Juniors.

Overview.

In November 2012, Harris won his first ITF junior singles title at the G5 in Windhoek, Namibia. In August 2014, Harris represented South Africa at the Youth Olympic Games, where he was knocked out in the second round.  As a junior, Harris reached a Career High Combined ranking of 38 in the International Tennis Federation's world junior ranking.  As a junior, he compiled a singles win/loss record of 73–44.  Junior Grand Slam results - Singles:  Australian Open: A French Open: Q1 (2014) Wimbledon: Q2 (2014) US Open: 3R (2015)  Junior Grand Slam results - Doubles:  Australian Open: 2R (2015) French Open: A Wimbledon: 1R (2014) US Open: SF (2015)

Professional career.

2015–2017: Career Beginnings.

Harris turned pro in 2015 and ended the year with a single ranking of 358. During the 2015 and 2016 seasons Harris mainly played in the ITF Futures tour. In June 2015, Harris won his first ITF Futures single title in Mozambique F2. Harris also won his first ITF Futures Doubles title in June 2015.  In 2015 Harris reached 5 ITF Futures tour single finals, winning 4. In 2016 Harris reached 8 ITF Futures tour finals, winning 6.  In 2017 Harris competed more on the ATP Challenger tour, reaching his first Challenger tour semi-finals in Kyoto, Japan. He also reached the Challenger semi-finals in Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei and quarter-finals in Vancouver, Canada.  In June 2017 Harris qualified for his first ATP World Tour event in Antalya, Turkey. He lost to world number 61 Janko Tipsarevic in the first round.  In August 2017 Harris also got his first experience of an ATP Masters 1000 event, losing in the first qualifying round of the Rogers Cup in Montreal, Canada.

2018: 1st ATP Challenger Title, 1st Grand Slam Entry.

Harris started the year reaching 4 ITF Futures tour finals, winning 3. Harris then went on to reached the ATP Challenger quarter-finals at the Kunming Open in China, Seoul Open Challenger in South Korea, Karshi Challenger in Uzbekistan and the Samarkand Challenger in Uzbekistan.  Harris had a successful American hard-court summer season, he won his maiden ATP Challenger title in Lexington on 5 August 2018 by defeating Stefano Napolitano 6–4, 6–3 at the Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships, USA. The week after Harris won his maiden ATP Challenger title he also reached the Nordic Naturals Challenger final in Aptos, CA, U.S.A. Harris also reached the ATP Challenger quarter-finals of Binghamton and Vancouver.  In August, Harris qualified for his first Grand Slam main-draw at a senior men's singles level, after beating JC Aragone 6–4, 6–2, in the third qualifying round for the US Open. Harris defeated Roberto Quiroz of Ecuador 7–6, 6–3 in the first round of the qualifying draw, and defeated Sebastian Ofner from Austria 6–2, 6–1 in the second round. Harris lost in the main draw first round against world number 40 Gilles Simon in straight sets.  In September, Harris won his first main draw match on the ATP World Tour, when he defeated world number 38 Gael Monfils 3–6, 6–2, 6–1 in the first round of the Chengdu Open (ATP 250 event) in China. This was also his first win over a top 40 player.  On 7 October 2018, Harris won his second ATP Challenger title of the year by defeating Marc Polmans 6–2, 6–2 at the Stockton Challenger, CA, USA.  Harris was also named as an alternate for the Next Gen ATP Finals in Milan, Italy.

2019:Top 100, First ATP Tour Semi-Final.

Harris started the year by reaching the quarter-finals of the City of Playford Tennis International on the ATP Challenger tour.  In January, Harris qualified for his second Grand Slam main-draw at a senior men's singles level, after beating Dustin Brown 6–1, 7–6, in the third qualifying round for the Australian Open. Harris defeated Zdeněk Kolář of Czech Republic 6–2, 6–1 in the first round of the qualifying draw, and defeated Dominik Koepfer from Germany 7–5, 6–3 in the second round.  In February, due to his victory at the Launceston Tennis International, Harris reached the 100th spot in the ATP Rankings, cracking the Top 100 for the first time in his career.  In July at Wimbledon, Harris won the first set against Roger Federer, before losing in 4 sets in the opening round.  In September, Harris progress to his first ever ATP 250 semi-final, reaching the Semi-Final of the Chengdu Open in China.

Singles performance timeline.

Record against top 10 players.

Harris's match record against those who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who have been No. 1 in bold (ATP World Tour, Grand Slam and Davis Cup main draw matches).

Lloyd George Muirhead Harris (born 24 February 1997) is a South African tennis player. Harris has a career high ATP singles ranking of 82 achieved on 22 July 2019.

Lloyd George Muirhead Harris, né le au Cap, est un joueur de tennis sud-africain, professionnel depuis 2015. Depuis 2016, il est le deuxième meilleur joueur sud-africain derrière Kevin Anderson.


Geography.

Lac à la Chute has a length of, a width of and its surface is at an altitude of. This lake sunk between the mountains is made in length, resembling a woolen sock whose part of the toes is oriented towards the northeast. The course of the Sautauriski River is located at on the east side of the lake; and the course of the rivière à la Chute is at on the west side of the lake.  From the mouth of Lac à la Chute, the current goes consecutively first to the outlet of the lake over generally towards the southwest in a deep valley; on southwards following the course of the rivière à la Chute; on towards the southwest by following the course of the Sautauriski River; then on generally towards the south along the current of the Jacques-Cartier River to the northeast bank of the Saint-Laurent river.  The lake has an area of. It is the second largest of the 216 bodies of water in Jacques-Cartier National Park.

Toponymy.

The toponym "lac à la Chute" is directly linked to the rivière à la Chute into which the outlet of the lake flows. This denomination appears on cartographic documents at least since the end of the XIXth century, in particular - in the form "L. at the Fall" - on the map of "Parc National des Laurentides" dating from April 30, 1896.  The toponym lac de la chute was formalized on December 5, 1968 by the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Lac à la Chute (English: Lake of the Fall) is a freshwater body on the hydrographic side of rivière à la Chute, located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the MRC La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in province of Quebec, in Canada.

Le lac à la Chute est un plan d'eau douce du versant hydrographique de la rivière à la Chute, situé dans le territoire non organisé de Lac-Jacques-Cartier, dans la municipalité régionale de comté (MRC) La Côte-de-Beaupré, région administrative de la Capitale-Nationale, dans province de Québec, dans Canada.


Life and career.

In August 1960, during a cross-country trip to California, Norton fell in love with the Teton Range and took a job as a nuclear scientist with the United States Atomic Energy Commission in Idaho Falls, Idaho so that he could live nearby. Hells Canyon, located at the border of Oregon and Idaho, was the first place where Norton used his photography to further an environmental cause. In 1969, his photographs of Hells Canyon were instrumental in convincing Oregon Senator Bob Packwood to introduce the establishing Hells Canyon National Recreation Area. His photographs also helped establish Jedediah Smith Wilderness next to Grand Teton National Park, and the Sawtooth National Wilderness.  His book "Alaska: Wilderness Frontier" described the lands that would be protected by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. At his request, copies of the book were sent to every member of congress.  Since then, his environmental activism has extended worldwide. In 1990, together with David Brower, he lobbied Russian Foreign Minister Edward Shevardnadze to gain support for the designation of Siberia's Lake Baikal as a World Heritage Site. The book with his photographs that chronicles the journey taken by Peter Matthiessen brought Lake Baikal to the attention of English-language readers.  In 2010, Norton and Dave Blanton co-founded Serengeti Watch to oppose a commercial highway across the Serengeti National Park. His book "Serengeti: The Eternal Beginning" resulting from 26 years of photography in the Serengeti was called a "huge success as a platform for conservation." He has himself written a "Conservation Photography Handbook".  Boyd Norton is a founder and Fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers. He was on the board of directors for the North American Nature Photography Association. In 2015, he received the Sierra Club's Ansel Adams Award for Conservation Photography.

Boyd Norton (born April 8, 1936) is an American photographer, known for his work in wilderness photography and his environmental activism. He is the photographer/author of 17 books covering topics such as from African elephants, mountain gorillas, Siberia's Lake Baikal and issues of Alaskan and Rocky Mountain conservation.

Boyd Norton, né le est un photographe américain de paysages. Connu pour ses photos du monde sauvage et de la nature, il a toujours défendu l'écologie et la protection de l'environnement. Ainsi, il a travaillé dans le cadre du projet initié par l'Agence américaine de protection de l’environnement au début des années 1970. Il est le photographe/auteur de 17 ouvrages couvrant des thèmes variés depuis les éléphants d'Afrique jusqu'aux gorilles des montagnes en passant par le Lac Baïkal ou les problèmes pour conserver l'Alaska ou les Montagnes Rocheuses.


Founding and early history.

Fairbanks Morse and Company began in 1823 when inventor Thaddeus Fairbanks opened an ironworks in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, to manufacture two of his patented inventions: a cast iron plow and a heating stove. In 1829 he started a hemp dressing business for which he built the machinery. Though unsuccessful in fabricating for fiber factories, another invention by Thaddeus, the platform scale, formed the basis for a great enterprise. That device was patented in June 1832, and a generation later, with his brother Erastus Fairbanks, the E. & T. Fairbanks & Company was selling thousands of scales, first in the United States, later in Europe, South America, and even Imperial China. Fairbanks scales won 63 medals over the years in international competition. It became the leading manufacturer in the US, and the best-known company the world over until Henry Ford and the Ford Corporation assumed this title in the 1920s.  In Wisconsin, a former missionary named Leonard Wheeler designed a durable windmill for pumping water, the Eclipse windmill. Wheeler set up shop in Beloit just after the Civil War. Soon half a million windmills dotted the landscape throughout the West and as far away as Australia. At about the same time, a Fairbanks & Company employee, Charles Hosmer Morse, opened a Fairbanks office in Chicago, from which he expanded the company's territory of operation and widened its product line. As part of this expansion, Morse brought Wheeler and his Eclipse Windmill pumps into business with the Fairbanks company. Morse later became a partner in the Fairbanks Company and by the end of the nineteenth century, it was known as Fairbanks Morse & Company and was headquartered in Chicago. Canadian and American cities had branch dealerships, with Fairbanks first coming to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1876 and later opening a factory there.

Market expansion.

In the late nineteenth century, business expanded in the Western United States, as did the company's catalog. It grew to include typewriters, hand trucks, railway velocipedes, pumps, tractors, and a variety of warehouse and bulk shipping tools. The company became an industrial supplier distributing complete "turn-key" systems: tools, plumbing, gauges, gaskets, parts, valves, and pipe. Its 1910 catalog contained over 800 pages.  The Fairbanks Morse Company began producing oil and naptha engines in the 1890s with the purchase of the Charter line of engines (the first commercially available gas engine). They had the idea that an engine could be used as backup power for when one of their Eclipse windmills wasn't getting wind. The Fairbanks Morse gas engine became a success with farmers. Electricity generation and oilfield work also used these engines. Small lighting plants built by the company were also popular. Fairbanks Morse power plants evolved by burning kerosene in 1893, coal gas in 1905, then to semi-diesel engines in 1913 and to full diesel engines in 1924. The Model N was popular in stationary industrial applications.  In 1934, Fairbanks-Morse entered the radio business by acquiring the Audiola Radio Co. After a 1939 factory fire FM decided to exit the radio business. Fairbanks-Morse radios are well known for their colorfulness. The Company also had brief forays into building automobiles, tractors, corn shellers, hammermills, cranes, televisions, and refrigerators, but output was small in these fields.  After the expiration of Rudolf Diesel's American license in 1912, Fairbanks Morse entered the large engine business. The company's larger Model Y semi-diesel became a standard workhorse, and sugar, rice, timber, and mine mills used the engine. The model Y was available in sizes from one through six cylinders, or 10 to. The Y-VA engine was the first high-compression, cold-start, full diesel developed by Fairbanks Morse without the acquisition of any foreign patent. This machine was developed in Beloit and introduced in 1924. The company expanded its line to the marine CO engine (Many 100 H.P. CO marine engines were used in the Philippine Islands to power ferry boats) as well as the mill model E, a modernized Y diesel. From this, Fairbanks-Morse became a major engine manufacturer and developed plants for railway and marine applications. The development of the diesel locomotive, tug, and ship in the 1930s fostered the expansion of the company.

"Z" Engine Line.

Fairbanks-Morse renamed their headless Model to "Z" in July 1914, according to engine historian C.H. Wendel. On all "Z" engines the gasoline tank is located in the base. In 1917, they expanded the line to include more sizes. In 1918, they stopped making headless models and adapted the 1.5 H.P. to have a head, and larger H.P. engines could now run on Kerosene. In 1928 The "Z" style "D" was introduced, and was entirely enclosed. The Z was made in incremental sizes of 3, 6, 12, 15 and up to. Over a half million units were produced in the following 30 years. In the early 1980s the line was sold off to Bell. The model Z found favor with farmers, and is a collectable today.

Seagoing diesel engines.

During World War I, a large order of 60 30 H.P. CO marine engines were installed in British decoy fishing ships to lure German submarines within range of their 6" naval guns. In 1939 Fairbanks-Morse developed a marine engine using an unusual opposed piston (O. P.) design, similar in arrangement to a series of German Junkers aircraft diesels. The most common variant for submarines through the 1990s was the 38D 8-1/8 engine, ranging from 4 to 12 cylinders. This engine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in large numbers, often for use in fleet submarines, which used 9- or 10-cylinder versions as main engines in World War II. When the innovative but faulty "pancake" engines of the proved unworkable, they were replaced with World War II-style Fairbanks-Morse engines, and these remained standard on US diesel-powered submarines through the early 1960s. These and other Fairbanks-Morse O. P. engines were also used as backup power on US nuclear submarines through the of the 1990s. Fairbanks-Morse ranked 60th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. The US Navy has had Fairbanks-Morse diesels in operation on its submarines almost continuously since 1938. They remain in service on -, "Seawolf"-, and nuclear submarines of the US Navy. In addition to O.P. engines (used in the USCGC "Hamilton" class), Fairbanks-Morse license builds Pielstick (used in the s and s), Alco (used in ), and M.A.N. design engines.

Railroad locomotives.

Shortly after it won its first US Navy contract, the company introduced its bore by stroke opposed piston diesel to the rail industry, installing the engine in various self-propelled railcars. This engine proved unreliable, and was superseded by a larger 5-cylinder bore by stroke engine that produced 800 H.P. and was installed in the OP800 railcars in 1939.  In 1935, F-M initiated a long term plan to build locomotives in house when it hired electrical engineer John K. Stotz from Westinghouse Electric Corporation and began developing plans for a 1,000 H.P. switcher and a 2,000 H.P. multipurpose locomotive. While the company was ready to begin production of the units in 1940, the War Production Board (WPB) denied it permission, citing the national interest of F-M's production of submarine engines and a locomotive market supplied by existing manufacturers. In 1943, the WPB approved F-M's plans to sell locomotives, and it introduced the 1,000 H.P. switcher H-10-44 in 1944, followed by the 2,000 cab unit, dubbed the Erie-built for its outsourced assembly location, in late 1945. The early locomotives soon proved unreliable, as high-stress railroad service exposed weaknesses in the engine that had not been seen in less demanding marine applications. In 1947, F-M reorganized its locomotive division with the hiring of new managers and the construction of a dedicated factory the following year.  In 1947, F-M introduced two new road switcher models, the 1,500 H.P. H-15-44 and the 2,000 H.P. H-20-44. In late 1949, the company's new cab units, named the Consolidated Line, were introduced to replace the Erie-builts in its catalog. None of the late 1940s models sold as well as competing units from EMD and Alco, and the Consolidated Line fared particularly poorly as cab units fell out of favor on American railroads. In 1951 F-M began designing a new large locomotive, and in 1953 it introduced the 2,400 H.P. H-24-66 Train Master, then the highest powered locomotive available. It too proved unpopular, and in 1958 F-M built its last locomotive for the American market, followed in 1963 by its final delivery to a Mexican customer. In total, it sold 1,460 diesel locomotives.

Post-war power products.

Fairbanks Morse continued to build diesel and gas engines, as it had been doing for the first half of the twentieth century. This is in addition to the pump and engine division, which produced Canadian Fairbanks Morse branded products for farms, factories and mines.  Export offices were established in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires; a factory was opened in Mexico, where model Z engines were built well into the 1980s. An Australian branch factory, similar to the Canadian Branch operation, was opened and remote sheep stations benefited from their products. It dated from 1902, when Cooper Sheep Shearing Machinery Ltd was set up in Sydney, and became an agent for Fairbanks Morse in that Hemisphere. The company sold and updated the Eclipse model of windmill pumps in North America until they became obsolete with widespread rural electrification in the 1940s. Low cost electricity from the grid eliminated the need for local power production by small and medium diesel plants. While many Fairbanks Morse engines dutifully served into the late twentieth century, modernization, regional plant closures, and electricity were too much competition.  An inter-family feud for control of the company in 1956 between the sons of Charles Morse weakened the company. Consequently, Fairbanks-Morse was merged with Penn-Western in 1958. The downhill slide continued for the next few decades, with assets being sold off, and branches of the company closed. Regional sales offices were closed, and the one-shop model no longer appealed to buyers in the new consumer age. Automakers, tractor makers and locomotive builders made inroads into Fairbanks-Morse's market share. Thus the company spiraled down, and was sold.

Corporate disposition.

Fairbanks Morse and Company merged with Penn-Texas Corporation in 1958 to form Fairbanks Whitney Corporation. Fairbanks Whitney was reorganized as Colt Industries in 1964, taking the name from Colt Manufacturing, the maker of firearms and an asset of Penn-Texas. In 1988, the Fairbanks Morse Pump division was sold off to private investors to become Fairbanks Morse Pump. It was subsequently purchased by Pentair as part of an acquisition of General Signal Pump Group in 1997. In 1988, the scale business was sold off by Colt Industries and became Fairbanks Scales, still an independent company.  In 1990, Colt Industries sold its firearms business to C.F. Holdings Corp as Colt's Manufacturing Company, Inc. and became Coltec Industries. Coltec merged with BFGoodrich corporation in 1999 and retained the BFGoodrich name. In 2002, as part of a series of divestitures of non-aerospace divisions, BFGoodrich spun off its engineered industrial products division as EnPro Industries, Inc. and became Goodrich Corporation. EnPro was then the parent company of Fairbanks Morse Engine until 2020 when Fairbanks Morse was sold to Arcline Investment Management.  As a result, there are now three companies using either the Fairbanks or Fairbanks Morse trademarks, with lineage to the original Fairbanks Morse and Company. Fairbanks Scale and Fairbanks Morse Pump claim lineage back to E & T Fairbanks Company.

Modern descendants.

these companies declare direct lineage.

Fairbanks, Morse and Company was an American manufacturing company in the late 19th and early 20th century. Originally a weighing scale manufacturer, it later diversified into pumps, engines, windmills, coffee grinders, radios, farm tractors, feed mills, locomotives, and industrial supplies until it was purchased by Penn Texas in 1958 and later, in 1999, by Goodrich Corp. It used the trade name Fairbanks-Morse.

Fairbanks, Morse and Company était une entreprise manufacturière américaine active de la fin du au début du siècle. À l'origine fabricant de balances, il s'est diversifié par la suite dans des pompes, moteurs, moulins à vent, moulins à café, radios, tracteurs agricoles, usines d'alimentation, locomotives ou fournitures industrielles jusqu'à ce qu'il soit acheté par Penn Texas en 1958 et plus tard, en 1999, par Goodrich Corp.


Youth and training.

Nathalie Becquart was born in 1969. She graduated from HEC Paris in 1992, with a major in Entrepreneurship, She volunteered in Lebanon for a year and then worked for two years as a consultant in marketing-communication.  In 1995 she joined the Congregation of Xavières. After a postulancy in Marseille and two years of novitiate, she spent three years on mission to the national team of Scouts de France, in charge of the "Plein Vent" program (scouting in working-class neighborhoods), She studied theology and philosophy at the Centre Sèvres (Jesuit seminary in Paris) as well as sociology at School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences. She then pursued a course in theology at Boston College School of Theology and Ministry to specialize in ecclesiology by conducting research on Synodality.

Head of youth ministry.

As soon as she joined the Xavières, Becquart began supporting young people within the Ignatian Youth Network (now known as the Magis Network). She was president of the association "Life at sea, entry into prayer" which offers young people spiritual retreats on sailboats and animates many cruise-retreats as skippers or spiritual guides. In her youth she had enjoyed vacations at sea. In 2006, she became responsible for the chaplaincy of students in Créteil. In 2008 the Conference of Bishops of France appointed her deputy director of student pastoral care, and in 2012 director of the national service for the evangelization of young people and for vocations. This led to her involvement in the preparation for the synod of bishops on "Young People, Faith, and Vocational Discernment", both in France and in Rome where she was appointed general coordinator of the pre-synod of young people in March 2018 and auditor for this Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on young people in October 2018.

Consultant to the Synod of Bishops.

On May 24, 2019, she was appointed, along with five other persons, including for the first time 4 women. consultor to the general secretariat of the Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church. She saw this as a part of Pope Francis' effort "to implement synodality at every level of the Church’s life" and to profit from the important contribution that women can make. While men in the Curia are resisting Pope Francis' efforts to raise women to leadership positions, she suggested a symbolic step of asking a woman to lead the retreat for the Curia some year.

Bibliography.

She is the author of several books:

Nathalie Becquart, born in 1969, is a French, Catholic religious sister and member of the Congregation of Xavières. From 2008 to 2018 she oversaw the National Service for the Evangelization of Young People and for Vocations (SNEJV) within the Bishops' Conference of France. On May 24, 2019, she was appointed a consultor to the Holy See Synod of Bishops.

Nathalie Becquart, née en 1969, est une religieuse xavière française. Responsable durant dix années de 2008 à 2018 du Service national pour l’évangélisation des jeunes et pour les vocations (SNEJV) au sein de la Conférence des évêques de France, elle est nommée le Consultrice pour le secrétariat général du synode des évêques.


Early life and education.

Benedicks, born on 28 October 1856 in Stockholm, was the daughter of Karolina Charlotta (born Cantzler) and Edward Otto Benedicks, wealthy owner of Gysinge, a part of Sandviken ironworks. Her brother, Gustaf Benedicks, inherited the iron works and was a member of the Swedish Riksdag. She also had a sister and two half-siblings from her father's second marriage. Her half-brother was physicist Carl Benedicks. There were many artists on her mother's side of the family: several of her uncles and her grandmother were painters, among them Johan Oscar Cantzler and Axel Leopold Cantzler. It was through them that Benedicks' artistry was cultivated and developed. She started at the August Malmström art school for women, and from 20August 1881 until the spring of 1885, she became the first female student in the sculpture class at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts.

France.

Benedicks met other female artists at the academy including Hilma af Klint and Gerda Rydberg with whom she travelled to France in 1883. Most of their time was spent in Paris and at the Swedish artist colony in Grez-sur-Loing. After completing her studies at the academy in Stockholm, she returned to France where she became the student of sculptor Alexandre Falguière. She also returned to Grez-sur-Loing, where many of the more prominent Scandinavian painters at the time would gather during the 1880s. Benedicks met with artists such as Carl Larsson and his wife Karin Bergöö Larsson, Bruno Liljefors, Christian Krohg and Peder Severin Krøyer. In Grez, the Swedish artists created their own, criticized "salon" called "Le Salon des Opposants".  Being a single female, with a good artistic education and coming from a wealthy family who encouraged her artistic aspirations, set Benedicks apart from the rest of the artists in the colony. At the time, this was a predominantly male environment, with artists of small means.

Works.

Benedicks was foremost a sculptor, but she also worked with etchings and watercolors. Her sculptures are heavily influenced by the French style of the 1870s and 1880s, while her paintings and etchings are mostly landscapes and animals. Her works were exhibited for the first time at the Salon in Paris in 1899, where she participated with her sculpture "L'obsédé". She participated in the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900, where she was awarded a bronze medal, and later in Vienna.  When making busts, Benedicks worked in marble and bronze. "Michel Angelo", a bronze bust, depicts Michelangelo as a thoughtful ordinary man working on something, rather than an exalted genius. She also made busts of P.A. Säve and sculptor Emil Wikström. Her study of the human anatomy resulted in a humoristic sculpture called "Séance finie" or ""The yawning"".  Several of Benedicks' sculptures, aquarelles and sketches are still at Brucebo, for example "L'obsédé" (""The Obsessed""), "Baigneur blessé" (""The wounded bather"") that won the "Mention Honorable" at the Salon in Paris in 1893.

Personal life.

Benedicks met artist William Blair Bruce in France in the spring of 1885. Bruce was still a poor and unknown artist at the time, but a voyage back to Canada in the autumn that year, during which he lost most of his paintings in a shipwreck earned him some notoriety. Benedicks, accompanied by her uncle, made a surprise visit to Canada and Bruce shortly after. Following long discussions, the couple got engaged within a year, against the will of Benedicks' family. They returned to Europe in 1887, where they alternated between Stockholm and Paris. They got married in 1888, and visited Gotland for the first time that year. Theirs was one of many international marriages that came to be as a result of the mixed artist colony in Grez-sur-Loing. Another noted pair was the American painter Francis Brooks Chadwick and Swedish painter Emma Löwstädt-Chadwick. After the marriage the couple moved to Paris, probably to escape the scrutiny of the Benedicks family. For several years they lived a bohemian life and traveled around Europe to paint and study.

Brucebo.

In 1899, Benedicks-Bruce and her husband decided to settle down on Gotland. They bought properties in Själsö at what was to become Brucebo, north of Visby, and started to rebuild and extend the houses on the estate. Benedicks-Bruce had the money for the project and Bruce was the chief architect. They moved to Brucebo in 1900. When Bruce died in 1906, she stayed on in Brucebo and continued with her work. The estate became a social hub for artists, musicians and scientists on Gotland, with Benedicks-Bruce as a generous hostess. She had three workshops at Brucebo and she also kept a number of animals on the estate, such as cows, horses, sheep, goats, dogs, chickens, parrots, monkeys, that she tended to herself. Her interest in self-sufficiency had started in Grez-sur-Loing, where many of the artists had small gardens where they grew their own vegetables, herbs, fruits and berries. She had great plans for the garden and even brought back seeds from France to plant, as well as hiring a gardener. However, the extension of buildings and other architectural improvements came to a halt with Bruce's death.  She lived at Brucebo until her death on 16 February 1935. She had no children to inherit from her, and in her will she stated that Brucebo should remain a place where young artists could stay and develop their artistry. In 1972, this was realized with the creation of the Brucebo Fine Art Scholarship Foundation.

Social commitments.

Benedicks-Bruce was a unique and strong woman for her time, engaged in political and social issues and has been called a Swedish "Mrs. Pankhurst". Among the things she fought for was the women's right to vote. When the Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance was held in Stockholm in 1911, she invited the delegates to Gotland. About 40 of them from Germany, England, Austria and Hungary accepted and came to Visby on 21June. She also worked with Gotlandic questions and was one of the most ardent advocates for the preservation of the "Burmeisterska huset", a 17th-century house in Visby. She was also a key figure in the establishment of the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization on Gotland.  In 1911, she was a member of the Väskinde school council and a year later, part of the Väskinde Fruit Growers Association. In 1913, she became a member of the Väskinde Municipality Council. Benedicks-Bruce also made generous donations to the conservation of heritage buildings, childcare and orphanages.

Carolina Maria Benedicks-Bruce (28 October 1856 – 16 February 1935) was a Swedish sculptor. After studies at the Academy of Arts in Sweden she went to France, at first to study and later to live and work at the artists' colony in Grez-sur-Loing where she met her husband William Blair Bruce. With him she returned to Sweden and together they created the artists estate Brucebo on Gotland, which was later established as a nature reserve. She also worked actively with the preservation of heritage buildings, women's right to vote and establishing the Swedish Women's Voluntary Defence Organization.

Carolina Benedicks-Bruce, née le et morte le, est une sculptrice suédoise. Après des études à l'Académie royale des arts à Stockholm, sa ville natale, elle s'installe en France, à Paris, pour continuer sa formation artistique, puis dans la colonie d'artistes de Grez-sur-Loing où elle rencontre son mari, le peintre canadien William Blair Bruce. À partir de 1900, elle s'installe avec lui dans l'île de Gotland où ils achètent le domaine de Brucebo, devenu après la mort de Carolina une réserve naturelle et un musée. Elle s'est également impliqué activement dans la préservation des édifices patrimoniaux ainsi que dans l'action en faveur du droit de vote des femmes.


Background.

Union.

The war was not going well for the Union in late 1862 and early 1863. Although the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had been repulsed at Antietam, it had escaped intact and had inflicted a major defeat on the Federal Army of the Potomac at Fredericksburg, Virginia, following which the Army of the Potomac was in disarray. In the West, the campaign for control of the Mississippi River seemed to be bogged down before Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederates had actually managed to retake Galveston, Texas. A mood of war-weariness was evident throughout the North, and the fall elections, regarded as a referendum on the war, had shown a swing away from the Republican party. The Lincoln Administration therefore began to apply great pressure on its field commanders to achieve some success that would lift the national spirit. It was in this atmosphere that the Navy Department began to urge an attack on Charleston.  Charleston in 1863 was already of only limited military significance, as the active centers of combat were mostly in Virginia and the interior of the country. Its value as a port for blockade runners was not much greater than that of Mobile, Alabama or Savannah, Georgia, and all were eclipsed by Wilmington, North Carolina. However, it was selected as a target more for its symbolic worth than for its strategic importance. In the words of one of the participants in the naval attack, "Fort Sumter was regarded in the public mind, North and South, as the citadel of the fortress, the incarnation of the rebellion, and as such it was attacked and defended."  Among the most vocal proponents of the attack was Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Vasa Fox. Fox had an ulterior motive, in that he wanted the Navy to be free from domination by the Army. He was therefore not disturbed when General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck would not agree to a major part for the Army in the operation. Halleck was willing to commit only 10,000 to 15,000 untrained soldiers, who would exploit any successes made by the naval force but would not otherwise have an active role.  The Navy Department supported the operation by assigning almost all of its armored vessels to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Du Pont. These included the massive ; "New Ironsides" would serve as Du Pont's flagship. The "Passaic" class gunboats were designed as improved versions of the original ; as they were commissioned, they were sent to South Carolina, so seven of them were able to participate in the attack. In addition, the experimental armored gunboat was added to the fleet.  Du Pont did not share the enthusiasm of the Navy Department for the armored vessels. Although they could withstand whatever punishment the coastal artillery of the day could mete out, their offensive capabilities were severely restricted. "New Ironsides" carried 16 guns (broadside, so only 8 could be brought to bear at one time), but each of the others carried only two guns. Each "Passaic" had one and one gun, while "Keokuk" carried two guns. Although they were larger than the typical 32-pounder weapons that would be used against them, their rate of fire was much less. Seven minutes was needed to swab, reload, and aim between shots.  Despite his lack of faith in the monitors, Du Pont did not propose any alternative plans to capture Charleston. He concentrated instead on how to preserve his ships. His defeatism must be taken into account in any reckoning of results of the battle.

Confederacy.

General P. G. T. Beauregard commanded the Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. As he had led the rebel forces at Charleston at the time of the bombardment of Fort Sumter that opened the war, he was intimately familiar with the fortifications surrounding the city. He had been called away to service elsewhere, but returned in September 1862. The batteries that had been set up under his supervision to assault the fort were incorporated into the harbor defenses. His successors, Major General John C. Pemberton and Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley, made some additions in the year and a half that he was gone, but the basic features were due to Beauregard.  The fortifications that had been set up around the harbor were well-suited to repel attacks from the ocean. The most seaward guns were placed in Battery Wagner (often referred to in Union accounts as Fort Wagner) and Battery Gregg, both on Morris Island. Near them, on a man-made island on the same side of the harbor, was Fort Sumter. Fort Moultrie and its outlying batteries lay across the harbor on Sullivan's Island. These formed the first or outer defensive ring. A second ring consisted of Fort Johnson and Battery Glover on James Island, and Fort Ripley and Castle Pinckney in the harbor, and finally the White Point Battery (Battery Ramsay) at the southern end of the city itself. A third ring, formed of several batteries on the Cooper and Ashley Rivers and in Charleston, was intended to protect against land assault on the city. In all, they mounted some 385 land-based guns.  The defense also included shipping barriers spanning the harbor. First to be put in place was a row of piles that stretched from Fort Johnson to near Fort Ripley in the Middle Ground. This proved to be ineffective, as storms and strong tides soon ripped out major sections. Later, a "boom" was laid between Forts Sumter and Moultrie. Formed of 20-foot (6.1 m) lengths of railroad iron floated by large timbers, bound together by chains, and anchored at intervals, this barrier also broke under the strain imposed by the tides. It was supplemented by a rope obstruction that was meant to foul the propellers of enemy vessels. Despite the effort that went into these barriers, the defenders did not believe them to be serious impediments to an invading fleet. The same was true of most of the torpedoes (present-day mines) that were laid. Du Pont was unaware of their flaws, so the barriers and torpedoes were major concerns in his preparations for the battle.  The South also had a naval contingent present. Two armored gunboats, and, were ready to fight if the invaders neared the city. They would be used only reluctantly, as they were known to be too slow to pose a significant threat to the Northern monitors.  The defenses before Charleston were strong, but Beauregard knew that he had to prepare for the worst. Thus, shortly after he resumed his command, he made the potentially fateful decision to defend the city street by street if necessary. He wrote to Governor Francis W. Pickens to state his position: "As I understand it is the wish of all, people and government, that the city shall be defended to the last extremity."

Battle.

Du Pont chose to mount the attack in the early part of April, in order to take advantage of the spring tides brought by the full Moon.

Minesweepers.

As the date was nearing, a new device was introduced by the Navy Department. Because of Du Pont's often-expressed fears of torpedoes in the harbor, the Department had called on the man who designed the monitors, John Ericsson, to provide some means of defense. He came up with a raft-like structure made up of heavy timbers that could be attached to a ship's bow. Each raft carried grappling hooks intended to snag the mooring lines of enemy torpedoes. It also carried its own torpedo, so it could blast its way through the obstructions. Two of the rafts were built and sent down to South Carolina in time for the attack. After considering the steering and handling problems the rafts would introduce, Du Pont's captains were unwilling to mount them on their ships. The torpedo was particularly worrisome, as collisions between ships in the narrow channel with unknown currents could be expected. Only one captain, John Rodgers of "Weehawken", could be persuaded to carry the raft on his ship, and then only without the torpedo. In the event, the motion of the raft pounded his ship so severely that Rodgers decided to cast it loose before it had cleared any enemy torpedoes.

Final preparations.

The fleet assembled off the mouth of the harbor on 5 April; on that day, Du Pont sent the buoy schooner and the survey vessel, accompanied by "Keokuk", to mark the entrance channel with buoys. The weather on the following day was hazy, making navigation difficult, so Du Pont postponed the attack for another day. The harbor was obscured by haze again on the morning of April 7, but it cleared up by noon, and the signal to attack was given.

Line of battle.

Four monitors led the way; first was, under Captain John Rodgers. Getting under way, "Weehawken's" anchor fouled the grappling hooks on the torpedo raft, delaying the start by about an hour. She then could make only three knots (5.5 km/h), and the rest of the column had to follow at her slow pace. Second was, commanded by Charleston native Captain Percival Drayton. Third was, led by Commander John L. Worden; Worden was famed as the captain of when she engaged CSS "Virginia" at the Battle of Hampton Roads. Next came, under Commander Daniel Ammen. These were followed by the flagship,, commanded by Commodore Thomas Turner; also aboard were Rear Admiral Du Pont and his fleet captain, Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers. Then came three more monitors:, under Commander George W. Rodgers, brother of C. R. P. Rodgers and cousin of John Rodgers;, under Commander Donald M. Fairfax; and, under Commander John Downes. The experimental non-monitor ironclad, commanded by Commander Alexander C. Rhind, was at the end of the line.  Almost two hours elapsed between the time the ships got under way until the opening shots were fired. In that time, they found that "New Ironsides" had severe handling problems in the strong current and shallow water. She was forced to stop and anchor to avoid going aground, just about the time that the lead monitors were coming under fire. She dropped out of the line, and the four ships following her passed around, with some difficulty. The waiting Rebels could not have chosen a better place for "New Ironsides" to anchor, as she was directly over a 3000-pound (1360 kg) electrically-triggered torpedo that would be activated by closing a switch on shore. Their high hopes were dashed, however, when the switch was closed and nothing happened. Two explanations for the failure have been offered. According to the one, an ordnance wagon had broken the wires by being driven over them. The other holds that the wires were simply too long, so the electric current would not be great enough to create a spark and detonate the charge.  Meanwhile, the other ships were being pummeled. "Weehawken" had advanced to a line of buoys that Captain Rodgers thought might mark torpedoes, so he swerved from the channel and stopped to consider what to do next. At this time, an underwater explosion rocked the vessel; Rodgers thought that it was a torpedo, but some historians believe that it was more likely the explosion of a shell from one of the forts. In either case, the ship suffered no significant injury. Because she had left the channel, however, the line of ships following her were thrown into confusion, and whatever was left of Du Pont's battle plan collapsed. The intense fire the ships received from the forts kept them farther from Fort Sumter than the admiral had envisioned, so their return fire was less accurate than planned. It was not accuracy that determined the result, however, but the sheer disparity in firepower. In the course of the two hours of the engagement, the Confederate forces got off more than 2000 shot and shell, of which 520 hit. By contrast, the Union fleet fired only 154 shots. Their armor protected the crews, but several ships suffered damage that impaired their fighting abilities, such as jammed turrets and gunport stoppers. Worst hit was "Keokuk", which was hit 90 times, including 19 shots at or below the waterline. Captain Rhind withdrew his ship from the fight, barely able to keep her afloat until she was beyond enemy gunfire. By this time, the tide had turned, so Admiral Du Pont decided to suspend the attack until the following day.

Termination.

Du Pont in his official report asserted that he fully intended to renew the attack the next day, but his captains were unanimously opposed. "Keokuk" sank during the night (with no loss of life), two or three of the monitors had sustained damage that would keep them out of further action for days if not weeks, and the captains agreed that nothing good could come from prolonging the battle. Even if they could knock out Fort Sumter, the rest of the fortifications remained, and the fleet had not penetrated the first defensive ring.  Thus the battle fizzled out. The Union had lost one ironclad, and Fort Sumter had sustained damage that could be repaired in short order, though it was somewhat more than Du Pont realized. Personnel casualties were quite low despite the volume of fire. Only one man, Quartermaster Edward Cobb of "Nahant", was killed in the fleet, and 21 others sustained various degrees of injury. The Rebels had lost five killed and eight wounded.

Aftermath.

Secretary of the Navy Welles was dismayed by the failure. The small casualty list, coupled with Du Pont's evident reluctance beforehand, led him to believe at first that the attack was not pressed with vigor. His criticism softened only when John Rodgers, who was known to be a thoroughly competent and aggressive officer, sided with Du Pont. As Rodgers saw it, and as Welles had to agree, Charleston could not be taken by a purely naval assault. It would require a combined operation, with full cooperation of both services, to achieve that.  Welles saw that Du Pont was correct in stating that Charleston could not be taken by naval forces alone, but the breach between the two men was irreparable. Welles recalled the admiral on June 3, replacing him at first with Rear Admiral Andrew H. Foote. Foote, however, had never fully recovered from a wound he had received during the Battle of Fort Donelson, and he died before he could report to his new station. Welles therefore somewhat reluctantly turned responsibility for the naval portion of the campaign to Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren.  Du Pont's captains fared better than he, and none of them suffered professionally for their participation in the failed campaign. Seven of them (John and C. R. P. Rodgers, Ammen, Fairfax, Turner, Worden, and Rhind) eventually became rear admirals. Drayton was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, which would have made him a rear admiral, but he died of a heart attack while awaiting Senate confirmation. George W. Rodgers was known as one of the best captains in the fleet, but he was killed in a later attack on Charleston.  The monitors and "New Ironsides" continued to take part in the blockade of Charleston that remained in force, but the former never again inspired such awe among the Rebels as they had before the attack. All were used in the continuing campaign against the city.  Even the sunken "Keokuk" continued to figure in the war. She had sunk in shallow water that left her smokestack above the surface, so her position was known. Adolphus W. LaCoste, a Charleston civilian hired by the Confederate government, was able to salvage the two guns from the wreck. He and his crew worked by night and were able to escape notice of the blockaders; Du Pont did not suspect their activity until it was announced in the Charleston "Mercury."

The First Battle of Charleston Harbor was an engagement near Charleston, South Carolina that took place April 7, 1863, during the American Civil War. The striking force was a fleet of nine ironclad warships of the Union Navy, including seven monitors that were improved versions of the original. A Union Army contingent associated with the attack took no active part in the battle. The ships, under command of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, attacked the Confederate defenses near the entrance to Charleston Harbor. Navy Department officials in Washington hoped for a stunning success that would validate a new form of warfare, with armored warships mounting heavy guns reducing traditional forts.

La Première bataille de Charleston Harbor s'est déroulée le au cours de la guerre de Sécession entre les forces de l'Union comandées par Samuel Francis Du Pont et celles de la Confédération commandées par Pierre Gustave Toutant de Beauregard à Charleston, en Caroline du Sud.


Background.

Eugene Palmer's son, John Palmer, was married to Tammy Palmer, and the couple lived together with their two children at a property owned by Eugene in Stony Point, New York. Eugene lived next door to the couple. The relationship between John and Tammy slowly began to deteriorate and the couple eventually started seeing other people. Tammy filed for a restraining order against John, which enraged Eugene. Tammy also threatened to file for divorce and sue for the land belonging to Eugene. Authorities say this started a feud between Eugene and Tammy and caused them to have a heated argument.

Murder.

On the morning of Monday, September 24, 2012, Tammy walked her two children to catch the school bus. It is believed Eugene Palmer was hiding in the woods waiting to ambush her when she returned home. As Tammy walked back towards her home, Palmer allegedly began shooting at her with a shotgun from a distance. The first shot struck her in the arm, the second shot missed, but the third shot, delivered at close range, hit her in the chest and proved fatal. After the shooting, Palmer fled the scene in a pick-up truck, which was later found abandoned near Harriman State Park in Rockland County. Palmer then fled into the park on foot. Police called in search dogs, which followed Palmer's scent to a campground in the woods. The scent was then lost, however. Despite multiple searches, no body or trace of Palmer has been found.

Investigation.

Family members of Palmer believe he died in the park, but Haverstraw police said no body was ever found during multiple searches of the area. A federal arrest warrant was issued for Palmer on June 10, 2013. Palmer depends on medications for a heart condition and diabetes. He is described as an experienced hunter, fisher, hiker and outdoorsman, who is also a car enthusiast. He has a deformed left thumb. Authorities believe Palmer might be hiding in Florida or Upstate New York where he has relatives.

Eugene K. Palmer (born April 4, 1939) is an American fugitive who was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on May 29, 2019. He is wanted for allegedly shooting and killing his daughter-in-law, Tammy Palmer, on September 24, 2012, in Stony Point, New York. Palmer is the 523rd and most recent fugitive to be placed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading to his capture.

Eugene K. Palmer (né le 4 avril 1939) est un fugitif américain qui a été ajouté à la liste des dix fugitifs les plus recherchés par le FBI le 29 mai 2019. Il est recherché pour avoir prétendument tiré et tué sa belle-fille (Tammy Palmer), le 24 septembre 2012, à Stony Point.1 Palmer est le numéro 523 et le FBI offre une récompense allant jusqu'à pour les informations menant à sa capture.


Études de sciences occultes d'Isaac Newton

Alchemical research.

Much of what are known as Isaac Newton's occult studies can largely be attributed to his study of alchemy. From a young age, Newton was deeply interested in all forms of natural sciences and materials science, an interest which would ultimately lead to some of his better-known contributions to science. His earliest encounters with certain alchemical theories and practices were during his childhood, when a twelve year old Isaac Newton was boarding in the attic of an apothecaries shop. During Newton's lifetime, the study of chemistry was still in its infancy, so many of his experimental studies used esoteric language and vague terminology more typically associated with alchemy and occultism. It was not until several decades after Newton's death that experiments of stoichiometry under the pioneering works of Antoine Lavoisier were conducted, and analytical chemistry, with its associated nomenclature, came to resemble modern chemistry as we know it today. However, Newton's contemporary and fellow Royal Society member, Robert Boyle, had already discovered the basic concepts of modern chemistry and began establishing modern norms of experimental practice and communication in chemistry, information which Newton did not use.  Much of Newton's writing on alchemy may have been lost in a fire in his laboratory, so the true extent of his work in this area may have been larger than is currently known. Newton also suffered a nervous breakdown during his period of alchemical work, possibly due to some form of chemical poisoning (perhaps from mercury, lead, or some other substance).  Newton's writings suggest that one of the main goals of his alchemy may have been the discovery of the philosopher's stone (a material believed to turn base metals into gold), and perhaps to a lesser extent, the discovery of the highly coveted Elixir of Life. Newton reportedly believed that a Diana's Tree, an alchemical demonstration producing a dendritic "growth" of silver from solution, was evidence that metals "possessed a sort of life."  Some practices of alchemy were banned in England during Newton's lifetime, due in part to unscrupulous practitioners who would often promise wealthy benefactors unrealistic results in an attempt to swindle them. The English Crown, also fearing the potential devaluation of gold because of the creation of fake gold, made penalties for alchemy very severe. In some cases the punishment for unsanctioned alchemy would include the public hanging of an offender on a gilded scaffold while adorned with tinsel and other unspecified items.  He needed to be discreet about alchemy since: alchemy was a vector of heretical ideas and mobs were lynching heretics; alchemy provided technical knowledge about counterfeiting money. So, alchemy was considered dangerous.  Since the 1950s, the question of the nature and degree of influence of alchemy on Newton’s main works, “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” and “Optics” has been actively discussed. At present, the understanding that there is a connection between the alchemical and natural science views of Newton has become generally accepted. Some historians of science express an opinion on the decisive nature of the influence of alchemy, occultism and hermetism on the theory of forces and gravity. A discussion of Newton's alchemical studies had a significant impact on the understanding of the scientific revolution.

Writings.

Due to the threat of punishment and the potential scrutiny he feared from his peers within the scientific community, Newton may have deliberately left his work on alchemical subjects unpublished. Newton was well known as being highly sensitive to criticism, such as the numerous instances when he was criticized by Robert Hooke, and his admitted reluctance to publish any substantial information regarding calculus before 1693. A perfectionist by nature, Newton also refrained from publication of material that he felt was incomplete, as evident from a 38-year gap from Newton's conception of calculus in 1666 and its final full publication in 1704, which would ultimately lead to the infamous Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy.  Most of the scientist’s manuscript heritage after his death passed to John Conduitt, the husband of his niece Catherine. To evaluate the manuscripts, physician Thomas Pellet was involved, who decided that only “the Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms”, an unreleased fragment of “Principia”, "Obsevations upon the Prophesies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John" and "Paradoxical Questions Concerning the Morals and Actions of Athanasius and His Followers" were suitable for publication. The remaining manuscripts, according to Pellet, were "foul draughts of the Prophetic stile" and were not suitable for publication. After the death of J. Conduitt in 1737, manuscripts were transferred to Catherine, who unsuccessfully tried to publish theological notes of her uncle. She consulted with Newton's friend, the theologian Arthur Ashley Sykes (1684—1756). Sykes kept 11 manuscripts for himself, and the rest of the archive passed into the family of Catherine's daughter, who married the John Wallop, Viscount Lymington, and was then owned by the Earls of Portsmouth. Sykes' documents after his death came to the Rev. Jeffery Ekins (d. 1791) and were kept in the family of the latter until they were presented to the New College, Oxford in 1872. Until the mid-19th century, few had access to the Portsmouth collection, including David Brewster, a renowned physicist and biographer of Newton. In 1872, the fifth Earl of Portsmouth transferred part of the manuscripts (mainly of a physical and mathematical nature) to Cambridge University.  In 1936, a collection of Isaac Newton's unpublished works were auctioned by Sotheby's on behalf of Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth. Known as the "Portsmouth Papers", this material consisted of 329 lots of Newton's manuscripts, over a third of which were filled with content that appeared to be alchemical in nature. At the time of Newton's death this material was considered "unfit to publish" by Newton's estate, and consequently fell into obscurity until their somewhat sensational reemergence in 1936.  At the auction many of these documents, along with Newton's death mask, were purchased by economist John Maynard Keynes, who throughout his life collected many of Newton's alchemical writings. Much of the Keynes collection later passed to eccentric document collector Abraham Yahuda, who was himself a vigorous collector of Isaac Newton's original manuscripts.  Many of the documents collected by Keynes and Yahuda are now in the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem. In recent years, several projects have begun to gather, catalogue, and transcribe the fragmented collection of Newton's work on alchemical subjects and make them freely available for on-line access. Two of these are "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton Project" supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and "The Newton Project" supported by the U.K. Arts and Humanities Research Board. In addition, The Jewish National and University Library has published a number of high-quality scanned images of various Newton documents.

The Philosopher's Stone.

Of the material sold during the 1936 Sotheby's auction, several documents indicate an interest by Newton in the procurement or development of the philosopher's stone. Most notably are documents entitled "Artephius his secret Book", followed by "The Epistle of Iohn Pontanus, wherein he beareth witness of ye book of Artephius"; these are themselves a collection of excerpts from another work entitled "Nicholas Flammel, His Exposition of the Hieroglyphicall Figures" which he caused to be painted upon an Arch in St Innocents Church-yard in Paris. Together with "The secret Booke of Artephius, And the Epistle of Iohn Pontanus: Containing both the Theoricke and the Practicke of the Philosophers Stone". This work may also have been referenced by Newton in its Latin version found within Lazarus Zetzner's "Theatrum Chemicum", a volume often associated with the "Turba Philosophorum" and other early European alchemical manuscripts. Nicolas Flamel, one subject of the aforementioned work, was a notable, though mysterious figure, often associated with the discovery of the philosopher's stone, hieroglyphical figures, early forms of tarot, and occultism. Artephius, and his "secret book", were also subjects of interest to 17th-century alchemists.  Also in the 1936 auction of Newton's collection was "The Epitome of the treasure of health written by Edwardus Generosus Anglicus innominatus who lived Anno Domini 1562". This is a twenty-eight-page treatise on the philosopher's stone, the Animal or Angelicall Stone, the Prospective stone or magical stone of Moses, and the vegetable or the growing stone. The treatise concludes with an alchemical poem.

The Principia.

Many of the discoveries and mathematical formula found within Newton's "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" can be linked, often very directly, to his occult and alchemical studies. Much of his research into the movement of heavenly bodies was influenced by his belief that there are invisible, occult forces at work in the orbits of celestial bodies. Other natural philosophers, most notably Descartes, tended to object to this notion and insisted instead that action depended on physical contact, proposing that celestial objects were moved about by a great many small particles.  The second book of the Principia has not withstood the test of time. Much of the work within this volume revolved around measuring air resistance on the motion of pendulums and spheres. Some believe that the main corpus of this work was ultimately an effort to refute Descartes’s Cartesian theory of Vortices, according to which, planetary motion was produced by whirling fluid vortices that filled interplanetary space. This motion supposedly carried the planets with them. As a spiritual man, and as an alchemist, Newton was determined that the motion of heavenly bodies was motivated by invisible forces, that natural phenomena were motivated by forces spiritual, not merely physical.

"The Key" a.k.a "Newton's Clavis".

A fragmentary alchemical text which, in 1975, became "generally accepted as" to be penned by Newton. Its authorship was immediately questioned by Karin Figala, and in 1988 William Newman conclusively proved it to be a composition by George Starkey; this fact has been repeated in a dozen publications since, and no scholar now thinks the "Key" is Newton's.

Other works.

William Newman, a leading scholar of the history of science, has collected many of Newton's alchemical writings.  Newton's various surviving alchemical notebooks clearly show that he made no distinctions between alchemy and what we today consider science. The very same pages in which we find the recordings of his legendary optics experiments we also find various recipes culled from arcane sources. "Alongside sober explanations of optical and physical phenomena such as freezing and boiling," Newman says, "we find 'Neptune's Trident', 'Mercury's Caducean Rod' and the 'Green Lion', all symbolising alchemical substances."  Determining that many of Newton's acclaimed scientific discoveries were influenced by his research of the occult and obscure has not been the simplest of tasks. Newton did not always record his chemical experiments in the most transparent way. Alchemists were notorious for veiling their writings in impenetrable jargon, and Newton made matters even worse by inventing symbols and systems of his own. That is part of the reason why, despite Newton's reputation, many of his manuscripts have still not been properly edited and interpreted. "They are in a state of considerable disorder," Newman says.  Even where the text can be deciphered this only gets you so far. "Although we can make educated guesses about his chymical work from reading," Newman says, "there are often too many variables in chemical research to make it possible to predict an exact outcome from Newton's notes." So Newman and his colleagues set out to repeat the experiments Newton described - using exactly the same conditions.

Biblical studies.

In a manuscript from 1704, Newton describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible and estimates that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this, he said, "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail."

Newton's studies of the Temple of Solomon.

Newton extensively studied and wrote about the Temple of Solomon, dedicating an entire chapter of "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended" to his observations of the temple. Newton's primary source for information was the description of the structure given within 1 Kings of the Hebrew Bible, which he translated himself from Hebrew.  In addition to scripture, Newton also relied upon various ancient and contemporary sources while studying the temple. He believed that many ancient sources were endowed with sacred wisdom and that the proportions of many of their temples were in themselves sacred. This belief would lead Newton to examine many architectural works of Hellenistic Greece, as well as Roman sources such as Vitruvius, in a search for their occult knowledge. This concept, often termed "prisca sapientia" (sacred wisdom and also the ancient wisdom that was revealed to Adam and Moses directly by God), was a common belief of many scholars during Newton's lifetime.  A more contemporary source for Newton's studies of the temple was Juan Bautista Villalpando, who just a few decades earlier had published an influential manuscript entitled "In Ezechielem explanationes et apparatus urbis, ac templi Hierosolymitani" (1596-1605), in which Villalpando comments on the visions of the biblical prophet Ezekiel, including within this work his own interpretations and elaborate reconstructions of Solomon's Temple. In its time, Villalpando's work on the temple produced a great deal of interest throughout Europe and had a significant impact upon later architects and scholars.  As a Bible scholar, Newton was initially interested in the sacred geometry of Solomon's Temple, such as golden sections, conic sections, spirals, orthographic projection, and other harmonious constructions, but he also believed that the dimensions and proportions represented more. He noted that the temple's measurements given in the Bible are mathematical problems, related to solutions for formula_1 and the volume of a hemisphere, formula_2, and in a larger sense that they were references to the size of the Earth and man's place and proportion to it.  Newton believed that the temple was designed by King Solomon with privileged eyes and divine guidance. To Newton, the geometry of the temple represented more than a mathematical blueprint, it also provided a time-frame chronology of Hebrew history. It was for this reason that he included a chapter devoted to the temple within "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended", a section which initially may seem unrelated to the historical nature of the book as a whole.  Newton felt that just as the writings of ancient philosophers, scholars, and Biblical figures contained within them unknown sacred wisdom, the same was true of their architecture. He believed that these men had hidden their knowledge in a complex code of symbolic and mathematical language that, when deciphered, would reveal an unknown knowledge of how nature works.  In 1675 Newton annotated a copy of "Manna – a disquisition of the nature of alchemy", an anonymous treatise which had been given to him by his fellow scholar Ezekiel Foxcroft. In his annotation Newton reflected upon his reasons for examining Solomon's Temple by writing:  During Newton's lifetime, there was great interest in the Temple of Solomon in Europe, due to the success of Villalpando's publications, and augmented by a vogue for detailed engravings and physical models presented in various galleries for public viewing. In 1628, Judah Leon Templo produced a model of the temple and surrounding Jerusalem, which was popular in its day. Around 1692, Gerhard Schott produced a highly detailed model of the temple for use in an opera in Hamburg composed by Christian Heinrich Postel. This immense and model was later sold in 1725 and was exhibited in London as early as 1723, and then later temporarily installed at the London Royal Exchange from 1729 to 1730, where it could be viewed for half-a-crown. Isaac Newton's most comprehensive work on the temple, found within "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended", was published posthumously in 1728, only adding to the public interest in the temple.

Newton's prophecy.

Newton considered himself to be one of a select group of individuals who were specially chosen by God for the task of understanding Biblical scripture. He was a strong believer in prophetic interpretation of the Bible, and like many of his contemporaries in Protestant England, he developed a strong affinity and deep admiration for the teachings and works of Joseph Mede. Although he never wrote a cohesive body of work on prophecy, Newton's belief led him to write several treatises on the subject, including an unpublished guide for prophetic interpretation entitled "Rules for interpreting the words & language in Scripture". In this manuscript he details the necessary requirements for what he considered to be the proper interpretation of the Bible.  In addition, Newton would spend much of his life seeking and revealing what could be considered a Bible Code. He placed a great deal of emphasis upon the interpretation of the Book of Revelation, writing generously upon this book and authoring several manuscripts detailing his interpretations. Unlike a prophet in the true sense of the word, Newton relied upon existing Scripture to prophesy for him, believing his interpretations would set the record straight in the face of what he considered to be "so little understood". In 1754, 27 years after his death, Isaac Newton's treatise, "An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture" would be published, and although it does not argue any prophetic meaning, it does exemplify what Newton considered to be just one popular misunderstanding of Scripture.  Although Newton's approach to these studies could not be considered a scientific approach, he did write as if his findings were the result of evidence-based research.

2060.

In late February and early March 2003, a large amount of media attention circulated around the globe regarding largely unknown and unpublished documents, evidently written by Isaac Newton, indicating that he believed the world would end no earlier than 2060. The story garnered vast amounts of public interest and found its way onto the front page of several widely distributed newspapers, including the UK's Daily Telegraph, Canada's National Post, Israel's Maariv and Yediot Aharonot, and was also featured in an article in the scientific journal "Canadian Journal of History". Television and internet stories in the following weeks heightened the exposure and ultimately would include the production of several documentary films focused upon the topic of the 2060 prediction and some of Newton's lesser known beliefs and practices.  The two documents detailing this prediction are currently housed within the Jewish National and University Library in Jerusalem. Both were believed to be written toward the end of Newton's life, circa 1705, a time frame most notably established by the use of the full title of "Sir" Isaac Newton within portions of the documents.  These documents do not appear to have been written with the intention of publication and Newton expressed a strong personal dislike for individuals who provided specific dates for the Apocalypse purely for sensational value. Furthermore, he at no time provides a specific date for the end of the world in either of these documents.  To understand the reasoning behind the 2060 prediction, an understanding of Newton's theological beliefs should be taken into account, particularly his apparent antitrinitarian beliefs and his Protestant views on the Papacy. Both of these lay essential to his calculations, which ultimately would provide the 2060 time frame. See Isaac Newton's religious views for more details.  The first document, part of the Yahuda collection, is a small letter slip, on the back of which is written haphazardly in Newton's hand: The second reference to the 2060 prediction can be found in a folio, in which Newton writes: Clearly Newton's mathematical prediction of the end of the world is one derived from his interpretation of not only scripture, but also one based upon his theological viewpoint regarding specific chronological dates and events as he saw them.  Newton may not have been referring to the post 2060 event as a destructive act resulting in the annihilation of the globe and its inhabitants, but rather one in which he believed the world, as he saw it, was to be replaced with a new one based upon a transition to an era of divinely inspired peace. In Christian and Islamic theology this concept is often referred to as The Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the establishment of The Kingdom of God on Earth. In a separate manuscript, Isaac Newton paraphrases Revelation 21 and 22 and relates the post 2060 events by writing:

2016.

For Newton's view of 2016 according to his contemporaries, see Religious views of Isaac Newton

Newton's chronology.

Isaac Newton wrote extensively upon the historical topic of chronology. In 1728 "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended", an approximately 87,000-word composition that details the rise and history of various ancient kingdoms was published. The publication date of this work occurred after his death, although the majority of it had been reviewed for publication by Newton himself shortly before he died. As such, this work represents one of his last known personally reviewed publications. Sometime around 1701 he also produced a thirty page unpublished treatise entitled "The Original of Monarchies" detailing the rise of several monarchs throughout antiquity and tracing them back to the biblical figure of Noah.  Newton's chronological writing is Eurocentric, with the earliest records focusing upon Greece, Anatolia, Egypt, and the Levant. Many of Newton's dates do not correlate with current historical knowledge. While Newton mentions several pre-historical events found within the Bible, the oldest actual historical date he provides is 1125 BC. In this entry he mentions Mephres, a ruler over Upper Egypt from the territories of Syene to Heliopolis, and his successor Misphragmuthosis. However, during 1125 BC the Pharaoh of Egypt is now understood to be Ramesses IX.  Although some of the dates Newton provides for various events are accurate by 17th century standards, archaeology as a form of modern science did not exist in Newton's time. In fact, the majority of the conclusionary dates which Newton cites are based on the works of Herodotus, Pliny, Plutarch, Homer, and various other classical historians, authors, and poets; themselves often citing secondary sources and oral records of uncertain date. Newton's approach to chronology was focused upon gathering historical information from various sources found throughout antiquity and cataloguing them according to their appropriate date by his contemporary understanding, standards, and available source material.

Newton's Atlantis.

Found within "The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended", are several passages that directly mention the land of Atlantis. The first such passage is part of his "Short Chronicle" which indicates his belief that Homer's Ulysses left the island of Ogygia in 896 BC. In Greek mythology, Ogygia was home to Calypso, the daughter of Atlas (after whom Atlantis was named). Some scholars have suggested that Ogygia and Atlantis are locationally connected, or possibly the same island. From his writings it appears Newton may have shared this belief. Newton also lists Cadis or Cales as possible candidates for Ogygia, though does not cite his reasons for believing so.

Newton and secret societies.

Isaac Newton has often been associated with various secret societies and fraternal orders throughout history. Due to the secretive nature of such organizations, lack of supportive publicized material, and dubious motives for claiming Newton's participation in these groups, it is difficult to establish his actual membership in any specific organization. and by virtue of the number of masonic buildings have been dedicated in his honour.  Regardless of his own membership status, Newton was a known associate of many individuals who themselves have often been labeled as members of various esoteric groups. It is unclear if these associations were a result of his being a well established and prominently publicized scholar, an early member and sitting President of the Royal Society (1703–1727), a prominent figure of State and Master of the Mint, a recognized Knight, or if Newton actually sought active membership within these esoteric organizations himself. Considering the nature and legality of alchemical practices during his lifetime, as well as his possession of various materials and manuscripts pertaining to alchemical research, Newton may very well have been a member of a group of like minded thinkers and colleagues. The organized level of this group (if in fact any existed), the level of their secrecy, as well as the depth of Newton's involvement within them, remains unclear.  Although Newton was largely considered a reclusive personality and not prone to socializing, during his lifetime being a member of "Societies" or "Clubs" was a very popular form of interpersonal networking. Considering his esteemed social status, it is probable that Newton would have had a least some contact with such groups at various levels. He was most certainly a member of The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge and the Spalding Gentlemen's Society, however, these are considered learned societies, not esoteric societies. Newton's membership status within any particular secret society remains verifiably allusive and largely speculative, however, it still lends itself to popular sensationalism.

Newton and the Rosicrucians.

Perhaps the movement which most influenced Isaac Newton was Rosicrucianism. Although the Rosicrucian movement had caused a great deal of excitement within Europe's scholarly community during the early seventeenth century, by the time Newton had reached maturity the movement had become less sensationalized. However, the Rosicrucian movement still would have a profound influence upon Newton, particularly in regard to his alchemical work and philosophical thought.  The Rosicrucian belief in being specially chosen for the ability to communicate with angels or spirits is echoed in Newton's prophetic beliefs. Additionally, the Rosicrucians proclaimed to have the ability to live forever through the use of the "elixir vitae" and the ability to produce limitless amounts of time and gold from the use of the philosopher's stone, which they claimed to have in their possession. Like Newton, the Rosicrucians were deeply religious, avowedly Christian, anti-Catholic, and highly politicised. Isaac Newton would have a deep interest in not just their alchemical pursuits, but also their belief in esoteric truths of the ancient past and the belief in enlightened individuals with the ability to gain insight into nature, the physical universe, and the spiritual realm.  At the time of his death, Isaac Newton had 169 books on the topic of alchemy in his personal library, and was believed to have considerably more books on this topic during his Cambridge years, though he may have sold them before moving to London in 1696. For its time, his was considered one of the finest alchemical libraries in the world. In his library, Newton left behind a heavily annotated personal copy of "The Fame and Confession of the Fraternity R.C.", by Thomas Vaughan which represents an English translation of The Rosicrucian Manifestos. Newton also possessed copies of "Themis Aurea" and "Symbola Aurea Mensae Duodecium" by the learned alchemist Michael Maier, both of which are significant early books about the Rosicrucian movement. These books were also extensively annotated by Newton.  Newton's ownership of these materials by no means denotes membership within any early Rosicrucian order. Furthermore, considering that his personal alchemical investigations were focused upon discovering materials which the Rosicrucians professed to already be in possession of long before he was born, would seem to some to exclude Newton from their membership. However, in religious terms, the fact that a saint might have 'found God' would not preclude others from the search – quite the opposite. The Ancient & Mystical Order Rosae Crucis has always claimed Newton as a frater. During his own life, Newton was openly 'accused' of being a Rosicrucian, as were many members of The Royal Society. Although it is not known for sure if Isaac Newton was in fact a Rosicrucian, and he never publicly identified himself as one, from his writings it does appear that he may have shared many of their sentiments and beliefs.

English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton produced many works that would now be classified as occult studies. These works explored chronology, alchemy, and Biblical interpretation (especially of the Apocalypse). Newton's scientific work may have been of lesser personal importance to him, as he placed emphasis on rediscovering the occult wisdom of the ancients. In this sense, some historians, including economist John Maynard Keynes, believe that any reference to a "Newtonian Worldview" as being purely mechanical in nature is somewhat inaccurate. Historical research on Newton's occult studies in relation to his science have also been used to challenge the disenchantment narrative within critical theory.

Le physicien et mathématicien anglais Isaac Newton a produit de nombreux ouvrages qui seraient désormais considérés comme des études de sciences occultes. Ces travaux ont exploré la chronologie, l'alchimie et l'interprétation biblique (en particulier de l'Apocalypse ). Le travail scientifique de Newton pourrait avoir été d'une importance personnelle moindre pour lui en ce qu'il mettait l'accent de son travail plutôt sur la redécouverte de la sagesse occulte des anciens. En ce sens, certains historiens, dont l'économiste John Maynard Keynes, estiment que toute référence à une « vision du monde newtonienne » comme étant de nature purement mécanique est quelque peu inexacte. Des recherches historiques sur les études occultes de Newton en relation avec sa science ont également été utilisées pour contester le récit de désenchantement du monde dans la théorie critique.


Plot summary.

The book opens at a dockside in Fife, a town ostensibly ruled by Mayor Tourtell, but actually run by whoever is the Chief Commissioner of the police. Currently, the position is occupied by Duncan, who has recently replaced the despotic Kenneth. A shipment of illegal narcotics to the Norse Riders, one of the two drugs gangs in town, is due and Duff, an inspector in the police has received an anonymous tip-off and plans to intercept the shipment. However, things go badly and Inspector Macbeth and his SWAT team – tipped off separately – have to save the day.  This convinces Duncan to promote Macbeth to the head of Organised Crime, which Duff is unhappy about, since Macbeth is a former junkie, though apparently clean. Duff has known Macbeth since they grew up in an orphanage together.  Going to the Inverness, the more upmarket of the town's two casinos, Macbeth and his oldest friend and mentor, Banquo meet three members of the town‘s other drugs gang, led by a man called Hecate, who sometimes calls himself Mr Hand. They predict that Macbeth will eventually become Chief Commissioner and that Banquo's children will follow in the future. Macbeth is surprised and mentions the prophecy to his partner, known only as Lady. She convinces Macbeth to murder Duncan at a party a few nights later.  Macbeth initially feels unable to murder an unarmed man and asks Hecate for some drugs. After this, his confidence is restored, but he still cannot murder an unarmed man. However, as he leaves the bedroom, he sees a reflection of Duncan preparing to shoot him in the back and turns, throwing a dagger, killing Duncan. Lady wipes blood on Duncan's bodyguards to implicate them and Macbeth later shoots them as they appear to be reaching for weapons after they are confronted by Duff and Macbeth.  The Deputy Chief Commissioner, Malcolm, is temporarily promoted to replace Duncan but Macbeth admits to Banquo that he murdered Duncan and convinces him to dispose of Malcolm. Malcolm signs a false confession in the guise of a suicide note and, following the discovery of the note, Macbeth becomes Chief Commissioner. The circle of murderers is getting larger and, concerned by the prophecy about Banquo's offspring later replacing him, Macbeth arranges the murder of Banquo and his son, Fleance. However, although Banquo is killed, Fleance escapes.  Duff is also suspicious of Macbeth and tries to find evidence against him. Macbeth fabricates evidence of illegal activity against Duff, and his SWAT team are sent to kill him. However, Duff is with his mistress, Caithness, and only his wife and children are killed. Duff escapes to the Capitol, where Duff meets up with Malcolm and Fleance and the three decide to confront and depose Macbeth, later joined by Caithness.  Macbeth manages to destroy the Norse Riders at the request of Hecate, but is blackmailed by Hecate before he can also stop Hecate's drug operation.  Lady is haunted by images of babies, following her killing her own child (born after being abused by her father). She loses her mind and, without her guidance, Macbeth becomes more unhinged, threatening everyone he sees as a danger to him, including a member of his SWAT team who appears to have betrayed him. He captures Tourtell's illegitimate son, Kasi, and uses him to try and blackmail Tourtell into declaring a State of Emergency – an act that would make Macbeth the "de facto" ruler in Fife.  Lennox, a former inspector who worked for Hecate is paralysed saving Mayor Tourtell. He is taken to Hecate in a wheelchair and drops a hand grenade into the drugs operation, destroying it and mortally wounding Hecate in the process.  Lady, who appeared to be coming out of her malaise suddenly commits suicide, leaving Macbeth with only two colleagues who actually support him. The three are holed up in the Inverness. Fleance attempts to attack them from the rear, following a diversion, but Macbeth has figured out the plan and stops him. When Seyton, one of Macbeth's colleagues, asks him if Fleance is dead, Macbeth merely says that he "took care of it". Seyton prepares to kill Kasi, but Macbeth stabs him before an old steam engine is released from its plinth and sent downhill into the Inverness. Crashing through the walls, it severs the ropes holding up the chandelier, which crashes down onto Macbeth, injuring him.  Duff prepares to arrest Macbeth when Olafson, Macbeth's remaining colleague, prepares to shoot him, only for Fleance to shoot Olafson. Duff tells Macbeth that he was not born of woman, but was cut from his mother's belly when she was murdered. Macbeth goads Duff into killing him, so that he can be reunited with Lady.  The book ends with peace having been restored to Fife, but with the brother of one of the drugs gang members threatening to destroy that peace.

Macbeth is a thriller novel by Norwegian writer Jo Nesbø, a re-telling of the play "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare for a more modern audience. This is part of the Hogarth Shakespeare project. "Macbeth" was released in April 2018. The book tells the story of Macbeth in a dystopian, imaginary Fife during the 1970s.

Macbeth est un roman policier norvégien de Jo Nesbø, publié en 2018 en norvégien par les éditions Aschehoug, et en français par les éditions Gallimard en 2018.


History.

Professional ironman racing was born out of the movie "The Coolangatta Gold" which featured multiple Australian Ironman champion Grant Kenny and was won by Guy Leech. With significant media attention beginning to grow, Surf Life Saving Australia established the ‘Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Grand Prix’ in 1986. The aim of the series was to generate a high public profile and showcase for the sport, the athletes and the surf life saving movement.  Over the years the Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Ironman Series has evolved, testing and challenging athletes through different formats and styles of racing. While the Series has continued to evolve with varying formats, competitors and venues, one key element of Ironman and Ironwoman racing has remained – the surf. The Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Ironman Series puts Australia's top multi-discipline athletes through their paces, forcing them to take on the best and worst mother nature has to throw at them.  For almost 30 years, Kellogg's have partnered with Surf Life Saving Australia to deliver this sporting event that has not only produced some of Australia's finest and fittest athletes, but has also helped drive membership for Surf Life Saving. The Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Ironman Series and Ironwoman Series has grown to become the world's elite surf sports competition and one of summer's most iconic events – where only the best of the best have their chance to claim the prize pool, the glory and the prestige of being the crowned the Series Champion. It is survival of the fittest.

Formats.

The Nutri-Grain Ironman and Ironwoman Series is contested over a various race formats which help to create an even playing field for the competitors.

Loop Format.

Description: A continuous race over a conventional Ironman course, swim, board, ski and run. Each 'Loop' consists of one lap of each discipline. A race may consist of three Loops for men and two loops for women, depending on conditions and the course. The order of the disciplines in the race will vary depending on the event.

Eliminator.

Description: An exciting three race format, where the last five finishers are knocked out and don't compete in the next race. Each race is a traditional race, on a shorter course, over the three disciplines. E.g. Race 1: 16 Competitors, 5 eliminated. Race 2: 11 Competitors, 5 eliminated. Race 3: Final 6 competitors. Points are awarded to all competitors in the finishing order.

M-Shape.

Description: A continuous race over a modified course, where the competitors round 3 markers, two beyond the swell, and one on the beach. A race may consist of three loops for men and two for women, depending on conditions and the course.

Triple Sprint Pursuit.

Description: Two conventional Ironman races with the combined points totals to determine handicap starting positions in a third race. The result of the third race determines the round placings. Introduced in Round 1 of the 2015/16 series at Coolum Beach.

Points.

Since the 2011/12 series, the following points awarded for each competitor per round were as follows:

Women's series results (top five).

In the 2010/11 series, Pluimers won four of the five rounds, but her 17th-place finish in the fourth round meant she finished second in the series, six points behind series winner Courtney Hancock.

The Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Ironman and Ironwoman Series is a professional iron man and iron women racing series, born out of surf live saving.

Le championnat des Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Ironman et Ironwoman est une série de courses professionnelles Iron Man et Iron Women, discipline phare du sauvetage sportif. Cette épreuve est une discipline combiné, les athlètes enchaînent des courses en paddleboard, nage et en kayak de mer, ici appelé surf ski. Le tout entre couper par des transitions courses sur le sable.


Plot.

Jasmine Bryant (Bresha Webb) is a public defender who constantly takes plea deals in small town Virginia. Her husband Jordan (Matthew Law) is a police officer who is feeling down after one of his recent victims jumps off a roof to her death. Jasmine is given a new case by her boss Rory (Tyler Perry) to defend Grace Waters (Crystal Fox) the woman accused of murdering her husband Shannon (Mehcad Brooks). Grace insists that she's guilty and will agree to a plea deal if she goes to a prison close by her son Malcolm (Walter Fauntleroy). Jasmine is troubled by the details of the case, including the fact that Shannon's body was never found.  Rory is not pleased that Jasmine wants to try the case because the department doesn’t have the budget for a trial, in addition to the media frenzy. Grace’s best friend Sarah (Phylicia Rashad) tells Jasmine that Grace was feeling sad after her divorce and she pushed her to get out and meet someone new, which led her to Shannon. After researching the case some more, Jasmine and her colleagues Tilsa (Angela Marie Rigsby) and Donnie (Donovan Christie, Jr.) believe Grace is innocent.  Grace tells Jasmine how she met Shannon, and the story unfolds in flashback. At Sarah's persuading, Grace goes to an art gallery show where she meets Shannon, the exhibition artist. He sends her one of his photographs with a rose. They begin to date and he charms Grace with nice words and wine. After three months, Shannon and Grace are married. Slowly Shannon's niceness turns into cruelty and he keeps secrets from her. Eventually, Grace is fired from her job at the bank when it is discovered that money is missing from her accounts. Thinking someone has stolen her identity, Grace discovers that Shannon has stolen from her accounts using her passwords, and has also mortgaged her house with forged documents. Finally, Grace walks in on Shannon in their bed with another woman, and he forces Grace out of the room asking for privacy. That evening, in anger, Grace beats Shannon with a baseball bat multiple times and throws him down the stairs to her basement. Grace then drives to the middle of nowhere to call her friend Sarah and tells her she killed her husband.  Sarah explains that she went to Grace's house and witnessed her son Malcolm leaving the house. Because Shannon's body is missing, Sarah believes that Malcolm helped Grace dispose of it. At the trial, Jasmine miserably fails at proving Grace's innocence. Calling Sarah as a witness backfires because phone records show numerous phone calls between the women on the night of the murder, and Sarah finally admits on the stand that Grace confessed to killing Shannon to her. Grace is found guilty by the jury. Feeling defeated, Jasmine stops by Sarah's house (a residence for old ladies) and notices that an elderly woman named Alice (Cicely Tyson) is trying to escape from the house. Alice wants to leave the house and reveals that other women have died there, including Shane Fieldman (Jordan's victim from the beginning of the film). When Jasmine discovers there are numerous elderly women locked up in the basement, she is kidnapped. Jordan discovers Sarah's criminal history and he goes to look for his wife Jasmine. Shannon turns out to be alive and is revealed to be Sarah's son. For the past twenty years, the two have been conning older women out of their money and social security. Jordan bursts into the house, tussles with Sarah, handcuff her, and then looks for Jasmine as Sarah escapes. Jordan and Shannon fight as Jasmine tries to break free. Shannon is shot and is presumably killed.  The police arrive and the elderly ladies are freed. Grace is released from jail and reunited with her son Malcolm. Jasmine's work on the case is applauded by her colleagues, her boss Rory, and the media. Sarah and Shannon’s real names are revealed to be Betty and Maurice Mills. In the film ends, Sarah is seen as being hired by an unsuspecting daughter to care for her elderly mother.

Production.

Principal photography took place at Tyler Perry Studios in fall 2018, over the course of five days.

Release.

"A Fall from Grace" was released in the United States by Netflix on January 17, 2020. The film was watched by 26 million during its first week.

Reception.

, the film holds an approval rating of 17% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 23 reviews with an average rating of 3.36/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Drama for drama's sake does not a great movie make, but boy is it fun to watch "A Fall From Grace" unravel". On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 34 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".  Many on social media have criticized the glaring errors in the film in the forms of seeing boom microphones, continuity errors, and extras staring directly into the camera and "miming" actions, possibly attributed to the very limited production schedule. The line "Ashtray, bitch!", has become something of an internet meme due to its forceful, yet unintentionally funny delivery. Tyler Perry claimed that the line was not in the script and something he had added on the spot stating, "that was my father doing stupid stuff".

A Fall from Grace is a 2020 American thriller film produced, written, and directed by Tyler Perry. The film follows a woman who finds a dangerous new love and the novice attorney who defends her in a sensational court case. This marks the first Tyler Perry film to be released by Netflix.

Rupture fatale (", littéralement « Une disgrâce ») est un thriller américain écrit, coproduit et réalisé par Tyler Perry, sorti en 2020 sur la plate-forme Netflix.