Reception.

Commercial reception.

When the single came out, Bashung had been a singer for fourteen years. The singles recorded between 1966 and 1977 were all commercial failures and his first album, "Roman-photos", issued in 1977, which he would later disown, was one as well. "Gaby oh Gaby" sold more than one million copies and revealed the singer to a larger audience. The song was shown in numerous TV shows on the evening and during the night, broadcast on radio, and was even in first page of the newspaper Libération.  However, even if he admits that this hit saved him at the time, Bashung was caught off-guard by this unexpected success. On the album "Play blessures" issued in 1982, Bashung sang about this on his song "J'croise aux hybrides" : "J'dédie cette angoisse à un chanteur disparu, mort de soif dans le désert de « Gaby ». Respectez une minute de silence, faites comme si j'étais pas arrivé..." (I dedicate this anguish to a singer who vanished, dead of thirst in the "Gaby" desert. Respect a minute of silence, act as if I never came...)  On May 19, 2009, the Gold Disc of the original 45rpm was sold on auction in Paris by its owner, a collector. It was sold for €3717.

Critical reception.

The song is included in a list of 3000 rock classics in the book "La Discothèque parfaite de l'odyssée du rock" by Gilles Verlant, who calls the track "Gaby oh Gaby" one of the "summits of the decade" alongside the next single "Vertige de l'amour".

Subject.

Boris Bergman, the lyricist, explained after the death of Alain Bashung : "C’est un texte sur les minorités, ceux que «la différence» fait tomber dans les puits de solitude ; ceux qui ne peuvent pas dormir et qui "«ne font que des conneries»". Le petit Ashkénaze que je suis, le Kabylo-Alsacien qu’est Alain, s’en doutent depuis leur première rencontre avec l’autre : "Gaby" est aussi un hymne caché à la solitude de l’homo qui ne connaît pas encore l’existence du PACS." (It's a text about minorities, those who "the difference" throw into a well of loneliness; those who can't sleep and "do bad stuff". The little ashkenaze that I am, the kabylo-alsacian who Alain was, probably since their first meeting: "Gaby" is also a hidden hymn to the loneliness of the gay person who does not know about the existence of the PACS).

"Gaby oh Gaby" is a song first published by Alain Bashung. Written by Boris Bergman with music by Bashung, it was initially published as a single in 1980 on Philips, with "Elle s'fait rougir toute seule" as the B-side. The single became a huge hit in France, and therefore the song was included on the album "Roulette russe" in a reissue nicknamed "Nouveau couplage", and then on the CD reissue of the next album, "Pizza".

Gaby oh Gaby est une chanson interprétée par Alain Bashung. Écrite par Boris Bergman et composée par Bashung, elle fut d'abord publiée en single en 1980 chez Philips, avec la chanson "Ell's'fait rougir toute seule" en face B. Devant l'immense succès du single, la chanson est incluse dans la réédition de l'album "Roulette russe" dite "Nouveau couplage".


500 cc race report.

Luca Cadalora received his first pole of the season at his home race, sending the Italian press into a frenzy. He managed 7 more poles in his 500 career. Cadalora got lead at the start from Wayne Rainey and John Kocinski. Kevin Schwantz passed Kocinski and he closed in 3rd. Rainey rode aggressively, qualified.021 seconds behind Cadalora.  Rainey, in the lead, went through the fast right-hander and got on the gas too early. The back end of his bike went out of control, causing him to lowside. As he slid off the track, the deep furrows in the gravel somersaulted him end-over-end and he landed heavily on his head. He was helicoptered away from circuit with a broken spine. Mick Doohan got past Schwantz to catch Cadalora, but was unable to pass him. The Italian fans swarm the track when Cadalora won.  That was the last race of the former champion Freddie Spencer.

After the race.

Tad Pilati of the Roberts team said of Rainey: Rainey would be paralysed from the chest down, and never walk again. He stayed in motorcycle racing in management roles, and has raced in a hand-control shifter kart, often with his motorcycle racing rival Eddie Lawson. Rainey has raced the shifter kart exhibition race held at Red Bull United States Grand Prix, which features motorcycle racing legends.  Grand Prix motorcycle racing did not return to Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli until 2007, which had been modified and the circuit rerouted clockwise.

The 1993 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth race of the 1993 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 5 September 1993 at the Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica.

Le Grand Prix moto d'Italie 1993 est le douzième rendez-vous de la saison 1993 du championnat du monde de vitesse. Il s'est déroulé sur le circuit de Misano du 3 au.


Motorcycle racing career.

Palazzese was born in Alba Adriatica in the Abruzzo region of central eastern Italy. His family emigrated to Venezuela when he was a child and he became a Venezuelan citizen. Palazzese began his racing career as a teenager, riding a Morbidelli 125 at the San Carlos Circuit.  He returned to Europe to compete in the Grand Prix world championships as a member of the Venemotos Yamaha racing team alongside his teammates, Johnny Cecotto and Carlos Lavado. Palazzese had his best year in 1982 when he won two 125cc Grands Prix and finished the season in third place, behind Angel Nieto and Eugenio Lazzarini. At the 1983 Dutch TT, Lavado and Palazzese finished in first and second place marking the first time that Venezuelan riders had claimed the top two places in a world championship Grand Prix race.  Palazzese was killed in a racing accident at the 1989 German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring. He was closely following Andreas Preining when the latter's motorcycle engine seized and abruptly slowed, causing Palazzese to collide with Preining and subsequently crash. While Palazzese was picking himself up off the ground, he was struck by riders Bruno Bonhuil and Fabio Barchitta who both crashed. It was fellow rider Virginio Ferrari who stopped his bike and first came to Palazzese's aid, but Palazzese was already dead having sustained massive chest injuries. He was 27 years old.  There is a monument erected in his honor in the Italian city of Alba Adriatica, where Palazzese was born.(Photo of the monument).

Motorcycle Grand Prix results.

Points system from 1968 to 1987  Points system from 1988 to 1992

Iván Palazzese (2 January 1962 – 28 May 1989) was an Italian born Venezuelan professional motorcycle racer. He competed in the Grand Prix road racing world championships from 1977 to 1989. In 1977, he became the youngest person at the time to stand on a Grand Prix podium, when he finished third behind Angel Nieto and Anton Mang at the 125cc Venezuelan Grand Prix at the age of 15.

Iván Pallazzese est un pilote italo-vénézuélien, né à Alba Adriatica le et mort en course le à Hockenheim. Il a été présent en championnat du monde moto de 1977 à.


History.

"Sine Terra Firma" released both first albums of Yann Tiersen, La Valse des monstres (1995) and Rue des Cascades (1996) and began to be successful. The last compilation of the associative label, called Ici, d'ailleurs... (1996), gave its name to the indie record label.  Ici, d'ailleurs... keeps an eclectic artistic direction, with no particularly musical genre.  The release of the third Yann Tiersen album, "Le Phare" (1998) allowed the label to expand internationally by proposing at once French and foreign artists, not recognized or on the way to the being.  In 2002, the label created "0101", the electronic division of the label.  Two years later, Ici, d'ailleurs... created a new collection named OuMuPo, an acronym for Ouvroir de MUsique POtentiel (workshop for potential music) in reference to the OuLiPo, OUvroir de LIttérature POtentiel (workshop for potential literature). The principle is making art under constraint. Several DJ's and electronic music composers have been offered to remix the whole label catalog. But there is a twist. They have to comply with constraints issued in the Ici, d'ailleurs... Charter. A huge fan of the OuBaPo, OUvroir de BAnde-Dessinée POtentiel (workshop for potential comics), Ici d'ailleurs... asked Jean-Christophe Menu, founder member of L'Association, an independent publishing society, to be in charge of the graphic side of the project. For each new work, the OuBaPiens, French cartoonists collective, created a sixteen pages comic book which comes along on top of each OuMuPo album, each time drawn by a different person. Again, these comics are ruled by a Charter to spice up the game. The collection includes six albums.  At the end of 2004, Stéphane Grégoire wanted to both re-interpret and pay tribute to Coil's music. The project This Immortal Coil was built step by step during five years with Yaël Naim, Bonnie Prince Billy, Yann Tiersen, Matt Elliott, DAAU, Chapelier Fou, Sylvain Chauveau, Christine Ott, Oktopus, Nightwood, David Donatien and Nicolas Jorio. The album "The Dark Age of Love" includes eleven Coil re-interpretations is released in October 2009.

Members.

Ici, d'ailleurs... currently represents thirty eight artists:

Discography.

Mind Travels

Ici, d'ailleurs... ("Here, there..." in French) is an independent record label based in Nancy, France and established by Stéphane Grégoire in 1997 from his associative label "Sine Terra Firma". It is mainly involved with production, publishing, booking and pressing.

Ici, d'ailleurs... est un label indépendant. Fondé en 1997 par Stéphane Grégoire, il fait suite au projet de label associatif "Sine Terra Firma". Le label est situé à Nancy. Ici, d'ailleurs... regroupe plusieurs secteurs d'activités : la production, qui reste sa fonction première, mais aussi l'édition, le booking (montage de tournée) et le pressage. Le label dispose d'un magasin en ligne "Diva", créé en collaboration avec d'autres labels indépendants.


Early life.

Kelley was born in Lima, Peru, to a Peruvian mother and an Argentine father. She moved to Sydney when she was 2 years old. From a young age, she dreamed about being an actress. She attended North Sydney Girls High School.

Career.

In 2005, "Charmed" executive producers Brad Kern, Aaron Spelling and E. Duke Vincent developed a one-hour pilot for The WB titled "Mermaid". Kelley was cast as the series protagonist Nikki, a mermaid who is rescued by a young man when she washes ashore in Miami. The pilot was not picked up as a result of The WB and UPN merging into The CW; the resulting network passed on the show.  In June 2006, Kelley received her breakout role as Neela in the film "", the third installment of "The Fast and the Furious" franchise. In March 2008, Kelley appeared in the low-budget drama crime film "Loaded" alongside Jesse Metcalfe. In March 2011, Kelley had a small role in the retro comedy film "Take Me Home Tonight", which starred Topher Grace, Anna Faris and fellow Australian Teresa Palmer. The film was shot in Los Angeles in 2007 but its release was delayed by Universal Pictures for unknown reasons. The following month, Kelley appeared as the protagonist in the low-budget horror film "Urban Explorer", which follows a group of four urban explorers who explore an underground world beneath metropolitan Berlin.  In 2010, Kelley played the love interest in the music video for the Bruno Mars song "Just the Way You Are". In August 2011, Kelley signed on in a major recurring role in the second season of the ABC crime drama television series "Body of Proof". Kelley appeared as Dani Alvarez in ten episodes and made her final appearance in the episode "Going Viral Part One". In 2012, Kelley played a vampire princess in the video clip "Luna Llena" from Puerto Rican reggaeton duo Baby Rasta & Gringo. In 2014, she won a regular role in the Lifetime series "Unreal". From 2016 to 2017, Kelly appeared as Sybil in the final season of The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries".  Kelley starred as Cristal in the first season of The CW's "Dynasty" reboot, from 2017 to 2018. In 2020, she debuted in the lead role of Noa Hamilton in the ABC series "The Baker and the Beauty".

Personal life.

By 2018, Kelley was dating Jordan "Jordy" Burrows. In April 2018, Kelley confirmed in an Instagram post that she and Burrows were engaged. They married on 29 April 2018.

Nathalie Kelley is a Peruvian-Australian actress known for her role as Neela in the 2006 action film "", and for her roles in various television series including "Body of Proof" (2011–2012), "Unreal" (2015), "The Vampire Diaries" (2016–2017) and "Dynasty" (2017–2018). In 2020, she debuted in the lead role of Noa Hamilton in the ABC series "The Baker and the Beauty".

Nathalie Kelley (née le au Pérou) est une actrice australo-péruvienne. Elle débute, au cinéma, en tant que premier rôle féminin du film d'action "" (2006) mais c'est à la télévision qu'elle est révélée, progressivement, à travers trois rôles : une employée du centre médico-légal de la série "Body of Proof" (2011-2012), la méchante de l'ultime saison de la série fantastique "Vampire Diaries" (2016-2017) et l'un des rôles principaux de la première saison de la série dramatique "Dynastie" (2017-2018)


Early career.

Von Plauen was born in Vogtland, between Thuringia and Saxony. Von Plauen arrived in Prussia around 1390 as the Order's guest, but later became a full member. He did not hold any important positions until 1402 when he became the Komtur of Nessau (Nieszawa). He was promoted to Komtur of Schwetz (Świecie) in 1407.  Von Plauen did not take part in the Battle of Grunwald on July 15, 1410. Upon receiving the news of the Order's defeat, he took the initiative and assembled an army of 3,000 men to defend Marienburg, capital of the Order. He correctly suspected that it was where the victorious Polish and Lithuanian armies were headed. He also sent letters, acting as the Grand Master, to Germany asking for additional troops and money. Von Plauen arrived at Marienburg on time and energetically organized the defense. The Siege of Marienburg started on July 18 and remained until September 19, 1410. The King of Poland, Jogaila, did not expect strong resistance and was not prepared for a long-term siege. The siege, holding Jogaila's army in place, helped to organize defensive forces in other parts of Prussia and gave time for relief to arrive from the Livonian Order and Germany. Jogaila had to retreat. Von Plauen ordered his forces to pursue the retreating Polish army and recaptured all fortresses (except those on the Polish–Prussian border) by the end of October.  In November 1410 for his services in the defense of Marienburg and Prussia, von Plauen was chosen as the 27th Grand Master of the Order, overtaking other officials of the Order with higher positions, like Werner von Tettingen, the Order's Minister of Diplomacy and the Komtur of Elbing (Elbląg), who fought in the Battle of Grunwald. Von Plauen inherited a difficult task of rebuilding Order's fortresses, restoring the economy, recruiting new Knights, and defending the Order's reputation in Europe.

Grand Master.

Von Plauen's major diplomatic accomplishment was signing the Peace of Thorn on February 1, 1411. The peace was rather favorable to the Order: it retained its core territories. The Order assigned Samogitia to Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great for his and Jogaila's lifetime. After their death Samogitia was to return to the Order. The border was not decided by the peace – an international commission was to mediate further negotiations. Poland received Dobrzyń Land and Kuyavia. The Order was to pay a large ransom for prisoners of war and war indemnity, equivalent to six million Prague groschen, in four installments.  To raise the money for the first installment, von Plauen called representatives of Prussian cities to Osterode (Ostróda) in February 1411. He proposed a special assessment of 12⁄3% on cities' possession. All cities, except for Danzig (Gdańsk), agreed. Because the decision was not unanimous, von Plauen called a second meeting, this time in Elbing (Elbląg). Thorn (Toruń) joined Danzig in opposition to the tax. Von Plauen decided to enforce the assessment. Thorn capitulated without much resistance, while Danzig resisted blockade until April 5, 1411.  Von Plauen actively fought off the opposition of the Lizard Union. In 1411 von Plauen discovered a plot by Georg von Wirsberg, Komtur of Rehden (Radzyń Chełmiński), and ordered the beheading of Nicholas von Renys, one of the four knights who formed the Lizard Union, for helping the Poles. The execution took place in Graudenz (Grudziądz), which brought him even less popularity.  The first two installment payments were made on time. When von Plauen saw that he could not make the third payment on time he asked Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor for help. Sigismund agreed to mediate and the parties met in Breslau (Wrocław) in March 1412. In August 1412 the emperor delivered his decision that the Peace of Thorn was just and that a commission should negotiate a reduction to the war indemnity. Another commission would decide the border between Samogitia and Prussia and inhabitants of the region would be given a choice to remain in Samogitia and become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania or to relocate to Prussia and become part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. To universal surprise von Plauen made the final payment on time in January 1413. The commission regarding Samogitian borders did meet. On May 3, 1413, Benedict Makrai, appointed by Sigismund, decided that the right bank of the Neman River, including Memel (Klaipėda), should belong to Lithuania.  Despite the Order's financial troubles and weakened military capability after the defeat of 1410, von Plauen started preparations for another war with the Kingdom of Poland. He rejected decision by Benedict Macra and by late summer 1413 gathered 6,000 men near the border with Pomerania and 15,000 on the border with Dobrzyń Land and Masovia (commended by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg). The time seemed right as Jogaila was busy in the south while Vytaut waged a war against Novgorod. Küchmeister attacked northern Poland, but returned only after 16 days. Attack on Pomerania was similarly stopped by disobedient Knights.

Removal from office.

Von Plauen was removed from his office on October 9, 1413 by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, the Grand Marshal and Komtur of Königsberg (Kaliningrad). Küchmeister disapproved of von Plauen's decision to wage another war and supported further peace talks with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The general chapter convened five days later. Herman Gans was appointed as an interim Grand Master until a formal general assembly would meet in January 1414. Von Plauen officially resigned and Küchmeister was appointed as the next Grand Master. Von Plauen was first appointed as a Komtur to a minor fortress, but was soon arrested when Jogaila did not support the new regime and demanded the return of von Plauen to his office. Küchmeister unsuccessfully reopened diplomatic talks with Poland and a brief Hunger War broke out in summer 1414.  Heinrich von Plauen was released from Danzig jail in 1418. At that time he became the procurator of Lochstädt (Pavlovo) near Königsberg, where he died in 1429.

Heinrich von Plauen (the Elder) (ca. 1370–1429) was the 27th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from November 1410 to October 1413. He was a stern proponent of prolonging the war with Poland. Because all male members of his family were baptized as Heinrich (Henry), he is sometimes known as Heinrich von Plauen the Elder to differentiate from his relative, Heinrich von Plauen the Younger (died ca. 1441).

Heinrich von Plauen, ou Henri de Plauen, né en 1370 et mort en 1429 au château de Lochstädt, près de Königsberg, est un chevalier teutonique. C'est le vingt-septième grand maître de l'Ordre Teutonique de 1410 à. Il descend de la famille des seigneurs de Plauen de la branche aînée, celle des Mühltroff.


Background.

After the military coup of 12 September 1980, a new constitution was drafted, designed by the military junta that came to power. Thirty years later, a referendum was held regarding a number of amendments to that constitution.  In 2010, the Turkish parliament adopted a series of constitutional amendments. The amendments did not achieve the required two-thirds majority (67%) for immediately implementing the changes. However, a majority of 330 votes (60%) was achieved and sufficient to present the amendments to the electorate in a referendum. A constitutional change, to make it more difficult for the Supreme Court to dissolve parties, failed to pass.  The reform package was accepted by parliament on 7 May, initiating the referendum process. The referendum was expected to be held 60 days after the publication of the package in the "Official Gazette", but the Supreme Election Board (YSK) announced that it would be held 120 days later, on 12 September.

Changes by theme.

Coup leaders and military personnel.

Provisional Article 15 of the Constitution, which provided protection to coup leaders, will be abolished. The amendments will allow the leaders of the 1980 coup to be sent to court. Military officers who commit crimes against the state, such as preparing coup plans, will be tried in civilian courts. Military personnel who are dismissed from the Turkish Armed Forces will have the right to appeal to the judiciary, the right to legal remedies and the right of defense.  Personal information such as names, photographs and ID information will be kept private. This kind of information will be stored only if the individual agrees to it, and individuals believing their personal information is being misused will be able to hold relevant entities accountable.

Economic and social rights.

Businesspeople with tax debts will be able to travel abroad. Businesspeople facing an investigation or prosecution are prohibited from traveling abroad under current regulations. In the amendments, businesspeople will be able to travel abroad provided there is no court order restricting their travel.  Right to collective bargaining for government employees. While government employees will be granted the right to collective bargaining, the Public Employees' Arbitration Board consisting of government employee representatives will have the final say. The same right will be granted to the retired. Government employees who believe they have been punished unfairly will be able to go to court.  Restrictions on the right to strike will be removed. Restrictions on politically motivated strikes and lockouts will be removed to advance workers' rights. Labor unions will not be held liable for material damage to a workplace where a strike is being held as a result of deliberately negligent behavior by the workers and by the labor union.  The Economic and Social Council (ESK), which comprises representatives from unions, associations and confederations, will be given constitutional protection. The council will be effective in determining economic policies and the government's involvement in council activities will be removed.

Individual freedoms.

Problems between the state and citizens will be resolved by way of an ombudsman without having to go to court. If citizens are not satisfied with judicial decisions, they will be able to directly petition the Constitutional Court.  Measures enacted to ensure equal rights for men and women will not be interpreted as contrary to the principle of equality, nor those enacted to protect children, elderly people, disabled people, widows and orphans of martyrs as well as for invalid and veterans.  Since the structure of the Constitutional Court will change, closing down parties will not be as easy as it used to be. Deputies will not be banned from politics if their party is closed down, but will keep their seats for the normal term.  Government workers, who until now could only be a member of one labor union, will now have a choice. Additionally, warnings and reprimands given to government employees will be open to judicial review. Government employees who believe they have been punished unfairly will be able to make claims in court.

Judicial reforms.

Parliament will choose some of the members of the Constitutional Court. The number of Constitutional Court members will be expanded. Parliament will appoint three members while the president will appoint 14 members. The Constitutional Court will obtain a more democratic structure, consisting of two parts and functioning as a general assembly.  The Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) will increase in number from 7 to 22. Members will no longer be elected only by the Supreme Court of Appeals and the Council of State. A total of 11 judges from around 13,000 judges will be appointed to the board to represent judges on the bench.  Dismissed judges will be able to appeal to the judiciary. The HSYK's decisions, like YAŞ decisions, will be open to judicial review. Prosecutors and judges dismissed by the board will be able to challenge dismissal decisions in court.  All citizens will be able to file a petition with the Constitutional Court. This is now only possible at the European Court of Human Rights.  Besides the President, the ministers and other senior government officials, the chairman of the parliament and the supreme commander of the Turkish army can now also appear in the Supreme Court (Yüce Divan).

Voting in parliament.

On 30 March 2010, Turkey's ruling party submitted its package of constitutional amendments to the parliament. The changes were passed in parliament in late April and early May 2010 with over 330 votes, below the two-thirds majority of 367 votes needed to pass them directly, but enough to send them to a referendum within sixty days after President Abdullah Gül signs the law. On 13 May 2010, president Gül signed the reform package.  The composition of the parliament (550 seats) during the voting was as follows: AKP: 336, CHP: 97, MHP: 69, BDP: 20, Independent: 12, DSP: 6, DP: 1, TP: 1. The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has 336 seats, but deputy Mehmet Ali Şahin cannot vote as he is the parliament speaker. CHP and BDP decided to boycott the voting. The Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) voted against the articles.  Each article required more than 330 votes in order to pass. The amendment for Article 69, which would have limited the ability of the Supreme Court to dissolve political parties, did not meet this threshold in the second round and was therefore dropped from the package.

Annulment of the package.

The main opposition party CHP not only argues that the constitutional package includes unconstitutional reforms, but also that it was passed through procedural violations. It wants the Constitutional Court to review the proposal process. The CHP's legal advisers also argued that the changes the package makes to the structures of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) are in violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. With this claim, the CHP alleges that the AKP is attempting to change one of Turkey's constitutional articles that cannot be amended. So in addition to a review of the package on procedural grounds, the CHP also demands a review of the content of the package. The CHP also demands a stay of the referendum results, bringing the total of CHP demands to three.  On 7 July 2010, the Turkish Constitutional Court delivered its final verdict on a package of constitutional amendments, which is to be subject to a public referendum on 12 September. The court has ruled in favour of the vast majority of the government's proposed reforms to the constitution. The court did not annul the whole package. Judges annulled certain parts of two articles, but rejected the demands of the Turkish opposition to scrap the whole package on technical grounds. The partially annulled articles pertain to the structure of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK). They were controversial due to the changes envisioned in the member appointment processes.  Both the government and the opposition expressed disappointment with the Court's decision.

Polls.

A poll by Sonar Research in August 2010 forecasted 49.1% in favour of the draft and 50.9% opposed.  A poll by KONDA Research in September 2010 forecasted 56.8% in favour of the draft, 25.6% were opposed, while 17.6% were undecided.

Results.

Voting irregularities.

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, the leader of the opposition represented by the Republican People's Party (CHP), could not vote because of a mix-up over where he should cast his ballot. "It was my responsibility to check the register of electors, but I could not do it due to my intense referendum campaign," he said.

Reactions.

International.

The result of the referendum was welcomed by a number of international observers.

Aftermath.

The "Human Rights Association" launched a petition to try Kenan Evren, the now retired general, over his role in the 1980 coup, as Evren defended the coup, saying military intervention was needed to bring an end to years of violence between leftist and rightist factions.  Hüseyin Çelik, the deputy chairman of the AKP, said the party's agenda would now be to work on a new constitution after the 2011 elections.

A constitutional referendum on a number of changes to the constitution was held in Turkey on 12 September 2010. The results showed the majority supported the constitutional amendments, with 58% in favour and 42% against. The changes were aimed at bringing the constitution into compliance with European Union standards. Supporters of Turkish EU membership hope constitutional reform will facilitate the membership process.

Un référendum constitutionnel s'est déroulé en Turquie le. Les questions portaient sur l'amendement de plusieurs articles de la Constitution turque de 1982, afin de la rapprocher de celles d'États plus démocrates. Le scrutin est boycotté par plusieurs partis. Le « oui » l'emporte nettement, avec toutefois des disparités selon les régions.


Early Ecclesiastic Career.

Born into an illustrious house of Naples, the family of Pierluigi was not unaccustomed to high-ranking prelates. Other cardinals in the family consisted of Filippo Carafa della Serra; Oliviero Carafa; Gianvincenzo Carafa; Carlo Carafa; Diomede Carafa; Alfonso Carafa; Antonio Carafa; Giovanni Pietro Carafa (later Pope Paul IV); Pier Luigi Carafa, Senior; Carlo Carafa della Spina; Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina; Francesco Carafa della Spina di Traetto; Marino Carafa di Belvedere; and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto. Also a member of the family was Gregorio Carafa, Grand Master of the Order of St. John.  Pierluigi was born on 4 July 1677 in Naples. He attended "La Sapienza" University in Rome where he was awarded a doctorate in both laws (civil and canon) on 19 October 1694. He was then ordained a deacon on 22 January 1713 and a priest on 19 February 1713.

Episcopal career.

Just over one month after his ordination to the priesthood, Pierluigi was elected titular archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia on 27 March 1713 and then made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 16 April 1713. He was appointed as Nuncio in Tuscany on 20 July 1713, a position in which he served for just under four years. On 12 April 1717 Archbishop Carafa was appointed Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and then, in 1724, as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops as well a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition.

Cardinalate career.

Archbishop Carafa was created cardinal-priest in the consistory of 20 September 1728 and received the red galero and the title of San Lorenzo in Panisperna, where he was installed on 15 November 1728. He was then made "Abbot commendatario" of Ferrara in 1729. He participated in the conclave of 1730, where Clement XII was elected pope. On 11 February 1737 Cardinal Carafa was named Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Upon the death of Pope Clement XII, Cardinal Carfa participated in the papal conclave of 1740, where Benedict XIV was elected. He was appointed as a cardinal-bishop on 16 September 1740 and was named to the suburbicarian see of Albano. Then, on 15 November 1751, he was appointed to the suburbicarian see of Porto-Santa Rufina. He was then named the Vice-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1751 and then named Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals on 9 April 1753 and appointed to the suburbicarian see of Ostia and Velletri, a position he held until his death on 15 December 1755, at 78 years of age.

Death and Entombment.

Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa died on 15 December 1755, at 8:30 p.m. in Rome. His remains were transferred the following day to the church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome where the "capella paplis" took place on 18 December 1755, and he was buried in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales.  On the funerary plaque of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales, the following in Latin is inscribed:  SACELLUM • VBI • MORTALES • EXVVIAE • CARD. PETRI • ALOISII • CARAFA • PATRONI • CONDITAE • ASSERVANTVR • SQVALENTI • VETVSTATE • OBSITVM • DOMINICVS • IACOBINI • ARCHIEP • TYRIORVM • S. CONSILII • CHRISTIANO • NOMINI • PROPAGANDO • LAVREENTIVS • SALVATI • S. CONSESSVS • TRIDENT • CONCILIO • INTERPRETANDO • A. SECRETIS • HEREDITATIS • QVAM • ILLE • IN • PIOS • VSVS • RELIQVIT • CVRATORES • EX • TESTAMENTO • ANNO • MDCCCXCI • INSTAVRATVM • EXORNARVNT

Burial Chapel.

Pierluigi Cardinal Carafa is entombed in the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales in the Church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome. The full name of the chapel is the chapel of "Saint Francis de Sales and Jeanne de Valois." The chapel was granted to Cardinal Carafa in 1753 who dedicated it to Saint Charles Borromeo and Jeanne de Valois, queen of France. The Cardinal himself donated the altarpiece by Marcantonio Romoli. The artwork within the chapel includes: the altarpiece, Saint Francis of Paula Gives the Cordon of the Order to St. Francis de Sales and St. Jeanne de Valois by Marcantonio Romoli and on the left wall, Funeral Monument of Cardinal Carafa by Paolo Posi and Pietro Bracci.

Pierluigi Carafa, Junior (4 July 1677 – 15 December 1755) (sometimes spelled as "Caraffa") was an Italian cardinal from the famous Neapolitan family of Italian nobles, clergy, and men of arts. He served the papacy as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as Dean of same College. He is currently buried at Sant'Andrea delle Fratte in Rome.

Pierluigi Carafa, né le à Naples, en Campanie, alors capitale du Royaume de Naples et mort le à Rome, est un cardinal italien du.


Design.

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the French Navy embarked on a construction program to strengthen the fleet in 1872. By that time, the Italian (Royal Navy) had begun its own expansion program under the direction of Benedetto Brin, which included the construction of several very large ironclad warships of the and es, armed with 100-ton guns. The French initially viewed the ships as not worthy of concern, though by 1877, public pressure over the new Italian vessels prompted the Navy's (Board of Construction) to design a response, the first of which was the barbette ship.  As the power of guns continued to grow, thicker armor was needed to protect the ships; the full side armor of earlier ironclads could not be thickened without prohibitively increasing displacement. French designers differed from their Italian counterparts, opting to retain a complete albeit narrow waterline armor belt instead of Brin's solution, the citadel system supported by a closely-compartmentalized layer. The French decision was driven by a desire to protect their ships' ability to maneuver, as the unarmored ends of the citadel ships could be easily damaged and flooded.  Continued pressure from the Chamber of Deputies, particularly over the caliber of gun chosen for "Amiral Duperré"— 48-ton weapons—led the designers to begin work on larger 100-ton guns for the next class, which became "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable". The design for the new ships was prepared by the naval engineer M. Godron. The French 100-ton gun, with a bore diameter, prompted the "Conseil des Travaux" to call for an even larger 120-ton weapon, but the 100-ton gun was retained for the new ships. Unlike their counterparts in other European navies, the French retained a secondary battery of medium caliber guns, which limited the "Amiral Baudin" class to three main battery guns. These were placed on the centerline, which maximized broadside fire at the expense of end-on fire. The ships were otherwise very similar to "Amiral Duperré". The "Amiral Baudin"s were the first French capital ships to be designed without a sailing rig, though "Amiral Duperré"s design was revised to omit it during construction.  Though the ships were intended to carry the new 100-ton guns, problems aboard other vessels with new 76-ton guns prompted the naval command to abandon the as-yet untested 100-ton weapons. A modified version of the 76-ton gun with a longer barrel that had been adapted to use new propellant charges was developed; these changes gave it higher muzzle velocity, which allowed its shells to penetrate as well as the 100-ton gun had been expected to perform. "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" had already begun construction by the time these new guns had been developed, so they were simply substituted for the larger guns on a one-for-one basis.  The class suffered from significant design faults, most significantly the arrangement of the guns; because they were placed on the centerline, they were arranged for fighting on the broadside. But their short belt, which was almost completely submerged under service conditions, did not sufficiently protect them from damage. At the time of their completion, they were the most powerful vessels in the French fleet despite their flaws. The "Amiral Baudin" design proved to be successful and led to the derivative ironclad and three-ship. The ships' period as state-of-the-art capital proved to be very brief; they were completed in 1888 and 1889, just before Britain passed the Naval Defence Act of 1889, authorizing the of what would become known as pre-dreadnought battleships. These were significantly more powerful vessels than the ironclad vessels of the 1870s and 1880s. The French in turn responded with their Naval Law of 1890, laying down a series of experimental pre-dreadnoughts beginning with that year.

Characteristics.

The "Amiral Baudin"-class ships were long between perpendiculars, long at the waterline, and long overall. They had a beam of and a draft of. They displaced. The ships had a fairly minimal superstructure, with a light conning tower with an open bridge. They were fitted with a pair of pole masts equipped with spotting tops for their main battery guns. The hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal steel frames and had a double bottom to reduce the risk of flooding. The hull featured a pronounced tumblehome shape common to French capital ships of the period, and they incorporated a ram bow. Their crews consisted of 625 officers and enlisted men. Steering was controlled by a single rudder. The ships were difficult to maneuver and they rolled badly in service, particularly in a beam sea, making them poor gun platforms.  The ships' propulsion machinery consisted of a pair of two-shaft, vertical compound steam engines that each drove a screw propeller. The engines were placed in separate engine rooms, divided by a watertight bulkhead. Steam for the engines was provided by twelve coal-burning fire-tube boilers, which were split into four watertight boiler rooms and were ducted into a single, large funnel just aft of the conning tower. "Amiral Baudin"s engines were rated to produce under normal conditions and up to at forced draft, for a top speed of, while "Formidable" received more powerful equipment rated for with forced draft, allowing her to reach. In service, "Formidable" was only capable of reaching a maximum of. Coal storage amounted to.  The ships' main armament consisted of three, 28-caliber breechloading guns mounted in individual barbette mounts, one forward, one amidships, and one aft, all on the centerline. They had a very slow rate of fire, taking ten minutes to reload after every shot, common for guns of the era. These guns were supported by a secondary battery of four and eight or ten guns, all carried in individual pivot mounts. The 163 mm guns were placed in sponsons in the main deck, two forward and two aft, while the 138 mm guns were in open mounts atop the main deck. These guns had a rate of fire of one shot per minute, but the blast effects of the main battery guns were so severe that the secondary gun crews had to be withdrawn from their positions when they were fired. For defense against torpedo boats, "Amiral Baudin" carried four 3-pounder guns, one 47 mm 3-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon, and fourteen 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolvers, all in individual mounts. "Formidable" had one of the 47 mm guns and twelve of the 47 mm revolvers, along with eighteen of the 1-pounder revolver cannon. Their armament was rounded out with six torpedo tubes in above-water mounts.  The ships were protected with a combination of mild steel and compound armor produced by Schneider-Creusot; their belt extended for the entire length of the hull and was composed of steel. The belt was wide, but overloading of the ship caused all but to be submerged, leaving most of the hull exposed to enemy fire. This seriously degraded the effectiveness of the armor and was a major weakness of the "Amiral Baudin" design. In the central portion, where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces and ammunition magazines, the belt was thick; at the top edge, it tapered slightly to, while at the lower edge, it was reduced to. Forward, the belt reduced to and aft it was uniformly 356 mm thick. The upper edge of the belt was connected to the armor deck, which was thick and covered the machinery spaces. The barbettes for the main battery were composed of 406 mm of compound armor and the supporting tubes that protected the ammunition hoists were the same thickness, but were of steel construction. The sides for their forward conning towers were thick.

Modifications.

Between 1896 and 1898, both members of the class were modernized to improve their fighting characteristics as part of a large-scale program in the late 1890s to update some fifteen ironclads that had been completed over the previous decade. The most significant alterations concerned the ships' armament. The central main battery gun was removed, along with its barbette, and a new, lightly armored battery for the 163 mm guns was erected in its place. These guns were removed from their hull sponsons and quick-firing versions were installed in the new battery. Quick-firing 138 mm guns were also installed in place of their older versions. Her light battery was revised to a pair of guns, twenty 47 mm guns, six 37 mm guns, and six 37 mm revolver cannon. The light guns were placed in fighting tops on the masts and on the superstructure. Both ships had two of their torpedo tubes removed during the refit.  Many of the French ironclads had excessively heavy superstructures that needed to be reduced, but the minimalist structures of the "Amiral Baudin"s received only minor alterations, including enlarged bridge structures; "Amiral Baudin" had an enclosed bridge installed. Their light, pole fore masts were replaced with heavier military masts to support the additional light guns, while "Amiral Baudin" had her main mast shortened; "Formidable" retained her original main mast. They also received new water-tube boilers that improved performance. As a result of the alterations, the ships' crews increased slightly to 650 officers and enlisted men.

Service history.

"Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" had relatively uneventful careers. They spent the bulk of their time in active service with the Mediterranean Fleet, where they were occupied with routine training exercises, typically in the western Mediterranean Sea and occasionally in the Atlantic in company with the Northern Squadron. In 1891, "Formidable" was involved in testing tethered observation balloons for use at sea. Through the early 1890s, "Formidable" served as the fleet flagship. During exercises in 1895, "Formidable" accidentally led the fleet into shallow water, running aground herself and causing "Amiral Baudin" to become stranded as well; a third vessel struck the sea floor but did not become stuck. "Formidable" was pulled free easily, but "Amiral Baudin" had to be lightened considerably before she could be refloated. None of the ships were damaged in the accident. "Amiral Baudin" was withdrawn from service in 1896 to be modernized and "Formidable" joined her the following year. Both ships were returned to active duty by 1898.  As more modern pre-dreadnought battleships began to enter the fleet by the late 1890s, "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" were transferred from the Mediterranean Fleet—the main French naval force—to the less strategically significant Northern Squadron in 1899. There, the normal routine of training exercises continued as in earlier years, including joint maneuvers with the Mediterranean Fleet. They both remained in service until 1902, when "Amiral Baudin" was transferred to the Reserve Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet. "Formidable" lingered on with the Northern Squadron that year, but was demobilized as well in 1903. "Formidable" was briefly reactivated in 1904 to temporarily replace another vessel, but quickly returned to reserve; neither vessel saw further active service and "Amiral Baudin" was converted into a hulk in 1909. "Formidable" was stricken from the naval register in 1911 and broken up, but "Amiral Baudin"s fate is unknown.

The "Amiral Baudin" class was a type of ironclad barbette ship of the French Navy built in the late 1870s and late 1880s. The class comprised two ships: and. After the Italian Navy began building a series of very large ironclads in the mid-1870s, public pressure on the French naval command to respond in kind prompted the design for the "Amiral Baudin" class. New, very large guns were developed to counter the weapons carried by the Italian ships; "Amiral Baudin" and "Formidable" were equipped with a main battery of three guns in three open barbettes, all on the centerline. Begun in 1879, work on the ships proceeded slowly and they were not finished until 1888–1889, shortly before the first pre-dreadnought battleships began to be built, which rendered older ironclads like the "Amiral Baudin" class obsolete.

La classe Amiral Baudin est une classe de deux cuirassés, de type en barbettes, de la marine française de la fin du.


Plot.

Part 1.

Sarah Jane receives a puzzle box from a Veron Soothsayer, with the instruction to give it to the person she most trusts. Sarah Jane gives Maria the puzzle box. A meteor is on collision course with Earth, and Sarah Jane has set up, but not yet activated via Mr Smith, a force field to deflect the meteor. The next morning, Maria wakes to find that Sarah Jane and Luke have gone missing, but no one besides Maria knows who Sarah Jane or Luke are. A woman called Andrea Yates has apparently taken Sarah Jane's place.  Investigating, Maria finds a 1964 newspaper report, stating that a thirteen-year-old Sarah Jane Smith died after falling off a pier, where she was playing with her friend, Andrea Yates. As Maria watches, the names of the deceased and the survivor on the report switch before her eyes and, at one point, hears Sarah Jane's disembodied voice calling out to her. When Maria goes to Andrea to talk to her about the report, Andrea suddenly panics and unceremoniously shows Maria out before she rushes to her attic, where she takes out a second puzzle box. She now remembers a mysterious hooded figure, who appears and offers to make Maria disappear. After Andrea accepts, he dispatches a small alien, a Graske, who captures Maria just after her father, Alan, picks up the first puzzle box, which Maria dropped during her escape from the Graske. When Alan's ex-wife Chrissie comes round, he discovers she cannot remember their daughter. Meanwhile, Maria escapes from the Graske and finds herself on a beach promenade near two girls. They introduce themselves as Andrea Yates and Sarah Jane Smith.

Part 2.

After failing to dissuade Andrea and Sarah Jane from going to the pier, Maria is recaptured by the Graske and taken to join the adult Sarah Jane on a white misty plain, limbo. The mysterious figure explains he has removed Sarah Jane from Earth's timeline so the meteor will destroy it and create the chaos on which he feeds; The Doctor will be his next target.  Alan accompanies Chrissie to Andrea's birthday party. Remembering Maria's suspicions, he questions Andrea, who takes him to the attic and sorrowfully reveals the truth. When Andrea fell off the pier and Sarah Jane was unable to save her, a voice offered to switch the girls' places and Andrea, terrified, accepted. The figure appeared and gave Andrea the puzzle box, then removed himself from her memory; Maria's questions made Andrea remember the deal she made with the figure. Alan is now chased into the street by the Graske but he knocks it down, then uses its device to bring back Maria.  They return to the attic, where Sarah Jane appears in the mirror and explains to Andrea that witnessing her death gave her the resolve to fight pointless deaths herself. When the figure reappears (called The Trickster by Alan), Andrea explains she has changed her mind about the deal and throws her puzzle box at the mirror, smashing both. Back in 1964, Andrea falls to her death. Sarah Jane and Luke reappear in the attic and activate Mr Smith. The party guests, including Chrissie and Clyde, have learned from television news about the incoming meteor, and are relieved to see it suddenly diverted from its fall. The episode ends with Alan demanding an explanation of Maria's involvement with aliens and supercomputers.

Reception.

The story received several positive reviews. Mark Wright, writing on "The Stage"'s "TV Today" blog, stated that the series, while usually "wholly satisfying and entertaining", "achieves true greatness" with the first part of "Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?" He called the episode "scary as hell... but with that essential lightness of touch that has typified the show from the start". Alisdair Stuart praised the acting of Jane Asher, Joseph Millson and Yasmin Paige; he regarded Paige's prominence as compensating for her relative lack of screen time in "Warriors of Kudlak". Stuart summed up "Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?" as "the darkest, most ambitious and most effective Sarah Jane story to date" and "one of the best New Who stories to date". Andrea Mullaney in "The Scotsman" also commended the "young actors", while calling attention to a "gentle theme" in the story of "ageing and what we leave behind".  The second part of the story received the most viewers of any programme ever broadcast on the CBBC Channel.

Novelisation.

This was the fifth of eleven Sarah Jane Adventures serials to be adapted as a novel. Written by Rupert Laight, the book was first published in Paperback on 6 November 2008.

Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? is the fifth story of the British science fiction television series "The Sarah Jane Adventures". It forms the seventh and eighth episodes of the show's first series. The first episode was aired on the CBBC channel on 29 October 2007, and the second on 5 November.

Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane? ("Qu'est-il arrivé à Sarah Jane?") est le quatrième épisode de la première saison de la série britannique de science-fiction "The Sarah Jane Adventures". À ce jour, la série n'a jamais été diffusée en France.


Design.

The "Bayard" class of barbette ships was designed in the late 1870s as part of a naval construction program that began under the post-Franco-Prussian War fleet plan of 1872. At the time, the French Navy categorized its capital ships as high-seas ships for the main fleet, station ironclads for use in the French colonial empire, and smaller coastal defense ships. The "Bayard" class was intended to serve in the second role, and they were based on the high-seas ironclad, albeit a scaled-down version.  "Bayard" was long at the waterline, with a beam of and a draft of. She displaced. The crew numbered 20 officers and 430 enlisted men. Her propulsion machinery consisted of two compound steam engines with steam provided by eight coal-burning fire-tube boilers. Her engines were rated to produce for a top speed of. To supplement the steam engines on long voyages overseas, she was fitted with a full-ship rig.  Her main battery consisted of four, 19-caliber guns mounted in individual barbette mounts, two forward placed abreast and two aft, both on the centerline. She carried a pair of guns, one in the bow and one in the stern as chase guns. These guns were supported by a secondary battery of six guns carried in a central battery located amidships in the hull, three guns per broadside. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried four 3-pounder Hotchkiss revolver cannon and twelve 1-pounder Hotchkiss revolvers, all in individual mounts. The ship was protected with wrought iron armor; her belt was thick and extended for the entire length of the hull. The barbettes for the main battery were thick.

Service history.

The keel for "Bayard" was laid down in September or October 1876 and her completed hull was launched in March 1880. Fitting out work was completed in 1882, and "Bayard" was commissioned in May 1883 under the command of "capitaine de vaisseau" Parrayon as the flagship of Admiral Amédée Courbet, who had recently been appointed to the command of France's Trial division ("division des essais"), established in April 1883. On 31 May 1883, in the wake of the defeat and death of Commandant Henri Rivière in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) at the Battle of Paper Bridge, Courbet was placed in command of a newly created Tonkin Coasts naval division. In early June Courbet left for the Far East with the ironclads "Bayard" and and the screw corvette.

Tonkin campaign and the Sino-French War.

"Bayard" arrived in Along Bay on 10 July, and for the next eleven months served as flagship of the Tonkin Coasts naval division. In August 1883, in the Battle of Thuận An, she bombarded the coastal defences of Hué, receiving minor shot damage from the Vietnamese shore batteries. From October 1883 to June 1884, during the period of growing tension that preceded the outbreak of the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885), she took part in a French naval blockade of the coast of Tonkin. On 30 November 1883, in response to the threat of an imminent Vietnamese attack on the French post at Quảng Yên, "Bayard"s landing company was hastily installed in the town's citadel, successfully deterring the threatened attack. In June 1884 "Bayard" became the flagship of the Far East Squadron, an exceptional naval grouping created for the war with China by the amalgamation of the Tonkin Coasts and Far East naval divisions.  On 5 August 1884 sailors from "Bayard" took part in a French landing at Keelung, but were forced to re-embark on 6 August by a heavy Chinese counterattack. "Bayard" took no part in the Battle of Fuzhou (23 August 1884), the opening battle of the Sino-French War, as she drew too much water to enter the Min River. Instead, she was left to guard the telegraph station at Sharp Peak near Matsu that allowed the squadron to communicate with France. On 1 October 1884 "Bayard" and several other French warships supported the French landing at Keelung with a naval bombardment of Chinese shore positions. On 8 October "Bayard"s landing company took part in the failed French landing at Tamsui, which condemned the Formosa expeditionary corps to a prolonged Keelung Campaign. From November 1884 to January 1885 "Bayard" took part in the French naval blockade of Formosa. On 14 November 1884, while anchored off Keelung and exposed to the northeast monsoon, she nearly foundered when her anchor chain snapped during a gale.  In February 1885 five warships of China's Nanyang Fleet made a sortie from Shanghai in an attempt to break the French blockade of Formosa. Courbet sought them out with "Bayard" and several other ships of the Far East squadron, and trapped them in Shipu Bay. At the Battle of Shipu on the night of 14 February 1885, two of "Bayard"s launches, used as improvised torpedo boats, attacked the Chinese squadron at anchor and disabled the frigate "Yuyuan" (馭遠) and the composite sloop "Chengqing" (澄慶). In early March 1885 "Bayard" took part in the French blockade of Zhenhai, the outport of Ningbo. In late March she formed part of the French flotilla for the Pescadores Campaign, and her landing company was engaged ashore on 31 March in the decisive battle with the Chinese defenders of Makung.  Admiral Amédée Courbet died on board "Bayard" in the harbor of Makung, in the Pescadores Islands, on 11 June 1885. "Bayard" left the Pescadores on 23 June to return Courbet's body to France for a state funeral, arriving at Toulon on 26 August. She then proceeded to Brest to be disarmed and decommissioned.

Later career.

By 1888, "Bayard" had been assigned to the Reserve Division of the Mediterranean Squadron. She was activated on 23 August that year for the annual fleet maneuvers. She got underway two days later to join the rest of the fleet, which had assembled at Hyères by 30 August. The maneuvers ended on 4 September, with the fleet returning to Toulon by the 10th. "Bayard" served in the 3rd Division of the Mediterranean Squadron in 1890, along with the two s. She took part in the annual fleet maneuvers that year in company with her division-mates and six other ironclads, along with numerous smaller craft. "Bayard" served as part of the simulated enemy force during the maneuvers, which lasted from 30 June to 6 July. During the 1890 fleet maneuvers, the ship was transferred to the 4th Division of the 2nd Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet, along with the two "Vauban"s. The ships concentrated off Oran, French Algeria on 22 June and then proceeded to Brest, France, arriving there on 2 July for combined operations with the ships of the Northern Squadron. The exercises began four days later and concluded on 25 July, after which "Bayard" and the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet returned to Toulon.  During the fleet maneuvers of 1891, which began on 23 June, "Bayard" served in the 3rd Division, once again with the two "Vauban"-class ships. The maneuvers lasted until 11 July, during which the 3rd Division operated as part of the "French" fleet, opposing a simulated hostile force that attempted to attack the southern French coast. She saw no service in 1893, but the following year she returned to service with the Reserve Division, where she was kept in a state of partial commission during the year. She returned to Indochinese waters in 1895, where she served as the station flagship once again. She was stationed there in company with the old ironclad, which was kept in reserve, and four protected cruisers. She remained on the East Asia station through 1896, by which time two of the cruisers had been withdrawn, leaving and. The following year, the unit remained unchanged apart from the substitution of the protected cruiser for "Alger". "Bayard" remained in French Indochina in 1898. The following year, she was replaced by the cruiser. That year, she was converted into a hulk, and was employed in that role until 1904 when she was struck from the naval register. "Bayard" was broken up in Saigon.

The French ironclad "Bayard" was an early stationary battleship of the French Navy, lead ship of her class. "Bayard" had a wooden hull and a full rigging, as well as a side armour and steam machinery.

Le Bayard est un cuirassé à coque en fer de classe Bayard construit à l'arsenal de Brest entre 1875-1880. Il prend ce nom en l'honneur de Pierre Terrail de Bayard (1476-1524), plus connu son le nom de « chevalier Bayard ».


Geography.

Burgebrach is said to be the eastern gateway to the Steigerwald (forest), where the Mittlere Ebrach empties into the Rauhe Ebrach. It is to be found on "Bundesstraße" 22 halfway between Bamberg and Ebrach.

Neighbouring communities.

Lisberg, Stegaurach, Frensdorf, Pommersfelden, Mühlhausen (Erlangen-Höchstadt district), Schlüsselfeld, Burgwindheim, Schönbrunn im Steigerwald and Walsdorf all border on Burgebrach.

Constituent communities.

Burgebrach's main and namesake centre is by far the biggest of its "Ortsteile" with a population of 3,316. The market town furthermore has these outlying centres, each given here with its own population figure:

History.

The first known name for the place was "Urbs Ebraha" in 1023. Emperor Heinrich II donated it to the Bishopric of Würzburg, which then sold it to the High Monastery at Bamberg. Burgebrach was the original parish for more than 40 outlying places. It was granted market rights on 21 August 1472 by Bamberg Bishop Georg von Schaumburg.  In 1499, on the Bishop's demands, three defensive towers had to be built, for which the Bishop exempted the market town from taxes. Walls were needless, as the boggy meadows and the Ebrach's two arms had long been thwarting enemy attacks. Thus Burgebrach was spared the fury of the Hussite and German Peasants' Wars. Only in 1550 was it beset by the notorious Margrave Albrecht Alkibiades’s, and on 16 February 1632 in the Thirty Years' War by the Swedes’ plundering and pillaging. In 1706, a great deal of money and goods were forced out of the townsfolk by the French.  Since the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" of 1803, the community has no longer belonged to the High Monastery at Bamberg, but rather to Bavaria.  Burgebrach once had Jewish inhabitants who had at their disposal a synagogue and a mikvah. The former has been converted into a home, while the latter, a ritual bath, is used nowadays as a garage. The dead were buried in Walsdorf.

Population development.

Within town limits, 4,761 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 5,037 in 1987, 6,212 in 2000 and 6479 in 2006. In 2007 it was 6,438.

Politics.

From 1990 to 2014, the mayor has been Georg Bogensperger (CSU). From 2014 on, the mayor is Johannes Maciejonczyk (CSU).  The town council is made up of 20 members, listed here by party or voter community affiliation, and also with the number of seats that each holds and percentage of votes received:  In 1999, municipal tax revenue, converted to euros, amounted to €2,610,000 of which business taxes (net) amounted to €776,000.

Town partnership.

There is a partnership arrangement with the community of Kapsweyer in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Culture and sightseeing.

Wayside shrines.

The local historical inscription from 1958 describes "Hans Leisentritt’s" last minutes: "...The sun was climbing on this last day of September in full brightness high above the Jura. Hans Leisentritt did not see it, nor did he see the blue sky as he faltered through the North Gate. Before the "Marter" at the brook he knelt down and the sentence was read out once again. ‘Crucified Lord Jesus Christ, have pity with me!’ In holy mercifulness the Lord on the Cross looked upon the poor sinner. A picture of misery of a man stumbled in fetters on towards the gallows. Nobody ran up to cut the ropes off from him so that he could run back into the market town, flee into the church and thereby be saved. None wanted to help him. Thus, he staggered on, up to the gallows. There, the hangman carried out his duty."  The Gothic "Marter" bears on its octagonal shaft the year 1522 and on the lantern 1512.  The lantern itself is adorned on both front and back by a Crucifixion scene, and on the edges are found Emperor Heinrich and Empress Kunigunde.  On the octagonal shaft, on the side towards the road – when the light is just right – the outlines of a human figure can be made out. At this wayside shrine, it is believed that Martin Luther preached on his way to Heidelberg, leading some to believe that the shape that could be seen on the shaft was Martin Luther's, thereby also leading others to batter the image with stones into unrecognizability. Whatever the truth is about this story, it cannot be confirmed that Martin Luther ever came to Burgebrach.  On 8 June 1968, Alfred Seel noted this 220-cm tall memorial with its 60-cm wide lantern in his description of field memorials in the City and District of Bamberg. In 1976, Hanns Leitherer strengthened and restored the memorial and the municipality laid a sandstone plaque at the foot of the shrine bearing both names.  The inscription "Ren. 1811" points to a renovation. The last restoration – in the 20th century – was financed by the "Heimatverein Burgebrach" ("homeland club").  Two legends, although neither one's provenance can be confirmed, are connected with this place:  In the front relief described as a representation of the Trinity, one does not see the usual representation of an at once glorious and dolorous Trinity, but rather God the Father gazes out from the clouds with outstretched arms, the dove, symbol of the Holy Ghost, sweeps across the middle of the relief over the Christ Child, who is being led by Mary and Joseph.

Economy and infrastructure.

Burgebrach is a subcentre and has its own hospital, the "Steigerwaldklinik". Moreover, there are many retail businesses in Burgebrach. The firm IDEAL Automotive and the Musikhaus Thomann with worldwide online mail ordering further enhance the economy.

Transport.

Through Burgebrach run "Staatsstraße" 2262 and "Bundesstraße" 22. The town may be reached by Autobahn through the Schlüsselfeld or Pommersfelden interchange on the A 3.

Burgebrach () is a market town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg and the seat of the administrative community ("Verwaltungsgemeinschaft") of Burgebrach.

Burgebrach est une commune de Bavière (Allemagne), située dans l'arrondissement de Bamberg, dans le district de Haute-Franconie. C'est dans cette ville qu'est basée une des principales entreprises de vente en ligne de matériel musical: Musikhaus Thomann.


Biography.

Family provenance.

Johanna Mathilde "Ina" Seidel was born in Halle, the eldest of her parents' three recorded children. Half a year later the family relocated to Braunschweig which is where for approximately ten years she grew up. Her father,, was a senior surgeon at the city's main hospital. Hermann Seidel's suicide in 1895 left his widow and her children to live in seriously reduced circumstances. It is thought that he was driven to kill himself by the ferocity of the "office politics" in play at the hospital where he worked. There was also an uncle, Heinrich Seidel, a larger than life engineer who in addition made his mark as a poet-novelist. Ina Seidel's mother, born Emmy Loesevitz (1861–1945), came from a northern family. At the time of his death Emmy Loesevitz's father, Wilhelm Loesevitz (1828–1861), had been working as a businessman in Riga. As a result of Emmy's remarriage, Ina Seidel acquired as a step grandfather the distinguished Egyptologist and author Georg Ebers (1837–1898) After her father's suicide her mother took the children to live in Marburg in 1896 and then to Munich in 1897. As a teenager, around the turn of the century Ina Seidel became involved with the exuberant arts scene focused in Munich's Schwabing quarter.  Ina Seidel's brother, (1887–1934), also became a writer. (1894–1959), her younger sister, became an actress and married a Dutchman.

Marriage and family.

In 1907 Ina Seidel married her cousin, the evangelical minister and author Heinrich Wolfgang Seidel (1876-1945). The genealogical intricacies of their kinship meant that her family name remained the same as before. The couple moved to Berlin where Heinrich had been assigned a parish to look after. The next year, following the birth of her first child, Heilwig, she became ill with childbed fever. She was able to live a conventional life as a minister's wife, house wife and mother, but the very slow rate of her recovery meant that she was stuck at home for much of the time. She never fully recovered. Writing, which till that point had been a "private sideline" for her, became a more prominent part of her life. She wrote poems and linked up with the aristocratic literati around Börries von Münchhausen (1874–1945) and the Göttinger Musenalmanach set, which included (1873–1956), and Agnes Miegel (1879–1964).  The couple moved with their child to Eberswalde (between Berlin and Stettin) in 1914. Ina's son, Georg Seidel, was born in 1919. He later built a career as a reporter, critic and essayist using the pseudonyms "Christian Ferber" und "Simon Glas".

War years.

Like many of her social background in Germany and England, Ina Seidel's initial reaction to the outbreak of war in July 1914 was to welcome it. She also shared with her friends the belief that her poetry deserved a wider readership. Börries von Münchhausen had recommended her to his own publisher. Between 1914 and 1933 Ina Seidel published five volumes of lyric poetry. Her volume of war poetry, "Neben der Trommel" ("loosely, "Beside the drum"") followed in 1915. "Das Haus zum Monde" ("loosely, "The House on the Moon""), her first novel, appeared in 1916.

German republic period.

Further works appeared during the republican years. In "Das Labyrinth" (1922) Seidel told the life story of a protagonist called "Georg Forster" who resolves the conflict between his unfulfilled life's ambitions and an unmanageable wider world through recourse to Christian sacrifice. During this period she also became involved with the women's rights movement. The family returned to Berlin in 1923 when accepted a posting to take charge of the parish duties at the Neue Kirche, Berlin. Seidel's work during her "second Berlin period" reflected the wider literary trends of the 1920s, displaying a new willingness to experiment. In her historical novel "Die Fürstin reitet" ("loosely, "The Princess rides out"," 1926) she intertwines known historical events with imagined scenes of her own devising in order to outline a narrative for the remarkable rise to power of the German-born Russian empress, Catherine the Great. In the view of at least one commentator, there is something curiously contemporary in Seidel's portrayal of a "patriarchal society without men", reflecting the realities of postwar Germany diminished through the slaughter of a generation of young men on the battle fields during the previous decade. Her rural novel "Brömseshof" (1927) represents a remarkable contrast, showing how closely the author was able to orient herself around traditional social precepts. During the 1920s she also published essays and undertook work as an editor. In commercial terms Seidel's break-through novel was "Das Wunschkind", which appeared in 1930, and on which she had been working since 1914. The novel traces the experiences a mother during the Napoleonic Wars. This character's individual fate is so closely entwined with the destiny of the nation that in the end she sacrifices her son to it. Despite appearing during the final part of the so-called Weimar period sales of "Das Wunschkind" really took off only after the Hitler government took power in 1933. In the view of at least one scholar book enjoyed official approval because of the extent to which it provides a "model for subsequent literary representations of motherhood that embraced Nazi ideology". Through the violent shifts in German history that took place during the next couple of decades, "Das Wunschkind" continued to find plenty of readers.  On 29 January 1932 Ina Seidel was admitted to membership of the Prussian Academy of Arts. She was only the second woman to receive this honour: the first had been Ricarda Huch. Her (politically right-wing) friend Börries von Münchhausen criticised her for accepting an honour conferred by republican political establishment, but in the end the friendship and political alignment between the two of them appears to have survived longer than the German "Weimar" republic.

Hitler years.

After several years of renewed austerity, intensifying political polarisation and parliamentary deadlock, the National Socialists took power in January 1933 and lost little time in transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. The Hitler government accelerated the cyclical economic recovery already under way, and unemployment finally began to fall rapidly. Antisemitism now became an underlying pillar of government strategy, and those with a Communist past encountered a new level of thuggishness from the security services, but the full horrors of the Nuremberg Laws, the disastrous war and the holocaust still lay on the future, and there were many who were neither left-wing political activists nor Jewish, who welcomed a return to what looked like political stability and economic prosperity. Ina Seidel herself was one of many who quickly demonstrated a robustly patriotic level support for National Socialist ideology, as did her ultra-conservative friend Börries von Münchhausen. In October 1933 she was one of 88 high-profile authors who signed the subsequently infamous Vow of Total Loyalty (""Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft"") to the leader, Adolf Hitler. Seidel's public support for the Hitler government would remain steady till the regime's collapse. In 1934 she moved out of Berlin and settled in Starnberg, a Bavarian lakeside resort town located between Munich and The Alps. In 1938 her second blockbuster novel, "Lennacker", was published. Hans Jakob Lennacker, orphaned and returning from the war in 1918, becomes ill with influenza while visiting his aged and religious aunt. He experiences twelve feverish dreams during the twelve nights between Christmas and Epiphany. He revisits twelve generations of his German forebears, each one a protestant pastor. In this way the book provides a vision of the rise and, some said, decline of Protestantism in Germany. Many National Socialist true believers would have seen the novel as an implicit acknowledgement of the importance of Christian values and traditions which the authorities were always keen to try and invoke in support of their own quasi-religious political project.  Seidel's continuing faith in the "Cult of the Leader" resurfaces in her poem "Lichtdom" which appeared in 1941 in the volume "Anthologie Dem Führer" (""Anthology to the Leader""). The final two lines of her tribute read, "Hier stehn wir alle einig um den Einen, und dieser Eine ist des Volkes Herz" ("loosely, "Here we all stand united around the one [man], and that one man comes from the heart of the people""). The poem was one she had originally presented to Adolf Hitler two years earlier on the occasion of the leader's (widely celebrated) fiftieth birthday. She had also marked the occasion by sending Hitler a personal telegramme of congratulation. Seidel's reomantic novel "Unser Freund Peregrin" appeared in 1940. In 1942 she teamed up with Hans Grosser to produce "Dienende Herzen, Kriegsbriefe von Nachrichtenhelferinnen des Heeres", a series of biographical essays which glorified the women supporting the army through war work. Other war-time publications included biographical essays on the icons of German romanticism, Clemens Brentano and Achim von Arnim, which appeared in 1944.  During the closing phase of the war Ina Seidel was one of 1041 artists listed on the 36 page so-called List of those Gifted by God (""Gottbegnadeten list""). The list was compiled by Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler: it featured those whose artistic contributions the National Socialists valued most highly.

After the war.

War ended in May 1945 and the twelve year National Socialist nightmare ended with it. Ina Seidel immediately resigned her membership of the Prussian Academy of Arts, which by this time would have been discredited by its close links with the pre-1945 government. She herself faced strong criticism because of her record of strong public support for the Hitler government. However, within the American, British and French occupation zones her books very soon returned to favour with the reading public, and they continued to find plenty of buyers and readers till well into the 1960s. During the 1950s she produced two further major novels with which she sought to rescue her reputation. In "Das unverwesliche Erbe" (1954: "loosely, "The inalienable legacy"") the expanded on the Christian aspects of her work. In her final novel, "Michaela" she expressly accepted, on behalf of herself and of the upper-middle class more widely, a share in the responsibility for National Socialism. Despite fierce rejection by mainstream literary critics in West Germany (as the western occupation zones had become in 1949), her last novel was another major success with readers. As a result of the postwar division of Germany the old Prussian Academy of Arts was effectively replaced by two institutions. In 1955 Ina Seidel was admitted to membership of the western Academy of Arts in West Berlin. Long before she died, in 1974, her principal works had been translated into a number of foreign languages. A less than flattering obituary in Die Zeit nevertheless described the report of her demise as one of those to which one's first reaction is surprise that the deceased had not already died many years earlier (""Ja, hat sie noch gelebt?"").

Ina Seidel (15 September 1885 - 3 October 1974) was a German lyric poet and novelist. Favourite themes included motherhood and the mysteries of race and heredity.

Ina Seidel, née le à Halle (Saxe-Anhalt), morte le à Ebenhausen près de Munich, est une poétesse lyrique et une femme de lettres allemande. Ses écrits ont pour thèmes principaux la maternité, le mystère du sang et l'hérédité.


Competition history.

After being narrowly pipped to both titles in by Ferrari, the aim of 2001 was to get McLaren back on top. However, the season proved to be frustrating in more ways than one. The chassis was good, but it was not developed enough to keep pace with Ferrari or new rivals Williams and also suffered from niggling aerodynamic problems; the Mercedes-Benz engines were less powerful than Williams's BMW units and less reliable than Ferrari's in-house efforts; and the team did not do a good enough job regarding the return of electronic driver aids.  Moreover, Häkkinen had his least successful season since, suffering both from appalling luck and a loss of form at many races. The most notable incident was in Spain when he suffered a last-lap clutch/engine failure while leading. Despite winning two Grands Prix, he elected to retire at the end of the season, and would be replaced by compatriot Kimi Räikkönen. Coulthard, by contrast, produced the best season of his career to date, winning two races early on and mounting a championship challenge to Michael Schumacher. However, McLaren lost this early parity with Ferrari and he was fortunate to keep second place in the Drivers' Championship ahead of Ferrari's number two, Rubens Barrichello.  Similarly, the team regarded themselves as fortunate to come second in the Constructors' Championship, with 102 points, ahead of the resurgent Williams team.

Livery.

McLaren Mercedes went into the 2001 season with renewed major sponsorships such as West, Mobil 1, Mercedes-Benz, Hugo Boss, Sun Microsystems, Computer Associates, Warsteiner, Schüco and Loctite. McLaren-Mercedes received new sponsorship such as SAP, Siemens Mobile and discontinued sponsorships are Fujitsu Siemens. The livery was similar to the 2000 design with subtle changes.  McLaren used 'West' logos, except at the French and British Grands Prix.

Complete Formula One results.

() (results in bold indicate pole position; results in "italics" indicate fastest lap)

The McLaren MP4-16 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 2001 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was driven by double world champion Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard in what would be their sixth and final season together as McLaren teammates.

La McLaren MP4-16 est la monoplace engagée par l'écurie McLaren Racing lors de la saison 2001 de Formule 1. Elle est pilotée par le Finlandais Mika Häkkinen et le Britannique David Coulthard et le pilote d'essais est Alexander Wurz.


History.

In April 2007, Reykjavik Energy, Reykjavik University and The University of Iceland signed an agreement to establish an international graduate programme for Sustainable Energy studies. The school was named the Reykjavik Energy Graduate School for Sustainable Systems (REYST). REYST's inaugural class began their studies in August 2008, and graduated in February 2010 from the 18-month program. In early 2013, the REYST programme was reorganised into the Iceland School of Energy to include a new partner, the Icelandic GeoSurvey (ÍSOR). In addition to the permanent partners, Reykjavik Energy and ÍSOR, ISE has active collaborations with institutions both domestically and internationally including Landsvirkjun, Landsnet, Orkustofnun, Arctic Circle (organization), Tufts University ́s Fletcher School and The GREEN Program.  Due to increased research by students and faculty, ISE expanded their area of expertise in 2018 to include studies in electric power systems. In doing so, Reykjavik University's MSc in Electrical Engineering was divided into two degrees: an MSc in Mechatronics Engineering, and an MSc in Electric Power Engineering.

Programmes.

ISE offers four graduate level programmes in the field of energy studies. Each programme is 120 ECTS and requires two years to complete, culminating in a master's thesis defence. MSc Sustainable Energy Engineering students can tailor studies towards particular interest areas in the field of energy engineering including the generation, transmission, distribution, and demand activities. The MSc Sustainable Energy Sciences program is tailored at offering a wide range of interdisciplinary students from finance, public policy to geology exposure the technical perspective of energy sciences while allowing them to tailor their studies to their specialty through energy specific courses within Reykjavik University ́s School of Business and School of Law as well as internship and thesis studies. Previous ISE MSc students have presented research at the Stanford Geothermal Congress, the Tufts Fletcher School ́s Resolving the Arctic Paradox Conference, the Arctic Circle Assembly, and the World Geothermal Congress in Melbourne, Australia.

Faculty.

The Faculty and Staff of ISE include scientists from Reykjavik Energy, ÍSOR, Reykjavik University and the University of Iceland. Students attend courses at Reykjavik University as well as at Iceland GeoSurvey and other collaborators ́ headquarters.

The Iceland School of Energy (ISE; Icelandic: "Íslenska Orkuháskólann") is an international graduate school within the Department of Engineering at Reykjavik University, the largest private university in Iceland. ISE is jointly owned by Reykjavik Energy, Reykjavik University, and Iceland GeoSurvey, and specialises in the fields of Sustainable Energy and Electric Power Engineering and Management.

Reykjavik Energy Graduate School of Sustainable Systems (REYST) est une "graduate school" islandaise située à Reykjavik et dévouée aux énergies renouvelables, en particulier à la géothermie. Le programme propose trois spécialités: ingénierie, sciences de la Terre et management.


Orbit and classification.

Located in the orbital region of the Flora family, "Jole" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,184 days; semi-major axis of 2.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A903 QA at Heidelberg Observatory on 24 August 1903, where the body's observation arc begins on the following night.

Naming.

Based on Lutz Schmadel's own research, this minor planet was named from Greek mythology, after Iole, daughter of King Eurytus of Oechalia and wife by force of divine hero Heracles. The naming was not mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955.

Physical characteristics.

In the SDSS-based taxonomy, "Jole" is a common, stony S-type asteroid.

Rotation period.

In September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of "Jole" was obtained from photometric observations by Daniel Coley at the DanHenge Observatory at the Center for Solar System Studies. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), "Jole" measures kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of. Alternative mean-diameters published by the WISE team includes () and () with corresponding albedos of () and (). The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo for a Florian asteroid of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 6.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.2.

836 Jole ("prov. designation:" "or" ) is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 23 September 1916, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.6 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after Iole, wife of Heracles from Greek mythology.

(836) Jole est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le par l'astronome allemand Max Wolf. Sa désignation provisoire était 1916 AF.


Life and career.

Arthur Sard was born and grew up in New York City and spent most of his adult life there. He attended the Friends Seminary, a private school in Manhattan, and went to college at Harvard University, where he received in 1931 his bachelor's degree, in 1932 his master's degree, and in 1936 his PhD under the direction of Marston Morse. Sard's PhD thesis has the title "The measure of the critical values of functions". He was a member of the first faculty members at the then newly founded Queens College, where he worked from 1937 to 1970.  During WWII Sard worked as a member, under the auspices of the Applied Mathematics Panel, of the "Applied Mathematics Group" of Columbia University (AMG-C), especially in support of fire control for machine guns mounted on bombers. Saunders Mac Lane wrote concerning Sard: “His judicious judgments kept AMG-C on a straight course, [...]”.  Sard retired as professor emeritus in 1970 at Queens College and then worked at La Jolla, where he spent five years as a research associate in the mathematics department of the University of California, San Diego. In 1975 he went to Binningen near Basel and taught at various European universities and research institutes. In 1978 he accepted an invitation from the Soviet Academy of Sciences to be a guest lecturer. In 1978 and 1979 he was a guest professor at the University of Siegen. Arthur Sard died on 31 August 1980 in Basel.  From 1938 until his death Sard published almost forty research articles in refereed mathematical journals. Also he wrote two monographs: in 1963 the book "Linear Approximation" and in 1971, in collaboration with Sol Weintraub, "A Book of Splines". According to the book review from the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung the content-rich („inhaltsreiche“) "Linear Approximation" is an important contribution to the theory of approximation of integrals, derivatives, function values, and sums („ein wesentlicher Beitrag zur Theorie der Approximation von Integralen, Ableitungen, Funktionswerten und Summen“).

Works.

Sard published thirty-eight research articles and the two following monographs:

Arthur Sard (28 July 1909, New York City – 31 August 1980, Basel) was an American mathematician, famous for his work in differential topology and in spline interpolation. His fame stems primarily from Sard's theorem, which says that the set of critical values of a differential function which has sufficiently many derivatives has measure zero.

Arthur Sard ( à New York - à Bâle) est un mathématicien américain, connu pour ses travaux en topologie différentielle et en approximation spline. Il est passé à la postérité pour le Théorème de Sard qui énonce que l'ensemble des valeurs critiques d'une fonction suffisamment régulière est de mesure nulle.