Early life.

Kasem was born in Detroit, Michigan on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese Druze immigrants, Helen and Amin Kasem, who were grocers. He was named after Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a man Kasem said his father respected. Kasem's parents did not allow their children to speak Arabic and insisted that they assimilate into American life.  In the 1940s, "Make Believe Ballroom" reportedly inspired Kasem to follow a career in radio and later host a national radio hits countdown show. Kasem received his first experience in radio covering sports at Northwestern High School in Detroit. He then attended Wayne State University, where he voiced children on radio programs such as "The Lone Ranger" and "Challenge of the Yukon." In 1952, Kasem was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Korea. There, he worked as a DJ/announcer on the Armed Forces Radio Korea Network.

Career.

Early career.

After the war, Kasem began his professional broadcasting career in Flint, Michigan. From there, he spent time in Detroit as a disc jockey for radio station WJBK-AM (and doing such shows as "The Lone Ranger" and "Sergeant Preston of the Yukon"), WBNY in Buffalo, New York and a station in Cleveland before moving to California. At KYA in San Francisco, the general manager suggested that he tone down his delivery and talk about the records instead. At KEWB in Oakland, California, Kasem was both the music director and an on-air personality. He said he was inspired by a "Who's Who in Pop Music, 1962" magazine that he found in the trash. He created a show that mixed in biographical tidbits about the artists and songs he played, and attracted the attention of Bill Gavin, who tried to recruit him as a partner. After Kasem joined KRLA in Los Angeles in 1963, his career began to blossom and he championed the R&B music of East L.A.  Kasem earned roles in a number of low-budget movies and acted in radio dramas. While hosting "dance hops" on local television, he attracted the attention of Dick Clark, who hired him as co-host of a daily teenage music show called "Shebang", starting in 1964. Kasem had roles on network TV series that included "Hawaii Five-O" and "Ironside". In 1967, he appeared on "The Dating Game", and played the role of "Mouth" in the motorcycle gang film "The Glory Stompers". In 1969, he played the role of Knife in the film "Wild Wheels", and had a small role in another biker movie, "The Cycle Savages," starring Bruce Dern and Melody Patterson.  Kasem's voice was the key to his career. At the end of the 1960s, he began working as a voice actor. In 1969, he started one of his most famous roles, the voice of Shaggy on "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" He also voiced the drummer Groove from "The Cattanooga Cats" that year. In 1964 during the Beatlemania craze, Kasem had a minor hit single called "Letter from Elaina", a spoken-word recording that told the story of a girl who met George Harrison after a San Francisco Beatles concert.

1970–1988: Acting/voiceover work and "American Top 40".

On July 4, 1970, Kasem, along with Don Bustany, Tom Rounds, and Ron Jacobs, launched the weekly radio program "American Top 40" ("AT40"). At the time, top 40 radio was on the decline as DJs preferred to play album-oriented progressive rock. Loosely based on the TV program "Your Hit Parade", the show counted down from #40 to #1 based on the "Billboard" Hot 100 weekly chart. But the show was not just about the countdown: Kasem mixed in biographical information and trivia about the artists, as well as flashbacks and "Long-Distance Dedication" segments in which he read letters from listeners wishing to dedicate songs to distant loved ones. Frequently, he mentioned a trivia fact about an unnamed singer before a commercial break, then provided the name of the singer after returning from the break. Kasem ended the program with his signature sign-off, "Keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars."  The show debuted on seven stations but soon went nationwide. In October 1978, the show expanded from three hours to four. "American Top 40" success spawned several imitators, including a weekly half-hour music video television show, "America's Top 10", hosted by Kasem himself. "When we first went on the air, I thought we would be around for at least 20 years," he later remarked. "I knew the formula worked. I knew people tuned in to find out what the number 1 record was." Because of his great knowledge of music, Kasem became known as not just a disc jockey, but also a music historian.  In 1971, Kasem provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin/Bass production of "Here Comes Peter Cottontail". In the same year, he appeared in the low-budget film "The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant", in what was probably his best-remembered acting role. From 1973 to 1985, Kasem voiced Robin for several "Super Friends" franchise shows. In 1980, he voiced Merry in "The Return of the King". He also voiced Alexander Cabot III on "Josie and the Pussycats" and "Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space", and supplied a number of voices for "Sesame Street".  In the late 1970s, Kasem portrayed an actor who imitated "Columbo" in the "Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" two-part episode "The Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom." He portrayed a golf commentator in an episode of "Charlie's Angels" titled "Winning is for Losers", and appeared on "Police Story", "Quincy, M.E." and "Switch". In 1977, Kasem was hired as the narrator for the ABC sitcom "Soap", but quit after the pilot episode because of the show's controversial content. Rod Roddy took his place on the program. In 1984, Kasem made a cameo in "Ghostbusters", reprising his role as the host of "American Top 40". For a period in the late 1970s, he was the staff announcer for the NBC television network.  In 1983 Kasem helped found the "American Video Awards", an annual music video award show taped for distribution to television, which he also hosted and co-produced. His goal for the award was to make it the "Oscars" of music videos. There were only five award shows. The final show aired in 1987.

1988–1998: "Casey's Top 40".

In 1988, Kasem left "American Top 40" because of a contract dispute with ABC Radio Network. He signed a five-year, $15 million contract with Westwood One and started "Casey's Top 40", which used a different chart, the Radio & Records Contemporary (CHR)/Pop radio airplay chart (also employed contemporaneously by "Rick Dees Weekly Top 40"). He also hosted two shorter versions of the show, "Casey's Hot 20" and "Casey's Countdown." During the late 1990s, Kasem hosted the Radio Hall of Fame induction ceremony.  Kasem voiced Mark in "Battle of the Planets" and several "Transformers" characters: Bluestreak, Cliffjumper, Teletraan I and Dr. Arkeville. He left "Transformers" during the third season because he believed the show contained offensive caricatures of Arabs and Arab countries. In a 1990 article, he explained: From 1989 to 1998, Kasem hosted Nick at Nite's New Year's Eve countdown of the top reruns of the year. He also made cameo appearances on "Saved by the Bell" and "ALF" in the early 1990s. In 1997, Kasem quit his role as Shaggy in a dispute over a Burger King commercial, with Billy West and Scott Innes taking over the character in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

1998–2009: "American Top 40" second run.

The original "American Top 40", hosted by Shadoe Stevens after Kasem's departure, was cancelled in 1995. Kasem regained the rights to the name in 1997, and the show was back on the air in 1998, on the AMFM Network (later acquired by Premiere Radio Networks).  At the end of 2003, Kasem announced he would be leaving "AT40" once his contract expired the following month and would be replaced by Ryan Seacrest. He agreed to a new contract to continue hosting his weekly adult contemporary countdown shows in the interim, which at the time were both titled "American Top 20". In 2005 Kasem renewed his deal with Premiere Radio Networks to continue hosting his shows, one of which had been reduced to ten songs and was retitled "American Top 10" to reflect the change.  In April 2005, a television special called "American Top 40 Live" aired on the Fox network, hosted by Seacrest, with Kasem appearing on the show. In 2008, Kasem did the voice-over for WGN America's "Out of Sight Retro Night". He was also the host of the short-lived American version of "100%" during the 1998–99 season.  In June 2009, Premiere announced it would no longer produce Kasem's two remaining countdowns, ending their eleven-year relationship. Kasem, at 77, decided against finding another syndicator or replacement host, citing a desire to explore other avenues such as writing a memoir. He sent a press release during the last week of June announcing that he would retire from radio on the July 4 weekend, the 39th anniversary of the first countdown show.  Kasem also performed TV commercial voice-overs throughout his career, appearing in more than 100 commercials.  In 2002, Kasem reprised the role of Shaggy. In 2009, he retired from voice acting, with his final performance being the voice of Shaggy in "Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword". He did voice Shaggy again for "The Official BBC Children in Need Medley", but went uncredited by his request. Although officially retired from acting, Kasem provided the voice of Colton Rogers, Shaggy's father, on a recurring basis for the 2010–2013 series "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", again uncredited at his request.  As for his recognizable voice quality, "It's a natural quality of huskiness in the midrange of my voice that I call 'garbage,'" he stated to "The New York Times". "It's not a clear-toned announcer's voice. It's more like the voice of the guy next door."

Personal life.

Kasem was a dedicated vegan, supported animal rights and environmental causes, and was a critic of factory farming. He initially quit voicing Shaggy in the late 1990s when asked to voice Shaggy in a Burger King commercial, but returned in 2002 after negotiating to have Shaggy become a vegetarian.  Kasem was active in politics for years, supporting Lebanese-American and Arab-American causes, an interest triggered by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. He wrote a brochure published by the Arab American Institute entitled "Arab-Americans: Making a Difference". He called for a fairer depiction of heroes and villains on behalf of all cultures in Disney's 1994 sequel to "Aladdin" called "The Return of Jafar". In 1996, he was honored as "Man of the Year" by the American Druze Society. Kasem campaigned against the Gulf War, advocating non-military means of pressuring Saddam Hussein into withdrawing from Kuwait, was an advocate of Palestinian independence and arranged conflict-resolution workshops for Arab Americans and Jewish Americans.  A political liberal, Kasem narrated a campaign ad for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign, hosted fundraisers for Jesse Jackson's presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988, supported Ralph Nader for U.S. President in 2000, and supported progressive Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns. Kasem supported a number of other progressive causes, including affordable housing and the rights of the homeless.  Kasem was married to Linda Myers from 1972 to 1979. They had three children: Mike, Julie, and Kerri Kasem. Kasem was married to actress Jean Thompson from 1980 until his death. They had one child, Liberty Jean Kasem.  In 1989, Kasem purchased a home built in 1954 and located at 138 North Mapleton Drive in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie, as a birthday present for his wife, Jean. In 2013, Kasem and his wife put the home on the market for US$43 million.

Illness and death.

In October 2013, Kerri Kasem said her father was suffering from Parkinson's disease, which a doctor had diagnosed in 2007; a few months later, she said he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia, which is often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson's. His condition left him unable to speak during his final months.  As Kasem's health worsened in 2013, his wife Jean prevented any contact with her husband, particularly by his children from his first marriage. On October 1, Kerri, Mike, and Julie protested in front of the Kasem home, having not been allowed contact with their father for three months. Some of Kasem's longtime friends and colleagues, along with his brother Mouner, also joined the demonstration. The older Kasem children sought conservatorship over their father's care, with Julie and her husband Jamil Aboulhosn filing the papers; the court denied their petition in November.  Kasem was removed from a Santa Monica, California nursing home by his wife on May 7, 2014. On May 12, Kerri Kasem was granted temporary conservatorship over her father, despite her stepmother's objection. The court also ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem's whereabouts after his wife's attorney told the court that Casey was "no longer in the United States". He was found soon afterward in Washington state.  On June 6, 2014, Kasem was reported to be in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state, receiving antibiotics for bedsores and treatment for high blood pressure. It was revealed that he had been bedridden for some time. A judge ordered separate visitation times for Kasem's wife and his children from his first marriage. Judge Daniel S. Murphy ruled that Kasem had to be hydrated, fed and medicated as a court-appointed lawyer reported on his health status. Jean Kasem claimed that he had been given no food, water or medication the previous weekend. Kerri Kasem's lawyer stated that she had him removed from artificial food and water on the orders of a doctor and in accordance with a directive her father signed in 2007 saying he would not want to be kept alive if it "would result in a mere biological existence, devoid of cognitive function, with no reasonable hope for normal functioning." Murphy reversed his order the following Monday after it became known that Kasem's body was no longer responding to the artificial nutrition, allowing the family to place Kasem on "end-of-life" measures over the objections of Jean Kasem.  On June 15, 2014, Kasem died at St. Anthony's Hospital in Gig Harbor, Washington at the age of 82. The immediate cause of death was reported as sepsis caused by an ulcerated bedsore. His body was handed over to his widow, who made funeral arrangements. Reportedly, Kasem wanted to be buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.  By July 19, a judge had granted Kerri Kasem a temporary restraining order to prevent Jean Kasem from cremating the body in order to allow an autopsy to be performed. However, when Kerri Kasem went to give a copy of the order to the funeral home, she was informed that the body had been moved at the direction of Jean Kasem. Kasem's wife had the body moved to a funeral home in Montreal on July 14, 2014. On August 14, it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper "Verdens Gang" that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo.  Kasem's wife, Jean had him interred at Oslo Western Civil Cemetery on December 16, 2014, more than six months after his death.  In November 2015, three of Kasem's children and his brother sued his widow for wrongful death. The lawsuit charges Jean Kasem with elder abuse and inflicting emotional distress on the children by restricting access before his death. A 2018 police investigation initiated by a private investigator working for Jean found that he had received appropriate medical care while in Washington, and that there was no evidence pointing to homicide.

Honors.

In 1981, Kasem was granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame radio division in 1985, and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1992. Five years later, he received the Radio Hall of Fame's first Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2003, Kasem was given the Radio Icon award at the Radio Music Awards.

Kemal Amin "Casey" Kasem (April 27, 1932 – June 15, 2014) was an American disc jockey, music historian, radio personality, actor and voice actor. He was notable for being the host of several music radio countdown programs, notably "American Top 40" from 1970 until his retirement in 2009, and being the first actor to voice Norville "Shaggy" Rogers in the "Scooby-Doo" franchise from 1969 to 1997, and again from 2002 until 2009.

Kémal Amin Kasem, plus connu sous le nom de Casey Kasem, est un disc jockey et producteur américain, né le à Détroit, Michigan et décédé le à Gig Harbor dans l'État de Washington.


History.

The land of the Governorate of Ma'an hosts many historic sites. The land of Ma'an Governorate was under the Edomite rule, which had its capital in Busaira in neighboring Tafilah Governorate. The Edomites were then replaced by the Nabateans who built one of the most significant archaeological and historical sites in the Middle East, the ancient city of Petra. After succeeding in repulsing Macedonian and Roman invasions, Petra finally fell to the Roman Empire in 103 A.D. Near Petra is Mount Hor, where is it believed that Aaron the brother of Moses died: the mountain is referred to as "Jebel Nebi Harun " (Mountain of Prophet Aaron) in Arabic. There is a tomb for Aaron at the top of the mountain.  Evidence for human settlement in Ma'an Governorate dates back to at least, when the Neolithic village of Basta was founded. Basta was one of the first settlements in the world to have agriculture and domesticated livestock.  In the 7th century A.D. the lands of Ma'an were annexed to the Islamic Khaliphate. With the coming of the Crusaders in the 11th century, The Crusaders took control of the highlands of Shoubak, at an elevation of more than 1300 meters above sea level, the Crusaders built the castle of Montreal in the city of Shoubak.  Ma'an was the capital of the Arab state declared by Emir Abdullah for a short period of time in 1920 before moving the capital to Amman. The first newspaper in the modern day Jordan was issued in Ma'an and was named Alhaqqu Ya'lu (الحق يعلو ).  In Autumn 1996 and Spring 1997 the Al-Jafr-desert, located near Al-Jafr in the eastern part of the governorate, was the location of extensive tests of the ThrustSSC, the British-built currently fastest land vehicle in the world, which was the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier in October 1997 in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, United States. The ThrustSSC was thus therefore the fastest land vehicle ever driven in an Arab country.

Geography.

Although Ma'an Governorate has the largest area of the 12 governorates that constitute the Kingdom of Jordan, it has the lowest population density: less than 4 persons per square km. It has international borders with Saudi Arabia from the east and south, and borders Aqaba, Tafilah, and Karak governorates from the west, and Amman Governorate from the north. The climate in Ma'an is mostly desert climate, but the western highlands have a Mediterranean climate. The average annual rainfall ranges from 50 mm in the desert regions to 250 mm in the western highlands, and exceeds 500 mm in the Sharah mountains.

Demographics.

The population of districts according to census results:

Administrative divisions.

The ministry of Interior divides Ma'an Governorate into four departments under Article 7 of the Administrative Divisions System of the year 2000. The capital department is further subdivided into five subdivisions:

Ma'an () is one of the governorates of Jordan, it is located south of Amman, Jordan's capital. Its capital is the city of Ma'an. This governorate is the largest in the kingdom of Jordan by area.

Le gouvernorat de Ma'an est un gouvernorat de la Jordanie qui est considéré comme le plus grand gouvernorat en Jordanie au niveau de la superficie. Sa capitale est la ville de Ma'an.


History.

The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" was a daily newspaper founded on 9 December 1985 by publisher Eugenia Apóstol, columnist Max Solivén, together with Betty Go-Belmonte during the last days of the regime of the Philippine dictator, Ferdinand Marcos, becoming one of the first private newspapers to be established under the Marcos regime. The "Inquirer" succeeded the weekly "Philippine Inquirer", created in 1985 by Apostol to cover the trial of 25 soldiers accused of complicity in the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. Apostol also published the "Mr & Ms Special Edition", a weekly tabloid opposed to the Marcos regime.

Beltran years (1985–89).

As the successor to the previous "Mr. and Mrs. Special Edition" and the weekly "Philippine Inquirer", it was founded on a budget of P1 million and enjoyed a daily circulation of 30,000 in its early days. The new daily was housed in the dilapidated one-story Star Building on 13th and Railroad streets in Port Area, Manila. It was put out by 40 editors, reporters, correspondents, photographers and other editorial employees working in a 100 square meter newsroom. Columnist Louie Beltran was named its editor-in-chief.  The newspaper was instrumental then in documenting the campaign of Corazon Aquino during the 1986 presidential elections and, in turn, the 1986 People Power Revolution. Its slogan, "Balanced News, Fearless Views", was incorporated to the newspaper in January 1986 after a slogan-making contest held during the first month of the "Inquirer's" existence.  In July 1986, questions about finances and a divergence of priorities caused a rift among the founders which led Belmonte, Soliven, and Art Borjal's split from the Inquirer to establish "The Philippine Star". As Belmonte owned the Star Building where the Inquirer was headquartered, the newspaper amicably transferred to the Soliven-owned BF Condominium in Aduana Street, Intramuros.

Pascual years (1989–91).

In February 1987, Federico D. Pascual, former assistant managing editor of the "Daily Express", was named executive editor of Inquirer and was appointed editor-in-chief two years later. It was during his term in 1990 that the "Inquirer" took the lead from the "Manila Bulletin" to become the Philippines' largest newspaper in terms of circulation.  However, in July 1990, the Inquirer headquarters in Intramuros was damaged by the 1990 Luzon earthquake. On January 5, 1991, the newspaper transferred to the YIC building along United Nations Avenue and Romualdez Street in Malate.

Jimenez-Magsanoc years (1991–2015).

"Inquirer's" longest-serving and first woman editor-in-chief, the late Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, was appointed on June 14, 1991. She was a former columnist and editor of the "Panorama" Sunday magazine of "Bulletin Today (now Manila Bulletin)" who was sacked for writing articles poking fun at Marcos. She edited "Mr & Ms Special Edition" until the fall of the Marcos regime. She is also the first editor in chief of Sunday Inquirer Magazine.  Under her term, in 1995, the "Inquirer" moved to its current headquarters in Makati after transferring headquarters four times.  During the administration of president Joseph Estrada, he criticized the "Inquirer" for "bias, malice, and fabrication" against him—this charge to the newspaper was denied. In 1999, several government organizations, pro-Estrada businesses, and movie producers simultaneously pulled their advertisements from the "Inquirer" in a boycott that lasted for five months. Malacañang Palace was widely implicated in the advertising boycott, which was denounced by then publisher Isagani Yambot as an attack on the freedom of the press.  In 2007, according to the survey conducted by AGB Nielsen, the "Inquirer" was the most widely-read newspaper in the Philippines. "The Manila Bulletin" and "The Philippine Star" followed as the second and the third most widely read papers, respectively. Magsanoc died on December 24, 2015 at St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig. A month after her death, Jimenez-Magsanoc was recognized as the Filipino of the Year 2015 by the Inquirer.

Nolasco years (2016–present).

On February 2, 2016, the Inquirer appointed its managing editor Jose Ma. Nolasco as the executive editor, the new top position of the newspaper, replacing the traditional editor-in-chief position that used by Inquirer for more than three decades.  Nolasco was the managing editor of the "Inquirer" for 24 years, and he is part of the first batch of reporters of the "Inquirer" when the paper started its publication in 1985.  On October 6, 2016, the Inquirer launched a "rethink" of its print and digital presence by overhauling its newspaper design and website, Inquirer.net and the launch of "My Inquirer" which converged the platforms of Inquirer in print, desktop, smartphone, tablet, and smartwatch. The redesign was done in collaboration with Dr. Mario Garcia of Garcia Media.

Filipino of the Year.

The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" annually names a "Filipino of the Year", honoring a Filipino who has made the most positive impact on the life of the nation.

The Philippine Daily Inquirer, popularly known as the Inquirer, is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines. Founded in 1985, it is often regarded as the Philippines' newspaper of record.

Le Philippine Daily Inquirer, appelé communément Inquirer, est un des journaux les plus lus aux Philippines, diffusé à environ exemplaires par jour, et lu par (estimations). Créé en 1985, il est membre du Asia News Network.


History.

ABC Films Syndication.

In spring 1954, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc. created the ABC Films Syndication, Inc. (AFS), a subsidiary headed by George Shupert, which specialized in syndication and in-house program production. By, AFS formed a 50/50 joint venture production company, Rabco Productions, with Hal Roach, Jr..  In, AFS announced an expansion in production and sales staff for the year. Five new properties were acquired by the company and all received pilots, with two set for syndication if not placed nationally. Two were to be produced by John Gibbs and Meridian Pictures, "Renfrew of the Mounted" and "Ripley's Believe It or Not!", while Rabco's Bernard Fox was assigned with "Forest Ranger". The two pilots set for production were "The Americano" by Martin Gosch and filmed in Spain and "The Force" produced by Victor Stoloff about the plain clothed Canadian Mounties division. Two shows, "Code 3" and "The Three Musketeers" were already under production for syndication. One of AFS's earliest successes was "Sheena, Queen of the Jungle", produced largely in Mexico by Nassour Studios and starring Irish McCalla as the comic-book heroine. Even though only 26 episodes were filmed, the series ran for years in reruns on local stations, in kiddie-show time slots.  In 1959, ABC International created Worldvision Enterprises to syndicate programs for overseas markets. Henry G. Plitt, previously president of Paramount Gulf Theatres, became president of the company in February 1959, replacing Shupert after he left for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Kevin O’Sullivan later became president of the company.

Worldvision Enterprises.

In 1971, the FCC barred the participation of networks in the syndication of their own programs, though this rule was eliminated by 1993. Worldvision Enterprises was formed by five former ABC Films executives to purchase the network's syndication assets in 1973.  Their home video division released numerous Hanna-Barbera titles and Jack Nicklaus' "Golf My Way" instructional video series. They were also responsible for the television distribution of a majority of the Carolco Pictures feature film library (inherited from Orbis Communications, which was a division of Carolco before the studio went bankrupt).  Worldvision has been owned by many companies over the years. The growth of its home video division was primarily under the ownership of Taft Broadcasting, which acquired the company in 1979. In October 1987, Taft's assets including Worldvision were acquired by Great American Communications. During the mid-1990s, Blockbuster Inc., operator of the now-defunct video store chain, briefly held a controlling interest in the company, and its logo appeared on programs alongside Worldvision's.  Television producer Aaron Spelling, attempting to find an outlet to distribute his programs, attempted to buy Worldvision from Great American, but chief company shareholder Carl H. Lindner told Spelling that he was not interested in selling the company. Lindner did agree to sell Worldvision to Spelling Productions for 50% of Spelling, Inc., the combined company, in 1988. The merger was finalized on March 1, 1989.  The company put its "Worldvision 3" movie package on the market at NAPTE in January 1993. Worldvision 3 was the first since Spelling Entertainment's acquisition of the Carolco library. Some of the movies in the package were "Chaplin", "Basic Instinct", "L.A. Story", "Rambling Rose", "" and "Universal Soldier".  In August 1994, Worldvision's Spelling Premiere Network was launched. The network's initial years shows were "Robin's Hoods", "Heaven Help Us", and "University Hospital", Heaven's mid-season replacement.  In 1994, Worldvision's home video division was folded into Republic Pictures's Home Video division after Spelling Entertainment's purchase of Republic in the same year.  When Spelling Entertainment Group merged with Viacom on May 26, 1999, Worldvision's operations were folded into Paramount Domestic Television. Today, the former Worldvision Enterprises productions are all owned by ViacomCBS thru CBS Television Distribution.  In December 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom remerged into a single entity under the name ViacomCBS, which reunited the former Worldvision Enterprises assets.

Legal issues with World Vision International.

The company's logo, as it appeared at the end of the programs it distributed, carried the following disclaimer: "Not affiliated with World Vision International, a religious and charitable organization." This was because, in the mid-1970s, the charity sued the company for its use of the "Worldvision" name, which eventually led to trademark infringement. They eventually settled, with Worldvision allowed to continue using the name for the syndication company, provided that a disclaimer was included to distance itself from World Vision International, which was implemented starting in 1974.

Worldvision Enterprises, Inc. was a television program and home video distributor established in 1954 as ABC Film Syndication, the domestic and overseas program distribution arm of the ABC Television Network. They primarily licensed programs from independent producers, rather than producing their own content.

Worldvision Enterprises, Inc. était un distributeur de programmes télévisés et de vidéos créé en 1959 comme une filiale d'ABC Films (créé en 1954). C'était la branche distribution d'American Broadcasting Company, la production étant assurée par ABC Circle Films, créée la même année. La société distribua tout d'abord des productions d'autres producteurs avant de distribuer celles d'ABC.


Post-release car accident.

Three days after the commercial release of "Innervisions", on August 6, 1973, Wonder played a concert in Greenville, South Carolina. While on the way back, just outside Durham, North Carolina, Wonder was asleep in the front seat of a car being driven by his friend, John Harris, when they were snaking along the road, behind a truck loaded high with logs. Suddenly the trucker jammed on his brakes, and the two vehicles collided. Logs went flying, and one smashed through the wind shield, sailing squarely into Stevie Wonder's forehead. He was bloody and unconscious when he was pulled from the wrecked car. For four days he lay in a coma caused by severe brain contusion, causing media attention and the preoccupation of relatives, friends and fans.  It was his friend and tour director Ira Tucker who first elicited some response from him:  Wonder's climb back to health was still very long and slow. When he regained consciousness, he discovered that he had lost his sense of smell (which he later largely recovered). He was deeply afraid that he might have lost his musical faculty, too.  Still, Wonder had to take medication for a year, tired easily, and suffered severe headaches. The August 6 accident particularly changed his way of thinking. His deep faith and spiritual vision made him doubt that it was "an accident.” He stated, "You can never change anything that has already happened. Everything is the way it's supposed to be... Everything that ever happened to me is the way it is supposed to have been." Wonder also commented when he was interviewed by "The New York Times" that "the accident opened my ears up to many things around me. Naturally, life is just more important to me now... and what I do with my life." Confirming Stevie's belief in destiny, Michael Sembello, Wonder's lead guitarist at the time, said:  Before the accident, Wonder had been scheduled to do a five-week, 20-city tour between March and April 1974. It was postponed, with the exception of one date in Madison Square Garden in late March. That concert began with Stevie pointing to his scarred forehead, looking up, grinning, and giving "thanks to God that I'm alive.” 21,000 people in the crowd roared with applause, and as a "Post" critic noted, "it was hard not to be thrilled."

Critical reception.

As with both "Music of My Mind" and "Talking Book" the previous year, "Innervisions" was received warmly by music critics. Wonder's versatile musical skills were praised by critics. "Billboard" published that "the liner credits Stevie with playing all the instruments on seven of the nine tunes. So in essence this is a one-man band situation and it works. His skill on drums, piano, bass, and ARP synthesizers are outstanding, and all the tracks work within the thematic framework." "The New York Times" wrote, "Stevie identifies himself as a gang and a genius, producing, composing, arranging, singing, and, on several tracks, playing all the accompanying instruments. But Stevie Wonder, you see and want to know more. At the center of his music is the sound of what is real. Vocally, he remains inventive and unafraid, he sings all the things he hears: rock, folk, and all forms of Black music. The sum total of these varying components is an awesome knowledge, consumed and then shared by an artist who is free enough to do both."  Many others also praised the variety of musical styles and themes present in the album. One reviewer from "Playboy" wrote, "Stevie Wonder's "Innervisions" is a beautiful fusion of the lyric and the didactic, telling us about the blind world that Stevie inhabits with a depth of musical insight that is awesome. It's a view that's basically optimistic, a constant search for the 'Higher Ground', but the path is full of snares: dope ('Too High'), lies ('Jesus Children of America') and the starkly rendered poison of the city ('Living for the City'). Wonder seems to say that all people delude themselves but have to be well to pay their dues and existentially accept the present. 'Today's not yesterday,/And all things have an ending' is the way he puts it in 'Visions,' the key tune of the album—pretty yet serious, harmonically vivid. There's a lot of varied music here—Latin, reggae, even a nod to Johnny Mathis ('All in Love is Fair')—but it's all Stevie, unmistakably."  Some reviewers were less enthusiastic. Jon Tiven from "Circus" argued that there was a lack of memorable material: "Just when Stevie had some momentum going, he went and put together a concept album of homogeneous music and rather typical lyrics. Unlike his last two albums, there are no real low spots on this album, which I suppose is an improvement, but there are no songs on "Innervisions" which are truly outstanding either. There's no 'Superstition,' no 'I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever).' By constructing a solid ground from which to work, Stevie has lowered the ceiling, and put a damper on his talents."  Musicians also showed consummate respect for the achievements of the album, with Roberta Flack saying to "Newsweek" that "It's the most sensitive of our decade... it has tapped the pulse of the people."  "Innervisions" won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording in 1974, while "Living for the City" won the Grammy for Best R&B Song.

Commercial performance.

After "Talking Book" hit the top 5 of the "Billboard" albums chart in early 1973 and achieved steady sales during the rest of the year, "Innervisions" became another considerable hit in the charts. The album debuted on the "Billboard" albums chart on August 18, 1973, at number 85, then climbed up weekly to number 22, number 14, number nine, number six until reaching its peak position of number four on September 15. The album remained inside the top 20 until the end of the year and remained inside the top 200 during the whole calendar year of 1975. It was also Wonder's second consecutive soul album to top the Black Albums chart where it remained for two weeks. (In the "Cashbox" chart, "Innervisions" reached number one near the end of the year.) In the UK the album also achieved success, and became Stevie Wonder's first album ever to reach the UK top 10, peaking at number eight.  Three hit singles were issued from the album. "Higher Ground", released some weeks before "Innervisions", reached number four on the singles chart in late October 1973 (it was also a number one on the "Cashbox" singles chart). "Living for the City" was released immediately and reached number eight in early January 1974. Both singles reached number one on the R&B chart. Finally, "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing" was released in March, reaching number 16 in early June, and also peaked at number two on the R&B charts. In the UK, "Higher Ground" and "Living for the City" were released as singles but achieved modest success, reaching only numbers 29 and 15, respectively. Only a third single issued there, "He's Misstra Know-It-All", managed to reach the top 10, peaking at number eight on the UK Singles Chart.  "All in Love Is Fair" was later a hit for Barbra Streisand, who recorded it and released it as a single in 1974.

Legacy.

"Innervisions" has been considered by many fans, critics, and colleagues to be one of Stevie Wonder's finest works and one of the greatest albums ever made. The album was revisited countless times in different lists of the greatest albums of all time. In his "Rock & Roll Review: A Guide to Good Rock" (1991), Bill Shapiro wrote "This recording represents the pinnacle of a very important artist's career, and of his physically blind, but nonetheless extraordinary humane vision. For all intents and purposes, and for all of its richness and variety of texture, it is essentially "all" Stevie Wonder. He personally created and arranged every sound heard. His canvas stretches from the tough realities of ghetto streets to the transcendent joy of spiritual acceptance, each rendered with an original, unique musical palette. The feel is a little more jazz than funk, the result is simply glorious pop music – uplifting sound and message."  In 2001, VH1 named it the 31st greatest album of all time with the following statement: "The whole message of this album seems to be caution – Wonder seems to be warning the black community to be aware of their own plight, strive for improvement, and take matters into their own hands. But this is all against the backdrop of the harsh social realities of America circa 1973, and nowhere does this conflict hit home more than in Wonder's magnum opus, 'Living for the City', a raw piece of modern blues on which Wonder played every instrument. The message of urban struggle resonates even more strongly now than it did thirty years ago, proving that the 'inner-visions' of this LP were visionary as well."  It was voted number 143 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (2000).  In 2003, the album was ranked number 23 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and re-ranked number 24 in the 2012 book version. The magazine wrote in that occasion:  As further evidence of the album's classic status, "Innervisions" was re-released in the UK on September 15, 2008, to coincide with Wonder's critically acclaimed autumn 2008 European tour.

Track listing.

All songs written, produced, and arranged by Stevie Wonder.  Side one  Side two

Innervisions is the sixteenth studio album by American singer, songwriter and musician Stevie Wonder, released August 3, 1973, on the Tamla label for Motown Records, a landmark recording of his "classic period". It is also regarded as Wonder's transition from and romantic ballads to a more musically mature, conscious and grown-up artist. With Wonder being the first artist to experiment with the ARP synthesizer on a large scale, "Innervisions" became hugely influential on the subsequent future of commercial black music.

Innervisions est un album de Stevie Wonder paru en 1973. C'est le troisième des cinq albums « classiques » qu'il a réalisés pendant les années 1970 avec "Music of My Mind", "Talking Book", "Fulfillingness' First Finale", et "Songs in the Key of Life".


Outline.

The main characters in the novel are miniaturists in the Ottoman Empire, one of whom is murdered in the first chapter. From this point, Pamuk—in a postmodern style reminiscent of Jorge Luis Borges—plays with the reader and with literary conventions. The novel incorporates metafiction in such ways as making frequent reference to the reader and to the narrators' awareness that they are characters in a book.  Each chapter of the novel has a different narrator, and usually there are thematic and chronological connections between chapters. In addition, unexpected voices are used, such as the corpse of the murdered, a coin, Satan, two dervishes, and the color red. Each of these "unusual" narrators is contributed by specific characters, who detail the philosophical system of 16th century Istanbul. The novel blends mystery, romance, and philosophical puzzles, illustrating the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat III during nine snowy winter days in 1591.  Enishte Effendi, the maternal uncle of Kara (Black), is reading the "Book of the Soul" by Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a Sunni commentator on the Qur'an, and continuous references to it are made throughout the book. Part of the novel is narrated by Elegant Effendi, the murdered miniaturist. Al-Jawziyya argues, in the same fashion as Islamic doctrine, that the souls of the dead remain on earth and can hear the living.  Pamuk suggests that, to some of the characters, viewing miniatures or "perfected art" is a way to achieve a kind of glimpse of eternity. Thus Shekure seeks to look upon the reader like women who view miniatures of a distant time and place do, thereby escaping time and place—"...just like those beautiful women with one eye on the life within the book and one eye on the life outside, I, too, long to speak with you who are observing me from who knows which distant time and place." Elegant Effendi accused his murderer of producing sacrilegious illustrations that offend Allah.

Books within the book.

A number of books illustrated by famous miniaturists are referenced by the characters in "My Name is Red": Several of the specific manuscripts described (most prominently the "Shahnama given by Shah Tahmasp", more commonly known in the west as the Houghton shahnama) are real and survive in whole or part.

Reception.

"My Name Is Red" received favourable reviews when published in English. A reviewer for "Publishers Weekly" admires the novel's "...jeweled prose and alluring digressions, nesting stories within stories" and concludes that Pamuk will gain many new readers with this "...accessible, charming and intellectually satisfying, narrative." A "Kirkus Reviews" critic describes the novel as "...a whimsical but provocative exploration of the nature of art in an Islamic society.... A rich feast of ideas, images, and lore." Jonathan Levi, writing in the "L.A. Times Book Review", comments that "...it is Pamuk’s rendering of the intense life of artists negotiating the devilishly sharp edge of Islam 1,000 years after its birth that elevates "My Name Is Red" to the rank of modern classic." Levi also notes that the novel, although set four hundred years ago, reflects modern societal tensions. For this reason he calls it "...a novel of our time.’’  In "The New York Times", Richard Eder describes Pamuk's intense interest in East-West interactions and explains some of the metaphysical ideas that permeate the novel. He also comments that the novel is not just about ideas: "Eastern or Western, good or bad, ideas precipitate once they sink to human level, unleashing passions and violence. ‘Red’ is chockfull of sublimity and sin." Eder also praises the characterization of Shekure, which he regards as the finest in the book. She is "...elusive, changeable, enigmatic and immensely beguiling." Eder concludes: "They (readers) will... be lofted by the paradoxical lightness and gaiety of the writing, by the wonderfully winding talk perpetually about to turn a corner, and by the stubborn humanity in the characters’ maneuvers to survive. It is a humanity whose lies and silences emerge as endearing and oddly bracing individual truths".

English translation.

Erdağ M. Göknar's translation of "My Name Is Red" gained Pamuk international recognition and contributed to his selection as Nobel laureate; upon publication, Pamuk was described as a serious Nobel contender. The translation received praise from many reviewers including John Updike in "The New Yorker": "Erdağ M. Göknar deserves praise for the cool, smooth English in which he has rendered Pamuk's finespun sentences, passionate art appreciations, sly pedantic debates, (and) eerie urban scenes." Many readers and critics consider "My Name Is Red" to be Pamuk's best work in English translation.  It won the International Dublin Literary Award in Dublin in 2003, where Göknar accepted the award on behalf of Pamuk. As is customary with this award, Göknar received a quarter share of the prize.  A recent research studies loyalty of the translations of the novel using quantitative methods.

My Name Is Red () is a 1998 Turkish novel by writer Orhan Pamuk translated into English by Erdağ Göknar in 2001. Pamuk would later receive the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. The novel, concerning miniaturists in the Ottoman Empire of 1591, established Pamuk's international reputation and contributed to his Nobel Prize. The influences of Joyce, Kafka, Mann, Nabokov and Proust and above all Eco can be seen in Pamuk's work.

Mon nom est Rouge (en turc "Benim adım Kırmızı") est un roman d'Orhan Pamuk publié à Istanbul aux éditions İletişim Yayınları en 1998. Le récit se déroule dans le milieu des peintres miniaturistes à Istanbul vers la fin du : c'est une enquête policière doublée d'une intrigue amoureuse, qui contient aussi de nombreuses allusions à l'histoire de la peinture de miniatures.


Biography.

Nolwenn Korbell spent her childhood in Douarnenez with her younger brother and her parents, gwerz singer Andrea Ar Gouil and Hervé Corbel, also a Breton music amateur. All four of them spoke Breton in their daily life, and Nolwenn learnt French at school. She followed her mother during her tours in the Celtic nations, where she heard Welsh, Irish and Scottish people sing in their respective languages.  She began taking theatre classes in her teens. At 16, she played in sketches during the ", a pastiche of the César Awards ceremony. Youenn Gwernig, the head of Breton language programs of France 3 Ouest, noticed her. In 1984, France 3 bought the rights of a Welsh cartoon in order to dub it in Breton, and Gwernig gave her the female character's role.  During two years, she studied modern languages at University of Rennes 2, learning German, Breton and Welsh. She spent three years in the Dramatic Arts Conservatory in Rennes, learning lyrical singing, and performing as a soprano in the band Arsis Théâtre Vocal. She hosted television programs on France 3 Ouest.  Between 1991 and 1999, she lived between Brittany and Wales, the home land of her partner, Twm Morys. She sang in his band, ". At that time, she played in short and long films by Olivier Bourbeillon, "Simon Hymphries". In 1997, she competed in the Kan ar Bobl, a Breton singing contest that brought to fame, among others, Yann-Fañch Kemener and Denez Prigent. There, she sang " (My seamstress), a song she wrote as a tribute to her grandmother, and won the first prize. In 2000, after the birth of her son Gwion, she went back to France in order to devote herself to theatre and singing.  In 2002, she sang during the ". The two heads of Coop Breizh were in the audience and offer her to record an album.

Music.

" (It is not over), her first album, was released in the end of 2003. This title was chosen so that anyone can find their own meaning in it: it can, for example, refer to the end of a love relationship that leaves some hope, to the Breton language and culture that are still alive, or to a work of art, like the album itself, that is never over because it is always possible to give a new interpretation of it.  All the songs are in Breton, except " ("The new world"), which is in Welsh. All the lyrics were by Nolwenn Korbell, except those of'("The girl of the closed bed", by Bernez Tangi),'(Twm Morys) and " ("Come with me", traditional). Korbell cited as her main source of inspiration the songs, often from the Barzaz Breiz, that her mother sang to her.  She wrote using simple words, following the example of Bernez Tangi, who, in addition to a song, wrote the poem that serves as a preface to ". Because of her training as an actress, she took great care of pronouncing correctly, which is part of her effort in making her songs understandable by the largest audience. She expressed one of her strongest convictions: the importance of Breton, and of languages in general: "I would like the world to keep all the colours that are under the sun", she said in an interview.  She included in the album "", a traditional song that her mother taught her, also sung by the Goadec sisters.  Another traditional theme is the subject of "" (Song of the girl who had nothing), inspired from a nursery rhyme designed to teach children the days of the week, the name of farm animals and the sound they make: everyday, the narrator goes to the fair and buys an animal. In Nolwenn Korbell's version, starting on Wednesday, the narrator buys something that cannot be bought: a husband, a son, a heart, a voice and a life. According to the author, "this song is a parable which demonstrates that what makes the salt of life is not negotiable".  The band that performed on " included Frédérique Lory on the piano, Tangi Le Doré on the bass, and d'Antonin Volson on drums. This team remained with her until 2010.  This album received France 3's "Priz" (award) of the best CD in 2003 and the " (made in Brittany) disc grand award in 2004. In 2004, Nolwenn Korbell received the Imram award, given each year to a Breton language author for his or her whole work.  Her shows were produced by Big Bravo Spectacle, a company based in Saint-Quay-Portrieux. She sang in many events, such as the Vieilles Charrues Festival in 2004, the "Festival du bout du monde", the "Nuit celtique" in Bercy in 2005 and 2006. In 2006, she performed in the Celtic Connections festival in Glasgow and a concert in Olympia with Gilles Servat.

Albums.

N'eo ket echu.

2003, Coop Breizh

Bemdez c'houloù.

2006, Coop Breizh

Red.

(with guitarist Soig Sibéril), 2007, Coop Breizh

Noazh.

2010, Coop Breizh

Nolwenn Korbell (; born 3 February 1968 in Quimper, Finistère), is a French Breton singer-songwriter and actress. Best known for her songs in Breton, with her musicians or in a duet with guitarist Soïg Sibéril, she released four albums, regularly performs in concerts, and also keeps acting in plays and films.

Nolwenn Korbell, née à Quimper le, est une auteure-compositrice-interprète et une actrice française d'expression bretonne et française et, occasionnellement, galloise, anglaise, serbe et russe. Connue pour ses chansons en breton, avec ses musiciens ou en duo avec le guitariste Soïg Sibéril, elle continue en parallèle sa carrière d'actrice. Auteur de six albums studio, elle donne régulièrement des concerts lors des principaux événements du monde celte, joue dans des pièces de théâtre, participe au doublage de films et de dessins animés.


Conversion to prenex form.

Every first-order formula is logically equivalent (in classical logic) to some formula in prenex normal form. There are several conversion rules that can be recursively applied to convert a formula to prenex normal form. The rules depend on which logical connectives appear in the formula.

Conjunction and disjunction.

The rules for conjunction and disjunction say that and The equivalences are valid when formula_18 does not appear as a free variable of formula_19; if formula_18 does appear free in formula_19, one can rename the bound formula_18 in formula_23 and obtain the equivalent formula_24.  For example, in the language of rings, but because the formula on the left is true in any ring when the free variable "x" is equal to 0, while the formula on the right has no free variables and is false in any nontrivial ring. So formula_27 will be first rewritten as formula_30 and then put in prenex normal form formula_31.

Negation.

The rules for negation say that and

Implication.

There are four rules for implication: two that remove quantifiers from the antecedent and two that remove quantifiers from the consequent. These rules can be derived by rewriting the implication formula_36 as formula_37 and applying the rules for disjunction above. As with the rules for disjunction, these rules require that the variable quantified in one subformula does not appear free in the other subformula.  The rules for removing quantifiers from the antecedent are (note the change of quantifiers): The rules for removing quantifiers from the consequent are:

Example.

Suppose that formula_48, formula_19, and formula_50 are quantifier-free formulas and no two of these formulas share any free variable. Consider the formula By recursively applying the rules starting at the innermost subformulas, the following sequence of logically equivalent formulas can be obtained: This is not the only prenex form equivalent to the original formula. For example, by dealing with the consequent before the antecedent in the example above, the prenex form can be obtained:

Intuitionistic logic.

The rules for converting a formula to prenex form make heavy use of classical logic. In intuitionistic logic, it is not true that every formula is logically equivalent to a prenex formula. The negation connective is one obstacle, but not the only one. The implication operator is also treated differently in intuitionistic logic than classical logic; in intuitionistic logic, it is not definable using disjunction and negation.  The BHK interpretation illustrates why some formulas have no intuitionistically-equivalent prenex form. In this interpretation, a proof of is a function which, given a concrete "x" and a proof of formula_66, produces a concrete "y" and a proof of ψ("y"). In this case it is allowable for the value of "y" to be computed from the given value of "x". A proof of on the other hand, produces a single concrete value of "y" and a function that converts any proof of formula_68 into a proof of ψ("y"). If each "x" satisfying φ can be used to construct a "y" satisfying ψ but no such "y" can be constructed without knowledge of such an "x" then formula (1) will not be equivalent to formula (2).  The rules for converting a formula to prenex form that do "fail" in intuitionistic logic are: ("x" does not appear as a free variable of formula_79 in (1) and (3); "x" does not appear as a free variable of formula_80 in (2) and (4)).

Use of prenex form.

Some proof calculi will only deal with a theory whose formulae are written in prenex normal form. The concept is essential for developing the arithmetical hierarchy and the analytical hierarchy.  Gödel's proof of his completeness theorem for first-order logic presupposes that all formulae have been recast in prenex normal form.  Tarski's axioms for geometry is a logical system whose sentences can "all" be written in universal-existential form, a special case of the prenex normal form that has every universal quantifier preceding any existential quantifier, so that all sentences can be rewritten in the form formula_81 formula_82 formula_83 formula_84 formula_85 formula_48, where formula_48 is a sentence that does not contain any quantifier. This fact allowed Tarski to prove that Euclidean geometry is decidable.

A formula of the predicate calculus is in prenex normal form (PNF) if it is written as a string of quantifiers and bound variables, called the prefix, followed by a quantifier-free part, called the matrix.

Une formule de la logique du premier ordre est en forme prénexe si tous ses quantificateurs (formula_1 et formula_2) apparaissent à gauche dans cette formule. C’est-à-dire, G est en forme prénexe si et seulement si formula_3 avec formula_4 et formula_5 une formule sans quantificateurs.


History.

Faaborg is first mentioned as "Foburgh" in a document located in the French National Archives in Paris dated 25 June 1229. It is a deed of gift that gives Faaborg and the south of Funen as a morning present to Eleanor of Portugal, from Valdemar II to his daughter-in-law. It is mentioned as a castle (Foburgh meaning Fox Castle), so it must have existed before this date. However, this date has been used as the birth date of Faaborg and thus the town celebrated its 775th anniversary in 2004.  Although it is not known when the settlement was established, it appears Faaborg had already received privileges as a market town in the 13th century. Located on a promontory surrounded by water on three sides, the site was further protected by a moat and a town wall. Around 1477, a monastery was established which over the years acquired most of the property in the town and its surroundings. After the Reformation it was used for a time as a hospital until it was finally demolished. The monastery chapel became the parish church.  In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faaborg had to compete with a considerable amount of illegal trading from other settlements along the coast. In the mid-17th century, it suffered even more from the effects of the Swedish Wars but it began to prosper as an important port in the 18th century. Corn was exported to Norway and trade increased with the Grand Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. By the 1890s, ships from Faaborg sailed as far as the Mediterranean. In the 19th century, England replaced Norway as the main trading partner and, in the second half of the century, trade extended to China and Australia. By the end of the century, there had been a huge increase in population (from 1,000 to 4,000) and a number of light industries had been established. Many of the new inhabitants came from Schleswig and Holstein after these had been lost to Germany. They included many Jews who made Faaborg Funen's most Jewish community with its own synagogue. With 50 employees, Dansk Vin- og Konservesfabrik (wine and canning) was the main business but traditional crafts and trading continued while the harbour was also enlarged. Steamship links with Copenhagen and Southern Jutland were established and in the 1880s railway connections were ensured with the other towns on the island.  Growth was more modest in the 20th century in the face of competition from Odense and Svendborg. A few new industries emerged in food processing and metal working but tourism and services became the leading areas of growth. By 2007, Faaborg had 7,318 inhabitants.

Landmarks.

The harbour, old streets, historic mansions and town houses all make Faaborg a pleasant city for visitors. Its many restaurants serve a wide variety of Danish and foreign dishes. Plougs Gård on Vestergade, built around 1790, is one of the finest buildings in the town with its Neoclassical facade. Jesper Ploug made his fortune in shipping during the American Wars of Independence (1776—1783)  Faaborg Church ("Helligåndskirken") is an old monastery church dating from 1477. It formed the south wing of the now demolished Helligåndskloster belonging to the Order of the Holy Ghost from which it gets its name. Its considerable size makes it a local landmark: long by wide. The chancel and three-sided east gable were completed in 1490, the nave and southern aisle followed around 1510 and a northern aisle was added shortly thereafter. After its vaulting in 1681, it resembled a basilica. Restoration work was carried out in 1858 and 1902. The church has no tower but the tower of the now demolished Saint Nicholas Church (1450) serves as its belfry.  Faaborg Museum holds one of Denmark's most important art collections with works by the Funen Painters including Jens Birkholm, Peter Hansen, Johannes Larsen, and Anna and Fritz Syberg. It also displays some of the finest works of sculptor Kai Nielsen. "Den gamle Gård" on Holkegade provides insights into the town's cultural history, with exhibits depicting life in the 18th and 19th centuries. Faaborg Harbour, with its centrally placed marina, attracts about 13,000 pleasure boats each year thanks to its attractive location for the South Funen Archipelago. It is frequently visited by vintage schooners and yachts of all sizes. The port is also used by fishing boats and commercial vessels.  A new waterpark, Faaborg Harbor Bath, was completed in 2014.  Nearby attractions include Egeskov Castle, Hvedholm Castle and Horne Church.

Transport.

Faaborg Rutebilstation, a former railway station built in 1882, now serves as a bus station for FynBus. There are regular ferry links from Faaborg to the islands of Bjørnø, Lyø, Avernakø and Ærø.

Notable people.

Faaborg is closely associated with the Funen Painters ("Fynboerne") including:

Faaborg or Fåborg () is an old port town located on Faaborg Fjord in Faaborg-Midtfyn municipality on the island of Funen in Denmark. By road, Faaborg is located southwest of Odense, north-northwest of Svendborg, and roughly southeast of Middelfart, depending upon the route. It has a population of 7,049 (1 January 2019). With its busy port, narrow streets and attractive old houses, the town is popular with tourists, particularly in the summer months. Faaborg was formerly the seat of Faaborg municipality. The seat of the new municipality is Ringe. Both municipalities use(d) Faaborg's medieval coat of arms.

Fåborg ou Faaborg est une ville portuaire du Danemark, située sur la pointe sud de l'île de Fionie et bordée par la mer Baltique. C'est la deuxième ville de Fionie après Odense. Sa population est de habitants en 2010.


Plot.

Cole Trickle is a young racer from Eagle Rock, California, with years of experience in open-wheel racing, winning championships in the United States Auto Club (USAC). Originally setting his sights on the Indianapolis 500, Cole realizes that "To win in Indy I'd need a great car, but stock cars are all the same". He is recruited by Chevrolet dealership tycoon Tim Daland to race for his team in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Daland brings former crew chief and car builder Harry Hogge, who left NASCAR to avoid investigation of the death of Buddy Bretherton, out of retirement to lead Cole's pit crew. After Cole sets a fast time in a private test at Charlotte Motor Speedway, Hogge builds him a new Chevrolet Lumina.  In his first few races, Cole has difficulty adjusting to the larger NASCAR stock cars and communicating with his crew, while being intimidated on the track by Winston Cup Champion and dirty driver Rowdy Burns; these obstacles, combined with crashes and blown engines, prevent Cole from finishing the races. Discovering that Cole does not understand common NASCAR terminology, Harry puts him through rigorous training. This pays off at Darlington, when Cole uses a slingshot maneuver from the outside line to overtake Rowdy and win his first race.  The rivalry between Cole and Rowdy intensifies throughout the season until the Firecracker 400 at Daytona, where both drivers are seriously injured after being caught in "The Big One". Recovering in Daytona Beach, Cole develops a romantic relationship with Dr. Claire Lewicki, a neurosurgeon at a local hospital. NASCAR President Big John brings Rowdy and Cole together in a meeting and warns them that he and his sport will no longer tolerate any misbehaviour from the two rivals. Persuaded by Big John, Cole and Rowdy have dinner and settle their differences by smashing rental cars in a race on the beach. The bitter rivals soon become close friends.  Daland hires hot-shot rookie Russ Wheeler to fill Cole's seat until Cole returns, and then expands his team, with Daland now fielding two teams – the second car driven by Wheeler, of which Harry disapproves. Though Cole shows signs of his old self, he falls into a new rivalry with Russ with no help from the inexperienced Daland, who is defensive of his new driver. At North Wilkesboro, Russ blocks Cole's path during their pit stop, and later forces Cole into the outside wall on the last lap to win the race. In retaliation, Cole crashes into Russ’ car after the race, leading to a fight between Harry, Daland, and both of Cole and Russ's pit crews, with Daland firing both Cole and Harry in the process.  Rowdy learns he has to undergo brain surgery to fix a broken blood vessel, and asks Cole to drive his car at the Daytona 500 so his sponsors will pay for the year. Cole reluctantly agrees and convinces Harry to return as his crew chief. Hours prior to the race, Harry discovers metal in the oil pan, a sign of engine failure, and manages to procure a new engine from Daland, who still believes in his former driver's promise. During the race, Cole's car is spun out by Russ and suffers a malfunctioning transmission, but the combined efforts of Harry's and Daland's pit crews manage to fix the problem and get Cole back on the lead lap. On the final lap, Russ predicts that Cole will attempt his signature slingshot maneuver from outside, but Cole tricks him with a crossover, overtaking him from the inside to win his first Daytona 500.  Cole drives into Victory Lane, where he and his pit crew celebrate with Claire. He approaches Harry, sitting alone, but Harry is lost for words. Cole asks Harry to walk with him and Harry agrees, challenging him to a foot race to Victory Lane.

Cast.

Richard Petty, Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, Harry Gant, and Dr. Jerry Punch all appear in cameo roles as themselves. Bob Jenkins had a voice-over role as public address announcer.

Production.

Principal photography took place in early 1990 in and around Charlotte and Daytona Beach. It was plagued with delays due to frequent arguments on set between Simpson and Bruckheimer, Scott, and sometimes Towne over how to set up a shot. Crew members sat idle for long hours; some later said they had accumulated enough overtime pay to go on vacation for a full four months after filming was completed. The completion date was pushed back many times, with filming being completed in early May, three months later than it had originally been scheduled. At one point, following the third revision of the shooting schedule in a single day, the unit production manager, who represents the studio on the set or location, confronted Simpson and Bruckheimer and was told bluntly that the schedule no longer mattered.  In Daytona, Simpson and Bruckheimer spent $400,000 to have a vacant storefront in their hotel converted into their private gym, with a large neon sign reading "Days of Thunder." Simpson also kept a closet full of Donna Karan dresses to offer the attractive women his assistants found on the beach, and held private parties with friends like rapper Tone Lōc. Towne also played a role in the film's increasing cost by scrapping more barn scenes when he didn't like either of two barns built to his specifications. The film's original budget of $35 million ($ in modern dollars) nearly doubled; at that level it would have had to make at least $100 million, a rare gross at that time, to break even. In addition, when Tom Cruise failed to win the Oscar for "Born on the Fourth of July", some additional budget was cut. Despite the budget overruns and delays, reportedly it was only after shooting was finished that the filmmakers discovered they had neglected to film Cole Trickle's car crossing the finish line at Daytona. $9 million of the film's budget plus gross percentage went to star Tom Cruise.

Race cars.

The cars used as those of Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler were provided by Hendrick Motorsports, with racers Greg Sacks, Tommy Ellis, Bobby Hamilton, and Hut Stricklin as the stand-in drivers. In order to provide authentic race footage involving the cars, these cars were actually raced on three occasions. In late 1989, Hamilton and Sacks raced at Phoenix. Hamilton officially qualified 5th and led a lap before his engine blew. In 1990, the cars were raced again at Daytona and Darlington. Sacks drove a car during the Busch Clash, while Hamilton and Ellis drove unscored entries in the Daytona 500. At Darlington, Stricklin and Sacks drove two of the cars, but both were pulled from the race early after Sacks broke a crankshaft. Cole's first car in the film is sponsored by City Chevrolet, a real-life car dealership in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Rick Hendrick.

Music.

The score for "Days of Thunder" was composed by Hans Zimmer, with Jeff Beck making a guest appearance on guitar. This was the first of an ongoing list of films in which Zimmer would compose the score for a Jerry Bruckheimer production. An official score album was not released until 2013, by La-La Land Records. The film's theme song "Last Note of Freedom" was sung by David Coverdale of the band Whitesnake at the request of Tom Cruise himself. Coverdale's vocal parts were recorded in 1990 in Los Angeles during a day off of the Whitesnake "Slip of the Tongue" Liquor and Poker world tour.

Release and reception.

"Days of Thunder" was released on Wednesday, June 27, 1990. The film was a financial success grossing $157,920,733. The film was also successful on home video. It grossed $40 million in rentals. It holds a rating of 39% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 64 reviews with the consensus: ""Days of Thunder" has Tom Cruise and plenty of flash going for it, but they aren't enough to compensate for the stock plot, two-dimensional characters, and poorly written dialogue." The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound (Charles M. Wilborn, Donald O. Mitchell, Rick Kline and Kevin O'Connell). It received mixed reviews from critics who mostly shrugged off the sometimes over-the-top special effects and plot which in many ways resembled the earlier Bruckheimer, Simpson, Scott and Cruise vehicle "Top Gun", which had been a huge success four years earlier. "Halliwell's Film Guide" dismissed "Days of Thunder" as "An over familiar story rendered no more interestingly than usual", while the "Monthly Film Bulletin" described it as "simply a flashy, noisy star vehicle for Tom Cruise, one which – like the stock car he drives – goes around in circles getting nowhere".  In a positive review (3 out of 4 stars), film critic Roger Ebert noted:  In a 1990 "Siskel and Ebert" special on Cruise, Ebert added one more ingredient to the formula, the "Dying Friend", referencing how in almost all the Cruise formula films, his friend/colleague had almost ended up sick or dying in the course of the film to present an emotional challenge for the Cruise character.

Legacy.

Following Tony Scott's death in 2012, film critic Stephen Metcalf argued that the film marked an important turning point in the history of the American film industry. "The best film he made may well have been "Crimson Tide"," he wrote in "Slate", "but the most important film he made was "Days of Thunder"." The excesses of its production and its failure to equal "Top Gun"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s magnitude of box-office success, he argues, helped end the era that had followed the failure of "Heaven's Gate" ten years earlier. The studio's willingness to indulge director Michael Cimino on that film, as other studios had been doing up to that point, led to a backlash where studios favored producers like Simpson and Bruckheimer whose films bore far more of their imprint than any director who worked for them. "Crimson Tide", made several years after "Days of Thunder", was the critical and commercial success it was, Metcalf says, because after similar excesses on the producers' part like those that occurred on "Thunder" directors were allowed to reassert themselves.  Quentin Tarantino said the film was his favorite big budget racing movie: Yeah, yeah, you laugh but seriously I’m a big fan. To me "Days of Thunder" is the movie "Grand Prix" and "Le Mans" should have been. Sure, it had a big budget, big stars and a big director in Tony Scott, but it had the fun of those early AIP movies. I just don't think it works if you take the whole thing too seriously.

Popular culture.

While the movie was neither based on a true story, nor a biographical film, the main character Cole Trickle was very loosely based on the careers of Tim Richmond and Geoff Bodine, and several scenes reenacted or referenced real-life stories and personalities from NASCAR history. The scene where Big John tells Cole and Rowdy they will drive to dinner together is based on an actual meeting Bill France, Jr. had in the 1980s between Dale Earnhardt, Sr. and Geoff Bodine. Richard Childress and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. discussed how "Days of Thunder" was based off the rivalry between Dale Earnhardt, Sr. and Geoff Bodine. One scene in which Cole deliberately blows his engine by over-revving it reflects upon an incident in which Tim Richmond was said to have done at Michigan in 1987. In another scene, Trickle is told he cannot pit because the crew is too busy eating ice cream. This incident actually occurred at the 1987 Southern 500 involving the Hendrick Motorsports No. 35 team with crew chief Harry Hyde and Richmond's replacement driver Benny Parsons. The scene where Cole and Rowdy destroy a pair of rental cars by racing them through the city streets loosely referenced early 1950s NASCAR superstars Joe Weatherly and Curtis Turner, each of whom were known to rent cars, race, and crash them with abandon. In the final race at Daytona, Harry tells Cole they had to change engines. When asked where the Engine came from, Harry says "we stole it" when in reality it came from his previous owner Tim. In the final race at Atlanta in 1990, the championship race between Mark Martin and Dale Earnhardt was neck and neck. Martin did not feel any of his cars were good enough, so Robert Yates allowed Roush Racing to borrow one of Davey Allison's cars for a test run and the race. Robert Yates wanted a Ford to win the championship, so he did all in his power to help. Dale Earnhardt edged out Mark Martin by 26pts for the Winston Cup.  A year after the film's release, the fictional Mello Yello sponsorship depicted on Trickle's No. 51 car was followed by a real-life sponsorship arrangement. The No. 42 Pontiac of SABCO Racing driven by Kyle Petty carried the paint scheme from 1991–1994. Mello Yello also sponsored the fall race at Charlotte from 1990–1994. The 2015 Bojangles' Southern 500 at Darlington saw this paint scheme again with the No. 42 Chevy of Kyle Larson piloting the now throwback scheme. The throwback scheme returned to the 2017 Bojangles' Southern 500 in the form of Rick Ware Racing's No. 51 Chevy driven by Cody Ware, but with a "Pray for Texas" message in support of the survivors of Hurricane Harvey. At the 2013 Subway Firecracker 250, driver Kurt Busch had his unsponsored No. 1 Phoenix Racing Chevy painted to resemble Cole Trickle's No. 46 City Chevrolet car as part of an awareness campaign for the Armed Forces Foundation. The City Chevrolet paint scheme will return on the No. 24 Hendrick Motorsports car of William Byron at the 2019 Bojangles' Southern 500. In 2015, M&M's released a promo video on YouTube to commemorate the 25th anniversary of "Days of Thunder" and to promote M&M's Crispy. The video features driver Kyle Busch and crew chief Adam Stevens parodying scenes from the film. For the 2018 Bojangles' Southern 500, The No. 51 Chevy of Rick Ware Racing driven by B. J. McLeod sported a paint scheme resembling Russ Wheeler's No. 18 Hardee's car, but with Jacob Companies as the sponsor. The No. 51 Chevy of Jeremy Clements Racing will have a paint scheme resembling Rowdy Burns' Exxon car, but with RepairableVehicles.com as the sponsor, at the 2019 Xfinity Darlington race.

Video games.

In 1990, Mindscape released a video game adaptation of the film for multiple platforms such as the PC, NES and Amiga. A Game Boy version was released in 1992. The game is currently available for the PlayStation Network and iOS. Paramount Digital Entertainment released a new video game based on the film for the iOS, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PlayStation Portable. iOS version was released in 2009 and other versions were released in 2011. The game will include 12 NASCAR sanctioned tracks—including Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway—and the film characters Cole Trickle, Rowdy Burns, and Russ Wheeler. The PS3 version, labeled "Days of Thunder: NASCAR Edition" will have more than 12 select NASCAR Sprint Cup drivers, including Denny Hamlin, Ryan Newman and Tony Stewart.

Days of Thunder is a 1990 American sports action drama film released by Paramount Pictures, produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Tony Scott. The cast includes Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman, Robert Duvall, Randy Quaid, Cary Elwes, Caroline Williams, and Michael Rooker. The film also features appearances by real life NASCAR racers, such as Rusty Wallace, Neil Bonnett, and Harry Gant. Commentator Dr. Jerry Punch, of ESPN, has a cameo appearance, as does co-producer Don Simpson.

Jours de tonnerre ("Days of Thunder") est un film américain réalisé par Tony Scott, sorti en 1990. L'action se passe dans le milieu de la compétition automobile NASCAR.


Early life.

Moeen was born in 1951 in the city of Najaf Abad. At age 18, he was accepted to Shiraz University medical school, and after the Iranian Revolution, he was appointed as the president of Shiraz University. He was elected as representative of Shiraz in mid-term elections of the first Parliament of Iran in 1982.

Ministration term.

Moeen was the Minister of Culture and Higher Education under President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1989-1993) and President Mohammad Khatami (1997-2000), and later became the Minister of Science, Research, and Technology (the same post, with a changed name) under President Khatami (2000-2003). As a Minister, Moeen resigned after the student protests of July 1999, and again in July 2003 after he failed to persuade the Council of Guardians to redirect his ministry towards his vision of higher "scientific productivity".

Presidential ambition.

On October 12, 2004, Mir-Hossein Mousavi declined to run for the presidency, causing the Islamic Iran Participation Front to consider Moeen instead. IIPF members soon announced his nomination. On December 29, 2004, Moeen agreed to run for the presidency, as the first major candidate to announce his participation.  Contrary to the general expectations and the poll results, Moeen, who was expected to be among the first three most popular candidates in the first round, fared poorly and ranked fifth in the end, with the election resulting in a run-off between Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.  Moeen's present campaign was headed by Ali Shakouri-Rad, and he was supported by the following political parties and organizations:

Scientific career.

Mostafa Moin is one of the leading Iranian researchers in the field of pediatric immunology and allergy. He is currently president of a research center affiliated with the Tehran medical school.

Mostafa Moeen (; born 1 April 1951 in Najafabad, Isfahan) is an Iranian politician, professor of pediatrics, and a human rights activist who is currently founder and president of Center for Human Rights and Democracy in Iran. He was a presidential candidate for the 2005 Iranian presidential election. His campaign enjoyed the support of some reformist parties and organizations, headed by the Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF).

Mostafa Mo'in, aussi transcrit Moin ou Moeen, né le, est un homme politique iranien et un professeur de pédiatrie. Il est aussi conseiller de l'ancien président Mohammad Khatami. Il a été candidat à l'élection présidentielle de 2005. Sa campagne a été soutenue par certains partis et organisations réformistes, menés par le Front de participation à l'Iran islamique.


Geography.

The town is above sea level, situated approximately north of Moscow, on the Volga River, just downstream from the Ivankovo Reservoir. The reservoir is formed by a hydroelectric dam across the Volga situated within the town borders. The town lies on both banks of the Volga. The western boundary of the town is defined by the Moscow Canal joining the Volga, while the eastern boundary is defined by the Dubna River joining the Volga.  Dubna is the northernmost town of Moscow Oblast.

History.

Pre-World War II.

Fortress Dubna () belonging to Rostov-Suzdal Principality was built in the area in 1132 by the order of Yuri Dolgoruki and existed until 1216. The fortress was destroyed during the feudal war between the sons of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The village of Gorodishche () was located on the right bank of the Volga River and was a part of the Kashin Principality. Dubna customs post ( was located in the area and was a part of the Principality of Tver. All of these places were briefly taken by The Axis in 1941.  Before the October Revolution, few villages were in the area: Podberezye was on the left bank of the Volga, and Gorodishche, Alexandrovka, Ivankovo, Yurkino, and Kozlaki () were on the right bank.  Right after the Revolution one of the first collective farms was organized in Dubna area.  In 1931, the Orgburo of the Communist Party made a decision to build the Volga-Moscow Canal. Genrikh Yagoda, then the leader of the State Political Directorate, was put in charge of construction. The Canal was completed in 1937. Ivankovo Reservoir and Ivankovo hydroelectrical plant were also created as a part of the project. Many villages and the town Korcheva were submerged under water. Dubna is mentioned in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's book "The Gulag Archipelago" as the town built by Gulag prisoners.

Science.

The decision to build a proton accelerator for nuclear research was taken by the Soviet government in 1946. An impractical place where the current town is situated was chosen due to remoteness from Moscow and the presence of the Ivankovo power plant nearby. The scientific leader was Igor Kurchatov. The general supervisor of the project including construction of a settlement, a road and a railway connecting it to Moscow (largely involving penal labour of Gulag inmates) was the NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria. After three years of intensive work, the accelerator was commissioned on December 13, 1949.  The town of Dubna was officially inaugurated in 1956, together with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), which has developed into a large international research laboratory involved mainly in particle physics, heavy ion physics, synthesis of transuranium elements, and radiobiology. In 1960, a town of Ivankovo situated on the opposite (left) bank of the Volga was merged into Dubna. In 1964, Dubna hosted the prestigious International Conference on High Energy Physics.  Outstanding physicists of the 20th century including Nikolay Bogolyubov, Georgy Flyorov, Vladimir Veksler, and Bruno Pontecorvo used to work at the institute. A number of elementary particles and nuclei of transuranium elements (most recently, element 117) have been discovered and investigated there, leading to the honorary naming of chemical element 105 dubnium (Db) for the town.

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Dubna Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Dubna Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Dubna Urban Okrug.

Economics.

Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, JINR and MKB Raduga were the main employers in the town. Since then their role has decreased significantly. Several small industrial enterprises have emerged, however the town still experiences some employment difficulties. Proximity to Moscow allows many to commute and work there. Plans by AFK Sistema and other investors including government structures have been announced to build a Russian analogue of Silicon Valley in Dubna. As of the beginning of 2007, nothing has commenced.

Transport.

The public transport connections to Moscow include express trains, suburban trains and bus shuttles which depart from the Savyolovsky Rail Terminal.

Culture.

Since 2007 Dubna is a headquarters and primary location of international jazz festival MuzEnergo with free for public one-day open air festival in summer and one-week events in local venues in spring and autumn.  There are several museums in Dubna, including:

Sports.

Dubna's sports facilities include two stadiums, a waterski stadium on the Volga River, three swimming pools, tennis courts, and five sports complexes.  Popular water sports in Dubna include windsurfing, kitesurfing, and water-skiing.  Since 2004, Dubna has been a venue for Waterski World Cup stops. Dubna is a venue for the 2011 World Waterski Championships (July, 17-24 2011).

Trivia.

One of the world's tallest statues of Vladimir Lenin, high, built in 1937, is located at Dubna at the confluence of the Volga River and the Moscow Canal. The accompanying statue of Joseph Stalin of similar size was demolished in 1961 during the period of de-stalinization.

Twin towns and sister cities.

Dubna is twinned with:

Dubna () is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of "naukograd" (i.e. town of science), being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research center and one of the largest scientific foundations in the country. It is also home to MKB Raduga, a defense aerospace company specializing in design and production of missile systems. The modern town was developed in the middle of the 20th century and town status was granted to it in 1956. Population:

Doubna (en ) est une ville de Russie, dans l'oblast de Moscou. Doubna s'est développée après la Seconde Guerre mondiale à partir d'un des plus grands centres de recherche nucléaire au monde. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2014.


Gameplay.

The player starts in a test track with a generic car, aiming for a top time in order to receive contract offers from Formula One teams. After accepting an offer, all the races on the season have to be completed and, depending on the player's performance, either bigger and better teams will offer their cars to the player character, or the player character gets fired.  Because "Beyond the Limit" was made after the 1993 season had already finished, the game includes all of the tracks used in the 1993 season, including a fictional 'Sega Park Circuit' course used for testing. Also included are all 35 drivers that drove at some point during the 1993 season, and as most of the driver changes occurred in the last third of the season, as you play near the ending of the season you'll begin to notice many of the driver's changing in the lower classed teams. Ayrton Senna is not included in the game as his license was held by his own game produced on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive.

Changes for the Western release.

In addition to the name, several changes were made for the North American and European releases. In the Japanese version, the control is slower as well as the acceleration speed, and the risk of engine failure is much higher. It is possible to have mechanical problems upon hitting an obstacle at high speed, which cannot happen in the North American and European versions. The turbo can only be used for about one full lap before an engine failure, while it was possible to use it for about four laps in the Western versions. Also, it is possible in the Japanese version to spin off the track under wet conditions even when not hitting any obstacles. Also during gameplay, the map and time are displayed at the top of the screen in the Japanese version. In the Western versions, these are displayed at the bottom.

Reception.

"GamePro" commented that the game has well-done real world elements such as cars responding differently depending on what surface they're being driven on, but is sub-par when it comes to conventional racing elements. They noted specific problems such as touchy controls, the lack of a multiplayer mode, "the standard Sega CD pixelization", and confusing graphical elements such as overly small rear-view mirrors and a cockpit view that lies too close to the ground, and summarized, "If you enjoy figuring out the right tires for the right track and tackling the challenge of finding the perfect moment to pull into the pit, then Formula One is your game. If you want intense racing, however, you won't find it behind the wheel of this car."

Formula One World Championship: Beyond the Limit, released in Japan as Heavenly Symphony: Formula One World Championship 1993, is a racing game developed and published by Sega, with production assistance from by Fuji Television, and released for the Sega CD in 1994. As the name implies, the game places the player in the seat of a Formula One car complete with multiple teams and opponents, and all the licensed tracks of the series.

Formula One World Championship: Beyond the Limit est un jeu vidéo de course de Formule 1 reprenant la saison 1993 sorti en 1994 sur Mega-CD. Le jeu a été développé et édité par Sega.


Life.

Xiang Chǒng was from Yicheng County (宜城縣), Xiangyang Commandery (襄陽郡), which is around present-day Yicheng, Hubei. His uncle, Xiang Lang, served under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in the late Eastern Han dynasty and later under the warlord Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the Shu Han state in the Three Kingdoms period.  Xiang Chǒng started his military career in Shu as an Officer of the Standard (牙門將) during Liu Bei's short reign from 221 to 223. During the Battle of Xiaoting of 222–223, while the Shu forces were retreating after their defeat, only Xiang Chǒng's unit managed to retreat without sustaining any losses along the way. As a result, he received high praise from Liu Bei.  In 223, when Liu Shan became the new emperor of Shu after his father Liu Bei's death, he enfeoffed Xiang Chǒng as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯) and appointed him as a Central Chief Controller (中都督) among the imperial guards. Around 227 or 228, when Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, was about to launch the first of a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Wei, he wrote the "Chu Shi Biao" to Liu Shan to explain his reasons for waging war against Wei and giving advice to the emperor on governance. In the "Chu Shi Biao", Zhuge Liang named Xiang Chǒng as a capable subject "of good character" and someone "well-versed in military affairs", and urged Liu Shan to put Xiang Chǒng's talents to good use. Xiang Chǒng was later promoted to the position of Commandant of the Central Army (中領軍). In 240, he was killed in action while leading Shu forces to suppress a rebellion by local tribes in Hanjia Commandery (漢嘉郡; around present-day Lushan County, Sichuan).

Xiang Chōng (向充).

Xiang Chǒng had a similarly named younger brother, Xiang Chōng (向充), who also served as a military officer in Shu. He initially held the appointments of Colonel of Trainee Archers (射聲校尉) and Master of Writing (尚書) in the imperial secretariat.  When Zhuge Liang died in 234, many people wanted the Shu government to build temples/shrines to commemorate him, but the government refused so many people privately built their own temples/shrines. When Xiang Chōng, then holding the position of a Palace Gentleman of Writing (中書郎), heard about it, he and Xi Long (習隆; an infantry colonel) wrote to the Shu emperor Liu Shan to advise him to build a temple for Zhuge Liang in Mianyang.  Between 240 and 262, when the Shu general Jiang Wei led Shu forces on a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Wei, Xiang Chōng and another official, Lai Zhong, served as Jiang Wei's subordinates.  After the fall of Shu in 263, Xiang Chōng entered the service of the Wei government and was appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡; around present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) in 264.

Xiang Chǒng (died 240) was a military officer of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Xiang Chong (traditionnel : 向寵 ; simplifié : 向宠 ; pinyin : Xiàng Chǒng) (? - 240) était un général chinois lors de la période des trois Royaumes de Chine. Il servit notamment les empereurs Liu Bei et Liu Shan du royaume de Shu.


Municipalities and municipal districts.

The province as of June 20, 2006 was divided into the following municipalities ("municipio") and municipal districts ("distrito municipal" - D.M.) and the municipal Seat ("distrito cabecera" - D.C.) within them:  The following is a sortable table of the municipalities with population figures as of the 2012 census; the population figures for the municipal districts are included within their municipalities. Urban population are those living in the seats ("cabeceras": literally, heads) of municipalities or of municipal districts. Rural population are those living in the districts ("Secciones": literally, sections) and neighborhoods ("Parajes": literally, places) outside of them.  For comparison with the municipalities and municipal districts of other provinces see the list of municipalities and municipal districts of the Dominican Republic.

Name.

The province was named Valverde after José Desiderio Valverde, an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. Later, he was President of the Dominican Republic for one year (July 1857 - August 1858). He was from Santiago de los Caballeros.

Geography.

The Valverde province has a total area of. It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 28th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.  South of the city of Mao are the "Sierra Samba" (a chain of low hills) and part of the "Cordillera Central" mountain range. The highest mountains of the island are in the Cordillera Central but in the Valverde province there are only low mountains.  There are several important rivers that flow through the territory of the province. The most important river is the Yaque del Norte, that flows from east to west; the other rivers are all tributaries of Yaque del Norte. Other important rivers are Mao and Ámina that come from the Cordillera Central.

Location.

The Valverde province is in the northwest part of the Cibao valley. It is bordered to the north by the Puerto Plata province, to the east and south by the Santiago province, to the southwest by the Santiago Rodríguez province and to the west by the Monte Cristi province.

Valverde () is a province of the Dominican Republic. It was split from Santiago Province in 1959. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Santa Cruz de Mao. It was created on 1959. It was a municipality of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province.

Valverde est l'une des 32 provinces de la République dominicaine. Son chef-lieu est Santa Cruz de Mao. Elle est limitée à l'ouest par la province de Monte Cristi, au nord par celle de Puerto Plata, à l'est par celle de Santiago et au sud-ouest par celle de Santiago Rodríguez.


History.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Buenos Aires was inhabited by thousands of immigrants from Europe. Additionally, there was an abundance of tourists from throughout the Americas. In 1910, Italian merchant Domingo Pace built Luna Park, an open street fair in the heart of the city. By the 1920s, the amusement park became the playground of the aristocrats and wealthy in Argentina. With the change of scenery, the park began to decline and by 1929, many of the rides were abandoned.  In 1931, Ismael Pace (son of Domingo) and boxing legend Jose Pepe Lectoure purchased land from the city. With the decline of Luna Park, Pace envisioned creating a sports arena in the likes of Madison Square Garden and the. Before opening in 1932, the arena went through three names: Estadio de Corrientes y Bouchard, Catedral del Boxeo then Palacio de los Deportes before settling on Estadio Luna Park (in remembrance of the now torn down amusement park).  Opening February 1932 as an opening air venue and carnival. The arena hosted a boxing match every Saturday, with first match being held on 5 March 1932. At this time, the arena could sit 22,000 spectators. During the off season, the arena ran rampant with the homeless, causing the venue to become an enclosed space in 1934. During the Second World War, the arena became the site of many Nazi and Fascist rallies. In 1944, during a charity event, Eva Duarte and Juan Perón met for the first time.  In the 1950s, the arena began to decline. Lectoure and Pace were pressured by the city to seek better revenue. In 1951, renovations began for the arena in the style of Art Deco, substantially, the capacity of the arena was reduced. Before construction ended, Pace and Lectoure died. Ownership of the venue was given to Lectoure's son, Juan Carlos Lectoure. Known as Tito, he convert the arena into the site for concerts and it became a major venue for the Argentine rock scene.  In 2007, the arena was declared a Monumento Histórico Nacional. After 80 years, the Lectoure family no longer owned the historic venue. After the death of Tito's wife, Ernestina Devecchi de Lectoure (in 2013), ownership of the arena was transferred to Sociedad Salesiana de San Juan Bosco and Cáritas Argentina.

Principal concerts.

Other artists that have performed at Luna Park include: Blue Man Group, Harlem Globetrotters, other events include Diego Maradona's wedding (1989) and the funerals of Carlos Gardel (1935), Julio Sosa (1964) and Ringo Bonavena (1976).

Estadio Luna Park (commonly known as Luna Park) is a multi-purpose arena in Buenos Aires. Located at the corner of Avenida Corrientes and Avenida Bouchard; in the San Nicolás neighborhood. Initially, the arena primarily hosted boxing and other sporting events. In the 1950s, it was expanded to host stage shows and concerts.

Le Luna Park de Buenos Aires en Argentine est une salle couverte d'une capacité de places où se déroulent une série d'activités artistiques sportives et même politiques ou privées. Un de ses noms est aussi le "Palacio de los Deportes" (Palais des sports, en français), car il fut fondamentalement un lieu où se passaient les combats de boxe.