Quota agreements.

The Achnacarry Agreement or "As-Is Agreement" was an early attempt to restrict petroleum production, signed in Scotland on 17 September 1928. The discovery of the East Texas Oil Field in the 1930s led to a boom in production that caused prices to fall, leading the Railroad Commission of Texas to control production. The Commission retained "de facto" control of the market until the rise of OPEC in the 1970s.  The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement of 1944 tried to extend these restrictions internationally but was opposed by the industry in the United States and so Franklin Roosevelt withdrew from the deal.  Venezuela was the first country to move towards the establishment of OPEC by approaching Iran, Gabon, Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in 1949, but OPEC was not set up until 1960, when the United States forced import quotas on Venezuelan and Persian Gulf oil in order to support the Canadian and Mexican oil industries. OPEC first wielded its power with the 1973 oil embargo against the United States and Western Europe.

Oil and international conflict.

The term "petro-aggression" has been used to describe the tendency of oil-rich states to instigate international conflicts. There are many examples including: Iraq's invasion of Iran and Kuwait; Libya's repeated incursions into Chad in the 1970s and 1980s; Iran's long-standing suspicion of Western powers. Some scholars have also suggested that oil-rich states are frequently the targets of "resource wars."

Peak oil.

In 1956, a Shell geophysicist named M. King Hubbert accurately predicted that U.S. oil production would peak in 1970.  In June 2006, former U.S. president Bill Clinton said in a speech,  "We may be at a point of peak oil production. You may see $100 a barrel oil in the next two or three years, but what still is driving this globalization is the idea that is you cannot possibly get rich, stay rich and get richer if you don’t release more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. That was true in the industrial era; it is simply factually not true. What is true is that the old energy economy is well organized, financed and connected politically."  In a 1999 speech, Dick Cheney, the US Vice President and former CEO of Halliburton (one of the world's largest energy services corporations), said,  "By some estimates there will be an average of two per cent annual growth in global oil demand over the years ahead along with conservatively a three per cent natural decline in production from existing reserves. That means by 2010 we will need on the order of an additional fifty million barrels a day. So where is the oil going to come from?...While many regions of the world offer great oil opportunities, the Middle East with two thirds of the world's oil and the lowest cost, is still where the prize ultimately lies, even though companies are anxious for greater access there, progress continues to be slow."  Cheney went on to argue that the oil industry should become more active in politics:  "Oil is the only large industry whose leverage has not been all that effective in the political arena. Textiles, electronics, agriculture all seem often to be more influential. Our constituency is not only oilmen from Louisiana and Texas, but software writers in Massachusetts and specialty steel producers in Pennsylvania. I am struck that this industry is so strong technically and financially yet not as politically successful or influential as are often smaller industries. We need to earn credibility to have our views heard."

Pipeline diplomacy in the Caspian Sea area.

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was built to transport crude oil and the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipeline was built to transport natural gas from the western side (Azerbaijani sector) of the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea bypassing Russian pipelines and thus Russian control. Following the construction of the pipelines, the United States and the European Union proposed extending them by means of the proposed Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline and the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline under the Caspian Sea to oil and gas fields on the eastern side (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan sectors) of the Caspian Sea. In 2007, Russia signed agreements with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan to connect their oil and gas fields to the Russian pipeline system effectively killing the undersea route.  China has completed the Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline from the Kazakhstan oil fields to the Chinese Alashankou-Dushanzi Crude Oil Pipeline in China. China is also working on the Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline from the Kazakhstan gas fields to the Chinese West-East Gas Pipeline in China.

Politics of oil nationalization.

Several countries have nationalised foreign-run oil businesses, often failing to compensate investors. Enrique Mosconi, the director of the Argentine state owned oil company "Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales" (YPF, which was the first state owned oil company in the world, preceding the French "Compagnie française des pétroles" (CFP, French Company of Petroleums), created in 1924 by the conservative Raymond Poincaré), advocated oil nationalization in the late 1920s among Latin American countries. The latter was achieved in Mexico during Lázaro Cárdenas's rule, with the "Expropiación petrolera".  Similarly Venezuela nationalized its oil industry in 1976.

Politics of alternative fuels.

Vinod Khosla (a well known investor in IT firms and alternative energy) has argued that the political interests of environmental advocates, agricultural businesses, energy security advocates (such as ex-CIA director James Woolsey) and automakers, are all aligned for the increased production of ethanol. He pointed out that from 2003 to 2006, ethanol fuel in Brazil replaced 40% of its gasoline consumption while flex fuel vehicles went from 3% of car sales to 70%. Brazilian ethanol, which is produced using sugarcane, reduces greenhouse gases by 60-80% (20% for corn-produced ethanol). Khosla also said that ethanol was about 10% cheaper per given distance. There are currently ethanol subsidies in the United States but they are all blender's credits, meaning the oil refineries receive the subsidies rather than the farmers. There are indirect subsidies due to subsidising farmers to produce corn. Vinod says after one of his presentations in Davos, a senior Saudi oil official came up to him and threatened: "If biofuels start to take off, we will drop the price of oil." Since then, Vinod has come up with a new recommendation that oil should be taxed if it drops below $40.00/barrel in order to counter price manipulation.  Ex-CIA director James Woolsey and U.S. Senator Richard Lugar are also vocal proponents of ethanol.  In 2005, Sweden announced plans to end its dependence on fossil fuels by the year 2020.  From around 2015 onwards, there was increasing discussion about whether the geopolitics of oil and gas would be replaced by the geopolitics of renewable energy resources and critical materials for renewable energy technologies.

Geopolitics of oil money.

Multibillion-dollar inflows and outflows of petroleum money have worldwide macroeconomic consequences, and major oil exporters can gain substantial influence from their petrodollar recycling activities.  The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former fossil fuels exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former fossil fuel importers and countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.

Key oil producing countries.

Canada.

As development in the Alberta oil sands, deep sea drilling in the North Atlantic and the prospects of arctic oil continue to grow Canada increasingly grows as a global oil exporter. There are currently three major pipelines under proposal that would ship oil to the pacific, atlantic and gulf ports. These projects have stirred internal controversy, receiving fierce opposition from First Nations groups and environmentalists.

Iran.

Discovery of oil in 1908 at Masjed Soleiman in Iran initiated the quest for oil in the Middle East. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) was founded in 1909. In 1951, Iran nationalized its oil fields initiating the Abadan Crisis. The United States of America and Great Britain thus punished Iran by arranging coup against its democratically elected prime minister, Mosaddeq, and brought the former Shah's son, a dictator, to power. In 1953 the US and GB arranged the arrest of the Prime Minister Mosaddeq. Iran exports oil to China and Russia. "See also: Iranian Oil Subsidies"

Iraq.

Iraq holds the world's second-largest proven oil reserves, with increasing exploration expected to enlarge them beyond of "high-grade crude, extraordinarily cheap to produce." Organizations such as the Global Policy Forum (GPF) have asserted that Iraq's oil is "the central feature of the political landscape" there, and that as a result of the 2003 invasion,"'friendly' companies expect to gain most of the lucrative oil deals that will be worth hundreds of billions of dollars in profits in the coming decades." According to GPF, U.S. influence over the 2005 Constitution of Iraq has made sure it "contains language that guarantees a major role for foreign companies."

Mexico.

Mexico has a largely oil-based economy, being the seventh largest producer of petroleum. Though Mexico has gradually explored different types of electricity, oil is still crucial, recently generating 10% of revenue.  Before 1938, all petroleum companies in Mexico were foreign based, often from the United States or Europe. The petroleum industry was nationalized in the late 1930s to early 1940s by then-president Lázaro Cárdenas, creating PEMEX. Mexico's oil industry still remains heavily nationalized. Though oil production has fallen in recent years, Mexico still remains in seventh place.

Nigeria.

Petroleum in Nigeria was discovered in 1955 at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta.  High oil prices were the driving force behind Nigeria’s economic growth. This has made the Nigerian economy to become the largest in Africa surpassing both Egypt and South Africa, also making it the 24th largest in the world. The Nigerian economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, which accounts for 98% percent of export earnings and 83% of federal government revenues as well as generating 14% of its GDP.  Nigeria's proven oil reserves are estimated by the United States Energy Information Administration at between 16 and 22 billion barrels (2.5*10^9 and 3.5*10^9 m^3). But other sources claim there could be as much as 35.3 billion barrels (5.61*10^9 m^3). Its reserves make Nigeria the tenth most petroleum rich nation and by far the most affluent in Africa. Nigeria produces an average of about 2.28 million barrels (350,000 m^3) per day.

Russia.

High-priced oil allowed the Soviet Union to subsidize the struggling economies of the Soviet bloc for a time, and the loss of petrodollar income during the 1980s oil glut contributed to the bloc's collapse in 1989.

Saudi Arabia.

In 1973, Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. The embargo caused an oil crisis with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.  Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses both the world's largest known oil reserves, which are 25% of the world's proven reserves, and produces the largest amount of the world's oil. As of 2005, Ghawar field accounts for about half of Saudi Arabia's total oil production capacity.  Saudi Arabia ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC, its decisions to raise or cut production almost immediately impact world oil prices. It is perhaps the best example of a contemporary energy superpower, in terms of having power and influence on the global stage (due to its energy reserves and production of not just oil, but natural gas as well). Saudi Arabia is often referred to as the world's only "oil superpower".  It has been suggested that the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict was a powerful influence in the Saudi decision to launch the price war in 2014, as was Cold War rivalry between the United States and Russia. Larry Elliott argued that "with the help of its Saudi ally, Washington is trying to drive down the oil price by flooding an already weak market with crude. As the Russians and the Iranians are heavily dependent on oil exports, the assumption is that they will become easier to deal with." Vice President of Russia's largest oil company, Rosneft, accused Saudi Arabia of conspiring against Russia.

United States.

In 1998, about 40% of the energy consumed by the United States came from oil. The United States is responsible for 25% of the world's oil consumption, while having only 3% of the world's proven oil reserves and less than 5% of the world's population. In January 1980, President Jimmy Carter explicitly declared: "An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States."

United Kingdom.

British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson described Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany as "divisive" and a "threat" that left Europe dependent on a "malign Russia" for its energy supplies.

Venezuela.

According to the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Venezuela has of proven conventional oil reserves, the largest of any country in the Western Hemisphere. In addition it has non-conventional oil deposits similar in size to Canada's - at approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. About of this may be producible at current prices using current technology. Venezuela's Orinoco tar sands are less viscous than Canada's Athabasca oil sands – meaning they can be produced by more conventional means, but are buried deeper – meaning they cannot be extracted by surface mining. In an attempt to have these "extra heavy" oil reserves recognized by the international community, Venezuela has moved to add them to its conventional reserves to give nearly of total oil reserves. This would give it the largest oil reserves in the world, even ahead of Saudi Arabia.  Venezuela nationalized its oil industry in 1975–1976, creating Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PdVSA), the country's state-run oil and natural gas company. Along with being Venezuela's largest employer, PdVSA accounts for about one-third of the country's GDP, 50 percent of the government's revenue and 80 percent of Venezuela's exports earnings. In recent years, under the influence of President Chavez, the Venezuelan government has reduced PdVSA's previous autonomy and amended the rules regulating the country's hydrocarbons sector. In the 1990s, Venezuela opened its upstream oil sector to private investment. This collection of policies, called apertura, facilitated the creation of 32 operating service agreements (OSA) with 22 separate foreign oil companies, including international oil majors like Chevron, BP, Total, and Repsol-YPF. Hugo Chávez, the President of Venezuela sharply diverged from previous administrations' economic policies. PDVSA is now used as a cash-cow and as an employer-of-last-resort; foreign oil businesses were nationalised and the government refused to pay compensation.  Estimates of Venezuelan oil production vary. Venezuela claims its oil production is over, but oil industry analysts and the U.S. Energy Information Administration believe it to be much lower. In addition to other reporting irregularities, much of its production is extra-heavy oil, which may or may not be included with conventional oil in the various production estimates. The U.S. Energy Information Agency estimated Venezuela's oil production in December 2006 was only, a 24% decline from its peak of 3.3 million in 1997.  Recently, Venezuela has pushed the creation of regional oil initiatives for the Caribbean (Petrocaribe), the Andean region (Petroandino), and South America (Petrosur), and Latin America (Petroamerica). The initiatives include assistance for oil developments, investments in refining capacity, and preferential oil pricing. The most developed of these three is the Petrocaribe initiative, with 13 nations signing a preliminary agreement in 2005. Under Petrocaribe, Venezuela will offer crude oil and petroleum products to Caribbean nations under preferential terms and prices, with Jamaica as the first nation to sign on in August 2005.

Petroleum politics have been an increasingly important aspect of diplomacy since the rise of the petroleum industry in the Middle East in the early 20th century. As competition continues for a vital resource, the strategic calculations of major and minor countries alike place prominent emphasis on the pumping, refining, transport, sale and use of petroleum products. However, international climate policy and unconventional oil and gas developments may change the balance of power between petroleum exporting and importing countries with major negative implications expected for the exporting states.

La géopolitique du pétrole décrit l'impact de la demande et de l'offre en pétrole sur la politique des pays consommateurs et producteurs de cette matière première essentielle au mode de vie économique actuel.


Early reactors.

Two earlier reactors were constructed at Beloyarsk: an AMB-100 reactor (operational 1964–1983) and an AMB-200 reactor (operational 1967–1989).  Both were supercritical water reactors; the first unit used 67 tons of uranium enriched to 1.8%, while the second unit used 50 tons of uranium enriched to 3.0%. The first unit had an indirect steam cycle, while the second had a direct one.  Although they were comparable in power to the Shippingport Atomic Power Station, the Soviet planners regarded the Beloyarsk reactors as prototypes. Their main novelty was the use of superheated steam ran through a standard turbine thus resulting in a better efficiency compared to the earlier Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant pilot plant. The first Beloyarsk unit produced about 285 MW heat of which about 100 MW were converted to electricity. The second unit, which used two turbines, had a similar conversion efficiency of about 36%.

Later reactors.

Two reactors are now in operation: a BN-600 fast breeder reactor, generating 600 MWe gross and a BN-800 fast breeder reactor, generating 885 MWe gross. The BN-800 is the largest fast neutron power reactor in service in the world. Three turbines are connected to the BN-600 reactor. The BN-600 reactor core is tall and has a diameter of. It has 369 fuel assemblies, each consisting of 127 fuel rods with an enrichment of 17–26% U. In comparison, typical enrichment in other Russian reactors is in the range of 3–4% U. BN-600 reactors use liquid sodium as a coolant. As with most Russian nuclear power plants, the station lacks a containment building. Construction started on the larger BN-800 fast breeder reactor in 1987. Protests halted progress in 1988, but work resumed in 1992 following an order by President Boris Yeltsin. Financial difficulties resulted in slow progress. Construction costs have been estimated at 1 trillion rubles and the new reactor was expected to be finished in 2012–2015. The BN-600 was originally planned to be decommissioned in 2010 but its lifetime was expected to be extended to cover the gap; it has been operating since 1980.  On 27 June 2014, controlled nuclear fission started in the BN-800 fast breeder reactor. The newest reactor helps to close the nuclear fuel cycle and to achieve a fuel cycle without or with less nuclear waste. Russia was, at the date, the only country that operates fast neutron reactors for energy production. However issues detected during low power operation required further fuel development work. On 31 July 2015, the unit again achieved minimum controlled power again, at 0.13% of rated power. Commercial operations are expected to start before the end of 2016, now with a power rating of 789 MWe. In December 2015, Unit 4 was connected to the national grid.

The Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station (NPS; []) was the third of the Soviet Union's nuclear plants. It is situated by Zarechny in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Zarechny township was created to service the station, which is named after the Beloyarsky District. The closest city is Yekaterinburg.

La centrale nucléaire de Beloïarsk (en, ) est la deuxième centrale de Russie. Elle est située à Zaretchny, dans l'oblast de Sverdlovsk. Cette centrale a été la première à utiliser un réacteur à neutrons rapides (RNR) pour une production commerciale d'électricité : le BN-600. Un nouveau réacteur à neutrons rapides, le BN-800, en construction depuis juillet 2006, a été relié au réseau en 2015


Plot.

Cahit Tomruk is a Turkish German in his 40s. He has given up on life after the death of his wife and seeks solace in cocaine and alcohol. One night, he intentionally drives his car head-on into a wall and barely survives.  At the psychiatric clinic where he is treated, a young woman named Sibel Güner approaches him, recognizing him as being Turkish-German. She asks Cahit to marry her, but he quickly declines. Cahit later realizes she is at the hospital after trying to commit suicide. He sees her interacting with her conservative family. Leaving the hospital to go get beers, Sibel confides that her brother broke her nose when he saw her holding hands with a man, and she is desperate to escape her family.  When Cahit again declines to marry her, she stabs herself in the wrists with a broken bottle. The incident shakes him up, but Cahit decides to marry Sibel after all. He goes to her family pretending he saw her at the hospital and seeking their approval to marry her. Despite the disparity in their ages, Sibel's family agrees to the marriage.  After Sibel tells him that she prefers an independent sex life, they live as roommates with separate private lives. They eventually fall in love. Problems mount after Cahit accidentally kills one of Sibel's former lovers in a confrontation. Cahit is sent to prison and Sibel, her infidelity exposed, is disowned by her family.  While Cahit is in prison, Sibel goes to Istanbul to stay with her cousin Selma (Meltem Cumbul)—a divorced woman who manages a hotel. Sibel takes a job as a maid in Selma's hotel, but finds her new life to be too restrictive. She leaves Selma's apartment to live with a bartender who provides drugs and alcohol. Eventually, he rapes her during her drunk sleep and throws her out. Roaming the streets that night, she is accosted by three men who eventually beat her up. One of them stabs her and they leave her for dead.  Several years later, Cahit travels to Istanbul upon his release from prison, hoping to find Sibel. Initially, Selma refuses to tell Cahit where Sibel is, but later tells him that the younger woman is in a long-term relationship and has a daughter. Cahit waits in a hotel for Sibel's call. It eventually comes, and they meet to make love while her boyfriend is on a business trip. After their two-day tryst, Cahit asks Sibel to take her daughter and run away with him. She accepts the plan, but, while packing at home she hears her husband return and squeals of delight from her daughter. At the bus stop, Cahit waits but she never shows up. The film ends with Cahit on a bus, presumably traveling to Mersin, the city where he was born.

Reception.

"Head-On" has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "certified fresh" rating of 91%, based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A raw, provocative drama about star-crossed love and the lives of immigrants caught between the traditional and modern." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  The film has been cited as a favorite by filmmaker John Waters, who presented it as his annual selection for the 2006 Maryland Film Festival.

Head-On (, literally "Against the Wall"; ) is a 2004 German-Turkish drama film written and directed by Fatih Akın. The film stars Birol Ünel as a Turkish-born, alcoholic German widower who enters into a marriage of convenience with a young woman of Turkish descent. She is desperate to escape her restrictive and abusive male relatives.

Head-On ("Gegen die Wand") est un film turco-allemand réalisé par Fatih Akın, sorti en 2004. Ce film fut récompensé par un Ours d'or au Festival de Berlin 2004.


Fictional character biography.

Ananym is the daughter of Belasco, a sorcerer who formerly ruled the dimension Limbo; however, she has no memories of her early life, nor her apparent demonic background.  When Alpha Flight vanished from Earth, the Canadian government recruited Witchfire and others to form Gamma Flight. Upon the return of Alpha Flight, Gamma Flight was ordered to arrest them, but both teams teamed up to defeat Llan. Gamma Flight was later disbanded in a merger with a revived Department H and Alpha Flight with Witchfire remaining.  Witchfire was assigned to Department H's trainee programs, Beta Flight, and to a new Gamma Flight support team, specifically for supernatural purposes. After being trapped in the Dreamqueen's realm, she returned and was instrumental in defeating the Master's Omega Flight. She assumed leadership of Beta Flight, but when Manikin was injured in battle, she started becoming darker and ended up frying the mind of the Jackal, who had poisoned him.  When the Hardliners invade the Department H headquarters, they beat Witchfire severely. However, she recovers and grows much stronger in power.

X-Infernus.

While in Limbo, the recently resurrected Illyana Rasputin attacks various other demons looking for the Soulsword and the original Bloodstone amulet. This does not go unnoticed by several demonic entities, who Witchfire summons together, and reveals that she is the current owner of the original amulet. She also vows to destroy Darkchilde and take her father's place as ruler of Limbo.  In Limbo, Witchfire learns that Magik has left Limbo and assumes control. She stabs S'ym through the chest, seriously wounding him. Magik teleports in to find him chained to the throne. She asks what happened and he informs her that Belasco's daughter has taken control in her absence. Illyana is shocked to hear Belasco has a daughter and Witchfire steps out of the shadows and attacks Magik. Witchfire claims everything her father ever owned, including Magik's soul, and stabs her through the chest. She then takes the Bloodstone from the X-Man Pixie and adds it to the original amulet, giving her four Bloodstones and a more demonic appearance.  When Pixie teleports into the castle by herself, she runs into the throne room where she finds Magik bound by chains. Witchfire grabs Pixie by the throat and forces her to become her new apprentice and begins forging a new Bloodstone from Pixie's soul.  Hearing the screams from the castle, Nightcrawler teleports the X-Men into the throne room. Once there, Witchfire turns Colossus and Wolverine against Mercury and Rockslide. Nightcrawler notices Illyana chained to a pillar and she asks him to stab her with Pixie's Souldagger, as it is the only way and that only he can do it because he is attuned to magic. He apologizes and stabs her. At that moment. Colossus punches Kurt and Witchfire finishes making her fifth and final Bloodstone from the now demonic Pixie. Kurt recovers in time to remove the Souldagger and Soulsword from Illyana and use them to free Colossus and Wolverine from their enchantment. Pixie then uses them to free Illyana so they can confront Witchfire. She tries to blast Illyana, but she is shielded by Mercury long enough for Illyana to strip the bloodstones from her and destroy the amulet they are in. Witchfire is then trapped in the Elder God's dimension with four of the bloodstones.

Powers and abilities.

Witchfire's innate senses allow her to detect and identify all forms of mystic energy near her. Normally, she can attune these to sense non-mystical forces such as emotions or life energies. She naturally heals slightly faster than normal.  She is also skilled in the use of various magics beyond her own innate abilities. She has been trained by fellow Alpha Flight teammate Shaman in sympathetic magic, and also in magics drawing on extradimensionals such as Agamotto and Hezaba. Witchfire's spells include shields against flame, physical damage and magic; pain-inducers; and spells to end mind-control. She has a natural affinity for flame control, but generally avoids using these spells as they wake uncomfortable elements of her lost past. When she briefly regained her full memories, she transformed into a horned demonic form with greatly increased power levels and greater control over those powers. In this form, she also manifested incredible teleportation abilities, matter transformation and the opening of dimensional gates. In Witchfire's normal form, she has two tiny black horns, but she generally hides them either with her magic or by wearing her hair over them.  Upon gaining four Bloodstones, Witchfire's horns grew larger. When she obtained the fifth Bloodstone, she also grew wings, in addition to having power levels increased.

Witchfire (Ananym) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as a former superhero, now supervillain, and magician. She was a former member of Gamma Flight and was eventually recruited into Beta Flight. She is the daughter of X-Men villain Belasco.

Witchfire est une super-héroïne appartenant à l'univers de Marvel Comics. Elle est apparue pour la première fois dans "Alpha Flight" #76, en 1989.


Structure.

Nasopharynx.

The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate. It includes the space between the internal nares and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The adenoids, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are lymphoid tissue structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by respiratory epithelium that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated.  Polyps or mucus can obstruct the nasopharynx, as can congestion due to an upper respiratory infection. The auditory tube, which connect the middle ear to the pharynx, opens into the nasopharynx at the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube. The opening and closing of the auditory tubes serves to equalize the barometric pressure in the middle ear with that of the ambient atmosphere. The anterior aspect of the nasopharynx communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Two folds arise from the cartilaginous opening:

Oropharynx.

The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, is the palatine tonsil. The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula. Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration. The oropharynx is lined by non-keratinised squamous stratified epithelium.  The "HACEK" organisms ("Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella") are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. "Fusobacterium" is a pathogen.

Laryngopharynx.

The laryngopharynx, (Latin: "pars laryngea pharyngis"), also known as hypopharynx, is the caudal part of the pharynx; it is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. It lies inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (laryngeal) and digestive (oesophageal) pathways. At that point, the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops. Corresponding roughly to the area located between the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae, the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx is at the level of the hyoid bone. The laryngopharynx includes three major sites: the pyriform sinus, postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. Like the oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium. It is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus.  The vascular supply to the laryngopharynx includes the superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery. The primary neural supply is from both the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve provides an auricular branch also termed "Arnold's nerve" which also supplies the external auditory canal, thus laryngopharyngeal cancer can result in referred ear pain. This nerve is also responsible for the ear-cough reflex in which stimulation of the ear canal results in a person coughing.

Clinical significance.

Inflammation.

Inflammation of the pharynx, or pharyngitis, is the painful inflammation of the throat.

Pharyngeal cancer.

Pharyngeal cancer is a cancer that originates in the neck and/or throat, and can cause serious clinical problems.

Waldeyer's tonsillar ring.

Waldeyer's tonsillar ring is an anatomical term collectively describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. Waldeyer's ring circumscribes the naso- and oropharynx, with some of its tonsillar tissue located above and some below the soft palate (and to the back of the oral cavity). It is believed that Waldeyer's ring prevents the invasion of microorganisms from going into the air and food passages and this helps in the defense mechanism of the respiratory and alimentary systems.

History.

Etymology.

The word "pharynx" () is derived from the Greek φάρυγξ "phárynx", meaning "throat". Its plural form is "pharynges" or "pharynxes", and its adjective form is "pharyngeal" ( ).

Other vertebrates.

All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The pharynx arises during development in all vertebrates through a series of six or more outpocketings on the lateral sides of the head. These outpocketings are pharyngeal arches, and they give rise to a number of different structures in the skeletal, muscular, and circulatory systems. The structure of the pharynx varies across the vertebrates. It differs in dogs, horses, and ruminants. In dogs a single duct connects the nasopharynx to the nasal cavity. The tonsils are a compact mass which point away from the lumen of the pharynx. In the horse the auditory tube opens into the guttural pouch and the tonsils are diffuse and raised slightly. Horses are unable to breathe through the mouth as the free apex of the rostral epiglottis lies dorsal to the soft palate in a normal horse. In ruminants the tonsils are a compact mass which point towards the lumen of the pharynx.

Pharyngeal arches.

Pharyngeal arches are characteristic features of vertebrates whose origin can be traced back through chordates to basal deuterostomes who also share endodermal outpocketings of the pharyngeal apparatus. Similar patterns of gene expression can be detected in the developing pharynx of amphioxus and hemichordates. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.

Pharyngeal jaws.

Pharyngeal jaws are a "second set" of jaws contained within the pharynx of many species of fish, distinct from the primary (oral) jaws. Pharyngeal jaws have been studied in moray eels where their specific action is noted. When the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. Immediately thereafter, the pharyngeal jaws are brought forward and bite down on the prey to grip it; they then retract, pulling the prey down the eel's esophagus, allowing it to be swallowed.

Invertebrates.

Invertebrates also have a pharynx. Invertebrates with a pharynx include the tardigrades, annelids and arthropods, and the priapulids (which have an eversible pharynx).  The "pharynx" of the nematode worm is a muscular food pump in the head, triangular in cross-section, that grinds food and transports it directly to the intestines. A one-way valve connects the pharynx to the excretory canal.

References.

General

The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, and above the esophagus and larynx – the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs. It is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, though its structure varies across species.

Le pharynx (du grec ancien : « gorge ») est un carrefour aéro-digestif entre les voies aériennes (de la cavité nasale au larynx) et les voies digestives (de la cavité buccale ou bouche à l'œsophage). On rencontre également à son niveau l'ouverture de la trompe d'Eustache ou tube auditif, qui le met en communication avec l'oreille moyenne au niveau de la caisse du tympan.


Career.

Purdy's albums "Paris in the Morning" and "You Can Tell Georgia" have sold a combined 80,000 single downloads online worldwide. His catalog of music has sold over 800,000 single downloads worldwide. A regular at The Hotel Café in Los Angeles, Purdy traveled to the UK with Tom McRae in 2006 as part of McRae's Hotel Cafe Tour.  Purdy's appearance at the Wireless Festival in Leeds led to a special request from The Who member Pete Townshend and his girlfriend Rachel Fuller to play with them at their acoustic "In the Attic" series of shows. Purdy has also supported The Giving Tree Band starting in 2012, performing live shows and traveling with them on tours.  Purdy's band members have included Chris Seefried, Brian Wright, Willy C. Golden, Al Sgro, and Mike Freas.

Recordings.

Purdy's released albums are "Joe Purdy", "Sessions from Motor Ave.", "Stompingrounds", "Julie Blue", "Only Four Seasons", "You Can Tell Georgia", "Paris In The Morning", "Canyon Joe", "Take My Blanket and Go", "Last Clock On the Wall", "4th of July", "This American", "Eagle Rock Fire", "Who Will Be Next?" and "American Folk".  "You Can Tell Georgia" was recorded outside London immediately following a European tour with Tom McRae. "Paris in the Morning" was recorded during a short visit to Paris a few months later. In July 2009, Purdy began touring with Steve Earle.

Television.

His song "Wash Away (Reprise)", from the "Julie Blue" album, was chosen by J.J. Abrams for the third episode of ABC's hit TV show "Lost" in its first season.  Shortly after, the song "Suitcase" was featured in the seventh episode of "Grey's Anatomy" and "I Love the Rain" (also off "Julie Blue") was featured in the eighth episode of ABC's TV show which led to "The City" (from "Only Four Seasons") being included on the Grey's Anatomy Season One soundtrack which sold over 150,000 units. Additionally, Purdy landed three more songs in "Grey's" episodes, "Suitcase" (from "Only Four Seasons"), "Can't Get It Right Today" (from "You Can Tell Georgia") and most recently "San Jose" (from "Take My Blanket And Go").  His song "Rainy Day Lament" (And "Good Days" from Season 7, Episode 1), from "Stompingrounds", was featured on House M.D.  The song "Mary May & Bobby" was also featured in an episode of "Suburgatory".

Movies.

Purdy's song "Mary" (off the album "Julie Blue") was featured in the film "The Secret Life of Bees". He has also had a song, "Miss Me", in the Drew Barrymore and Justin Long movie "Going the Distance". Several of Purdy's songs are featured in the 2013 film "Straight A's". Also, Purdy's song "Outlaws" was featured in the movie "A Case of You".  Purdy played the lead role of Elliot in the feature film "American Folk", which was released in the U.S. through Good Deed Entertainment on January 26, 2018.

Joe Purdy is an American singer/songwriter who has released fourteen albums over the last fifteen years. In 2017, Purdy made his acting debut in "American Folk."

Joe Purdy est un chanteur de folk américain. Né le en Arkansas Sa voix est servie par des mélodies mélangeant blues, bluegrass, folk, et pop. On pourrait le comparer succinctement à Damien Rice, par exemple.


Life.

Besprosvany was born in Mexico, a second-generation Mexican whose Russian Jewish grandparents immigrated to country. In 1978, at age seventeen, he left Mexico to find better opportunities in the arts in Europe, first to France then Belgium to study theater and dance. He has lived in Belgium since. He first studied mime, movement, acting and mask play in Paris under Jacques Lecoq, at his school, then moved onto Brussels to study modern dance under Maurice Bejart at the Ecole Mudra. One of his main influences at Mudra was musician and teacher Fernand Schirren.  Besprosvany continues to live in Brussels and speaks French, English, Spanish and Hebrew, with some Dutch and Italian.

Career.

After finishing at the Mudra School, Besprosvany danced with Bejart's 20th Century Ballet for two years, from 1981 to 1983. He left to focus on a choreography career, and in this capacity has collaborated with the Mossoux-Bonté Company, and those of Pierre Droulers, Michèle Noiret and Michèle-Anne de Mey.  In 1986, he founded the Compagnie José Besprosvany, which since then has produced at least one production every year, and has toured in various European countries and Mexico. The first productions of this company include "Momentum" (1984), "Evento" (1986), and "Tempéraments" (1988), along with "Von Heute auf Morgen" (1989), "Apollon la Nuit" (1990), and "Retours" (1992). In 1992 he created the choreographies for two operas for the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie: Henry Purcell’s "Dido" "and Aeneas" and Pascal Dusapin’s "Medeamaterial". More recent works include a retelling of the story of Oedipus, which premiered in Belgium in 2013, then toured Paris and Cyprus before becoming his second production at the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Mexico. The first was "Cuarteto" in 1995.  Besprosvany has also worked in theater and film. He played the part of a dance professor in the movie "Just Friends" by Marc-Henri Wienberg as well as a number of roles in films by Marie André. As a director he has worked on projects such as "Elles" (1996) by Nicole Malinconi, "Les Indifférents" by Odilon-Jean Perier (1996), "L’Invisible" by Philippe Blasband and "Prometheus Bound" adapted by Henry Bauchau (1998), In 1992, he created a dance video called "Andrés" for television, which received recognition at the "II Coreografo Electronica" in Italy, at the "Bert Leysen Prijs" in Belgium and at the Danscreen in Germany. He directed a short film called "Le Dession" (2004) which premiered at the Molodist Festival in Kiev, winning a "Prix du Meilleur" for short film at the Salento Finibus Terrae Festival. The work "La Princesse de Babylone" (2004) received an award for best show and "Oedipe" (2013) received a nomination for best staging from the Francophone Community of Belgium. "Apropos de Butterfly" (2007) received the Audience Choice Award and the New Art Forms Award at the Rainbow Festival in Russia.

Artistry.

Besprosvany began his career studying both theater and dance as he considers them complementary arts. His first productions such as "Momentum" (1984), "Evento" (1986), and "Tempéraments" (1988) were minimalist. These were followed by productions that questioned the relationship between modern and classical languages, "Von Heute auf Morgen" (1989), "Apollon la Nuit" (1990), and "Retours" (1992).  Besprosvany's work with his company focuses on two themes: exploring the relationship between narrative and dance and exploring non-European cultures. Early works of the former include "Cuarteto" (1993), "Hombre Alado" (1995) and "Lara" (1996), with "Cuarteto", based on a text by Marguerite Duras, performed by two dancers, a cellist and an actress. In 1997 he directed "L’invisible", a story about an uprooted foreigner. Other works in this vein include "Belle à mourir" (1999) based on the life of Mamé Alan. The works "Triptico" (2002) and "9" (2005). The 2013 production "Oedipe" shows influence from Asian shadow puppetry.  In the late 1990s, Besprosvany decided that his choreography was still to conventional, and began the development of the style that dominates today. One element of this work is the blending of various artistic elements, starting with "Dos y Dos" (1999), which combined contemporary dance with live flamenco music. More recent works have incorporated puppetry such as "La Princesse de Babylone" (2003) along with "Butterfly"(2004), "La Belle au bois de Dandaka" (2007) "Prométhée enchainé" (2010) and "Récitations" (2009). The 2013 production of Oedipus, a version adapted by Olivier Kemeid, includes speech, music, video and choreographed movement. He uses multimedia in his production to create a concept called “total spectacle,” stating that he has become bored with only one means of expression, and has an interest in exploring how the various arts can work together. However, he states that this is not easy in Europe where the arts are strongly separated.  Besprosvany's work shows an interest in updated version of classical texts, stating that their themes remain relevant today. He has done several versions of the story of Prometheus, and Oediper includes references to current social issues.

José Besprosvany ( October 13, 1959) is a dancer, choreographer, director and teacher, who has developed his career in Europe. He has been noted as one of Belgium’s contemporary dance innovators and reformers. He left Mexico as a teenager to study theater and dance in Paris and Brussels, after dancing and doing choreography with several companies, Besprosvany began his own in 1986, which has had at least one production each year since its inception. In the late1990s, Besprosvany revamped his choreography to the current dominant style, which blends various arts and media, with themes focusing on the relationship of dance and narrative along with non-European cultures. His productions have toured various European countries and have performed in Mexico as well, twice at the Festival Internacional Cervantino.

José Besprosvany, né au Mexique, est un danseur et chorégraphe mexicain d'origine russe et juive. Il vit et travaille à Bruxelles depuis 1980.


Career.

Cosmic Gate was formed in 1999 when Terhoeven (also known as Nic Chagall) and Bossems (also known as Bossi) decided to assemble a new project in the electronic music field.  Their first single was "The Drums", followed by "Exploration of Space", "Mental Atmosphere" and their "Somewhere over the Rainbow" remix using samples from the film "The Wizard of Oz". However, Cosmic Gate did not become well known until their single "Fire Wire" was released in the UK in 2001.  Cosmic Gate have made many remixes for artists such as Tiësto (Urban Train), Ferry Corsten (Punk), Blank & Jones (DFF), Israel Kamakawiwo'ole (Somewhere Over the Rainbow), Svenson & Gielen (Answer the Question) and Vanessa-Mae (White Bird).  Over the past few years, Cosmic Gate's sound has developed and moved away from the harder edge trance through to their current, more subtle yet still driving energetic music style. Since their third studio album, "Earth Mover", they started moving towards the Progressive Trance style.  In 2015, they collaborated with Armin van Buuren on the trance track 'Embargo', which was featured on Van Buuren's studio album "Embrace". They announced that their seventh studio album titled "Materia" will be released on January 20, 2017.

Touring.

The pair have played over 1,000 gigs, typically performing between 100 and 130 nights a year. They have played at clubs such as Ministry of Sound, The Guvernment, and Privilege Ibiza. They have played alongside DJs such as Armin Van Buuren, Ferry Corsten, W&W and Hardwell.

Cosmic Gate is a German DJ duo consisting of trance music producers Claus Terhoeven (born 1972) and Stefan Bossems (born 1967). Both hail from Krefeld, Germany.

Cosmic Gate est un groupe de trance allemand, composé de Claus Terhoeven et Stefan Bossems, originaire de Krefeld. Le 28 octobre 2009, " annonce le résultat de son Top 100 annuel dans lequel le duo du label Ultra Records Cosmic Gate atteint la. En 2010, le duo est classé. En 2015 le duo est classé.


History.

In 1899, William E. Metzger helped organize the Detroit Auto Show, only the second of its kind, after the 1898 Paris Auto Show. An auto show was held in Detroit in 1907 at Beller's Beer Garden at Riverside Park and since then annually except 1941–1953. During the show's first decades of existence it portrayed only a regional focus. In 1957 international carmakers exhibited for the first time.  In 1987, the Detroit Auto Dealers Association (DADA) proposed it become international. The members of the DADA went to places such as Europe and Japan in the attempt to convince those unveiling their new brands or vehicles in those countries to bring those unveilings to the North American Auto Show. That attempt proved to be successful; the North American Auto Show was then renamed the North American International Auto Show in 1989. The NAIAS was the first (and, until 2006, only) auto show in the United States sanctioned by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles.  Hosted in Detroit, Michigan, for over a century, since 1965, the show has been held at TCF Center (formerly Cobo Center), where it occupies nearly of floor space. Prior to being held at the TCF Center, the show was held at other well known places in the Metro Detroit area, including the Light Guard Armory, Wayne Gardens pavilion, and Michigan State Fairgrounds.  Record attendance was in 2003, with 838,066 attendees. In 2009, attendance was 650,517. In 2016, there were 815,575 in ticketed attendance, after reaching 803,451 in 2015.  Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz were not present at the 2019 edition, following recent absences of other luxury manufacturers like Porsche, Jaguar, Land Rover and Volvo.  In July 2018, plans were announced to move the show from January to June beginning in 2020, in hopes of attracting more visitors and adding outdoor events, with plans for an "auto plaza" around Woodward and Jefferson avenues, in addition to the indoor exhibition at TCF Center. On March 29, 2020, it was announced that the 2020 edition had been cancelled due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, as TCF Center is to be used as a field hospital by FEMA.

Awards.

Two major awards are presented at the auto show: the EyesOn Design Awards for Design Excellence, and the Car, Truck, and Utility of the Year Award, which was founded in 1994. At the North American Car, Truck and Utility Vehicle of the Year awards, awarded in the preview period of the auto show, around 55 automotive journalists serve as judges. They evaluate "value, innovation, design, performance, safety, technology and driver satisfaction." EyesOn Design Awards for Design Excellence  Car, Truck, and Utility of the Year Award

Years.

2020.

The 2020 show was to be held from June 13–20. The 2020 edition was canceled on March 29, 2020 due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.

2019.

The 2019 show ran from January 19–27 at Cobo Center and opened with the lowering of a 2020 Shelby GT500 from the Cobo Center ceiling. 30 cars launched in the previews, down from 69 in 2018. Among various cars, it displayed new versions of the Kia Soul. Other major attractions included the 2020 Shelby GT500. "USA Today" noted that Chevrolet, Ford, Honda, Jeep and Toyota were all re-introducing discontinued models at the show with the media previews, for example the Toyota Supra and midsize Ford Ranger. Virtual reality displays were utilized by several carmakers. A number of protests took place outside the event regarding Ford's environmental record and GM layoffs.

Race car introductions.

At the show, Ford Motor Company and Volkswagen Group announced a global alliance to collaborate on commercial vans and mid-size pickup trucks, and potentially share EV and autonomous vehicle technology in the future.

2018.

The 2018 show took place January 20 to 28 at the Cobo Center. It ran from January 14 to 28. The press preview was extended by one day and the second edition of Automobili-D was extended by three days.  The "Washington Post" reported that the fastest cars at the 2018 auto show included the 2019 Acura NSX, the 2019 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat Widebody, the 2019 Nissan GT-R, the 2019 Alfa Romeo Giulia, and the 2019 Corvette ZR1.

2017.

The 2017 show ran from January 9 to 22. "Automobili-D", an exposition dedicated to automotive autonomy and mobility, ran in conjunction with the show on January 8–12. Sam Slaughter served as chairman.

2016.

The 2016 show ran from January 11 to 24. The show drew 5,068 credentialed members of the media from 60 countries during the media preview, with the industry preview afterwards drawing 39,788 visitors from 25 countries and 2,000 companies. Among celebrity visitors was Barack Obama. The first day saw the debut of models like the Lexus LC 500, the new Pacifica minivan, and an Audi hydrogen concept car.

2015.

The 2015 show ran from January 12 to 25.

2014.

The 2014 show ran from January 13 to 26.

2013.

The 2013 show ran from January 14 to 27.  Chevrolet also displayed five models sold outside the United States: the Onix, Orlando, Sail, Spin, and Trax.

2012.

The 2012 show ran from January 9 to 22.  Nissan returned to the show after a three-year absence.  Bryan Herta was presented with the Baby Borg trophy for the 2011 Indianapolis 500 during the show, which coincided with the promotion of the return of the IZOD IndyCar Series to Detroit later in June. A replica Baby Borg was also presented to Suzie Wheldon, the widow of the winning driver of the race.

2011.

The 2011 show ran from January 10 to 23.  Porsche returned to the show for the first time since 2007. A new "Smarter Living in Michigan" section showcased alternative energy technologies outside of the automotive sector, in addition to an electric vehicle track condensed from its 2010 size.

2010.

The 2010 show ran from January 11 to 24.  A new "Electric Avenue" section showcased electric vehicles from around the world, including some entrants for the Automotive X-Prize. Saab, Hummer, Infiniti, Suzuki, and Porsche did not attend the 2010 show. Nissan and Mitsubishi did not have regular floor space, but the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i MiEV appeared in the Electric Avenue section. A small electrical fire at the Audi exhibit caused an evacuation on January 21. Nobody was hurt.

2009.

The 2009 show ran from January 11 to 25.  Nissan, Infiniti, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Rolls-Royce, Land Rover, Ferrari, and Porsche did not attend the 2009 auto show, the largest number of non-returning automakers in the show's history. As a result, the show became the first with Chinese automakers (BYD and Brilliance) exhibited on the main floor.  The 2010 Mercedes-Benz E-Class was announced and shown to invited members of the press, but was not put on public display until the March 2010 Geneva Motor Show.

Production car introductions.

GM also announced the production of the Chevrolet Spark mini-car (previously shown as the Chevrolet Beat concept), for sale in Europe in 2010 and North America in 2011, as well as the Chevrolet Orlando compact MPV, for sale in North America in 2011. The Spark will be shown at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.

2008.

The 2008 show ran from January 13 to 27.

2007.

The 2007 show was held from January 7 to 21.

Concept car introductions.

GM also displayed five "global" concept cars for the first time in North America: Chevrolet T2X, Chevrolet WTCC, Holden Efijy, Opel Antara GTC, and Saab Aero-X.

2006.

The 2006 show was held from January 8 to 22.

2004.

The 2004 show was held from January 10 to 19.

2003.

The 2003 show was held from January 11 to 20.

1995.

This edition featured 52 new vehicles, including 39 worldwide introductions.

1990.

The 1990 Detroit Auto Show was held on January 6–14.

1989.

The Detroit Auto Show was renamed the North American International Auto Show for 1989, as Lexus and Infiniti debuted. The show opened on January 11, with press previews and introductions for the first two days.

1987.

The 1987 show ran from January 10 to 18.

The North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) is an annual auto show held in Detroit, Michigan, U.S., at TCF Center. The show was held in January from 1989 to 2019 (for 31 years), but will be held in June from 2021 onwards. It is among the largest auto shows in North America. UPI says the show is "regarded as the foremost venue for [car] manufacturers to unveil new products". The show begins with press preview days, industry preview days and a charity preview event. The charity preview raises money for local children's charities. In 2004 and 2005, the charity preview attracted 17,500 people at $400 a ticket and raised $7 million in total. 2006 was the sixth consecutive year the charity preview event raised over $6 million. 35,711 tickets were sold for the industry preview representing people from 24 countries in 2005 and 6,897 credentialed press from 63 countries. Over 800,000 attended during the days the show was open to the general public in 2018; it is estimated that the show generates a revenue of over $500 million to the local economy.

Le Salon international de l'automobile d'Amérique du Nord ou NAIAS (North American International Auto Show), anciennement Detroit Auto Show, appelé communément le « salon de Détroit », est le plus important salon automobile d'Amérique du Nord. Il se tient chaque année au mois de janvier à Détroit, Michigan, aux États-Unis jusqu'en 2019, puis au mois de juin à partir de 2020, pour éviter la concurrence du Consumer Electronics Show de Las Vegas qui se déroule en janvier au Nevada.


Main Event.

The $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event began on July 6 with the first of four separate starting days. 6,358 players entered, 2,415 fewer than in 2006. This is the first time since 1992 that the Main Event experienced a reduction in participants. As the total number of registrants for the 2007 WSOP set a record at 54,288 with a total prize pool of $159,796,918 ($59,784,954 for the Main Event), the decrease in the number of participants in the Main Event has been attributed to a recent law that limits Internet gambling. As a result of this law, Harrah's did not allow online poker websites to directly purchase Main Event seats and offer them as prizes, if the sites conducted business with US citizens. Online entries to the Main Event that were won as prizes on Internet poker sites were a substantial contributor to the dramatic growth the Main Event seen in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. The reduced field also meant a nearly one-third reduction in the Main Event's grand prize, from the record $12 million (US) in 2006 to $8.25 million.  A flatter payout structure was introduced in 2007 further reducing the prize money awarded to the final table finishers. Players who busted early in the money received a larger share than they would have in 2006. The lowest payouts in 2007 were $20,320 (just over double the buyin), as compared to $14,597 in 2006. Every player who made the final table in 2006 won over 1.5 million dollars.  A minor controversy arose during the main event. The colors of the chips made it very difficult to differentiate between the chip values. Pokernews.com posted the following note on its live reporting log, "It has literally been impossible for us to count these players' stacks due to the positioning of the cameras and the incredibly similar colors of the various chip denominations." Pokernews also reported that the chip color has affected play, "Because of the similarly-colored chips it took the dealer some time to count down Kluber's stack, and not long after Rahme began thinking about his response Kluber called the clock on him." Other players have complained that they can't count their opponents stacks and fear asking for a chip count as speaking may reveal the strength of their hand.

Other notable high finishes.

"NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry."

World Series of Poker Europe.

Under the leadership of WSOP commissioner, Jeffrey Pollack, the World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion of the World Series of Poker. In September 2007, the first WSOP championship events outside of Las Vegas took place in London. It was the first time that WSOP bracelets were awarded outside of Las Vegas. Three tournaments were held, with the main event being a £10,000 buy-in no-limit hold 'em tournament. The main event was won by Norwegian online prodigy Annette Obrestad, who won on the day before her 19th birthday and became the youngest person ever to win a WSOP bracelet.

The 2007 World Series of Poker (WSOP) began on June 1, 2007. The $10,000 (US) no-limit Texas hold 'em Main Event began on July 6 and was completed on the morning of July 18. All events were held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada by Harrah's Entertainment, which has run the annual event since its purchase from the Binion family in 2004.

Les "World Series of Poker" 2007 est l'édition des "World Series of Poker" qui se déroule en 2007. Le tournoi a débuté le pour se finir avec l'épreuve du 10 000 $ "no-limit" Texas hold'em le 17 juillet. Toutes les épreuves se tiennent au "Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino" de Las Vegas (Nevada, États-Unis).


Formation.

Glaciers, typically forming in drainages on the sides of a mountain, develop bowl-shaped basins called cirques (sometimes called ‘corries’ - from Scottish Gaelic coire [khəɾə] (a bowl) - or s). Cirque glaciers have rotational sliding that abrades the floor of the basin more than walls and that causes the bowl shape to form. As cirques are formed by glaciation in an alpine environment, the headwall and ridges between parallel glaciers called arêtes become more steep and defined. This occurs due to freeze/thaw and mass wasting beneath the ice surface. It is widely held that a common cause for headwall steepening and extension headward is the crevasses known as bergschrund that occur between the moving ice and the headwall. Plucking and shattering can be seen here by those exploring the crevasses. A cirque is exposed when the glacier that created it recedes.  When three or more of these cirques converge on a central point, they create a pyramid-shaped peak with steep walls. These horns are a common shape for mountain tops in highly glaciated areas. The number of faces of a horn depends on the number of cirques involved in the formation of the peak: three to four is most common. Horns with more than four faces include the Weissmies and the Mönch. A peak with four symmetrical faces is called a "Matterhorn" (after The Matterhorn).  The peak of a glacial horn will often outlast the arêtes on its flanks. As the rock around it erodes, the horn gains in prominence. Eventually, a glacial horn will have near vertical faces on all sides. In the Alps, "horn" is also the name of very exposed peaks with slope inclinations of 45-60° (e.g. Kitzbüheler Horn).

A pyramidal peak, sometimes called a glacial horn in extreme cases, is an angular, sharply pointed mountain peak which results from the cirque erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point. Pyramidal peaks are often examples of nunataks.

Un pic pyramidal, appelé aussi horn de l'allemand, est un sommet aux pentes souvent abruptes, sculpté par l’action de quatre glaciers de cirque œuvrant sur les deux versants d’une arête sommitale. Ce type de montagne caractéristique de l'érosion glaciaire, présente un sommet pointu où se rejoignent des arêtes délimitant des versants fortement inclinés. L'exemple emblématique est le Cervin (ou Matterhorn) dans les Alpes. Dans les Alpes suisses, "Horn" sert à désigner des pics avec de très fortes inclinaisons comprises entre 45 et 60° (ex. le Kitzbüheler Horn).


Geography and demography.

According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute ("INE"), the province spans an area of and had a population of 156,158 inhabitants (77,087 men and 79,071 women), giving it a population density of. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 10.3% (14,607 persons).

Comunas.

The province is composed by 5 comunas:

Limarí Valley wine region.

The Limarí Valley Denomination of Origin (DO) is defined by the Chilean Appellation system, the legally defined and protected geographical indication used to identify where the grapes for a wine were grown. The valley is located 470 km (290 mi) north of Santiago, in the middle section of the Coquimbo region. Best known for its Piscos, vines were first planted here in the mid-16th century and have seen a recent resurgence, due to new technologies and winemakers seeking new terroirs. The area is known for producing Sauvignon and Chardonnay, first planted during the 1990s, and also produces Syrah and Pinot, with a climate similar to Marlborough in New Zealand. The Pacific Ocean has a strong influence on the region with the cooling Camanchaca, a fog that enters the valley from the west each morning and retreats as the sun rises over the Andes from the east. With less than 4 inches of rainfall per year, drip irrigation is used to water the vines that grow in the mineral-rich soil. The combination creates fresh wines with a distinct mineral edge.

Limarí Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Ovalle

La province de Limarí fait partie de la région de Coquimbo au Chili. Elle a une superficie de 14 276,9 km2 pour une population de 167 391 habitants. La capitale provinciale est la ville de Ovalle. L'actuel gouverneur est Rodrigo Hernández.


First generation (E150; 2006–2012).

The Toyota Auris space concept is a concept using Vibrant Clarity design philosophy. It included panoramic glass roof, flat rear passenger floor, high window surfaces, 19 inch alloy wheels, free form geometric lamps, prominent brake callipers, deep rear bumper with integrated chrome exhausts, gold coloured body.  The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2006 Paris Motor Show. Exterior styling was done by ED2, Toyota's European design base located in southern France.  The former Kanto Auto Works produced the Auris and Blade from October 2006 to November 2011.  The Auris received a five star cabin protection rating from Euro NCAP for adults, but four stars for children.

Auris Hybrid.

The Auris HSD Full Hybrid Concept was unveiled at the September 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The concept version included Hybrid Synergy Drive technology, 18-inch alloy wheels with low rolling resistance tyres, a larger, more efficient rear spoiler, 20 mm lower ride height, seats and upper dashboard with blue Gaucholino leather upholstery, instrument cluster with hybrid blue illumination, solar panel roof with ventilation.  On 17 July 2009, Toyota announced the production of hybrid Auris by Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd (TMUK) beginning in 2010. It is equipped with engines produced at TMUK's Deeside Plant and produced at TMUK's Burnaston Plant.  The production version of the Auris Hybrid was presented at the March 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Mass production began in May 2010 at Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK) Burnaston plant and became the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle to be built in Europe. Sales in the United Kingdom began on 1 July 2010, at a price starting at (), () less than the Toyota Prius.  The Auris Hybrid shares the same powertrain and batteries as the Prius. Combined fuel economy is. Carbon dioxide emissions (CO) are 89 g/km on the standard test cycle which allows the model to be exempted from paying Vehicle Excise Duty (for cars registered prior to 1 April 2017) and the London congestion charge. On July 2010, the Auris Hybrid was selected as "WhatGreenCar Car of the Year 2010" by magazine "What Car?".  In 2010, Toyota sold 15,237 Auris Hybrids in Europe, and 32,725 in 2011.

Toyota Blade.

The upscale sibling of the Auris is called the Blade. It replaced the Toyota Allex, which, in turn, was the replacement for the Toyota Sprinter. The Blade was sold at Japanese Toyota dealerships "Toyota Store" and "Toyopet Store" locations, while the Auris was exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" and "Toyota NETZ Store" locations. It has different front and rear sheetmetal, and is powered by Toyota's 2.4 litre "2AZ-FE" engine. All 2.4 litre models have CVT automatic gearboxes.  In August 2007, Toyota released the Blade Master and Blade Master G, an upgraded trim of the Blade which features Toyota's, 3.5 litre "2GR-FE" V6 engine, larger brakes, and an upgraded suspension. Toyota discontinued the Blade in April 2012, ahead of the replacement of the Auris, without a direct successor.

Japan.

Introduced as a new model in 2006, the Auris replaced the Corolla Runx and Allex. Trim levels were 150X,180G and RS. For model year 2007 on Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service, was offered as an option. Japanese models were built by Iwate Plant, Kanto Auto Works, Ltd.  Designed by TUMI, this was a Japanese market limited edition (1000 units) version. It included model specific seat cloth, floor mats, a luggage mat, illuminated scuff plates, shift knob, instrument panel ornament and badging.  The vehicles were sold through Toyota's Netz dealers. Prices were between and.  This version came with a grey interior, dual zone climate control, passenger side under seat tray. The 150X M package version added rear privacy glass, smart entry and start system and anti theft system. The models went on sale on 29 January 2008, through Toyota's Netz dealers.  With the update of 2008, keyless entry, under seat tray became standard on all models.  In January 2011, Toyota revealed the Toyota Auris GT at the Tokyo Auto Salon. Based on a 1.8L Auris. All equipment is available for purchase individually except for the supercharger. The concept was shown in Gold metallic paint with a black TRD graphic along the lower side of the car.

Australia.

In Australia, the Auris is sold as "Corolla" hatchback with "Seca" emblem on the hatch door above the licence plate. Grades are: base-model "Ascent", mid-spec "Conquest", sports "Levin SX" and sports luxury "Levin ZR". All models are powered by the 1.8 litre 2ZR-FE engine, with either a six-speed manual or four-speed automatic. All, but the Ascent come with standard alloy wheels and fog lights.  The Levin models have sports style body kits. Electric moonroof is only available as an option on Levin ZR. As of January 2009, ESC has been made available as standard on Conquest and Levin ZR – Ascent and Levin SX have ESC as an option.  The Australian Corolla Hatchback received a facelift during the fourth quarter of 2009. The entire body design has been given a sporty makeover. Major changes were made to the front and rear fascia, wheel designs and interior trims. The "Seca" branding has been removed from the hatch door, taillights design has been changed.  A newer bumper design has also been adapted with a special "diffuser" fitted at the bottom to give the rear a sportier look and on either side of the diffuser are reflectors which were lacking in any other previous Corolla Hatchback models. The front receives new grille and revised headlamps.  Fog lights have been removed from the Conquest model. Ascent continues to receive 15-inch steel wheels while the rest receive 16-inch alloys with Conquest and Levin SX sharing the same alloys. Side mirrors now feature indicators. The trim materials have also been changed along with a new D-shaped sports steering wheel available on Conquest and Levin models. Other changes have also been made to equipment and technology. Moonroof is still only available as an option on Levin ZR alone.

New Zealand.

In New Zealand, the Auris was sold as "Corolla" hatchback. Grades are: base-model "GX", sports luxury "GLX". All models are powered by the 1.8 litre 2ZR-FE engine, with either a six speed manual or four speed automatic. GX models come with steel wheels and hubcaps, whilst GLX models come with alloys, front fog lights, leather bound steering wheel & shifter knob and cruise control.  The New Zealand Corolla Hatchback, like Australia, received a facelift during the fourth quarter of 2009. The entire body design has been given a sporty makeover. Major changes were made to the front and rear fascia, wheel designs and interior trims. Taillights design has been changed.  A newer bumper design has also been adapted with a special "diffuser" fitted at the bottom to give the rear a sportier look and on either side of the diffuser are reflectors which were lacking in any other previous Corolla Hatchback models. The front receives new grille and revised headlamps.  Trim lines and options remained the same with both the GX and GLX models pre-facelifted versions.

Europe.

The Auris was released on 1 February 2007 in the United Kingdom, replacing the Toyota Corolla hatchback. Toyota positioned the Auris at the lower medium segment to compete with cars such as Volkswagen Golf, Vauxhall/Opel Astra, Hyundai i30 and the Ford Focus.  Trim levels were T2, T3 and T Spirit – followed by the T180 model in April 2007. European trim levels were Terra, Strata, Luna, Sol, Premium and Prestige. In February 2007, Toyota announced an investment of £100 million in its Deeside engine factory to build a petrol engine for the Auris.  The Deeside plant would start building 1.33 litre Dual VVT-i engine beginning in 2009–10, and would also produce Auris engines previously built in Japan.  Engines for the European Auris are:  TOD engines were introduced in 2008. The "1NR-FE" 1.33 Dual VVT-i engine featured Toyota's first Stop & Start system sold in Europe, and replaced the 1.4 VVT-i engine. The 2.0 D-4D engine added a diesel particulate filter. A 1.6 Valvematic replaced the 1.6 Dual VVT-i engine.

Second generation (E180; 2012–2018).

The second generation of the Auris was revealed on 20 August 2012. It features a wider, lower stance with a more luxurious interior and resembles the Corolla (E170) in its exterior and interior.  It was first shown at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, with European sales starting in early 2013. It went on sale in Japan in September 2012, and in Australia and New Zealand in October 2012, as the Corolla Hatchback. In some parts of Asia, the sales of the new Auris was sold from the second quarter of 2013.

Japan.

For the Japanese market, the Auris is available with either 1.2-litre turbocharged 8NR-FTS, 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE or 1.8-litre 2ZR-FAE engine. The smaller motor is installed in the base model 150X. Front-wheel drive and full-time 4WD are offered. The more powerful engine is reserved for the more luxurious 180S and sporty RS models. The 180S comes only with CVT, while the sole transmission for the RS is six-speed manual. All cars with 1.8-litre engine are front-wheel-drive.  In August 2013, Toyota in Japan launched an advertising campaign for the Auris, featuring Char Aznable from the "Mobile Suit Gundam" series. As part of the collaboration, Toyota unveiled a one off "MS-186H-CA" Auris that takes styling cues from the anime.  The facelift model went on sale in Japan on 6 April 2015, while the Hybrid model went on sale on 18 April 2016. When the sales of the Hybrid model began, the Netz logo emblem on the front grille was replaced by the Toyota logo emblem, and it began to be sold at "Toyopet Store" dealerships. The Auris was discontinued there on 20 March 2018.

Australia and New Zealand.

In Australia, the Auris continued to be called the Corolla Hatchback. Model grades are Ascent, Ascent Sport, Levin SX and Levin ZR. All models are motored by 1.8-litre engine matched to six-speed manual or CVT gearbox. The Levin sport models have front sports seats, carbon fiber-like interior trim and 17-inch alloys. Panoramic roof is available for the top-of-the-line Levin ZR.  Meanwhile, for the New Zealand market the GX and GLX are the equivalent of Ascent and Ascent Sport. Manual transmission is only for the base GX. The GLX, as well as the sporty Levin SX and ZR come with CVT only.  Based on the Ascent hatchback, the limited edition Corolla RZ was released in 2014. It has black alloys, special decals, and upgraded interior.  The facelift model Corolla hatchback is introduced in mid-2015 with new front fascia and restyled tail lights. The Levin moniker was dropped from the sporty models, which are now simply called Corolla SX and ZR. The SX and ZR have sporty front bumper and lower body kits which distinguish them from the Ascent and Ascent Sport. The ZR is only offered with CVT.  The Hybrid model based on the Ascent Sport was released on 14 June 2016.

Ireland.

In Ireland, the Auris is available in a 5-door van form. This model is closely related to the 5-door hatchback. The main changes are a flat floor pan instead of the rear seat, black glass on the rear doors and a divider between the front seats and the load area. As of June 2019, this model is still in production.

Touring Sports (wagon).

Toyota unveiled a world premiere at the 2012 Paris Motor Show of the Auris in a new estate or station wagon variant, which is 285 mm longer than the five-door hatchback. It also represents the first model in its segment to be offered with a full hybrid powertrain.  The wheelbase is kept to 2600 mm just like its five-door twin however its profile of the estate version is different, with the steeply raked windscreen flowing into the extended roofline. The estate is 285 mm longer, providing more loadspace.  The rear bumper and the tailgate has a different styling, while the sill is set to be 80 mm lower than it is on its hatchback twin. The engine lineup is carried over from the hatchback, including 1.33-litre Dual VVT-i and 1.6-litre Valvematic petrol units, plus a 1.4-litre D-4D diesel. A hybrid is also sold with a 1.8-litre VVT-i petrol engine and an electric motor, providing a maximum output of 136 HP (100 kW), enough for a 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) sprint in 10.9 seconds and a top speed of.

North America.

Toyota introduced the Scion iM concept car at the November 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. It was based on the Auris five-door hatchback with aggressive body kits, lowered suspension, high performance brakes and 19-inch alloy wheels. The production version for the North American market debuted at the New York International Auto Show in April 2015.  While the iM partially filled the void left by the discontinued Scion xB, Toyota stated that it was not a direct replacement. The iM was only offered with a 1.8 L "2ZR-FAE" Valvematic DOHC 16-valve inline-four engine that produces and. The engine is mated to a six-speed manual transmission or a continuously variable transmission (CVTi-S).  In the United States, the Scion iM sold 5,097 units in 2015. Due to the discontinuation of the Scion marque, the vehicle was re-branded as the Toyota Corolla iM for the 2017 model year. The Toyota Corolla iM therefore has the Toyota and iM emblem, but the Corolla emblem was never applied to the cars. Changes include a smaller under carriage shield that does not require removal for easier oil changes. The replaceable oil element filter was changed to the spin on cartridge type. All iM cars were manufactured in Japan.

Third generation (E210; 2018–present).

The third generation Auris is based on the Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) platform. It was unveiled as a pre-production model in March 2018 at the Geneva Motor Show. The Auris nameplate was discontinued across Europe with the production version of the "E210" Corolla in January 2019, but the nameplate has been used in Taiwan from September 2018. The Taiwanese Auris is propelled by the 2.0-litre petrol engine and CVT transmission. It is equipped with TSS, VSC, TRC, HAC, Head-Up-Display, Push Start and Smart Entry.

Motorsports.

The Auris-based Corolla hatchback was the winner of 2008 and 2009 Australian Rally Championship. This so-called Corolla S2000 has a modified 2.0-litre naturally aspirated "3S-GE" engine as used by the Celica SS-III, all-wheel-drive system from the Celica GT-Four, and six-speed sequential gearbox. Neal Bates and co-driver Coral Taylor won the series of 2008, while Simon and Sue Evans were the winner in 2009.

The is a compact car derived from the Corolla, manufactured and sold by Toyota. Introduced in 2006, the first generation three/five-door hatchback shared the platform with the E150 series Corolla, while the second generation five-door hatchback and station wagon called "Touring Sports" uses the E180 platform. The "Auris" name is based on the Latin word for "gold", ""aurum"".

La Toyota Auris est une voiture produite par la marque automobile japonaise Toyota depuis 2006, dans le segment au-dessus de la Yaris. Il s'agit d'une berline deux volumes à hayon, à 3 ou 5 portes et qui succède sous cette forme à la Toyota Corolla en Europe ; laquelle Corolla reste produite, sur la même plate-forme, avec une carrosserie spécifique à trois volumes. En Europe, l'Auris et la Corolla cohabitent excepté en Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne, Italie et Suisse, où seule la première est disponible. En Australie, l'Auris est désignée par le nom du précédent modèle : Corolla.


Ideology.

The party's core ideology is based on Serbian nationalism and the goal of creating a Greater Serbia. The party is also strongly opposed to European integration (euroscepticism) and globalization, advocating for closer ties with Russia instead. The SRS is extremely critical of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), where Šešelj was incarcerated from 2003 to 2014. The party regards former general Ratko Mladić and former Republika Srpska president Radovan Karadžić as "Serbian heroes".  In 2007, the party advocated the use of military force to prevent the independence of Kosovo.  Due to Tomislav Nikolić's support for the accession of Serbia to the European Union conflicting with the party's original hardline policy, Nikolić was expelled in 2008. With his supporters breaking apart from the SRS, he founded the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) which succeeded the SRS as the country's leading party.

History.

Foundation and early years.

The Serbian Radical Party (SRS) was formed on 23 February 1991 by the merger of Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP) and the National Radical Party (NRS). The SČP had been formed in 1990, although it was denied official registration due to its overt identification with the historical Chetniks. Formation of the new party followed Šešelj's breakaway from the Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO) due to internal quarrels with Vuk Drašković; the SPO having been founded by the merger of Šešelj's former Serbian Freedom Movement and Drašković's faction from the Serbian National Renewal. Šešelj was chosen as the first president of the SRS while Tomislav Nikolić, a member of the NRS, became deputy president. Led by Milošević, the Socialist Party (SPS) contributed greatly to the rise of the SRS through its use of the media. With the SRS allowed to promulgate its ultranationalist views on state television, the SPS could present itself as a comparatively moderate, yet still patriotic party. Šešelj promoted popular notions of an "international conspiracy against the Serbs," the foremost of which involved Germany, the Vatican, the CIA, Italy, Turkey, as well as the centrist Serbian political parties. Such conspiracy theories were also promoted by Milošević-controlled media. In 1991, Šešelj became a Member of Parliament as an independent candidate, and created a belligerent image by engaging in physical fights with opponents of the government.  The 22.6% of the vote won by the SRS in the 1992 parliamentary election confirmed the party's rapid rise and made it the second largest parliamentary party. Šešelj campaigned for the election on issues such as driving Albanians out of Kosovo to Albania, expelling Muslims from Sandžak, and forcing the Croats out of Vojvodina. Having helped engineer the party's election to parliament, the SPS formed an informal coalition with the SRS, and collaborated on ousting moderate politicians from public office. However, by late 1993 the parties had turned against each other. Milošević saw it necessary to change his policies and distance himself from the SRS in order for his new peacemaking orientation to be taken seriously by the West, as well as to counter the effects of United Nations sanctions against the country. Many socialists also feared competition from the party based on its strong growth record. As discord erupted among the opposition including the SRS, Milošević called new elections in 1993. These cut SRS support almost in half, while the SPS increased its share of the vote from 28% to 38%. Although most people had grown tired of the wars, UN sanctions and the catastrophic economic situation, the SRS had also been subjected to powerful state propaganda and exclusion by the media. Following Milošević's agreement to the Dayton accords in 1995 to bring peace to Bosnia, Šešelj denounced Milošević as "the worst traitor in Serbian history", and likened the event to Serbia's greatest defeat since the Battle of Kosovo fought against the Ottoman Empire in 1389.  In 1995, Šešelj and the SRS joined in a technical coalition with the centrist Democratic Party (DS) and the conservative Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS). This gave Šešelj a degree of democratic legitimacy, although the coalition withered away by the end of the same year. When Šešelj beat the SPS candidate for the 1997 presidential election, despite the contest being declared invalid due to low turnout, he was again brought into the Serbian government. In 1998 the SRS and SPO entered the so-called "war" government, and as Deputy Prime Minister, Šešelj passed new information laws and helped launch propaganda offensives against Kosovo Albanians. U.S. officials in turn branded him a "fascist", while the U.S. Department of State declared that they would never deal with him. Following the 1999 NATO occupation of Kosovo, Šešelj resigned from government until his party was enticed to re-enter the administration by the SPS. As the party had held posts under Milošević's regime, it was excluded from the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), and suffered a major defeat in the 2000 parliamentary election when Milošević was ousted.  During the Yugoslav Wars some SRS supporters including Šešelj were active in paramilitary units loyal to the federal government, serving as his "iron fist" during military campaigns. Milošević's regime at times supported Šešelj and provided him with arms, whilst at others it accused him of war crimes. The SRS was also provided with resources to establish paramilitary volunteer forces such as the White Eagles. As the SRS protested against Milošević's extradition to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2001, Milošević urged his supporters to vote for the SRS rather than his own SPS. The ICTY also indicted Šešelj, who has been on trial since 2007 following his surrender in 2003. Deputy President Nikolić became the new "de facto" SRS leader and presented a more moderate face, with a new approach to international cooperation and a vision of Serbia acting as a "link between the West and the East."

Nikolić leadership.

During the 2003 parliamentary election, the SRS condemned cooperation with the war crimes tribunal, corruption scandals in government, poor living standards, and slightly moderated its formerly aggressive rhetoric. While it won a clear plurality with 28% of the vote and 82 seats, the party was still viewed as a pariah by its democratic rivals and was thus left in opposition. In the 2007 parliamentary election it won 29% of the vote and 81 seats. The SRS caucus in parliament elected Nikolić as its president and Aleksandar Vučić vice-president. Nikolić was later chosen as parliamentary speaker, supported by the DSS amidst a deadlock in coalition talks. He stepped down just five days later, as the DS and DSS agreed to form a coalition government.  At the National Assembly's first session on 14 February 2007, politicians voted overwhelmingly to reject the proposal by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari on the preliminary resolution of the status of Kosovo. New elections were called in 2008 as the DS-DSS coalition collapsed due to EU recognition of Kosovo's declaration of independence. In the 2008 parliamentary election the SRS again won 29% of the vote, and 78 seats, leading to the formation of a DS-SPS-led government coalition. The party also won 17 seats in the Kosovska Mitrovica-based Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija consisting of Kosovan Serb municipalities who defied Kosovo's declaration of independence.

2008 split.

After disagreements with Šešelj, on 8 September 2008, Nikolić formed the new parliamentary group "Napred Srbijo!" ("Forward Serbia!") along with a number of other SRS members. Šešelj responded with a letter on 11 September addressed to SRS members, in which he condemned the Nikolić group as "traitors" and "Western puppets", while calling on SRS members to remain loyal to the ideologies of "Serbian nationalism, anti-globalism, and Russophilia." Nikolić and his group were officially expelled from the SRS the next day, in response to which Nikolić announced that he would form his own party. On 14 September, SRS general secretary Aleksandar Vučić also resigned from the SRS. Nikolić and Vučić then launched the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) on 21 October of the same year.  Following their departure, Dragan Todorović took over as the party's acting leader from Nikolić; however the office of deputy chairman was officially abolished. By April 2011 the SRS had about 7% of support in opinion polls, while the SNS and its coalition partners held about 40%. In the 2012 parliamentary election the Radical Party received only 4.63% of the popular vote, thus failing to cross the 5% threshold to enter parliament for the first time in the party's history.

Šešelj's return.

With their leader back in Serbia in 2014, the party campaigned for the Parliamentary election of 2016 aiming to restore its presence prior to 2008.

International relations.

The Serbian Radical Party maintains ties with the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and had ties with the French National Front party in the 1990s. The SRS also has minimal ties with the far-right Golden Dawn party in Greece, focusing on religious similarities, and the Forza Nuova party in Italy.  The party counted Iraq's Saddam Hussein and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party as one of its political and financial backers until the 2003 invasion of Iraq, as the parties found common cause in defiance of the United States. Similar sentiment led the party to back Libya's Muammar Gaddafi following the 2011 military intervention in Libya by NATO. Serbia and Libya had maintained good relations since Gaddafi vocally opposed NATO intervention in Serbia in the 1990s, while he also backed Serbia's opposition to Kosovo's independence. The SRS has also expressed support for Syrian president Bashar al-Assad following the Syrian Civil War.  On 9 March 2016 Šešelj and Zmago Jelinčič, president of the Slovenian National Party, signed an agreement with the intention of bringing their parties closer in terms of partnership and political alliance.

Presidents of the Serbian Radical Party (1991–present).

Acting leaders during the incarceration of Šešelj.

Šešelj was incarcerated at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) from 2003 to 2014. Ref:

Positions held.

Major positions held by Serbian Radical Party members:

The Serbian Radical Party (; abbr. CPC or SRS) is a right-wing to far-right Serbian nationalist political party in Serbia. The party was founded in 1991 by paramilitary leader Vojislav Šešelj.

Le Parti radical serbe (, en abrégé SRS) est un parti politique nationaliste serbe, classé à droite ou à l'extrême droite. Il a été fondé en 1991 et a son siège à Zemun. Il est présidé par Vojislav Šešelj et, par intérim, par son vice-président Nemanja Šarović.


Club career.

Kelly was born in Glasgow and played for local side Possilpark Depot, before moving south to join English club Arsenal as an apprentice in July 1966; he turned professional 18 months later. A regular in the reserves and for Scotland U-23 side, he made his debut for Arsenal on 6 September 1969 against Sheffield Wednesday and quickly made a name for himself. He made 16 appearances in the 1969–70 season, including scoring a goal in the Gunners' 4–3 aggregate win over Anderlecht in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final.  Better was to come the next season for the young central midfielder. Kelly made 34 appearances as Arsenal won the Double; he came on as a substitute in the FA Cup final against Liverpool, and scored the Gunners' equaliser in extra time in a goalmouth scramble. George Graham made a claim for the goal, but the replays show Kelly was the last Arsenal player to touch the ball. Kelly was thus the first substitute to score in an FA Cup final. Charlie George scored soon after to win the match 2–1.  Injury hampered Kelly's next two seasons at Arsenal, but he became a near-ever present in 1974–75. He was made club captain at the age of 23; only Tony Adams has captained Arsenal at a younger age. However, Kelly lost his place the following season and became quite unsettled. After making a transfer request, he joined Queens Park Rangers in September 1976, having played 222 times and scoring nine goals altogether for Arsenal.  Kelly spent only a single season at QPR before being signed for Leicester City by former Arsenal and QPR teammate Frank McLintock in the summer of 1977. He spent three seasons at Filbert Street, playing 119 times and scoring 3 goals. Leicester were relegated to the Second Division in 1978 but then returned to the top flight as champions the following year. He went on to have short spells at Notts County, Bournemouth and Torquay United, before retiring.

International career.

Kelly featured for Scotland's Under 19 and Under 23 teams.

Personal life.

He now lives in Torquay, and works for a double glazing firm.

Edward Patrick Kelly (born 7 February 1951) is a Scottish former footballer, who played as a midfielder. Kelly featured for clubs Arsenal, Queens Park Rangers, Leicester City, Notts County, Bournemouth, Kettering Town and Torquay United.

Edward Patrick Kelly est un footballeur écossais né le 7 février 1951 à Glasgow. Il évoluait au poste de milieu de terrain.