Early life.

Bembenek was the youngest of three girls born to Joseph and Virginia Bembenek in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 15, 1958. Joseph Bembenek had previously worked for the Milwaukee Police Department but quit after witnessing what he described as corruption within the department. He later worked as a carpenter.  Bembenek was raised a Roman Catholic and attended St. Augustine Elementary School and St. Mary's Academy in Milwaukee. She later transferred to Bay View High School where she graduated in 1976. Upon graduation, Bembenek attended Bryant & Stratton College, where she earned an associate degree in fashion merchandising management.

Career and marriage.

After college, Bembenek worked in retail and had a brief stint as a model. In 1978, she appeared as "Miss March" in a calendar distributed by the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company.  In March 1980, Bembenek began training at the Milwaukee Police Academy. While still a trainee, an anonymous tipster reported that Bembenek was seen smoking marijuana at a party. Bembenek denied the charge which was investigated but never substantiated. Bembenek later said she believed the accusation was made by the wife of a Milwaukee police officer who confronted her at a party about her clothing and accused Bembenek of leading her husband on. Bembenek graduated from the Academy in the summer of 1980 and was assigned to the South Side Second District of Milwaukee. In her autobiography "Woman on the Run", Bembenek claimed that the Milwaukee Police Department was then composed of "brutal, lazy, apathetic and corrupt" police officers. She further claimed that female and minority officers were routinely subjected to harassment and abuse during training. Bembenek stated that when females and minorities trainees became members of the police force, they were often severely punished or fired for minor infractions during their probationary period while white male officers went unpunished for more serious offenses.  While training at the Milwaukee Police Academy, Bembenek met and became close with another female trainee, Judy Zess. At a rock concert in May 1980, Zess was arrested for smoking marijuana. Bembenek's subsequent dismissal from the police department on August 25 stemmed from her involvement in filing a false report on Zess' arrest. After being fired, Bembenek discovered photos of Milwaukee police officers dancing nude and semi-nude at a party sponsored by a local bar in Milwaukee's Riverwest district. She had also witnessed the wide-spread use of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs by several members of local law enforcement. Bembenek came across evidence that the metro-area drug kingpin at the time, the notorious Ron Peters, was supplying the drugs for recreational use to the police and to members of the Milwaukee Brewers major league baseball club, including Paul Molitor, the inside distributor for Peters with the Brewers. Molitor in a subsequent plea deal was forced to leave Milwaukee and join the Toronto Blue Jays. The Milwaukee district attorney mandated that Molitor remain absolutely drug free for any subsequent visits to Milwaukee, such as for baseball games. Peters was busted and jailed after long surveillance by the FBI, who staked out his lower flat along N. Sherman Blvd. by occupying the upper flat, having been granted permission by the two nurses who lived there at the time but worked on the south side at St. Luke's Hospital. The news media were called by the FBI to stage their reporters and cameras when the bust occurred, including vivid video in the darkness lit up by television lights as a tow truck hauled Peters' Porsche away to impound.  Bembenek had in her possession the scandalous photos of Schultz and other officers dancing nude on picnic tables in Gordon Park near one of their favorite hangouts, The Tracks tavern. She took the pictures to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission arguing that while she was fired for a minor infraction, the photos proved that other police officers committing more serious violations were not punished. The EEOC encouraged Bembenek to file a discrimination report with the Milwaukee Police Department internal affairs division. In the months following her firing, Bembenek briefly worked as a waitress at the Playboy Club in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.  Around that time, she met Elfred O. "Fred" Schultz, then a 13-year veteran of the Milwaukee Police Department. Schultz had two sons and had obtained a divorce from his first wife, Christine, in November 1980. Bembenek and Schultz were married in January 1981 in Waukegan, Illinois. At the time of the marriage, Bembenek was working as a personal trainer at a health club and was living in an apartment with Schultz, her friend Judy Zess and Zess' boyfriend Thomas D. Gaertner. Bembenek later got a job as a campus security officer at Marquette University.  In November 1981, Bembenek and Schultz were remarried after a judge ruled that the couple's marriage was invalid because Schultz had violated Wisconsin law by not waiting six months after his divorce from Christine to remarry.

Murder of Christine Schultz.

On May 28, 1981, at approximately 2:15am, Fred Schultz's ex-wife Christine was murdered in her Milwaukee home. Christine Schultz had been killed by a single.38 caliber pistol shot fired point-blank into her back and through her heart. She had been gagged and blindfolded and her hands were tied in front of her with rope. Her two sons, then 7 and 11 years old, found her face down on her bed and bleeding. The older boy, Sean, had seen the assailant and described him as a masked male figure in a green army jacket and black shoes. He also said the man had a long (approx. 6" or 15 cm) reddish-colored ponytail. Bembenek had dyed blonde hair, weighed 140 pounds and was.  At the time of her murder, Christine and Fred Schultz had been divorced six months. Fred Schultz initially stated he was on duty investigating a burglary with his partner, Michael Durfee, at the time of the murder, but years later he admitted they were actually drinking at a local bar. When ballistics testing allegedly revealed it was his off-duty revolver that had been the murder weapon, suspicion shifted to Laurie Bembenek, as she had been alone in the apartment she shared with Schultz and had access to both the gun and a key to Christine's house that Fred Schultz had secretly copied from his oldest son's house key. Bembenek was arrested for Christine Schultz's murder on June 24, 1981.  Fred Schultz had previously been exonerated in the fatal shooting of a Glendale, Wisconsin police officer on July 23, 1975. The Glendale officer, George Robert Sassan, had arrested a subject in a bar while off-duty. Milwaukee police officers, including Schultz, responded to the call in suburban Glendale (outside their jurisdiction), reportedly mistook Sassan for a suspect and shot him to death when he turned toward them, holding a gun. Schultz and his partner were cleared by the Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office in the shooting.

Trial and conviction.

Bembenek's trial generated tremendous publicity, and newspapers began referring to her as "Bambi" Bembenek (a nickname she disliked). The prosecution portrayed her as a loose woman addicted to expensive living who wanted Christine Schultz dead so that her new husband would no longer have to pay alimony. The prosecution pointed out that Bembenek also had financial problems. The prosecution claimed that Bembenek was the only person with the motive, means and opportunity to carry out the crime. The strongest evidence was two human hairs found at the crime scene, which matched ones taken from the hairbrush of the defendant. The gun used to kill Christine Schultz was Bembenek's husband's off-duty revolver. The prosecution claimed that Bembenek was the only person besides Fred Schultz who had access to this weapon. Blood was found on the gun. Bembenek supposedly also had access to a key to Christine Schultz's home. There were no signs of a break-in and no valuables taken. Schultz's eldest son, however, stated that Bembenek was not the person who had held up their house and shot his mother.  Witnesses testified that Bembenek had spoken often of killing Christine Schultz. The prosecution produced a witness who said Bembenek offered to pay him to carry out the murder. According to witnesses for the prosecution, Bembenek owned a green jogging suit similar to the one described by Schultz's son. It was pointed out that Bembenek owned a clothes line and a blue bandanna similar to what was used to bind and gag the victim. A wig found in the plumbing system of Bembenek's apartment matched fibers found at the murder scene. A boutique employee testified that Bembenek purchased such a wig shortly before the murder.  On March 9, 1982, Bembenek was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. She was imprisoned at the Taycheedah Correctional Institution in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

Post-trial publicity.

On June 28, 1983, Bembenek filed for divorce from Fred Schultz. In an interview she gave to "The Milwaukee Sentinel", Bembenek said that Schultz had written her a letter informing her that he was living with a 19-year-old woman in Florida and had decided to end their marriage. Their divorce was granted on June 19, 1984. While Schultz had initially stood by Bembenek and believed she was innocent, he later changed his mind and publicly stated that he believed she was "Guilty as sin." Bembenek also came to believe that Fred Schultz was guilty of hiring someone to murder Christine and allowed her to take the fall. The real murderer was Freddy Horenberger. He, along with an accomplice, had been questioned nearby days before the murder by a Milwaukee County Sheriffs Department deputy. Bembenek contended that the attorney whom Schultz had hired to represent her had a conflict of interest and had purposely failed to inform the jury that there was evidence that Schultz was connected to the murder.  After her imprisonment, Bembenek filed three unsuccessful appeals of her conviction citing police errors in handling of key evidence and the fact that one of the prosecution's witnesses, Judy Zess, had recanted her testimony, stating it was made under duress. Bembenek and her supporters also alleged that Milwaukee police may have singled her out for prosecution because of her role as a key witness in a federal investigation into police corruption. Bembenek's supporters suggested that Fred Schultz may have arranged to have someone else murder his ex-wife. One possible candidate was Frederick Horenberger, a career criminal who briefly worked with Schultz on a remodeling project and was a former boyfriend of Judy Zess. A disguised Horenberger had robbed and beaten Judy Zess several weeks prior to Christine Schultz's murder and would later serve a ten-year sentence for that crime.  According to a number of affidavits which emerged following Bembenek's conviction, Horenberger boasted of killing Schultz to other inmates while he was in jail. Yet publicly, Horenberger vehemently denied any involvement in the Schultz murder up until his alleged suicide in November 1991, following a robbery and hostage-taking stand-off in which he had been involved. Horenberger at the time of his death was actually on the telephone with a sibling and reported that he had surrendered his firearm at the behest of law enforcement officers on the scene. He declared that the police were entering the apartment where he was holed up, near S. 2nd St. and W. Layton Ave. in Milwaukee. Horenberger was providing instructions on what he wanted his sibling to do for his predicted upcoming jailing. Then shots, rang out. With his dying breath, Frederick Horenberger told his sibling that the Milwaukee Police had shot him in order to shut him up about his actually having had been the murderer of Christine Schultz, hired by Elfred "Fred" Schultz himself to do the deed. Horenberger had worked with Elfred while the two remodeled a tavern on Milwaukee's north side along W. Hampton Ave. near N. 76th St., where the two also conspired together to cook up the murder plan.  There were questions raised as to the accuracy of the information and the evidence used in the trial. Dr. Elaine Samuels, the medical examiner who conducted the autopsy, had originally concluded that hairs recovered from the body were consistent with that of the victim; after Dr. Samuels had come to that conclusion, the hair evidence was examined by Diane Hanson, a hair analyst from a crime lab in Madison, Wisconsin. Hanson stated that two of the hairs were consistent with samples taken from Laurie Bembenek's hairbrush. Dr. Samuels refuted that claim, stating in a 1983 letter, quoted in the "Toronto Star" in 1991, that "I recovered no blonde or red hairs of any length or texture... [A]ll of the hairs I recovered from the body were brown and were grossly identical to the hair of the victim... [I] do not like to suggest that evidence was altered in any way, but I can find no logical explanation for what amounted to the appearance of blonde hair in an envelope that contained no such hair at the time it was sealed by me."  The apartment where Bembenek and Fred Schultz lived shared drainage with another apartment. In the shared drainpipe was found a brownish-red wig which matched some of the hairs found on the victim's body. The woman who occupied the other apartment testified that Judy Zess had knocked on her door and asked to use her bathroom; after Zess used the woman's bathroom, the plumbing was clogged. Zess had also admitted to owning a brownish-red wig.  While in prison, Bembenek earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Parkside and helped found a prisoners' newspaper. She also met and became engaged to factory worker Dominic Guglietti, who was the brother of Bembenek's cellmate.

Escape and capture.

On July 15, 1990, Bembenek escaped through a laundry room window and was picked up by Guglietti. The couple were spotted two days after Bembenek's escape in Guglietti's truck in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. The abandoned truck was later found in a parking lot of a Target. Bembenek and Guglietti fled to Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, while sensational stories about their relationship swirled through American tabloids. Her escape also reignited publicity surrounding her case, and she became something of a folk hero. A song was written about her, and T-shirts were sold with the slogan "Run, Bambi, Run".  While on the run, Bembenek used the name "Jennifer Gazzana" and got a job working as a waitress. She also worked as a fitness instructor.  On October 17, 1990, the couple were arrested after a tourist saw a segment about Bembenek's escape on "America's Most Wanted". Guglietti was deported back to the United States a month later and was eventually sentenced to one year in prison for his role in the escape. Bembenek, however, sought refugee status in Canada, claiming that she was being persecuted by a conspiracy between the police department and the judicial system in Wisconsin. The Canadian government showed some sympathy for her case, and before returning her to Wisconsin, obtained a commitment that Milwaukee officials would conduct a judicial review of her case. The review did not find evidence of crimes by police or prosecutors, but detailed seven major police blunders which had occurred during the Christine Schultz murder investigation, and she won the right to a new trial.  Bembenek voluntarily returned to the United States on April 22, 1991. Rather than risk a second conviction, however, Bembenek pleaded no contest to second-degree murder during a hearing held on December 9, 1992. She was sentenced to 20 years which was commuted to time served. She was released from custody three hours after the hearing having served a little over ten years.

Life after prison.

Bembenek wrote a book about her experience, titled "Woman on Trial". After her release, she had various legal and personal problems. She was arrested again on marijuana possession charges and filed for bankruptcy, as well as developing hepatitis C and other health problems. She also admitted to being an alcoholic. She legally changed her name to Laurie Bembenek in July 1994.  In 1996, she moved to Washington state to be near her retired parents in Vancouver. There she met a local resident, U.S. Forest Service employee Marty Carson, whom she eventually married.  Bembenek was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, complicated by a growing addiction to alcohol. As a form of therapy, Carson encouraged her to devote time to her passion of painting. Bembenek had made paintings since childhood, and her early work had been the subject of an exhibition at UW–Milwaukee in 1992. Carson constructed a studio for her, and she eagerly returned to her art. After several years she had amassed about 30 paintings, which she put on display at a local art gallery. The gallery burned down in a fire and all the paintings were destroyed.  In 2002, Bembenek either fell or jumped from a second-story window, breaking her leg so badly that it had to be amputated below the knee. Bembenek claimed that she had been confined in an apartment by handlers for the "Dr. Phil" television show and was injured while attempting to escape.  Bembenek continued to insist she was innocent, but the Wisconsin Supreme Court refused to overturn her no contest plea, saying such a plea cannot be withdrawn. In April 2008, Bembenek filed a petition with the United States Supreme Court, seeking a reversal of the second murder conviction. Bembenek's attorney pointed to evidence not heard in the original trial, including ballistics tests matching the murder bullets to the gun owned by Fred Schultz, male DNA found on the victim, evidence the victim had been sexually assaulted and the eyewitness testimony of the two young sons who said they had seen a heavyset, masked man. Bembenek's petition argued the court needed to clarify whether defendants who plead guilty or no contest have an opportunity to review evidence comparable to the rights of those who plead not guilty. Her appeal was denied in June 2008.  Her case was the inspiration for two television movies and various books and articles portraying her as the victim of a miscarriage of justice. In 2004, MSNBC produced and aired a biography of Laurie Bembenek on their "Headliners and Legends" television show. Bembenek did not take part in the show. She was interviewed by WTMJ-TV anchor Mike Jacobs for a two-part sweeps interview that aired on that station's 10pm newscast on October 28 and 29, 2010.

Death.

On November 20, 2010, she died at a hospice facility in Portland, Oregon from liver and kidney failure.

Lawrencia Ann "Bambi" Bembenek (August 15, 1958 – November 20, 2010), known as Laurie Bembenek, was an American former police officer convicted of murdering her husband's ex-wife. Her story garnered national attention after she escaped from Taycheedah Correctional Institution and was recaptured in Canada, an episode which inspired books, movies and the slogan "Run, Bambi, Run". Upon winning a new trial, she pleaded no contest to second-degree murder and was sentenced to time served and ten years' probation in December 1992. Four years after, she sought to have the sentence overturned.

Lawrencia Ann "Bambi" Bembenek ( - ) est une américaine condamnée pour le meurtre de l'ex-femme de son mari. Son histoire attire l'attention du public à partir de son évasion de l'établissement correctionnel de Taycheedah jusqu'à son arrestation au Canada et a inspiré des livres, des films et le slogan ""Run, Bambi, Run"".


History.

Indigenous peoples.

Northern Paiute people were the first in the area, frequenting nearby mountains and streambeds to find or follow food sources. When early settlers arrived, conflict developed over local resources, eventually escalating to the Snake War. The conflict lasted from 1864 to 1868 and left two thirds of the Paiutes dead, with those that remained sent to a reservation.

Early settlement.

Non-native settlement in the area was largely driven by the 1863 discovery of gold along Jordan Creek by a group of prospectors camping in the area. Soon after, the area was named Jordan Valley after Michael M. Jordan, one of the men in the group. Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, the son of Sacagawea, was among the early miners who came to the area.  Another miner named Silas Skinner organized a small team and built a road to more easily access Jordan Creek. The road passed through the current-day location of Jordan Valley, which soon became a pack station where miners would wait for snow to melt enough to access the mining area. The town also served as a rest stop for those travelling between larger mining towns such as Silver City, Ruby City, and De Lamar. A post office opened in 1867 in the cabin of John Baxter, one of the first permanent residents of Jordan Valley. Skinner operated his toll road until 1878, when the Owyhee County Commissioners took over responsibility for all roads in the area. He then settled in Jordan Valley and opened the Skinner Ranch.

Economic transition.

When mining declined in the area and populations of boomtowns like Silver City dwindled around 1875, residents of Jordan Valley survived by transitioning to ranching. By 1867, 11 ranches were operating locally. In 1888, there were an estimated 100,000 head of cattle in the area. Ranching supported continuing growth of the community until the Great Depression struck in 1929. This financial hardship, coupled with the remoteness of the town (and subsequent lack of law enforcement) made bootlegging grow in popularity during the last few years of Prohibition.

Basque immigration.

Many Basque immigrants came to Jordan Valley, starting around 1889 with the arrival of José Navarro and Antone Azcuenaga. Local oral history claims that before long, the Basques comprised around two thirds of the population of the town. A pelota court, known as the Pelota Fronton, was built in 1915, and still stands as a historic landmark. The Basques also constructed several sandstone buildings, including three boarding houses, and (with the help of local Irish immigrants) the St. Bernard's Catholic Church, which can still be seen today. Basque immigration to the area slowed with the passing of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, which favored cattle ranching over sheep, the Basques' preferred livestock.

Declining population.

Jordan Valley's population steadily dwindled after the 1920s, with the only notable growth being correlated with the 1977 opening of the DeLamar Mine, and its reopening by the Kinross Gold Corporation in 1993, when the population grew from 376 to 446. The mine closed in 1999, and by 2016, the population of Jordan Valley had dwindled to around 175. In 2017, Integra Resources Corporation purchased the mine, but as of 2019, is still in the process of researching and planning future silver mining operations for the site.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.  Jordan Valley's most prominent geographical landmark is the blunt plateau across Jordan Creek and adjacent to town, Pharmacy Hill.  Jordan Valley's main occupations are cattle ranching and sheep herding. People in those occupations typically live far from town on homesteads, but use Jordan Valley as their cultural and economic center. People within Jordan Valley primarily provide a number of services to tourists passing through on U.S. Route 95, which is the primary road from Boise, Idaho to Reno, Nevada.  Jordan Valley is known for its excellent hunting and fishing as well as its proximity to Jordan Craters, an extinct volcanic field. Other popular areas nearby include Leslie Gulch, Cow Lakes, Antelope Reservoir, and Three Forks to the south.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 181 people, 94 households, and 53 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 149 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 95.0% White, 3.3% Native American, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population.  There were 94 households, of which 17.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.6% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.45.  The median age in the city was 55.9 years. 14.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.7% were from 25 to 44; 38.1% were from 45 to 64; and 32% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 239 people, 109 households, and 66 families residing in the city. The population density was 114.6 people per square mile (44.4/km). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 67.2 per square mile (26.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.72% White, 0.42% Asian, 0.42% Pacific Islander, 1.67% from other races, and 3.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.09% of the population.  There were 109 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 30.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $16,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,501. About 13.5% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.9% of those 65 or over.

Education.

Jordan Valley is served by the Jordan Valley School District, including Jordan Valley High School.

Jordan Valley is a city in Malheur County, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Ontario, OR–ID Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies along Jordan Creek, a tributary of the Owyhee River; the creek is named for a 19th-century prospector, Michael M. Jordan. The population was 181 at the 2010 census.

Jordan Valley est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté de Malheur en Oregon. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population est de. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de.


Teams.

Nineteen teams were invited to start the race. These included three UCI WorldTeams, 11 UCI Professional Continental teams and five UCI Continental teams.

Classification leadership table.

In the 2018 Tour of Croatia, four different jerseys were awarded. The general classification was calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers at intermediate sprints (three seconds to first, two seconds to second and one second to third) and at the finish of mass-start stages; these were awarded to the first three finishers on all stages: the stage winner won a ten-second bonus, with six and four seconds for the second and third riders respectively. The leader of the classification received a red jersey; it was considered the most important of the 2018 Tour of Croatia, and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race. Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a blue jersey. In the points classification, cyclists received points for finishing in the top 15 in a stage. For winning a stage, a rider earned 25 points, with 20 for second, 16 for third, 14 for fourth, 12 for fifth, 10 for sixth and a point fewer per place down to 1 point for 15th place. Points towards the classification could also be accrued – awarded on a 5–3–1 scale – at intermediate sprint points during each stage; these intermediate sprints also offered bonus seconds towards the general classification as noted above.  There was also a mountains classification, the leadership of which was marked by a green jersey. In the mountains classification, points towards the classification were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists. Each climb was categorised as either hors, first, second, or third-category, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The fourth and final jersey represented the classification for young riders, marked by a white jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders born after 1 January 1996 were eligible to be ranked in the classification. There was also a classification for teams, in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time.

The 2018 Tour of Croatia was a road cycling stage race that took place in Croatia between 17 and 22 April 2018. It was the fourth edition of the Tour of Croatia since its revival in 2015, and was rated as a 2.HC event as part of the 2018 UCI Europe Tour.

La édition du Tour de Croatie a eu lieu du 17 au. Elle fait partie du calendrier UCI Europe Tour 2018 en catégorie 2.1.


Early life and education.

Born 1942, in Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert and Gladys Bath. Her father was an immigrant from Trinidad, a newspaper columnist, a merchant seaman and the first black man to work for the New York City Subway as a motorman. Her father inspired her love for culture and encouraged her to explore different cultures. Her mother was descended from African slaves and Cherokee Native Americans.Throughout her childhood, Bath was often told by her parents to "never settle for less than [her] best" and had been encouraged by their support of her education. Her mother, encouraging her dreams and love of science, had bought her her first chemistry set. Gladys Bath decided to be a homemaker while her children were young, then later became a housekeeper to help fund the education of her children. Patricia and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School where both students excelled in science and math. Patricia was inspired by her teachers to pursue research.In high school, Bath also was further encouraged in biology courses to explore her love of science, spending extra time in biology labs to learn more.  Inspired by Albert Schweitzer's work in medicine, Bath applied for and won a National Science Foundation Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to a research project at Yeshiva University and Harlem Hospital Center studying connections between cancer, nutrition, and stress.In this summer program, led by Rabbi Moses D. Tendler, Bath had studied the effects of streptomycin residue on bacteria. Through this, she was able to conclude that cancer, itself, was a catabolic disease and tumor growth was a symptom. She had also discovered a mathematical equation that could be used to predict cancer cell growth. The head of the research program realized the significance of her findings and published them in a scientific paper. Her discoveries were also shared at the International Fifth Congress of Nutrition in the fall of 1960.  In 1960, at the age of eighteen years old, Bath won a "Merit Award" of "Mademoiselle" magazine for her contribution to the project.  Bath received her Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964. She then relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University College of Medicine. Her freshman year at Howard coincided with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. She co-founded the Student National Medical Association and became its first woman president in 1965. At Howard, she was awarded a Children's Bureau National Government Fellowship Award to do research in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in the summer of 1967, where her research focused on pediatric surgery. The highlight of the award ceremony was the meeting of Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, at the US Embassy in Belgrade. Bath graduated with honors from Howard University College of Medicine in 1968. She was awarded the Edwin Watson Prize for Excellence in Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A. Young.  The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 caused Bath to dedicate herself to achieving one of the dreams of King, namely the empowerment of people through the Poor People's Campaign. She organized and led Howard University medical students in providing volunteer health care services to the Poor People's Campaign in Resurrection City in the summer of 1968.  Bath returned to her Harlem community and interned at Harlem Hospital Center, which had just become affiliated with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. During her internship, she observed large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in comparison to patients at the Columbia University Eye Clinic. Prior to beginning her ophthalmology residency study at NYU in 1970, she was awarded a one-year fellowship from Columbia University to study and contribute to eye care services at Harlem Hospital. She began to collect data on blindness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not have any ophthalmologists on staff. Her data and passion for improvement persuaded her professors from Columbia to operate on blind patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center, which had not previously offered eye surgery. Bath was proud to be on the Columbia team that performed the first eye surgery at Harlem Hospital in November 1969.  She served her residency in ophthalmology at New York University, from 1970 to 1973, the first African American to do so.She also got married and had a daughter, Eraka, in 1972.

Career.

After completing her residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program at Columbia University, which focused on corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis surgery (1973 to 1974). While a fellow, she was recruited by both the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute and Charles R. Drew University to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital. She then began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman ophthalmologist on the faculty at Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA. She was appointed assistant chief of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.  At both institutions, she rose to the rank of associate professor. At UCLA, she founded the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) in 1978. The graduates of the OATP are key personnel to provide screening, health education, and support for blindness prevention strategies.  While at UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, she established the Keratoprosthesis Program to provide advanced surgical treatment for blind patients. The program continues today as the KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight restored with this innovative technology. Based on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was chosen to lead the first national keratoprosthesis study in 1983.  In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair of the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program, becoming the first woman in the US to head an ophthalmology residency program.  While at UCLA, Dr. Bath had wanted to pursue research, though being denied the grants and resources by the National Institutes of Health and the National Eye Institute. It was then she had decided to look further for the best laboratories in the world, to support her plans for innovation in the world of ophthalmology. In 1986, Bath elected to take a sabbatical from clinical and administrative responsibilities and concentrate on research. She resigned her position as chair of ophthalmology and followed her research pursuits as visiting professor at centers of excellence in France, England and Germany. In France, she served as visiting professor at the Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris with Director, Daniele Aron-Rosa. In England, she served as visiting professor with Professor Emmony at the Loughborough Institute of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor at the University of Free Berlin and the laser medical center.  In 1993, she retired from UCLA, which subsequently elected her the first woman on its honorary staff.  She served as a professor of ophthalmology at Howard University's School of Medicine and as a professor of telemedicine and ophthalmology at St. Georges University ophthalmology training program. Being a strong advocate for telemedicine, Dr. Bath had supported the innovation of virtual labs, as a part of the curriculum in ophthalmology residency training programs, to provide surgeons with more realistic experience, made possible by 3D imaging. In an article written by Dr. Bath, in the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, she had proven that with better training and supervision in residency programs, students were able to achieve better results in their surgeries, leading to greater visual acuity.  Bath has lectured internationally and authored over 100 papers.

Blindness studies and community ophthalmology.

Based on her observations at Harlem Hospital, Bath published the first scientific paper showing the higher prevalence of blindness among Blacks. Bath also found that African American people had eight times higher prevalence of glaucoma as a cause of blindness.  Based on her research, she pioneered the worldwide discipline of "community ophthalmology" in 1976 after observations of epidemics rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in "third-world" countries. Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of public health, community medicine and ophthalmology to bring necessary eye care to under-served populations.

Humanitarian Work.

Dr. Bath's main humanitarian efforts can be seen through her work at The American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. Co-founded in 1976 with Dr. Alfred Cannon, an American psychiatrist and community organizer, and Dr. Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights advocate, this organization had been created on the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Through this organization, Bath was able to spread eye care throughout the globe by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins for malnourishment, and vaccinations against diseases that can cause blindness, like measles. Dr. Bath was able to spend her time as director traveling the world performing surgeries, teaching and lecturing at colleges. Dr. Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa and using keratoprosthesis, was able to restore the sight of a woman who been blind for over 30 years.  Through this organization, Dr. Bath traveled to Tanzania in 2005, where cataracts had become the lead cause of childhood blindness during this time. In Africa, the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness provided computers and other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at the Mwereni School for the Blind in Tanzania and St. Oda School for the Visually Impaired in Kenya.  Dr.Bath was also recognized for her philanthropic work in the field of ophthalmology by President Barack Obama. In 2009, she was on stage with President Obama and was put on his commission for digital accessibility to blind children.  In April 2019, Dr. Bath testified in a hearing called the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" at the Senate Office Building in Washington D.C., where Bath had shown the gender disparities in the STEM field and lack of female inventors.

Inventions.

In 1986, Bath did research in the laboratory of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a pioneer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris, and then at the Laser Medical Center in Berlin, where she was able to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her first experiment with excimer laser photoablation using human eye bank eyes.  Bath coined the term "Laser phaco" for the process, short for laser PHotoAblative Cataract surgery, and developed the laserphaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in Berlin and patented in 1988, making her the first African-American woman to receive a patent for a medical purpose. The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens — is used internationally to treat the disease. Bath has continued to improve the device and has successfully restored vision to people who have been unable to see for decades.  Bath holds five patents in the United States. Three of Bath's five patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe. In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts, and in 2003 a patent for combining laser and ultrasound to remove cataracts.

Death.

Bath died on May 30, 2019, at a University of California, San Francisco medical center from cancer-related complications, aged 76.

Honors and awards.

Dr. Bath had also been a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons from 1976 to 1989, a fellow of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as a member of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.  Bath has been honored by two of her universities. Hunter College placed her in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard University declared her a "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" in 1993. A picture book on her life and work in science was published in 2017, and was cited by both the National Science Teachers Association and the Chicago Public Library's list of best children's books of the year.

References.

Notes

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – May 30, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, inventor, humanitarian, and academic. She was an early pioneer of laser cataract surgery. She also became first woman member of the Jules Stein Eye Institute, first woman to lead a post-graduate training program in ophthalmology, and first woman elected to the honorary staff of the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American person to serve as a resident in ophthalmology at New York University. She was also the first African-American woman to serve on staff as a surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose. The holder of five patents, she also founded the non-profit American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C.

Patricia Era Bath (née le à Harlem, New York et morte le à San Francisco) est une ophtalmologiste et chercheuse américaine. Parmi ses innovations, figure notamment la technique d'opération de la cataracte par rayon laser utilisée dans le monde entier. Elle est la première Afro-Américaine à obtenir un brevet pour une invention dans le domaine médical.


History.

The first known European to visit the area was Spanish explorer Melchor Díaz. He documented his travels in present-day northwestern Mohave County in 1540. He recounts meeting a large population of natives who referred to themselves as the "Pipa Aha Macav," meaning "People by the River". From "Aha Macav" came the shortened name "Mojave" (also spelled "Mohave"). The tribe retains the traditional Spanish spelling "Mojave," but most English speakers use the modern English spelling "Mohave." Both are correct, and both are pronounced "Moh-"hah"-vee".  Named Camp Colorado, the fort was established by the US to provide protection for emigrants to California through Northern Arizona on the Beale's Wagon Road and across the Mojave Desert on the Mojave Road. It was also used as a base of military operations against the Mohave people.  The post was renamed Fort Mohave on April 28, 1859 by its first garrison commander Captain Lewis A. Armistead. With 50 soldiers he defeated 200 Mohave in a battle in the summer of 1859, and ended hostilities with them. Two years later after the start of the American Civil War, Brigadier General Edwin V. Sumner ordered the post abandoned and the buildings burned down on May 28, 1861 in order to withdraw the regular troops to garrison Los Angeles against an anticipated secessionist uprising. Later that year the regulars were sent east to serve with the Union in the Civil War.  On May 19, 1863, the post was rebuilt and re-garrisoned by companies B and I of the 4th California Infantry; they were assigned to protect the travelers along the Mohave and Prescott road. The Infantry successfully cultivated friendly relations with the Mojave Indians. These volunteer soldiers also took up prospecting and established mining claims in the area; they did not want to leave, and many returned after being mustered out after the end of the Civil War.  Fort Mohave was garrisoned again by regular United States Army troops until September 29, 1890, when the War Department transferred the land to the Office of Indian Affairs by order of President Benjamin Harrison. The buildings were used as the site of a boarding school for Native American children, where for decades students were required to use English and give up native traditions in an effort to assimilate them to the mainstream culture. After closing the school during the Great Depression, the Office of Indian Affairs transferred the property to the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. The buildings were not maintained; the ruins of the fort are controlled by the state of Arizona as a tourist attraction.

Fort Mohave was originally named Camp Colorado when it was established on April 19, 1859 by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman during the Mohave War. It was located on the east bank of the Colorado River, at Beale's Crossing, near the head of the Mohave Valley in Mohave County, Arizona by the recommendation of Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale. After the end of the Indian Wars, the fort was transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1890. In 1935 it was transferred to the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation; the fort is administered by the state of Arizona.

Le fort Mohave est appelé à l'origine le camp Colorado lorsqu'il est créé le par le lieutenant-colonel William Hoffman pendant la. Il est situé sur la rive est du fleuve Colorado à, près de l'entrée de la dans le comté de Mohave en Arizona sur recommandation du lieutenant. Après la fin des guerres indiennes, le fort est transféré du bureau des affaires indiennes en 1890. En 1935, il est transféré à la ; le fort est administré par l'État de l'Arizona.


Geography.

Thawville is located in western Iroquois County at (40.673903, -88.113296). Illinois Route 54 passes through the southeast side of the village, leading northeast to Onarga and southwest the same distance to Roberts.  According to the 2010 census, Thawville has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 258 people, 102 households, and 74 families residing in the village. The population density was 797.4 people per square mile (311.3/km2). There were 111 housing units at an average density of 343.1 per square mile (133.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.12% White, 0.39% Asian, 3.10% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.04% of the population.  There were 102 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the village, the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $39,659, and the median income for a family was $43,906. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $17,222 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,149. About 4.2% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 11.4% of those sixty five or over.

Thawville is a village in Ridgeland Township, Iroquois County, Illinois, United States. The population was 241 at the 2010 census. The town is south of Chicago.

Thawville est un village situé dans le comté d'Iroquois, dans l’État de l’Illinois, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


History.

Danforth was laid out in 1872 when the railroad was extended to that point. It mainly started out with most of the population being farmers and their families. The village was named for its founder, George M. Danforth.

Geography.

Danforth is located in northwestern Iroquois County at (40.820929, -87.979278). U.S. Route 45 passes through the center of the village, leading north to Ashkum and south the same distance to Gilman.  According to the 2010 census, Danforth has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 587 people, 202 households, and 131 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,230.8 people per square mile (472.2/km2). There were 217 housing units at an average density of 455.0 per square mile (174.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.47% White, 0.17% Asian, 0.34% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.53% of the population.  There were 202 households out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.01.  In the village, the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 32.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.4 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $35,341, and the median income for a family was $48,125. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $23,036 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,754. About 1.5% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Danforth is a village in Danforth Township, Iroquois County, Illinois, United States. The population was 604 at the 2010 census.

Danforth est un village situé dans le comté d'Iroquois, dans l’État de l’Illinois, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Design and development.

Fred Weick.

In 1931, aeronautical engineer Fred Weick was assistant chief of the aeronautics division of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). In 1934 he asked permission to build an aircraft based on the 1931 Stout Skycar, using fabric instead of aluminum covering, and control modifications based on NACA research. Weick and a group of co-workers designed and assembled the experimental aircraft with a group of his colleagues who worked on the project in their spare time and paid for it themselves. The resulting aircraft, known as the W-1, featured tricycle landing gear, a parasol wing, and a pusher propeller configuration.  Fred Weick listed the W1 design goals that were tested in later seminars:  In 1934, the Bureau of Air Commerce approached Weick's team looking for standards for a competition for a safe and practical $700 aircraft. In 1936 the winner of the competition was the Stearman-Hammond Y-1, incorporating many of the safety features of the W-1. Two other winners were the Waterman Aeroplane and a roadable autogyro, the Autogiro Company of America AC-35. The W-1 was not intended for production to qualify as a competitor, but was purchased by the Bureau for continued experimental tests in spin-control safety. After the prototype W-1 underwent a forced landing, an updated W-1A was built by Fairchild, incorporating leading edge cuffs.

ERCO.

Weick left NACA in 1936 and joined Engineering and Research Corporation's (ERCO) fledgling aircraft team as chief designer, primarily to continue improving his aircraft design. Focusing his efforts on a number of design issues, primarily simplicity and safety, Weick strove to create a reasonably priced aircraft that would not stall or spin. Retaining the tricycle gear for ease of maneuvering on the ground, and limited stall-spin features, Weick switched to a low-wing monoplane configuration in his new model, powered by an engine in tractor configuration.  The ERCO 310, which included a fully cowled engine, made its first flight in October 1937 at College Park Airport and was soon renamed the "Ercoupe". The easy-to-fly design included unique design features, including a large glazed canopy - with almost as much visibility as a bubble canopy - for improved visibility. The prototype 310 featured an ERCO-made inverted four-cylinder engine, the ERCO I-L 116, which was quickly dropped due to its high manufacturing cost compared to the new Continental A-65 horizontal. Lacking rudder pedals, the Ercoupe was flown using only the control wheel. A two-control system linked the rudder and aileron systems, which controlled yaw and roll, with the steerable nosewheel. The control wheel controlled the pitch and the steering of the aircraft, both on the ground and in the air, simplifying control and coordinated turning and eliminating the need for rudder pedals. A completely new category of pilot's license was created by the CAA for Ercoupe pilots who had never used a rudder pedal.  The Ercoupe was the first aircraft certified by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) as "characteristically incapable of spinning." The high-winged General Skyfarer obtained the second certification by licensing the ERCO technology. The first production Ercoupe, serial no. 1, NC15692 built in 1939 was donated to the National Air and Space Museum. In 1941 that aircraft, designated YO-55, was used in US Army Air Force testing.  The two-seat ERCO Ercoupe 415 went on sale in 1940. "LIFE" magazine described the aircraft as "nearly foolproof" and showed pictures of a pilot landing with his hands in the air. Only 112 aircraft were delivered before World War II intervened, halting all civil aircraft production. By mid-1941 aluminum supplies were being diverted to war-related production, so ERCO decided to manufacture Ercoupes for military use by using wood as the principal building material. The substitution of wood resulted in a heavier but quieter aircraft, because the wood absorbed vibrations from the engine and airflow. Ercoupes were flown during the war by the Civilian Pilot Training Program for flight instruction, and the Civil Air Patrol used them to patrol for German submarines.

Postwar sales.

Although World War II had interrupted production of the Ercoupe, general aviation manufacturers were enthusiastic about the prospects of a postwar aviation boom. Thousands of men and women were trained as pilots by the government, and the hope was that they would want to include flying in their civilian life. Production of the model 415-C resumed in 1945, and in 1946 alone 4,311 aircraft were produced and sold at a cost of US$2,665. This was the same price as in 1941. At its peak, ERCO was turning out 34 Ercoupes per day, operating three shifts per day. The aircraft was aggressively marketed through unconventional outlets such as the men's department of the Macy's department store chain. However, private aircraft sales slumped after the war and the bottom dropped out of the civil aircraft market in late 1946, ending prospects for a boom market for civil aircraft sales. A 30-day layoff at the factory in November resulted in rivets tossed around the factory and some aircraft sides and signs being painted. The year ended with an Ercoupe flown by a test pilot and mechanic breaking up in flight.  Aeronca obtained a licence to produce the Ercoupe 415 as the Aeronca 12AC Chum in 1946 and built two prototypes: "NX39637", with the Ercoupe twin-tail, and "NX83772" with a larger, single tail, metal wings and trailing-link struts in the main undercarriage. The Chum was powered by a Continental C-85J with a cruise speed. No production ensued.  In 1947 ERCO sold its remaining Ercoupe inventory to Sanders Aviation, which continued to produce the aircraft in the same ERCO-owned factory. A total of 213 aircraft were sold by 1950. During this time, ERCO's chief engineer Fred Wieck moved on to Texas A&M, where he developed the agricultural Piper Pawnee aircraft and eventually the popular Piper Cherokee with John Thorp and Karl Bergey.  Univair Aircraft Corporation of Aurora, Colorado purchased the Ercoupe design from the Engineering and Research Company in 1950. It provided spare parts and customer support to the existing aircraft.

Other production.

In April 1955, Univair sold the Ercoupe type certificate to the "Forney Aircraft Company" of Fort Collins, Colorado, which later became the "Fornaire Aircraft Company". The aircraft produced differed from the 415-G in its engine/propeller combination they were upgraded to a C-90 engine, revised engine cowling, larger baggage compartment, and aluminum-covered wing panels. The F-1A model had three axis controls and bucket seats. Production began in 1958 and ended in 1959.  A total of 138 aircraft were produced.  Between August 1960 and March 1964, the rights to the Aircoupe aircraft were held by the AirCoupe division of "Air Products Company" of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The company was started by the city, with the hope of establishing aircraft manufacture as a local industry. It purchased the type certificate from Forney when a potential deal with Beechcraft fell through. Only a few airframes were produced before the type certificate was sold to "Alon, Incorporated" on March 16, 1964. Twenty-five of the F-1A Forney Trainer were produced for US$7,450 each.  Alon Inc. was founded by John Allen and Lee O. Higdon, two executives who had retired from aircraft manufacturer Beechcraft to found their own company. They had previously negotiated with Forney Aircraft to purchase production of the Aircoupe so that Beechcraft could use the design as an introductory trainer. The deal was canceled by Olive Ann Beech, who decided to concentrate resources on the Beechcraft Musketeer. This decision caused the executives to leave Beechcraft and establish Alon in McPherson, Kansas, which purchased the type certificate for the Aircoupe from the City of Carlsbad, New Mexico on March 16, 1964. "A new company formed by former Beechcraft executives Allen and Higdon, who have purchased all assets, jigs, tools, and engineering of the program from the city of Carlsbad NM. They expect to deliver the first of 30-50 Aircoupes to be built next year for about $8,000." (-- Aviation Week 3/30/64)  The Alon A-2 and A-2A Aircoupes featured a sliding canopy, a Continental C90 engine, separate bucket seats and an improved instrument panel. The A-2 also differed from earlier two-control models in having limited-movement rudder pedals. This was done in order to make it a more acceptable training aircraft and to make it easier to counteract increased P-factor yaw during a climb from the more powerful engine. Nosewheel steering was no longer interlinked with the control yoke, and was changed to the more common practice of being interlinked with the rudder pedals( this was the same system that was installed in the Forney F-1A). The older two axes control system was offered as an option. The single control (non-differential) wheel brakes remained. The airplane had a higher rate of climb, a higher speed for best climb rate, and better engine cooling. Its non-spinning characteristics remained unchanged.  Alon produced 245 A-2s from 1964 to 1967, with peak production of 137 in 1966. The last 25 A-2s produced by Alon had spring-steel landing gear in place of the original main gear struts, light alloy castings and trailing links. The base price in 1967 was up to $7975. Production of the A-2 ceased in September 1967, and on October 9, 1967, Alon was purchased by, and became a division of the Mooney Airplane Company of Kerrville, Texas.  Mooney began producing the aircraft in 1968 as the Mooney A2-A. Next the company redesigned the fuselage from the cockpit back, with square windows behind the sliding canopy. Even as it produced the A2-A Cadet, Mooney was busy re-designing the aircraft. On February 23, 1968, the first Mooney Cadet M-10 flew. The aircraft has a single fin, with a vertical leading edge, as most Mooneys do.  The type certificate was sold to Univair Aircraft Corporation of Aurora, Colorado in October, 1974 and remains with Univair. The company has not produced any new aircraft but continues to produce replacement parts and provide technical assistance to Ercoupe owners.

Operational history.

Military.

Three model 415-C aircraft were procured by the United States Army Air Forces for use during World War II.  On 12 August 1941, the first USAAF rocket-assist takeoff was made by a Wright Field test pilot, Capt. Homer Boushey, using a small civilian-type Ercoupe aircraft. Subsequent refinements of this technique were made for assisting heavily loaded aircraft in taking off from limited space. The tests were conducted between 6 August and 23 August 1941, at March Field, California, using various combinations of rocket units mounted under the wings of NC28655.  An additional Ercoupe was evaluated by the Royal Air Force in 1947. This aircraft was serial number 4784, carried Royal Air Force markings VX 147 and was polished metal all over with RAF roundels.

Light sport use.

The Ercoupe is a type certified aircraft. However, some Univair Ercoupe 415-C and 415-CD models meet the FAA requirements to be flown by sport pilots as light-sport aircraft. The characteristics of the Ercoupe helped Jessica Cox (who was born without arms) to become a qualified pilot.

The ERCO Ercoupe is an American low-wing monoplane aircraft that was first flown in 1937. It was first manufactured by the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) shortly before World War II; several other manufacturers continued its production after the war. The final model, the Mooney M-10, first flew in 1968 and the last model year was 1970. It was designed to be the safest fixed-wing aircraft that aerospace engineering could provide at the time and the type continues to enjoy a faithful following.

LERCO "Ercoupe" était un monoplan à aile basse qui fut conçu et initialement produit aux États-Unis par l"" (ERCO), peu avant le début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Après la guerre, plusieurs autres constructeurs aéronautiques continuèrent sa production ; l'ultime modèle, le Mooney, vola pour la première fois en 1968 et la dernière année modèle fut 1970.


College career.

For his first three years at Northeastern, he played a supporting role behind Quincy Ford and David Walker. In his senior year, he was named CAA Player of the Year. Williams led the conference in scoring at 21.6 points per game and was second in Division I in minutes per game with 38.1. He had a career-high 33 points against CAA regular-season champ UNC-Wilmington on February 16.

Professional career.

Greensboro Swarm (2017–2018).

After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA Draft, Williams was signed by the Charlotte Hornets to their training camp roster on August 2, 2017, but was released on October 13 as one of the team's final preseason roster cuts. Ten days later, he signed with the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League as an affiliate player, playing in 37 games and averaging 8.8 points, 2.5 rebounds and 2.8 assists in 19.2 minutes.

Santeros de Aguada (2018).

On May 18, 2018, Williams signed with Santeros de Aguada of the Puerto Rican BSN. Three days later, Williams recorded a career-high 24 points in his debut, along with four rebounds and seven assists in a 123–116 loss to Capitanes de Arecibo.

Oostende (2018–2019).

On July 5, 2018 Williams signed a two-year contract with Oostende of the Belgian Pro Basketball League. On January 22, 2019, Williams recorded a season-high 21 points, shooting 7-of-14 from the field, along with three rebounds in an 82–62 win over Medi Bayreuth. In 49 games played for Oostende, he averaged 11.3 points, 2.3 rebounds and 2.8 assists per game. Williams won the 2019 Belgian League Championship with Oostende, as well as reaching the 2019 FIBA Europe Cup Quarterfinals, where they eventually were eliminated by Pallacanestro Varese.

Hapoel Be'er Sheva (2019–present).

On July 8, 2019, Williams signed a one-year deal with Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Premier League. On October 12, 2019, Williams tied his career-high 24 points in his second game with Be'er Sheva. He shot 9-of-15 from the field, along with four assists in a 69–75 loss to Maccabi Rishon LeZion.

T. J. Williams (born October 26, 1994) is an American basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Premier League. He played in college for Northeastern University before playing professionally in the NBA G League, Puerto Rico, Belgium and Israel.

T. J. Williams, né le, à Pflugerville, au Texas, est un joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste de meneur.


Past usage.

United Kingdom.

In the English Army the option of half-pay developed during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, at the same time as the system of purchasing commissions and promotions by officers took hold. Serving officers could go voluntarily on half-pay or be obliged to do if their services were not required. In both cases they could be summoned back to their regiments if there was a sudden need for their services. As an example, at the time of the Jacobite rising of 1715 all listed half-pay officers were recalled to the army.  In the long period of peace that the reduced British Army experienced following the Napoleonic Wars, the half-pay system became a means by which arduous overseas service could be avoided. Well-to-do officers promoted through the purchase system could transfer to the half-pay list if their regiment was posted to India or elsewhere. They could then purchase new appointments to regiments assigned to home service in Britain. Transfers to and from the half-pay list were approved at the discretion of the Secretary at War. In 19th century armies and navies the half-pay list served a similar function to the reserve officer components of modern day forces, with officers who were retired or otherwise not in active service receiving half of the salary of their fully commissioned counter-parts. In periods of extended conflict, the half-pay lists became a significant expense for militaries when coupled with the selling of half pay commissions that was commonplace in the British Army.

United States.

In the United States this system was implemented in 1778 by the Continental Congress as an incentive to compensate for the extremely low pay that officers in the Continental Army received which made it difficult to retain officers for long periods of time. The half pay benefit was granted to all officers for seven years following the end of the revolution but was later extended to a lifetime benefit. While this benefit was promised to all officers serving in the Continental Army, after the war the Congress of the Articles of Confederation voted against paying for these pensions and so only officers from certain state regiments who had established an independent half-pay list received this pay. After extended lobbying by retired officers after the war, in 1783 Congress authorized the full pay of officers for five years to be paid by the Department of the Army. Such a large list of officers drawing half-pay created similar problems for the United States as it had in Great Britain. In an attempt to control the growing number of aging officers still on the government payroll and to promote a younger officer corps, in 1855 the Secretary of the Navy was given the right, with the recommendation of a review board, to involuntarily terminate officers who were deemed incapable or unfit for duty. Shortly following this, officers with forty years of time in service were allowed to voluntarily retire. In 1889, the half pay retirement benefit was extended to enlisted personnel who had completed thirty years of active service by General Order No. 372.

Modern usage.

In the modern US military, the term “half-pay” refers to the punishment of low level offences by service members in the form of forfeiture of half of all pay and entitlements. While there is no specific punishment described as “half pay” in the Uniform Code of Military Justice the term is used as a common shorthand for the forfeiture of pay. The guidelines for the maximum length of time of this punishment are defined by Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. For commissioned officers the length of forfeiture cannot exceed two months at half pay or detention of half months pay for three months. For enlisted personnel, the severity of the available punishments is limited by the rank of the commanding officer and their own rank. For example, to punish a noncommissioned officer for the same length of time as a junior enlisted service member the commanding officer must be of higher rank than otherwise required. Officers below the rank of O-4 (Major or Lt. Commander) may only impose the confiscation of up to seven days' pay. Officers of the rank of O-4 and above may impose the forfeiture of half months pay for two months or the detention of half months pay for three months.  The term may also be used in reference to the retirement pay which a member of the Armed Forces of the United States receives if retiring after twenty years of service. The current retirement system was adopted following the Second World War to maintain competitiveness with the civilian market and to care for the large numbers of officers and senior enlisted personnel leaving the service following the end of the war.

In fiction.

The maritime adventure novels of the Horatio Hornblower series, set during the Napoleonic Wars, include numerous references to the protagonist's—and his fellow naval officers'—fear of being retired and "stranded ashore on half-pay" which they consider as their worst nightmare. This was because even full pay was often barely sufficient to cover the living expenses of an officer and any dependents. In addition to the permanent retirement of individuals, peacetime cut-backs in the wartime establishments of both army and navy could mean significant numbers of serving officers being placed on half-pay while awaiting new appointments which might not eventuate.

Half-pay (h.p.) was a term used in the British Army and Royal Navy of the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries to refer to the pay or allowance an officer received when in retirement or not in actual service.

Le half-pay (demi-salaire), était un terme utilisé dans l'Armée britannique et la Royal Navy durant le, le et le début du pour désigner la solde ou l'indemnité qu'un officier reçoit lorsqu'il prend sa retraite ou quand il n'est pas en service durant une certaine période.


Composition and lyrical interpretation.

"She Bangs" is a dance song that features Latin music influences and lasts for four minutes and forty-two seconds. According to Alfred Publishing Company's digital sheet music for the single, "She Bangs" is composed in the key of F# minor and set in common time signature, and has a groove of 142 beats per minute. Martin's vocals span from the low note of D to the high note of F. The song's instrumentation features powerful percussion, trumpet blasts and tropical beats. Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that the single starts with a "teasing snatch" of a "sputtering" Spanish guitar, before the disco beats start. They are followed by "equally inevitable driving" horn section, similar to the one on Martin's 1999 single "Livin' la Vida Loca". Lyrically, "She Bangs" is similar to the singer's previous singles, "María" (1995) and "Livin la Vida Loca; it tells a "tale of a wild woman who may be hard to let go and even harder to hold." "Billboard"'s reviewer stated that the song's lyrics are "insane" and that make cynics bark in a triumph, "Talk to me, tell me the news/ You'll wear me out like a pair of shoes/We'll dance until the band goes home/Then you're gone, yeah baby."

Critical reception.

The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. A reviewer of "Billboard" magazine praised the song and wrote that "She Bangs" is "simply manic with exuberance and energy", being designed to ignite the flavor of Martin's 1999 number-one single "Livin' la Vida Loca". According to him, the single is just what the radio needed at the moment, a "summertime smash" in the fall season. Similarly, Allison Stewart of "Chicago Tribune" called the song "glamorous" but thought that it replicates the former. Sean Piccoli and Lawrence A. Johnson of "Sun-Sentinel" agreed with Stewart and noted that the resemblance of the song is a result of both songs being produced by Rosa. They further noted that the song's credits include a personnel consisted of 34 people, "The life of any serious party knows: It's all about the entourage".  Geoff Boucher of "Los Angeles Times" noted that the erotic images of the song and its accompanying music video are "up a notch" from his previous lead single "Livin' la Vida Loca" "and will likely do no harm to Martin's hunk status". In a review of "Sound Loaded", "Orlando Sentinel"'s Jim Abbott labeled "She Bangs" and "Loaded" as "bon-bon shakers" referencing Martin's 1999 single "Shake Your Bon-Bon". Jose F. Promis of AllMusic concluded by calling the song "electrifying" and stated that is arguably one of best songs of the 2000s. At the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2001, "She Bangs" earned Martin a nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance. "She Bangs" was recognized as the one of the best-performing pop songs at the 2002 BMI Pop Awards. At the 16th Annual International Dance Music Awards, presented in 2001, the single won the award for Best Latin 12".

Commercial performance.

"She Bangs" was released to radio stations on September 22, 2000. On October 29, 2000, "She Bangs" debuted and peaked at number three on the Australian Singles Chart. It spend six weeks in the top-ten of the chart, before slowly started declining on it. It stayed for a total of 15 weeks. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) denoting shipments of over 70,000 copies in the country alone. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 31 on the singles chart, on October 15. The next week the song reached number 16, before reaching its final peak of two on December 3. It stayed on the chart for a total of 15 weeks. In the United Kingdom, "She Bangs" reached a peak of number three on November 4; similarly as in the previous nations charts it stayed on the chart for 15 weeks. It was later certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies in the country. In Continental Europe, it was most successful on the Italian and the Swedish Singles Chart where it peaked at number one. Additionally, it was certified gold by the Swedish Recording Industry Association (GLF) denoting sales of over 15,000 copies in the country. It was also successful in Spain where it peaked at number two, it reached number three in Finland, number four in Norway, and number seven in Switzerland. In Latin America, the song peaked at number nine in Guatemala, number five in Nicaragua, and number one in Uruguay. The song also reached number one in Argentina, Chile, Hong Kong, and South Africa.  In the United States, "She Bangs" debuted at number 38 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. After several weeks on the chart it reached its peak of number 12. As of January 2011, the single has sold over 152,000 digital copies in the country alone and it is Martin's second best-selling single, only behind "Livin' la Vida Loca". It was more successful on the Hot Latin Songs chart and the Tropical Songs chart where it reached peaks of number one and became his fifth number-one song on the former chart. It also peaked at number two on the Latin Pop Songs chart and number eight on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. On the Adult Top 40 and Hot Dance Club Songs, "She Bangs" peaked at number 24 and 27 respectively. The single was more successful in Canada, where it reached number two on the Canadian Singles Chart. The song experienced moderate chart success in Japan, where it peaked at number 58.

Music video.

Development and synopsis.

The music video for "She Bangs" was directed by Wayne Isham and shot at the Atlantis Paradise Island hotel in the Bahamas. Isham has worked on some of Martin's previous videos including "La Copa de la Vida" (1998) and "Shake Your Bon-Bon". The singer described the concept of the video to-be as part of a trilogy with "María" and "Livin' la Vida Loca", "with this girl who drives me crazy because she's crazy, she won't talk to me or tell me her name". Martin told Univision he envisioned the video taking place in Atlantis and felt the Bahamas was the perfect place to film the video. Jamie King helped with the creative direction of the video and over 100 people was involved with the production of the film. A body double for Martin was used during the scenes with sharks. The Spanish version of the music video premiered on September 26, 2000 for the Hispanophone market while the English version debuted on MTV's "Making the Video" the following day.  The video begins with a group of women on a beach at night swimming to an underwater nightclub with Martin following them. Martin explained that the filming the scene was hard for him because he had to resist without taking air for a long time; also he had to mime the lyrics without blowing bubbles of his mouth. Upon entering the nightclub Martin proceeds to sing "She Bangs" while dancing with the people in the club with several scenes resembling an orgy. In one scene, Martin sees himself being seduced by mermaids and is later taken into a closet where he dances erotically with several women. Near the end of the video, Martin spills a bottle of water on himself and the people nearby him. The video concludes with him returning to the surface at daylight.

Reception and controversy.

The explicit sexual scenes received criticism from the audience; several American television station cut the scenes when airing the video. According to "Daily Record"'s John Dingwall with the video the singer ditched his teen idol image with a transformation to more mature one. The video was consequently banned in several Latin American countries such as the Dominican Republic. Martin told MTV News that the video represented freedom rather than his sexuality. At the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards in 2001, Martin and Isham won the award for Best Short Form Music Video. In the same year, it was the Video of the Year at the 13th Lo Nuestro Awards.

Live performances.

Martin performed "She Bangs" live at the 2000 "Billboard" Music Awards. To promote the song in Mexico, Martin performed it on the television programs "Al Fin de Semana" and "Otro Rollo". During the 2000 MTV Europe Music Awards, Martin was accompanied by underwater dancers in tanks as he sings "She Bangs". In his only North American concert in 2001, "She Bangs" was one of the songs Martin performed during the annual Wango Tango in Los Angeles. In the same year, it was sung by Martin at the 43rd Annual TV Week Logie Awards. The song was included in the set list for the 2011 Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour and his 2013 Australian Tour.

Cover versions.

"She Bangs" has been covered by several contestants on various music talent shows. Ronny B performed "She Bangs" on season three of "America's Got Talent". His rendition was rendition was poorly received with David Hasselhoff remarking that he had zero talent" and was immediately eliminated afterwards.

William Hung version.

William Hung gained notoriety when he auditioned for the third season of "American Idol". Hung was strongly criticized for his singing and dancing. Simon Cowell interrupted his audition and asked him, "You can’t sing, you can’t dance, so what do you want me to say?" Despite the negative reception, Hung gained a following his performance and signed on to Koch Entertainment. Hung recorded his cover of "She Bangs" on his debut album "Inspiration" (2004) which was panned by music critics. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine writes that Hung "sang it as if the song meant something to him even though he didn't understand the words, which gave the Berkeley civil engineering student innocence or, to some of his harsher critics, the appearance of being mildly retarded." Chris Carle of IGN called it the "best track but that's like saying a tetanus shot is the best kind of injection you can get." Clem Bestow wrote for "Stylus Magazine" that Hung performance of the song was "like a tone-deaf taxi driver and dancing like an epileptic octopus". When Martin was asked about his thoughts on Hung's cover, he replied: "William, keep up the good work buddy!" The music video for Hung's version was directed by Jeff Richter and filmed in Los Angeles.

Credits and personnel.

Recording  Personnel  Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Sound Loaded", Columbia Records.

"She Bangs" is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his sixth studio album, "Sound Loaded" (2000). It was written by and produced by Desmond Child, Walter Afanasieff, and Robi Draco Rosa, with additional writing from Glenn Monroig, Julia Sierra and Daniel López. It was released as the lead single from the album on September 23, 2000. "She Bangs" is a dance song with Latin music influences, while the lyrics see Martin wanting to hold on to a woman. It received positive reviews from music critics who noted similarities with Martin's previous single "Livin' la Vida Loca", and received a Grammy nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Commercially, the song peaked at number one in Italy and Switzerland and reached the top five in several countries in Europe.

En, environ un mois avant la sortie de l'album, la chanson a été publiée en single. C'était le premier single de cet album.