Playing career.

Bonhomme was a member of the Sudbury Lady Wolves from 1998 to 2003 and served as a captain in 2003. During that same time she competed for the Lasalle Secondary School hockey team from 1999 to 2003 and was the captain in 2003. She was the leading scorer at Lasalle and the league leader for three consecutive years (2001–2003). In 2001, she led Lasalle to a second-place finish in its league and a city championship title in 2001.

Ohio State Buckeyes.

The 2003–04 season marked Bonhomme's freshman year with the Buckeyes. She played in 34 of 35 games and her 20 points (5 goals, 15 assists) led the Buckeye freshman class and tied for third on the squad. In WCHA conference games, Bonhomme tied for fifth among freshmen and seventh among defencemen with 13 points. Her 107 shots paced the freshman class and was third on the team while her four power play goals tied for first on the team.  On October 17, 2003, she registered her first career assist versus Minnesota. Versus Wisconsin (on November 1), Bonhomme scored her first career goal. Said goal was also the game-winning goal. From October 25 to November 15, she had a five-game point streak. November 22 marked the first multi point game of her career. She had two assists versus Bemidji State.  Heading into her sophomore season (2004–05), Bonhomme appeared in 30 of 37 games. Her 27 points ranked third on the team while her 20 assists were second. Of her seven goals, three were scored on the power play. For the season, she was the only Buckeye to finish with positive rating at plus-3. On December 11, 2004, Bonhomme scored two goals against North Dakota in a 3–1 win. In a 5–4 win against the Yale Bulldogs (on January 14), Bonhomme registered three assists. During the season, she had a five-game point streak that began on January 21 and ended on February 4. In a WCHA tournament game (March 4), she had two assists vs. Minnesota State. Of note, she was the first Buckeye to compete for the Canadian National Team when she was one of 20 Canadian players selected to participate in the Four Nations Cup from November 10–14.  Bonhomme returned to the Buckeyes in 2006 after redshirting the 2005–06 season while taking part in the Canadian Centralization Program in association with the National Women's Team. Through two seasons, the two-time letterwinner already ranked fourth all-time in defencemen scoring with 47 points. She was co-captain of the team along with Amber Bowman, Katie Maroney and Lacey Schultz.  In her first series back with Ohio State (October 6–7, 2006), Bonhomme had two goals and five assists in a series sweep of Northeastern. In the October 6 contest, Bonhomme scored a career-high four points (two goals and two assists). She attained a career high in points with 36 (14 goals and 22 assists). On the power play, she contributed 17 points (6 goals, 11 assists). Her four game-winning goals led the Buckeyes. Her 1.09 points per game ranked fourth in the NCAA among defenders. During the season, Bonhomme had nine multi-point, three multi-goal and three multi-assist games. Her 137 shots on goal led all Buckeyes players. In WCHA conference play, Bonhomme tallied 23 points 24 conference games. Against WCHA opponents, she scored five power play goals and three game-winning goals. On January 19, she had a career high nine shots on goal against St. Cloud State. From December 30 to January 26, Bonhomme had a seven-game point streak. The February 16–17 series against Minnesota State was the only series where she was held without a point.

Hockey Canada.

Bonhomme participated at Canada's National Under-22 Team Development and Selection Camp from August 15 to 21, 2004 in Waterloo, Ontario. From August 25 to 28, 2004, she took part in a three-game series with Canada's Under 22 team vs. the US National Under-22 Team in Lake Placid, N.Y., and Burlington, Vt. In 2005–06, Bonhomme redshirted her season with Ohio State to take part in the Canadian Centralization Program in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Bonhomme was one of 27 players selected to centralize but was one of two players to miss the final cut for the Canadian Olympic roster. In addition, she was a member of the 2005–06 Canadian Under-22 team. She captained the squad to a 3–1 record in an international round-robin tournament in Germany. She attended the Canadian National Women's Team Conditioning Camp from June 10 to 18, 2006. In autumn 2006, Bonhomme was named to the Canada's National Women's Under-22 Team for the third time in her career. From August 24 to 27, 2007, she participated with the U-22 team in an exhibition series vs. the US National Under-22 team. Bonhomme also participated in the Canadian National Women's Team Fall Festival, from August 31 to September 9, 2007 in Prince George, British Columbia. In the first game of the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, Bonhomme scored two goals in a 16–0 victory over Switzerland.

2010 Olympic Games.

Bonhomme scored Canada's second goal in their first game of the tournament, 3 minutes and 6 seconds into the first period and was awarded an Olympic Gold Medal in Women's hockey at the 2010 games in Vancouver.

CWHL.

In the 2010 CWHL Draft, Bonhomme was the first overall selection. She appeared with the Toronto Furies in the championship game of the 2011 Clarkson Cup, and would help the club win the 2014 Clarkson Cup. With the Cup victory, she became the twelfth woman in hockey history to win IIHF World Gold, Olympic Gold and the Clarkson Cup.

Television appearances.

It was announced on October 5, 2010 that Bonhomme was one of several athletes selected to participate in an all-athletes episode of Wipeout Canada. The episode aired in April 2011. Bonhomme was a presenter at the 2011 Gemini Awards.  On December 2, 2011, it was announced that Bonhomme would be joining Leafs TV to "appear and report on flagship programs for Leafs Today and Leafs@Practice host Toronto FC telecasts on GOLTV Canada and share her unique insider perspective as an online contributor at www.mapleleafs.com" in addition to continuing to play Hockey in the CWHL. Bonhomme stated that she grew up watching and cheering for the Leafs.  In September 2014, it was announced that Bonhomme will join TSN's "SportsCentre" as a host and reporter.

"Battle of the Blades".

On August 22, 2011, CBC television announced that Bonhomme would compete in their figure skating competition TV program "Battle of the Blades". She is the first female hockey player to be a competitor in "Battle of the Blades".  Bonhomme told the media that she couldn't wait to take on the NHL players and show them that women's hockey has come a long way, adding that she was honoured to be the first woman representing all those who play hockey and excited to be partnered with Olympic gold medallist David Pelletier. On November 14, 2011, it was announced that she and her partner were the winners of the 2011 competition.

Tessa Bonhomme (born July 23, 1985 in Sudbury, Ontario) is a former Professional Canadian ice hockey player and is a television sports reporter for TSN (The Sports Network). She was an Olympic gold medallist as a member of the Canadian national women's hockey team and played for the Toronto Furies in the Canadian Women's Hockey League. She was also co-captain of the Ohio State Buckeyes women's ice hockey team in the NCAA.

Tessa Bonhomme (née le à Sudbury au Canada) est une joueuse canadienne de hockey sur glace. Avec l'équipe du Canada de hockey sur glace féminin, elle est championne du monde en 2007 et vice-championne en 2005 et 2009 avant d'obtenir la médaille d'or olympique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2010 à Vancouver. En 2010, elle est choisie en première position au cours du repêchage de la Ligue canadienne de hockey féminin par les Aeros de Toronto. Elle joue plusieurs saisons pour les Furies de Toronto dans la Ligue canadienne de hockey féminin.


History.

The Rockefeller family first pioneered family offices in the late 19th century. Family offices started gaining popularity in the 1980s, and since 2005, as the ranks of the super-rich grew to record proportions family offices swelled proportionately.  Family offices became more common in recent years after the rapid increase in valuations of technology companies led to many people having newly created wealth.

Traditional and modern usage.

A traditional single family office is a business run by and for a single family. Its sole function is to centralize the management of a significant family fortune. Typically, these organizations employ staff to manage investments, taxes, philanthropic activities, trusts, and legal matters. The family office invests the family's money, manages all of the family's assets, and disburses payments to family members as required.  The Family Office Council, the membership group for single family offices, defines a single family office as "An SFO is a private organisation that manages the investments for a single wealthy family. The assets are the family’s own wealth, often accumulated over many family generations. In addition to investment management some Family Offices provide personal services such as managing household staff and making travel arrangements.  Other services typically handled by the traditional Family Office include property management, day-to-day accounting and payroll activities, and management of legal affairs. Family Offices often provide family management services, which includes family governance, financial and investment education, philanthropy coordination, and succession planning."

Modern family offices.

Defining the service proposition is not straightforward and a common phrase used by industry insiders is: "When you have seen one family office you have seen one family office". Some professionals have created models to try and explain the types of family offices which exist and different levels of services offered. Scott Gardner, President of Sterling Wealth Management, separated into four classes:  Class I Family Offices provide estate and financial services and typically are operated by an independent company that receives direct oversight from a family trustee or administrator. A typical Class I family office:  Class II Family Offices are also known as Virtual-Family Offices (VFO). A typical Class II family office:  Class III Family Offices focus on providing financial services and are typically operated by a bank, law firm, or accountant firm. A typical Class III family office:  Class IV Family Offices focus on providing estate services and are typically operated by the family with the assistance of a small support staff. A typical Class IV family office:  In 2016, single family offices are in a state of transition largely because the founding patriarch/matriarch is aging or deceased. The next generation often finds the costs to maintain the office prohibitive. New models are emerging, including the virtual family office.

U.S. law.

Under the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, an organized effort was undertaken by single family offices nationwide led by the Private Investor Coalition that successfully convinced Congress to exempt SFO's meeting certain criteria from the definition of investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (previously, such family offices were deemed to be investment advisers and relied on the "less than 15 clients" rule to avoid registration under the Act, a rule that was eliminated under Dodd-Frank). The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission promulgated the final "family office rules" on June 22, 2011.

A family office is a privately held company that handles investment management and wealth management for a wealthy family, generally one with over $100 million in investable assets, with the goal being to effectively grow and transfer wealth across generations. The company's financial capital is the family's own wealth. Family offices also may handle tasks such as managing household staff, making travel arrangements, property management, day-to-day accounting and payroll activities, management of legal affairs, family management services, family governance, financial and investor education, coordination of philanthropy and private foundations, and succession planning. A family office can cost over $1 million a year to operate, so the family's net worth usually exceeds $100 million in investable assets. Some family offices accept investments from people who are not members of the owning family.

Un, francisé en bureau de gestion de patrimoine ou gestionnaire de grande fortune, est une organisation privée destinée :


Background.

Deftones started writing material for the successor to 2006's "Saturday Night Wrist" in early 2007. The band was dissatisfied with the lengthy writing and recording process of "Saturday Night Wrist", and wanted to release a quick follow-up record in the same manner as earlier albums such as 1995's "Adrenaline" and 1997's "Around the Fur", which were recorded without the digital audio program Pro Tools. Instead, those albums were recorded as just a band "in the room with just our instruments, no other distractions", according to frontman Chino Moreno.  The band recorded and completed their Terry Date-produced album, tentatively titled "Eros", in 2008, and it was expected to be released in early 2009. However, bassist Chi Cheng was seriously injured in an automobile accident in November 2008, leaving him in a coma and putting the release of "Eros" on hold. Unsure if or when Cheng would recover and be able to perform with the band again, Deftones started playing various shows and festivals with Sergio Vega on bass, starting in early 2009. Vega, a close friend of the band, had previously filled in for Cheng during tours in 1999. At this point, Deftones were not sure if they wanted to break up or continue writing and performing music.  In June 2009, Deftones decided to indefinitely put the release of "Eros" on hold and start writing a brand new album with Vega. The band still hopes to release "Eros" at some point, but wanted to wait until Cheng was no longer in a semi-conscious state, and they did not feel that it represented who they were as artists or as people at the time. Deftones wanted to make an optimistic record, as opposed to the dark and angry album they had just finished.  "Diamond Eyes" was recorded in two months with producer Nick Raskulinecz, who had previously worked with Foo Fighters, Velvet Revolver, Stone Sour and Alice in Chains. Deftones avoided using Pro Tools on the album. Instead, they favored writing songs together as a band and practicing them "a million times 'til they were perfect" in order to achieve a more raw and "personable" sound.

Release.

"Diamond Eyes" was originally scheduled to be released on April 27 by Reprise, but was pushed back three weeks to May 18, and later pushed forward to May 4, 2010. The latter release date change was possibly due to the album leaking onto the Internet in March 2010, two months before the original scheduled release date.  The first song from the album, "Rocket Skates", was available for free download through the band's official website on February 23, 2010. The song had been included in Deftones live performances starting in October 2009, and was later released as a limited edition 7" vinyl single for international Record Store Day on April 17, 2010, serving as the second overall single. A music video directed by 13th Witness (Tim McGurr) was released on March 9.  The first single, however, was the title track, "Diamond Eyes". It was released as a single to digital retailers on March 23, 2010. The music video for the song, directed by Roboshobo (Robert Schober), was released on April 13.  Deftones performed a live webcast of songs from "Diamond Eyes" and answered fan questions on May 4 in Dallas, Texas.  A music video for the track "Sextape" was released on September 3, 2010. The video was directed by ZFCL (Zak Forrest and Chad Liebenguth, known for their work with Foxy Shazam and Fang Island).  On October 28, 2010, Deftones released the official video for "You've Seen the Butcher", directed by Jodeb Films.  In August 2011, Deftones released the official music video for "Beauty School", directed by 13th Witness.

Lyrics and themes.

After dealing with the tragedy surrounding Cheng's accident, Deftones wanted to create an album with an overall positive and optimistic vibe. Describing the band's state while writing for the album, Moreno stated, "Our inspiration and unity as a band is stronger than it has ever been before and we needed to channel that energy into our music". Noticeably lacking on the album were songs about complaining, hurting or how "life sucks" – common lyrical themes for Moreno since the early '90s. Moreno described the overall theme of the album as a "positive zest for life", and also said it had "a fantasy vibe" similar to "White Pony". The lyrics for "Rocket Skates" contained "beautiful yet violent imagery" and were compared to the song "Knife Prty" from "White Pony". Deftones also thought it would be difficult to tour in support of a new album with memories of Cheng attached to it. Commenting on songwriting, Moreno stated:

Reception.

Critical reception.

Initial reaction to the album from music critics was highly favorable. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "Naturally, there is quite a bit of roiling darkness here -- they're Cure-loving metalheads, it's in their blood -- but there's shade and light, control of texture, with the band deepening rather than expanding." Jason Pettigrew of "Alternative Press" also awarded the album 4 stars out of 5, saying, "Unlike their alleged 'peers' (do they really "have" any?), Deftones learned years ago that a whisper can be more terrifying than a scream and power isn't always about BPMs and downstrokes per minute." He also added that "Diamond Eyes" "belongs in a pantheon of amazing albums born from tragedy". BBC writer Mike Diver was also impressed, and opined that the album "knocks every pretender to the band's throne into the middle of next week". He praised the band for playing to their strengths, and summarized: ""Eros" is reportedly their excursion into weirdness, while this is a statement of consolidation, a neatly segued set that finds Deftones playing to their well-established strengths."  Writing for Metalholic, Doron Beit-Halahmi said the album was "slated to be a classic in the world of alternative metal, this album is just as good, if not better than 2000’s "White Pony"".  BLARE Magazine's Joshua Khan also awarded the album 4 of 5 stars, writing in his review, "Tired of the same old restless metal scenes eating up the airwaves? Then grab your $20 iPod headphones and devour the sixth studio release from the California alternative metal quintet. Deftones give birth to a refined sound that makes creations like 'Prince' and '976-Evil' enslaving." "The Skinny"'s Mark Shukla likewise gave a 4-star rating, explaining, "The first four tracks set a blistering pace as churning riffs transition relentlessly into fret-burning breakdowns; all the while Chino Moreno deploying his wounded croon and lacerating howl with an intensity that remains impressively undiminished." Sputnikmusic staff writer Nick Greer gave an unequivocally positive review. He awarded a "classic" 5-out-of-5 score and stated that the album is "better than "White Pony"". He described the album's sound as "intense and visceral, but introspective and sensitive in ways Deftones have never been before", before finally adding, "I can honestly say it's Deftones' best album to date." Scott Gordon of "The A.V. Club" stated that while there are moments on the album where Deftones "sound a bit like a band on auto-pilot", many of the other tracks "stomp such limp moments with pleasingly crude riffs that claw and scrape through the verses, then release Chino Moreno's voice into glimmering, menacing choruses."  Slant Magazine described the tracks "Sextape" and "Beauty School" as shoegaze.

Album of the year/decade lists.

"Diamond Eyes" was named "Rock Album of the Year" by the iTunes Store.  In their roundup of the 25 Best Metal Albums of 2010-2019, the music blog MetalSucks ranked "Diamond Eyes" as the 4th best metal album of the '10s.  Revolver Magazine ranked "Diamond Eyes" as the best album of the Decade.

Charts and sales.

"Diamond Eyes" was expected to sell between 55,000 and 60,000 records in the U.S. during its first week, based on first-day sales, according to "Hits Daily Double". The album sold above these expectations, moving 62,000 copies in the U.S. It debuted at No. 6 on the "Billboard" 200, making it the fourth consecutive Deftones album to debut within that chart's top 10.  As of October 2012, the album had sold approximately 236,000 copies in the U.S.

Personnel.

"Diamond Eyes" personnel according to CD liner notes.

Diamond Eyes is the sixth studio album by American alternative metal band Deftones, released on May 4, 2010 by Reprise Records. It was the first album to feature bassist Sergio Vega, who replaced original bassist Chi Cheng. An album tentatively titled "Eros" was originally intended to be the band's sixth full-length release following "Saturday Night Wrist" (2006), but was not released due to Cheng entering a coma after a serious car accident that occurred in November 2008, eventually resulting in his death in 2013. The band continued on with Vega as his replacement, and the release of "Eros" was put on hold in favor of "Diamond Eyes" in June 2009.

Courant février 2010 une première chanson intitulée'a été proposée en téléchargement sur leur site MySpace. Le clip'est sorti le.


First generation (AB10; 2005–2014).

The decision to produce the cars was made on July 12, 2001, when the presidents of Toyota and PSA Peugeot Citroën, Fujio Cho and Jean-Martin Folz respectively, decided to produce a small car to share development costs. This project was called B-Zero. The Peugeot 107 and Citroën C1 are rebadged versions of the same car. The Aygo's starting on the road price was (). The main difference between the Aygo and its siblings is in the interior equipment, badges, logos and the easily recognizable rear end of the car. The planned production is 300,000 cars annually – 100,000 cars per brand. Sales began in July 2005, and the car was available as a three or five door hatchback. There were two engines available, a 1.0 L three cylinder engine rated at, and a 1.4 L HDi diesel I4 engine rated at.  The Aygo was used on BBC's "Top Gear" in a giant match of football, showcasing its maneuverability. The "Top Gear" presenters deemed the Aygo and its Peugeot and Citroën counterparts to be competent town cars.  A modified Aygo was also used on "Fifth Gear" to perform a twelve metre high loop the loop on a specially-designed track to determine if a stunt that can be done using Hot Wheels toys can be replicated in real life. The stunt was driven by stuntman Steve Truglia in May 2009.  In January 2010, the Aygo was part of a worldwide recall by Toyota for a faulty sticking accelerator pedal. It was found that under some circumstances, the pedal could stick in a partially depressed position, or return slowly to the off position. The recall affected the Aygo, Peugeot 107 and Citroën C1 models built between February 2005 and August 2009. Information from Toyota later suggested, however, that only Aygos with automatic gearboxes were affected, and that those with manual gearboxes were not.

2009–2012.

The Aygo received its first facelift, replacing the front bumper shape from the original, and changing the rear lights to a transparent appearance, from their original red tinted cluster.

2012–2014.

The Aygo received its second facelift, this time incorporating a much more angular bumper, and space for the inclusion of daytime running lights (DRL).

Reliability.

Breakdown statistics reported by the German Automobile Club in May 2010 placed the Aygo (which the data grouped with the Citroën C1 and Peugeot 107) at the top of the sub small car class, in respect of the low breakdown rates achieved for cars aged between one and four years.

"Aygo Crazy" concept.

In 2008, Toyota created a driveable one off concept car based on the Toyota Aygo. Named the Aygo Crazy, it was unveiled to the public at the July 2008 British International Motor Show in London, before appearing at other motor shows that year based in the United Kingdom. Aygo Crazy has a mid mounted 1.8 litre VVTi engine from the Toyota MR2 and Celica, mated to an MR2 five speed gearbox and fitted with a Toyota Motorsport turbocharger conversion. The manufacturer claims the engine produces at 6,700 rpm and torque at 3,400 rpm.  Weighing just, this gives it a sprint time of 5.75 seconds and a theoretical top speed of, though the latter has not been tested. Unlike the standard Aygo, it has no driver aids, power steering or anti lock brakes but its rear wheel drive layout helps traction under heavy acceleration.  Exterior modifications include wider arches to accommodate the one inch of extra track, 17 inch alloy wheels with Goodyear tyres and a carbon fibre rear spoiler designed for the American Champ Car series.  Suspension is from the MR2, with adjustable Tein shock absorbers and MacPherson struts front and rear. To cope with the extra power, Toyota upgraded the standard front brake discs to a Brembo conversion, with ventilated rear discs replacing the drums normally found on the Aygo. An uprated Helix clutch is also used.  The interior features a partial roll cage for extra chassis comfort and driver protection. Two specially designed sports seats, trimmed in red and black, and a suede rimmed Sparco steering wheel complete the race-inspired look.  Toyota claims the Aygo Crazy cost to build.

Unlicensed Chinese clone.

Since 2008, the Chinese car manufacturer BYD Auto has produced the BYD F0 that looks similar to the Aygo.

Second generation (AB40; 2014–present).

Toyota revealed a completely redesigned Aygo at the March 2014 Geneva Motor Show with the slogan 'go fun yourself'. The design was attributed to Japanese youth culture, inspired by Japanese manga robot Astro Boy and an egg in a box and has aims to make the Aygo more accessible to younger drivers, and allow for a greater level of customisability. It began rolling off the production line on 27 May 2014. Models include:  The Aygo also includes numerous safety features such as vehicle stability control (VSC), anti lock braking system (ABS), hill start assist control (HAC) and supplemental restraint system (SRS) with six airbags.

2018–.

The refreshed second generation Aygo was unveiled at the March 2018 Geneva Motor Show.

The Toyota Aygo is a city car sold by Toyota in Europe since 2005. It is built alongside the related Citroën C1 and Peugeot 107/108 at the Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech (TPCA) joint venture in Kolín, Czech Republic. The Aygo was first displayed at the 2005 Salon de l'Automobile de Genève. The name "Aygo" comes from "i-go", symbolising freedom and mobility.

Toyota Aygo est le nom donné à une automobile citadine développée par le constructeur japonais Toyota, en collaboration avec PSA Peugeot Citroën. Il existe deux générations du modèle, la première de 2005 à 2014 et la deuxième, depuis 2014.


Current situation.

Since its opening in January 1998, Terra Encantada could not overcome the expectations of the public who came to buy tickets even before the inauguration. It was expected to be a Disney Carioca Bar and became the land of fun and fantasy, attracting dozens of investors.  In the project, there were more than 60 dining options and came to be contemplated opening a U.S. subsidiary of Planet Hollywood. Investments reached U.S. $220 million. More than 12 thousand people should be employed directly and indirectly and the forecast was 20 thousand visitors per day. Sales came to about $30 million monthly. The reality was very different. The problems began even before the inauguration of the Terra Encantada, which was twice postponed. The first was scheduled for October 12, 1997 and the other for December 15. When the park was opened in January 1998, only part of the attractions were available. The first visitors, disappointed, came to claim the money back. The leisure center was running for less than a month when he received a visit from actress Isis de Oliveira. The artist was injured in one of the main attractions of the park, the lift cabum and entered in court. Thereafter, a series of problems have shaken the credibility of Terra Encantada. Fights between fighters of jiu-jitsu a strike by employees.  One case that gained more impact in the press occurred in March 2002 during a rock band's A Charlie Brown Jr. brawl, at around 1:30 am, left 61 people injured. Shops were destroyed and looted, and stones, chairs, trash cans and potted plants were thrown everywhere by young people who attended the show. (Source, Jornal O Globo) Today, the structure of Main Street went through reforms, but the Castle of Water and Lookouts remain in precarious  In 2010, Terra Encantada was chosen to be the site of recordings from the soap opera "Ugly Betty" by Rede Record and has all your main street turned into an old neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, but precisely in the neighbourhood of Gamboa.  However, on June 19, 2010, the 61 year-old kitchen helper, Heydiara Lemos Ribeiro, was thrown out of Mount Aurora, falling from a height of approx. 10 meters. The victim died from head trauma. During the investigations it was proven that the park's rides all had serious structural and mechanical failures, which led to a total ban of the park and the indictment for manslaughter and the director and the engineer held responsible. The report is being awaited from the expertise and the park will only open its doors again when they fulfill all the demands made by the Civil Defense. The park has since been abandoned.

Characters.

The characters were created especially for the park, based on the theme, which is the Brazilian culture and its origins: indigenous, African and European. Enjoying the beauty and strength of nature, have highlighted some endangered species - like the golden lion tamarin, the hyacinth macaw and the boto color pink - who managed to save himself and went to live in Terra Encantada.

Thematic areas.

Terra Encantada is divided into different thematic areas that depict the origins of the Brazilian people.

Main Street.

The main street of Terra Encantada has its thematization facing the Rio Antigo, perfecting the details. Relive the days of the old bohemian streets of Rio de Janeiro. Here, you find one of the food shops, restrooms and other services.

Terra Européia (Europe Land).

Inspired by European culture, this area of the park is for those who have strong heart.

Terra das Crianças (Children's Land).

Terra das Crianças (Children's Land) honors the world's future that are the children. Find the nostalgia here, where classic toys make up the scenario.

Terra dos Índios (Land of the Indians).

Honoring the Indians of Brazil, this thematic area has the Corredeiras, a mighty river that will leave you completely soaked!

Terra Africana (African Land).

Experience the atmosphere of Africa on you. The objective of the creation of this thematic area is to show how African culture influenced the formation of the Brazilian people.

Castelo das Águas (The Water Castel).

With plans to open in 1999, the Castle of Waters would have a surprise inside, a roller coaster in the dark. Possess a beautiful tematatização and work together with the Water Show. Unfortunately these projects were discontinued.

Food.

Terra Encantada has three feeding options.

Terra Encantada was an amusement park in Rio de Janeiro which was designed to be one of the most modern amusement parks in Latin America. It was opened in 1998 after two delays in opening. There are 200,000 square metres located at Avenida Ayrton Senna, 2800, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro with a theme based on characters and festivals of Brazilian culture and its origins: indigenous, African and European. The main street consists of bars, restaurants and most shops in the park, all the facades in various styles of Brazilian architecture. The main roller coaster in the park, Monte Makaya, held the record for most inversions in the world (8 inversions in all) for four years, but was trumped by Colossus, Thorpe Park.

Terra Encantada était un parc à thèmes ouvert le à la suite d'un accident il ferme le et situé à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil. Il avait pour thème la culture brésilienne et ses origines avec des zones thématiques dédiées aux indigènes, à l'Afrique et à l'Europe.


Overview.

There is no absolute agreement as to what constitutes digital journalism. Mu Lin argues that, “Web and mobile platforms demand us to adopt a platform-free mindset for an all-inclusive production approach – create the [digital] contents first, then distribute via appropriate platforms." The repurposing of print content for an online audience is sufficient for some, while others require content created with the digital medium's unique features like hypertextuality. Fondevila Gascón adds multimedia and interactivity to complete the digital journalism essence. For Deuze, online journalism can be functionally differentiated from other kinds of journalism by its technological component which journalists have to consider when creating or displaying content. Digital journalistic work may range from purely editorial content like CNN (produced by professional journalists) online to public-connectivity websites like Slashdot (communication lacking formal barriers of entry). The difference of digital journalism from traditional journalism may be in its reconceptualised role of the reporter in relation to audiences and news organizations. The expectations of society for instant information was important for the evolution of digital journalism. However, it is likely that the exact nature and roles of digital journalism will not be fully known for some time.

History.

The first type of digital journalism, called teletext, was invented in the UK in 1970. Teletext is a system allowing viewers to choose which stories they wish to read and see it immediately. The information provided through teletext is brief and instant, similar to the information seen in digital journalism today. The information was broadcast between the frames of a television signal in what was called the Vertical Blanking Interval or VBI.  American journalist, Hunter S. Thompson relied on early digital communication technology beginning by using a fax machine to report from the 1971 US presidential campaign trail as documented in his book Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail.  After the invention of teletext was the invention of videotex, of which Prestel was the world's first system, launching commercially in 1979 with various British newspapers such as the Financial Times lining up to deliver newspaper stories online through it. Videotex closed down in 1986 due to failing to meet end-user demand.  American newspaper companies took notice of the new technology and created their own videotex systems, the largest and most ambitious being Viewtron, a service of Knight-Ridder launched in 1981. Others were Keycom in Chicago and Gateway in Los Angeles. All of them had closed by 1986.  Next came computer Bulletin Board Systems. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several smaller newspapers started online news services using BBS software and telephone modems. The first of these was the Albuquerque Tribune in 1989.  "Computer Gaming World" in September 1992 broke the news of Electronic Arts' acquisition of Origin Systems on Prodigy, before its next issue went to press. Online news websites began to proliferate in the 1990s. An early adopter was "The News & Observer" in Raleigh, North Carolina which offered online news as Nando. Steve Yelvington wrote on the Poynter Institute website about Nando, owned by The N&O, by saying "Nando evolved into the first serious, professional news site on the World Wide Web". It originated in the early 1990s as "NandO Land". It is believed that a major increase in digital online journalism occurred around this time when the first commercial web browsers, Netscape Navigator (1994), and Internet Explorer (1995). By 1996, most news outlets had an online presence. Although journalistic content was repurposed from original text/video/audio sources without change in substance, it could be consumed in different ways because of its online form through toolbars, topically grouped content, and intertextual links. A twenty-four-hour news cycle and new ways of user-journalist interaction web boards were among the features unique to the digital format. Later, portals such as AOL and Yahoo! and their news aggregators (sites that collect and categorize links from news sources) led to news agencies such as The Associated Press to supplying digitally suited content for aggregation beyond the limit of what client news providers could use in the past.  Also, "Salon", was founded in 1995. In 2001 the "American Journalism Review" called "Salon" the Internet's "preeminent independent venue for journalism."  In 2008, for the first time, more Americans reported getting their national and international news from the internet, rather than newspapers. Young people aged 18 to 29 now primarily get their news via the Internet, according to a Pew Research Center report. Audiences to news sites continued to grow due to the launch of new news sites, continued investment in news online by conventional news organizations, and the continued growth in internet audiences overall. Sixty-five percent of youth now primarily access the news online.  Mainstream news sites are the most widespread form of online newsmedia production. As of 2000, the vast majority of journalists in the Western world now use the internet regularly in their daily work. In addition to mainstream news sites, digital journalism is found in index and category sites (sites without much original content but many links to existing news sites), meta- and comment sites (sites about newsmedia issues like media watchdogs), and share and discussion sites (sites that facilitate the connection of people, like Slashdot). Blogs are also another digital journalism phenomenon capable of fresh information, ranging from personal sites to those with audiences of hundreds of thousands. Digital journalism is involved in the cloud journalism phenomenon, a constant flow of contents in the Broadband Society.  Prior to 2008, the industry had hoped that publishing news online would prove lucrative enough to fund the costs of conventional newsgathering. In 2008, however, online advertising began to slow down, and little progress was made towards development of new business models. The Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism describes its 2008 report on the State of the News Media, its sixth, as its bleakest ever. Despite the uncertainty, online journalists report expanding newsrooms. They believe advertising is likely to be the best revenue model supporting the production of online news.  Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online, but the amount they use of the new medium varies. Some news organizations use the Web exclusively or as a secondary outlet for their content. The Online News Association, founded in 1999, is the largest organization representing online journalists, with more than 1,700 members whose principal livelihood involves gathering or producing news for digital presentation.  The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. Newspapers may lose classified advertising to websites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. These organizations are concerned about real and perceived loss of viewers and circulation to the Internet.  Hyperlocal journalism is journalism within a very small community. Hyperlocal journalism, like other types of digital journalism, is very convenient for the reader and offers more information than former types of journalism. It is free or inexpensive.

Reports of Facebook interfering in journalism.

It has been acknowledged that Facebook has invested heavily in news sources and purchasing time on local news media outlets. Tech Crunch journalist Josh Constine even stated in February 2018 that the company "stole the news business" and used sponsorship to make many news publishers its "ghostwriters." In January 2019, founder Mark Zuckerberg announced that he will spend $300 million in local news buys over a three year period.

Impact on readers.

Digital journalism allows for connection and discussion at levels that print does not offer on its own. People can comment on articles and start discussion boards to discuss articles. Before the Internet, spontaneous discussion between readers who had never met was impossible. The process of discussing a news item is a big portion of what makes for digital journalism. People add to the story and connect with other people who want to discuss the topic.  Digital journalism creates an opportunity for niche audiences, allowing people to have more options as to what to view and read.  Digital journalism opens up new ways of storytelling; through the technical components of the new medium, digital journalists can provide a variety of media, such as audio, video, and digital photography.  Digital journalism represents a revolution of how news is consumed by society. Online sources are able to provide quick, efficient, and accurate reporting of breaking news in a matter of seconds, providing society with a synopsis of events as they occur. Throughout the development of the event, journalists are able to feed online sources the information keeping readers up-to-date in mere seconds. The speed in which a story can be posted can affect the accuracy of the reporting in a way that doesn't usually happen in print journalism. Before the emergence of digital journalism the printing process took much more time, allowing for the discovery and correction of errors.  News consumers must become Web literate and use critical thinking to evaluate the credibility of sources. Because it is possible for anyone to write articles and post them on the Internet, the definition of journalism is changing. Because it is becoming increasingly simple for the average person to have an impact in the news world through tools like blogs and even comments on news stories on reputable news websites, it becomes increasingly difficult to sift through the massive amount of information coming in from the digital area of journalism.  There are great advantages with digital journalism and the new blogging evolution that people are becoming accustomed to, but there are disadvantages. For instance, people are used to what they already know and can't always catch up quickly with the new technologies in the 21st century. The goals of print and digital journalism are the same, although different tools are needed to function.  The interaction between the writer and consumer is new, and this can be credited to digital journalism. There are many ways to get personal thoughts on the Web. There are some disadvantages to this, however, the main one being factual information. There is a pressing need for accuracy in digital journalism, and until they find a way to press accuracy, they will still face some criticism.  One major dispute regards the credibility of these online news websites. A digital journalism credibility study performed by the Online News Association compares the online public credibility ratings to actual media respondent credibility ratings. Looking at a variety of online media sources, the study found that overall the public saw online media as more credible than it actually is.  The effects of digital journalism are evident worldwide. This form of journalism has pushed journalists to reform and evolve. Older journalists who are not tech savvy have felt the blunt force of this. In recent months, a number of older journalists have been pushed out and younger journalists brought in because of their lower cost and ability to work in advanced technology settings.

Impact on publishers.

Many newspapers, such as "The New York Times", have created online sites to remain competitive and have taken advantage of audio, video, and text linking to remain at the top of news consumers' lists as most of the news enthusiasm now reach their base through hand held devices such as smartphones, tablets etc. Hence audio or video backing is a definite advantage.  Newspapers rarely break news stories any more, with most websites reporting on breaking news before the cable news channels. Digital journalism allows for reports to start out vague and generalized, and progress to a better story. Newspapers and TV cable are at a disadvantage because they generally can only put together stories when an ample amount of detail and information are available. Often, newspapers have to wait for the next day, or even two days later if it is a late-breaking story, before being able to publish it. Newspapers lose a lot of ground to their online counterparts, with ad revenue shifting to the Internet, and subscription to the printed paper decreasing. People are now able to find the news they want, when they want, without having to leave their homes or pay to receive the news, even though there are still people who are willing to pay for online journalistic content.  Because of this, many people have viewed digital journalism as the death of journalism. According to communication scholar Nicole Cohen, "four practices stand out as putting pressure on traditional journalism production: outsourcing, unpaid labour, metrics and measurement, and automation". Free advertising on websites such as Craigslist has transformed how people publicize; the Internet has created a faster, cheaper way for people to get news out, thus creating the shift in ad sales from standard newspapers to the Internet. There has been a substantial effect of digital journalism and media on the newspaper industry, with the creation of new business models. It is now possible to contemplate a time in the near future when major towns will no longer have a newspaper and when magazines and network news operations will employ no more than a handful of reporters. Many newspapers and individual print journalists have been forced out of business because of the popularity of digital journalism. The newspapers that have not been willing to be forced out of business have attempted to survive by saving money, laying off staff, shrinking the size of the publications, eliminating editions, as well as partnering with other businesses to share coverage and content. In 2009, one study concluded that most journalists are ready to compete in a digital world and that these journalists believe the transition from print to digital journalism in their newsroom is moving too slowly. Some highly specialized positions in the publishing industry have become obsolete. The growth in digital journalism and the near collapse of the economy has also led to downsizing for those in the industry.  Students wishing to become journalists now need to be familiar with digital journalism in order to be able to contribute and develop journalism skills. Not only must a journalist analyze their audience and focus on effective communication with them, they have to be quick; news websites are able to update their stories within minutes of the news event. Other skills may include creating a website and uploading information using basic programming skills.  Critics believe digital journalism has made it easier for individuals who are not qualified journalists to misinform the general public. Many believe that this form of journalism has created a number of sites that do not have credible information. Sites such as PerezHilton.com have been criticized for blurring the lines between journalism and opinionated writing.  Some critics believe that newspapers should not switch to a solely Internet-based format, but instead keep a component of print as well as digital.  Digital journalism allows citizens and readers the opportunity to join in on threaded discussions relating to a news article that has been read by the public. This offers an excellent source for writers and reporters to decide what is important and what should be omitted in the future. These threads can provide useful information to writers of digital journalism so that future articles can be pruned and improved to possibly create a better article the next time around.

Implications on traditional Journalism.

Digitization is currently causing many changes to traditional journalistic practices. The labor of journalists, in general, is becoming increasingly dependent on digital journalism. Scholars outline that this is a change to the execution of journalism and not the conception part of the labor process. They also contend that this is simply the de-skilling of some skills and the up-skilling of others. This theory is in contention to the notion that technological determinism is negatively effecting journalism, as it should be understood that it is just changing the traditional skill set. Communication scholar Nicole Cohen believes there are several trends putting pressure on this traditional skill set. Some of which being outsourcing, algorithms, and automation. Although Cohen believes that technology could be used to improve Journalism, she feels the current trends in digital journalism are so far affecting the practice in a negative way.  There is also the impact that digital journalism is influencing the uprising of citizen journalism. Because digital journalism takes place online and is contributed mostly by citizens on user-generated content sites, there is competition growing between the two. Citizen journalism allows anyone to post anything, and because of that, journalists are being forced by their employers to publish more news content than before, which often means rushing news stories and failing to verify the source of information.

Work outside traditional press.

The Internet has also given rise to more participation by people who are not normally journalists, such as with Indy Media (Max Perez).  Bloggers write on web logs or blogs. Traditional journalists often do not consider bloggers to automatically be journalists. This has more to do with standards and professional practices than the medium. For instance, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding journalism attracts amateur journalists, as well as ambitious professionals that are restrained by the boundaries set by traditional press. However, the implication of these types of journalism is that it disregards the professional norms of journalistic practices that ensures accuracy and impartiality of the content. But,, blogging has generally gained at least more attention and has led to some effects on mainstream journalism, such as exposing problems related to a television piece about President George W. Bush's National Guard Service.  Recent legal judgements have determined that bloggers are entitled to the same protections as other journalists subject to the same responsibilities. In the United States, the Electronic Frontier Foundation has been instrumental in advocating for the rights of journalist bloggers.  In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that:"[96] A second preliminary question is what the new defence should be called. In arguments before us, the defence was referred to as the responsible journalism test. This has the value of capturing the essence of the defence in succinct style. However, the traditional media are rapidly being complemented by new ways of communicating on matters of public interest, many of them online, which do not involve journalists. These new disseminators of news and information should, absent good reasons for exclusion, be subject to the same laws as established media outlets. I agree with Lord Hoffmann that the new defence is "available to anyone who publishes material of public interest in any medium": Jameel, at para. 54."  Other significant tools of on-line journalism are Internet forums, discussion boards and chats, especially those representing the Internet version of official media. The widespread use of the Internet all over the world created a unique opportunity to create a meeting place for both sides in many conflicts, such as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the First and Second Chechen Wars. Often this gives a unique chance to find new, alternative solutions to the conflict, but often the Internet is turned into the battlefield by contradicting parties creating endless "online battles."  Internet radio and podcasts are other growing independent media based on the Internet.

Blogs.

With the rise of digital media, there is a move from the traditional journalist to the blogger or amateur journalist. Blogs can be seen as a new genre of journalism because of their "narrative style of news characterized by personalization" that moves away from traditional journalism's approach, changing journalism into a more conversational and decentralized type of news. Blogging has become a large part of the transmitting of news and ideas across cites, states, and countries, and bloggers argue that blogs themselves are now breaking stories. Even online news publications have blogs that are written by their affiliated journalists or other respected writers. Blogging allows readers and journalists to be opinionated about the news and talk about it in an open environment. Blogs allow comments where some news outlets do not, due to the need to constantly monitor what is posted. By allowing comments, the reader can interact with a story instead of just absorbing the words on the screen. According to one 2007 study, 15% of those who read blogs read them for news.  However, many blogs are highly opinionated and have a bias. Some are not verified to be true. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) established guidelines mandating that bloggers disclose any free goods or services they receive from third parties in 2009 in response to a question of the integrity of product and service reviews in the online community.  The development of blogging communities has partly resulted because of the lack of local news coverage, the spread of misinformation, and the manipulation of news. Blogging platforms are often used as mediums to spread ideas and connect to others with similar mentalities. Anonymity lives within these platforms that circulates different perspectives. Some have postulated that blogs’ usage of public opinions as facts has gained them status and creditability. Memes are often shared on these blogs due to its social phenomenon and its relation to existing subcultures which often attain high engagement. Traditional journalism has helped set the foundation for blogs, which are frequently used to question mainstream media reported by journalist.

Citizen journalism.

Digital journalism's lack of a traditional "editor" has given rise to citizen journalism. The early advances that the digital age offered journalism were faster research, easier editing, conveniences, and a faster delivery time for articles. The Internet has broadened the effect that the digital age has on journalism. Because of the popularity of the Internet, most people have access and can add their forms of journalism to the information network. This allows anyone who wants to share something they deem important that has happened in their community. Individuals who are not professional journalists who present news through their blogs or websites are often referred to as citizen journalists. One does not need a degree to be a citizen journalist. Citizen journalists are able to publish information that may not be reported otherwise, and the public has a greater opportunity to be informed. Some companies use the information that a citizen journalist relays when they themselves can not access certain situations, for example, in countries where freedom of the press is limited. Anyone can record events happening and send it anywhere they wish, or put it on their website. Non-profit and grassroots digital journalism sites may have far fewer resources than their corporate counterparts, yet due to digital media are able to have websites that are technically comparable. Other media outlets can then pick up their story and run with it as they please, thus allowing information to reach wider audiences.  For citizen journalism to be effective and successful, there needs to be citizen editors. Their role being to solicit other people to provide accurate information and to mediate interactivity among users. An example can be found in the start-up of the South Korean online daily newspaper, OhMyNews, where the founder recruited several hundred volunteer "citizen reporters" to write news articles that were edited and processed by four professional journalists.

News collections.

The Internet also offers options such as personalized news feeds and aggregators, which compile news from different websites into one site. One of the most popular news aggregators is Google News. Others include Topix.net, and TheFreeLibrary.com.  But, some people see too much personalization as detrimental. For example, some fear that people will have narrower exposure to news, seeking out only those commentators who already agree with them.  As of March 2005, Wikinews rewrites articles from other news organizations. Original reporting remains a challenge on the Internet as the burdens of verification and legal risks (especially from plaintiff-friendly jurisdictions like BC) remain high in the absence of any net-wide approach to defamation.

Digital journalism, also known as online journalism, is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet, as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast. What constitutes digital journalism is debated by scholars; however, the primary product of journalism, which is news and features on current affairs, is presented solely or in combination as text, audio, video, or some interactive forms like newsgames, and disseminated through digital media technology.

Le journalisme en ligne est une forme de journalisme utilisant Internet comme principal support, par le biais notamment de versions électroniques de médias traditionnels, ou bien de journaux en ligne.


Geology.

Flood basalts.

In southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, flood basalt flows of extremely fluid basaltic lava spread in all directions from long fissures, building broad fields of gently sloping lava that spread widely over great distances. Along the Snake River in Idaho, and the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon, these lava flows have been extensively exposed by erosion (with extensive displays of columnar basalt), and measure almost 2 km (1.24 mi) in total thickness.  The basalts flows which are visible in the Wallula Gap were laid down during the Miocene Epoch, about 17 million years ago. They are part of the massive fissure flood basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group. During the basalt eruptions, the southern and western Columbia Plateau, which included the current location of the Wallula Gap, began to fold. The bending (or shear) of the ancient lava flows is clearly visible in the folded layers of basalt exposed in the steep walls of the gap.

Creation of the Wallula Gap.

Early in the history of folding, the ridge crest at Wallula Gap must have been the lowest along the ridge. The ancient Salmon-Clearwater River began to flow across the ridge over this low point, cutting a channel. As the ridge continued to fold upward, erosion cut through and the water gap was formed. Until about 10 million years ago, the Salmon-Clearwater River flowed through the Wallula Gap alone. As the flood plain in the Columbia Basin continued to tilt, the Columbia River was forced eastward and joined the Salmon-Clearwater River about 6 million years ago. About 2.5 million years ago, the Snake River was forced northward by the Blue Mountain uplift and was captured by the Salmon-Clearwater River near the Idaho-Oregon border.

Missoula floods.

The Wallula Gap was widened about the 14th millennium BC, by the historic flow of the Salmon, Snake, and Columbia rivers combined with the glacial waters that poured across the Channeled Scablands during the Missoula floods. The Wallula Gap constrained the flow such that less than 1/5 of the 800 km3 (192 mi3) of water per day entering could be discharged as it passed into Lake Condon downstream. As a result, the floods filled the Pasco Basin and formed, for a short period, Lake Lewis. The large volumes of flood water passing through the gap contributed substantially to the erosion of the gap, as is evidenced by the shear walls and by scab-features such as "Twin Sisters".  During the Missoula floods, water backed up in the Pasco Basin because of the narrow opening of the Wallula Gap. The floods were so large in volume that they could not rapidly discharge through the gap, even though it is wide. Maximum flood waters reached elevations of about 380 meters. The hydraulic head required to drive the flood waters through the gap, combined with the elevated levels downstream of the constriction resulted in a head of about 250 meters. The peak flow is estimated to have been about 10 million cubic meters per second.

History.

Lewis and Clark.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition (a.k.a. Corps of Discovery) first saw the Wallula Gap on October 18, 1805, as they headed downstream from their camp at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers. The Corps camped near Spring Gulch Creek that night, and proceeded through Wallula Gap the next day.

Oregon trail.

In the 1840s pioneers headed west on the Oregon Trail found Wallula a logical stopping place to convert their wagons to boats and then continue the trip via the Columbia River.

Legend.

Twin Sisters basalt.

Twin Sisters is a basalt pillar that inspired the mythology of the Wallula Gap near the Columbia River just upstream of Port Kelley, Washington. According to the Cayuse Indian tribe, who lived on the Columbia Plateau, the following legend recounts the origin of the rocks:  Coyote, the Trickster spirit hero of many native stories, fell in love with three sisters who were building a salmon trap on the river near here. Each night Coyote would destroy their trap, and each day the girls would rebuild it. One morning Coyote saw the girls crying and found out that they were starving because they had not been able to catch any fish in their trap. Coyote promised them a working fish trap if they would become his wives. They agreed, and Coyote kept his promise; however, over the years he became jealous of them. He changed two of the wives into these basalt pillars and turned the third into a cave downstream. He became a rock nearby so he could watch over them forever.  This site is a popular hiking destination for avid hikers who want to view the geology of the Wallula Gap and the effects of the ancient Missoula Floods.

Wallula Gap () is a large water gap of the Columbia River through the Horse Heaven Hills basalt anticlines in the Columbia River Basin in the U.S. state of Washington, just south of the confluence of the Walla Walla and Columbia rivers. It has been recognized as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service as a site that provides an important illustration of the geological history of the United States.

Wallula Gap est une cluse traversée par le fleuve Columbia dans l'État américain de Washington, juste au sud de la confluence des cours d'eau Walla Walla et Columbia.


Instrumentation.

A fanfare is a piece of music usually introducing an event or another piece of music. They are most often short, rhythmic, exciting, and often loud. Fanfares can be scored for any instruments, but instruments which excel at loud and percussive sounds, such as organ, brass and percussion, are most effective. This fanfare is written for the following instruments:

The Fanfare.

Copland, in his autobiography, wrote of the request: "Eugene Goossens, conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, had written to me at the end of August about an idea he wanted to put into action for the 1942–43 concert season. During World War I he had asked British composers for a fanfare to begin each orchestral concert. It had been so successful that he thought to repeat the procedure in World War II with American composers". A total of 18 fanfares were written at Goossens' behest, but Copland's is the only one which remains in the standard repertoire.  It was written in response to the US entry into World War II and was inspired in part by a famous 1942 speech where vice president Henry A. Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the "Century of the Common Man".  Goossens had suggested titles such as "Fanfare for Soldiers", or sailors or airmen, and he wrote that "[i]t is my idea to make these fanfares stirring and significant contributions to the war effort..." Copland considered several titles including "Fanfare for a Solemn Ceremony" and "Fanfare for Four Freedoms"; to Goossens' surprise, however, Copland titled the piece "Fanfare for the Common Man". Goossens wrote, "Its title is as original as its music, and I think it is so telling that it deserves a special occasion for its performance. If it is agreeable to you, we will premiere it 12 March 1943 at income tax time". Copland's reply was "I [am] all for honoring the common man at income tax time".  Copland later used the fanfare as the main theme of the fourth movement of his Third Symphony (composed between 1944 and 1946).

On television and other media.

The fanfare has found much use as a theme for television programs. In the United States, it was used on the television program "You Are There" in its later years during the show's closing credits. Emerson, Lake and Palmer's arrangement of "Fanfare for the Common Man" was the opening theme song for the "CBS Sports Spectacular" and in Mexico, it was the main title theme of TV Azteca TV sport program "DeporTV". In Scotland, the BBC used it as the theme to their main news program "Reporting Scotland" in the late 1970s and early 1980s. An early 1980s Canadian television series called "Titans" used "Fanfare" as its opening theme music.  In Australia, the Seven Network used Emerson, Lake & Palmer's version in the 1980s and early 1990s as the theme music for "Seven Sport" broadcasts, and continued to use a teaser version up until 2011. In the early 1980s when Channel 0/28 (now SBS One) would begin transmission for the night, they would use the Aaron Copland version as their opening theme. It was also used as the opening theme for the network's very first night of transmission.  In the 1980s and early 1990s, Channel 3, the English language television channel operated by oil company Saudi Aramco in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, used the fanfare as their opening and closing theme. The channel broadcast American and British television shows and films. Parts of the fanfare and its entirety was utilized in the United States American Broadcasting Systems (ABC) movie "The Day After" shown in 1983. The film focused on the possibility of a nuclear war on the middle of American in Lawrence, KS.  During the 1980s, the Nine Network televised a lifestyle program call "World of Boats" (later to be broadened and called "World of Leisure") hosted by Chris Conroy which used the Emerson, Lake and Palmer version as the theme for the program.  At the 1988 University of Washington Computer Fair, Steve Jobs demoed the NeXT computer. The system used a recording of the music to show off the multi-media capabilities of the machine.  In the mid-1990s, the piece was used as background music in United States Navy recruitment advertisements.  The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL have used it as part of a pre-game video introduction of the team before it takes to the ice since moving into the United Center in 1994.  This piece was used as the postlude at the funeral for Ronald Brown, Bill Clinton's Commerce Secretary, on April 10, 1996, at the National Cathedral.  On November 19, 2008, it was played as the wake-up music for the shuttle crew STS-126 for mission pilot Eric A. Boe. It was also played on July 20, 2011, as the wake-up music for the crew of STS-135 - the final Space Shuttle mission - for mission commander Christopher Ferguson.  On January 18, 2009, it was played at the beginning of. It was also played at the beginning of "An American Reunion", the concert (also at the Lincoln Memorial) on the Saturday prior to the inauguration of Bill Clinton in 1992.  Several feature films employ the piece for dramatic effect. John Williams' main themes for the 1978 "Superman" film are partially based on the fanfare and his original score for "Saving Private Ryan" draws heavily on its soundworld (though Copland's piece is not actually heard in either movie). In "The Patriot", which Williams scored, the music of the final scene before the credits may be a nod to Copeland's work. The fanfare functioned as Jimmy King's theme in "Ready to Rumble". The Bollywood film "Parinda" prominently features the piece as background score, including in a haunting opening depicting shots of Bombay.  On October 9, 2004, it was played as Queen Elizabeth II and her procession entered the debating chamber during the opening ceremony of the new Scottish Parliament building in Edinburgh.  The first three notes of the piece are coincidentally the same as the sound made by the motors and door chimes of the MR-73 class of cars on the Montreal Metro as they leave the station and accelerate. "Fanfare for the Common Man" was one of the musical themes for Expo 67, which was held in Montreal.  On September 21, 2012, "Fanfare" was played at Los Angeles International Airport as the Space Shuttle Endeavour touched down after its final flight.  In 2012, “Fanfare for the Common Man” was used as the opener for the Carolina Crown Drum and Bugle Corps 2012 program “For the Common Good”. The show placed in Finals, and that next year, Crown won their first ever Drum Corps International World Class Championship title.  It featured in BBC Television's children's television programme, "Melody", as the second piece to inspire Melody's imagination. She imagined a family of elephants enjoying a mud bath.  On May 15, 2014, it was played by the New York Philharmonic at the dedication of the 9/11 Museum in lower Manhattan.  On September 26, 2015, it was played at Independence Hall in Philadelphia as Pope Francis came outside to make a speech on religious freedom, which he delivered from the lectern used by Abraham Lincoln to deliver the Gettysburg Address.  On October 4, 2016 it was played at the memorial service for golfer Arnold Palmer as the United States Coast Guard Honor Guard exited the service after placing the flags.  On October 31, 2019 it was played on the roof of Radio24syv's headquarters in Copenhagen, Denmark, at midnight, when the station stopped broadcasting. The station was closed after 8 years, because it controversially failed to get its broadcast license and funding renewed, after a long and windy political process.  On December 31, 2001 The ELP version of "Fanfare For the Common Man" was played in Times Square. A memorial to the victims of September 11, 2001. The names of those who lost their lives scrolled as the composition played.

Alternative versions.

Copland's fanfare was used in 1977 by British prog-rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer on the album "Works Volume 1". The track became one of the band's biggest hits when an edited version was released as a single that year. It peaked at No. 2 in the UK. Keith Emerson had long been an admirer of Copland's Americana style, previously using Copland's "Hoedown" on the band's "Trilogy" album in 1972. This version was played to start the medal ceremonies of the 2012 Olympic Games in London, as well as being used by English Football League Championship side, Aston Villa Football Club  An excerpt of "Fanfare for the Common Man" was used to open the Rolling Stones Tour of the Americas '75, and their Tour of Europe '76 supporting their "Black and Blue" album. The excerpt was also included and credited as such on the band's 1977 "Love You Live" live album.  The American rock band Styx has also used the Copland piece. Their 1972 eponymous debut album opens with a suite called "Movement for the Common Man". The third section of the suite, titled "Fanfare for the Common Man", is loosely based on the Copland original.  Additionally, the rock band Asia (which shares the drummer Carl Palmer from Emerson, Lake & Palmer) often plays a variation of "Fanfare" during their live shows. Different versions have appeared on various live Asia albums over the years as well.  The Woody Herman Orchestra was known for closing their performances with a jazz rendition of "Fanfare for the Common Man". It appears on the 1976 CD "Woody Herman • Featuring Stan Getz".  Bob Dylan has opened his shows with "Fanfare for the Common Man".  The UK glam rock band Sweet also frequently play the song during their live shows.  Mannheim Steamroller also has a version on its "American Spirit" album. On August 28, 2010, it was played at the beginning of Glenn Beck's Restoring Honor rally.  On January 12, 2011, the piece opened "Together We Thrive: Tucson and America", the memorial service for the victims of the 2011 Tucson shooting following the attempted assassination of Gabrielle Giffords and the murder of six others.  On July 19, 2011, it was played as the wake-up music for the shuttle crew of STS-135, the final mission for the Space Shuttle "Atlantis" and the final overall shuttle mission.  Formula 1 Theme on Rede Globo Brazilian television network in years 70/80 in the version of ELP.  English Premier League side, Wolverhampton Wanderers play the introduction to the fanfare before all home matches, followed by Jeff Beck's version of "Hi Ho Silver Lining".  During the 90/91 and 91/92 football season in England, the then first division club Leeds United would enter the pitch to the fanfare, followed by the opening of "Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor.  English League One side Shrewsbury Town FC used to incorporate the song into title music for their VHS video productions of matches during the early 1990s. This was done by the now defunct 'Resolution Video' working on the club's behalf.  The Israeli foreign affairs TV show Roim Olam used the ELP version in its opening title.  In the 1990s, "Fanfare" began to be used to welcome the winner of the Aintree Grand National Steeplechase from the racecourse to the winner's enclosure as the timing of the piece roughly matched the time it took the winner to make the journey. When the enclosure was moved in 2010, "Fanfare" was used instead to announce the procession of competitors from the paddock to the course before the race.  The British band Enter Shikari included a song titled "Fanfare for the Conscious Man" on their album "Common Dreads". The song is a criticism of British involvement in the Iraq War.  A version was used in the soundtrack for the 2010 released indie game "Revenge of the Titans".  An excerpt was used in the opening of The San Remo Festival 2015  Daft Punk Tron: Legacy 2010 Track 1 - Overture

Fanfare for the Common Man is a musical work by the American composer Aaron Copland. It was written in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under conductor Eugene Goossens and was inspired in part by a speech made earlier that year by then American Vice President Henry A. Wallace, in which Wallace proclaimed the dawning of the "Century of the Common Man".

Fanfare for the Common Man est une œuvre de musique classique pour cuivres et percussions composée par Aaron Copland en 1942. Cette fanfare s'inspire du jazz et du folklore américain.


Political career.

Momper has been a member of the SPD since 1967. From 1986 to 1992 he was regional chairman of the SPD in Berlin. From 1988 to 1993 he was also a member of the SPD National Executive. 1975 Momper was elected to the Berlin House of Representatives, where from 1985 he was chairman of the SPD group. The SPD emerged under Momper’s leadership from the elections in Berlin in 1989 as the winner, while the CDU / FDP coalition led by mayor Eberhard Diepgen (CDU) suffered a surprise heavy defeat. The scandal concerning Wolfgang Antes (CDU) who was in charge of construction in Charlottenburg figured heavily in the media. On March 16, 1989 Momper was elected mayor. His support came from a Red-Green coalition between the SPD and the Alternative List (AL) (the former Berlin equivalent of the Greens). The Senate under Momper was the first Land government in Germany with more women than men (eight to six). On the night of 9 to 10 November 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened. Momper claims that he had been aware of the preparations of the East German government for this event since 29 October 1989 from a conversation with Günter Schabowski, leader of the SED in East Berlin and Erhard Krack, Mayor of East Berlin, and that he had made the appropriate preparations. Momper’s call "Berlin, now rejoice" went around the world and made him known beyond Germany. The foundations for the growing together of the two halves of the city and Berlin with the surrounding area was agree on December 12, 1989 when Momper met Hans Modrow, the Prime Minister of the GDR, and the provisional Regional Committee was established as the first cross-border body.  As Governing Mayor of Berlin Momper was from 1 November 1989 to 31 October 1990 President of the Federal Council Bundesrat and thus Deputy to the President.  Among the best-known decisions of his red-green Senate was a speed limit (100 km/h) on the AVUS (where speed had previously been unrestricted) and the establishment of additional bus lanes for BVG, the Berlin public transport system. After the police had cleared a series of squats on the Mainzer Straße on 14 November 1990, the AL announced that it would not go into coalition with the SPD, since both Momper and the Innensenator concerned, Erich Paetzold (SPD) regarded this action as sound politics.  Accordingly Momper led an SPD-minority Senate into the election of the Chamber of Deputies on 2 December 1990. The SPD ended up ten points behind the CDU, whose leading candidate Diepgen, Momper’s predecessor, was then elected mayor again on 24 January 1991.  Momper remained SPD state chairman, but finally resigned on 17 August 1992, when he went into the real estate business. In 1995 he put himself forward in the internal party primary election of the Berlin SPD to be the party's lead candidate for the Berlin House of Representatives elections, but was narrowly defeated by Ingrid Stahmer, the Senator (city councillor) for Health and Social Welfare. Before the city election in October 1995 he resigned from the Berlin state assembly. In 1999 he defeated the chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Berlin House, Klaus Böger, for the leading place among the SPD’s candidates and was indeed again a member of the Chamber of Deputies, but trailed well behind Diepgen, the mayor. However, he was elected Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies.  After the SPD had become the strongest party in the early general elections on 21 October 2001, which were held early, he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies and remained in this position after the elections in Berlin of 2006.  In the election to the Berlin House of Representatives on September 18, 2011 Momper decided not to run again. On September 1, 2011, he chaired his last meeting of the Chamber of Deputies

Reelection Klaus Wowereit.

At the election of the mayor on 23 November 2006 the proposed SPD candidate Klaus Wowereit received only 74 of 149 votes. Although the required majority of 75 votes had therefore not been achieved Momper asked Wowereit whether he accepted the election. Momper intended to swear him in at once, but hecklers pointed out his mistake. The Berlin opposition parties then demanded his resignation as presiding officer; partly because the swearing-in of Wowereit by Momper (following a successful second ballot), did not go smoothly. Momper publicly apologized, but refused to resign.

Senate.

→ Main article: Senate Momper

Personal.

Momper commonly went out in public wearing a red scarf, which became known as the "Momper Scarf". Momper is married to Anne Momper and has two children.

External links.

Commons: Walter Momper - collection of images, videos and audio files Wikiquote: Walter Momper - Quotations Literature by and about Walter Momper in the catalog of the German National Library Short Biography Walter Momper Website of Momper Projektentwicklungs GmbH

Walter Momper (born 21 February 1945) is a German politician and former Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin 1989–1990, reunited Berlin 1990–1991). Whilst Governing Mayor, he served as President of the Bundesrat in 1989/90. He was at the opening of the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 and, on 3 October 1990, became the first mayor of a reunited Berlin.

Walter Momper, né le à Sulingen, est un homme politique allemand membre du Parti social-démocrate d'Allemagne (SPD). Chercheur formé à l'université libre, il est élu à la Chambre des députés de Berlin-Ouest pour la première fois en. plus tard, il y prend la présidence du groupe, alors dans l'opposition. En, il devient président de la fédération ouest-berlinoise du parti.


Background.

Sometime around 1663, the Ottawa people were driven westward from the area around Georgian Bay to the area around Lake Superior and Lake Michigan by the Iroquois. Settling around Chequamegon Bay, the Ottawa came into contact with tribes such as the Potawatomi, Sioux, Sauk, Meskwaki, Miami, and Illinois, and informed them of European demand for beaver pelts in exchange for European goods, becoming middlemen between these western peoples and the French in the east. The Ottawa enjoyed this position of middleman in trade until the founding of the English Hudson's Bay Company in 1670; this disrupted the French trading scheme, as instead of relying on overland routes from Québec and Ottawa middlemen, western tribes could trade directly with the English at Hudson Bay, offering more goods at much more favourable rates of exchange.  As the source of the best beaver pelts was the Hudson Bay, the French saw it fit to try and increase their foothold over trade in that region. To that end, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, then Governor-General of New France, dispatched Father Charles Albanel to the Bay in 1674 to both found a Catholic mission and to encourage Groseilliers, then an employee of the HBC, to return to the service of the French. Albanel was unsuccessful in his first goal due to being imprisoned upon his arrival by HBC Governor Charles Bayly, but Groseilliers and Albanel found themselves on the same boat headed for England in the spring of 1675, and the former was successfully persuaded to leave the service of the HBC.  Upon their released from English custody, Albanel and Groseilliers went to France, meeting up with Radisson, also an HBC employee at the time, and First Minister of State Jean-Baptiste Colbert to design plans for French fur exploitation in the Hudson Bay region. After being pardoned by Colbert for working with the English, Radisson went with Groseilliers were sent by Colbert to New France in 1676 to discuss plans for fur trading in the Hudson Bay region with Frontenac, but to their surprise they found little enthusiasm from him for these plans. They soon came to realize that Frontenac had other plans for the expansion of the French fur trade - namely, that he preferred the idea of building forts around the eastern Great Lakes region, trading with western tribes in that manner. Frontenac's policy was detrimental to a sizeable group of Montréal and Québec-based merchants, as these trading posts would be the new centre of profits from fur trading rather than Montréal. Matters worsened in 1678 when Robert de La Salle was granted permission to explore the Mississippi Valley for fur-trading purposes; with this group of Montréal/Québec merchants being forced out of the Great Lakes and what would become Louisiana, they had no choice but to look north to continue making their profits.  La Chesnaye, a member of the anti-Frontenac group of merchants, selected Louis Jolliet to lead an overland expedition to the Hudson Bay in May 1679. Upon his return to Québec that autumn, Jolliet noted that many indigenous peoples that had formerly used the Ottawa as middlemen for trade with the Canadiens now traded directly with the English at the Bay. Combined with increasing hostility from Frontenac after the Governor-General accused La Chesnaye and others of trading with the English, Jolliet's observation served as the impetus for the creation of the Compagnie du Nord. The creation of the Compagnie was ultimately realized after July 1682, when Frontenac was recalled to France and replaced by Joseph-Antoine de La Barre, who was much more supportive of the idea of fur trading in the Hudson Bay.

Pre-charter years, 1682-1685.

The company's early years, between its foundation in 1682 and being granted a royal charter in May 1685, were marked by great informality in structure. The Compagnie was not a corporation, but a partnership, and as a result no minimum investment (such as a minimum amount of shares held) was required in order to become a director of the Compagnie.  In July 1682, Radisson and Groseilliers and a crew of thirty, including Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste Chouart, set sail for the Bay, and arrived at the mouth of the Hayes River on August 19, 1682, shortly before the arrival of a New England-based expedition and an HBC expedition, both of which were sent for the purpose of establishing trading posts and consolidating English control of the Bay. Although both expeditions were aware of the French presence, they were not aware of each other's presence, and the French expedition was able to burn both English forts and take prisoners from both expeditions. After wintering at the Bay, Jean-Baptiste Chouart was left to oversee the French fort, while Radisson and Groseilliers returned with prisoners and 2,000 pelts, arriving in Québec on October 20, 1683. Despite nearly running the English out of the Bay entirely and establishing a French foothold in the region, this expedition was of limited success financially, and the Compagnie was not able to pay its crew for the expedition.  To add insult to unexpected injury, the 2,000 pelts gained from this expedition were confiscated by the rival Company of the Farm over a jurisdictional dispute. The Farm held a right to impose a tax of sorts, the "droit du quart", on all beaver pelts moved through colonies, and standard procedure was to take all pelts through the Farm's Québec office so that the "droit" would be paid before allowing the rest to be exported to European markets. The Compagnie du Nord, however, did not view the Hudson Bay to be under the jurisdiction of the Farm. La Chesnaye argued this case in front of La Barre, who settled the case in favour of the Compagnie du Nord on November 8, 1683; however, final jurisdiction over the dispute lay with the Crown, and on April 10, 1684 La Barre's ruling was overturned, forcing the Compagnie to pay the "droit" to the Farm and to watch their already-limited profits from the expedition disappear.  Following this ruling on the "droit", Radisson became disillusioned with serving the French and returned to the service of the Hudson Bay Company, and in August 1684 established two English trading posts, including York Factory on the Nelson River. This was discovered by a Compagnie-funded expedition led by Claude de Bermen de la Martinière, arriving on September 22, 1684 to find not only these new trading posts and the destruction of the old French post, but also that Chouart had been convinced by Radisson to leave the Compagnie in favour of employment by the HBC as well. La Martinière narrowly avoided capture by the English on his return to Québec and even acquired 20,000 livres worth of cargo from an English ship, the expedition ultimately put the Compagnie down to 273,000 livres in debt in total.  The overall failure of these two expeditions led the Compagnie to realize that it could not effectively compete with the Hudson's Bay Company without a royal charter similar to what the HBC enjoyed. Philippe Gaultier de Comporté was tasked to present the Compagnie's petition to the French court, and in 1685 he arrived to do so. Comporté requested royal monetary support and the right for retaliatory military action (allowing the Compagnie to undertake more than mere trading expeditions). Comporté's petition was successful, and a charter was granted on May 20, 1685; in addition, La Barre was recalled to France and replaced by Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, who had been instructed by royal authorities to give full support to the Compagnie.

Peak of the Compagnie, 1686-1693.

With the Compagnie now being able to wage military conflicts in the Hudson Bay region, it outfitted an expedition led by Pierre Chevalier de Troyes with the intent of regaining control of the region surrounding the Nelson and Hayes Rivers. In preparation for this expedition, two forts, Fort St. Joseph and Fort St. Anne, were established on Lake Abitibi and Lake Timiskaming, respectively, and Troyes was to stop at each fort for resupplying purposes if necessary. Due to the presence of a large number of "voyageurs" who were strongly familiar with the terrain, the expedition made good progress despite agonizing travel conditions overland, and between June 19 and July 26, 1686, three English forts were surrendered to the French. However, Troyes did not recapture the English posts in the Nelson-Hayes region, so despite the profit earned by the Compagnie, the loss incurred to the HBC, and near-total control of the Bay, the Compagnie (and Denonville as well) were displeased.  Due to the intense difficulty associated with traversing an overland route to these three newly-acquired forts, the Compagnie found itself in a difficult situation. Still determined to control the Nelson-Hayes region, the Compagnie took strongly to the ideas of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, who recommended a naval approach to restocking the forts and, above all, controlling the Nelson-Hayes even at the expense of the three forts in the Lower Bay. Iberville led a naval expedition with royal support in the spring of 1688, and following the successful capture of two HBC ships and an overwintering on the Bay, he sailed to La Rochelle in France in the spring of 1689. He was promptly arrested by agents of the Farm for failing to pay the "droit du quart" in Québec, but was ultimately released and returned to Québec, where the Compagnie ultimately recorded profits of 40,000 livres for the expedition. As a result of the expedition, the Compagnie's hold on the Lower Bay region had also been confirmed.  Following the Glorious Revolution in England in 1689, the English joined the Grand Alliance against the French in the Nine Years' War. Following this outbreak of hostilities, French authorities encouraged Frontenac, who had been re-appointed as Governor-General in place of Denonville, to support the Compagnie's plans to plan a direct attack on Fort Bourbon (now York Factory), but the Compagnie was frustrated by a lack of military support from France in this endeavour. Iberville set sail in June 1690 to capture Fort Bourbon, but the poorly-outfitted expedition was met by three heavily armed HBC ships in the Nelson-Hayes region. Iberville retreated to find that an English post on the Severn River had been preemptively burned by the HBC in anticipation of a French assault. The expedition was entirely funded by the Compagnie, and as such was an absolute financial disaster.  Pressed financially and for time against the threat of English encroachment, the Compagnie petitioned the Crown for royal support for an expedition to capture Fort Bourbon and to run the HBC out of the Bay altogether. Support for this was granted on April 7, 1691, sending the heavily armed war vessel "Hazardeux" and offering to bankroll much of the expedition. However, the "Hazardeux" arrived in Québec on July 13, and the ship's commander François du Tast refused to set sail on account of the advancing season and the threat of ice. On February 27, 1692, the French court tried to get the expedition off earlier, but equipping merchant ships led to yet another delay; the "Poly", a thirty-six gun man-of-war with a 130-strong crew, finally set sail on May 14, but did not arrive until August 19 due to more difficult crossing conditions than normal, and again the expedition was far too late to be sent that year. However, the "Poly" was sent out from La Rochelle in early April 1693, but treacherous conditions again delayed its arrival at Québec until July 23. These delays all gave the English ample time to resupply their forts and to capture French forts, and by 1693 the Compagnie found itself without a single fort on the Bay, the same situation that the Compagnie had found itself in back in 1686.

Twilight years, 1694-1700.

The successive failures to send an expedition to capture Fort Bourbon caused a rift between the Compagnie's metropolitan French directors and its Canadien directors. In a 1693 memoir, the French proposed that the Compagnie should be controlled from La Rochelle, arguing that, not only was forcing Québec as a port of call responsible for the delays in sending out the expeditions, but that the cost for outfitting these expeditions was much cheaper in France than in Canada. This left the Canadiens in a difficult situation when trying to convince the French directors to contribute additional funds for a 1694 expedition.  On account of this impasse, the French royal authorities saw it fit to go through Iberville directly in order to create a new expedition. The costs were to be shared by the Crown and Iberville, and Iberville would have the "Poly" and another man-of-war, the "Salamandre", at his disposal. The Compagnie was expressly excluded from any profits that would be earned in this expedition; furthermore, if the expedition were profitable enough, Iberville would be given direct trading rights in the Bay at least until July 1697. Because of this, the French authorities gave the Compagnie a chance to confirm their re-involvement in the Hudson Bay trade at this time, but internal disputes forced the Compagnie to recuse themselves at least until 1697, although they ended up contributing 15,000 livres to Iberville's expedition at his urging.  Iberville, accompanied by his brother Joseph Le Moyne de Sérigny, set sail from Québec on August 10, 1694 and arrived at Fort Bourbon on September 24, forcing a surrender of the fort on October 14. Iberville overwintered at the Bay and ended up profiting 160,000 livres for his efforts, which were not subject to the "droit du quart" levied by the Farm. However, French possession of the fort was short-lived, as it was retaken by the English on September 6, 1695.  Iberville was tasked to recapture Fort Bourbon in 1697, and once again the Compagnie du Nord was intentionally excluded from making plans for this expedition. Due to it being an entirely royal venture, the expedition set out directly from La Rochelle on July 8. It reached the Nelson-Hayes region on September 4, and after nine days of fighting with English warships, the English surrendered Fort Bourbon on September 13. However, despite now having firm control of Fort Bourbon, the Compagnie was still unable to commit to managing the trade from the region, due to a lack of necessary funding for the exorbitant cost of outfitting expeditions, which could run anywhere from 100,000 to 180,000 livres.

Dissolution and legacy.

As the Compagnie was clearly in no position to retake the mantle of handling the Hudson Bay trade, the French royal authorities saw it fit to establish an entirely new company for that purpose. As part of this establishment, the Company of the Farm accepted an offer to have the surplus of beaver bought out by a group of Canadian merchants separate from the Compagnie, while the Compagnie du Nord's charter was formally revoked on January 10, 1700. With both of the main players in the Canadian fur trade now no longer possessing trading rights, the Crown established the Compagnie de la Colonie on October 10, 1700, taking over the trading rights from both the Farm and the Compagnie.  Although the Compagnie had, at multiple points, the ability to completely remove the English from the Hudson Bay, the Compagnie's main legacy is its impressive financial failure, although this is not necessarily true of its directors or other people involved with it. La Chesnaye was not bankrupted, and in fact became the primary shareholder in the Compagnie de la Colonie upon its establishment in 1700. Not much is known of Groseilliers after his early service with the Compagnie, and even his date of death is disputed, although the "Canadian Dictionary of Bibliography" holds him to have died around 1696; a similar lack of known fate is true of Radisson, although he is known to have died in England in 1710. Iberville, for his part, died in 1706 in Havana, after escapades in Louisiana and the Caribbean.

The Compagnie du Nord (also referred to as the Northern Company) was a French colonial fur-trading company, founded in Québec City 1682 by a group of Canadien financiers with the express intent of competing with the English Hudson's Bay Company. It was founded by Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye with the assistance of Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law Médard Chouart des Groseilliers.

La Compagnie de la Baie du Nord a été fondée en 1682 par des marchands (principalement des marchands français), avec à leur tête Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye, pour commercer dans la baie d'Hudson par voie de mer sur le modèle de ce que les Anglais avaient réussi en créant en 1670 la compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson, avec l'aide de Pierre-Esprit Radisson et son beau-frère Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers.