Musical background.

It is not known whether Browning was thinking of any one piece by Galuppi; in Galuppi's time, the terms "toccata" and "sonata" were less clearly differentiated than they later became, and were used interchangeably. A number of Galuppi's sonatas have been suggested as Browning's inspiration, but as Charles van den Borren wrote in "The Musical Times", "every poet has the right to evade the prosaic minutiae of fact", and it is impossible to state with confidence that one Galuppi piece has more claim than another to be the inspiration for the poem.  Commentators have remarked on the musicality of the poem. Browning was trained extensively in music, both in composition and musical theory. Professional musicians and musicologists have been dismissive of his use of musical terms, but the music scholar Deryck Cooke writes of the poet's precise grasp of fine musical detail in this work. David Parkinson identifies "a link between each syllable of the poem and the musical notes of a scale." Stephen H. Ford contends that the whole poem is constructed "on a double octave form". Marc R. Plamondon argues that Browning's subjective interpretation produces "not just a commentary on music, but a complex portrait of the person attempting to interpret the music." The critic Robert C. Schweik argues that the poem does not require the reader to know Galuppi's music, and that Browning does not provide any description of what the music is really like.

Themes.

The poem is written in the first person, but the voice is not that of Browning himself: the speaker, unlike the poet, has never been out of England, and is picturing life in 18th-century Venice through his response to Galuppi's music. Schweik comments that the speaker's remarks on Venice include "typical bits and snatches of commonplace, second-hand information" and "misunderstandings that would be characteristic of an Englishman who really knows very little about Venice." The speaker, more interested in science than the arts, even gives Galuppi the wrong first name ("Baldassaro" for the correct "Baldassare", an error perpetuated by some literary critics).  After the speaker's fanciful and superficial evocation of old Venice, in stanzas I to IX, the voice goes on to muse on the nature of immortality, first of art and then of life itself. In stanza X, the speaker ponders on the deaths of Galuppi's original audiences, and in the following stanzas he contemplates his own mortality. By the final stanza, XV, the speaker has come so far from his original complacency as to have real empathy with the people of 18th-century Venice.

Musical settings.

The poem inspired a 1989 setting, in modern idiom but with musical quotations from Galuppi's works, by the composer Dominick Argento. The singer-songwriter Kris Delmhorst based her song "Galuppi Baldassare", the first track of her 2006 album "Strange Conversation" on the poem, using many of the words and theme as a basis for her own lyrics.

"A Toccata of Galuppi's" is a poem by Robert Browning, originally published in the 1855 collection "Men and Women". The title refers to the fact that the speaker is either playing or listening to a toccata by the 18th-century Venetian composer Baldassare Galuppi. The poem consists of fifteen rhymed tercets; its prevailing meter is trochaic octameter catalectic.

"A Toccata of Galuppi's (Une Toccata de Galuppi)" est un poème de Robert Browning, vraisemblablement écrit entre 1847 et 1853 et initialement publié dans le recueil de 1855, "Hommes et Femmes".


History.

Background.

The Stadium was originally commissioned as part of an ambitious 5 international-standard stadiums project for Egypt's bid to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After the Egyptian bid to host the World Cup failed, the stadium became the home stadium of the Egyptian national team alongside the Cairo International Stadium. Alongside the national team, Alexandria-based side Smouha started to play their home matches on the stadium instead of Alexandria Stadium since 2016; while Al Ahly, Al Ittihad, Al Masry and Zamalek also played some of their home matches their due to different reasons.  The stadium is unique in that it was designed and built completely by the Egyptian Armed Forces Corps of Engineers (EAFCE).

Opening.

To utilize the new stadium, Egypt chose Borg El Arab stadium to be among the stadiums hosting the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. In an inspection tour to check Egypt's readiness, Jack Warner, FIFA Vice-President and head of the inspection delegation, spoke very highly of the stadium. He said, "It is a fantastic stadium. It is one of the best in the world". Other delegation members described the stadium as an identical copy of the Stade de France. The stadium, however, hosted only one match in that tournament, which was the opening match between Egypt and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the opening ceremony of the competition. FIFA President Sepp Blatter expressed his delight to be at the "fantastic" stadium of Borg El Arab as he watched the high-tech visuals and fantastic lights show of the opening ceremony.

Description.

Location.

Borg El Arab has been selected to be the location of this project. Borg El Arab is located 7 kilometers away from the 31 kilo meters mark at the Cairo-Alexandria desert high road. It is also about 10 kilometers away from each of Borg El Arab Airport, Mubarak Emergency Hospital (at Sidi Krir), and tourist villages in the northern coast. The site is also 1.5 km away from the train station at king Mariot. The sea resort of Borg El Arab is known for its pollutants-free and dry climate due to the fact that it is 28 meters above sea level.  The area of land specified for this project is 600,000 m (145 acres) divided as follow: 30% for facilities, 30% for roads and waiting areas, 40% for green areas. This project is planned to be the building brick for a full Olympic Village integrated.

Entrances and exits.

A 3.5 km long fence surrounds the entire stadium. There are 10 gates and 80 shops with a total surface area of 4 thousand square meters. The main stadium is surrounded by 1.2 km long fence that controls the spectators entrance. This fence contains 17 gates and a total of 136 electronic machine that allow the entry of 800 spectators per minute. While stadium could be completely filled within two hours, it could be entirely evacuated in less than 8 minutes.  Beyond the gates, there are 76 staircases divided into 22 up to the upper stands, 18 down to the special cabins, 36 down to the lower stands. Other entrances exist for the VIP, handicap, and for people with special needs. The stadium contains 8 elevators: two elevator for VIP, two for journalists, two for shipments and goods, and other two for people with special needs.  The stadium includes the following entrances: one for pitch, one for Marathon, two for emergency ambulance and fire services, one for the players and media personal, and two for groups and celebrations.

Pitch.

The geographical direction of the pitch is about 12 degrees north west in order to be along the direction of the wind. The reason for that is to avoid any obstruction to the movement of the ball or the players according to the requirements of the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA). The pitch dimensions is 105 * 70 meters. In addition to the pitch, the stadium is equipped to host Olympic Games activities; 8 running track lanes, water blocker for steeplechase, two sand pit for long jump, one sand pit for triple jump.  The main stadium is equipped with twin light towers positioned at the north-eastern and south-eastern stands of the stadium at a height of 65 meters above the pitch. In addition, lighting sources are installed along the sunshade. Two results panel and 13 prepared positions for cameras are ready.  In addition to the pitch, there are two training fields with a seating capacity of 2000 spectators per field. Both fields occupy a total area of 3,000 m, where each field includes athletics track, two changing rooms for the players, two changing rooms for the referees, offices, and restrooms. Both training fields are equipped with lighting towers.

Seating capacity.

Borg El Arab's main stands can accommodate for 86 thousand spectators on the upper and lower levels. The stadium's seating orientation was designed to allow the spectator to view all the pitch's angles in full without any impediments. While the exclusive VIP cabin has 22 seats, the terrace can accommodates for 300 spectators. The media personal stand can include up to 300 journalists. An outside stand is available for people with special needs.  The terrace and first class stand, which represents 35% of the total stadium seating capacity, are covered with a metal sunshade that is 200 meters long and 62 wide. The metal sunshade is lifted by 18 concrete lotus flower-shaped columns to a height of 32 meters. The sunshade is pulled by high-resistive steel cables. This sunshade, the largest one implemented in the region by Egyptians, used 35 tons of steel in manufacture.

Available services.

Four rooms for clothes changing, with restrooms and showers included in each, are available for the players. In addition, two warm up rooms, number of offices for coaches and medical staff, several rooms for the referees, sports halls, medical centre equipped with the highest level analysis-laboratory, and a press centre for media coverage are available.  For the spectators, there are 32 restaurants and 68 restrooms (a total of 386 toilets; 337 for men, 43 for women, and 6 for people with special needs). Twenty five percent of the stadium is air conditioned, this includes the terrace, salons, clothes changing rooms, and media centre. The audio and surveillance cameras are accessed at the control room found in the basement. An information transmission network and a network of fire alarms are linked to a central control room found at the highest point of the stadium.  The stadium includes a hotel for the players that includes 200 bed which are air conditioned. The hotel includes a conference hall, a cafeteria, restaurant, swimming pool, a gymnasium and provider of elevators. In addition for the hotel, there is also an administrative building and a housing centre for the stadium's workers with a total capacity of 80 people (total area is 3500 square meters). This building includes several offices, salons, a dining hall, rooms accommodation. The stadium includes an internal road network that is 6 km long, car parking capacity of 5 thousand cars, and 200 buses and a helicopter landing pad with capacity of 4 aircraft.  The site green areas occupy a total of 250 thousand square meters. The site has been feed 4 Mb electricity capacity, backup power generators, 500 local phone lines, 1500 international phone lines, a ground water tank with 2000 square meters capacity, and a draft sewer capacity 800 m.

The Borg el-Arab Stadium (), sometimes referred to as El-Geish Stadium - Alexandria (), is a stadium commissioned in 2005 in the Mediterranean Sea resort of Borg El Arab; 25 km west of Alexandria, Egypt. It is the largest stadium in Egypt and the second largest in Africa (after FNB Stadium in Johannesburg) with a capacity of 86,000 and is an all-seater. It is also the 27th largest stadium in the world, and the 9th largest association football stadium in the world. It is located on the Cairo-Alexandria desert highway 10 km from Borg El Arab Airport and 15 km from Alexandria's city center. A running track runs around the pitch, and the ground has four large floodlights. Only one stand is covered by a roof.

Le stade Borg Al Arab ou Stade de l'armée égyptienne est un stade de football égyptien situé dans la ville de Borg Al Arab, une banlieue d'Alexandrie. Il est surtout connu pour servir de stade à l'équipe d'Égypte lorsqu'elle se déplace en province.


Early life and education.

Nickolai Mladenov was born on 5 May 1972 in Sofia. In 1995, he graduated from the University of National and World Economy, majoring in international relations. The following year he obtained an MA in war studies from King's College London.

Career.

Between 1996 and 1998 Mladenov was program director of the Open Society Foundation in Sofia, followed by an appointment as a program coordinator in the social department of the World Bank for Bulgaria. In 1999 he founded the European Institute in Sofia and was its director until 2001. He was a member of parliament for the United Democratic Forces in the 39th National Assembly, parliamentary secretary (until March 2002), and vice chairman of the committee on European integration and the committee on foreign affairs, defense and security.  On 12 March 2002 Mladenov was elected to the national executive council of the party Union of Democratic Forces. Later he was appointed spokesman of the party. From 22 February 2004 he was the vice-president of UDF, resigning on 16 August 2005.  From 2005 to 2007 he served as a consultant to the World Bank, International Republican Institute and National Democratic Institute in Bulgaria, Afghanistan, Yemen and other Middle Eastern countries. In 2006 he worked as an adviser to parliamentary committees on defense and foreign policy and cooperation of the Iraqi Parliament.

Member of the European Parliament, 2007–2009.

Mladenov was number 3 on the candidate list of the GERB party for the European elections 2007. As a member of the European Parliament Mladenov was a member of the committees on internal market and consumer protection, foreign affairs, and the subcommittee on security and defence. He was also the first vice chairman of the parliament's delegation for relations with Iraq and member of the delegations to Israel and Afghanistan.  Mladenov is a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.

Career with the United Nations, 2013–present.

On 2 August 2013, Mladenov was appointed as United Nations Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. He succeeded Martin Kobler of Germany. At the time, the country security had deteriorated as Sunni Islamist groups stepped up an insurgency against the Shi’ite-led government.  On 5 February 2015, Mladenov was appointed United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, replacing Dutch diplomat Robert Serry.  In late 2018, Mladenov was mentioned in news media as potential successor of Staffan de Mistura as United Nations Special Envoy for Syria.

Political positions.

Mladenov is considered by many to be a Western-oriented, bright politician. During his tenure as defense minister, he increased Bulgarian deployment to Afghanistan, and also improved United States-Bulgaria relations immensely. An excerpt from a US diplomatic cable recovered in the Cablegate scandal solidifies this:

Nickolai Evtimov Mladenov (; born 5 May 1972) is a Bulgarian politician and diplomat who served as the minister of foreign affairs in the government of then prime minister Boyko Borisov from 2010 to 2013. He was a Member of the European Parliament from 2007 to 2009 and was Minister of Defense from 27 July 2009 to 27 January 2010. On 2 August 2013 Mladenov was appointed as United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq. On 5 February 2015, Mladenov was appointed UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process.

Nikolaï Evtimov Mladenov, né le à Sofia, est un homme politique bulgare membre des Citoyens pour le développement européen de la Bulgarie (GERB).


Description, systematics and taxonomy.

It resembles its closest living relative the European stonechat ("S. rubicola"), but is typically darker above and paler below, with a white rump and whiter underparts with less orange on the breast. The male in breeding plumage has black upperparts and head (lacking the brownish tones of the European stonechat), a conspicuous white collar, scapular patch and rump, and a restricted area of orange on the throat.  The female has pale brown upperparts and head, white neck patches (not a full collar), and a pale, unstreaked pinkish-yellow rump. Males in winter plumage are intermediate between summer males and females, with a supercilium resembling the whinchat ("S. rubetra"); from this species and the female it can be distinguished by the full white collar.  If seen at close distance, it can be recognized that its primary remiges are distinctly longer than in "S. rubicola". In this, it closely resembles the whinchat, which like "S. maurus" is adapted to long-distance migrations.  The male has a clicking call, like two pebbles knocked together. The song is high and twittering like the dunnock ("Prunella modularis"), an unrelated passeridan songbird belonging to the Passeroidea.  There are five or six subspecies, with "S. m. maurus" (described above) and the distinct but similar "S. m. stejnegeri" found across northern and central Asia. The southern "S. m. variegatus" (west of the Caspian Sea), "S. m. armenicus" (eastern Turkey to Iran), "S. m. indicus" (Himalaya) and the Turkestan stonechat "S. m. przewalskii" (southwest China) are distinguished by larger white areas on the plumage.  In the past, "S. maurus" was usually included in "S. torquatus" as part of the "common stonechat", but that scientific name nowadays is restricted to the African stonechat. Analysis of mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence and nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting data, though not unequivocal, together with the evidence from morphology, behaviour and biogeography seems to indicate that the present bird can be considered a distinct species. The European stonechat is its western sister species in the Eurasian lineage of stonechats; their ancestors separated during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5-2.5 million years ago at the onset of the Quaternary glaciation.  Its scientific name means "dark rock-dweller". "Saxicola" derives from Latin "saxum" "rock" + "incola" "inhabitant"; "maurus" is Latinized from Greek "maúros" (μαύρος) "black" (cf. "moor"), in reference to the upperpart colour as compared to "S. rubicola".

Distribution and ecology.

The breeding range covers most of temperate Asia, from about latitude 71°N in Siberia south to the Himalaya and southwest China, and west to eastern Turkey and the Caspian Sea area. It also breeds in the far northeast of Europe, mainly in Russia but occasionally as far west as Finland.  The wintering range of the migratory bird is from southern Japan south to Thailand and India, and west to northeast Africa. On migration, small numbers reach as far west as western Europe, and exceptionally as far east as Alaska in North America.  The Siberian stonechat is insectivorous. It breeds in open rough scrubland or rough grassland with scattered shrubs, from sea level to about 4,000 m ASL or more. The birds seem to avoid even cool temperate conditions and stay up north only during the hot continental summer. In the montane regions of the Himalaya foothills of Bhutan, migrants can on occasion be seen foraging in fields and pastures more than 2,000 m ASL, but most move further down and south to winter in tropical regions.  Though it is not considered a distinct species by the IUCN, it is widespread and common and would not be considered a threatened species.

The Siberian stonechat or Asian stonechat ("Saxicola maurus") is a recently validated species of the Old World flycatcher family (Muscicapidae). Like the other thrush-like flycatchers, it was often placed in the Turdidae in the past. It breeds in the East Palearctic including in easternmost Europe and winters in the Old World tropics.

Le Tarier de Sibérie (Saxicola maurus syn. "S. maura") est une espèce d’oiseaux de la famille des Muscicapidae, autrefois considérée comme une sous-espèce de "Saxicola torquatus" ("sensu lato").


History.

Croconic acid and potassium croconate dihydrate were discovered by Leopold Gmelin in 1825, who named the compounds from Greek

Structure.

In the solid state, croconic acid has a peculiar structure consisting of pleated strips, each "page" of the strip being a planar ring of 4 molecules of held together by hydrogen bonds. In dioxane it has a large dipole moment of 9–10 D, while the free molecule is estimated to have a dipole of 7–7.5 D. The solid is ferroelectric with a Curie point above, indeed the organic crystal with the highest spontaneous polarization (about 20 μC/cm). This is due to proton transfer between adjacent molecules in each pleated sheet, rather than molecular rotation.  In the solid alkali metal salts, the croconate anions and the alkali cations form parallel columns. In the mixed salt, which formally contains both one croconate dianion and one hydrogencroconate monoanion (), the hydrogen is shared equally by two adjacent croconate units.  Salts of the croconate anion and its derivatives are of interest in supramolecular chemistry research because of their potential for π-stacking effects, where the delocalized electrons of two stacked croconate anions interact.  Infrared and Raman assignments indicate that the equalization of the carbon–carbon bond lengths, thus the electronic delocalization, follows with an increase in counter-ion size for salts. This result leads to a further interpretation that the degree of aromaticity is enhanced for salts as a function of the size of the counter-ion. The same study provided quantum mechanical DFT calculations for the optimized structures and vibrational spectra which were in agreement with experimental findings. The values for calculated theoretical indices of aromaticity also increased with counterion size.  The croconate anion forms hydrated crystalline coordination compounds with divalent cations of transition metals, with general formula ; where M stands for copper (yielding a brown solid), iron (dark purple), zinc (yellow), nickel (green), manganese (dark green), or cobalt (purple). These complexes all have the same orthorombic crystal structure, consisting of chains of alternating croconate and metal ions. Each croconate is bound to the preceding metal by one oxygen atom, and to the next metal through its two opposite oxygens, leaving two oxygens unbound. Each metal is bound to three croconate oxygens and to one water molecule. Calcium also forms a compound with the same formula (yellow) but the structure appears to be different.  The croconate anion also forms compounds with trivalent cations such as aluminium (yellow), chromium (brown), and iron (purple). These compounds also include hydroxyl groups as well as hydration water and have a more complicated crystal structure. No indication was found of sandwich-type bonds between the delocalized electrons and the metal (as are seen in ferrocene, for example), but the anion can form metal complexes with a large variety of bonding patterns, involving from only one to all five of its oxygen atoms.

Croconic acid or 4,5-dihydroxycyclopentenetrione is a chemical compound with formula or. It has a cyclopentene backbone with two hydroxyl groups adjacent to the double bond and three ketone groups on the remaining carbon atoms. It is sensitive to light, soluble in water and ethanol and forms yellow crystals that decompose at 212 °C.

L'acide croconique ou la 1,2-dihydroxycyclopentènetrione est le composé organique de formule brute CHO ou (C=O)(COH). Il est composé d'un squelette cyclopentène avec deux groupes hydroxyles adjacents à la double liaison et trois groupes cétones sur les atomes de carbone restants. Il est sensible à la lumière, soluble dans l'eau et l'éthanol et forme des cristaux jaunes qui se décomposent à.


History.

The airline was founded by Puerto Rican businessman Joaquín Bolivar as Executive Air Charter in 1979, and on September 15, 1986 joined the American Eagle system. It became an AMR Eagle subsidiary on December 7, 1989. It is a subsidiary of AMR Eagle Holdings Corporation which operates American Eagle Airlines Inc., and Executive Airlines Inc. Both are subsidiaries of AMR Corporation, the parent of American Airlines. It has 2,125 employees (at March 2007).  In late 2007, it was announced AMR plans to "spin off" Executive Airlines Inc., which according to the filing, carries the American Eagle name. In the American Airlines Inc., 8k SEC filing dated November 29, 2007, "The planned divestiture would include both American Eagle Airlines, Inc., which feeds American Airlines hubs throughout North America, and its independently certificated regional carrier affiliate, Executive Airlines, Inc., which carries and d/b/a American Eagle in name throughout The Bahamas and the Caribbean from bases in Miami and San Juan, Puerto Rico."  On July 8, 2008, American Eagle Inc, announced changes in leadership at its San Juan-based Executive Airlines operation in which Ed Criner, Executive's current president, returned to the U.S. mainland to oversee one of American Eagle's largest operations at Chicago O’Hare airport, and Pedro Fabregas, Vice President - Finance and Planning for Executive, became President - Executive Airlines. Fabregas, a 25-year industry veteran, joined American Airlines in 1983 and quickly progressed through a number of management positions. He moved to Executive Airlines in 1998 as Director - Finance and Administration, and has since contributed in a variety of roles, including Vice President - Sales, Marketing and Planning.  In 2005, Fabregas was selected by the Senate of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as one of the most important business leaders in Puerto Rico.

American Eagle / Executive Airlines Organization - Caribbean.

Pedro Fabregas - President & CEO Ramon Hernandez - Vice Technical Operations Benixavier Perez - Vice President Safety & Compliance Jorge Ramirez - Vice President International Operations Carlos Hernandez - Director Flight Operations Brenda Torres - Director Finance & Accounting

(OW) Executive Airlines former Destinations.

"Further information : American Eagle (airline brand) - (MQ) American Eagle Airlines / Envoy Destinations

Fleet.

The Executive Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at February 2008):  Prior to transitioning to an all ATR 72 fleet, Executive Airlines operated the following turboprop aircraft:  The fleet was owned by the parent company, AMR until it completed a sale & leaseback transaction in February 2008. The ATR 72s were returned to the leasing company starting in 2012 two at a time. Their replacement aircraft has not yet been decided on.  However, it appears as of March 2013 that no replacement aircraft may be ordered as the American Eagle service operated by Executive Airlines conducted its last flights on Sunday, March 31, 2013 according to the American Airlines system timetable dated March 7, 2013.

Tribute to Executive Airlines.

After Executive Airlines ceased operations on April 1, 2013, the airlines' employees put together a tribute to Executive Airlines in 3 parts:

Executive Airlines, Inc. was a regional airline headquartered in Carolina, Puerto Rico. Effective April 1, 2013 Executive Airlines continued to do business in the Caribbean and Bahamas as an aircraft ground handling company, providing services to various airlines in the region, after it had ceased operating scheduled passenger flights with ATR turboprop aircraft as an American Eagle air carrier on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement providing passenger feed at the former American Airlines hub located at the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU) located in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Executive Airlines était une compagnie aérienne régionale américaine. Elle exploitait des vols en ATR 72-200 pour American Eagle. Elle a cessé ses activités en 2013.


Background.

The CBA began play in the 1995–96 season. The league should not be confused with the Chinese Basketball Association (organisation), which was founded in June 1956 and represents the country in matters involving the sport's governing body, FIBA. Basketball in China is currently regulated by the Chinese Basketball Management Center.  Other Chinese basketball leagues include the National Basketball League (NBL), the Chinese University Basketball Association (CUBA), and the Chinese High School Basketball League (CHBL). At one time there was a league called the Chinese New Basketball Alliance (CNBA), one of whose most prominent teams was the Beijing Sea Lions, but this venture lasted for just one winter (1996–97).  The first non-Chinese player to compete in the CBA was Mihail Savinkov of Uzbekistan, who joined the Zhejiang Squirrels in the league's inaugural 1995–96 campaign. During the 1996–97 season, James Hodges became one of the first Americans to play in the CBA, and his signing by the Liaoning Hunters helped pave the way for many more imports from the United States to follow in the ensuing years.  Some other notable foreign pioneers included John Spencer, who joined the Jiangsu Dragons later in the 1996–97 campaign, and David Vanterpool, who inked a deal with the Jilin Northeast Tigers the following winter, and helped the team move up to the CBA in time for the 1998–99 season. The CBA's first international coach was American Robert Hoggard, who led the Sichuan Pandas for the last eight games of the 1997–98 campaign.

Team names.

"For a full list of teams, see."  The full name of each team usually consists of three parts, in the following order:  The presence of corporate sponsor names can occasionally lead to confusion about what name to use in English because many variants may be seen. Team names are usually abbreviated (in Chinese or English), so that either the corporate sponsor name or the nickname is used interchangeably (rarely both). In addition, team nicknames can sometimes be translated into English in more than one way, and corporate sponsors tend to change frequently over time.  Nickname changes are rare, but occasionally happen, such as when the Shandong team switched from "Flaming Bulls" (1995) to "Lions" (2003) to "Gold Lions" (2004) to "Golden Stars" (2014). Other examples include the Liaoning team dumping "Hunters" (1995) for "Dinosaurs" (2008) and then "Flying Leopards" (2011) -- as well as the Foshan team's evolving attempts to "Anglicize" its nickname—by going from "Kylins" (2001) to "Dralions" to "Long-Lions"  In previous years, the title of the league itself was available for corporate naming sponsorship. In 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 it was known as the "Hilton League", in 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 it was the "Motorola League", and in 2003–2004 it was sponsored by China Unicom. These corporate league titles were not always used in the news media, however, and this sponsorship practice was discontinued at the start of the 2004–2005 season.

Current clubs.

While teams are listed by division here, the CBA does not use these designations for regular season purposes anymore, as each squad now plays each other once at home and once on the road (plus eight additional games within each of the four rotating "strength of schedule" sub-groupings). Divisions are used for the league's annual All-Star Game, however, and are shown here for the sake of convenience.

Timeline.

This is a chronological listing of current and former CBA teams according to the season that they entered the league.

Finals.

In 2005, the league unveiled the Mou Zuoyun Cup (), which was awarded for the first time to the winning team in the CBA Finals. Mou Zuoyun (1913–2007) was a member of the Chinese men's national basketball team which competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and he later served as a coach and a pioneer in building Chinese basketball.

Finals appearances.

This is a list of teams which have advanced to the CBA Finals and the overall win-loss records they have compiled in the Championship Series.

Awards.

The CBA Most Valuable Player award is presented to the league's best player in a given CBA season. Since the 2012–13 campaign, two awards have been handed out each year, Domestic MVP and International MVP. At the conclusion of each season, the CBA Finals MVP award is bestowed upon the most outstanding player in that year's championship series.  Each campaign's scoring leader is also recognized on an annual basis and the league maintains a list of single game, single season, and career record holders in various statistical categories. Furthermore, a CBA All-Star Game MVP award is given to the player deemed to have the most impactful performance in the league's annual mid-season exhibition contest.

Scoring leaders.

The CBA's highest single season scoring average, depending on how many games are required to be recognized as a statistical qualifier, is either 43.1 points per game by Jordan Crawford, who played in 26 of Tianjin's 38 games (68.4%) in 2015–16, or 42.0 points per game by Jonathan Gibson, who played in 36 of Qingdao's 38 games (94.7%) in 2015–16.

Records.

This is a list of individual records separated into two categories — career records and single game records.  Records last updated and confirmed on March 13, 2019, the final day of the 2018–19 CBA regular season.

Notable players.

Listed below are some of the most accomplished Chinese players who have competed in the CBA. Time spent with teams in lower leagues before they joined the CBA, or after they left the CBA, cannot be counted as CBA seasons. Notes will be made of such service below a player's CBA information.

Foreign imports.

Listed below are some of the most accomplished foreign imports who have competed in the CBA. Players must appear in at least one game for the team to receive credit for a season. Someone who signs a contract but never steps on the court does not count.

Politics.

On October 4, 2019, the Houston Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet in support of the 2019 Hong Kong protests. Morey's tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Association’s suspension of its relationship with the Houston Rockets and China Central Television's removal of all NBA games from its broadcast schedule until further notice.

The Chinese Basketball Association (), often abbreviated as the CBA, is the first-tier professional men's basketball league in China. It is widely regarded as the preeminent professional men's basketball league in Asia.

La Chinese Basketball Association (en chinois : translittération : "Zhōngguó Nánzǐ Lánqiú Zhíyè Liánsài"), souvent abrégée par le sigle CBA, est le plus haut niveau du championnat de Chine de basket-ball. Ce championnat regroupe les 17 meilleures équipes chinoises. Chaque équipe s'affronte en matchs aller-retour, les huit premières équipes étant qualifiées pour les play-offs. Les quarts de finale et les demi-finales se jouent au meilleur des cinq matchs et la finale se joue au meilleur des sept matchs.


Aircraft.

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8AS, registration ET-ANB, s/n 29935. It had its maiden flight on 18 January 2002, and was delivered new to Ryanair on 4 February 2002 as EI-CSW. Stored in, Ethiopian Airlines took delivery of the aircraft on 12 September 2009, leased from CIT Aerospace. Provided with twin CFM56-7B26 powerplants, the airframe last underwent maintenance checks on 25 December 2009 without any technical problems found. It was old at the time the accident took place.

Accident.

The Boeing 737 took off from runway 21 at Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport in stormy weather, with 82 passengers and eight crew members on board. The METAR data indicated wind speeds of from varying directions, with thunderstorms in the vicinity of the airport. The aircraft climbed to, turned sharply to the left, stalled, and crashed into the Mediterranean Sea at about 02:00 local time (/EET). Radar contact was lost about four to five minutes into the flight, while witnesses near the coast reported seeing the aircraft on fire as it crashed into the sea. The flight had been scheduled to arrive at Addis Ababa at 07:50 local time (/ EAT or 4:50 UTC).

Search and recovery.

On the morning following the crash, Lebanese authorities reported locating the crash site off the coast from the village of Na'ameh, in of water. The search for survivors was carried out by the Lebanese Army, using Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, the Lebanese Navy and UNIFIL troops. The U.S. military, in response to a request from the Lebanese government, sent the guided missile destroyer, a Navy Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft, and the salvage ship. The French Navy sent a Breguet Atlantic reconnaissance aircraft. UNIFIL sent three ships (among them the German minesweeper tender "Mosel" and the Turkish corvette "Bozcaada") and two helicopters to the scene. Further helicopters were sent by the Royal Air Force, and the Cyprus Police aviation unit.  On 7 February, Lebanese Army divers recovered the plane's flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder (CVR). The CVR was missing a memory storage unit when found. This was reported on 16 February as having been recovered. All were sent to the French "Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile" (BEA) for analysis.  All the deceased were recovered from the sea by 23 February. The recovered bodies were sent to the Rafik Hariri University Hospital in Beirut for DNA testing and identification. They were all identified by the end of February.

Investigation.

The Lebanese Civil Aviation Authority investigated the accident, with the assistance of the BEA, Boeing, and the National Transportation Safety Board of the United States.  Lebanese President Michel Suleiman stated before the flight data recorders were found that the crash was not due to terrorism. Lebanese Information Minister Tarek Mitri rejected the notion that the aircraft should not have been allowed to take off under the current weather conditions, stating that "many" other aircraft had taken off during the time period.  The final investigation report released by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Works and Transport, presented on 17 January 2012, stated that "the probable causes of the accident were the flight crew's mismanagement of the aircraft's speed, altitude, headings and attitude through inconsistent flight control inputs resulting in a loss of control and their failure to abide by CRM <nowiki>[</nowiki>Crew Resource Management<nowiki>]</nowiki> principles of mutual support and calling deviations".  Ethiopian Airlines stated the airline "strongly refutes" the report, and that it "was biased, lacking evidence, incomplete and did not present the full account of the accident". The airline wrote in a press release issued the same day as the investigation report that the halting of flight data and cockpit voice recording at 1,300 feet, the disappearance of the aircraft from radar at that time, and the eyewitness reports of a fireball "clearly indicate that the aircraft disintegrated in the air due to explosion, which could have been caused by a shoot-down, sabotage, or lightning strike." The Lebanese CAA report had noted that eyewitnesses, including an air traffic controller and a crew flying in the vicinity of Flight 409, had reported seeing an "orange light", "an orange explosion", or "a ball of fire" at the time and toward the location the aircraft crashed into the sea; but concluded "No sign of any explosion or fire were detected on the wreckage" or "during the autopsies carried on some of the bodies". It speculated that the impression of an explosion may have been caused by the aircraft lights during the aircraft's last steep dive; or by the "thunderstorm activities in the area".

Passengers and crew.

Ethiopian Airlines issued the following list of the nationalities of the victims:

Aftermath.

A memorial ceremony was held at the Ethiopian Airlines premises in Addis Ababa on 14 February 2010.

In the media.

The crash was dramatized in the twelfth series of the Canadian documentary "Mayday" (also known as "Air Emergency" or "Air Crash Investigation"). It is titled "Heading to Disaster". The episode re-creates the crash based on the Lebanese investigators' final report.

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 was an international commercial flight scheduled from Beirut to Addis Ababa that crashed into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after takeoff from Rafic Hariri International Airport on 25 January 2010, killing all 90 people on board. This was the first fatal crash for Ethiopian Airlines since the hijack of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 in 1996.

Le Boeing 737-800 du vol Ethiopian Airlines 409 entre l'aéroport international de Beyrouth - Rafic Hariri (Liban) et l'aéroport international de Bole (Éthiopie) s'abîme en Méditerranée à au large de le, à UTC, peu de temps après avoir décollé de l'aéroport international de Beyrouth. Les 90 personnes se trouvant à bord sont décédées.


General information.

Name.

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old "Ringsaker" farm (Old Norse: "Ringisakr"), since the first church was built there. The first element is the genitive case of "ringir" or "ringi", of unknown meaning. One proposal is that "Ringir" or "Hringir" ("Lord of the Ring") may have been an epithet or alias for the Norse god Ullr, based on a ceremony mentioned in the poem "Atlakviða" where an oath is sworn by "hringi Ullar" ("the ring of Ullr").  The last element is "akr", meaning "acre" or any "field" generally.

Coat-of-arms.

The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 1 February 1985. The arms show a silver elk on a red background. The elk in the arms is taken from pre-historic cave paintings found at the Stein farm in Ringsaker, indicating the early inhabitation of the area. They were designed by Arne Løvstad.

Geography.

Ringsaker is located on the east side of the lake Mjøsa, the largest lake in Norway, It borders Lillehammer to the northwest; Øyer, Stor-Elvdal, and Åmot to the north; Hamar to the east; Stange and Østre Toten to the south; and Gjøvik to the west.  Ringsaker is situated in an agricultural and lumbering region. Ringsaker lies in the traditional district of Hedmarken which consists largely of a rolling agricultural terrain, hilly green mountains, and pine forests.  The principal urban centers in Ringsaker include Brumunddal and Moelv.

Economy.

Ringsaker's main industries are agriculture, forestry, and diversified manufacturing. The area of Sjusjøen has a relatively large cottage colony that is especially attractive for out door sports including cross-country skiing vacations.

History.

Harald Hårfagre in 882.

Ringsaker is first mentioned in King Harald Hårfagre's Saga, in the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson. The saga reports that Harald Hårfagre (872–930) was but ten years old when he succeeded his father (Halfdan the Black). After Halfdan the Black's death, many chiefs coveted the dominions he had left. Among these King Gandalf was the first; then Högne and Fróði, sons of King Eystein of Hedemark; and also King Hogne Karuson of Ringerike.  Hake, the son of Gandalf, led an expedition of 300 men against Vestfold. King Harald's army, led by Guthorm, met and fought a great battle, and King Harald was victorious, killing king Hake. Then King Harald turned back, but King Gandalf had come to Vestfold so they defeated him also. Now when the sons of King Eystein in Hedemark heard the news, they proposed to meet at Ringsaker in Hedemark with the remaining kings, Hogne Karuson and Herse Gudbrand. King Harald and Guthorm found out where the Oppland kings were meeting, and coming undetected at night, fired the houses in which Hogne Karuson and Herse Gudbrand slept. King Eystein's two sons and their men fought, but both Hogne and Frode died.  After the fall of these kings, King Harald had subdued Hedemark, Ringerike, Gudbrandsdal, Hadeland, Thoten, Romerike, and the whole northern part of Vingulmark. In addition, King Gandalf was slain, and King Harald took the whole of his kingdom as far south as the river Raum (Glomma).

Saint Olaf in 1018.

Ringsaker is again mentioned in a saga about 1018 when Olaf (later Saint Olaf) sent people to advise the Opplands that he was coming, as it was custom for the king to live as guest there every third year. In the autumn, he left Sarpsborg and went first to Vingulmark. He inquired about their Christianity, teaching some and punishing others. He went through that district, and on to Romerike. Christianity was weaker there and he punished all who had not obeyed his word. The king of Romerike proceeded to Ringsaker, to consult King Hrorek of Hedemark. They sent messages to King Gudrod of Gudbrandsdal, and to the King of Hadaland, inviting them to meet at Hedemark. The kings agreed to resist Olaf. They summoned the leaders from their kingdoms; and when they had assembled the kings directed them to gather warriors. Most approved of the measure, but the kings were betrayed to Olav by Ketil Kavl of Ringanes (the southernmost district in Hedemark, Stange), who proceeded rapidly down lake Mjøsa to Eid, where Olaf was then located.  King Olaf accompanied by 400 men arrived at Ringsaker before the next day dawned. Ketil knew where the kings slept, and Olaf had all these houses surrounded. The kings were taken prisoners. King Hrorek's eyes were put out. King Gudrod's tongue was cut out. King Ring and two others were banished from Norway. King Olaf took possession of the land these kings had possessed, and after this Olaf alone bore the title of king in Norway.

Sigurd of Røyr in 1163.

Sigurd of Røyr, who was Haakon II's champion, lived at Røyr (Rør) in Ringsaker. He died at Re in 1163.

Ringsaker Church.

Ringsaker church ("Ringsaker Kirke") is a Medieval era stone basilica built in the 1150s. It was first mentioned in historical documents in 1170. The choir enlarged in gothic 1200s, In the late 13th century the church transept was enlarged. The edifice is made of limestone and has 400 seats. The tower spire was added in 1694. Two large candlesticks on the altar are from 1540. The crucifix above the chancel arch is carved in 1683. The pulpit and baptismal font are carved and date to 1704. A number of murals were uncovered in various places in the church during the restoration of the church from 1960 to 1964.

Institutions.

A SOS Children's Village has been planned for Ringsaker—Norway's second.

The municipality of Ringsaker was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The municipalities of Furnes and Nes were merged with Ringsaker on 1 January 1964.

Ringsaker est une "commune" de Norvège. Elle est située dans le comté de Hedmark. Elle est desservie par la gare de Brumunddal.


Work life.

The Lucas Plan.

In the late 1970s, Mike Cooley was a designer at Lucas Aerospace and chaired the local branch of the technical trade union Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section (TASS). He was one of the militant activists behind The Lucas Plan, a radical strategy to avoid workforce layoffs by converting production at Lucas from armaments to civilian products.  The plan's aim was to replace weapons manufacture with the development of socially useful goods, like solar heating equipment, artificial kidneys, and systems for intermodal transportation. The goal was to not simply retain jobs, but to design the work so that the workers would be motivated by the social value of their activities. As Cooley put it "the workers are the experts”. The proposals of the alternative plan were not accepted by Lucas management and Cooley was dismissed in 1981, allegedly for spending excessive time upon union business and "concerns of society as a whole". Following his sacking by Lucas he was appointed Technology Director of the GLC and later founded the Greater London Enterprise Board (GLEB).

Greater London Enterprise Board (GLEB): 1982.

Ken Livingstone and Mike Cooley founded the Greater London Enterprise Board (GLEB) in 1982, which was an industrial development and job creation agency set up by the GLC to create employment by investing in the industrial regeneration of London, with the funds provided by the council, its workers' pension fund and the financial markets. During the first two years of the enterprise board's existence the Greater London council provided a total annual budget of around £30 million, made up of some £20 million section 137 funds and £10 million section 3 mortgage loan facilities. Frank Dobson in Hansard wrote in 1985 when GLEB was under threat of closure, "The Government are not worried because the GLEB has been a failure; they are worried because it has been a success".  The GLEB became independent in 1986 when the GLC was abolished; it changed its name to Greater London Enterprise (GLE) and funded its activities from its income.

AI & Society (Founding Chairman): 1987.

Mike Cooley was the founding chairman of AI & Society, an international forum for socially responsible technology founded in 1987 that focuses on ‘societal issues".(Springer, 2018).

Publications.

"Architect or Bee: 1980".

In 1980, Cooley published "Architect or Bee?" a critique of the automation and computerisation of engineering work. The book alludes to a comparison made by Karl Marx on the creative achievements of human imagination. According to Orlando Hill, "Mike Cooley’s Architect or Bee? put the case that a new organisation of technology could provide social good rather than profit". He goes on to say: "Cooley argues that if we are going to move from merrily producing commodities to producing goods that people need and want, we must change our attitude towards technology. The technology used today evolved from the concept of the division of labour. In a capitalist system in which the maximization of profit is the sole objective and people are regarded as units of labour-power, the division of labour and fragmentation of skills is absolutely rational and scientific. However, the consequence is the deskilling of workers and alienation from reality. A division between theory and practice is created with a bias towards theoretical knowledge. The skill and practical knowledge of the worker is despised."  Cooley's work on human-centered systems and socially useful production was compiled and first published by Shirley Cooley, Mike's wife, in 1980 (Hand & Brain publications); the second edition was published in the US in 1982 by South End Press with an introduction from MIT Professor David Noble and was followed by a new edition published by Hogarth Press in 1987 with an introduction by Anthony Barnett. The current edition was published by Spokesman Books in 2016 and has an introduction by Frances O’Grady the General Secretary of the TUC. The book has been translated into over 20 languages including Finnish, Irish and Chinese.  In "Architect or Bee?", Cooley coined the term "human-centred systems" in the context of the transition in his profession from traditional drafting at a drawing board to computer-aided design. Human-centred systems, as used in economics, computing and design, aim to preserve or enhance human skills, in both manual and office work, in environments in which technology tends to undermine the skills that people use in their work.

"Delinquent Genius: The Strange Affair of Man and His Technology : 1992 (Published 2018)".

Mike Cooley's book "Delinquent Genius: The Strange Affair of Man and His Technology" (1992; published 2018) explores the relationship between mankind and technology development. The book analyses the social impact of technology and the dangers of accepting the "one best" scientific idea of progress. According to Adrian Smith, Professor of Technology & Society at the University of Sussex, Cooley looks at "vantage points for realising neglected human purposes – such as creative work and environmental sustainability – through technology." Smith said its chapters "look upon a period of intense restructuring in the industrial manufacturing landscape, whose effects are still felt today".

"The Search for Alternatives | Liberating Human Imagination | A Mike Cooley Reader: 1972 to 2007 (Published 2020)".

The Search for Alternatives | Liberating Human Imagination | A Mike Cooley Reader By Mike Cooley,, Foreword by John Palmer and Introduction by Karamjit S Gill; published by Spokesman books (Jan 2020). The Search for Alternatives By Mike Cooley is a collection of previously published essays which charts the development of his work from 1972 to 2007. The book compliments his previously published work by showing the breath of his essays and theories.  "we have become far too smart scientifically to survive much longer without wisdom" Mike Cooley, The Myth of the Moral Neutrality of Technology

Film, radio and television.

In 1983 Mike Cooley appeared in “Farewell to Work?” produced for Channel Four by Udi Eichler of Brook Productions. On-screen participants included André Gorz, Patrick Minford, Claus Offe and Mike Cooley, and the discussion was chaired by Robert Hutchison. According to the film, technology would "virtually eliminate the manual working class by the end of the century" and displace jobs permanently. Gorz proposes working towards a future in which free time is sustained by a guaranteed minimum income and that production should be confined to essential goods and that people should pursue satisfying and autonomous activities.  Mike also features prominently in German filmmaker Harun Farocki's film "Wie Man Sieht" (As You See, 1983), which examines the emergence of computerization and its effects on military and managerial uses of innovative technology.  Mike's work was the subject of the TV documentary “Look, No Hands!” in 1988 made for the Equinox Channel Four documentary series. Directed by Christopher Rawlence and produced by Debra Hauer. The film was shown as part of season 1988, Episode 12, on Oct 9, 1988 and also produced as a VHS video.  In 1997, Cooley appeared is "My Education" by John Quinn, an RTE radio series and book published by Town House. The book is a set of interviews with educationalists discussing their own education and features Mike Cooley, Noam Chomsky, Seamus Heaney and Charles Handy among others. Cooley and Quinn also collaborated on “Education for the 1990s”: Three Lectures Given at a Symposium in Radio Telefís Éireann, October 1989 (RTÉ 1989).  Cooley appeared in the 2003 Alan Gilsenan documentary "Sing on Forever" about the Irish playwright Tom Murphy (playwright), recalling his friendship with Murphy in Tuam.

Awards.

Mike Cooley was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1981 for "designing and promoting the theory and practice of human-centred, socially useful production". In his acceptance speech, Cooley said, "Science and technology is not given. It was made by people like us. If it's not doing for us what we want, we have a right and a responsibility to change it."

The Mike Cooley Archive.

The Waterford Institute of Technology Luke Wadding Library acquired Mike Cooley's archive by donation from the Cooley family. The archive includes over 1,400 items including photographs, correspondences, journals, books, drawings, videos, cassette tapes, and slides A large part of the archive is related to the Lucas Plan.

Mike Cooley (born 1934) is an Irish-born engineer, writer and former trade union leader who is best known for his work on the social effects of technology, "Socially Useful Production" and "Human Centred Systems". He was involved in workplace activism at the British company Lucas Aerospace in the late 1970s. In 1981, he was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award for "designing and promoting the theory and practice of human-centred, socially useful production."

Mike Cooley (né à Tuam en 1934) est un ingénieur de l'industrie aéronautique et syndicaliste irlandais. Il est connu pour son rôle au sein de la compagnie britannique Lucas Aerospace vers la fin des années 1970. Il a étudié l'ingénierie en Allemagne, Suisse et Angleterre. Il a tenu plusieurs postes de direction dans le domaine de la conception assistée par ordinateur.


History.

The term "user-centered design" was coined in Donald A. Norman's research laboratory at the University of California, San Diego. The concept became widely popular as a result of the publication of his book "User-Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction" in 1986. The concept gained further attention and acceptance in his seminal book "The Design of Everyday Things" (originally called "The Psychology of Everyday Things"). In this book, Norman describes the psychology behind what he deems 'good' and 'bad' design through examples. He exalts the importance of design in our everyday lives, and the consequences of errors caused by bad designs.  The two books include principles for building well-designed products. His recommendations are based on the needs of the user, leaving aside what he considers secondary issues like aesthetics. The main highlights of these are:  In a later book, "Emotional Design", Norman returns to some of his earlier ideas to elaborate what he had come to find as overly reductive.

Models and approaches.

For example, the user-centered design process can help software designers to fulfill the goal of a product engineered for their users. User requirements are considered right from the beginning and included into the whole product cycle. These requirements are noted and refined through investigative methods including: ethnographic study, contextual inquiry, prototype testing, usability testing and other methods. Generative methods may also be used including: card sorting, affinity diagramming and participatory design sessions. In addition, user requirements can be inferred by careful analysis of usable products similar to the product being designed.  Here are principles that will ensure a design is user centered:  A new framework was proposed as an extension to the conventional UX and UCD models for further research since a class of user might exist that is neither clearly a secondary or tertiary user, nor a stakeholder, but rather a co-dependent user. There may be a case to examine a special class of user experience that may be summarized as a dependent class. This design approach is nominally suggested in a case study as a Dependency-based User Experience (D-UX) approach.  The use of D-UX and D-UCD models has enabled the identification of the needs and preferences of co-dependent users, and this model supplements the conventional UX or UCD model. These ‘special’ situations in which the success of a product design depends not only on qualitative engagement with a target user or user persona (the UX model), or with a particular human user at the centre (the UCD model), but is co-dependent on the equal engagement of a critical co-dependent user. Thus, there is a need for further research in future to test the notion of a co-dependent class of users within the general UX model for special product contexts.

User-Centered Design Process.

The goal of the User-Centered design is to make products which have very high usability. This includes how convenient the product is in terms of its usage, manageability, effectiveness and how well the product is mapped to the user requirements. Below are the general phases of User-Centered Design process: In the next steps, the above procedure is repeated to further finish the product. These phases are general approaches and factors like design goals, team and their timeline, and environment in which the product is developed, determine the appropriate phases for a project and their order. You can either follow a waterfall model, agile model or any other software engineering practice.

Purpose.

UCD asks questions about users and their tasks and goals, then uses the findings to make decisions about development and design. UCD of a web site, for instance, seeks to answer the following questions:

Elements.

As examples of UCD viewpoints, the essential elements of UCD of a website are considerations of visibility, accessibility, legibility and language.

Visibility.

Visibility helps the user construct a mental model of the document. Models help the user predict the effect(s) of their actions while using the document. Important elements (such as those that aid navigation) should be emphatic. Users should be able to tell from a glance what they can and cannot do with the document.

Accessibility.

Users should be able to find information quickly and easily throughout the document, regardless of its length. Users should be offered various ways to find information (such as navigational elements, search functions, table of contents, clearly labeled sections, page numbers, color-coding, etc.). Navigational elements should be consistent with the genre of the document. ‘Chunking' is a useful strategy that involves breaking information into small pieces that can be organized into some type meaningful order or hierarchy. The ability to skim the document allows users to find their piece of information by scanning rather than reading. Bold and italic words are often used.

Legibility.

Text should be easy to read: Through analysis of the rhetorical situation, the designer should be able to determine a useful font style. Ornamental fonts and text in all capital letters are hard to read, but italics and bolding can be helpful when used correctly. Large or small body text is also hard to read. (Screen size of 10-12 pixel sans serif and 12-16 pixel serif is recommended.) High figure-ground contrast between text and background increases legibility. Dark text against a light background is most legible.

Language.

Depending on the rhetorical situation, certain types of languages are needed. Short sentences are helpful, as are well-written texts used in explanations and similar bulk-text situations. Unless the situation calls for it, jargon or technical terms should not be used. Many writers will choose to use the active voice, verbs (instead of noun strings or nominals), and a simple sentence structure.

Rhetorical situation.

A user-centered design is focused around the rhetorical situation. The rhetorical situation shapes the design of an information medium. There are three elements to consider in a rhetorical situation: Audience, Purpose, and Context.

Audience.

The audience is the people who will be using the document. The designer must consider their age, geographical location, ethnicity, gender, education, etc.

Purpose.

The purpose is what the document targets or what problem the document is trying to address.

Context.

The context is the circumstances surrounding the situation. The context often answers the question: What situation has prompted the need for this document? Context also includes any social or cultural issues that may surround the situation.

Analysis tools.

There are a number of tools that are used in the analysis of user-centered design, mainly: personas, scenarios, and essential use cases.

Persona.

During the UCD process, a Persona representing the user may be created. A persona is a user archetype used to help guide decisions about product features, navigation, interactions, and even visual design. In most cases, personas are synthesized from a series of ethnographic interviews with real people, then captured in 1-2 page descriptions that include behavior patterns, goals, skills, attitudes, and environment, with a few fictional personal details to bring the persona to life.  For each product, or sometimes for each set of tools within a product, there is a small set of personas, one of whom is the primary focus for the design. There are also what's called a secondary persona, where the character is not the main target of the design, but their needs should be met and problems solved if possible. They exist to help account for further possible problems and difficulties that may occur even though the primary persona is satisfied with their solution. There is also an anti-persona, which is the character that the design is specifically not made for.  Personas are useful in the sense that they create a common shared understanding of the user group for which the design process is built around. Also, they help to prioritize the design considerations by providing a context of what the user needs and what functions are simply nice to add and have. They can also provide a human face and existence to a diversified and scattered user group, and can also create some empathy and add emotions when referring to the users. However, since personas are a generalized perception of the primary stakeholder group from collected data, the characteristics may be too broad and typical, or too much of an "average Joe". Sometimes, personas can have stereotypical properties also, which may hurt the entire design process. Overall, personas can be a useful tool to be used by designers to make informed design decisions around, opposed to referring to a set of data or a wide range of individuals.

Scenario.

A scenario created in the UCD process is a fictional story about the "daily life of" or a sequence of events with the primary stakeholder group as the main character. Typically, a persona that was created earlier is used as the main character of this story. The story should be specific of the events happening that relate to the problems of the primary stakeholder group, and normally the main research questions the design process is built upon. These may turn out to be a simple story about the daily life of an individual, but small details from the events should imply details about the users, and may include emotional or physical characteristics. There can be the "best-case scenario", where everything works out best for the main character, the "worst-case scenario", where the main character experiences everything going wrong around him or her, and an "average-case scenario", which is the typical life of the individual, where nothing really special or really depressing occurs, and the day just moves on.  Scenarios create a social context in which the personas exist, and also create an actual physical world, instead of imagining a character with internal characteristics from gathered data and nothing else; there is more action involved in the persona's existence. A scenario is also more easily understood by people, since it is in the form of a story, and is easier to follow. Yet, like the personas, these scenarios are assumptions made by the researcher and designer, and is also created from a set of organized data. Some even say such scenarios are unrealistic to real life occurrences. Also, it is difficult to explain and inform low level tasks that occur, like the thought process of the persona before acting.

Use case.

In short, a use case describes the interaction between an individual and the rest of the world. Each use case describes an event that may occur for a short period of time in real life, but may consist of intricate details and interactions between the actor and the world. It is represented as a series of simple steps for the character to achieve his or her goal, in the form of a cause-and effect scheme. Use cases are normally written in the form of a chart with two columns: first column labelled actor, second column labelled world, and the actions performed by each side written in order in the respective columns. The following is an example of a use case for performing a song on a guitar in front of an audience.  The interaction between actor and the world is an act that can be seen in everyday life, and we take them as granted and don't think too much about the small detail that needs to happen in order for an act like performing a piece of music to exist. It is similar to the fact that when speaking our mother tongue, we don't think too much about grammar and how to phrase words; they just come out since we are so used to saying them. The actions between an actor and the world, notably, the primary stakeholder (user) and the world in this case, should be thought about in detail, and hence use cases are created to understand how these tiny interactions occur.  An essential use case is a special kind of use case, also called an "abstract use case." Essential use cases describe the essence of the problem, and deals with the nature of the problem itself. While writing use cases, no assumptions about unrelated details should be made. In additions, the goals of the subject should be separated from the process and implementation to reach that particular goal. Below is an example of an essential use case with the same goal as the former example.  Use cases are useful because they help identify useful levels of design work. They allow the designers to see the actual low level processes that are involved for a certain problem, which makes the problem easier to handle, since certain minor steps and details the user makes are exposed. The designers' job should take into consideration of these small problems in order to arrive at a final solution that works. Another way to say this is that use cases breaks a complicated task into smaller bits, where these bits are useful units. Each bit completes a small task, which then builds up to the final bigger task. Like writing code on a computer, it is easier to write the basic smaller parts and make them work first, and then put them together to finish the larger more complicated code, instead to tackling the entire code from the very beginning.  The first solution is less risky because if something goes wrong with the code, it is easier to look for the problem in the smaller bits, since the segment with the problem will be the one that does not work, while in the latter solution, the programmer may have to look through the entire code to search for a single error, which proves time-consuming. The same reasoning goes for writing use cases in UCD. Lastly, use cases convey useful and important tasks where the designer can see which one are of higher importance than others. Some drawbacks of writing use cases include the fact that each action, by the actor or the world, consist of little detail, and is simply a small action. This may possibly lead to further imagination and different interpretation of action from different designers.  Also, during the process, it is really easy to oversimplify a task, since a small task from a larger task may consist of even smaller tasks. Picking up a guitar may involve thinking of which guitar to pick up, which pick to use, and think about where the guitar is located first. These tasks may then be divided into smaller tasks, such as first thinking of what colour of guitar fits the place to perform the piece, and other related details. Tasks may be split further down into even tinier tasks, and it is up to the designer to determine what is a suitable place to stop splitting up the tasks. Tasks may not only be oversimplified, they may also be omitted in whole, thus the designer should be aware of all the detail and all the key steps that are involved in an event or action when writing use cases.

User-centered design (UCD) or user-driven development (UDD) is a framework of processes (not restricted to interfaces or technologies) in which usability goals, user characteristics, environment, tasks and workflow of a product, service or process are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. User-centered design can be characterized as a multi-stage problem-solving process that not only requires designers to analyze and envision the way users are likely to consume a product, but also to validate their assumptions with regard to the user behavior in real world tests. These tests are conducted with/without actual users during each stage of the process from requirements, pre-production models and post production, completing a circle of proof back to and ensuring that "development proceeds with the user as the center of focus." Such testing is necessary as it is often very difficult for the designers of a product to understand intuitively what a first-time user of their design experiences, and what each user's learning curve may look like. User-centered design is common in the design industry and when used is considered to lead to increased product usefulness and usability.

La conception centrée sur l'utilisateur ou "conception orientée utilisateur" (UCD, "user-centered design" en anglais) est une philosophie et une démarche de conception surtout présente en ergonomie informatique, où les besoins, les attentes et les caractéristiques propres des utilisateurs finaux sont pris en compte à chaque étape du processus de développement d'un produit. La norme ISO 9241-210 qui annule et remplace la norme ISO 13407 définit sept ensembles de pratique de base pour mettre en œuvre le processus de conception centrée sur l'utilisateur. La conception centrée sur l'utilisateur est principalement utilisée en conception informatique et s'appuie sur des critères d'ergonomie et d'utilisabilité. Cette démarche se distingue fortement d'autres démarches de conception en cherchant à adapter le produit (généralement l'interface utilisateur) à l'utilisateur final plutôt que de lui imposer un mode d'utilisation choisi par les concepteurs.


Education.

Tobias Krantz grew up in Bankeryd, Jönköping Municipality, Sweden. He earned a B.A. in politics, economics, history and French from Uppsala University in 1995. From 1995 to 2002 he was a Ph.D student and lecturer in political science at Uppsala University. His Ph.D. thesis, published in 2002, was titled "The power over the region. A critical study of the debate about Swedish regions from 1963 to 1996".

Political career.

Krantz served as vice president of the Liberal Youth of Sweden from 1996 to 1999. He also worked as an editorial writer for "Upsala Nya Tidning" from 1994 to 1999. He was a member of the Liberal People's Party's committee on higher education from 2000 to 2001, and worked as chief analyst for the party from 2001 to 2002.  Krantz has served as a Member of Parliament since the 2006 election. In the parliament he was a member of the Committee on the Constitution and the War Delegation from 2002 to 2006. Since 2006 he is a member of the Committee on Health and Welfare and a deputy member of the Committee on Civil Affairs, Committee on Cultural Affairs, Committee on Social Insurance and the Committee on European Union Affairs. He is also a member of the board of the Liberal People's Party and a deputy member of board of Riksrevisionen.  Following Lars Leijonborg's decision to step down from the Swedish government, Krantz was appointed as new Minister for Higher Education and Research on 17 June 2009.

Personal life.

Tobias Krantz is married to Anna Grönlund Krantz, also a Liberal People's Party politician, with whom he has one child.

Tobias Kjell Bertil Krantz (born 7 April 1971) is a Swedish politician of the Liberal People's Party. He served as Minister for Higher Education and Research in the Swedish government between 17 June 2009 and 5 October 2010.

Tobias Kjell Bertil Krantz, né le à Bankeryd, est un homme politique suédois membre du Parti du peuple - Les Libéraux (FP).


Career.

Their formation considerably pre-dated the NWOBHM movement. They were formed in 1973 while at college by the Troy brothers, Tino and Chris, Pete Moore and Chris Hudson. Like several NWOBHM bands they made their first available recording at a small 8- track studio in Penge, SE London. It was then handed to Neal Kay at his Heavy Metal Soundhouse later to be released as the "Soundhouse Tapes" EP on Ripper records in 1979.  1980 saw their profile considerably raised with support slots for Iron Maiden and Ronnie Montrose's Gamma and "Captured City" was included on the "Metal for Muthas" compilation. The attention won them a recording contract with Arista Records and they released their highly regarded work "Time Tells No Lies" in 1981. Management instability undermined their success and Arista decided that they didn't wish to take up the option of a further album. The following year they signed for Jet Records, but two subsequent singles didn't quite hit the mark and the band folded. During the making of Time Tells No Lies Praying Mantis recorded a version of the Russ Ballard penned track "I Surrender", but ran into conflict with Rainbow, who went on to release their own version, and had a Top 10 worldwide hit. Instead, Praying Mantis released "Cheated" which reached No.69 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1981.  The band maintained a strong fan base in Japan, and when the Troys temporarily reformed Praying Mantis for a NWOBHM nostalgia tour in 1990, they were encouraged by the response to resurrect the band full-time. Their live work was released as "Live at Last", and a follow-up studio album "Predator in Disguise" was released the following year, and the band soldiered on into the new century. A compilation album, "The Best of Praying Mantis", was released in 2004. Following further line-up changes, a new album, "Sanctuary", was released in the spring of 2009 and has gained worldwide media acclaim.  In 2013, the band announced they are to release a new single in October that year. The single is to officially introduce new members, John Cuijpers (vocals) and Hans in’t Zandt (drums) to the band's fanbase after playing Colchester, Ipswich (with support from MGR Records band Kaine) and Cambridge Rock Festival with the brand new line-up. A new album called Legacy was released on 21 August 2015.

Praying Mantis are an English rock band. Although a part of the new wave of British heavy metal scene, they pursued a musical direction more melodic and AOR-sounding than their contemporaries.

Praying Mantis est un groupe de hard rock et heavy metal britannique, originaire d'Angleterre. Il est formé au milieu des années 1970 par les frères Troy.


History.

NBC announced in 2004 that Jay Leno would leave "The Tonight Show" in 2009, with Conan O'Brien as his replacement. Leno—who wanted to avoid an acrimonious transition like what he experienced when he inherited "Tonight" from Johnny Carson—said at the announcement, "You can do these things until they carry you out on a stretcher, or you can get out when you’re still doing good." He began to regret his decision to retire in 2007, and several networks and studios including ABC, Fox, Sony, and Tribune expressed interest in his services after leaving "Tonight". Jeff Zucker, then-President and CEO of NBCUniversal, sought to keep Leno from defecting to a competitor. Leno rejected several NBC offers for broadcast network daytime slots or subscription TV slots, a series of recurring specials, and a half-hour show at 8 pm five nights a week featuring Leno's "Tonight" monologue. The network had in 1981 considered moving "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" to 10 pm; Zucker, who in 2007 offered Oprah Winfrey an hour five nights a week at 8 pm, now offered Leno an hour five nights a week at 10 pm. "Leno" was announced on December 9, 2008.  At least one station, then-affiliate WHDH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, stated that it would not carry the program, claiming that "Leno" would be detrimental to the station's 11 pm news and that it would instead launch a local news program in the time slot. NBC said that such plans would amount to a flagrant violation of the network contract—a claim which WHDH disputed—and said that it would immediately remove its programming from WHDH if the station followed through with the plan. WHDH backed down on April 13, 2009, and announced that it would air "Leno" instead of the proposed program.  Though Leno was the first to move the entire five-day-a-week late night talk show to prime time, he was not the first "Tonight" alumnus to move from late night to a prime time talk show. Steve Allen hosted "Tonight Starring Steve Allen" from 1954 to 1957; while still hosting that show, he began hosting the prime-time "The Steve Allen Show" in 1956 on NBC, and the latter show would run until 1960. Jack Paar, who hosted "Tonight" from 1957 to 1962, next hosted a weekly talk show known as "The Jack Paar Program" that ran until 1965, also on NBC.  In January 2010, several news outlets reported that "The Jay Leno Show" would be shortened to 30 minutes and begin airing weeknights at 11:35 pm ET, with Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Fallon's shows following it beginning at 12:05 am. The scheduling change would have been implemented on February 28 after the 2010 Winter Olympics (which preempted much of NBC's primetime and late-night lineup). Leno himself commented on the rumors during his January 7 monologue, joking that NBC stands for "Never Believe your Contract." According to "Broadcasting & Cable", "most [NBC affiliates] are hopeful Jay—and Conan—sticks with NBC, and most, if not all, desperately want to see a change in terms of the lead-in they're getting to their lucrative late news; the affiliates "remain fiercely loyal to Leno and were quick to say the rookie program's struggles don't reflect the funnyman's work ethic or comedic chops. 'This isn't about Jay's popularity,' says WJAR Providence VP/General Manager Lisa Churchville. 'This is about having that kind of show at 10 p.m.'"  NBC announced plans to move "Leno" to 11:35 pm and "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" to 12:05 am. O'Brien refused to participate in the move and, on January 21, 2010, reached an agreement with NBC allowing him to leave the network. "Leno"'s final episode aired on February 9, 2010 and Leno returned to "Tonight" as host on March 1, 2010.

Content.

"The Jay Leno Show" aired weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT (9:00 p.m. CT/MT) from Studio 11 of the NBC Studios in Burbank, California with the following format:  One planned segment, "Stories Not Good Enough for the NBC Nightly News" (which would have featured then-"NBC Nightly News" anchor Brian Williams), was dropped from the show before it made it to air.  In addition to reserving comedy segments for the end, the network aired no commercials after the show and "urged local affiliates to do the same" so local news could start immediately, retaining as many "Leno" viewers as possible.

First show.

Jerry Seinfeld was the celebrity guest on the debut episode. Jay-Z, Rihanna, and Kanye West performed "Run This Town", in which all three are featured. West sat down for a previously unplanned interview with Leno, discussing West's outburst at the MTV Video Music Awards the previous night. Dan Finnerty was the comic correspondent for the night, and the end of the show featured Headlines.  Reviews for the first show ranged from neutral to negative, with most critics stating that the show was, despite the changes, still very similar to "Tonight". Metacritic scores it at 48 out of 100 based on 23 TV critic reviews, and viewers scoring it at a 4.0 out of 10. "Media Life" described the show as "underwhelming" and felt that Leno "failed to rise to the occasion." "The Buffalo News" called the show "a mess." The Associated Press noted that "it's not a good sign when the Bud Light commercial is funnier than the comedy show it interrupts," and that "at least "Rosie Live" took some chances." Jonah Krakow of IGN gave it a 5.5/10 saying that "show felt like they just picked from where they left off three months ago, and I'm not sure that's a good thing".

Final show.

The final "Jay Leno Show" aired on February 9, 2010. The guests were Ashton Kutcher, Gabourey Sidibe and Bob Costas, with unannounced visits from Donald Trump and Kurt Warner. Following the monologue, there was a brief clip reel of highlights from the show's short tenure; otherwise, little mention was made about the fact that it was the final episode of the program. The last moments of the show featured the program's "10 at 10" segment, with its celebrity guest being Bob Costas. When Leno asked Costas how it felt to be the show's final guest, the sportscaster replied, "Kind of like being involved in the last game of a Clippers season, isn't it?" Directly following the interview with Costas, Leno thanked him, told the audience to stay tuned for their local news, and then abruptly went off-air.  Many media outlets criticized Leno's apparent lack of ceremony for the end of his program. "Variety" reported that the lack of fanfare was intentional, as NBC was attempting to rehab the reputation of Leno and "The Tonight Show" and did not desire to bring any further attention to Leno's transition back to "Tonight". "The Associated Press" noted that the last few weeks of the program, including the final episode, were pervaded by "bad vibes." The "Boston Globe" wrote that Leno said farewell to his short-lived show "with all the momentousness of a guy taking out the trash." The episode received negative reviews from "Entertainment Weekly", the "Los Angeles Times", and "The Wall Street Journal". By comparison, O'Brien's final "Tonight Show" was treated as a finale, with guests making reference to the show ending and guest Neil Young taking an ironic tone by performing "Long May You Run".

Impact.

Financial.

Leno had a contract for five years for the show. NBC reportedly had an option to cancel after two years, but had committed to at least one or two years regardless of ratings, although later chose to end the show after less than five months. He could have earned up to $30 million each year depending on ratings for "Leno", compared to a $20 million annual salary during his last years at "Tonight".  NBC expected to benefit by offering an inexpensive comedic alternative to the procedurals ("100% more comedy and 98% fewer murders!") and other one-hour dramas that typically air at 10 pm, and by offering new episodes 46 weeks each year versus 22. While "Leno" was not necessarily expected to be competitive with the higher-rated scripted shows on ABC and CBS in its time slot, its projected cost of production was far lower and thus it was expected to be profitable to the network, and product integration intended to make the show "as DVR-proof as you can be on television in this era". Each airing of "Leno" cost about $350,000 to $400,000 versus up to $3 million for an hour-long drama, saving NBC $13 million each week without the network needing the show to beat its competitors. Those costs include the services of 22 writers, whom Leno called the "top 5% of the highest-paid... in the Guild."  McDonald's became the first buying advertiser for the program, tying in their "Million Dollar Roll" nightly in October 2009 promoting that year's version of McDonald's Monopoly.

Ratings.

Leno did not expect his show to beat competing first-run episodes, but to do better than reruns, in part because topical jokes benefit from the "immediacy" of the time slot versus 11:30 pm. A television analyst predicted that "Leno" would finish in "a safe third place" every night. NBC research before the show's debut indicated that fans of Leno would watch "Leno" two to three times a week.  NBC saw a 1.5 rating for the show in the 18–49 demographic as "viable" and a 1.8 as a "home run". NBC told Leno that at a 1.5 rating, NBC makes $300 million a year. "Tonight" at 11:30 pm earned about a 1.3 to 1.5; the television audience at 10 pm is 40% larger than at 11:30 pm, and the network hoped "Leno"'s audience would also grow. Industry observers have cited a range of ratings, from 1.7 to 2, as being necessary for the show to succeed at 10 pm. By comparison, 2.5 is generally necessary for a 10 pm drama to succeed; those that earned a 1.7 or less during the 2008–2009 season were generally cancelled. NBC's prime-time dramas averaged about 2 during 2008–2009.  The first episode of "The Jay Leno Show" earned "fast national" estimates of 17.7 million viewers, an 11 Nielsen rating (5.1 among persons 18–49) and an 18 share, significantly above both his "Tonight" finale and the debut of "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" in all categories. By the second week and competing against season premieres, the audience fell to six million viewers, still on par with or exceeding NBC projections. As of November 1, 2009, "The Jay Leno Show" has averaged a 1.98 in the adults 18–49 ratings and 6.594 million viewers. During the week before Christmas, the ratings dropped to 1.4 during the week. Prior to the controversy regarding the move of the "Jay Leno Show" to 11:35 p.m., viewership bottomed out at 4.799 million viewers, although there was a slight bump as word of the controversy broke.  Though the show itself had been meeting the network's projections, it was severely detrimental to the ratings of the late local news on NBC affiliates. Several stations across the country saw what was known as the "Leno Effect", where the lower audience for Leno (as compared to NBC's scripted prime time offerings) translated directly into a domino effect of severe audience drops for late local news (on the order of 25–30%), effects that NBC had underestimated.

Dispute over timeslot.

In early January 2010, multiple media outlets reported that, following the 2010 Winter Olympics, "The Jay Leno Show" would be shortened to 30 minutes and begin airing weeknights at 11:35 pm ET, with Conan O'Brien and Jimmy Fallon's shows following it beginning at 12:05 am on March 1, 2010. On January 10, NBC Universal Television Entertainment Chairman Jeff Gaspin confirmed that "The Jay Leno Show" would indeed move to 11:35.  Leno immediately accepted the return to 11:35 p.m., calling the move "all business." He had made it known in the press in November 2009 that he wished to return to his old timeslot; behind the scenes, Leno had privately indicated that he did not believe the 10:00 experiment would work. On the other hand, O'Brien's contract stipulated that the network could move the show back to 12:05 a.m. without penalty, a loophole put in primarily to accommodate sports preemptions, the network's traditional nightly Wimbledon tournament highlights show, and specials such as "New Year's Eve with Carson Daly".  O'Brien did not seriously respond for several days after the announcement, then drafted a press release explaining why he felt it was unfair to him, his staff, Fallon, and the legacy of "The Tonight Show" to move the show past midnight. He concluded by saying that he "cannot participate in what I honestly believe is ["The Tonight Show"'s] destruction." O'Brien received an outpouring of celebrity and viewer support for rejecting the move, while Leno received heavy criticism. On January 21, O'Brien signed a $45 million deal allowing him to leave the network, and aired his final episode of "Tonight" on January 22; Leno returned as host of "Tonight" on March 1.

Settlement.

On January 19, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that O'Brien and NBC were close to signing a deal between $30 and $40 million for the host to walk away from the network. One apparent sticking point in the negotiations was the amount his staff and crew were to be paid for leaving the program. Reports also said that the contract could prohibit O'Brien from badmouthing NBC in any way, and that he may be able to return to television as early as September 2010.  On January 21, after two weeks of negotiations, it was announced that Conan O'Brien had signed a $45 million deal to leave NBC. "The Wall Street Journal" reports that O'Brien will receive about $32 million, with his staff receiving around $12 million. The contract contains a clause prohibiting O'Brien from making negative remarks about NBC for a certain amount of time; it does not, however, contain the previously rumored "mitigation clause," in which NBC would be able to keep some of the severance pay after O'Brien finds a new program. It also stipulates that he could have returned to television as early as September 1, 2010. The network confirmed that Leno would officially resume as host of "The Tonight Show" on March 1. TMZ reported that NBC would rerun episodes from O'Brien's time as host until the network began airing the Olympics on February 12.  O'Brien later reached a deal with cable network TBS to premiere a new late-night talk show, "Conan".

Industry impact.

NBC became the first large United States network to broadcast the same show every weekday during prime time since ABC's "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" marathons in 1999 and only the second since DuMont aired "Captain Video and His Video Rangers" from 1949 to 1955. More recently, the upstart MyNetwork TV had attempted, upon its launch in 2006, to air the same telenovelas every night of the week, a programming strategy that proved to be very unsuccessful. NBC's executives called the decision "a transformational moment in the history of broadcasting" and "in effect, launching five shows." An industry observer said that "Leno", "in all my years, is the biggest risk a network has ever taken." According to former NBC president Fred Silverman, "If the "Leno Show" works, it will be the most significant thing to happen in broadcast television in the last decade."  Although NBC had not developed a new hit show at 10 pm in years, industry executives criticized the network for abandoning a history of airing quality dramas at that hour such as "Hill Street Blues", "St. Elsewhere", and "ER", which made NBC "the gold standard for sophisticated programming... the No. 1 network for affluent and well-educated young viewers" during the 1980s and 1990s. In addition, critics predicted that the decision would hurt NBC by undermining a reputation built on successful scripted shows. Other networks believed NBC's decision created an opportunity, and planned their 2009–2010 schedules accordingly. For example, the show competed with "The Mentalist", "", "", and "Numb3rs", four of television's most popular series, on CBS (the first of those four series was moved to 10:00 PM to directly compete with Leno's show, and significantly improved the ratings for that timeslot compared to its predecessor). "Leno" was also not easily sold overseas.  The January 29, 2010 issue of "Entertainment Weekly" listed the show at the top of a list of the 50 Biggest Bombs in television history. The comment made by the network executives about "launching five shows" was ultimately transformed into the joke that its removal was like "cancelling five shows." "TV Guide" similarly listed the show as the biggest blunder in television history in its November 1, 2010 edition.

Boycott by competing networks.

Rival networks ABC and CBS had discouraged "their stars" from appearing on "The Jay Leno Show" in its primetime slot. Julia Louis-Dreyfus ("The New Adventures of Old Christine") was the first CBS actor to appear on the show, on September 29, 2009; on that episode, she said "there was a little pressure, because as you know you are now on prime time", but that "Obviously, I committed to doing your show and we’re friends". This boycott did not affect "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" nor was it industry-wide. Other TV networks, like Fox, The CW, and HBO, were more encouraging. Hugh Laurie from the Fox TV show "House" was a guest on the September 25, 2009, telecast. "House" is produced by Universal Media Studios, a sister company to NBC through NBC Universal, and Fox does not offer any network programming in the 10 p.m. time slots, instead allowing most of its affiliates to go to local news.  In a "Broadcasting & Cable" interview published in early November 2009, Leno mentioned the boycott again, saying "I'm flattered; like ABC and CBS...none of their stars can appear on the show. What are you so afraid of if we're doing so terrible? It's all part of the game."

Labor union impact.

John Wells, the president of the Writers Guild of America, West, and executive producer of prominent NBC shows "ER" and "The West Wing", said, "I wish NBC and Jay Leno well; personally, he's a very nice guy, but I hope he falls flat on his face and we get five dramas back."

Website dispute.

In 2004, Guadalupe Zambrano, a Texas real estate agent, registered the domain name thejaylenoshow.com to redirect to his real estate business. After the "Leno" announcement, Leno accused Zambrano of cybersquatting. Zambrano contended that he had owned the domain for five years, well before the announcement, thus precluding recovery. The UDRP proceedings ruled in favor of Leno, however, stating that Zambrano profited from the value of the Jay Leno trademark in bad faith.

The Jay Leno Show is an American talk show created by and starring Jay Leno. Premiering on NBC on September 14, 2009, the program aired on weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT through February 9, 2010. The program was modeled upon the format of a late night talk show—specifically, Jay Leno's incarnation of "The Tonight Show", opening with a comedic monologue, followed by interviews with celebrity guests and other comedy segments. Sketches from "The Tonight Show" (including "Headlines" and "Jaywalking") were carried over to "The Jay Leno Show", along with new sketches.

L'émission était une tentative de la chaîne NBC de diffuser un talk-show à une heure plutôt inhabituelle, en effet, les talk show sont diffusés plus tard, généralement à partir de.