay $500,000 and to release certain prisoners, marking a major victory for the FSLN. Revolts against the state continued as the Sandinistas received material support from Venezuela and Panama. Further support would stem from Cuba in the form of "arms and military advising."  In early 1979 the Organization of American States supervised negotiations between the FSLN and the government. However, these broke down when it became clear that the Somoza regime had no intention of allowing democratic elections to take place.  By June 1979 the FSLN controlled all of the country except the capital, and on 17 July President Somoza resigned and the FSLN entered Managua, giving full control of the government to the revolutionary movements.

Sandinista regime.

Immediately following the fall of the Somoza regime, Nicaragua was largely in ruins. The country had suffered both war and, earlier, natural disaster in the devastating 1972 Nicaragua earthquake. In 1979, approximately 600,000 Nicaraguans were homeless and 150,000 were either refugees or in exile, out of a total population of just 2.8 million.  In response to these issues, a state of emergency was declared. President Carter sent US$99 million in aid. Land and businesses of the Somoza regime were expropriated, the old courts were abolished, and workers were organized into Civil Defense Committees. The new regime also declared that "elections are unnecessary", which led to criticism from the Catholic Church, among others.

Economic reforms.

The Revolution ended the burden the Somocista regime had imposed upon the Nicaraguan economy and which had seriously deformed the country, creating a big and modern center, Managua, where Somoza's power had emanated to all corners of the territory. Somoza had developed an almost semifeudalist rural economy with few productive goods, such as cotton, sugar and other tropical agricultural products. All sectors of the economy of Nicaragua were determined, in great part if not entirely, by the Somozas or the officials and others surrounding the regime, whether by directly owning agricultural brands and trusts, or actively putting them into local or foreign hands. It is famously stated that Somoza himself owned 1/5 of all profitable land in Nicaragua. While this is not correct, Somoza or his adepts did own or give away banks, ports, communications, services and massive amounts of land.  The Nicaraguan Revolution brought immense restructuring and reforms to all three sectors of the economy, directing it towards a mixed economy system. The biggest economic impact was on the primary sector, agriculture, in the form of the Agrarian Reform, which was not proposed as something that could be planned in advanced from the beginning of the Revolution but as a process that would develop pragmatically along with the other changes (economic, political, etc.) that would arise during the Revolution period.  Economic reforms overall needed to rescue out of limbo the inefficient and helpless Nicaraguan economy. As a "third-world" country, Nicaragua had, and has, an agriculture-based economy, undeveloped and susceptible to the flow of market prices for its agricultural goods, such as coffee and cotton. The Revolution faced a rural economy well behind in technology and, at the same time, devastated by the guerrilla warfare and the soon to come civil war against the Contras. Article 1 of the Agrarian Reform Law says that property is guaranteed if it laboured efficiently and that there could be different forms of property:  The principles that presided Agrarian Reform were the same ones for the Revolution: pluralism, national unity and economic democracy. The Nicaraguan Agrarian Reform developed into four phases:  In 1985, the Agrarian Reform distributed of land to the peasantry. This represented about 75 percent of all land distributed to peasants since 1980. According to Project, the agrarian reform had the twofold purpose of increasing the support for the government among the campesinos, and guaranteeing ample food delivery into the cities. During 1985, ceremonies were held throughout the countryside in which Daniel Ortega would give each peasant a title to the land and a rifle to defend it.

Cultural Revolution.

The Nicaraguan Revolution brought many cultural improvements and developments. Undoubtedly, the most important was the planning and execution of the Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign "(Cruzada Nacional de Alfabetización)". The literacy campaign used secondary school students, university students as well as teachers as volunteer teachers. Within five months they reduced the overall illiteracy rate from 50.3% to 12.9%. As a result, in September 1980, UNESCO awarded Nicaragua with the "Nadezhda K. Krupskaya" award for their successful literacy campaign. This was followed by the literacy campaigns of 1982, 1986, 1987, 1995 and 2000, all of which were also awarded by UNESCO. The Revolution also founded a Ministry of Culture, one of only three in Latin America at the time, and established a new editorial brand, called "Editorial Nueva Nicaragua" and, based on it, started to print cheap editions of basic books rarely seen by Nicaraguans at all. It also founded an "Instituto de Estudios del Sandinismo" (Institute for Studies of Sandinismo) where it printed all of the work and papers of Augusto C. Sandino and those that cemented the ideologies of FSLN as well, such as Carlos Fonseca, Ricardo Morales Avilés and others. The key large scale programs of the Sandinistas received international recognition for their gains in literacy, health care, education, childcare, unions, and land reform.

Human rights violations.

Repression.

According to The Heritage Foundation, censorship of the press under the new Sandinista regime began almost immediately. "La Prensa", an independent newspaper of the country, was censored, despite its previous role as vocal opposition to the Somoza government. No information regarded as negative towards the Sandinistas was permitted to be published. All reporting was required to be submitted to government censors seven hours prior to printing. The Heritage Foundation claims that a "spy on your neighbor" system was instituted early in the Sandinista reign. This system promoted citizens to report any activity deemed counter to the revolution to the authorities. Those reported faced harassment from security representatives, including the destruction of property. Similar systems were apparent in Soviet-bloc countries.  On the contrary, the French journalist Viktor Dedaj, who lived in Managua in the 1980s, notes that "La Prensa" was generally sold freely and that the majority of radio channels were anti-Sandinista.

Miskito people.

A further human rights violation arose in the government treatment of the Miskito people. Over 15,000 Miskitos were forced to relocate, their villages were destroyed, and killings not only went unpunished, but were promoted.

Allegations of anti-Semitism.

According to The Heritage Foundation, following the FSLN rise to power, it was claimed that Nicaraguan Jews became an often targeted group for discrimination. Jewish citizens faced physical attacks, confiscation of property without cause, and arbitrary arrests. However, investigations conducted by the United Nations, the Organization of American States and Pax Christi between 1979 and 1983 refuted allegations of anti-Semitism. Some Jewish people were expropriated for their collaboration with the Somoza regime, but not because they were Jewish. Moreover, there was the example of the high ranking Sandinista and mayor of Managua, Herty Lewites, who was of Jewish descent.

Contra War.

Although the Carter Administration had attempted to work with FSLN in 1979 and 1980, the more right-wing Reagan Administration supported a strong anti-communist strategy for dealing with Latin America, and so it attempted to isolate the Sandinista regime. As early as 1980–1981 an anti-Sandinista movement, the "Contrarrevolución" (Counter-revolution) or just "Contras", was forming along the border with Honduras. Many of the initial Contras were former members of the Somoza regime's National Guard unit and many were still loyal to Somoza, who was living in exile in Honduras.  In addition to the Contra units who continued to be loyal to Somoza, the FSLN also began to face opposition from members of the ethnic minority groups that inhabited Nicaragua's remote Mosquito Coast region along the Caribbean Sea. These groups were demanding a larger share of self-determination and/or autonomy, but the FSLN refused to grant this and began using forced relocations and armed force in response to these grievances.  Upon taking office in January 1981, Ronald Reagan cancelled the dispersal of economic aid to Nicaragua, and on 6 August 1981 he signed National Security Decision Directive number 7, which authorized the production and shipment of arms to the region but not their deployment. On 17 November 1981, President Reagan signed National Security Directive 17, authorizing covert support to anti-Sandinista forces.  An armed conflict soon arose, adding to the destabilization of the region which had been unfolding through the Central American civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala. The Contras, heavily backed by the CIA, secretly opened a "second front" on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast and Costa Rican border. With the civil war opening up cracks in the national revolutionary project, the FSLN's military budget grew to more than half of the annual budget. The "Servicio Militar Patriótico" (Patriotic Military Service), a compulsory draft, was also established.  By 1982 Contra forces had begun carrying out assassinations of members of the Nicaraguan government, and by 1983 the Contras had launched a major offensive and the CIA was helping them to plant mines in Nicaragua's harbors to prevent foreign weapons shipments from arriving. The 1987 Iran–Contra affair placed the Reagan Administration again at the center of secret support for the Contras.

1984 general election.

The 1984 election took place on 4 November. Of the 1,551,597 citizens registered in July, 1,170,142 voted (75.41%). The null votes were 6% of the total. International observers declared the elections free and fair, despite the Reagan administration denouncing it as a "Soviet style sham". The national averages of valid votes for president were:

Esquipulas.

The Esquipulas Peace Agreement was an initiative in the mid-1980s to settle the military conflicts that had plagued Central America for many years, and in some cases (notably Guatemala) for decades. It built upon groundwork laid by the Contadora Group from 1983 to 1985. The agreement was named for Esquipulas, Guatemala, where the initial meetings took place. The US Congress lobbying efforts were helped by one of Capitol Hill's top lobbyists, William C. Chasey.  In May 1986, a summit meeting, "Esquipulas I," took place, attended by the five Central American presidents. On 15 February 1987, Costa Rican President Óscar Arias submitted a Peace Plan which evolved from this meeting. During 1986 and 1987, the "Esquipulas Process" was established, in which the Central American heads of state agreed on economic cooperation and a framework for peaceful conflict resolution. The "Esquipulas II Accord" emerged from this and was signed in Guatemala City by the five presidents on 7 August 1987.  Esquipulas II defined a number of measures to promote national reconciliation, an end to hostilities, democratization, free elections, the termination of all assistance to irregular forces, negotiations on arms controls, and assistance to refugees. It also laid the ground for international verification procedures and provided a timetable for implementation.

UNO.

Nicaraguan historian and leading social investigator Roberto J. Cajina describes UNO as follows:  "Since the very moment of inception, under the political guidance and technical and financial support from the government of the US, the existence of UNO was marked by grave structural deformations, derived from its own nature. In its conformation concurred the most diverse currents of the Nicaraguan political and ideological range: from the liberal-conservative -traditionally anticommunist and pro-US, to marxist-leninists from moscovian lineage, openly declared supporters of class struggle and enemies of capitalism in its superior development stage".  The constitution of the UNO Coalition for the 1990 General Elections was as follows:

The Nicaraguan Revolution () encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the violent campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to oust the dictatorship in 1978–79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, and the Contra War, which was waged between the FSLN-led government of Nicaragua and the United States-backed Contras from 1981–1990. The revolution marked a significant period in the history of Nicaragua and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War, attracting much international attention.

La révolution sandiniste ou révolution nicaraguayenne (en espagnol : "Revolución Nicaragüense" ou "Revolución Popular Sandinista") désigne, au Nicaragua, l'opposition croissante à la dictature de la famille Somoza dans les années 1960 et 1970, la campagne menée par le Front sandiniste de libération nationale (FSLN) qui a conduit à la chute violente de la dictature en 1979 et les efforts subséquents du FSLN, qui a présidé à partir de 1979 jusqu'en 1990, pour réformer la société et l'économie du pays, ce en dépit de l'embargo américain. La révolution n'est pas seulement importante pour le Nicaragua, l'Amérique centrale et le continent américain, elle a également marqué l'un des moments les plus tendus du développement de la guerre froide.


History.

The EEAS was first included in the original European Constitution, a single EU external relations department was seen as necessary to support the proposed single HR post; as Charles Grant, Director of the Centre for European Reform, says it would '...be like having a conductor without an orchestra—or rather, a conductor trying to conduct two separate orchestras at the same time.' Following the rejection of the Constitution, the changes were revived in the Treaty of Lisbon which came into force in 2009.  The mandate for the External Action Service is laid down under of the Treaty of Lisbon (), and states the following: Shortly before the treaty came into force, Catherine Ashton was named HR and tasked with drawing up the structure of the new EEAS. Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake Ashton chaired a meeting of the foreign policy actors across the Commission, Council and member states to give a coordinated response to the disaster. Although she refused to describe it as the first act of the external action service, Ashton did stress that it was the first time that such a co-ordination between all the various EU foreign policy actors had been accomplished before.  Throughout the first half of 2010 Ashton fought for agreement between the Council, Parliament and the Commission as to the future shape of the EEAS. The Commission wanted to retain as many of its existing competencies (trade, development, enlargement, representations and so forth) as possible while Parliament fought to gain as much oversight over the EEAS as possible by demanding scrutiny of appointments and budgets. Parliament removed the last hurdle to the plan on 8 July, when MEPs approved the service by 549 votes for and 78 against with 17 abstentions. The Council approved the transfer of departments to the EEAS on 20 July. Until the EEAS became operational, Ashton was only supported by around 30 people on a floor of the Berlaymont building. The EEAS was formally launched at the Commission headquarters in a low key event on 1 December 2010.

Organisation.

The EEAS manages general foreign relations, security and defence policies and controls the Situation Centre (see intelligence below). However, although the HR and the EEAS can prepare initiatives, member states make the final policy decisions and the Commission also plays a part in technical implementation. The HR must report to the European Parliament. The EEAS would have desks dedicated to all the countries and regional organisations in the world, and specialised units for democracy, human rights and defence.  The EEAS has six geographical departments headed by a managing director. The departments divide the world into: 1) Africa, 2) Asia, 3) Americas, 4) the Middle East and Southern Neighbourhood, 5) Russia, the Eastern Neighbourhood and the Western Balkans and 6) Global and Multilateral Affairs. Geographic desks are not duplicated in the Commission. The EEAS also includes departments for security, strategic policy planning, legal affairs, inter-institutional relations, information and public diplomacy, internal audit and inspections, and personal data protection.

Departments transferred.

Parts of the following departments have been transferred from the Commission or Council to the External Action Service: the Policy Unit (Council), Directorate-General E (Council), Officials of the General Secretariat of the Council on secondment to European Union Special Representatives and ESDP missions Directorate-General for External Relations (Commission), External Service (CommissionDelegations), Directorate-General for Development (Commission).

Staff.

Staff is drawn from the Commission and Council and from the member states' diplomatic services, seconded temporarily. The HR appoints his or her own staff directly. There were no national quotas for the initial 1,100 staff members and a minimum of 33% was to be from member states. The rest are permanent officials drawn from the European Commission and the Secretariat General of the Council of the European Union. This is in part due to the need to establish a common diplomatic culture, which is also what has prompted calls for a European diplomatic academy.  On 1 January 2011 the first staff were permanently transferred to the EEAS: 585 from the Commissions External Relations DG (which ceased to exist), 93 from the Commissions Development DG (the remainder of which merged into Development Cooperation DG), 436 from the Commission delegations and 411 from the Council of the European Union. These joined with 118 new posts to create a staff of 1,643 on the day of transfer.

Senior posts.

The day-to-day administration of the EEAS is handled by an Executive Secretary-General.  Below the Secretary-General there are two deputy Secretaries-General. One of the deputy secretaries-general deals with administrative matters (such as co-ordination and co-operation with the Commission) while the other assists with foreign policy formulation. On 28 July 2015 it was announced that as from mid-September 2015, the Secretary General will be assisted by a third Deputy Secretary-General, in charge of Economic and Global Issues. However under the final agreed plans the HR would be deputised by a relevant European Commissioner or the foreign minister holding the rotating council presidency.  The Secretary-General will also oversee the autonomous cells such as the Situation Centre (see intelligence below), the military staff, an internal security unit, audit unit and a unit for communications and relations with other EU institutions. The chief operating officer deals with the budget and administration and six managing directors each manage a department (see "organisation"). The following are the current office holders;

Delegations.

The former Commission's representations abroad fall under the EEAS as EU embassies (although representing the whole of the EU under Lisbon, the Commission had wanted to retain management). The delegations would also support visits from MEPs, delegation heads would have hearings in Parliament (though no veto) and they are at the disposal of Parliament for questions concerning the country they dealt with. There are EU delegations in nearly every UN member state and each head of delegation is the EU ambassador (appointed by the High Representative).  On 1 January 2010 all former European Commission delegations were renamed "European Union delegations" and were gradually upgraded into embassy-type missions that employ greater powers than the regular delegations. These upgraded delegations have taken on the role previously carried out by the national embassies of the member state holding the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union and merged with the independent Council delegations around the world. Through this the EU delegations take on the role of co-ordinating national embassies and speaking for the EU as a whole, not just the Commission.  The first delegation to be upgraded was the one in Washington D.C., the new joint ambassador was Joao Vale de Almeida who outlined his new powers as speaking for both the Commission and Council presidents, and member states. He would be in charge where there was a common position but otherwise, on bilateral matters, he would not take over from national ambassadors. All delegations are expected to be converted by the end of 2010. Some states may choose to operate through the new EU delegations and close down some of their smaller national embassies, however France has indicated that it will maintain its own network around the world for now.

Budget.

The EEAS's budget is proposed and managed by the HR and be signed off every year by Parliament. Parliament would also review the budget of each EU mission; Parliament's oversight would put an end to a long-standing gentlemen's agreement whereby Parliament and Council do not look at each other's budget details.

Parliamentary oversight.

Parliament has fought to gain oversight over the EEAS and under final plans the budget, though independent, would be scrutinised by MEPs who can approve or reject it. Parliament would also be consulted on overseas missions and have stronger budgetary oversight over those too. They would also informally vet appointments to prominent foreign embassies and have access to some classified EEAS documents.

Intelligence and security.

As part of the merger, the intelligence gathering services in the Commission and Council will be merged. These services are the Council's "Joint Situation Centre" (SitCen) and "Watch-Keeping Capability" and the Commission's "Crisis Room". The Situation Centre has 110 staff and has a cell of intelligence analysts from member states who pool classified information to produce concise reports on important topics. It also runs a 24/7 alert desk based on public sources which then updates EU diplomats via SMS on current events. The Watch-Keeping Capability is composed of 12 police and military officers who gather news from the EU's overseas missions.  The Commission's Crisis Room is run by six commission officials who run a restricted website reporting breaking news on the 118 active conflicts in the world based on open sources and news from EU embassies. It uses scientific tools including statistical analysis and software which scans global TV broadcasts for names and key words. Details on the plans for the new merged intelligence service are still sketchy as of early 2010 but it will not run undercover operations along the lines of national intelligence agencies despite proposals from Belgium and Austria after the 2004 Madrid train bombings.  The Situation Centre and Crisis Room would be merged and headed by the HR. It would be located near the HR's office headed by a director-general with a staff of around 160 people and a budget of 10 to 20 million euro a year. It would have IT experts, scientists, tacticians and seconded intelligence operatives. It would send people into crisis zones to gather information and have 24/7 hotlines to EU delegations around the world. It would give the HR an immediate and powerful asset in an emergency without having to go via the Council's Political and Security committee first. However it is unclear if the Council's Clearing House (or Working Group CP 931 which deals with the EU's terrorism blacklist) would be merged into the EEAS along with these other bodies.  Meanwhile, Ashton appointed a Polish security operative to head a working group designing the security architecture of the EEAS; particularly the physical security of the EEAS building and its communication network with its embassies. It is seen as particularly important due to the EEAS handling sensitive, as discussed above, amid espionage concerns from China and Russia.  In September 2010, job adverts went out to EU institutions and national embassies for three junior posts at the EEAS. One for foreign deployment, one for a multi-lingual internet researcher and one to follow up on open and confidential information sources. The adverts expressed more about the future department's work, in particular at the new director would be expected to travel to global hotspots. The director of the Joint Situation Centre was appointed in December 2010, Finnish security chief Ilkka Salmi.  The High Representative also has authority over the European Defence Agency, EU Institute for Security Studies and the EU Satellite Centre, though these remain autonomous from the EEAS itself.  The EEAC is expanding its cooperation with non-European Union nations in efforts to enhance its anti-terrorism and security policy.

Commission's responsibilities.

The European Commission managed to retain control over its competencies in aid (and its €6 billion a year budget), development, energy and enlargement. This gives the relevant Commissioners the lead in those areas and deputise for the HR when necessary. Although the service will have cells for the Commission's areas, decisions will have to be made jointly by the HR and the College of Commissioners.  However Ashton's draft plan for the EEAS included proposals for the EEAS to take responsibility for Neighbourhood Policy (currently assigned to the Enlargement Commissioner) and international development at least. Under a compromise with the Commission, it was agreed development would be split, with the EEAS taking on three of the five planning cycles from the Commission. How this division of labour will work in practice only began being tested in 2012 as the 2014–2020 programming exercise began.  The following Directorates-General (DGs) and Commissioners are not being merged and decisions in these areas require approval from the college of Commissioners:

Location.

The EEAS is based in the Triangle building (also known as the Capital, or Axa building) on the Schuman roundabout in the heart of Brussels' EU Quarter. The building is leased at €12 million-a-year. Prior to moving in, future EEAS staff were located in eight separate buildings at a cost of €25 million each year. The EEAS lease most of the building, with Commission departments filling the remaining space. The European Personnel Selection Office (Epso) was already occupying part of the building since July 2010.  It was originally expected that the EEAS would take over the Commission's Charlemagne building on the Rue de la Loi which housed the now defunct Directorate-General for External Relations (RELEX). However that building was thought to be too small, would be too closely associated with RELEX (going against the image of the EEAS as a unique independent institution) and would take too long to overhaul. It was also proposed that the EEAS take over the Lex building. Due to cost and security considerations, Ashton had preferred to take over the Lex building which could be rented from the Council at a lower rate and already has a higher security rating with tunnels to the main Commission and Council buildings. However, in order to take over the building, the council staff would have to be willing to leave and the Council's budget increased so they could find new accommodation. Due to the staff in Lex unwilling to move, the triangle building was chosen by Ashton in October 2010.  The EEAS's CSDP bodies are situated in the Kortenberg building, as these could not be moved to the Triangle building in 2012 for security reasons.

The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the diplomatic service and combined foreign and defence ministry of the European Union (EU). The EEAS is led by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR), who is also President of the Foreign Affairs Council and Vice-President of the European Commission, and carries out the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), including the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

Le Service européen pour l'action extérieure, ou simplement appelé Service extérieur ou SEAE ( en anglais ou EEAS) est un organe institutionnel de l'Union européenne, placé sous l'autorité du Haut représentant de l'Union pour les affaires étrangères et la politique de sécurité. Il en constitue le service diplomatique, à la fois à Bruxelles et à l'étranger.