Gameplay.

"Tekken 5" incorporates a faster, more fluid fighting system, improved graphics, returning characters, and some of the "Tekken" series' trademark infinite stages. New to "Tekken 5" is the "crush system" which affects the vulnerability of a character while they attack. For example, a move with jumping properties, such as a hopkick, will be completely invulnerable during most of its animation time to all of an opponent's low attacks.  It also retains its wall juggling concept from "Tekken 4", but the element is effectively less easy to abuse and easier to defend against. The home version is a collector's edition of sorts, as it includes the arcade versions of "Tekken", "Tekken 2", "Tekken 3", and "StarBlade" (as a mini-game at start up). "Tekken 5" also allowed players to customize their fighter for the first time, allowing them to change the colors of their outfits, buy additional costumes (only available to a few characters), and equip them with items by using money gained from playing the Story, Survival, Time Attack, the side-story "Devil Within", and Arcade Battle modes.  "Tekken 5" includes a beat 'em up minigame in direct lineage to the "Tekken Force" modes in "Tekken 3" and "Tekken 4" called "Devil Within". This minigame follows the adventures of Jin Kazama as he searches the G Corporation in search for information on his missing mother and other answers. Being somewhat story oriented, the player is not permitted to use their own choice of characters like previous iterations. The game also uses a limited button system, incorporating a Block and Jump button as well as sizing down the attack buttons to simple "Punch" and "Kick" buttons (though, some of Jin's fighting special moves can still be performed such as his Demon's Paw). Along with fighting various Jack models in the mini-game, the player must pursue minor key quests to proceed. This mode is one of the two ways to unlock the playable version of Jin's Devil incarnation, Devil Jin.  The raised and lowered sections of floors featured in the "Tekken 4" levels were removed for the fifth installment. This change made gameplay throughout each stage generally similar, aside from wall placements. In addition to removing the uneven nature of the "Tekken 4" styled stages, the design team returned to the style of stages from previous games by having some stages without barriers by allowing them to be infinitely scrolling. For walled stages, the fights take place in fairly symmetrical boxes without any uneven walls (again, removing a feature introduced in "Tekken 4"). Floors could also crack after one of the characters hit it hard enough. Only one part of a stage can be cracked at a time, however.  Other changes over the "Tekken 4" design included the removal of the positional change techniques (throws became once again controlled by combinations of LP+LK or RP+RK instead of designating LP+LK as a position switch maneuver; only Steve Fox was given a position change attack), bringing back traditional air combat ("Tekken 4" removed back and vertical leaps in favor of a more fluid 3D combat model) and using a juggle system more akin to "Tekken 3" as opposed to the 4th game's less juggle-friendly gameplay. The fighters were also forced to remain stationary prior to the round beginning ("Tekken 4" allowed the fighters to move freely before the opening of a round, fitting in with the more position-based gameplay of that game).  The single biggest change is Devil Within mode. This is the fourth installment in the Tekken Force series (the first two instalments can be found in "Tekken 3" and "Tekken 4" respectively. The third instalment was released as the "Tekken" spin-off game "Death by Degrees"). Similar to "Death by Degrees", 'Devil Within' focuses solely on one playable character, Jin Kazama. This is a traditional platform game in which players must guide Jin through a series of labyrinth style levels and entire enemy armies. This mode features bosses, such as True Ogre (from "Tekken 3"), who is not playable in "Tekken 5".  The opening loading screen features a few seconds from a video game based on an early 3-D Namco space flyer "StarBlade". Like with "Galaga" in the PlayStation version of the original "Tekken", players can control the space ship in the demo. The game can also be unlocked for full play in Arcade History mode. In addition, players can also play the Arcade versions of the first three "Tekken" games. Each game comes with an option to use only the default characters, or use the bosses and sub-bosses too; console only characters are not featured.

Plot.

Set moments after "Tekken 4"s ending, Jin Kazama's departure from the Hon-Maru dojo, G Corporation helicopters approach and begin deploying Jack-4 pods into the building. Heihachi Mishima and his son, Kazuya, are awoken to a squadron bursting through the walls. At first, the two battle the Jacks together until Kazuya leaves Heihachi for dead while escaping. The Jacks hold down Heihachi while one activates its detonator, creating a huge explosion that seemingly kills Heihachi. The only witness to the event is Raven, a mysterious ninja clad in black, who relays Heihachi's death to his superiors. Heihachi's death is declared all over the world with everyone foreseeing the end of the Mishima Zaibatsu. However, somebody else takes over the company from the shadows and business continues as usual.  Two months later, the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 is announced. Meanwhile, Jin is plagued by nightmares triggered by his Devil Gene and decides to enter the tournament in hopes of ending it. His father, Kazuya deduces that the Jack-4s were sent by G Corporation to assassinate him and decides to enter the tournament to take revenge against whoever had sent them. The secret sponsor of the tournament and owner of the Mishima Zaibatsu is finally revealed to be Jinpachi Mishima, the father of Heihachi who was confined below Hon-Maru by Heihachi after a coup forty years ago. However, he was possessed by a vengeful spirit who granted him insurmountable power, after which he broke out of Hon-Maru during the Jacks' attacks. Jinpachi, in his last act of morality, had announced the tournament in the hope that someone would be able to kill him before his potential reign of terror could start.  In the end, Jin makes it to the final round and faces his devil powered great-grandfather in a ferocious duel. Ultimately, Jin manages to defeat Jinpachi, who dissolves into dust and disappears shortly after, with his wish being fulfilled. With this victory, Jin becomes the new head of Mishima Zaibatsu, setting in motion the events of Tekken 6, unaware that Heihachi survived the explosion and is working to retake the Zaibatsu.

Characters.

The game features a total of 32 playable characters. Most characters from "Tekken 4" return, including Bryan Fury, Christie Monteiro, Craig Marduk, Eddy Gordo, Heihachi Mishima, Hwoarang, Jin Kazama, Julia Chang, Kazuya Mishima, King II, Kuma II, Lee Chaolan, Lei Wulong, Ling Xiaoyu, Marshall Law, Nina Williams, Panda, Paul Phoenix, Steve Fox, and Yoshimitsu. Like its predecessor, the game also sees the return of several characters from earlier games (mostly from "Tekken 2") that previously were cut from the canon series, including Anna Williams, Baek Doo San, Bruce Irvin, Ganryu, and Wang Jinrei. while removing Xiaoyu costume swap Miharu Hirano, Lee's alter ego Violet, and Combot, who was replaced by its predecessor Mokujin.  It is the first canonical installment of the series to have twenty default characters as opposed to ten in the previous three games and eight in the original (the non-canonical "Tekken Tag Tournament" also had twenty default characters). Lei, Nina, and Jin return to being default characters after being unlockable in "Tekken 4". Bryan and Julia are default for the first time in the canonical series (aside from "Tag") and Lee is default for the first time. Also, after being unlockable in the third game and absent in the fourth, the Jack model is unlocked from the start.  As opposed to "Tekken 4" where every character spoke either Japanese or English, the developers had some of the characters speak their native languages in "Tekken 5". Hwoarang and Baek were given Korean voices while Wang and Feng Wei were made to speak Mandarin. Ganryu, Heihachi, Kazuya, Yoshimitsu, Asuka, Jinpachi (final boss, non-playable character), Jin Kazama, and his alter-ego Devil Jin, retained their Japanese voices while Law, Paul, Marduk, Julia, Nina, Anna, Raven, Bruce, Bryan, Christie, and Eddy speak English. King, Kuma, Panda, and Roger Jr. only make animal noises, Mokujin is silent while Jack-5 only speaks in robotic yells and grunts. Lee Chaolan and Ling Xiaoyu speak Japanese despite being ethnic Chinese (Lee spoke English in the previous game). Steve Fox has his own British accent and Lei Wulong speaks American English with an occasional accent.  While several characters from "Tekken 4" are given a new set of grunts (Hwoarang, Nina, Lee, Marduk, Julia, Christie, Eddy, and Steve) others retain their grunts from "4" (Jin, Kazuya, Heihachi, Xiaoyu, Yoshimitsu, Bryan, Paul, Law, Lei,, Kuma, and Panda)  <br>

Returning characters.

Development.

Namco first announced "Tekken 5" in May 2004. The game was developed to be less realistic than its predecessor. This was mostly due to negative feedback "Tekken 4" received to the point of being considered the worst installment within the series. In contrast to "Tekken Tag Tournament", "5" runs on a System 258, a stronger arcade, allowing the team to produce more detailed backgrounds and characters. This was done thanks to the new engine provided by Namco. Early in development, Namco promised gamers there would be a minigame on action adventure style mode similar to the one provided by "Tekken 3". Despite promotion from "Tekken 5" claiming that the character has died in the intro, Namco Bandai denied this statement in interviews.  The game features a large cast of music composers, including Akitaka Tohyama, Yoshihito Yano, Yuu Miyake, Junichi Nakatsuru, Satoru Kōsaki, Rio Hamamoto, Ryuichi Takada, and Hiroshi Okubo. The cast returned for the PS2 version, with the addition of Tetsukazu Nakanishi, Keiichi Okabe, Kohta Takahashi, Kazuhiro Nakamura, Keiki Kobayashi, Nobuyoshi Sano, and Katsuro Tajima. The opening song for the PS2 version, "SPARKING", features vocals by Tom Leonard and Jeff Pescetto. The music encompasses many genres, including techno, rock and nu metal.

Versions.

"Tekken 5.1".

"Tekken 5.1" is a free upgrade to the arcade version of "Tekken 5". It includes changes to the character life bars and character select screen, and some changes in character moves to improve game balance. For example, Steve Fox's infinite was removed, and a few other strong moves were toned down.

"Dark Resurrection".

Available in the version for the arcades, the PSP and the PlayStation 3 (via the PlayStation Network), "Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection" is an update of "Tekken 5". It was officially announced at the 2005 JAMMA AM Show but news of it leaked slightly beforehand. The update "Dark Resurrection" would further add additional characters, more features, and customizations in addition to gameplay rebalancing.

Reception.

"Tekken 5" was met with mainly positive critical response, resulting in a score of 88 out of 100 at Metacritic. The game's critical praise was matched with commercial success. As of July 2009, it has sold around 6 million copies. In retrospective, Harada believes "Tekken 5", and "Tekken 6", managed to attract a new group of fans, something "Tekken 4" failed to do.  "Tekken 5" was ranked by "Complex" as the sixth best PlayStation 2 game. SNK staff member Falcoon said "Tekken 5" was one of his favorite games in 2005 although he did not consider himself an expert in the game.

The game removes several major gameplay changes introduced in "Tekken 4", such as uneven stage terrain, in favor of a faster gameplay akin to the older games in the series. It is also the first game in the series to feature the ability to customize characters with accessories, clothing, and other aesthetic items purchased with in-game currency. There are up to 32 characters to choose from, including seven new fighters. The home version includes a mode known as Devil Within, a variant of Tekken Force introduced in "Tekken 3". Unlike "Tekken 5.1" which merely tried to balance the game, the update "Dark Resurrection" adds a host of new content, especially in its home version for the PSP.

Tekken 5 est un jeu vidéo de combat développé et édité par Namco commercialisé en 2004 sur borne d'arcade, puis adapté l'année suivante sur console PlayStation 2. Il s'agit du sixième jeu de la série homonyme à être commercialisé, et celui marquant son dixième anniversaire depuis la sortie du premier opus. Une suite, intitulée "Tekken 6", est initialement commercialisée en 2007 sur borne d'arcade puis adapté sur PlayStation 3 et Xbox 360 en 2009.


Biography.

Early life.

Lyapunov was born in Yaroslavl, Russian Empire. His father Mikhail Vasilyevich Lyapunov (1820–1868) was an astronomer employed by the Demidov Lyceum. His brother, Sergei Lyapunov, was a gifted composer and pianist. In 1863, M. V. Lyapunov retired from his scientific career and relocated his family to his wife's estate at Bolobonov, in the Simbirsk province (now Ulyanovsk Oblast). After the death of his father in 1868, Aleksandr Lyapunov was educated by his uncle R. M. Sechenov, brother of the physiologist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. At his uncle's family, Lyapunov studied with his distant cousin Natalia Rafailovna, who became his wife in 1886. In 1870, his mother moved with her sons to Nizhny Novgorod, where he started the third class of the gymnasium. He graduated from the gymnasium with distinction in 1876.

Education.

In 1876, Lyapunov entered the Physico-Mathematical department at the University of Saint Petersburg, but after one month he transferred to the Mathematics department of the university.  Among the Saint Petersburg professors of mathematics were Chebyshev and his students Aleksandr Nikolaevich Korkin and Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev. Lyapunov wrote his first independent scientific works under the guidance of the professor of mechanics, D. K. Bobylev. In 1880 Lyapunov received a gold medal for a work on hydrostatics. This was the basis for his first published scientific works "On the equilibrium of a heavy body in a heavy fluid contained in a vessel of a fixed form" and "On the potential of hydrostatic pressure". Lyapunov completed his university course in 1880, two years after Andrey Markov who had also graduated at Saint Petersburg University. Lyapunov would maintain a scientific contact with Markov during all his life.

Teaching and research.

A major theme in Lyapunov's research was the stability of a rotating fluid mass with possible astronomical application. This subject was proposed to Lyapunov by Chebyshev as a topic for his masters thesis which he submitted in 1884 with the title "On the stability of ellipsoidal forms of rotating fluids". In 1885, Lyapunov became privatdozent and was proposed to accept the chair of mechanics at Kharkov University, where he went the same year. About the initial stay at Kharkov, Smirnov writes in his biography of Lyapunov:  His student and collaborator, Vladimir Steklov, recalled his first lecture in the following way: "A handsome young man, almost of the age of the other students, came before the audience, where there was also the old Dean, professor Levakovsky, who was respected by all students. After the Dean had left, the young man with a trembled voice started to lecture a course on the dynamics of material points, instead of a course on dynamical systems. This subject was already known to the students from the lectures of professor Delarue. But what Lyapunov taught us was new to me and I had never seen this material in any textbook. All antipathy to the course was immediately blown to dust. From that day students would show Lyapunov a special respect."  The main contribution was published in the celebrated monograph 'A.M. Lyapunov, The general problem of the stability of motion. 1892. Kharkov Mathematical Society, Kharkov, 251p. (in Russian)'. This led on to his 1892 doctoral thesis "The general problem of the stability of motion". The thesis was defended in Moscow University on September 12, 1892, with Nikolai Zhukovsky and V. B. Mlodzeevski as opponents. In 1908, the Kharkov edition was translated to French. Republished by the University of Toulouse: 'Probleme General de la Stabilite du Mouvement, Par M.A. Liapounoff. Traduit du russe par M.Edouard Davaux'.

Later years.

Lyapunov returned to Saint Petersburg in 1902, after being elected acting member of the Academy of Science as well as ordinary professor in the Faculty of Applied Mathematics of the university. The position had been left vacant by the death of his former teacher, Chebyshev. Not having any teaching obligations, this allowed Lyapunov to focus on his studies and in particular he was able to bring to a conclusion the work on the problem of Chebyshev with which he started his scientific career.  In 1908, he took part to the Fourth International Mathematical Congress in Rome. He also participated in the publication of Euler's selected works: he was an editor of the volumes 18 and 19.

Death.

By the end of June 1917, Lyapunov traveled with his wife to his brother's place in Odessa. Lyapunov's wife was suffering from tuberculosis so they moved following her doctor's orders. She died on October 31, 1918. The same day, Lyapunov shot himself in the head, and three days later he died. By that time, he was going blind from cataracts.

Work.

Lyapunov contributed to several fields, including differential equations, potential theory, dynamical systems and probability theory. His main preoccupations were the stability of equilibria and the motion of mechanical systems, and the study of particles under the influence of gravity. His work in the field of mathematical physics regarded the boundary value problem of the equation of Laplace. In the theory of potential, his work from 1897 "On some questions connected with Dirichlet's problem" clarified several important aspects of the theory. His work in this field is in close connection with the work of Steklov. Lyapunov developed many important approximation methods. His methods, which he developed in 1899, make it possible to define the stability of sets of ordinary differential equations. He created the modern theory of the stability of a dynamic system. In the theory of probability, he generalised the works of Chebyshev and Markov, and proved the Central Limit Theorem under more general conditions than his predecessors. The method of characteristic functions he used for the proof later found widespread use in probability theory.  Like many mathematicians, Lyapunov preferred to work alone and communicated mainly with few colleagues and close relatives. He usually worked late, four to five hours at night, sometimes the whole night. Once or twice a year he visited the theatre, or went to some concert. He had many students. He was an honorary member of many universities, an honorary member of the Academy in Rome and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.  Lyapunov's impact was significant, and a number of different mathematical concepts therefore bear his name:

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (, ; – November 3, 1918) was a Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. His surname is sometimes romanized as Ljapunov, Liapunov, Liapounoff or Ljapunow. He was the son of astronomer Mikhail Lyapunov and the brother of pianist and composer Sergei Lyapunov.

Alexandre Liapounov ( ; 1857-1918) est un mathématicien russe. Il a apporté une grande contribution à l'analyse de la stabilité des systèmes dynamiques (linéaires ou non).


Family.

Hippodamia was the daughter of King Oenomaus of Pisa either by Eurythoe, daughter of Danaus. She was probably the sister of Leucippus and Alcippe, wife of Evenus and mother of Marpessa.  Hippodamia married Pelops, son of King Tantalus of Lydia, and their daughters were Astydameia, Nicippe, Lysidice, Mytilene, and Eurydice, and their sons were Atreus, Thyestes, Pittheus, Alcathous, Troezen, Hippalcimus, Copreus, Dias, and Hippasus. Aelius, Cleonymus, Sciron, Argeius, Corinthius, Dysponteus, and Pleisthenes are also listed as her sons.

Mythology.

Hippodamia's father, King Oenomaus of Pisa, was fearful of a prophecy that claimed he would be killed by his son-in-law. So when suitors arrived, he told them they could marry his daughter only if they defeated him in a chariot race, and if they lost, they would be executed. Eighteen suitors of Hippodamia had perished in this way, and Oenamaus had affixed their heads to the wooden columns of his palace. Pausanias was shown what was purported to be the last standing column in the late second century CE; the same author mentions that Pelops erected a monument in honor of all the suitors before himself, and enlists their names, which are as follows: Pelops, son of King Tantalus of Lydia, came to ask for Hippodamia's hand in marriage and prepared to race Oenomaus. Worried about losing, Pelops went to the seaside and invoked Poseidon, his former lover. Reminding Poseidon of their love ("Aphrodite's sweet gifts"), he asked Poseidon for help. Smiling, Poseidon caused a chariot drawn by winged horses to appear.  In an episode that was added to the simple heroic chariot race, Pelops, still unsure of himself (or alternatively, Hippodamia herself), convinced Oenomaus's charioteer, Myrtilus, a son of Hermes, to help him win. Myrtilus was convinced by Pelops or Hippodamia promising him half of Oenomaus' kingdom and the first night in bed with Hippodamia. The night before the race, while Myrtilus was putting Oenomaus's chariot together, he replaced the bronze linchpins attaching the wheels to the chariot axle with fake ones made of beeswax. The race began, and went on for a long time but just as Oenomaus was catching up to Pelops and readying to kill him, the wheels flew off and the chariot broke apart. Myrtilus survived, but Oenomaus was dragged to death by his horses.  When Myrtilus tried to claim his reward and have sex with Hippodamia, Pelops killed Myrtilus by throwing him off a cliff into the sea. If Hippodamia was the one who asked Myrtilus for help and did not tell Pelops, then Pelops may have assumed that Myrtilus was trying to rape Hippodamia.  As Myrtilus died, he cursed Pelops. This was the source of the curse that haunted Hippodamia and Pelops' children Atreus and Thyestes as well as their descendants Agamemnon, Aegisthus, Menelaus and Orestes.

Artistic and anthropological perspectives.

Walter Burkert notes that though the story of the contest for Hippodamia's hand figures in the Hesiodic "Megalai Ehoiai" and on the chest of Cypselus (ca. 570 BCE) that was conserved at Olympia, and though preparations for the chariot-race figured in the east pediment of the great temple of Zeus at Olympia, the myth of the chariot race only became important at Olympia with the introduction of chariot racing in the twenty-fifth Olympiad (680 BCE). Georges Devereux connected the "courtship" of Hippodamia with animal husbandry taboos of Elis, and the influence of Elis at Olympia that grew in the seventh century.

Hippodamia (, ; also Hippodamea and Hippodameia; Ancient Greek: Ἱπποδάμεια "she who masters horses" derived from "hippos" "horse" and "damazein" "to tame") was a Greek mythological figure. She was the queen of Pisa as the wife of Pelops.

Dans la mythologie grecque, Hippodamie (en grec ancien ) est la fille d'Œnomaos, roi de Pise en Élide. Elle a pour frère Leucippe fils d'Œnomaos.


History.

This area was initially developed for plantation agriculture, based on large gangs of slave workers. The population was majority enslaved African Americans before the American Civil War. After the Reconstruction era, there was increasing white violence against blacks as the minority attempted to assert dominance over the freedmen. From 1877 to 1950, whites lynched 10 African Americans in the county, mostly in the decades around the turn of the century. Several other counties in the state had higher rates of such murders.  In September 1892, what became known as the "Hampton Race War", or the Calhoun County Race War, broke out across the southern part of the county. In 1891 the Democratic-dominated state legislature had passed laws to make voter registration more difficult for illiterate people both black and white, which effectively disenfranchised many of the poorer residents. But tensions were rising in this period, and the economy was poor. Whites resented that freedmen would work for lower wages, even if they knew the latter men seldom had a choice. Whitecappers, also called night riders, were poor white farmers and workers who acted as vigilantes, attacking various residents to enforce their moral views. They met in secret societies to patrol both black and white communities. Their reasons were also economic; they hoped to drive out the black workers.  The African Americans resented these attacks. Newspapers printed rumors of armed blacks planning attacks against whites, as was typical in tense times, inflaming existing tensions. There was also violence associated with the September election. Some newspapers reported that a white man named Unsill, an ex-convict Republican, led 42 armed blacks to the polls, "where they demanded to vote." Accounts of this period are contradictory, but agree that major events seemed to take place within several days, beginning about September 17, while incidents were reported over the month of September. An estimated five to eight African Americans were killed during the violence, with one or more described as lynched. At least two whites were killed in these encounters; more men on both sides were wounded. Among the dead was a black man murdered by two whites; as he was a key witness in a trial in which they were defendants, this appeared to be a "murder of convenience" done while other violence was prevalent.

20th century to present.

Due to such violence, social oppression, economic problems, and mechanization of agriculture, many African Americans and whites left the county in the first half of the 20th century. Population declined in every census after 1920 through 1970, as may be seen in the table in the Demographics section below. African Americans left in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities for work before World War II; during and after that war, many others went to the West Coast, where defense industries had more jobs.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.6%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 5,744 people, 2,317 households, and 1,628 families residing in the county. The population density was 9 people per square mile (4/km2). There were 3,012 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 74.51% White, 23.38% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.03% Asian, 0.92% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 1.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,317 households out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 27.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.94.  In the county, the population was spread out with 24.60% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $28,438, and the median income for a family was $34,647. Males had a median income of $30,353 versus $17,452 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,555. About 13.20% of families and 16.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.90% of those under age 18 and 18.20% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Over The past few election cycles Calhoun County has trended heavily towards the GOP. The last democrat (as of 2016) to carry this county was Bill Clinton in 1996.

Education.

Public education for elementary and secondary school students is primarily provided by the Hampton School District, which leads to graduation from Hampton High School.

Communities.

Townships.

Note: Unlike most counties, Calhoun County has numbered townships instead of named townships.

Calhoun County is a county located in the south central part of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,368, making it the least populous county in Arkansas. The county seat is Hampton. Calhoun County is Arkansas's 55th county, formed on December 6, 1850, and named for John C. Calhoun, a Vice President of the United States.

Le comté de Calhoun est un comté de l'État de l'Arkansas aux États-Unis. Au recensement de 2010, il comptait 5 368 habitants. Son chef-lieu est Hampton.


Design principles.

Inferno was created in 1995 by members of Bell Labs' Computer Science Research division to bring ideas of Plan 9 from Bell Labs to a wider range of devices and networks. Inferno is a distributed operating system based on three basic principles drawn from Plan 9:  To handle the diversity of network environments it was intended to be used in, the designers decided a virtual machine was a necessary component of the system. This is the same conclusion of the Oak project that became Java, but arrived at independently. The Dis virtual machine is a register machine intended to closely match the architecture it runs on, as opposed to the stack machine of the Java Virtual Machine. An advantage of this approach is the relative simplicity of creating a just-in-time compiler for new architectures.  The virtual machine provides memory management designed to be efficient on devices with as little as 1 MiB of memory and without memory-mapping hardware. Its garbage collector is a hybrid of reference counting and a real-time coloring collector that gathers cyclic data.  The Inferno kernel contains the virtual machine, on-the-fly compiler, scheduler, devices, protocol stacks, and the name space evaluator for each process' file name space, and the root of the file system hierarchy. The kernel also includes some built-in modules that provide interfaces of the virtual operating system, such as system calls, graphics, security, and math modules.  The Bell Labs Technical Journal paper introducing Inferno listed several dimensions of portability and versatility provided by the OS:  These design choices were directed to provide standard interfaces that free content and service providers from concern of the details of diverse hardware, software, and networks over which their content is delivered.

Features.

Inferno programs are portable across a broad mix of hardware, networks, and environments. It defines a virtual machine, known as Dis, that can be implemented on any real machine, provides Limbo, a type-safe language that is compiled to portable byte code, and, more significantly, it includes a virtual operating system that supplies the same interfaces whether Inferno runs natively on hardware or runs as a user program on top of another operating system.  A communications protocol called Styx is applied uniformly to access both local and remote resources, which programs use by calling standard file operations, open, read, write, and close. As of the fourth edition of Inferno, Styx is identical to Plan 9's newer version of its hallmark 9P protocol, 9P2000.

Commands.

Most of the Inferno commands are very similar to Unix commands with the same name. The following list of commands is supported by Inferno.

History.

Inferno is a descendant of Plan 9, and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel, particularly around devices and the Styx/9P2000 protocol. Inferno shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the Unix philosophy. Many of the command line tools in Inferno were Plan 9 tools that were translated to Limbo.  In the mid-1990s, Plan 9 development was set aside in favor of Inferno. The new system's existence was leaked by Dennis Ritchie in early 1996, after less than a year of development on the system, and publicly presented later that year as a competitor to Java. At the same time, Bell Labs' parent company AT&T licensed Java technology from Sun Microsystems. In March–April 1997 IEEE Internet Computing included an advertisement for Inferno networking software. It claimed that various devices could communicate over "any network" including the Internet, telecommunications and LANs. The advertisement stated that video games could talk to computers,–a PlayStation was pictured–cell phones could access email and voice mail was available via TV.  Lucent used Inferno in at least two internal products: the Lucent VPN Firewall Brick, and the Lucent Pathstar phone switch. They initially tried to sell source code licenses of Inferno but found few buyers. Lucent did little marketing and missed the importance of the Internet and Inferno's relation to it. During the same time Sun Microsystems was heavily marketing its own Java programming language, which was targeting a similar market, with analogous technology, that worked in web browsers and also filled the demand for object-oriented languages popular at that time. Lucent licensed Java from Sun, claiming that all Inferno devices would be made to run Java. A Java byte code to Dis byte code translator was written to facilitate that. However, Inferno still did not find customers.  The Inferno Business Unit closed after three years, and was sold to Vita Nuova. Vita Nuova continued development and offered commercial licenses to the complete system, and free downloads and licenses (not GPL compatible) for all of the system except the kernel and VM. They ported the software to new hardware and focused on distributed applications. Eventually, Vita Nuova released the source under the GPL license and the Inferno operating system is now a Free/Libre/Open Source Software project.

Ports.

Inferno runs directly on native hardware and also as an application providing a virtual operating system which runs on other platforms. Programs can be developed and run on all Inferno platforms without modification or recompilation.  Native ports include these architectures: x86, MIPS, ARM, PowerPC, SPARC.  Hosted or virtual OS ports include: Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Plan 9, Mac OS X, Solaris, IRIX, UnixWare.  Inferno can also be hosted by a plugin to Internet Explorer. Vita Nuova said that plugins for other browsers were under development, but they were never released.  Inferno has also been ported to Openmoko, Nintendo DS, SheevaPlug, and Android.

License.

Inferno 4th edition was released in early 2005 as free software. Specifically, it was dual-licensed under two licenses. Users could either obtain it under a set of free software licenses, or they could obtain it under a proprietary license. In the case of the free software license scheme, different parts of the system were covered by different licenses, including the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser General Public License, the Lucent Public License, and the MIT License. Subsequently, Vita Nuova has made it possible to acquire the entire system (excluding the fonts, which are sub-licensed from Bigelow and Holmes) under the GPLv2. All three license options are currently available.

External links.

Ports  Of Historical Interest

Inferno is a distributed operating system started at Bell Labs and now developed and maintained by Vita Nuova Holdings as free software. Inferno was based on the experience gained with Plan 9 from Bell Labs, and the further research of Bell Labs into operating systems, languages, on-the-fly compilers, graphics, security, networking and portability. The name of the operating system and many of its associated programs, as well as that of the current company, were inspired by Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy." In Italian, "Inferno" means "hell" — of which there are nine circles in Dante's "Divine Comedy."

Inferno est un système d'exploitation distribué pour le réseau créé initialement vers 1995 par Rob Pike, Phil Winterbottom et Sean Dorward chez Bell Labs, aujourd'hui maintenu par la société britannique Vita Nuova. Inferno est un système d'exploitation supportant le développement et la création de programmes distribués (réseau).


Technology.

Vodacom provides 3G, 4G, and UMTS networks in South Africa, and also offers HSPA+ (21.1 Mbit/s), HSUPA (42 Mbit/s, 2100 MHz), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE services. Vodacom was the first cellular provider to introduce LTE in South Africa. On 21 October 2015, Vodacom launched its fibre product to the home user. On 7 April 2017, Vodacom's 4G+ network in Brooklyn Mall, Pretoria achieved 240 Mbit/s in a speed test.

Sports sponsorship.

Vodacom is a sponsor of many South African sports.  In provincial rugby union, they are the sponsors of the Pretoria-based Vodacom Blue Bulls and own the naming rights to the union's home stadium, Loftus Versfeld.  As part of their rugby union sponsorship portfolio, Vodacom has been the title sponsor of the Super Rugby tournament in South Africa since 1996.  In football, they sponsor two clubs in the Premier Soccer League: the Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates. They also sponsor the South African Football Association and the national teams Bafana Bafana (men), Amajita (under 20s), and previously Banyana Banyana (women). However, competitor MTN was one of the sponsors of the 2010 FIFA World Cup held in South Africa.  Past sponsorships include the national rugby union team, the Springboks, from 1994 to 2017, and the South African Shelby Can-Am series between 2000 and 2005.

Controversies.

JSE listing.

On May 17, 2009, a court dismissed a joint Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and ICASA application to stop Vodacom's JSE listing. Chegoane Mabelane, the South African article writer and prominent supporter of both African National Congress (ANC) and its alliance; in one of his articles stated that the interdict to stop the listing was fair.  In January 2010, the "Sunday Times" alleged that Alan Knott-Craig (Senior), former Vodacom CEO, helped his son, Alan Knott-Craig with business ventures using Vodacom's resources. He also allegedly awarded a multimillion-rand contract to a marketing and advertising company run by his family members.

"Please Call Me".

In 2008, former employee Nkosana Makate took Vodacom to court, claiming that the profitable "Please Call Me" message service was originally his invention and demanding compensation. Eight years later, Makate eventually won his case in the Constitutional Court. Makate then entered negotiations with Vodacom for a 15% cut of the R70 billion ($ billion) he claims "Please Call Me" has earned for Vodacom since its inception.  A 2014 judgement in the South Gauteng High Court supported Makate's claim to having originated "Please Call Me." The court heard that, in November 2000, Makate had shared his idea (initially termed the "buzz" idea) with Philip Geissler, then board member and director of product development and management at Vodacom. Geissler had agreed to give Makate a cut should the "Please Call Me" innovation prove a success (however, there was no such agreement, written, oral, or implied – and no evidence to support it). Makate's witnesses presented emails sent by Geissler (Geissler was never called to testify by either party, raising suspicion that both parties would not have benefited from what Geissler would say under oath) and an article in Vodacom's "Talk Time" internal newsletter (such newsletter was written, edited, and printed by a third party in Cape Town) which acknowledged and praised Makate for his idea and his contribution to the product.  The court also rejected former CEO Alan Knott-Craig (Senior)'s claim that he had come up with the idea. Knott-Craig had published the claim in his autobiography, and later repeated in court, that he had the idea while watching two security guards trying to communicate on phones without airtime. Yet the High Court found against Makate's claim for compensation, holding Vodacom's argument that Geissler had not had the authority to promise Makate such compensation and that the debt would have expired (in legal terms, been prescribed) within three years.  Makate took the case on appeal, and then took it to the Constitutional Court. In April 2016, Justice Chris Jafta found in Makate's favour and against Vodacom, overturning both judgements by the High Court, finding that Geissler had the authority to promise compensation, and that Makate's case was not based on an unpaid debt. In Jafta's words: “In not compensating the applicant [Makate] [...] Vodacom associated itself with the dishonourable conduct of its former CEO, Mr Knott-Craig and his colleague, Mr Geissler, and this leaves a sour taste in the mouth. It is not the kind of conduct to be expected from an ethical corporate entity.”  In an open letter to Makate on Facebook, civic society non-profit Right2Know congratulated Makate. Right2Know used the letter to draw attention to the hypocrisy of multinational corporations which claim to support young black South African innovators such as Makate, but whose anti-competitive practices often strangle meaningful innovation. The letter also drew attention to the fact that South Africa's telecommunications duopoly (Vodacom–MTN) had led to the kind of unaffordable tariffs which made the "Please Call Me" service so successful with impoverished consumers in the first place.

Neotel attempted takeover.

In October 2013, Vodacom announced it would be acquiring Neotel in a potential US$590 million deal. Even though regulatory approval by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) was obtained in 2015, the deal ultimately collapsed in March 2016 after competitors successfully challenged the transfer of Neotel's licenses and spectrum to Vodacom in court.

Member companies.

As at March 2014, the companies that comprised the Vodacom Group include, but are not limited, to the following:

Ownership.

The shares of Vodacom Group are listed and traded on the JSE, under the ticker symbol: VOD. The shareholding in the group's stock was as depicted in the table below in March 2018:  Institutional investors include, in order of held stock, the Public Investment Corporation (also known as PIC, wholly owned by the South African Government), Lazard (US), Blackrock (US), The Vanguard Group (US), Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (also known as GIC, Singapore), Old Mutual (ZA), Abax (ZA), Sanlam (ZA), and State Street Global Advisors (US).

Smartphone launches.

Vodacom launched iPhone 7 in South Africa on 14 October 2016. It launched the iPhone Xs and Xs Max on 28 September 2018 starting at R21,999 ($1,650).  The Samsung Galaxy S8 was officially launched on 5 May 2017.  In 2017, TechCrunch reported that Vodacom partnered with GameMine in a $20 million deal to install subscription-based mobile games on Vodacom's smartphones.

Vodacom Group Limited (operating as Vodacom) is a South African mobile communications company, providing voice, messaging, data and converged services to over 55 million customers. From its roots in South Africa, Vodacom has grown its operations to include networks in Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, and Lesotho, and provides business services to customers in over 32 African countries, including Nigeria, Zambia, Angola, Kenya, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, and Cameroon.

Vodacom est une entreprise de téléphonie basée en Afrique du Sud et active au Congo-Kinshasa, au Lesotho, au Mozambique et en Tanzanie. C’est une filiale détenue à 64,5 % par le groupe Vodafone. Elle détient en 2018 la première place en termes de part de marché de téléphonie mobile sur cinq pays africains dont l'Afrique du Sud et le Congo Kinshasa.


Biography.

Lamb was born in Los Angeles, California, United States and attended Los Angeles High School. First admitted in 1930, he received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1934. For theoretical work on scattering of neutrons by a crystal, guided by J. Robert Oppenheimer, he received the Ph.D. in physics in 1938. Because of limited computational methods available at the time, this research narrowly missed revealing the Mössbauer Effect, 19 years before its recognition by Mössbauer. He worked on nuclear theory, laser physics, and verifying quantum mechanics.  Lamb was a physics professor at Stanford from 1951 to 1956. Lamb was the Wykeham Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford from 1956 to 1962, and also taught at Yale, Columbia and the University of Arizona. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963.  Lamb is remembered as a "rare theorist turned experimentalist" by D. Kaiser.

Quantum physics.

In addition to his crucial and famous contribution to quantum electrodynamics via the Lamb shift, in the latter part of his career he paid increasing attention to the field of quantum measurements. In one of his writings Lamb stated that "most people who use quantum mechanics have little need to know much about the interpretation of the subject." Lamb was also openly critical of many of the interpretational trends on quantum mechanics.

Personal.

In 1939 Lamb married his first wife, Ursula Schaefer, a German student, who became a distinguished historian of Latin America. After her death in 1996 he married physicist Bruria Kaufman in 1996, whom he later divorced. In 2008 he married Elsie Wattson.  Lamb died on May 15, 2008, at the age of 94, due to complications of a gallstone disorder.

Willis Eugene Lamb Jr. (; July 12, 1913 – May 15, 2008) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum." The Nobel Committee that year awarded half the prize to Lamb and the other half to Polykarp Kusch, who won "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron." Lamb was able to determine precisely a surprising shift in electron energies in a hydrogen atom (see Lamb shift). Lamb was a professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences.

Willis Eugene Lamb, Junior (né le à Los Angeles et mort à Tucson, Arizona, États-Unis) est un physicien américain. Il a reçu la moitié du prix Nobel de physique de 1955 (l'autre moitié a été remise à Polykarp Kusch pour avoir déterminé le moment magnétique de l'électron avec une très grande précision) (voir décalage de Lamb).


Features.

The main features of the Precinct of Montu are the Temple of Montu, Temple of Harpre, Temple of Ma'at, a sacred lake and the Gateway of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator, which is the most visible structure on the site and can be easily seen from inside the Precinct of Amon-Re. This gateway is also called "Bab el’Adb". This large monumental door was reached via a dromos leading from a quay that led to a channel which connected the field to that of Montu of Medamud further north of the city. Through this gate, is reached a large court which was decorated by a colonnade dating from the 25th dynasty Kushite period. In the south, a series of doors opened onto a series of vaults of Divine Adoratrices, which were next to the northern part of the precinct of Amun-Re.  The enclosure was built of mud-brick and restored by Nectanebo in the 30th dynasty

Temple of Montu.

This temple consisted of the traditional parts of an Egyptian temple with a pylon, court and rooms filled with columns. The ruins of the temple date to the reign of Amenhotep III who rebuilt the sanctuary dating from the Middle Kingdom era and dedicated it to Montu-Re. Ramesses II increased the size of the temple by adding a forecourt and erecting two obelisks there. A large court with gantry gave on hypostyle open on the court, characteristic of the buildings of the reign of Amenhotep I. The sanctuary is made up as follows: a room with four columns serving various vaults of the worship and giving on the room of the boat which preceded the naos by the god. Nearby in Medamud was another Temple of Montu.

Temple of Ma'at.

The Temple of Maât is famous for its court which judged the plunderers of royal tombs under Ramesses IX at the end of the 20th dynasty.

Temple of Harpre.

The Temple of Harpre was for the most part built under Hakor of the 29th dynasty.

The Precinct of Montu, located near Luxor, Egypt, is one of the four main temple enclosures that make up the immense Karnak Temple Complex. It is dedicated to the Egyptian god Montu. The area covers about 20,000 m2. Most monuments are poorly preserved.

L'Enceinte de Montou, située au nord de Louxor en Égypte, est l'une des quatre principales enceintes qui forment l'immense ensemble de temples de Karnak. L'enceinte est dédiée au dieu égyptien Montou. Elle couvre une surface de.


Club career.

Born in Saint-Benoît, Réunion, Robert started his career at Montpellier, before signing for Paris Saint-Germain in 1999, and became a full international that Summer. In a Champions League match against Rosenborg in 2000 he set up the sixth goal in a 7–2 win.

Newcastle United.

In 2001, he joined English club Newcastle United for a fee of £9.5 million. During his stay at the club, Robert was known for his pace and crossing ability, and was often called upon to take corners and free kicks. He had a tendency to shoot from long ranges in both open play and free kicks (scoring four goals in the 2004–05 campaign, all from set pieces) and has scored from almost from goal – one of his most powerful shots has been measured at around 75 mph. The club qualified for the UEFA Champions League in his first season by finishing fourth, their best finish in five years. However, at the start of the following season, there were reports he was unhappy at the signings made by Bobby Robson in the summer of 2002. Despite this, he still chipped in with the goals as the club made it to the second group stage of the Champions League before finishing third in the Premiership.  His partnership on the left wing with full back Olivier Bernard earned the two reputations as fans' favourites for their displays. Robert's trademark corners and free kicks, combined with his pace and athleticism, added to his reputation in England. He scored many long-distance wonder goals and free kicks, including two against Tottenham Hotspur in December 2003 in a 4-0 win. It has been regarded as one of his finest displays. Newcastle went on to finish a slightly disappointing 5th when compared to the 3rd they achieved in the 2002-03 season, but still managed to reach the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup despite the effect of injuries.  Robert spent several seasons at the club, before publicly falling out with manager Graeme Souness. His public criticism of the latter, as well as the entire Newcastle squad, resulted in Newcastle's desire to offload the troubled winger following the 2004–05 season. In his last match as a Newcastle player, Robert stripped down and threw his clothes into the Gallowgate End.

Portsmouth.

Following his time at Newcastle United and a falling out with the club, Robert moved to fellow Premier League team Portsmouth in June 2005 on a year-long loan, with two additional years agreed following the completion of the loan. The deal was created in order to expedite Robert's exit from St James Park, while allowing Portsmouth to protect themselves from Robert's well-documented temperament.  In his time at Portsmouth, Robert scored only one goal, in a 2–1 away loss to West Bromwich Albion. He refused to sit on the bench for the club's 4–1 win over Sunderland, storming out of the ground despite the relegation-threatened club's position. His actions left the club with only four substitutes of a possible five for the match. Following the sacking of Alain Perrin and the reappointment of Harry Redknapp as manager, Robert was reinstalled to the lineup for the final games of 2005, but would shortly be followed by Robert's return to Newcastle after his unsuccessful stint. Newcastle would again look to offload the winger as soon as possible, and a move to Portugal would materialize.

Benfica.

It was not long before he signed a three-and-a-half year contract with Ronald Koeman's Benfica side. Robert said: "This is a super club. To be able to play in the Champions League is fantastic and that's why I am here". He added: "They showed a lot of interest in me. I am very happy to be here."  Robert's first goal in the Portuguese Superliga was, not surprisingly, from a free-kick away against arch-rivals FC Porto. A powerful but fairly central free kick was spilled into the net by Vítor Baía.

Levante.

Robert signed for Spanish La Liga side Levante UD on 11 July 2006 on a free transfer from Benfica. He played thirteen games before the season ended, twelve of those were incomplete (with one red card), scoring no goals.

Derby.

Following a trial at Derby County, Robert signed a contract that would run until the end of the 2007–08 season.

Toronto FC.

MLS side Toronto FC announced on 2 April 2008, that they had signed Robert to a contract. He made his debut on 5 April, against D.C. United in the 4–1 loss. Robert impressed, delivering a number of excellent set piece opportunities. Robert continued to impress in his team's second match against Los Angeles Galaxy, delivering a free kick, from which the subsequent rebound was converted by Jarrod Smith en route to a 3–2 victory, Toronto's first of the 2008 season. On 19 April, Robert scored his only MLS goal from a free kick in the 31st minute of the first home game for Toronto against Real Salt Lake, and was named "Man of the Match" in the 1–0 victory. In his last game with the team he was substituted at half-time. He was waived by Toronto FC on 19 August 2008.

Larissa.

Super League Greece side Larissa announced on 27 August that they signed in Robert for two-years, as a replacement for Nektarios Alexandrou who was released from his contract a few days before. He joined up with his former Newcastle teammate Nikos Dabizas.

International career.

Robert appeared nine times for France, making his debut against Northern Ireland on 18 August 1999. He scored his only goal for his country on 15 November 2000 in a 4–0 win over Turkey. He was also selected for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup.

In film.

Robert's goal against Liverpool in the 2004–05 season at St James' Park is used as the winner against the same team in "Goal!". Character Santiago Muñez (Kuno Becker) strikes it and it zooms out as Robert's free kick hits the top corner. In "", his overhead kick against Fulham is featured as Muñez's goal at the start.

Honours.

France

Laurent Robert (born 21 May 1975) is a French former professional footballer. He played as a left winger, and represented the French national team.

Laurent Robert est un footballeur français né le à Saint-Benoît à La Réunion. Il compte neuf sélections pour un but marqué en équipe de France et a remporté avec les Bleus la Coupe des confédérations 2001.


History.

The main concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since antiquity. One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the ancient Greeks on ballistae. In Europe the universal joint is often called the Cardano joint or Cardan shaft, after the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano; however, in his writings, he mentioned only gimbal mountings, not universal joints.  The mechanism was later described in "Technica curiosa sive mirabilia artis" (1664) by Gaspar Schott, who mistakenly claimed that it was a constant-velocity joint. Shortly afterward, between 1667 and 1675, Robert Hooke analysed the joint and found that its speed of rotation was nonuniform, but that this property could be used to track the motion of the shadow on the face of a sundial. In fact, the component of the equation of time which accounts for the tilt of the equatorial plane relative to the ecliptic is entirely analogous to the mathematical description of the universal joint. The first recorded use of the term "universal joint" for this device was by Hooke in 1676, in his book "Helioscopes". He published a description in 1678, resulting in the use of the term "Hooke's joint" in the English-speaking world. In 1683, Hooke proposed a solution to the nonuniform rotary speed of the universal joint: a pair of Hooke's joints 90° out of phase at either end of an intermediate shaft, an arrangement that is now known as a type of constant-velocity joint. Christopher Polhem of Sweden later re-invented the universal joint, giving rise to the name "Polhemsknut" ("Polhem knot") in Swedish.  In 1841, the English scientist Robert Willis analyzed the motion of the universal joint. By 1845, the French engineer and mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet had analyzed the movement of the universal joint using spherical trigonometry.  The term "universal joint" was used in the 18th century and was in common use in the 19th century. Edmund Morewood's 1844 patent for a metal coating machine called for a universal joint, by that name, to accommodate small alignment errors between the engine and rolling mill shafts. Ephriam Shay's locomotive patent of 1881, for example, used double universal joints in the locomotive's drive shaft. Charles Amidon used a much smaller universal joint in his bit-brace patented 1884. Beauchamp Tower's spherical, rotary, high speed steam engine used an adaptation of the universal joint circa 1885.  The term "Cardan joint" appears to be a latecomer to the English language. Many early uses in the 19th century appear in translations from French or are strongly influenced by French usage. Examples include an 1868 report on the "Exposition Universelle" of 1867 and an article on the dynamometer translated from French in 1881.

Equation of motion.

The Cardan joint suffers from one major problem: even when the input drive shaft axle rotates at a constant speed, the output drive shaft axle rotates at a variable speed, thus causing vibration and wear. The variation in the speed of the driven shaft depends on the configuration of the joint, which is specified by three variables:  These variables are illustrated in the diagram on the right. Also shown are a set of fixed coordinate axes with unit vectors formula_4 and formula_5 and the planes of rotation of each axle. These planes of rotation are perpendicular to the axes of rotation and do not move as the axles rotate. The two axles are joined by a gimbal which is not shown. However, axle 1 attaches to the gimbal at the red points on the red plane of rotation in the diagram, and axle 2 attaches at the blue points on the blue plane. Coordinate systems fixed with respect to the rotating axles are defined as having their x-axis unit vectors (formula_6 and formula_7) pointing from the origin towards one of the connection points. As shown in the diagram, formula_6 is at angle formula_1 with respect to its beginning position along the "x" axis and formula_7 is at angle formula_2 with respect to its beginning position along the "y" axis.  formula_6 is confined to the "red plane" in the diagram and is related to formula_1 by:  formula_7 is confined to the "blue plane" in the diagram and is the result of the unit vector on the "x" axis formula_16 being rotated through Euler angles formula_17]:  A constraint on the formula_6 and formula_7 vectors is that since they are fixed in the gimbal, they must remain at right angles to each other. This is so when their dot product equals zero:  Thus the equation of motion relating the two angular positions is given by:  with a formal solution for formula_2:  The solution for formula_2 is not unique since the arctangent function is multivalued, however it is required that the solution for formula_2 be continuous over the angles of interest. For example, the following explicit solution using the atan2(y, x) function will be valid for formula_27:  The angles formula_1 and formula_2 in a rotating joint will be functions of time. Differentiating the equation of motion with respect to time and using the equation of motion itself to eliminate a variable yields the relationship between the angular velocities formula_31 and formula_32:  As shown in the plots, the angular velocities are not linearly related, but rather are periodic with a period half that of the rotating shafts. The angular velocity equation can again be differentiated to get the relation between the angular accelerations formula_34 and formula_35:

Double Cardan shaft.

A configuration known as a double Cardan joint drive shaft partially overcomes the problem of jerky rotation. This configuration uses two U-joints joined by an intermediate shaft, with the second U-joint phased in relation to the first U-joint to cancel the changing angular velocity. In this configuration, the angular velocity of the driven shaft will match that of the driving shaft, provided that both the driving shaft and the driven shaft are at equal angles with respect to the intermediate shaft (but not necessarily in the same plane) and that the two universal joints are 90 degrees out of phase. This assembly is commonly employed in rear wheel drive vehicles, where it is known as a drive shaft or propeller (prop) shaft.  Even when the driving and driven shafts are at equal angles with respect to the intermediate shaft, if these angles are greater than zero, oscillating moments are applied to the three shafts as they rotate. These tend to bend them in a direction perpendicular to the common plane of the shafts. This applies forces to the support bearings and can cause "launch shudder" in rear wheel drive vehicles. The intermediate shaft will also have a sinusoidal component to its angular velocity, which contributes to vibration and stresses.  Mathematically, this can be shown as follows: If formula_37 and formula_38 are the angles for the input and output of the universal joint connecting the drive and the intermediate shafts respectively, and formula_39 and formula_40 are the angles for the input and output of the universal joint connecting the intermediate and the output shafts respectively, and each pair are at angle formula_41 with respect to each other, then:  If the second universal joint is rotated 90 degrees with respect to the first, then formula_43. Using the fact that formula_44 yields:  and it is seen that the output drive is just 90 degrees out of phase with the input shaft, yielding a constant-velocity drive.  NOTE: The reference for measuring angles of input and output shafts of universal joint are mutually perpendicular axes. So, in absolute sense the forks of the intermediate shaft are parallel to each other. (Since, one fork is acting as input and the other fork is acting as output for shafts and above 90 degree phase difference is mentioned between the forks.)

Double Cardan joint.

A double Cardan joint consists of two universal joints mounted back to back with a center yoke; the center yoke replaces the intermediate shaft. Provided that the angle between the input shaft and center yoke is equal to the angle between the center yoke and the output shaft, the second Cardan joint will cancel the velocity errors introduced by the first Cardan joint and the aligned double Cardan joint will act as a CV joint.

Thompson coupling.

A Thompson coupling is a refined version of the double Cardan joint. It offers slightly increased efficiency with the penalty of great increase in complexity.

A universal joint (universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Spicer or Hardy Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid rods whose axes are inclined to each other, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft. The universal joint is not a constant-velocity joint.

Le cardan (ou plus précisément le joint de Cardan) est un dispositif mécanique qui permet la transmission d'une rotation angulaire entre deux arbres dont les axes géométriques concourent en un même point. C'est une manière de réaliser une liaison rotule à doigt.


Championships.

The 2016 Championships were due to be held in Kazan, Russia until the IAAF's suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation, which prohibits Russia from hosting international competitions. This event was relocated.

Disqualifications.

Doping.

Several athletes have been stripped of medals due to doping.

Age falsification.

Two athletes subsequently lost their medals as a result of fraudulently misstating their age on official documents: Bahrain's 2006 steeplechase silver medallist Tareq Mubarak Taher and Morocco's Ahmed Baday (1998 5000 metres bronze). In addition to this, later analysis of Moses Kiptanui's age when having won the 1990 1500m showed he was marginally over age (aged 19 years, 315 days) at the time of his victory, though this result has not been rescinded.

Title defenses.

Given the age limitations on the competition it is rare that athletes get the opportunity to defend previous individual titles. A total of 22 athletes have managed this feat, eight of them men and fourteen women. In addition to this Anita Weyermann won the 3000 m title after taking the 1500 m title two years earlier.

Doubles.

A total of fifteen athletes have won two individual titles at the same championships (nine men, six women). The majority of these are sprint or long-distance combinations, although Andrew Howe (200 m and long jump), Margus Hunt (discus throw and shot put) and Morgan Lake (high jump and heptathlon) managed to win novel doubles. Many others achieved a double between an individual victory and being a member of a winning relay team.

The World Athletics U20 Championships is a biennial world championships for the sport of athletics organised by the World Athletics, contested by athletes in the under-20 athletics age category (19 years old or younger on 31 December in the year of the competition.

Les Championnats du monde juniors d'athlétisme sont la compétition bisannuelle organisée par l'IAAF qui désigne un champion du monde junior pour chaque discipline de l'athlétisme. Peuvent concourir les athlètes ayant 19 ans ou 18 ans au plus au 31 décembre de l'année de la compétition.


Research.

The institute now operates several research units in cooperation with national research institutions CNRS and INSERM. There are several hundred research staff at the institute. "Institut Curie" does not offer undergraduate degrees, but awards PhDs and employs many postdoctoral students alongside its permanent staff.

Hospital.

"Institut Curie" runs the "Hôpital Claudius Régaud", a hospital specializing in cancer. The Institute also operates the proton therapy center at Orsay, one of the few such facilities in the world.

History.

The Institut du Radium, a giant laboratory for Maria Skłodowska-Curie, was founded in 1909 by the University of Paris and Institut Pasteur. The Institut du Radium had two sections. The Curie laboratory, directed by Maria Skłodowska-Curie, was dedicated to physics and chemistry research. The Pasteur laboratory, directed by Dr. Claudius Regaud, was studying the biological and medical effects of radioactivity. After receiving a joint Nobel Prize with her husband Pierre in 1903, Maria Skłodowska-Curie won a second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. During World War One, Maria Skłodowska-Curie used it to teach nurses about radiology.  Maria Skłodowska-Curie and Claudius Regaud established the Foundation Curie in 1920, a public interest institution. The Foundation’s purpose was to fund the Institut du Radium’s activities and contribute to the development of its therapeutic component. A first hospital opened in 1922. At the clinic, Dr. Regaud and his team developed innovative treatments combining surgery and radiation therapy to treat cancer. The Curie Foundation became a model for cancer centers around the world. Curie laboratory continued to play an important role in physics and chemistry research. In 1934, Maria Skłodowska-Curie's daughter Irène and her son-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity. In 1935, it was recognized with a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Institut du Radium and the Fondation Curie merged in 1970. It became Institut Curie. The Institut has three missions: research, teaching and treating cancer. The original building of Curies Laboratory from 1914 now houses the Musée Curie.

Nobel Laureates.

Five Nobel prizes are attached to the Institute's researchers.

Institut Curie is one of the leading medical, biological and biophysical research centres in the world. It is a private non-profit foundation operating a research center on biophysics, cell biology and oncology and a hospital specialized in treatment of cancer. It is located in Paris, France.

L'institut Curie est une fondation reconnue d'utilité publique depuis 1921. Son ambition, depuis sa création par Marie Curie, est axée autour de trois missions : la recherche, les soins, la conservation et la transmission des savoirs. Cette pluridisciplinarité, inscrite au cœur des statuts de la fondation, est l’ADN de l’Institut Curie. Cette mission implique une coopération interdisciplinaire étroite entre les personnels afin de développer :


Early career.

Pereiro placed tenth in the 2004 Tour de France, 22 minutes 54 seconds behind original winner Lance Armstrong, who was subsequently disqualified. He was awarded the Most Aggressive Rider Award in the 2005 Tour de France after powering the winning breakaways in Stages 15, 16 and 19. He was the Stage 16 winner - just edging out Spain's Xabier Zandio, Italy's Eddy Mazzoleni and Australia's Cadel Evans. His efforts on Stage 15, the toughest stage of the Tour, were highly admired by the peloton. He finished second that day to Discovery Channel's George Hincapie after "pulling" for most of the final climb up the Pla D'Adet. In January 2014, Pereiro confessed on a radio show he sold this stage to Hincapie, making the deal some kilometers before arriving to the finish line.  Pereiro was considered a leader on Phonak along with Landis and Santiago Botero in 2005 - his last year riding for the team.

2006 Tour de France.

His breakaway second-place finish (just behind Germany's Jens Voigt) gained him almost 30 minutes on most of the General classification leaders and propelled him into an unexpected yellow jersey. He traded the overall lead back and forth with Floyd Landis over the next few days before finally losing it to him for good on the second to last day of the Tour.  After hearing of Landis' positive "A" test, Pereiro stated that it was only an initial, unconfirmed result and he would not yet consider Landis guilty or himself the Tour winner. "I have too much respect for Landis to do otherwise", he said. After hearing that the Landis "B" test also came back positive, Pereiro stated that he now considers himself Tour champion and the Landis scandal should not diminish his own achievement. "Right now I feel like the winner of the Tour de France", Pereiro said. "It's a victory for the whole team."  On September 20, 2007, Landis was found guilty of doping and ordered that he forfeit his 2006 Tour de France victory, making Pereiro the official winner, but not before Pereiro had his own small doping issue (see the next section for more details).

Doping investigation.

On January 18, 2007, French newspaper Le Monde reported that Pereiro had returned an "Adverse Analytical Finding" (AAF) during the 2006 Tour de France. It is alleged that a concentration of salbutamol in excess of the threshold of the allowed therapeutic use was found in two urine samples, produced after stages 14 (Montélimar - Gap, in which Pereiro finished 26th) and 16 (Bourg-d'Oisans - La Toussuire, 3rd place). In the latter stage, Pereiro retook the yellow jersey from Landis.  Salbutamol is commonly used to treat asthma symptoms, and is allowed to be used in cycle racing if the cyclist can provide a medical prescription for the substance. It is alleged that the International Cycling Union gave Pereiro retroactive permission to use the substance on medical grounds after the positive tests. The French anti-doping agency questions the veracity of the medical grounds. It demanded that Pereiro verify the grounds for the use of salbutamol within a week.  On January 25, 2007, France's anti-doping agency dropped its investigation, saying Pereiro provided sufficient justification for use of the asthma medication.

Crash in 2008 Tour de France.

On July 20 during the 15th stage of 2008 Tour de France, Pereiro crashed at the 89 kilometre mark over a guardrail just prior to a hairpin turn during the descent of the Col Agnel landing on the other side of the turn, which meant the end of the Tour for him. Initially, he was thought to have broken his femur and arm, but later it was learned that this was not the case. He suffered a broken arm but never lost consciousness and was taken to a nearby hospital in Cuneo. During this Tour, Pereiro was working for team captain Alejandro Valverde but when it became clear in the Pyrenees that Valverde had lost too much time, he and Valverde managed to maintain placings in the top 20 riders.

Football career.

In December 2010 Pereiro announced that he signed with Segunda División B club Coruxo FC. He said that it was his childhood dream to become a professional footballer. He made two appearances for the team that season, scoring twice.

Career achievements.

Grand Tour general classification results timeline.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> After the disqualification of Floyd Landis

Óscar Pereiro Sío (; born August 3, 1977) is a Spanish former professional road bicycle racer. Pereiro was declared the winner of the 2006 Tour de France, after the original winner Floyd Landis was disqualified for failing a doping test after his stage 17 victory. Pereiro is a former member of Porta da Ravessa (2000 to 2001), Phonak Hearing Systems (2002 to 2005), (2006 to 2009), and the cycling team (2010). After retiring from cycling in 2010, Pereiro joined his local part-time football club Coruxo FC of the Segunda División B.

Óscar Pereiro Sío (né le à Mos, province de Pontevedra, en Galice) est un coureur cycliste espagnol, professionnel de 2000 à 2010. Spécialisé dans les courses montagneuses, Óscar Pereiro compte 7 victoires dans sa carrière dont un succès final attribué a posteriori sur le Tour de France 2006, après le déclassement de Floyd Landis pour dopage.


Early life.

Spector grew up in Manhattan, which he described as a sometimes hostile environment where "short, pudgy, Jewish kids didn't fare well". He showed an intense devotion to whatever topic became his focus at any given time, from dinosaurs and airplanes as a small boy, to an interest in law by the sixth grade. At age 13, Spector had decided he wanted to be a film critic, and by high school, his interests expanded to include cars and basketball.  Spector and game designer Greg Costikyan were friends since high school.  Spector attended Northwestern University in Illinois, still intending to become a film critic, stating that he "knew more about movies than a lot of my teachers". Spector earned his BS in Communications at Northwestern, and went on to earn his MA in Radio-TV-Film at the University of Texas at Austin in 1980. His thesis was a critical history of Warner Bros. cartoons.  All through college, Spector enjoyed gaming, and recalls that he "played Avalon Hill games mainly, and a lot of "OGRE" and "G.E.V." games, and "Rivets" from Metagaming. It was all boardgames until I became friends with science-fiction writers who were into "D&D" games, so I gave the game a try. I was hooked." Spector taught several undergraduate classes at the University of Texas at Austin, on the history, theory, and criticism of film.

Career.

Tabletop role-playing games.

In 1983, after a job at the Harry Ransom Center as an archivist in charge of the David O. Selznick collection ended after a few months, Spector recalls that he "was sitting around, wondering how I was going to pay the next month's rent, when I got a call from Chris Frink. He was a writer for a weekly entertainment magazine I used to edit in college. Anyway, he said that he was now editor of "Space Gamer" magazine and asked if I wanted a job. So, in the fall of 1983, I started as an editor." Within a short time, Spector became the editor-in-chief for all Steve Jackson Games products, the company that owned and published "Space Gamer" magazine. Spector began producing role-playing games for the company, stating, "I supervised game development, typesetting, and the art and graphic departments." Greg Costikyan developed Steve Jackson Games' first complete role-playing system, "Toon" (1984), based on an idea by Jeff Dee; Costikyan intended the game to be an article in "Fantasy Gamer" magazine, but Spector liked it enough that he expanded it into a full game. Spector wrote the "Paranoia" game supplement "Send in the Clones" (1985) with Allen Varney. Spector also worked on the "GURPS" role-playing game. In March 1987 he was hired by TSR, initially working on games such as "Top Secret/S.I." and the "Marvel Super Heroes" role-playing game. He also worked on "The Bullwinkle and Rocky Party Roleplaying Game", and the second edition "AD&D" rules set, as well as board games, choose-your-own-adventure books, and novels. Spector spent some time in TSR's R&D department, helping launch, among other things, "Spelljammer".

Origin and Looking Glass.

In 1989, Spector entered the video game industry and joined Origin, where he co-produced "Ultima VI" and "Wing Commander" and produced "" and "", "", "System Shock", "Wings of Glory", "Bad Blood", "", and others. He later became general manager of Looking Glass Austin. He worked briefly on "Dark Camelot", which later became "". However, Spector left Looking Glass soon afterward, just before "Thief" shipped, to pursue other interests. According to Spector, his decision to dissolve the Austin branch was prompted by the company's ongoing financial struggles and the realization that "continued existence of the Austin Studio was going to jeopardise the existence of Looking Glass overall".

Ion Storm.

In 1996, Spector was about to sign a contract with EA to do an unannounced project (which was revealed to be a ""Command & Conquer Role-Playing Game"") when he got a call from John Romero to join him at Ion Storm; Romero persuaded Spector by offering him the chance to make the game of his dreams with no creative interference and a big marketing budget. Spector later agreed. In 1997 he founded Ion Storm's Austin development studio, and his "dream project" later became the award-winning action/RPG called "Deus Ex". As Ion Storm studio director, he oversaw development of "" (2003) and "" (2004). In 2004, Spector left Ion Storm to "pursue personal interests outside the company". Ion Storm was closed by owners Eidos Interactive in February 2005.

Disney.

In 2005, it was announced that he had established a new studio Junction Point Studios. Somewhere between the end of 2005 and mid-2007, Junction Point Studios and Warren worked on an additional Episode for Half-Life 2 that was ultimately cancelled by Valve. A job advertisement for the studio called for artists for a game that has "classic Hollywood cartoons" featuring "cartoon mice, cats and wabbits". On July 13, 2007, it was announced that Disney Interactive had acquired Junction Point Studios. His first project with Disney Interactive was a project involving Disney characters, titled "Epic Mickey". The game is a steampunk-themed and designed exclusively for the Wii; the game was released in 2010.  In January 2013, it was announced that Warren Spector had left Disney Interactive following the closure of Junction Point Studios.

University of Texas.

After leaving Disney Interactive, Spector worked with the University of Texas at Austin to build a new post-baccalaureate game development program – the Denius-Sams Gaming Academy. He worked with UT staff to create a curriculum and plan out courses and labs.

OtherSide Entertainment.

In February 2016, Spector announced he had joined OtherSide Entertainment, a studio formed by Paul Neurath in 2014 and includes several previous Looking Glass developers, as their Studio Director, after having been in an advisory role from its inception. He will be helping the studio with their current development of "System Shock 3" and "Underworld Ascendant", the spiritual successor to "Ultima Underworld" which both Spector and Neurath worked on in the early 1990s. Though Spector had completed two-and-a-half years of a three-year tenure at the University of Texas, he jumped at the chance to work on a "System Shock" when Neurath approached him with the offer. He also believed the opportunity would help garner good favor from players that had been disappointed by his choice to work on "Epic Mickey", even though he states that game had still been based on his past design philosophy used in the development of "System Shock" and "Deus Ex".

Personal life.

Warren met Caroline Chase in 1984 at a comic book store in Austin, Texas, where she was employed. After Chase got a job at Steve Jackson Games, the two began a relationship. They were married on April 11, 1987. The couple sometimes worked together, such as on game supplements for the "Marvel Super Heroes" role-playing game. The two reside in Austin, Texas. Caroline is a fantasy writer.

Awards.

On 2016, Spector won the Honorific Award at the Fun & Serious Game Festival.

Warren Evan Spector (born October 2, 1955) is an American role-playing and video game designer, director, writer, producer and production designer. He is known for creating immersive sim games, which give players a wide variety of choices in how to progress. Consequences of those choices are then shown in the simulated game world in subsequent levels or missions. He is best known for the critically acclaimed video game "Deus Ex" that embodies the choice and consequence philosophy while combining elements of the first-person shooter, role-playing, and adventure game genres. In addition to "Deus Ex," Spector is known for his work while employed by Looking Glass Studios, where he was involved in the creation of several acclaimed titles including "", ", System Shock", and "". He is employed by OtherSide Entertainment, where he is part of the development team for the upcoming game "System Shock 3".

Warren Spector () est un concepteur américain de jeux vidéo connu pour avoir œuvré sur l'intégration d'éléments du RPG dans le jeu de tir à la première personne.


Geography.

Anizy-le-Chateau is located some 40 km south by south-east of Saint Quentin and 20 km south-west of Laon. The commune is accessed by the D5 road from Chivy-les-Etouvelles which passes west through the village then continues north through Brancourt-en-Laonnois. The D14 road comes from Pinon in the south in a north-west direction intersecting the D5 west of the village. Also from Pinon is the D26 which runs north directly to the village. The D265 also comes from Wissignicourt in the north and the D26 runs north-east from the village to Faucoucourt. The town urbane area covers some 15% of the commune with the rest being farmland and a large forest in the south-west.  The Ailette flows along the southern border of the commune to the west and parallel to the "Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne". The Ru du Bordet flows south-west through the commune from Brancourt-en-Laonnois to the Ailette river. There is a network of ponds and reservoirs in the south-east of the commune near the river. The Fosse du Marais forms part of the eastern border of the commune and also flows into the Ailette.

History.

The commune was given by Clovis I to Saint Remi who in turn gave it to the Bishop of Laon. The County was created in 1397 by Charles VI in favour of "Jean de Roucy", the Bishop of Laon. These bishops built a mighty castle which was rebuilt in the 16th century by the Cardinal de Bourbon and rebuilt again in the 18th century by Monseigneur de Rochechouart who also paved the whole town.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors of Anizy-le-Château

Anizy-le-Château is a former commune in the department of Aisne in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Anizy-le-Grand.

Anizy-le-Château est une ancienne commune française, située dans le département de l'Aisne, en région Hauts-de-France. Elle a fusionné le avec Faucoucourt et Lizy pour former la commune nouvelle d'Anizy-le-Grand, dont elle est le chef-lieu et une commune déléguée.


Geography.

Avermes is located in the north-east of Allier department in "" natural region immediately north-west of Moulins. Access to the commune is by Route nationale N7 which comes from Villeneuve-sur-Allier in the north passing through the heart of the commune, with an exit just north of the town, and continues south-east, bypassing Moulins, to Bessay-sur-Allier in the south. The D707 goes from the exit on the N7 in the commune south through the town urban area continuing to Moulins. The centre of the town is accessed by the D283 which loops through the centre from the D707. The D979A forms the eastern border of the commune as it goes from Moulins north-east to Saint-Ennemond. The D29 branches from the D979A just south of the commune and passes through the east of the commune north to join the D133 east of Aurouër. The D29D links the D979A to the D29 in the east of the commune. Apart from the town there are the districts and hamlets of Chavennes, Les Groiteiers, Ravard, Les Gravettes, Les Plantes, Les Petites-Roches, and L'Etang Chateau. The urban area in the commune spreads along the D707 and along the east bank of the river. The east of the commune is farmland.  The Allier river flows along the western border of the commune and through part of the west of the commune as it flows north to join the Loire just east of Cuffy. An unnamed stream rises in the east of the commune and flows south-west to join the Allier. There are also numerous ponds in the commune.

History.

Avermes was mentioned for the first time in the 8th century.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Economy.

This is the main suburb of Moulins for both leisure and industrial activities with a fairground (Moulins Foirexpo), a cultural multi-purpose hall (Islea), and two metallurgical factories: JPM ex-Chauvat employing about 400 people, and Potain Cranes which employs about 250 people. These are the two largest employers in the commune with ITM (an Intermarché logistics depot with 200 employees), the Leclerc Centre (distribution with 200 employees), Desamais (hardware with 110 employees), and Chapier (DIY store - 50 employees).

Culture and heritage.

Civil heritage.

The commune has one building that is registered as an historical monument:  The Home of Champfeu, dating from the 17th and 18th centuries with the large buildings of the old seminary and the large chapel built in his enclosure in 1925 (Route de Paris).

Religious heritage.

The commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:

Avermes is a French commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Avermois" or "Avermoises".

Avermes est une commune française, située dans le département de l'Allier en région d'Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, en rive droite de la rivière Allier.