Biography.

Shiva Naipaul was the younger brother of novelist V. S. Naipaul. He went first to Queen's Royal College and St Mary's College in Trinidad, then emigrated to Britain, having won a scholarship to study Chinese at University College, Oxford. At Oxford, he met and later married Jenny Stuart, with whom he had a son, Tarun.  With Jenny's support, Shiva Naipaul wrote his first novel, "Fireflies" (1970), which won the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize from the Royal Society of Literature for best regional novel. It was followed by "The Chip-Chip Gatherers" (1973). He then decided to concentrate on journalism, and wrote two non-fiction works, "North of South" (1978) and "Black & White" (1980), before returning to the novel form in the 1980s with "A Hot Country" (1983), a departure from his two earlier comic novels set in Trinidad, as well as a collection of fiction and non-fiction, "" (1984).  On the morning of 13 August 1985, at the age of 40, Naipaul had a fatal heart attack while working at his desk.

Legacy and posthumous reputation.

"The Spectator" magazine, for which his wife Jenny had worked as a secretary, and which had published many of his articles, established the Shiva Naipaul Memorial Prize.  In Paul Theroux's "Sir Vidia's Shadow", a memoir of Shiva's elder brother, V. S. Naipaul, Theroux described Shiva as a "sot", shrunken by the towering figure of his successful brother, with a penchant for drunken partying and a need to have his meals made for him. Theroux also took issue with Naipaul's skills as a writer, particularly as a travel writer.  "Sir Vidia's Shadow" has come under attack for what are described as inaccuracies, and the novelist Martin Amis wrote that "Shiva Naipaul was one of those people who caused your heart to lift when he entered the room... in losing him, we have lost thirty years of untranscribed, unvarnished genius".  An "Arena" documentary on his brother V. S. Naipaul reproduced footage of Shiva from an earlier documentary from the early 1980s, in which Shiva returned to Trinidad to see his mother.  Shiva Naipaul's literary archive is held at the British Library. The collection (The Shiva Naipaul Archive) " consists of autograph and typescript drafts of Shiva Naipaul's fiction novels, non-fiction and travel writing. It also includes research and drafts relating to his articles, short stories and prose. There is a run of autograph notebooks, largely with notes and research gathered on his travels in India, Trinidad and Tobago, Surinam, Guyana, America, South Africa, Africa, and Australia. There is correspondence dating form his university days, with his family, his wife and a run of business correspondence."

Works.

Novels Nonfiction Collections

Shiva Naipaul (; 25 February 1945 – 13 August 1985), born Shivadhar Srinivasa Naipaul in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, was a Trinidadian and British novelist and journalist.

Shiva Naipaul (né le, mort le ), né Shivadhar Srinivasa Naipaul à Port d'Espagne, Trinité-et-Tobago, est un romancier et journaliste britannique et trinidadien.


Technical.

The locomotives were designed to be able to haul 1,000-tonne trains at. Each traction motor has a power output of, (about 50% more powerful than the Class EF65). The bogies have an air suspension system to limit the impulsive forces on the track.

Operations.

During the JNR era, these locomotives were used for freight trains and also for passenger work - primarily hauling night trains such as the "Hayabusa" sleeping car limited express.  By 1 April 2009, 73 EF66s (including all 33 EF66-100s) were in service, with 63 owned by JR Freight (all based at Suita Depot in Osaka), and 10 owned by JR West (all based at Shimonoseki Depot). , 39 locomotives remained in service (six EF66-0 and 33 EF66-100 locomotives), all operated by JR Freight.

History.

Background.

With the opening of the Meishin Expressway between Nagoya and Kobe in 1965 and the Tomei Expressway between Tokyo and Nagoya in 1968, JNR faced increasing competition for freight transport from road hauliers. JNR therefore developed the "10000 series" freight wagons (KoKi 10000 and KoKiFu 10000 container flat wagons, ReSa 10000 and ReMuFu 10000 refrigerated wagons, and WaKi 10000 bogie vans) capable of operating at. Express freight services formed of these wagons were introduced on the Tokaido Main Line and Sanyo Main Line from October 1966 using Class EF65-500 electric locomotives built in 1965. These locomotives were designed to be used in pairs hauling 1,000-tonne freight trains, but as pairs of locomotives drew excessive current from the overhead wires, 1,000-tonne freight trains had to be split into 600-tonne and 400-tonne sections when operating on the Sanyo Main Line. This led to the need for a new locomotive design that would be capable of hauling 1,000-tonne trains singly.

Prototype.

A prototype locomotive, initially classified EF90 and numbered EF90 1, was built by Kawasaki Sharyo in 1966. It had a total power output of, making it the world's most powerful narrow-gauge locomotive at the time.  EF66 901 was retired from service in 1996, and has been stored at Hiroshima Depot since 2001.

Full-production series.

The production series of locomotives were delivered from 1968, with 55 built in two batches between 1968 and 1975.  The second batch of locomotives, EF66 21 to EF66 55, delivered between 1973 and 1975, incorporated a number of minor changes and improvements. Most noticeable was the extension of the cab roofs over the windscreens to reduce the deposition of abrasion dust from the pantographs on the windscreens. Some of the first-batch locomotives (EF66 1 to 20) were also subsequently modified with the "sun visor" style cab end roofs.

Post-privatization.

Following the privatisation of JNR on 1 April 1987, JR Freight received the prototype (EF66 901) and 39 of the original series (EF66 1 to EF66 39) as well as the Class EF66-100 machines. JR West obtained the remainder of the machines (EF66 40 to EF66 55) - a total of 16.  Shortly after privatization, JR Freight tried out a number of new experimental liveries on its various locomotives, and one Class EF66, locomotive number EF66 20, received an experimental cream and blue livery with large "JR" logos in August 1987. No other members of the class were reliveried, however, and EF66 20 received the new JR Freight two-tone blue livery when it underwent refurbishment in October 1993.  From 1988, JR Freight retrofitted a number of its EF66s (numbers 22 - 24, 26 - 27, 30 - 33, 37) with roof-mounted cab air-conditioning units.  From 1993, JR Freight started refurbishing its fleet of EF66s (numbers 1 - 5, 7 - 10, 11 - 12, 16 - 39, 41, 44, 53, 55). Refurbishment included rewinding of the traction motor coils, removal of the former JNR decorations on the front-end number plates, and repainting into a two-tone blue livery similar to that carried by the EF66-100s. Locomotives refurbished from 2004 onward, however, received a simplified blue livery, similar to the original JNR-style livery.

EF66-100.

Due to increased demand, JR Freight began building more EF66s in 1989. This batch of locomotives was classified EF66-100, with locomotive numbered EF66 101 to EF66 133. The Class EF66-100 locomotives were fundamentally the same design as the EF66-0, but with slightly more modern external styling. The driver's cabs are air-conditioned. The Class EF66 100 locomotives were also built in two batches, EF66 101 to 108 and EF66 109 to EF133. The second batch differed in having rectangular headlamps and tail lamps, while the first batch had round lamps.

Build histories.

The individual locomotive build histories are as follows.

The is a six-axle, three-bogied (Bo′Bo′Bo′) DC electric locomotive designed for fast freight used by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and later operated by its descendants JR West and JR Freight., 39 locomotives remained in service, all operated by JR Freight.

La classe EF66 est un type de locomotive électrique initialement dédiée aux services de passagers et de fret au Japon. C'est une locomotive à six essieux, trois bogies (Bo′Bo′Bo′). Elles sont toutes affectées à JR Freight.


Red code.

The Red Book code was an IJN code book system used in World War I and after. It was called "Red Book" because the American photographs made of it were bound in red covers. It should not be confused with the RED cipher used by the diplomatic corps.  This code consisted of two books. The first contained the code itself; the second contained an additive cipher which was applied to the codes before transmission, with the starting point for the latter being embedded in the transmitted message. A copy of the code book was obtained in a "black bag" operation on the luggage of a Japanese naval attache in 1923; after three years of work Agnes Driscoll was able to break the additive portion of the code.  Knowledge of the Red Book code helped crack the similarly-constructed Blue Book code.

Coral.

A cipher machine developed for Japanese naval attaché ciphers, similar to JADE. It was not used extensively, but Vice Admiral Abe, a Japanese representative to an Axis military council, passed considerable information about German deployments in CORAL, intelligence "essential for Allied military decision making in the European Theater."

Jade.

A cipher machine used by the Imperial Japanese Navy from late 1942 to 1944 and similar to CORAL; see JADE (cypher machine).

Dockyard codes.

A succession of codes used to communicate between Japanese naval installations. These were comparatively easily broken by British codebreakers in Singapore and are believed to have been the source of early indications of imminent naval war preparations.

JN-11.

The Fleet Auxiliary System, derived from the JN-40 merchant-shipping code. Important for information on troop convoys and orders of battle.

JN-20.

An inter-island cipher that provided valuable intelligence, especially when periodic changes to JN-25 temporarily blacked out U.S. decryption. JN-20 exploitation produced the "AF is short of water" message that established the main target of the Japanese Fleet, leading to a decisive U.S. victory at the Battle of Midway in 1942.

JN-25.

JN-25 is the name given by codebreakers to the main, and most secure, command and control communications scheme used by the IJN during World War II. Named as the 25th Japanese Navy system identified, it was initially given the designation AN-1 as a "research project" rather than a "current decryption" job. The project required reconstructing the meaning of thirty thousand code groups and piecing together thirty thousand random additives.  Introduced from 1 June 1939 to replace Blue (and the most recent descendant of the Red code), it was an enciphered code, producing five-numeral groups for transmission. New code books and super-enciphering books were introduced from time to time, each new version requiring a more or less fresh cryptanalytic attack. John Tiltman with some help from Alan Turing (at GCSB) had "solved" JN25 by 1941, i.e. they knew that it was a five-digit code with a codebook to translate words into five digits and there was a second "additive" book that the sender used to add to the original numbers "But knowing all this didn’t help them read a single message".  By April 1942 JN25 was about 20 percent readable, so codebreakers could read "about one in five words" and traffic analysis was far more useful. Tiltman had devised a (slow; neither easy nor quick) method of breaking it and had noted that all the numbers in the codebook were divisable by three. "Breaking" rather than "solving" a code involves learning enough code words and indicators so that any given message can be read.  In particular, JN-25 was significantly changed on 1 December 1940 (JN25a); and again on 4 December 1941 (JN25b), just before the attack on Pearl Harbor.  British, Australian, Dutch and American cryptanalysts co-operated on breaking JN-25 well before the Pearl Harbor attack, but because the Japanese Navy was not engaged in significant battle operations before then, there was little traffic available to use as raw material. Before then, IJN discussions and orders could generally travel by routes more secure than broadcast, such as courier or direct delivery by an IJN vessel. Publicly available accounts differ, but the most credible agree that the JN-25 version in use before December 1941 was not more than perhaps 10% broken at the time of the attack, and that primarily in stripping away its super-encipherment. JN-25 traffic increased immensely with the outbreak of naval warfare at the end of 1941 and provided the cryptographic "depth" needed to succeed in substantially breaking the existing and subsequent versions of JN-25.  The American effort was directed from Washington, D.C. by the U.S. Navy's signals intelligence command, OP-20-G; at Pearl Harbor it was centered at the Navy's Combat Intelligence Unit (Station HYPO, also known as COM 14), led by Commander Joseph Rochefort. However in 1942 not every cryptogram was decoded, as Japanese traffic was too heavy for the undermanned Combat Intelligence Unit. With the assistance of "Station CAST" (also known as COM 16, jointly commanded by Lts Rudolph Fabian and John Lietwiler) in the Philippines, and the British Far East Combined Bureau in Singapore, and using a punched card tabulating machine manufactured by International Business Machines, a successful attack was mounted against the 4 December 1941 edition (JN25b). Together they made considerable progress by early 1942. "Cribs" exploited common formalities in Japanese messages, such as "I have the honor to inform your excellency" (see known plaintext attack).  Later versions of JN-25 were introduced: JN-25c from 28 May 1942, deferred from 1 April then 1 May; providing details of the attacks on Midway and Port Moresby. JN-25d was introduced from 1 April 1943, and while the additive had been changed, large portions had been recovered two weeks later, which provided details of Yamamoto's plans that were used in Operation Vengeance, the shooting-down of his plane.

JN-39.

This was a naval code used by merchant ships (commonly known as the ""maru" code"), broken in May 1940. 28 May 1941, when the whale factory ship "Nisshin Maru No. 2 (1937)" visited San Francisco, U.S. Customs Service Agent George Muller and Commander R. P. McCullough of the U.S. Navy's 12th Naval District (responsible for the area) boarded her and seized her codebooks, without informing Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Copies were made, clumsily, and the originals returned. The Japanese quickly realized JN-39 was compromised, and replaced it with JN-40.

JN-40.

JN-39 was replaced by JN-40, which was originally believed to be a code super-enciphered with a numerical additive in the same way as JN-25. However, in September 1942, an error by the Japanese gave clues to John MacInnes and Brian Townend, codebreakers at the British FECB, Kilindini. It was a fractionating transposition cipher based on a substitution table of 100 groups of two figures each followed by a columnar transposition. By November 1942, they were able to read all previous traffic and break each message as they received it. Enemy shipping, including troop convoys, was thus trackable, exposing it to Allied attack. Over the next two weeks they broke two more systems, the "previously impenetrable" JN167 and JN152.

JN-147.

The "minor operations code" often contained useful information on minor troop movements.

JN-152.

A simple transposition and substitution cipher used for broadcasting navigation warnings. In 1942 after breaking JN-40 the FECB at Kilindini broke JN-152 and the previously impenetrable JN-167, another merchant shipping cypher.

JN-167.

A merchant-shipping cipher (see JN-152).

"Chicago Tribune" incident.

In June 1942 the "Chicago Tribune", run by isolationist Col. Robert R. McCormick, published an article implying that the United States had broken the Japanese codes, saying the U.S. Navy knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Midway Island, and published dispositions of the Japanese invasion fleet. The executive officer of "Lexington", Commander Morton T. Seligman (who was transferred to shore duties), had shown Nimitz's executive order to reporter Stanley Johnston.  The government at first wanted to prosecute the "Tribune" under the Espionage Act of 1917. For various reasons, including the desire not to bring more attention to the article and because the Esponiage Act did not cover "enemy" secrets, the charges were dropped. A grand jury investigation did not result in prosecution but generated further publicity and, according to Walter Winchell, "tossed security out of the window". Britain's worst fears about American security were realized.  In early August, a RAN intercept unit in Melbourne heard Japanese messages, using a superseded lower-grade code. Changes were made to codebooks and the call-sign system, starting with the new JN-25 codebook (issued two months before). However the changes indicated the Japanese believed the Allies had worked out the fleet details from traffic analysis or had obtained a codebook and additive tables, being reluctant to believe that anyone could have broken their codes (least of all a Westerner).

The vulnerability of Japanese naval codes and ciphers was crucial to the conduct of World War II, and had an important influence on foreign relations between Japan and the west in the years leading up to the war as well. Every Japanese code was eventually broken, and the intelligence gathered made possible such operations as the victorious American ambush of the Japanese Navy at Midway (JN-25b) and the shooting down of Isoroku Yamamoto in Operation Vengeance.

La vulnérabilité des codes de la marine japonaise fut cruciale pour la conduite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et eut également une influence importante sur les relations étrangères entre le Japon et l’Ouest au cours des années qui ont précédé la guerre. Tous les codes japonais furent finalement brisés et les renseignements recueillis rendirent possibles des opérations telles que l’embuscade américaine victorieuse contre la marine japonaise à Midway (JN-25b) et la destruction de l’avion transportant d’Isoroku Yamamoto durant l’opération Vengeance.


Career.

He made his senior debut on 30 May 2008 for Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata against Vélez Sarsfield. In January 2010 the second division team Ferro Carril Oeste signed the attacking midfielder on loan from Gimnasia y Esgrima until June 2011. Pablo de Blasis has got the most assist at Ferro Carril Oeste assisting 5 goals in 15 matches. In 2011, he returned to Gimnasia y Esgrima, which was playing in the Argentine second division. He started the majority of the games for Gimnasia. At the end of the season, he became a free agent. In July 2012, he signed with Asteras Tripolis, which was playing in the Super League. He made his debut with the club on 2 September 2012 in a 3–0 home victory against Kerkyra.  On August 31, 2014, after playing against them with Asteras Tripolis in the Europa League, 1. FSV Mainz 05 completed the signing of Pablo de Blasis. The 26-year-old attacker made an immediate switch to the Bundesliga from Greek first-division side Asteras Tripolis. De Blasis was the main reason Asteras Tripolis made it to the Europa League group stage for the first time in its history this season. His performance in the playoff matches against Mainz 05 also led to a transfer to the German club with a highly privileged contract. The Argentine signed a three-year contract which ran until June 2017. The transfer fee was around €1.2 million.  He scored a controversial penalty for Mainz given via VAR technology after the half time whistle with the opposition players from Freiburg already back in the dressing room. He scored again to seal a 2-0 victory for his side.  On 30 August 2018, De Blasis signed a two-year deal with La Liga side SD Eibar.

Style of play.

De Blasis is a versatile and flexible attacker, who can play up top or on the wings. He is a clever player, he reads and understands the game well and he has experience. Despite being only 166 cm tall, it was admirable how well the former Gimnasia La Plata man performed in the air. He battled well with taller centre backs, showing his great strength, physicality and leap, as he won aerial duels. The constant pressure he applied really was first rate, and saw him show great aggression, tenacity and work ethic.

Pablo Ezequiel de Blasis (born 4 February 1988) is an Argentine footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Spanish club SD Eibar.

Pablo Ezequiel de Blasis, né le à La Plata en Argentine, est un footballeur argentin qui joue au poste de milieu offensif au sein du SD Eibar.


Historical Background.

Venice had a long history of caring for its sick, homeless, poor, and orphaned before the four Ospedali Grandi became recognized as a group musical institutions. The Ospedale degl’Incurabili (1522), the Ospedale di Santa Maria dei Derelitti (1528), and the Ospedale di San Lazzaro e dei Mendicanti (1595) all emerged from hospices that had been formed in Venice in the previous centuries. Each catered to a different need: the Incurabili took in all who contracted incurable diseases such as syphilis or the bubonic plague; the Derelitti provided a place of refuge for the homeless; the Mendicanti cared for beggars and orphans; while the Pietà (1346), which was founded from an orphanage, exclusively took in foundlings.  The Ospedali Grandi's all-female musical ensembles - called "cori" - originated in the middle of the sixteenth century. The "cori" first performed music only for religious functions, and all music was taught either by current residents of the institutions who were already musically proficient or by hired church musicians (nuns or priests). During this time, the training in music was only meant to strengthen the liturgical services. Additionally, the "figlie del coro" were always required to perform in raised galleries, which had grating that hid the musicians from the eyes of the audience.  By mid-seventeenth century, however, the Ospedali governors realized the economic potential of the "cori", and they began to hire many professional external musicians and composers to teach performance practice, sight singing, ear training, music theory, and instrumental techniques. The higher-quality musical training yielded larger donations from patrons and visitors. Many of the "figlie del coro" would stay at the Ospedali for their whole lives, passing their musical knowledge and experience to younger residents, creating a continuing tradition of musical excellence for women in Venice.  The Ospedali reached their pinnacle between 1720-80: the musical ensembles grew in number, and the governors hired even more instrumental teachers and composers. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the Ospedali Grandi had mostly moved away from having older "figlie del coro" teach beginning students. Instead, they adopted the master and pupil system of education: master teachers, who already held successful reputations, composed for the Ospedali and trained the "figlie". Hiring the most famous composers became essential to attracting larger and wealthier audiences. A few special visitors also gained permission from the governors to view and listen to the women perform behind the grates.  Due to the financial instability in Venice at the end of the eighteenth century, however, the Ospedali fell into bankruptcy. The Derelitti closed in 1791, followed by the Medicanti in 1795. After Napoleon’s invasion of Venice in 1797, all musical activities at the Ospedali were reduced. The Incurabili closed in 1805, leaving only the Pietà’s musical activity to survive Napoleon’s government takeover. The Pietà’s last known musical composition was performed in 1840.

The four great Venetian Ospedali (Ospedali Grandi, also referred to as the Ospedali Maggiori) - the Ospedale della Pietà, the Ospedale degl'Incurabili, the Ospedale di Santa Maria dei Derelitti, and the Ospedale di San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti - were charitable hospices, which provided a wide range of services for the needy of Venice. They are most famously recognized for educating select female pupils (called "figlie del coro") to professional levels of musicianship and attracting many European tourists to hear their all-female ensembles perform religious services and special concerts throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The musical training in the Ospedali Grandi is often thought of as a precursor to the training in European conservatories of the 19th century.

Un hospice musicien est, à Venise, un établissement d’assistance aux plus démunis (malades, indigents, orphelins) qui, grâce à la qualité de l’enseignement musical donné aux jeunes filles, devient un conservatoire de grand renom, notamment au, sous la République de Venise. La réputation de ces écoles de musique était telle que les plus grands musiciens de l’époque étaient sollicités pour y enseigner.


Biography.

Pavel (Pavlo) Fuks was born in 1971 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. In 1994, he graduated from Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture from the faculty of Finance and Credit with Bachelor major degree in Economic and Social Planning.  From 1997 until 2003, Fuks continued his studies at the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics on the faculty of World Economy.  From 1995 to 1999, he was an adviser to the chairman of the board of JSCB "Prominvestbank". In 1999–2000 Fuks served as the Vice-President of CJSC "Foreign Economic Corporation". In 2002, Fuks became more involved in the construction business. Among his first projects was the construction of the shopping center "Kaluzhskii" which has operated since 2001.  In June 2008, he negotiated with the current US President Donald Trump about the construction of Trump Tower in Moscow, but the businessmen were unable to reach an agreement.  In 2010, Pavel Fuks was the largest shareholder of Sovkombank where he owned a 21.83% stake. In March 2015, he sold his shares, which were valued at US$80 million.  Fuks sold all his business assets in Russia in 2011 and 2012 and he has not been in Russia since 2015 due to political reasons in not supporting the Russian aggression in Ukraine. Pavel Fuks started to invest in Ukrainian assets in 2014, as he sees it as a country of great business potential.  On November 1, 2018, Russian sanctions were imposed against 322 citizens of Ukraine, including Fuks.

Philanthropy.

Fuks regularly helps his native city. He took part in the restoration of Kharkiv regional philharmonic, built the Church of the Holy Queen Tamara, and built a monument to the mythical founder of the Kharkiv City, cossack Kharko.  In 2014, Pavel Fuks was awarded with the title "Honorary Citizen of Kharkiv".

Babi Yar.

Fuks is the co-organizer of the construction of the memorial complex Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center (the project worth of the complex is estimated at US$50–100 million, and it is planned to be completed it in 2021, on the 80th anniversary of the tragedy of Babi Yar). On March 19, 2017, the Supervisory Board of the Memorial Center for the Holocaust "Babi Yar" was established, and included Pavel Fuks, the Mayor of Kiev Vitali Klitschko and his brother, the professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko, the shareholders of the consortium "Alfa Group" Mikhail Fridman and German Khan and others. The project's development fund was created with the help of consultants from the American big-four accounting firm "Ernst & Young". According to Fuks, the structure of the memorial will include educational programs, a research center and a museum.  He supports talented athletes. He gave Oleksandr Abramenko and his mentor and senior coach of the Ukrainian national team, Enver Ablaev, certificates for 50 thousand dollars each for achievements in Pyeongchang at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games.  Pavel Fuks is a member of the charitable foundation "A City Without Barriers," which is committed to creating a comfortable environment for people with physical and intellectual disabilities.

Hobbies.

Fuks enjoys sports (namely boxing and tennis).

Pavel Yakovlevich Fuks (b. October 27, 1971, Kharkiv, USSR) is a Ukrainian businessman, investor, philanthropist and founder of the development company Mos City Group. Fuks has made most of his wealth through business ventures in Russia.

Pavel Iakovlevitch Fuks (né le à Kharkiv (URSS) est un homme d’affaires, un investisseur et un philanthrope ukrainien. Il a également fondé la société de développement Mos City Group. Fuks tire l'essentiel de sa richesse de projets commerciaux en Russie.


Early life.

Teddy Robin was born in Guangxi Province Guilin City with five brothers and sisters; came to Hong Kong with his father in 1949 and lived in Wanchai| Wan Chai.  As a rebellious child, Teddy was average at school. He always hung out at street court with his gangs. He called himself "Teddy Robin" because he admired the heroic image of Robin Hood.  At the early age of 11, Teddy started his career as a child broadcaster at Rediffusion (ATV).  Teddy developed his enthusiasm for rock and roll music when he first heard the sound of an electric guitar. Then he started to explore and learn to play electric guitar. He then formed a rock band called "Teddy Robin and the Playboys" with his friends and his two younger brothers.  Apart from music, Teddy Robin is also a skilled painter and sketcher. He designed the cover for his singles, including " I can’t be hurt any more", "Not All Lies", "Breakthrough", "365 Days", "Memories".

Music career.

After graduating from high school, Teddy Robin worked as a Trainee Producer at Rediffusion English TV Station. He formed rock band "Teddy Robin and the Playboys" with Norman Chang, Fedrick Chan and his two younger brothers in 1966.  In the 1960s, the band was signed by Diamond Records and released its first album. In 1966, "Teddy Robin and the Playboys" was the home band of Rediffusion TV's most popular music program "Soundbite 66".  In 1968, Mr Chung King-fai invited Teddy to move from Rediffusion TV to TVB under the terms set by Teddy - to not only perform on the stage but also work behind the scene. He acted in his first movie "The Cost of Love" for Shaw Brothers Studio in 1969. Teddy Robin returned to Rediffusion TV in 1973 to host a youth show called "Melody Chain".  While in 1974, Teddy Robin realized rock and roll music started to diminish in Hong Kong, so he wandered to the United States and Canada until 1978.

Personal life.

Teddy Robin is married and has one son and one daughter. His son works at Morgan Stanley in London as an Executive Director and his daughter is a sugar artist in Canada.

Wai Pang Kwan (; born 20 March 1945 in Guilin, Guangxi), known professionally as Teddy Robin (), is a Hong Kong English pop singer-songwriter, actor, and director and producer. He began his music career in mid 1960s when Hong Kong English pop was at its peak. He formed a rock and roll band with his friends called Teddy Robin and the Playboys while Teddy was the vocal and guitarist. The band was the first Chinese-led rock band in Hong Kong. The band became a massive hit in Hong Kong.

Teddy Robin, de son vrai nom Kwan Wai-pang (關維鵬, né le ), est un chanteur, acteur et réalisateur hongkongais. Il commence sa carrière musicale dans les années 1960 au moment où la est au sommet de sa popularité dans la colonie britannique et fonde un groupe appelé. Il devient plus tard acteur, réalisateur, producteur et compositeur. Son neveu Kelvin Kwan est également chanteur à Hong Kong.


Robinson Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

Robinson Township (comté d'Allegheny, Pennsylvanie)

Geography.

Robinson Township is located at (40.458008, -80.128259).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.21%, is water.  Robinson is composed of at least four distinct regions that represent former communities that once existed within the township; Groveton (industrial area near the Ohio River), Forest Grove (the area around Forest Grove Elementary and Montour High School), Gayly (The area around Settlers Ridge Shopping Center and The Mall at Robinson), and Moon Run (also a part of Kennedy Township, and includes the areas near Burkett Park and Chartiers Country Club). Each of these areas can be roughly defined by the borders of the Township's voting precincts; each region comprising two to three separate precincts.

Education.

Robinson Township is served by the Montour School District. Montour High School and the new Montour Elementary school share a campus located in Robinson ("The Hilltop"). Two former elementary school campuses - Burkett and Forest Grove - are located in Robinson. Private and charter schools located in Robinson Township include The Robinson Christian School, Propel Montour Middle/High School (formerly Burkett Elementary School), and Holy Trinity Catholic School.

Taxes.

School tax millage rate- The Montour SD (shared with four other municipalities) in 2017 was 17.96. This ranked 38th highest/most expensive out of Allegheny County's 45 school districts, between North Hills SD (37th highest) and Duquesne SD (39th highest).

Surrounding and adjacent neighborhoods.

Robinson Township has nine land borders, including Kennedy Township and the Pittsburgh neighborhood of Fairywood to the east, Thornburg, Rosslyn Farms, and Carnegie to the southeast, Collier Township to the south, and North Fayette Township, Moon Township, and Coraopolis to the west. Across the back channel of the Ohio River, Robinson Township runs adjacent with Neville Township. Robinson Township also completely surrounds Pennsbury Village in the southeast.

Economy.

Robinson Township is known in the area as a retail hub. The Mall at Robinson is located in the township, as well as the open-air Settlers Ridge and several smaller plazas. Bayer USA is based in Robinson Township as well.

Twin Hi-Way Drive-In.

The Twin Hi-Way Drive-In was a drive-in theater located in Robinson Township on Pennsylvania Route 60. It was owned by the Salnoris family, during its second life. It originally opened in 1950 and closed in 1996. In 2007, it was reborn by the aforementioned Salnoris family. It was rewarded Best of the Burgh twice and won several battles for the land. In Early 2016, however, it was shut down to Sheetz making a large offer to the landlord and being accepted. It closed with a 3.5 star rating on Google.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 12,289 people, 4,828 households, and 3,312 families residing in the township. The population density was 833.2 people per square mile (321.7/km2). There were 5,158 housing units at an average density of 349.7/sq mi (135.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 95.25% White, 1.90% African American, 0.06% Native American, 2.04% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.  There were 4,828 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01.  In the township the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $55,263, and the median income for a family was $66,807. Males had a median income of $46,750 versus $30,605 for females. The per capita income for the township was $26,802. About 4.8% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.2% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics.

In recent elections, Robinson has leaned Republican in Presidential elections and has leaned Democratic in local races. Robinson was carried by Republicans Mitt Romney in the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election and by Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, albeit by a diminished margin. Democrat Conor Lamb carried Robinson Township in 2018 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election.

Robinson Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States approximately west of Pittsburgh. The population was 13,354 at the 2010 census.

Robinson Township est un township, situé dans le comté d'Allegheny, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction

Armes de destruction massive au Royaume-Uni

Biological weapons.

During the Second World War, British scientists studied the use of biological weapons, including a test using anthrax on the Scottish island of Gruinard which left it contaminated and fenced off for nearly fifty years, until an intensive four-year programme to eradicate the spores was completed in 1990. They also manufactured five million linseed-oil cattle cakes with a hole bored into them for addition of anthrax spores between 1942 and mid-1943. These were to be dropped on Germany using specially designed containers each holding 400 cakes, in a project known as Operation Vegetarian. It was intended that the disease would destroy the German beef and dairy herds and possibly spread to the human population. Preparations were not complete until early 1944. Operation Vegetarian was only to be used in the event of a German anthrax attack on the United Kingdom.  Offensive weapons development continued after the war into the 1950s with tests of plague, brucellosis, tularemia and later equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia viruses (the latter as a relatively safe simulant for smallpox).  In particular five sets of trials took place at sea using aerosol clouds and animals.  The programme was cancelled in 1956 when the British government renounced the use of biological and chemical weapons. In 1974, biological weapons were banned, and the United Kingdom ratified the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in March 1975.

Chemical weapons.

The UK was a signatory of the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) which outlawed the use of poison gas in warfare. However, during the First World War, in retaliation to the use of chlorine by Germany against British troops from April 1915 onwards, British forces deployed chlorine themselves for the first time during the Battle of Loos on 25 September 1915. By the end of the war, poison gas use had become widespread on both sides and by 1918 a quarter of artillery shells were filled with gas and Britain had produced around 25,400 tons of toxic chemicals.  Britain used a range of poison gases, originally chlorine and later phosgene, diphosgene and mustard gas. They also used relatively small amounts of the irritant gases chloromethyl chloroformate, chloropicrin, bromacetone and ethyl iodoacetate. Gases were frequently mixed, for example "white star" was the name given to a mixture of equal volumes of chlorine and phosgene, the chlorine helping to spread the denser but more toxic phosgene. Despite the technical developments, chemical weapons suffered from diminishing effectiveness as the war progressed because of the protective equipment and training which the use engendered on both sides. See Use of poison gas in World War I.  After the war, the Royal Air Force dropped mustard gas on Bolshevik troops in 1919, and Winston Churchill, secretary of state for war and air, suggested that the RAF use it in Iraq in 1920 during a major revolt there. Historians are divided as to whether or not gas was in fact used.  The UK ratified the Geneva Protocol on 9 April 1930. The UK signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on 13 January 1993 and ratified it on 13 May 1996.  Despite the signing of the Geneva Protocol, the UK carried out extensive testing of chemical weapons from the early 1930s onwards. In the Rawalpindi experiments, hundreds of Indian soldiers were exposed to mustard gas in an attempt to determine the appropriate dosage to use on battlefields. Many of the subjects suffered severe burns from their exposure to the gas.  Many ex-servicemen have complained about suffering long term illnesses after taking part in tests on nerve agents. It was alleged that before volunteering they were not provided with adequate information about the experiments and the risk, in breach of the Nuremberg Code of 1947. Alleged abuses at Porton Down became the subject of a lengthy police investigation called Operation Antler, which covered the use of volunteers in testing a variety of chemical weapons and countermeasures from 1939 until 1989. An inquest was opened on 5 May 2004 into the death on 6 May 1953 of a serviceman, Ronald Maddison, during an experiment using sarin. His death had earlier been found by a private MoD inquest to have been as a result of "misadventure" but this was quashed by the High Court in 2002. The 2004 hearing closed on 15 November, after a jury found that the cause of Maddison's death was "application of a nerve agent in a non-therapeutic experiment".

Nuclear weapons.

British nuclear weapons are designed and developed by the UK's Atomic Weapons Establishment. The United Kingdom has four submarines armed with nuclear-tipped Trident missiles. The principle of operation is based on maintaining deterrent effect by always having at least one submarine at sea, and was designed during the Cold War period. One submarine is normally undergoing maintenance and the remaining two are in port or on training exercises.  Each submarine carries up to sixteen Trident II D-5 missiles, which can each carry up to twelve warheads, for a maximum of 192 warheads per vessel. However, the British government announced in 1998 that each submarine would carry only 48 warheads (halving the limit specified by the previous government), which is an average of three per missile. However one or two missiles per submarine are probably armed with fewer warheads for "sub-strategic" use causing others to be armed with more.  The British-designed warheads are thought to be selectable between 0.3 kilotons, 5–10 kt and 100 kt; the yields obtained using either the unboosted primary, the boosted primary, or the entire "physics package". The United Kingdom has purchased the rights to 58 missiles under the Polaris Sales Agreement (modified for Trident) from the United States Navy's "pool". These missiles are fitted with United Kingdom–built warheads and are exchanged when requiring maintenance. Under the agreement the United States was given certain assurances by the UK regarding the use of the missiles, however the United States does not have any veto on the use of British nuclear weapons. Some non-nuclear components for the British nuclear warhead are procured from the U.S. for reasons of cost effectiveness.  The United Kingdom is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" (NWS) under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which the UK ratified in 1968.  The UK permits the U.S. to deploy nuclear weapons from its territory, the first having arrived in 1954. During the 1980s nuclear armed USAF Ground Launched Cruise Missiles were deployed at RAF Greenham Common and RAF Molesworth. As of 2005 it is believed that about 110 tactical B61 nuclear bombs are stored at RAF Lakenheath for deployment by USAF F-15E aircraft.  In March 2007, the UK Parliament voted to renew the country's Trident nuclear submarine system at a cost of £20bn. In July 2008, "The Guardian" claimed that the decision had already been made to replace and upgrade Britain's nuclear warhead stockpile at a cost of £3bn, extending the life of the warheads until 2055.  On 25 February 2020, the UK released a Written Statement outlining that the current UK nuclear warheads will be replaced and will match the US Trident SLBM and related systems.

The United Kingdom possesses, or has possessed, a variety of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. The United Kingdom is one of the five official nuclear weapon states under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and has an independent nuclear deterrent. The UK has been estimated to have a stockpile of 120 active nuclear warheads and 215 nuclear warheads in total. It had renounced the use of chemical and biological weapons in 1956 and subsequently destroyed its general stocks.

Le Royaume-Uni possède, ou a possédé, diverses armes de destruction massive, notamment des armes nucléaires, biologiques et chimiques. Le Royaume-Uni est l’un des cinq États signataires du Traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires dotés de l’arme nucléaire. Le pays dispose d’une force de dissuasion nucléaire indépendante. On estime que le Royaume-Uni dispose d’un stock de 120 têtes nucléaires actives et de 215 têtes nucléaires au total. Il a renoncé à utiliser des armes chimiques et biologiques en 1956 et a par la suite liquidé ses stocks généraux.


Synopsis.

Giovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance.  Annabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in any of them, however. Giovanni finally tells her how he feels (obviously having failed in his attempts to repent) and finally wins her over. Annabella's tutoress Putana (literally, "Whore") encourages the relationship. The siblings consummate their relationship.  Hippolita, a past lover of Soranzo, verbally attacks him, furious with him for letting her send her husband Richardetto on a dangerous journey she believed would result in his death so that they could be together, then declining his vows and abandoning her. Soranzo leaves and his servant Vasques promises to help Hippolita get revenge on Soranzo, and the pair agree to marry after they murder him.  However, Richardetto is not dead but also in Parma with his niece Philotis. Richardetto is also desperate for revenge against Soranzo, and convinces Grimaldi that to win Annabella, he should stab Soranzo with a poisoned sword. Unfortunately, Bergetto and Philotis, now betrothed, are planning to marry secretly in the place Richardetto orders Grimaldi to wait. Grimaldi mistakenly stabs and kills Bergetto instead, leaving Philotis, Poggio, and Donado distraught.  Annabella resigns herself to marrying Soranzo, knowing she has to marry someone other than her brother. She subsequently falls ill and it is revealed that she is pregnant. Friar Bonaventura then convinces her to marry Soranzo before her pregnancy becomes apparent.  Meanwhile, Donado and Florio go to the cardinal's house, where Grimaldi has been in hiding, to beg for justice. The cardinal refuses due to Grimaldi's high status and instead sends him back to Rome. Florio tells Donado to wait for God to bring them justice.  Annabella and Soranzo are married soon after, and their ceremony includes masque dancers, one of whom reveals herself to be Hippolita. She claims to be willing to drink a toast with Soranzo, and the two raise their glasses and drink, on which note she explains that her plan was to poison his wine. Vasques comes forward and reveals that he was always loyal to his master, and in fact he poisoned Hippolita. She dies spouting insults and damning prophecies to the newlyweds. Seeing the effects of anger and revenge, Richardetto abandons his plans and sends Philotis off to a convent to save her soul.  When Soranzo discovers Annabella's pregnancy, the two argue until Annabella realises that Soranzo truly did love her and finds herself consumed with guilt. She is confined to her room by her husband, who plots with Vasques to avenge himself against his cheating wife and her unknown lover. On Soranzo's exit, Putana comes onto the stage and Vasques pretends to befriend her to gain the name of Annabella's baby's father. Once Putana reveals that it's Giovanni, Vasques has bandits tie Putana up and put out her eyes as punishment for the terrible acts she has willingly overseen and encouraged.  In her room, Annabella writes a letter to her brother in her own blood, warning him that Soranzo knows and will soon seek revenge. The friar delivers the letter, but Giovanni is too arrogant to believe he can be harmed and ignores advice to decline the invitation to Soranzo's birthday feast. The friar subsequently flees Parma to avoid further involvement in Giovanni's downfall.  On the day of the feast, Giovanni visits Annabella in her room, and after talking with her, stabs her during a kiss. He then enters the feast, at which all remaining characters are present, wielding a dagger on which his sister's heart is skewered and tells everyone of the incestuous affair. Florio dies immediately from shock. Soranzo attacks Giovanni verbally, but Giovanni stabs and kills him. Vasques intervenes, wounding Giovanni before ordering the bandits to finish the job.  Following the massacre, the cardinal orders Putana to be burnt at the stake, Vasques to be banished, and the church to seize all the wealth and property belonging to the dead. Richardetto finally reveals his true identity and the play ends with the cardinal saying of Annabella "who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?"

Reception.

The play's open treatment of the subject of incest made it one of the most controversial works in English literature. The play was entirely omitted from an 1831 collection of Ford's plays; its title has often been changed to something euphemistic such as "Giovanni and Annabella" or "Tis Pity" or "The Brother and Sister". Indeed, until well into the twentieth century, critics were usually harsh in their condemnations of the play; the subject matter offended them, as did Ford's failure to condemn his protagonist. Critic Mark Stavig wrote, "Instead of stressing the villainy, Ford portrays Giovanni as a talented, virtuous, and noble man who is overcome by a tumultuous, unavoidable passion that brings about his destruction".  Adolphus William Ward said: "Tis Pity She's a Whore" has been justly recognized as a tragedy of extraordinary power.  However, since the mid-twentieth century, scholars and critics have generally shown more appreciation of the complexities and ambiguities of the work, though the treatment of the main subject still remains "unsettling", in the words of Michael Billington, reviewing the 2014 production for "The Guardian", because Ford refuses "to either condone or condemn incest: he simply presents it as an unstoppable force."

Influence.

Peter Greenaway has said that the play provided him with the main template for his 1989 film "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover".  A song with almost the same name, "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore", is featured on David Bowie's final studio album "Blackstar" (2016). "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)", from the same album, loosely recounts the play's events from Annabella's decision to marry Soranzo to Giovanni's reception of her note written in blood.

'Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: "'Tis Pitty Shee's a Who"["o"]"re") is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was likely first performed 1626 or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey.

Dommage qu'elle soit une putain "" est une tragédie de John Ford. Elle est interprétée pour la première fois entre 1626 et 1633 par la compagnie des au Cockpit Theatre de Londres. Elle est publiée en 1633 au format in-quarto par l'imprimeur londonien.


Terminology.

The term acoustic camera has first appeared at the end of the 19th century: A physiologist, J.R. Ewald, was investigating the function of the inner ear and introduced an analogy with the Chladni plates (a domain nowadays called Cymatics), a device enabling to visually see the modes of vibration of a plate. He called this device an acoustic camera. The term has then been widely used during the 20th century to designate various types of acoustic devices, such as underwater localization systems or active systems used in medicine. It designates nowadays any transducer array used to localize sound sources (the medium is usually the air), especially when coupled with an optical camera.

Technology.

General principles.

An acoustic camera generally consists of a microphone array and optionally an optical camera. The microphones – analog or digital – are acquired simultaneously or with known relative time delays to be able to use the phase difference between the signals. As the sound propagates in the medium (air, water...) at a finite known speed, a sound source is perceived by the microphones at different time instants and at different sound intensities that depend on both the sound source location and the microphone location. One popular method to obtain an acoustic image from the measurement of the microphone is to use beamforming: By delaying each microphone signal relatively and adding them, the signal coming from a specific direction formula_1 is amplified while signals coming from other directions are canceled. The power of this resulting signal is then calculated and reported on a power map at a pixel corresponding to the direction formula_1. The process is iterated at each direction where the power needs to be computed.  While this method has many advantages – robustness, easy to understand, highly parallelizable because each direction can be computed independently, versatile (there exist many types of beamformers to include various types of hypothesis), relatively fast – it also has some drawbacks: the produced acoustic map has artifacts (also called side lobes or ghost sources) and it does not model correctly correlated sound sources. Various methods have been introduced to reduce the artifacts such as DAMAS or to take in account correlated sources such as CLEAN-SC, both at the price of a higher computational cost.  When the sound sources are near the acoustic camera, the relative intensity perceived by the different microphones as well as the waves not being any more seen as planar but spherical by the acoustic camera add new information compared to the case of sources being far from the camera. It enables to use more effective methods such as acoustic holography.

Reprojection.

Results of far-field beamforming can be reprojected onto planar or non-planar surfaces.

Two-dimensional.

Some acoustic cameras use two-dimensional acoustic mapping, which uses a unidirectional microphone array (e.g. a rectangle of microphones, all facing the same direction). Two-dimensional acoustic mapping works best when the surface to be examined is planar and the acoustic camera can be set up facing the surface perpendicularly. However, the surfaces of real-world objects are not often flat, and it is not always possible to optimally position the acoustic camera.  Additionally, the two-dimensional method of acoustic mapping introduces error into the calculations of the sound intensity at a point. Two-dimensional mapping approximates three-dimensional surfaces into a plane, allowing the distance between each microphone and the focus point to be calculated relatively easily. However, this approximation ignores the distance differences caused by surfaces having different depths at different points. In most applications of the acoustic camera, this error is small enough to be ignored; however, in confined spaces, the error becomes significant.

Three-dimensional.

Three-dimensional acoustic cameras fix the errors of two-dimensional cameras by taking into account surface depths, and therefore correctly measuring the distances between the microphone and each spatial point. These cameras produce a more accurate picture, but require a 3-D model of the object or space being analyzed. Additionally, if the acoustic camera picks up sound from a point in space that is not part of the model, the sound may be mapped to a random space in the model, or the sound may not show up at all. 3-D acoustic cameras can also be used to analyze confined spaces, such as room interiors; however, in order to do this, a microphone array that is omnidirectional (e.g. a sphere of microphones, each facing a different direction) is required. This is in addition to the first requirement of having a 3-D model.

Applications.

There are many applications of the acoustic camera, with most focusing on noise reduction. The camera is frequently applied to improve the noise emission of vehicles (such as cars, airplanes) and trains, structures—such as wind turbines.  Acoustic cameras are not only used to measure the exterior emission of products but also to improve the comfort inside cabins of cars, train or airplanes. Spherical acoustic camera are preferred in this type of application because the three-dimensional placement of the microphone allows to localize sound sources in all directions.  Troubleshooting of faults that occur in machines and mechanical parts can be accomplished with an acoustic camera. To find where the problem lies, the sound mapping of a properly functional machine can be compared to one of a dysfunctional machine.  A similar setup of the acoustic camera can be used to study the noise inside passenger carts during train operation. Alternatively, the camera can be set up outside, in an area near the train tracks, to observe the train as it goes by. This can give another perspective of the noise that might be heard inside the train. Additionally, an outside setup can be used to examine the squealing of train wheels caused by a curve in the tracks.

Challenges.

Computational power.

The signal processing required by the acoustic camera is very intensive and needs powerful hardware and plenty of memory storage. Because of this, signal processing is frequently done after the recording of data, which can hinder or prevent the use of the camera in analyzing sounds that only occur occasionally or at varying locations. Cameras that do perform signal processing in real time tend to be large and expensive. Hardware and signal processing improvements can help to overcome these difficulties. Signal processing optimizations often focus on reduction of computational complexity, storage requirements, and memory bandwidth (rate of data consumption).

An acoustic camera is an imaging device used to locate sound sources and to characterize them. It consists of a group of microphones, also called a microphone array, from which signals are simultaneously collected and processed to form a representation of the location of the sound sources.

Un radar anti-bruit est un dispositif utilisé pour localiser les sources de bruit. Il est constitué de groupes de microphones, d'où les signaux sonores sont simultanément collectés et traités pour identifier l'endroit à l'origine du bruit.


Centre principal d'alerte d'attaque par missile

The Main Centre.

The centre is the control centre for the radar network. Here signals from every station are received and, if necessary, a message can be sent to the presidential 'nuclear briefcase' for authorisation to use nuclear weapons. There is a communications centre which has a number of backup channels to communicate with each radar station. If a ballistic missile attack is discovered the duty commander reports this to the central command post of the General Staff. At the same time the duty engineer reports it to the commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces, for redundancy.  Information comes from the radar network, early warning satellites and the space surveillance network SKKP. The centre also discovers and monitors space objects through the use of radar which are fed into the SKKP network.

Warning network.

The Russian missile warning system originates in the Soviet Union and is often known by its Soviet initials SPRN (СПРН), from 'Missile attack warning system'. It started on 15 February 1971 as two Dnestr-M radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda with a command post in Solnechnogorsk. It expanded by the addition of Dnestr-M radars in Mishelevka and Balkhash in 1973, a Dnepr radar in Sevastopol in 1975 and another in Mukachevo in 1977. The Daugava radar, a Daryal receiver, started operations in 1975 at Olenegorsk. In 1978 an upgraded warning system called Крокус (Krokus) was introduced.  In 1982 the Oko early warning satellite system became operational. It was joined in 1984 by the first Daryal radar in Pechora and in 1985 by the Daryal in Gabala. The 1972 Anti-ballistic missile treaty requires that early warning radar stations are located on the periphery of national territory and face outwards. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 this resulted in many of the stations ending up in newly independent states. The radar station at Skrunda, now in Latvia, closed in 1998. Other stations now overseas were Sevastopol and Mukachevo (both in Ukraine), Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and Gabala (Azerbaijan).  The Volga radar at Baranavichy in Belarus came online in 2003 and the two Ukrainian radars closed in 2009. In the mid-2000s Russia started the roll out of the next generation of early warning radar, the Voronezh. The first station in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg went on combat duty in 2012. Other stations in Kaliningrad and Armavir were made operational in the following years. The Russian military has expressed a desire to replace or replicate all overseas radars with domestic stations as overseas ones cannot be relied upon in times of tension and war. New stations were commissioned in locations such as Barnaul, Orsk, Orenburg and Yeniseysk.

Organisational structure.

In 1998 SPRN became part of the missile and space defence organisation "ракетно-космической обороны" (RKO) together with SKKP and the anti-missile troops. In 2001 these services became part of the newly founded Space Troops, and were incorporated as the 3rd Independent Missile and Space Defense Army.  The Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning was formed on 1 December 2009 and since December 2011 it had been part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, together with facilities such as the 821st Main Space Intelligence Centre and 153rd Titov Main Space Testing Centre.

The 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning () is the Russian early warning network against ballistic missile attack. It has headquarters in the village of Timonovo near Solnechnogorsk outside Moscow and is part of the Russian Space Forces. The centre consists of a network of early warning radar stations which transmit their data to the control centre near Solnechnogorsk. Other information comes from the early warning Oko and EKS satellites as well as the Don-2N missile defence radar. Information from the centre could be used for a launch on warning nuclear missile attack or to engage the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system.

La Corée du Nord a un programme d'armement nucléaire militaire et, au début de 2019, on estime qu’elle dispose d’un arsenal d’environ 20 à 30 armes nucléaires et de suffisamment de matières fissiles pour 30 à 60 armes nucléaires supplémentaires. La Corée du Nord a également stocké une quantité importante d’armes chimiques et biologiques. En 2003, la Corée du Nord s'est retirée du Traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (TNP). Depuis 2006, le pays a mené une série de six essais nucléaires à des niveaux de compétence de plus en plus élevés, ce qui a conduit le pays à se soumettre à des sanctions.


Production.

Background.

In mid-2016, WWE reintroduced the brand extension, splitting its main roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands, represented by the shows of the same name. Clash of Champions was established that year to replace Night of Champions, a pay-per-view in which the concept was that all WWE titles were defended; Clash of Champions was established on the same concept. The 2016 event was Raw-exclusive while the 2017 event was SmackDown-exclusive; all titles exclusive to the respective brands during those years were defended at these respective events. A Clash of Champions event did not occur in 2018, but following WrestleMania 34 that year, all WWE pay-per-views ceased being brand exclusive. In 2019, Clash of Champions was brought back and all WWE titles across Raw and SmackDown, as well as 205 Live, at the time were defended – Raw's Universal Championship, SmackDown's WWE Championship, the Raw Women's Championship, the SmackDown Women's Championship, Raw's United States Championship, SmackDown's Intercontinental Championship, the Raw Tag Team Championship, the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, 205 Live's Cruiserweight Championship, the Women's Tag Team Championship, and the 24/7 Championship.

Storylines.

The show comprised eleven matches, including two on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live".  Feeling that she deserved an opportunity for the SmackDown Women's Championship for her win over Trish Stratus at SummerSlam, Charlotte Flair issued a challenge to reigning champion Bayley during "A Moment of Bliss" on the August 20 episode of "SmackDown". Bayley accepted the challenge for Clash of Champions.  On the August 12 episode of "Raw", Universal Champion Seth Rollins faced United States Champion and O.C. member AJ Styles in a non-title champion versus champion match, which resulted in a brawl with fellow O.C. members Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson with Braun Strowman coming to Rollins' aid. The following week, Rollins and Strowman defeated Gallows and Anderson to win the Raw Tag Team Championship. Rollins was then scheduled to defend both the Universal and Raw Tag Team championships at Clash of Champions. On the August 26 episode of "Raw", Robert Roode and Dolph Ziggler won a Tag Team Turmoil to earn a Raw Tag Team Championship match at the event, while later that same night, Strowman challenged Rollins for the Universal Championship, which Rollins accepted.  During the WWE Championship match at SummerSlam, Randy Orton attempted to target Kofi Kingston's family, who were at ringside. Kingston brawled with Orton outside the ring, resulting in both men being counted out; thus Kingston retained the title, but he continued to attack Orton. On the following episode of "SmackDown", The New Day (Kingston and SmackDown Tag Team Champions Big E and Xavier Woods) faced the team of Orton and The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) in which the latter won, after which, Orton performed an RKO on all three members of New Day. On the following "Raw", Big E and Woods faced The Revival in a non-title match that New Day won by disqualification due to interference from Orton. Kingston came to their aid only for Orton to attack Kingston, while The Revival and Orton temporarily injured Woods' leg. The following week on "SmackDown", Orton threatened to go after Kingston's family and a WWE Championship rematch was scheduled between the two for Clash of Champions, while Big E and Woods were scheduled to defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival at the event.  On the August 20 episode of "205 Live", Team Oney Lorcan won the Captain's Challenge against Team Drew Gulak with Humberto Carrillo and Lorcan being the last remaining members of their team. The following week, 205 Live General Manager Drake Maverick scheduled Carrillo and Lorcan to compete in a number one contender's match to face Gulak for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship on the Clash of Champions Kickoff pre-show, which Carrillo won. On the September 3 episode, Lince Dorado defeated Carrillo, thus making it a triple threat match for the title.  On the August 20 episode of "SmackDown", Sami Zayn was a guest on "Miz TV." Zayn stated that after months of losing matches, he realized that he would be better suited to helping people on SmackDown and introduced his first client, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura. The Miz questioned why Nakamura would associate himself with Zayn, who said that Nakamura was unable to express himself because of the language barrier and that he would communicate for Nakamura. Miz then received a beatdown from Nakamura and Zayn. The following week, Miz challenged Nakamura for the Intercontinental Championship at Clash of Champions and Miz received yet another beatdown. Later, the title match was made official.  At SummerSlam, Becky Lynch defeated Natalya in a submission match to retain the Raw Women's Championship. On the following "Raw", Lynch said she respected Natalya and put out a warning to the rest of the women's division. Natalya later came out with her arm in a sling and said they would face each other again. She was then interrupted by the returning Sasha Banks, who was last seen at WrestleMania 35. Banks hugged Natalya but then attacked her, turning heel. Lynch came to Natalya's aid but was attacked by Banks with a chair. Banks later challenged Lynch for the title at Clash of Champions and Lynch accepted.  As Roman Reigns was getting ready to announce his SummerSlam opponent on the July 30 episode of "SmackDown", an unidentified person pushed lighting equipment on top of Reigns backstage. The attacker was originally alleged to be Samoa Joe due to their previous rivalry, but he was proven innocent during a hit and run on Reigns in which Joe was a witness. Buddy Murphy then became a suspect/witness as he was spotted in the background in the footage of the original attack, prompting Reigns to force Murphy to reveal that the attacker was Erick Rowan. On the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show, Rowan attacked Murphy for the accusation. Rowan and his tag team partner Daniel Bryan then forced Murphy to reveal that he was lying and they conducted their own investigation to find out that Reigns' attacker was a man that looked like Rowan. However, Reigns found additional footage that showed Rowan pushing over the equipment. This caused Bryan and Rowan to split due to Rowan lying, and a match between Reigns and Rowan was scheduled for Clash of Champions, which later became a No Disqualification match.  On the August 5 episode of "Raw", Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defeated defending champions The IIconics (Peyton Royce and Billie Kay), The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane), and Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match to win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. On the September 3 episode of "SmackDown", Rose and Deville challenged Bliss and Cross for the titles at Clash of Champions. Bliss said that they did not deserve an opportunity, however, Cross accepted a non-title match for that night, which Rose and Deville won. A title match was then scheduled between the two teams for Clash of Champions.  On the September 9 episode of "Raw", Cedric Alexander faced O.C member AJ Styles for the United States Championship only for the match to end via disqualification due to interference from fellow O.C. members, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Later that night, Alexander pinned Styles in a 10-man tag team match that featured Alexander, Seth Rollins, Braun Strowman, and The Viking Raiders (Ivar and Erik) against The O.C. (Styles, Gallows, and Anderson), Robert Roode, and Dolph Ziggler. Styles was then scheduled to defend the title in a rematch against Alexander on the Clash of Champions Kickoff pre-show.

Canceled match.

In August 2019, the King of the Ring tournament was revived – the first time since the 2015 tournament – with the finals originally scheduled for Clash of Champions. However, the finals were rescheduled for the September 16 episode of "Raw", where Baron Corbin defeated Chad Gable to become the King of the Ring, thus changing his ring name to King Corbin.

Event.

Pre-show.

Two matches were contested on the Clash of Champions Kickoff pre-show. In the first match, Drew Gulak defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Humberto Carrillo and Lince Dorado in a triple threat match. In the end, Carrillo performed an Aztec press on Dorado; however, Gulak threw Carrillo into the ring post and pinned Dorado to retain the title.  In the second pre-show match, The O.C's AJ Styles defended the United States Championship against Cedric Alexander. In the end, Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm and a Styles Clash on Alexander to retain the title. Following the match, fellow O.C's members, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson, attacked Alexander.

Preliminary matches.

The actual pay-per-view began with Universal Champion Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman defending the Raw Tag Team Championship against Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. In the end, Strowman tackled Roode, who collided with Rollins. Roode performed a Glorious DDT on Rollins to win the title.  Next, Bayley defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Charlotte Flair. At the start of the match, Flair performed a Big Boot on Bayley for a nearfall. Bayley threw Flair into an exposed turnbuckle and pinned her to retain the title.  After that, The New Day (represented by Big E and Xavier Woods) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder). The climax saw The Revival perform a Shatter Machine on Woods and forced him to submit to an Inverted Figure Four Leglock to win the title.  In the fourth match, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defended the Women's Tag Team Championship against Fire and Desire (Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville). During the match, an impromptu 24/7 Championship defense occurred when reigning champion R-Truth ran out to the ring, being chased by several wrestlers. Bliss pinned Truth with a roll up for a nearfall. Truth then rushed out of the ring. After resuming the tag team title match, Cross performed a Swinging Neckbreaker on Rose to retain the title.  Next, Shinsuke Nakamura (accompanied by Sami Zayn) defended the Intercontinental Championship against The Miz. In the end, as Miz performed a Skull Crushing Finale on Nakamura, Zayn distracted the referee. Miz then chased Zayn before Nakamura caught him and performed a Kinshasa to retain the title.  After that, Becky Lynch defended the Raw Women's Championship against Sasha Banks. During the match, while the referee was distracted, Banks struck Lynch with a chair and then performed a Low Knee Smash for a nearfall. After Lynch obtained the chair, she accidentally incapacitated the referee with it before going after Banks, where a brawl ensued outside of the ring. Due to Lynch's actions, she was disqualified; thus Banks won the match, but Lynch retained the title since titles do not change hands via disqualification unless stipulated.  Next, Kofi Kingston defended the WWE Championship against Randy Orton. During the match, Orton performed a snap powerslam on Kingston for a nearfall. Orton performed an RKO on Kingston, who placed his leg on the rope at a two count. In the end, as Orton went for the Punt Kick, Kingston countered with a Trouble in Paradise to retain the title.  In the penultimate match, Roman Reigns faced Erick Rowan in a no disqualification match. Reigns performed a Superman Punch on Rowan for a nearfall. Rowan performed a powerbomb through an announce table on Reigns. Rowan performed an Iron Claw Slam through a table on Reigns. On the stage, Reigns executed a second Superman Punch. In the end, a returning Luke Harper appeared and performed a big boot and a discus clothesline on Reigns. Rowan then performed a second Iron Claw Slam on Reigns to win.

Main event.

In the main event, Seth Rollins defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman. Strowman performed a Diving Stomp on Rollins for a nearfall. Rollins performed three Stomps on Strowman, which all resulted in nearfalls. Rollins performed a Pedigree and a fourth Stomp to retain the title. After the match, "The Fiend" Bray Wyatt appeared and attacked Rollins with a Sister Abigail and the Mandible Claw.

Aftermath.

Raw.

Prior to Clash of Champions, it was rumored that Bray Wyatt would challenge for the Universal Championship at Hell in a Cell. On the "Raw" following Clash of Champions, due to The Fiend's attack, Universal Champion Seth Rollins announced that he would be defending the title against Wyatt's Fiend persona at the event in a Hell in a Cell match. The following week, Rollins was interrupted by Braun Strowman, who said that it was Rollins' fault they lost the Raw Tag Team Championship. He also challenged Rollins to a non-title rematch later that night that was interrupted by The Fiend, who attacked Strowman.  Also on the following "Raw", Sasha Banks challenged Becky Lynch to a rematch for the Raw Women's Championship at Hell in a Cell, and Lynch accepted as a Hell in a Cell match.  New Raw Tag Team Champions Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode and new SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) celebrated their respective championships victories, only for Braun Strowman to interrupt the celebration and attack both teams.  The O.C. (United States Champion AJ Styles, Luke Gallows, and Karl Anderson) defeated Cedric Alexander and The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) in a six-man tag team match. Following the match, The O.C. attacked Alexander and The Viking Raiders. Styles and Alexander then had a rematch for the U.S. title on the September 30 episode where Styles again retained.

SmackDown.

On the following "SmackDown", The New Day (WWE Champion Kofi Kingston, Big E, and Xavier Woods) defeated the team of Randy Orton and the new SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) in a six-man tag team match. Following the match, Brock Lesnar (accompanied by Paul Heyman) returned to challenge Kingston for the WWE Championship on the debut episode of "SmackDown" on FOX on October 4, which Kingston accepted.  Michael Cole conducted a sit-down interview with Erick Rowan, where Rowan declared that he had been overlooked, underappreciated, and disrespected and attacked Roman Reigns to scare him and to show that Reigns was not the dominant figure he was presumed to be. He also stated that he was not Daniel Bryan's equal, but better than him. Bryan then stated that regardless if he was a face or a heel, he had never lied and thought of Rowan as his friend and his equal. Bryan was interrupted by Rowan and attacked from behind by Luke Harper. Reigns came out to Bryan's aid, only for Rowan and Harper to dominate Bryan and Reigns. This led to a tag team match pitting Bryan and Reigns against Rowan and Harper being scheduled for Hell in a Cell. Just prior to Hell in a Cell, Rowan and Reigns had a rematch on "SmackDown's 20th Anniversary" on October 4 in a lumberjack match that Reigns won.  Sami Zayn and Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura demanded respect from the crowd for Nakamura defeating The Miz and then attacked Ali, who had defeated Nakamura in a match a few weeks prior.  Sasha Banks faced Charlotte Flair, only for the match to end in a disqualification win for Flair when SmackDown Women's Champion Bayley attacked Flair while she applied the Figure Eight Leglock on Banks. Flair received a beatdown from Banks and Bayley, who was then saved by Carmella. A rematch between Bayley and Flair for the title was scheduled for Hell in a Cell.

205 Live.

On October 2, 2019, the WWE Cruiserweight Championship became shared with the NXT brand and renamed to NXT Cruiserweight Championship.

Clash of Champions was a professional wrestling pay-per-view and WWE Network event produced by WWE for their Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands. It took place on September 15, 2019, at Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the third event under the Clash of Champions chronology. As per the theme of the event, all of WWE's titles across the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands were defended.

L' édition 2019 de "Clash of Champions" est une manifestation de catch (lutte professionnelle) produite par la "World Wrestling Entertainment" ("WWE"), une fédération de catch américaine, qui est télédiffusée, visible en paiement à la séance, sur le WWE Network. Il s'agit de la troisième édition de "Clash of Champions".


Entries.

The following teams and drivers are currently under contract to compete in the 2020 World Championship. All teams compete with tyres supplied by Pirelli.

Team changes.

Red Bull GmbH, the parent company of Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso, renamed Toro Rosso as "Scuderia AlphaTauri." The team uses the constructor name "AlphaTauri." The name is derived from Red Bull's AlphaTauri fashion brand.

Driver changes.

After a year's absence, Esteban Ocon returned to racing in Formula One after signing a contract with Renault, replacing Nico Hülkenberg. Robert Kubica left Williams at the end of the 2019 championship and joined Alfa Romeo Racing as a reserve driver. Nicholas Latifi, the 2019 Formula 2 Championship runner-up, replaced Kubica at Williams.

Calendar.

Twenty-two Grands Prix were due to be run as part of the 2020 World Championship. The COVID-19 pandemic is causing frequent revisions to the calendar. Currently, a rescheduled European leg of eight races has been confirmed, seven races have been cancelled and nine have been postponed and/or are pending confirmation of a race date. The length of each race is the minimum number of laps that exceeds a total distance of. As per the sporting regulations, a minimum of eight races must take place for the season to be considered a championship. The following rounds were included on the original calendar published by the World Motorsport Council, but were cancelled or are pending rescheduling in response to the COVID-19 pandemic:

Calendar changes.

After purchasing the commercial rights to the sport from CVC Capital Partners in January 2017, Liberty Media announced plans to expand the Formula One calendar using a concept they termed "destination races" and modelled on the Singapore Grand Prix. Under the "destination races" model, Grands Prix would be established in or near key tourist destinations and integrate racing, entertainment and social functions with the aim of making the sport more accessible and appealing to a wider audience. Several countries and venues announced plans to bid for a Grand Prix, with two bids being successful: Liberty Media initially expected that the 2020 calendar would consist of twenty-one Grands Prix and that any new races would come at the expense of existing events, but later negotiated an agreement with the teams to allow up to twenty-two Grands Prix. Several further changes were made between the 2019 and 2020 calendars, with the German Grand Prix discontinued and the Mexican Grand Prix rebranded as the "Mexico City Grand Prix".

Regulation changes.

Sporting regulations.

Teams are allowed to use an additional MGU-K compared to 2019 to compensate for the increased demands of contesting twenty-two races.  Drivers who participate in free practice sessions are eligible for additional FIA Super Licence points. Any driver who completes a minimum during a free practice session receives an additional Super Licence point on the condition that they do not commit a driving infraction. Drivers may only accrue ten Super Licence points per year from free practice sessions.  As a result of the expanded calendar, the two pre-season tests due to take place at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya were reduced in length from four days to three days each, whilst the two in-season tests that took place at Bahrain International Circuit and Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in 2019 have been discontinued. Teams were no longer allowed to hide their cars during testing. The amount of time in which car mechanics are not allowed to work on the car has been extended from eight to nine hours.  The rules surrounding jump starts and the weighbridge have been relaxed with the race stewards now being able to hand out less severe punishments for missing the weighbridge and jump starts.

Technical regulations.

In order to reduce the risk of punctures, the last of the front wing can no longer contain any metal. Brake ducts can no longer be outsourced and must be made and designed by the team. The amount of fuel that can be outside of the fuel tank has been reduced from to. The level of driver aids for race starts was decreased.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Initial response.

The season was heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with an announcement prior to the start of the championship that the Chinese Grand Prix would be postponed. Italian-based teams Ferrari and AlphaTauri expressed concern about the spread of the disease and its effect on the championship. As Italy suffered one of the worst outbreaks of the virus, both teams were concerned about the ability of their staff to leave the quarantine zone established in northern Italy and to enter host nations. Pre-season testing in Barcelona proceeded as planned, with all teams and drivers completing the six days of testing.  Ross Brawn, the managing director of the sport, announced that Grands Prix would not go ahead if a team were blocked from entering a host nation, but that events could go ahead if a team voluntarily chose not to enter a host nation. In early March organisers of the Bahrain Grand Prix stated that the event would be "participants-only" and that no spectators would be allowed.

Race postponements and cancellations.

The season-opening Australian Grand Prix was expected to go ahead and all teams and drivers arrived at the venue as planned. Three days before the race was due to take place, McLaren announced their withdrawal from the event after a team member tested positive for the virus. This led to the Grand Prix being cancelled altogether the following morning. Later that day, it was announced that the Bahrain Grand Prix would be postponed rather than closed to spectators, as would the inaugural Vietnamese Grand Prix. Formula One and the FIA released a joint statement saying that they "expect to begin the Championship in Europe at the end of May" but that this timeline "will be regularly reviewed". On 19 March, the FIA announced that the Dutch, Spanish and Monaco Grands Prix had all been postponed indefinitely due to the pandemic. In the statement, the FIA said they now expect to begin the season "as soon as it is safe to do so after May" and that the situation would continue to be monitored. The organisers of the Monaco race, Automobile Club de Monaco, clarified that the race had been cancelled. This means that Formula One would not race in Monaco for the first time since. Four days later, organisers of the Azerbaijan Grand Prix announced that the race had been postponed.  In early April organisers of the Canadian Grand Prix announced the race's postponement. Later in the month, the French Grand Prix organisers confirmed that the race would not be held in 2020, and the managing director of Silverstone Circuit stated that should the British Grand Prix go ahead, it would be without spectators. In May, organisers of the Hungarian Grand Prix announced that their race would use the same model. The sport's plans to resume competition called for a ban on team motorhomes and a rigid testing regime to stop any outbreak of the virus. The Dutch Grand Prix was cancelled entirely in late May, with organisers of the event stating that they would prefer to host the revived race with spectators in attendance in 2021 rather than without spectators in 2020. Formula 1 confirmed the cancellation of the Azerbaijan, Singapore, and Japanese Grands Prix in June. Organisers of the Azerbaijan and Singapore races cited the difficulty of assembling the infrastructure required for a street circuit as the reason for their cancellation, while the Japanese Grand Prix was cancelled because of the Japanese government's travel restrictions.  The annual summer break, where factories shut down for two weeks, was brought forward from August to March and April. Teams nominated a three-week period to close with the aim of making room for races later in the year. At the end of March it was announced that for the first time the factory shut down would additionally apply to power unit manufacturers. The factory shut down period was later extended to a total of nine weeks for competitors and seven weeks for power unit manufacturers.

Rescheduled calendar.

In March teams agreed that the 2020 Championship could run into early 2021 to ensure the running of as many races as possible. Such a move would also ensure that eight Grands Prix could be held, over three different continents, thereby meeting the minimum number of races needed for the season to qualify as a World Championship. Ross Brawn later suggested that a rescheduled calendar of 18 or 19 races would be possible should racing begin in July, and that the opening round "is most likely to be in Europe", potentially without spectators. He also raised the possibility of Grand Prix events being reduced to two days in order to ease pressure on logistical operations. However, Alfa Romeo Racing managing director Frédéric Vasseur cautioned that a condensed calendar could escalate the costs of competing and put smaller teams at risk of financial collapse. This was reiterated by other teams, who pointed out that the race sanctioning fees paid by event organisers contributed to the prize money awarded to all teams at the end of the year. This money is awarded proportionally based on the teams' World Constructors' Championship position and forms a significant part of a team's budget for the upcoming year. With fewer races and the prize structure remaining fixed, teams were concerned that they would suffer a significant financial loss. In a statement in late April, Formula One CEO Chase Carey announced that the intention is to begin the season on 5 July and that the target is to hold between 15 and 18 races overall.  On 2 June the first eight races of a rescheduled calendar were confirmed, with the season expected to begin on 5 July with the Austrian Grand Prix. This revised calendar includes two new events—a second race at both the Red Bull Ring and Silverstone—that are known as the Styrian and the 70th Anniversary Grands Prix respectively. This will mark the first time since that the championship has started in Europe. Ross Brawn announced that the eight-round calendar was expected to grow and that the sport was considering races at venues that were not on the original calendar or using multiple configurations of existing circuits to achieve the goal of fifteen Grands Prix.

Regulatory changes.

The pandemic required changes to the format of a race weekend, which included abandoning the drivers' parade and pre-race assembly for the host venue's national anthem. A modified podium ceremony was planned for after races. The FIA introduced limits to the number of team personnel who could be on the starting grid to prepare cars and changed the cut-off times for cars to leave pit lane to minimise the amount of time team personnel spent on the grid. Tyre supplier Pirelli was also required to provide an identical allocation of tyre compounds to all teams and drivers. Where Pirelli were previously required to announce compounds for a race several weeks in advance, this window was reduced to two weeks, allowing them to respond to anticipated changes to the calendar.

The 2020 FIA Formula One World Championship is a planned motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is due to mark the 70th anniversary of the first Formula One season. The championship is recognised by the governing body of international motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of World Drivers' Champion and World Constructors' Champion respectively.

Le championnat du monde de Formule 1 2020 est la du championnat du monde de Formule 1. La compétition devait comporter pour la première fois 22 Grands Prix avec le retour du Grand Prix des Pays-Bas à Zandvoort et l'apparition du Grand Prix du Vietnam sur le circuit urbain de Hanoï tandis que la manche allemande à Hockenheim disparaîsait. La course d'ouverture devait traditionnellement avoir lieu sur le circuit de l'Albert Park de Melbourne pour le Grand Prix d'Australie le 15 mars, et le championnat s'achever le 29 novembre par le Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi sur le circuit Yas Marina.


Description.

"Quercus hartwissiana" is a large deciduous tree, reaching heights of, with umbrella-shaped crown and ascending branches. The bark is thick, finely furrowed, almost black. The shoots are dark reddish-brown and bald. The buds are broad, oval or almost round, 6 to 7 mm long, with short burnished scales. The petiole is 1.5 to 2 cm long. The leafs are 12 to 14 cm long and 7 to 9 cm wide, slightly convex in the base, and have seven to ten pairs of fairly regular, short, rounded to pointed lobes. The leaf veins are all directed into the lobes of the leaf, not into the indentations between them. The top of the leaf is bright green, the underside is dull, with a dark brown shading, with fine fleece and somewhat longer reddish hairs along the leaf veins, or in the angles between them.  On a petiole with a length of 2 to 7 cm, there are one to four acorns. Their fruits mature in the first year. The acorns are 2.5 to 3 cm long and 1.2 to 1.5 cm wide, the fruit cups measure 1.5 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter. The scales of the fruit cup are almost full to the top.

Distribution.

"Quercus hartwissiana" is found in the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion, in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome along the Black Sea from the south-easternmost parts of the Balkan Peninsula along northern Asia Minor to western Caucasus. It grows in Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Russia. In Bulgaria "Quercus hartwissiana" grows in Strandzha Nature Park and is distributed in the dense forest ecotype and the karst or xelophilous ecotype. In Strandzha it grows near river valleys, especially those of Veleka and Rezovo. There it is mixed with "Carpinus betulus", "Fagus orientalis", "Sorbus torminalis", "Quercus pubescens", "Quercus cerris", "Quercus frainetto", "Carpinus orientalis" and the shrubs "Cistus creticus" and "Daphne pontica".  In Russia it occurs in the basin of the Mzymta River and in the North Caucasus. In Georgia it is known from Abkhazia, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo, Imereti, Guria and Adjara; in eastern Georgia it is now known only from Kakheti.  It always occurs in mixed forests along with other tree species. "Quercus hartwissiana" prefers warm and humid climate and grows on fresh to moist soil from the lowland to a height of 1200 to 1500 m. It is a pre-glacial relict and is considered to be the ancestor of "Quercus robur" and "Quercus petraea".

Fossil record.

Fossils of "Quercus hartwissiana" have been described from the fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district in Turkey, which is of early Pliocene age.

Quercus hartwissiana, the Strandzha oak (), is a species of oak, native to southeastern Bulgaria, northern Asia Minor along the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. It was described by the Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist Christian von Steven in 1857.

Quercus hartwissiana, appelé communément Chêne de Strandzha ou Chêne de Hartwiss, est une espèce européenne de chênes de la famille des Fagacées.


Club career.

Barcelona.

Born in Douala, Kaptoum joined FC Barcelona's youth ranks in 2008, aged 12, after a stint in Samuel Eto'o's foundation. He was subsequently loaned to neighbouring UE Sant Andreu, and in June 2014 was promoted to the reserves in Segunda División.  Kaptoum played his first match as a professional on 23 August 2014, starting in a 0–2 away loss against CA Osasuna. He scored his first goal on 19 October, netting the second in a 4–1 home win against AD Alcorcón. On 28 October 2015, Kaptoum made his debut for Barcelona's first team, starting in a goalless draw away to CF Villanovense in the season's Copa del Rey.  Kaptoum's first appearance in the UEFA Champions League came on 9 December 2015, in a 1–1 draw away to Leverkusen. In another 1–1 draw game against Valencia CF on 10 February 2016, he scored his debut goal for the first team 2 minutes after coming in as a substitute in the second leg of Copa del Rey semifinals. His goal also served to extend FC Barcelona's unbeaten run to 29 games, breaking the previous record of 28 games set under Pep Guardiola in the 2010–11 season.  Kaptoum sustained a knee injury which kept him out of action for five months. He returned to fitness in December 2017. On 29 January 2018, he agreed to terminate his contract with Barcelona.

Betis.

On 31 January 2018, two days after leaving Barcelona, Kaptoum signed with Real Betis and was initially assigned to the B-team. He made his first team debut on 4 October, replacing Sergio León in a 3–0 home defeat of F91 Dudelange, for the season's UEFA Europa League.  Kaptoum made his La Liga debut on 3 February 2019, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 home win against Atlético Madrid. On 10 January 2020, Kaptoum joined Almería on loan for the remainder of the season.

Wilfrid Jaures Kaptoum (born 7 July 1996) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for UD Almería on loan from Real Betis.

Wilfrid Kaptoum, né le à Douala au Cameroun est un footballeur camerounais qui joue au poste de milieu de terrain à l'UD Almería, en prêt du Betis Séville.