Crash.

On the day of the crash, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 departed Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport, Thailand at 14:31 en route to Phuket International Airport as flight number OG269. The flight crew consisted of Captain Arief Mulyadi (57), an Indonesian national and the Chief Pilot of One-Two-Go Airlines, and a former Indonesian Air Force pilot, and First Officer Montri Kamolrattanachai (30), a Thai national who had recently completed his flight training with One-Two-GO's "ab initio" program. Arief had 16,752 flight hours, including 4,330 hours on the MD-82, while Montri had 1,465 hours, 1,240 of them on the MD-82. The aircraft was carrying 123 passengers and seven crew members. OG269 was the fourth of six flights between Bangkok and Phuket that Arief and Montri were scheduled to fly that day.  On approach to Phuket, Captain Arief made several radio communications errors including read-back/hear-back communications and misstating their flight number. First Officer Montri was the flying pilot.  Another aircraft landed immediately prior to Flight 269 and experienced wind shear. That aircraft's captain contacted the tower and reported wind shear on final and cumulonimbus over the airport, a report audible to all incoming aircraft. Air Traffic Control requested Flight 269 acknowledge the weather information provided and re-state intentions. Captain Arief acknowledged the transmission and stated his intention to land.  OG269 conducted an ILS approach just north of the centerline on runway 27. As the landing proceeded, ATC reported increasing winds at 240 degrees from, then to. Captain Arief acknowledged the reports. ATC requested intentions again. Captain Arief said, "Landing".  As the aircraft descended to above threshold level (ATL), its airspeed dropped. Captain Arief repeatedly called for more power as First Officer Montri attempted the landing. The aircraft continued to descend and fell below ATL, causing the auto-throttle to reduce engine thrust to idle. One second later, First Officer Montri called "Go Around". This was acknowledged by the captain. The first officer then attempted to transfer control of the aircraft to Captain Arief. There was no verbal acknowledgement of this from Captain Arief.  The pilots retracted the landing gear and set flaps for go-around. The aircraft pitch changed from 2 degrees to 12 degrees as the aircraft climbed, its engines still at idle. Airspeed fell and the aircraft climbed to a maximum altitude of ATL before beginning to descend. For 13 seconds the engines remained at idle. The aircraft pitch angle decreased to near zero and then the throttle was manually increased two seconds before impact with an embankment along the runway at 15:40. The aircraft was destroyed on impact along with a post-crash fire.

Recovery.

Rescue efforts were hampered by a four-foot (1.3 m) ditch beside and parallel to runway 27 running the length of the runway. Rescue vehicles were unable to cross this ditch, though they could have entered at either end of the runway. None did. One survivor complained that only a single ambulance arrived.  Additional fire and rescue from the town of Phuket arrived 30 minutes later. Additionally, the airport failed to include "crash on airport" procedures in its air service manual as required by ICAO.

Survivors and fatalities.

Of the 130 people on board, 85 passengers and five crew members (including both flight crew members) died.  The airline contacted the rest of the victims' families for evidence to aid in identification. Some victims suffered head injuries caused by dislodged baggage. Others were trapped and burned alive in the cabin. Many survivors sustained burns.  Various embassies and ministries in Bangkok confirmed the following numbers:

Investigation.

According to Vutichai Singhamany, a safety director at Thailand's Department of Civil Aviation and the lead crash investigator, the pilot had deployed the landing gear on approach to Phuket airport runway 27, but had retracted it when attempting a go-around. Singhamany added that the wheels had not touched the runway and that the accident had happened moments after the pilot raised the nose of the aircraft to abort the landing.  At the time of the crash, speculation rested on the pilot's decision to land in poor weather conditions and on the airport's wind shear detection system, which was not operational that day. In the weeks after the crash, Singhamany continued to indicate wind shear as the likely cause.  As the accident involved a U.S. manufactured aircraft, the United States National Transportation Safety Board participated in the accident and arrived on site within days. The NTSB inspected the aircraft and the crash scene, and interviewed survivors and witnesses. They took information obtained from the flight data recorder ("black box") to the United States for analysis. The flight data recorder immediately yielded significant facts about the flight, including:

Conclusions.

After completing the inspection of the aircraft, the NTSB found it to have functioned properly and to have remained fully controllable until impact. The cause of the crash was found to be due to a combination of human performance and operational issues, including:  Human Performance:  Operational: The NTSB noted that, "although the weather deteriorated in the later stages of this flight, wind shear was not a factor in this accident” and “It is understood that during the accident sequence, the pilots were potentially distracted by the weather conditions; however, that distraction should not cause a loss of control of the airplane."  The U.S. NTSB stated that the possible causes of this accident, consistent with available evidence, are that: The crew did not properly perform the go-around and failed to activate the TO/GA switch. Although the throttles remained available to the crew to advance power, they did not, nor did they monitor the throttles during the go-around. A transfer of controls, from the copilot to the pilot, occurred at a critical point in the go-around. The airplane's flight management system automatically retarded the throttles, since the approach slat/flap logic for landing was met. Lacking power application, the airplane slowed and descended until contact with the terrain.  The Thai AAIC added that the flight crew did not follow the standard operating procedure of a stabilized approach, call outs, and emergency situations as specified in the airline's flight operation manual. Their co-ordination was insufficient, they had heavy workloads and accumulated stress, had insufficient rest, and were fatigued. The weather conditions changed suddenly prompting the go-around attempt.

Aftermath.

On 28 July 2008, Thai DCAT censured Orient Thai Airlines and One-Two-Go airlines over a number of issues, including:  The Air Operator's Certificate of One-Two-GO Airlines was revoked, grounding the airline for 30 days.  In April 2009, One-Two-GO Airlines was added to the EU blacklist. It was removed shortly thereafter. In September 2010, the One-Two-GO brand was dropped and the airline was merged with Orient Thai Airlines.

One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 (OG269) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Bangkok to Phuket, Thailand. On 16 September 2007, about 15:41 ICT, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating the flight crashed into an embankment beside runway 27 at Phuket International Airport (HKT) bursting into flames upon impact during an attempted go-around after an aborted landing, killing 90 of the 130 persons on board (this includes one person who died of burn injuries several days after the crash).

Le vol One-Two-Go Airlines 269 est un vol intérieur thaïlandais assuré par la compagnie aérienne à bas prix One-Two-Go Airlines qui s'est écrasé à 15 heures 35 (10 heures 35 heure française) sur l'île touristique thaïlandaise de Phuket après un atterrissage manqué le avec 130 personnes à son bord.


Life.

Childhood and education.

Emilia Pardo Bazán was born into an affluent noble family in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. The family's principal residence was in Rúa Tabernas but they also owned two other houses, one close to Sanxenxo and the other, known as the Pazo de Meirás, located in the outskirts of the city. Her father, believing in the intellectual equality of men and women, provided her with the best education possible, inspiring her life-long love for literature. She wrote her first poems at the age of nine. Emilia had access to a broad range of reading material in her father's library, later stating that among her favorites were "Don Quijote de la Mancha," the Bible and the "Iliad". Other early readings included "La conquista de México" by Antonio de Solís and "Parallel Lives" by Plutarch. She was fascinated by books about the French revolution. Her family would spend their winters in Madrid, where Emilia attended a French school sponsored by the Royal Family, and where she was introduced to the work of La Fontaine and Jean Racine. Her frequent visits to France would prove to be especially useful later in her life by helping her connect with the literary world of Europe and become familiar with important authors like Victor Hugo. When she was twelve her family decided to stop their winter visits to Madrid, staying in A Coruña where she studied with private tutors. She refused to follow the rules that limited women to just learning about music and home economics. She received formal education on all types of subjects, with an emphasis on the humanities and languages. She became fluent in French, English, and German. She was not permitted to attend college. Women were forbidden to study science and philosophy, but she became familiar with those subjects by reading and talking with friends of her father.

Marriage and literary career.

At the age of sixteen Emilia married Don José Antonio de Quiroga y Pérez de Deza, a country gentleman who was himself only eighteen and still a law student. The following year, 1868, saw the outbreak of the Glorious Revolution, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II and awakening in Emilia an interest in politics. She is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo I of Spain and, later, against the republic.  In 1876 she won a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, for an essay entitled "Estudio crítico de las obras del padre Feijoo" ("Critical Essay on the Works of Father Feijoo"), the subject of her essay being a Benedictine monk. Emilia Pardo Bazán always had a great admiration for Feijoo, an eighteenth-century Galician intellectual, possibly due to his feminism "avant la lettre". She also published her first book of poems in the same year, entitled "Jaime" in honor of her newborn son.This was followed by a series of articles in "La Ciencia cristiana", a highly orthodox Roman Catholic magazine, edited by Juan Orti y Lara.  Her first novel, "Pascual López: autobiografía de un estudiante de medicina" ("Pascual López: Autobiography of a Medical Student"), which appeared in 1879, was written in a realist, romantic style. She was encouraged by its success and, two years later, she published "Un viaje de novios (A Honeymoon Trip"), in which an incipient interest in French naturalism can be observed, causing something of a sensation at the time. This was further fuelled by the appearance of "La tribuna" (1883), which was more heavily influenced by the ideas of Émile Zola and is widely considered to be the first Spanish naturalist novel. Her response to the critics' outrage was published in 1884 under the title "La cuestión palpitante" ("The Critical Issue"). Her husband did not feel strong enough to weather the ensuing social scandal created by a woman daring to express her views about such matters and two years later the couple began an amicable separation, Emilia living with their children while her husband took up residence in the Castle of Santa Cruz in A Coruña, which he had acquired at an auction. It was only after their separation that her relationship with the writer Galdós blossomed into a full-blown intimate affair, which was to prove enduring.  1885 saw the publication of "El Cisne de Vilamorta" ("The Swan of Vilamorta"), in which the naturalist scenes are more numerous and more pronounced than in any of her previous works, although the author has been accused of shrinking from the logical application of her theories by inserting a romantic and inappropriate ending. Probably the best of Emilia Pardo Bazán's work is embodied in "Los pazos de Ulloa" ("The House of Ulloa"), published in 1886, which recounts the slide into decadence of an aristocratic family, as notable for the heroes Nucha and Julián as for characters including the political bravos, Barbacana and Trampeta. Yet perhaps its most abiding merit lies in its depiction of country life, the poetic realization of Galician scenery portrayed in an elaborate, colourful style. A sequel, with the significant title "La madre naturaleza" ("Mother Nature"), published in 1887, marked a further advance in the path of naturalism, and henceforth Pardo Bazán was universally recognized as one of the principal exponents of the new naturalistic movement in Spain, a role confirmed by the publication of "Insolación" ("Sunstroke"), and "Morriña" ("Homesickness") in 1889. In this year her reputation as a novelist reached its highest point.  During her last years of writing, Emilia Pardo Bazán wrote many essays and gave lectures in renowned institutions. She also began to intervene in political journalism as well as fighting for the right of women to social and intellectual emancipation. Thus, around 1890, her work evolved towards greater symbolism and spiritualism.  In 1905 she published a play entitled "Verdad" ("Truth"), better known for its boldness than for its dramatic qualities. Her last novel, "Dulce dueño" ("Sweet Master") was published in 1911, but she continued to write short stories like "El revólver" ("The Revolver"), publishing more than 600 over the course of her career.

Support for women's rights.

Pardo Bazán was a standard bearer for women's rights and dedicated both her literary production and her life to their defense. In all of her works she incorporated her ideas on the modernization of Spanish society, on the need for female education and on women's access to all the rights and opportunities that men already enjoyed.  In 1882, she participated in a conference organized by The Free Educational Institution, and openly criticized the education received by the Spanish women, in which values like passivity, obedience and submission to their husbands were relentlessly promoted.  In spite of the patent sexism in the intellectual circles of her era, Emilia Pardo Bazán became the first woman to preside over the literature section of the Ateneo de Madrid in 1906, and the first to occupy a chair of Neo-Latin literature at the Central University Of Madrid (former name of The Complutense University of Madrid). She inherited the title of Countess on her father's death in 1908 and in 1910 was appointed a member of the Council of Public Instruction. In 1921 she was appointed to the Senate but never formally took up her seat. Much to her frustration, she was repeatedly refused a seat at the Spanish Royal Academy, purely on the grounds of her gender. She died in Madrid in 1921.

Tribute.

On September 16, 2017, Google celebrated her 166th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Emilia Pardo Bazán y de la Rúa-Figueroa (16 September 185112 May 1921), countess of Pardo Bazán, was a Spanish novelist, journalist, literary critic, poet, playwright, translator, editor and professor. She is known for introducing naturalism into Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her ground-breaking introduction of feminist ideas into the literature of her era. Her ideas about women's rights for education also made her a prominent feminist figure.

Emilia Pardo Bazán, comtesse de Bazán Brun, également connue comme "Emilia, comtesse de Pardo Bazán" (née le 16 septembre 1851 à La Corogne et décédée le 12 mai 1921 à Madrid) est une écrivaine espagnole, célèbre pour ses romans naturalistes.


History.

Bison was platted in 1907, and named after the American bison which were once numerous in the area. A post office has been in operation at Bison since 1907. Bison was declared county seat in 1908.

Geography.

Bison is located about six miles south of the South Fork of the Grand River and near the headwaters of Thunder Butte Creek. It is just south of the Grand River National Grassland.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.  Bison has been assigned the ZIP code 57620, and the FIPS place code 05620.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 333 people, 158 households, and 100 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 180 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 97.9% White and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.  There were 158 households of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.72.  The median age in the town was 48.6 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 25.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.8% male and 49.2% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census, there were 373 people, 177 households and 109 families living in the town. The population density was 372.5 per square mile (144.0/km2). There were 227 housing units at an average density of 226.7 per square mile (87.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.73% White and 0.27% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.  There were 177 households of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 38.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.78.  Age distribution was 22.3% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.  The median household income was $30,000, and the median family income was $41,250. Males had a median income of $28,594 versus $17,386 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,856. About 4.5% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

Bison is a town in and the county seat of Perkins County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 333 at the 2010 census.

La ville de Bison est le siège du comté de Perkins, dans l’État du Dakota du Sud, aux États-Unis. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population s’élève à, estimée à.


Biography.

Ayni was born in a peasant family in the village of Soktare in what was then the Emirate of Bukhara. He became an orphan at 12 and moved to join his older brother in Bukhara, where he attended a madrasa and learned to write in Arabic.  In the early 1920s Ayni helped to propagate the Russian Revolution in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In 1934 he attended the Soviet Congress of Writers as the Tajik representative. By purporting national identity in his writings, he was able to escape the Soviet censors that quieted many intellectuals in Central Asia. Ayni survived the Soviet Purges, and even outlived Stalin by one year. He was member of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan for 20 years, was awarded the Order of Lenin three times, and was the first president of the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR. After 1992, his writing helped to bind together a sense of Tajik nationalism that survived the collapse of the Soviet Union.  Ayni gave indigenous Tajik literature in Tajikistan a boost in 1927 by writing "Dokhunda", the first Tajikistani novel in the Tajik language. In 1934 and 1935, leading Russian director Lev Kuleshov worked for two years in Tajikistan at a movie based on "Dokhunda" but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped. No footage survives.  Ayni's early poems were about love and nature, but after the national awakening in Tajikistan, his subject matter shifted to the dawn of the new age and the working class. His writings often criticized the Amir of Bukhara. Two well-known are "The Slave" and "The Bukhara Executioners".  Ayni died in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, where a mausoleum stands in his honor.

Translations.

Ainī, Sadriddin, and John R. Perry. 1998. "The sands of Oxus: boyhood reminiscences of Sadriddin Aini". Costa Mesa, Calif: Mazda Publishers.

Sadriddin Ayni (Tajik: Садриддин Айнӣ, Persian: صدرالدين عينى, also Sadriddin Aini; 15 April 1878 - 15 July 1954) was a Tajik intellectual who wrote poetry, fiction, journalism, history and lexicography. He is regarded as Tajikistan's national poet and one of the most important writers in the country's history.

Sadriddin Aini (également orthographié en français Sadriddine Aïni, en tadjik : Садриддин Айнӣ, en persan : صدردين عيني), né le à Soktouri et mort le à l'âge de 76 ans à Douchanbé, en République socialiste soviétique du Tadjikistan. C'est un intellectuel et écrivain soviétique du Tadjikistan. Il reçoit un prix Staline pour le livre "Boukhara" en 1950.


Studios.

Dornbusch Broadcasting House, in Bertramstraße, Frankfurt am Main, is home to HR's principal radio and television studios. There are additional radio and television studios in Kassel and Wiesbaden, as well as further radio studios in Darmstadt, Fulda, and Gießen. HR also maintains offices in Berlin, Eltville, Erbach, Limburg an der Lahn, and Marburg. In 2000, HR opened studios on the 53rd floor of the Main Tower in Frankfurt city centre. The corporation is also responsible for the management of ARD's studios in Madrid and Prague.

Finance.

Licensing fees are currently €17.50 per month. Since 2013, every household has been liable for this fee, whether or not there are radio or TV receivers present. The fee is collected by "Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio".

Programming.

Television.

HR contributes to the programming of the main German public-service broadcasting channel Das Erste, and also to that of the associated 3sat, ARTE, KI.KA, and Phoenix.  Like other regional public broadcasting corporations in Germany, HR has its own, regional "channel three" (i.e. in addition to the national ARD and ZDF channels). From 1964 until 1983 this was known as "Das Hessisches Fernsehprogramm" ("The Hesse Television Programme"). It was then rebaptized as "Hessen Drei" ("Hesse Three"), before it was rebaptized "hessen fernsehen" ("Hesse Television") in 1997. Most recently, in October 2004 the channel became "hr-fernsehen". Since December 2013 the channel has also been available in HDTV.

Radio.

hr1.

hr1 plays almost exclusively middle of the road and easy listening music, chiefly from the 1965 to 1985 era, and is aimed at a 40- to 60-year-old demographic. Until 2004 hr1 had been HR's main information channel.

hr2-kultur.

hr2-kultur is HR's cultural and classical-music radio channel.

hr3.

hr3 is an adult-oriented popular music programme. Relaunched in the early 80s as a service targeted principally at young people, the station has aged together with its audience.

hr4.

hr4 is aimed at an older listenership. It broadcasts regional news and German popular music ("schlagers") and "evergreens", as well as instrumental music, folk, and light classical music.

hr-iNFO.

hr-info is a 24-hour news radio. On weekday daytime, it provides rolling news, with bulletins every 20 minutes. At all other times (except overnight), it broadcasts special in-depth-reports on a range of topics, alongside a quick news summary every half-hour.

YOU FM.

YOU FM is HR's music programme for young people. It has also become famous outside of Hesse and Germany for its Saturday night techno music transmissions.

Musical organizations.

Hessischer Rundfunk maintains two resident ensembles:

Transmitters.

Internet streaming.

Each of HR's six radio channels is streamed online.

Hessischer Rundfunk (Hesse Broadcasting; HR) is the German federal state of Hesse's public broadcasting corporation. Headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, HR is a member of the national consortium of German public broadcasting corporations, ARD.

La Hessischer Rundfunk (Radio de Hesse) est un organisme de droit public basé à Francfort, membre de l'ARD (Communauté de travail des établissements de radiodiffusion de droit public de la République Fédérale d’Allemagne).


History of the name.

This place was mentioned in 1253 as "Garde" (Gardaí). In the 17th century, when the main church and road of cross was built, people started calling it the New Jerusalem, but after some time it was named Kalvarija after the name of the hill where Jesus was crucified. In the 20th century, the town was renamed to Žemaičių Kalvarija to avoid misunderstandings, because there is another town in south-west of Lithuania called Kalvarija.  During the Soviet years, 1964–1989, the town was renamed to Varduva after Varduva river that flows near the town. At that time, people, who visited this place as pilgrims were persecuted by KGB. Only in 1989 town's name was restored back to its historic name Žemaičių Kalvarija.

The Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Church Festival.

The Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Church Festival (, Samogitian: "Dėdlė̄jė Žemaitiu Kalvarėjės atlaidā") takes place every June. There are 21 Stations of the Cross in this town. Undertaking the station of the cross is a very important procession for a Catholic, it should be done often. It is one of the most important pilgrimage routes for Roman Catholics. This festival dates back to 1742. The Pope is the main guardian and supporter of this festival.  During the festival there are days dedicated to youth. Many events take place, which may serve spiritual needs of young people. There are special Masses held, dedicated to youth and children.  The festival attracts many tourists from Samogitia and Lithuania, many Catholic churches in Lithuania organize trips for people. Since 2004 there were more tourists and pilgrims coming from the EU States, especially from Poland, Ireland, Germany and Spain.

Transport.

There are regular bus services to the town from Klaipėda and Plungė. The Closest airports are Palanga International Airport (Lithuania), Riga International Airport, Kaunas Airport and Liepāja International Airport (Latvia).

Žemaičių Kalvarija (Samogitian: "Žemaitiu Kalvarėjė",, ) is a small town in Plungė district municipality, Lithuania. It is known as a major site for Catholic pilgrimage.

Žemaičių Kalvarija est un village du nord-est de la Samogitie en Lituanie (district de Plungė). Sa population est de (2001).


Plot.

Doug and Skeeter discover a monster that lives in Lucky Duck Lake. At first they are scared of him, but later they find he is nice. Bill Bluff is polluting the lake, and the pollution created this monster. The Monster almost eats the book "Moby Dick" but Skeeter stops him, and they named him Herman for the book's author, Herman Melville. Doug remembers that he was supposed to meet Patti at Mr. Swirly's. He runs to Swirly's as fast as he can using the quickest short-cuts that he knew. Once he gets there, he does not see Patti. Mr. Swirly says the she was there and looked very upset, and then left with a guy who kept talking about his big plans for a dance. When Doug heard this, he knew that this guy was no one else but Guy Grahm, a snobby upper classman who wants Patti. Meanwhile, Roger and the A/V nerds are building a robot to kidnapp Herman, but when they build the robot it acts like Roger's babysitter.  Doug then rushes to the Funkytown night club, where Guy and Patti are working on the dance. He apologizes to Patti there and she accepts his apology. But Guy cuts in and says that Doug is just a stupid little kid. Doug, very angry now, says that he has proof that Bluff is evil and is polluting the lake. Guy calls Doug a liar. Doug then invites them both to the announcement to be held in front of Mr. Dinks house about Herman and the pollution. Doug leaves, but the picture of the monster falls out of his pocket without him knowing. Guy realizes that Doug was telling the truth. Guy calls Bluff, who he is tight with. Then at the announcement, Doug sees that a news reporter's camera is inflatable. He realizes that the news company is a fake, that it is supporting Bill Bluff and trying to compensate the monster. Doug then has to tell everyone that there has been a mistake, Patti gets mad at him, thinks that he is a liar and walks away with Guy.  That night, Bluff finds the boys with Herman and kidnaps the monster. The next morning, Doug knows that this is his last chance to save Herman. He goes to the school newspaper room, hoping to find Guy who can lead him to Bluff. Guy isn't in the room, but Doug sees a newspaper article that says that Mr. Bluff and his men blast a monster to smitherines at a school dance. Doug is at first sad and believes that Herman has died, but he than realizes that the school dance is not until tonight and this is what is being planned to happen so, Doug and Skeeter call Roger and The Sleech twins to help. At the school dance, he has to make the biggest choice of his life, going after Patti or saving Herman. When he does that, Bluff cathches the quintet in front of Crystal Lake and starts to enslave them, but is stopped by Mrs. Dink and Porkchop. Doug then finds Patti in front of the woods and Doug tries to tell her he is in love with her but is interrupted by Herman. Then, the kids say goodbye to Herman. After Herman jumps back into the lake, Doug tells Patti he likes her and Roger almost becomes friends with Doug but is interrupted by the robot.

Production.

Nickelodeon was originally planning a "Doug" film in 1993 when they made a deal with 20th Century Fox to make films based on their properties along with films like "Rugrats" and "Ren & Stimpy". However, the plans evaporated when the deal expired in 1995. Only "The Rugrats Movie" materialized, by Paramount Pictures, in November 1998.  In 1996, when Disney bought Jumbo Pictures along with the cartoon, they decided to re-circle the project for the "Doug" film. This film was originally planned as a direct-to-video release under the title "The First Doug Movie Ever" as shown in trailers, but due to the success of "The Rugrats Movie", they decided to make it a theatrical release.  This is the last American theatrical animated film to use traditional cels, in which the title sequence of the film used digital ink and paint.

Release.

Critical reception.

The film garnered a 26% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 9 of a total 34 reviews being determined as positive. The critical consensus reads, ""Doug's 1st Movie" may entertain very young fans of its main character, but essentially amounts to a forgettable feature-length episode of his show." Critics were harsh to "Doug's 1st Movie" when it was released theatrically. Many noted that the film felt too much like an extended episode of the show (story and animation-wise) and many mention that the film should have stayed a direct-to-video release. Most of the criticism came from the plot, writing, music, though they praised the animation, voice acting and ending. Screenit.com awarded the film 4 out of 10, determining that it was mediocre and did not have "that magic or cinematic feel to warrant the big screen treatment" and it felt like the regular series.

Box office.

"Doug's 1st Movie" opened at #5 in its opening weekend with $4,470,489, for an average of $1,971 from a very wide 2,268 theaters. While this may be deemed as low for an average Hollywood film, "Doug" only cost $5 million to make due to its direct-to-video budget and a somewhat low-key promotional campaign. As such, the film still managed to gross $19,421,271 in ticket sales, creating a large profit for Disney and making it a box office success.

Awards and nominations.

The film was nominated for a Stinker Award for Worst Achievement in Animation.

Home media.

The film was released on VHS on September 21, 1999, and on DVD as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on July 20, 2012. The DVD used a TV edit when it was aired in Australia on the Seven Network with fade-ins and fade-outs in some parts to make way for the commercial breaks and the closing credits were sped up to fit the time slot.  The film, along with "Disney’s Doug", was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2019, its first day of release. This version of the film did not use the TV edit found on the DVD release, allowing the end credits to be seen at their intended speed.

Doug's 1st Movie is a 1999 American animated film based on the Disney version of the Nickelodeon television series "Doug". The film was directed by Maurice Joyce, and stars the regular television cast of Tom McHugh, Fred Newman, Chris Phillips, Constance Shulman, Frank Welker, Alice Playten, Guy Hadley, and Doris Belack. It was produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Jumbo Pictures with animation provided by Plus One Animation, and released by Buena Vista Pictures on March 26, 1999.

Doug, le film ou Le premier film de Doug au Québec ("Doug's First Movie"), est un long-métrage d'animation des studios Disney. Sorti en 1999, il a été réalisé par le studio Jumbo Pictures qui avait déjà réalisé la série "Doug".


Club career.

Born in Brugg, Switzerland, Eggimann began his career with local side FC Küttigen before moving to bigger local rivals FC Aarau where he began his professional career making his professional debut in 1998. He played at Stadion Brugglifeld for FC Aarau until 2002 when he headed to Germany to play in the Bundesliga for Karlsruher SC. In the 2006–07 season Eggimann was made captain as Karlsruher SC were champions of the 2. Bundesliga.  In March 2008, Eggimann exercised a clause in his contract by moving to Hannover 96 for €1.4 million. He signed a contract until June 2013. After the end of the 2014–15 season, Eggimann did not receive an extension of his expiring contract with Union Berlin, having only earned 17 caps caused by multiple injuries since his arrival in 2013.  In October 2015, Eggimann announced his retirement from professional football.

International career.

Eggimann was captain of the Swiss U21 national team. On 7 September 2007, he played first for the Swiss national football team coming on as a half-time substitute for Johan Djourou in a 2–1 victory against Chile in Vienna. The match was part of a tournament in Austria, comprising Japan and Austria as well as Chile and Switzerland.  Eggimann was selected by then-coach Köbi Kuhn prior to Euro 2008 but did not make the final squad. He has been selected by Ottmar Hitzfeld for the 2010 World Cup.

Personal life.

On 20 February 2008, Eggimann became a father for the first time to a baby girl.

Mario Eggimann (born 24 January 1981) is a Swiss former footballer who played as a defender. He also earned caps for the Swiss national team.

Mario Eggimann, né le à Brugg, est un footballeur suisse. Il évolue au poste de défenseur central de la fin des années 1990 au milieu des années 2010.


Plot.

Soon after World War I is over, Naval Aviator "Spig" Wead (John Wayne), along with John Dale Price (Ken Curtis), tries to prove to the Navy the value of aviation in combat. To do this, Wead pushes the Navy to compete in racing and endurance competitions. Several races are against the US Army aviation team led by Captain Herbert Allen Hazard (based on General Jimmy Doolittle—played by Kenneth Tobey).  Wead spends most of his time either flying or horsing around with his teammates, meaning that his wife Minnie, or "Min" (Maureen O'Hara), and children are ignored.  The night Wead is promoted to fighter squadron commander, he falls down a flight of stairs at home, breaks his neck and is paralyzed. When "Min" tries to console him he rejects her and the family. He will only let his Navy mates like "Jughead" Carson (Dan Dailey) and Price near him. "Jughead" visits the hospital almost daily to encourage Frank's rehabilitation ("I'm gonna move that toe"). Carson also pushes "Spig" to get over his depression, try to walk, and start writing. Wead achieves some success in all three goals.  After great success in Hollywood, Wead returns to active sea duty with the Navy in World War II, developing the idea of smaller escort, or "jeep," carriers which follow behind the main fleet as auxiliary strength to the main aircraft carrier force. He returns to active combat duty in the Pacific, witnessing first hand kamikaze attacks. The film's battle scenes, based around aircraft carriers, include real combat footage. Following a fifty-hour shift during combat operations, Wead has a heart attack and is retired home before the war ends. When he leaves the carrier he is serving in for the last time, he receives eight side boys in honor of his contributions to aviation—all of them Navy admirals or Army generals.  Director John Ford is himself represented in the film, in the humorously-named character of film director John Dodge, played by another Ford favorite, Ward Bond.

Historical inaccuracies.

Dramatic license allows for some historical inaccuracies in the film. One scene shows first the US Army around-the-world flight and then the US Navy winning the Schneider Cup. In fact the US Navy won the Schneider Cup in 1923 and the US Army embarked on the first aerial circumnavigation from March to September 1924.  Another scene shows a newsreel related to the sinking of the aircraft carrier USS "Hornet" (CV-8), suggesting that she had been doomed by the hit of three kamikaze suicide planes. Although two aircraft did crash into her, she also received substantial damage by bombs and torpedoes before finally being sunk by Japanese destroyers. Additionally, the term "kamikaze" was not in use to describe suicide pilots at the time of "Hornet"'s sinking.

Box office.

MGM reported that the film earned $2.3 million in the U.S. and Canada, and $1,350,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $804,000.

The Wings of Eagles is a 1957 American Metrocolor film starring John Wayne, Dan Dailey and Maureen O'Hara, based on the life of Frank "Spig" Wead and the history of U.S. Naval aviation from its inception through World War II. The film is a tribute to Wead (who died ten years earlier, in 1947, at the age of 52) from his friend, director John Ford, and was based on Wead's "We Plaster the Japs", published in a 1944 issue of "The American Magazine".

L'aigle vole au soleil (titre original : "The Wings of Eagles") est un film américain réalisé par John Ford, sorti en 1957, retraçant l'histoire authentique de l'aviateur américain Frank Wead.


Olympics.

Flameng competed in four cycling track events at the 1896 Summer Olympics, on 8 April 1896, he competed in the 100 km race which was 300 laps of the Neo Phaliron Velodrome, out of the nine starters on two finished with Flameng winning the gold medal 11 laps ahead of second place Georgios Kolettis from Greece. After a couple of days rest he was back in the saddle at the Velodrome competing in three more events, he won a silver medal in the 10 km race finishing just behind fellow countryman Paul Masson, he also won the bronze medal in the sprint race, which was six laps around the Velodrome, and finally he finished in joint fifth place in the time trial.

Pilot.

In 1898 he joined the 8th Infantry Division (France) to do his National Service, he then joined the French Air Force in 1914 as an observer before becoming a military pilot in 1916, on 21 June 1916, while on a mission on Verdun his plane was hit and although he was hit in the head with a bullet and his crew killed he still managed to get his plane back to base, after being hospitalised he returned to his squadron and was promoted to sergeant before transferring to the Group of Training Division. Sadly, on 12 January 1917, while trialing a new Sopwith biplane near Ève, Oise, there was a technical incident forcing the plane to crash to the ground killing Flameng.

Léon Flameng (30 April 1877 – 2 January 1917) was a French cyclist and a World War I pilot. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, winning three medals including one gold.

Léon Flameng (Marie Léon Flameng), né le à Paris 17 et mort le à Ève, est un coureur cycliste français, champion olympique en 1896, licencié à l'Association Vélocipédique Internationale (A.V.I.).


Intent.

Dependency Injection solves problems such as:  Creating objects directly within the class is inflexible because it commits the class to particular objects and makes it impossible to change the instantiation later independently from (without having to change) the class. It stops the class from being reusable if other objects are required, and it makes the class hard to test because real objects can not be replaced with mock objects.  A class is no longer responsible for creating the objects it requires, and it does not have to delegate instantiation to a factory object as in the Abstract Factory design pattern.<br>See also the UML class and sequence diagram below.

Overview.

Dependency injection separates the creation of a client's dependencies from the client's behavior, which allows program designs to be loosely coupled and to follow the dependency inversion and single responsibility principles. It directly contrasts with the service locator pattern, which allows clients to know about the system they use to find dependencies.  An injection, the basic unit of dependency injection, is not a new or a custom mechanism. It works in the same way that "parameter passing" works. Referring to "parameter passing" as an injection carries the added implication that it is being done to isolate the client from details.  An injection is also about what is in control of the passing (never the client) and is independent of how the passing is accomplished, whether by passing a reference or a value.  Dependency injection involves four roles:  As an analogy,  Any object that may be used can be considered a service. Any object that uses other objects can be considered a client. The names have nothing to do with what the objects are for and everything to do with the role the objects play in any one injection.  The interfaces are the types the client expects its dependencies to be. An issue is what they make accessible. They may truly be interface types implemented by the services but also may be abstract classes or even the concrete services themselves, though this last would violate DIP and sacrifice the dynamic decoupling that enables testing. It is only required that the client does not know which they are and therefore never treats them as concrete, say by constructing or extending them.  The client should have no concrete knowledge of the specific implementation of its dependencies. It should only know the interface's name and API. As a result, the client will not need to change even if what is behind the interface changes. However, if the interface is refactored from being a class to an interface type (or vice versa) the client will need to be recompiled. This is significant if the client and services are published separately. This unfortunate coupling is one that dependency injection cannot resolve.  The injector introduces the services into the client. Often, it also constructs the client. An injector may connect together a very complex object graph by treating an object like a client and later as a service for another client. The injector may actually be many objects working together but may not be the client. The injector may be referred to by other names such as: assembler, provider, container, factory, builder, spring, construction code, or main.  Dependency injection can be applied as a discipline, one that asks that all objects separate construction and behavior. Relying on a DI framework to perform construction can lead to forbidding the use of the new keyword, or, less strictly, only allowing direct construction of value objects.

Taxonomy.

Inversion of control (IoC) is more general than dependency injection. Put simply, IoC means letting other code call you rather than insisting on doing the calling. An example of IoC without dependency injection is the template method pattern. Here, polymorphism is achieved through subclassing, that is, inheritance. Dependency injection implements IoC through composition so is often identical to that of the strategy pattern, but while the strategy pattern is intended for dependencies to be interchangeable throughout an object's lifetime, in dependency injection it may be that only a single instance of a dependency is used. This still achieves polymorphism, but through delegation and composition.

Dependency injection frameworks.

Application frameworks such as CDI and its implementation Weld, Spring, Guice, Play framework, Salta, Glassfish HK2, Dagger, and Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF) support dependency injection but are not required to do dependency injection.

Structure.

UML class and sequence diagram.

In the above UML class diagram, the codice_1 class that requires codice_2 and codice_3 objects does not instantiate the codice_4 and codice_5 classes directly. Instead, an codice_6 class creates the objects and injects them into the codice_1, which makes the codice_1 independent of how the objects are created (which concrete classes are instantiated). <br> The UML sequence diagram shows the run-time interactions: The codice_6 object creates the codice_4 and codice_5 objects. Thereafter, the codice_6 creates the codice_1 object and injects the codice_4 and codice_5 objects.

Examples.

Without dependency injection.

In the following Java example, the Client class contains a Service member variable that is initialized by the Client constructor. The client controls which implementation of service is used and controls its construction. In this situation, the client is said to have a hard-coded dependency on ExampleService. // An example without dependency injection public class Client {  Dependency injection is an alternative technique to initialize the member variable rather than explicitly creating a service object as shown above. We can adjust this example using the various techniques described and illustrated in the subsections below.

Types of dependency injection.

There are at least three ways a client object can receive a reference to an external module:

Other types.

It is possible for DI frameworks to have other types of "injection" beyond those presented above.  Testing frameworks may also use other types. Some modern testing frameworks do not even require that clients actively accept dependency injection thus making legacy code testable. In particular, in the Java language it is possible to use reflection to make private attributes public when testing and thus accept injections by assignment.  Some attempts at Inversion of Control do not provide full removal of dependency, but instead simply substitute one form of dependency for another. As a rule of thumb, if a programmer can look at nothing but the client code and tell what framework is being used, then the client has a hard-coded dependency on the framework.

Field injection.

This method requires the client to provide its defined dependencies by declaring class fields. Accessors of the class typically will access the classes' fields directly for dependency injection, requiring the field to be accessible or by choosing a reflection based method. class Client {

Constructor injection.

This method requires the client to provide a parameter in a constructor for the dependency.  // Constructor Client(Service service) {

Setter injection.

This method requires the client to provide a setter method for the dependency.  // Setter method public void setService(Service service) {

Interface injection.

This is simply the client publishing a role interface to the setter methods of the client's dependencies. It can be used to establish how the injector should talk to the client when injecting dependencies.  // Service setter interface. public interface ServiceSetter {  // Client class public class Client implements ServiceSetter {

Constructor injection comparison.

Preferred when all dependencies can be constructed first because it can be used to ensure the client object is always in a valid state, as opposed to having some of its dependency references be null (not be set). However, on its own, it lacks the flexibility to have its dependencies changed later. This can be a first step towards making the client immutable and therefore thread safe.  // Constructor Client(Service service, Service otherService) {

Setter injection comparison.

Requires the client to provide a setter method for each dependency. This gives the freedom to manipulate the state of the dependency references at any time. This offers flexibility, but if there is more than one dependency to be injected, it is difficult for the client to ensure that all dependencies are injected before the client could be provided for use.  // Set the service to be used by this client public void setService(Service service) {  // Set the other service to be used by this client public void setOtherService(Service otherService) {  Because these injections happen independently there is no way to tell when the injector is finished wiring the client. A dependency can be left null simply by the injector failing to call its setter. This forces the check that injection was completed from when the client is assembled to whenever it is used. // Set the service to be used by this client public void setService(Service service) {  // Set the other service to be used by this client public void setOtherService(Service otherService) {  // Check the service references of this client private void validateState() {  // Method that uses the service references public void doSomething() {

Interface injection comparison.

The advantage of interface injection is that dependencies can be completely ignorant of their clients yet can still receive a reference to a new client and, using it, send a reference-to-self back to the client. In this way, the dependencies become injectors. The key is that the injecting method (which could just be a classic setter method) is provided through an interface.  An assembler is still needed to introduce the client and its dependencies. The assembler would take a reference to the client, cast it to the setter interface that sets that dependency, and pass it to that dependency object which would turn around and pass a reference-to-self back to the client.  For interface injection to have value, the dependency must do something in addition to simply passing back a reference to itself. This could be acting as a factory or sub-assembler to resolve other dependencies, thus abstracting some details from the main assembler. It could be reference-counting so that the dependency knows how many clients are using it. If the dependency maintains a collection of clients, it could later inject them all with a different instance of itself.  // Service setter interface. public interface ServiceSetter {  // Client class public class Client implements ServiceSetter {  // Injector class public class ServiceInjector {  // Service classes

Assembling examples.

Manually assembling in main by hand is one way of implementing dependency injection. public class Injector {  The example above constructs the object graph manually and then invokes it at one point to start it working. Important to note is that this injector is not pure. It uses one of the objects it constructs. It has a purely construction-only relationship with ExampleService but mixes construction and using of Client. This should not be common. It is, however, unavoidable. Just like object oriented software needs a non-object oriented static method like main() to get started, a dependency injected object graph needs at least one (preferably only one) entry point to get the whole thing started.  Manual construction in the main method may not be this straight forward and may involve calling builders, factories, or other construction patterns as well. This can be fairly advanced and abstract. The line is crossed from manual dependency injection to framework dependency injection once the constructing code is no longer custom to the application and is instead universal.  Frameworks like Spring can construct these same objects and wire them together before returning a reference to client. All mention of the concrete ExampleService can be moved from the code to the configuration data. import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;  public class Injector {  Frameworks like Spring allow assembly details to be externalized in configuration files. This code (above) constructs objects and wires them together according to Beans.xml (below). ExampleService is still constructed even though it is only mentioned below. A long and complex object graph can be defined this way and the only class mentioned in code would be the one with the entry point method, which in this case is greet().  </beans> In the example above Client and Service have not had to undergo any changes to be provided by spring. They are allowed to remain simple POJOs. This shows how spring can connect services and clients that are completely ignorant of its existence. This could not be said if spring annotations are added to the classes. By keeping spring specific annotations and calls from spreading out among many classes, the system stays only loosely dependent on spring. This can be important if the system intends to outlive spring.  The choice to keep POJOs pure does not come without cost. Rather than spending the effort to develop and maintain complex configuration files it is possible to simply use annotations to mark classes and let spring do the rest of the work. Resolving dependencies can be simple if they follow a convention such as matching by type or by name. This is choosing convention over configuration. It is also arguable that, when refactoring to another framework, removing framework specific annotations would be a trivial part of the task and many injection annotations are now standardized. import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;  public class Injector {  import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;  @ComponentScan public class MyConfiguration {  @Component public class ExampleService {

Assembly comparison.

The different injector implementations (factories, service locators, and dependency injection containers) are not that different as far as dependency injection is concerned. What makes all the difference is where they are allowed to be used. Move calls to a factory or a service locator out of the client and into main and suddenly main makes a fairly good dependency injection container.  By moving all knowledge of the injector out, a clean client, free of knowledge of the outside world, is left behind. However, any object that uses other objects can be considered a client. The object that contains main is no exception. This main object is not using dependency injection. It is actually using the service locator pattern. This can not be avoided because the choice of service implementations must be made somewhere.  Externalizing the dependencies into configuration files does not change this fact. What makes this reality part of a good design is that the service locator is not spread throughout the code base. It is confined to one place per application. This leaves the rest of the code base free to use dependency injection to make clean clients.

Dependency Injection Pattern.

The examples until now have been overly simple examples about constructing a string. However, the dependency injection pattern is most useful when constructing an object graph where objects communicate via messages. Objects constructed in main will last for the life of the program. The typical pattern is to construct the graph and then call one method on one object to send the flow of control into the object graph. Just as main is the entry point to the static code, this one method is the entry point to the applications non-static code. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {  class Greeter {

AngularJS example.

In the AngularJS framework, there are only three ways a component (object or function) can directly access its dependencies:  The first two options of creating or looking up dependencies are not optimal because they hard code the dependency to the component. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, to modify the dependencies. This is especially problematic in tests, where it is often desirable to provide mock dependencies for test isolation.  The third option is the most viable, since it removes the responsibility of locating the dependency from the component. The dependency is simply handed to the component. function SomeClass(greeter) {  SomeClass.prototype.doSomething = function(name) {  In the above example codice_17 is not concerned with creating or locating the greeter dependency, it is simply handed the greeter when it is instantiated.  This is desirable, but it puts the responsibility of getting hold of the dependency on the code that constructs codice_17.  To manage the responsibility of dependency creation, each AngularJS application has an injector. The injector is a service locator that is responsible for construction and look-up of dependencies.  Here is an example of using the injector service: // Provide the wiring information in a module var myModule = angular.module('myModule', []);  // Teach the injector how to build a greeter service. // greeter is dependent on the $window service. // The greeter service is an object that // contains a greet method. myModule.factory('greeter', function($window) {  Create a new injector that can provide components defined in the codice_19 module and request our greeter service from the injector. (This is usually done automatically by the AngularJS bootstrap). var injector = angular.injector(['myModule', 'ng']); var greeter = injector.get('greeter'); Asking for dependencies solves the issue of hard coding, but it also means that the injector needs to be passed throughout the application. Passing the injector breaks the Law of Demeter. To remedy this, we use a declarative notation in our HTML templates, to hand the responsibility of creating components over to the injector, as in this example: <div ng-controller="MyController"> </div> function MyController($scope, greeter) {  When AngularJS compiles the HTML, it processes the codice_20 directive, which in turn asks the injector to create an instance of the controller and its dependencies.  This is all done behind the scenes. Because the codice_20 defers to the injector to instantiate the class, it can satisfy all of the dependencies of codice_22 without the controller ever knowing about the injector. The application code simply declares the dependencies it needs, without having to deal with the injector. This setup does not break the Law of Demeter.

C#.

Example of the Constructor injection, Setter injection and Interface injection on C#  using System;  namespace DependencyInjection

In software engineering, dependency injection is a technique in which an object receives other objects that it depends on. These other objects are called dependencies. In the typical "using" relationship the receiving object is called a client and the passed (that is, "injected") object is called a service. The code that passes the service to the client can be many kinds of things and is called the injector. Instead of the client specifying which service it will use, the injector tells the client what service to use. The "injection" refers to the passing of a dependency (a service) into the object (a client) that would use it.

L'injection de dépendances ("dependency injection" en anglais) est un mécanisme qui permet d'implémenter le principe de l'inversion de contrôle. Il consiste à créer dynamiquement (injecter) les dépendances entre les différents objets en s'appuyant sur une description (fichier de configuration ou métadonnées) ou de manière programmatique. Ainsi les dépendances entre composants logiciels ne sont plus exprimées dans le code de manière statique mais déterminées dynamiquement à l'exécution.


History.

The county is the newest of North Carolina's 100 counties. It was formed in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County. It was named for Waightstill Avery, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War and the first Attorney General of North Carolina (1777–1779). It is often noted for the large amount of Christmas trees that the county produces.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.06%) is water.  Avery County is extremely rural and mountainous with all of the county's terrain located within the Appalachian Mountains range. The highest point in the county is Grassy Ridge Bald, 6,165 feet (1,879 m) above sea level. Most of Grandfather Mountain (whose highest point is Calloway Peak 5,946 feet (1,812 m) shared with Watauga and Caldwell counties) is within Avery county. At 5,526 feet (1,678 m), Beech Mountain (also shared with Watauga county) is the highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River. At 3,606 feet (1,099 m) Newland is the highest county seat in the Eastern USA.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 17,167 people, 6,532 households, and 4,546 families residing in the county. The population density was 70 people per square mile (27/km2). There were 11,911 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile (19/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 93.95% White, 3.48% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.28% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 2.41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 6,532 households out of which 27.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.10% were married couples living together, 9.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.40% were non-families. 26.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82.  In the county, the population was spread out with 19.40% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 30.10% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 15.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age of Avery County is aging, with it at 38 years. For every 100 females there were 111.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.90 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $30,627, and the median income for a family was $37,454. Males had a median income of $25,983 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,176. About 10.90% of families and 15.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.30% of those under age 18 and 19.00% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Owing to its high altitude, rural character and powerful Unionist sympathies from the Civil War Era, Avery County is overwhelmingly Republican. Since its formation in 1911 no Democratic presidential candidate has obtained forty percent of the county's vote, and only Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Jimmy Carter in 1976 have received so much as thirty percent. An illustration of Avery County's rock-ribbed Republicanism can be seen in 1936 when Alf Landon won the county by 55.96 percentage points, making it Landon's fifth-strongest county in the nation despite North Carolina being lost to Franklin Roosevelt by 46.80 percent.  Avery County is part of the 45th NC Senate District which includes Avery, Caldwell and Burke Counties. The senate seat is held by Republican Warren Daniel, a Morganton attorney and former Army officer. The county is part of the 85th NC House District, a three-county district comprising Avery, Mitchell and McDowell Counties. Currently representing the 85th is Josh Dobson, a 1999 graduate of Avery County High School and a resident of neighboring McDowell County, where he previously served as a county commissioner. Dobson opted not to seek re-election to run for State Labor Commissioner.

Law and government.

The county is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners who are elected to two or four-year terms, depending on the number and percentage of votes they receive when elected. The current members are Martha Hicks, a retired banker; Wood Hall Young Jr, a retired employee of Avery County Schools; Tim Phillips, a retired employee of Mountain Electric; Blake Vance, a financial planning and insurance specialist and Dennis Aldridge.  Avery County is a member of the regional High Country Council of Governments. The county commissioners appoint a county manager to oversee day-to-day operations of county government of all departments that are not controlled by an elected head. The current county manager position is filled by Phillip Barrier, the county's previous Tax Assessor-Collector. Finance officer is currently vacant. The board of commissioners also appoints qualified citizen applicants to various boards and committees, such as business and economic development, social service board, library board, Mayland Community College Board and others (source: Avery County government website).  The county seat in Newland is the highest county seat east of the Mississippi River, as is the courthouse, located on a pinnacle in the center of town, at an elevation of over.  Pursuant to state law, some of the most important officials in the county are elected. These include the offices of Sheriff (currently Kevin Frye), Register of Deeds (currently Renee Dellinger), Clerk of Superior Court (currently Theresa Benfield), and Coroner (currently John A. Millan). Elected district judicial officials include: District Attorney Seth Banks of Yancey County, who like the district judges, covers the entire 24th Judicial District of Avery, Watauga, Mitchell, Yancey and Madison Counties. Resident Superior Court Judges are former assistant district attorney Gary Gavennus and former Chief District Court Judge Greg Horne of Boone, who is also a former assistant district attorney. Both superior court judges work out of Boone. The Chief District Court Judge is former chief assistant district attorney Ted Mcintyre of Spruce Pine, who replaced long-serving Chief Judge Alexander Banner Lyerly, who retired in 2013. Mcintyre's office is in Newland. Other district court judges are: former Superior Court Judge Hal Harrison of Spruce Pine, Rebecca Eggers-Gryder of Boone and Larry Leake of Madison County, who was appointed by Governor Roy Cooper to fill the unexpired term of Warren Hughes, who retired in January 2017, but remains available as an emergency judge. The Chief Magistrate is attorney Bruce Lacey, with retired Banner Elk police chief Bill Burleson and Newland businessman Tim Bounds all serving as Magistrates. Barbara Jones is Social Services Director and the Tax Collector-Assessor position is vacant. Building inspector is former NBA star Tommy Burleson and the County Board of Elections is headed by Sheila Ollis. The county's elected Soil and Water Board District Supervisors are Bill Beutell and Ann Coleman (source: Avery County government website; NC State Board of Elections).  The county also has a non-partisan elected school board to oversee the countywide school district. The current school board chairman is John Greene, with retired teacher Kathy Aldridge serving as vice chair. Other school board members are retired Avery High School Principal Patricia Edwards, former Avery County Schools bookkeeper Jane Bumgarner and former Cranberry Middle School Principal Ruth Shirley. The county's superintendent of schools is Dr. Dan Brigman. The School Board is located on NC 194 near the Newland city limits. It also houses the school bus garage, support staff and other school system administrative offices.  Overlooking Avery Square is the historic 1912 Avery County Courthouse. The square, which is owned by the County, includes monuments to fallen peace officers, fallen firefighters and as of 2016, a large veteran's memorial. The courthouse was remodeled in 1996 and again in 2014, to add more office space and a second smaller courtroom. The courthouse overlooks much of the town of Newland and is located on Shultz Circle and Glenn Hicks Lane, which was renamed from Jail Street, in honor of Avery Sheriff's Deputy Lt. Glenn H. Hicks, who was murdered in the line of duty in 2003. The courthouse renovations that began in 2013 and were completed in fall of 2014, added even more office space and also renovated the older clerk of court's office and vaults, the register of deeds' office and vaults and the badly deteriorated main courtroom. The courthouse also houses local office of the North Carolina Probation and Parole Division, judges offices and chambers, district attorney's sub-office, the county map office, tax office, inspection office, register of deeds, clerk of superior court, guardian ad litem and North Carolina juvenile justice department. Connected to the courthouse is a newly renovated sheriff's office and state-of-the-art new jail, both of which were completed in 2011, an elections office, county 911 emergency dispatch center and magistrate's courtroom.  The county administrative building is located a short distance south and down hill from the courthouse facing NC Highway 181, providing work space for the county manager and many other county offices such as social services, payroll, finance, veterans services, fire marshal, emergency management, waste management, technology and personnel. The complex also serves as the site of county commission meetings in the upstairs board room that which is available for other public meetings such as school board meetings. It was also sometimes used as an auxiliary courtroom for juvenile and district court prior to 1997, when the courthouse had only one courtroom and both superior and district courts were scheduled for Avery County. The 1997 addition of the newer, smaller second courtroom at the courthouse eliminated the need for using the commissioners chambers as an auxiliary courtroom. The county acquired land adjacent to Newland Elementary School and in 2016 and built a new pool and recreational complex there.  The Avery County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement protection (patrol and criminal investigations) to the entire county by common law, in that the county has no county police department. The Sheriff also provides security to the courts and courthouse, serves civil orders of the courts and operates the jail complex. Other county services include an integrated enhanced-911 emergency dispatch center that provides service to all county law enforcement (Sheriff's office, 6 town police departments and three company police agencies, plus communications support to the NC Highway Patrol Troopers, NC Wildlife officers, state alcohol agents and state park rangers assigned locally), fire, EMS and rescue services in the county. The Avery 911 center was recognized by the state in 2014 as one of the best in North Carolina for professional services to the county. The county also has a county fire marshal and emergency management office, a countywide transportation service located on NC194, a veterans services office, and an office of economic development, along with manned trash collection sites throughout the county and a landfill. County recreational services are located in the old Newland High School rock gym, next to Newland Elementary School. Emergency services, such as fire and first responder/rescue, are provided by ten volunteer fire departments and a volunteer rescue squad, several of which also operate ambulances. In 2016, a new public swimming pool was authorized by county commissioners on land behind Newland Elementary School. This will replace the present pool located across from the county office building, which had deteriorated badly.

Economy.

The county contains local attractions such as Grandfather Mountain, Grandfather Mountain State Park, Linville Gorge Wilderness, Linville Falls, Pisgah National Forest and the Blue Ridge Parkway, which all attract large numbers of visitors. In October, the annual "Wooly Worm" festival at the old school in downtown Banner Elk draws world visitors who come to see caterpillar races that locals happily claim can predict the severity of coming winters based on the fur coats of the worms. The Grandfather Mountain Highland Games is held each year the first full weekend after July 4 and is one of the largest Scottish gatherings outside Scotland and features bagpipes, bands, Scottish food, music, authentic clothing and games such as log and caber toss and use of dogs in sheep herding. Also in October is Oz Days at the former Land of Oz theme park on Beech Mountain in the fall also attracts visitors who love the legacy of the famous Judy Garland movie "The Wizard of Oz" based on Frank Baum's famous book. Oktoberfest on Sugar Mountain and Beech Mountain also in October draw large crowds and the annual Music Festival in Newland on July 4 also attracts many visitors.  Ski Resorts are immensely popular tourist destinations in the cold winter months when snowfall and man-made snow create ideal skiing conditions. Sugar Mountain Ski Resort, located in Sugar Mountain, and Ski Beech Resort, located in Beech Mountain, provide multiple winter actives including skiing, snowboarding, snow tubing and ice skating. Hawks Nest Tubing Resort, located in Seven Devils offers snow tubing.  Second homes, gated communities, condominiums, rental properties, hotel-motel lodging, bed and breakfasts, campgrounds and real estate in general all are critically important sources of jobs, income and tax revenue. The brilliant fall colors or the foliage of the surrounding mountains, winter sports, mountain bicycling, hiking, horseback riding, warm weather camping, hiking, wildlife viewing, hunting and searching for geological finds all make for a year-round tourism-generated and regular real estate market.  Major Employers: The State of North Carolina is the largest employer in the county. It operates a forestry center, DOT office, State Highway Patrol office, state agriculture extension office, probation/parole office, alcohol law enforcement office, a state park service office and two prisons in lower Avery County on the Mitchell County border. Those side-by-side facilities are Mountain View and Avery-Mitchell. A third prison facility, the BRIDGE Unit, was a novel project to use non-violent, first-time youthful felony offenders to work on state lands and fight forest fires as "smoke jumpers." It was closed in the late 1990s and torn down. Other major employers are: the Avery County School System, Mayland Community College, Cannon Memorial Hospital, Lees-McRae College, Avery County government, I'm glad Food, Lowes Foods, Unimin, various large tree farms and mining operations which are also important local employers.  A privately operated Avery Fairgrounds is located on Vale Road just outside the Newland city limits. It is funded both by allocated county funds and private funding and controlled by a fair board. The Avery County Agricultural and Horticultural Fair has been an annual event in early September of each year and draws huge crowds to the site for rides, displays and other events.  Avery County is one of 420 counties and eight independent cities that fall into the Appalachian Region as defined by the US Government's Appalachian Regional Council (ARC). ARC was founded by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 to address poverty in the 13 Eastern states of Appalachia. Avery is listed as "Transitional" by the ARC. Based on 2006 statistics from the US Government, the five classification categories for factors such as unemployment, income and poverty rate, the levels are: Distressed (worst), At-risk, Transitional, Competitive and Attainment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate as of August 2013 was 10.6% (not seasonally adjusted), down from 11.2% for 2012. According to Census American Community Survey data for 2011 the poverty rate is listed at 18.1%.

Agriculture.

The county's agricultural focus is the mass production of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees. Tree farms produce trees year round and they are harvested in mid October, wrapped, stacked and sold in bulk at local or far away lots or shipped to wholesalers across the country. Some farms also sell directly to visitors. Shrubbery, landscaping and greenhouses all are important agricultural aspects of the county's economy, as is beef cattle farming.  In keeping with a growing trend in the NC mountains and foothills, grape growing and vineyards are becoming popular with three vineyards presently operating in the county in Banner Elk, Plumtree and Linville Falls.

Media.

Based in Newland, the "Avery Post" and "Avery Journal-Times" cover all of Avery County. The "Avery Journal-Times" newspaper is owned by Jones Media publishing company and is a sister publication of the "Watauga Democrat" in Boone, while the "Post" is locally owned  WECR radio station at 1130 on the AM dial serves the local area with local programs and religious music, along with local news, events and weather.  Television coverage is primarily based out of, which the county is in its Designated Market Area (DMA). However, because of proximity, several stations in the also cover the area and are carried on local cable.

Medical.

The county's public hospital is Charles A. Cannon Memorial Hospital in Linville, a campus of Appalachian Healthcare System, headquarter at Watsuga Medical Center in Bpone. The hospital is centrally located in Linville and opened in 2000, to consolidate and replace the old Cannon Hospital located in Banner Elk and Sloop Hospital located in Crossnore. The new campus also hosts the Sloop Medical Building, which houses various doctor's and dentist's offices, the local YMCA complex, and a pharmacy. The hospital is a critical care facility with a 24-hour emergency department as well as imagery, lab, surgery, and other services. It has 25 medical beds and ten psychiatric beds. Critical illnesses and injuries and trauma patients are often stabilized at Cannon, then flown or transported by ambulance to hospitals in Charlotte, Asheville, or Johnson City, Tennessee.  Blue Ridge Hospital, a Mission Health care System campus, located just beyond Avery County in the neighboring Mitchell County town of Spruce Pine, also serves the lower portion of Avery County.  The Avery County Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is a full-time county department (since 1994). They provide paramedic-level emergency medical care via three ambulances and a supervisor's SUV at all times, at station locations across the county. Backup is provided by fire departments, a rescue squad and law enforcement first responders.

Education.

Avery County schools.

Avery County Schools has eight schools housed on seven campuses, ranging from pre-kindergarten to twelfth grade: five elementary schools, two middle schools and a central high school. Avery High School has close to 700 students and is located near Newland. It is scheduled for large-scale renovations by 2023. The Avery mascot is the Viking, and Avery athletics are a cornerstone of local culture. Football and wrestling programs have been historically prominent in regional conferences. An Army JROTC program is active, as is band, chorus and numerous student clubs. Avery High has a dual enrolment partnership program with Mayland Community College, which allows students to earn college credits while still in high school. The two county middle schools are: Avery Middle across from the High School built in 1978 and Cranberry Middle in Cranberry on a joint campus with Freedom Trail elementary near Elk Park was built in 1998. Other county elementary schools are located in: Newland (fully renovated in 2002), Crossnore Elementary was built on a new campus in 2003, Riverside Elementary in lower western Avery built in 1987 and the new Banner Elk Elementary, between Banner Elk and Sugar Mountain was built in 2011. All Avery elementary schools are newly built since 1987 or were renovated from between 1996 and 2011.  Three small local high schools were closed in 1969 with the opening of the present central Avery County High School near Newland. Crossnore High School was torn down in the early 1970s. The largest of the old high schools, Cranberry High School, is now preserved as a community center in Cranberry near Elk Park. Numerous older historic rock work schools built by the Depression-era Work Projects Administration (WPA) that had been community K-8 schools were closed, starting with the old Riverside School in 1987. Both Elk Park School and Minneapolis Schools were closed in 1998 and consolidated into the new Cranberry Middle-Freedom trail School. Beech Mountain school was the last K-8 school in Avery County. It was closed in 2008 and is now a community center. The area students were moved to Cranberry Middle-Freedom Trail School. The last WPA school still operating in the county was the old downtown Banner Elk School, which closed in 2011 and reopened on a new campus located between Banner Elk and Sugar Mountain.

Charter schools.

Two authorized charter schools operate in Avery County:

Transportation.

Aviation.

Avery County Airport (7A8) is a small, public general aviation facility with no control tower. It primarily serves private aircraft and has no regularly scheduled commercial or cargo flights or major carriers. The facility jointly serves Avery and Mitchell Counties and is located on Grassy Creek Road, just off US19E near the Mitchell County Line in Green valley, 10 miles south of Newland and 4 miles east of Spruce Pine. It is jointly operated by both counties and has a 3000-foot-long runway that is 60 feet wide, with over runs at both ends in excess of 110 feet. The facility has private contractors who offer private air services, flying lessons and charter flights. The airport has seen increased usage in recent years and has been upgraded several times. The county has made cursory inquiries into resurfacing the airport to a heavier weight rating, to allow NC Air National Guard C-130 aircraft from Charlotte Douglass International Airport Air National Guard Base to conduct intermittent landing and "touch and go" combat exercises. The US Marine Corps on the NC coast at New River and Cherry Point Air Stations has also expressed an interest in conducting mountain landing training for Osprey vertical takeoff aircraft if the airport runway is thickened, as has the NC Army National Guard for its helicopters located in Salisbury. The Avery County runway is of sufficient length to accommodate large military aircraft, but not of sufficient surface thickness. Mission Hospital in Asheville has also been approached to possibly establish an air ambulance base at the airport.  A smaller private airport is also located in Banner Elk parallel to NC 194 at the Elk River Club resort; which is for residents and approved guests of the Elk River Property Owners Association.

Public transportation.

Avery County Transportation (ACT) provides general public transportation vans for a fee. The service is by call, offering rides to various locations in the county and out-of-county medical rides. The transportation office and garage is located on NC 194, just north oh the Newland city limits.

Avery County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,797. The county seat is Newland. The county seat was initially established in Elk Park when the county was first formed, but was moved to Newland upon completion of the courthouse in 1912. Founded in 1911, it is the youngest of North Carolina's 100 counties.

Le comté d'Avery est un comté situé dans l'État de Caroline du Nord aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010 sa population été de. Le siège du comté et la ville de Newland. Le siège était initialement installé à Elk Park lors de sa formation. Il a été transféré à la suite de la construction du tribunal en 1912.


History.

Summit County was organized as one of the seventeen original Colorado counties by the First Territorial Legislature on November 1, 1861. It was named for the many mountain summits in the county. Until February 2, 1874, its boundaries included the area now comprising Summit County, Grand County, Routt County, Moffat County, Garfield County, Eagle County, and Rio Blanco County.  In 1874, the northern half of the original Summit County was split off to form Grand County; with the creation of Garfield and Eagle counties in 1883, Summit County arrived at its present boundaries. In addition, Summit County has seen two major boom eras.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (1.8%) is water.  The terrain of the county is mountainous with elevations ranging from at Green Mountain Reservoir to at Grays Peak. The elevation of the county seat of Breckenridge is, making it one the highest cities in the state of Colorado and the United States. Much of the county has an Alpine (ET in the Köppen Classification) characterized by tundra vegetation. Breckenridge and other similar elevations in the county have a Subarctic climate (Dfc) characterized by cool summers and abundant snowfall in winter.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 23,548 people, 9,120 households, and 4,769 families residing in the county. The population density was 39 people per square mile (15/km). There were 24,201 housing units at an average density of 40 per square mile (15/km). The racial makeup of the county was 91.84% White, 0.68% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 3.96% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. 9.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 9,120 households out of which 24.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.00% were married couples living together, 4.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.70% were non-families. 21.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.86.  In the county, the population was spread out with 17.40% under the age of 18, 15.70% from 18 to 24, 44.30% from 25 to 44, 19.40% from 45 to 64, and 3.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. As of 2014, the life expectancy in Summit County was 86.83 years, the longest average life expectancy of any county in the United States. For every 100 females there were 139.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 144.90 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $56,587, and the median income for a family was $66,914 (these figures had risen to $65,281 and $80,441 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $33,741 versus $27,017 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,676. About 3.10% of families and 9.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.30% of those under age 18 and 3.40% of those age 65 or over.  The 2019 average real estate prices in Summit County were $1,262,929 for a single family home, $559,776 for a condo, townhome or duplex and $344,945 for a vacant piece of land (YTD through December 2019).

Life expectancy.

According to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, residents of Summit County had a 2014 life expectancy from birth of 86.83 years in 2014, the longest in the United States. Both men and women live longer in Summit County than in any other county in the United States: 85.5 years for men and 88.0 years for women is the life expectancy at birth. Two contiguous counties, Pitkin and Eagle counties, rank numbers two and three in the nation in life expectancy.  Factors contributing to the high life expectancy in Summit County are "high education, high income, high access to medical care, the people are physically active, obesity is lower than anywhere else — so you’re doing it right.” said Dr. Ali Mokdad, one of the study's co-authors.

Recreation.

Lakes.

The county has two reservoirs, Lake Dillon and Green Mountain Reservoir, that are also popular recreation sites.

Summit County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 27,994. The county seat is Breckenridge.

Le comté de Summit est un comté du Colorado. Son chef-lieu est Breckenridge. Outre Breckenridge, les municipalités du comté sont Blue River, Dillon, Frisco, Montezuma et Silverthorne.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.06%) is water.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 5,986 people, 2,306 households, and 1,646 families living in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile (1/km2). There were 2,855 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.01% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.77% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 2.02% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. 4.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 2,306 households 35.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 7.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% were non-families. 24.80% of households were one person and 8.70% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.98.  The age distribution was 26.50% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 27.50% from 25 to 44, 25.60% from 45 to 64, and 11.20% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 101.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.60 males.  The median household income was $37,711 and the median family income was $44,425. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $19,940 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,344. About 6.70% of families and 9.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.60% of those under age 18 and 10.40% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Rio Blanco is an overwhelmingly Republican county in Presidential elections. It was along with Clark County, Idaho and Kane County, Utah one of only three counties west of the Continental Divide to vote for Alf Landon over Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1936. In that election Rio Blanco was Landon’s strongest county in the eleven western states, marginally shading normal Republican “banner county” Kane. Since that time only two Democrats – Harry S. Truman in 1948 and Lyndon Johnson who narrowly carried the county in 1964 – have obtained over forty percent of the county’s vote. In fact, since 1968 only one Democratic Presidential candidate, Michael Dukakis in 1988, and him only very marginally, has topped thirty percent of Rio Blanco County’s ballots.  In other statewide elections, Rio Blanco County also leans Republican, although it was carried by Democrat Roy Romer in 1990 – when he carried all but four counties statewide – and by Constitution Party candidate Tom Tancredo in 2010. Rio Blanco County was also carried by Democratic Senatorial candidate “Nighthorse” Campbell in 1992, although since then no Democratic candidate for this office has passed thirty percent either.

Rio Blanco County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,666. The county seat is Meeker. The name of the county is the Spanish language name for the White River which runs through it.

Le comté de Rio Blanco est un comté du Colorado, aux États-Unis. Son chef-lieu est Meeker. L'autre municipalité du comté est Rangely.


Name.

He first went under the name "Soldani" but, claiming descent from the family of bishop Soldani of Fiesole and from the aristocratic Benzi family of Figline, he applied for and received, in 1693, an official letter acknowledging his nobility based on this ancestry. From this date forward, he called himself, and is referred to in many documents as, "Soldani Benzi".

Life.

Soldani began training in the Medici drawing school in Florence. He attracted the attention of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici who sent Soldani to his grand-ducal academy in Rome to study under Ciro Ferri and Ercole Ferrata, and to train in coining. During his years in Rome (1678-81), he showed much promise and was asked by Queen Christina of Sweden to create several medals. He started this enterprise but left it unfinished as Cosimo transferred the artist to Paris to work with the famous medallist Joseph Roettiers.  While there in 1682, Soldani came into contact with Charles Le Brun and minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Learning that the artist was working on a medal portrait of Louis XIV, a courtier Soldani refers to the courtier as "Mons.r Duca d'Homone" (possibly Louis, duc d'Aumont who was very interested in the art of medals) introduced the young man to the king. The model for this medal of Louis XIV is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto.  Grand Duke Cosimo in the meantime decided that it was time for Soldani to return to Florence and take charge of the Grand-ducal Mint, the job he was meant to occupy from the very start. Upon the death of the current director, Soldani was officially made "Maestro dei Coni e Custode della Zecca" in 1688. As such he had his workshop and living quarters in the Uffizi.  When he finally gave up work at the age of about 80, Soldani Benzi retired to his Villa Petrolo near Bucine where he died in 1740.

Work.

Soldani developed into one of the finest bronze casters of his time in Europe. Though first specialising as a medallist, Soldani also produced bronze reliefs, bronze vases and free-standing figures and busts.  For Joseph Johann Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein, he produced a series of bronze copies of works of the Medici collection, mainly antique busts and figures but also after works by Michelangelo and Gianlorenzo Bernini.  Klaus Lankheit recognized in a small bronze "Pietà" attributed to Soldani at the Walters Art Museum a "balanced triangular composition" that is "almost a relief in form" and suggested that it had been composed first as a relief; A more elaborate version, with additional figures, in the Kress collection at the Seattle Art Museum, was identified as by Soldani by Ulrich Middeldorf. A second table bronze, "Venus and the Wounded Adonis", on a richly-mounted ebony base raised on bronze paw feet, is also at the Walters Art Museum.  At rare intervals he exhibited terra cotta "bozzetti" at the irregularly staged exhibitions of the Accademia del Disegno, Florence: in 1715 a "Pietà" in terracotta by "Sig. M.S." A highly finished terracotta relief, "Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane", doubtless intended as a "modello" to be cast in bronze as a private devotional work, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.  A major document for his career is his autobiography, dated 1718, correspondence, and the inventory taken after his death.  A collection of his drawings is in the Uffizi in Florence.

Doccia.

After his death his heirs sold some of his wax models to marchese Carlo Ginori, who had them adapted by his chief modeller, Gaspero Bruschi, and reproduced in porcelain at his Doccia porcelain manufactory near Florence. Thus Soldani's "Apollo in His Chariot", "Venus Plucking the Wings of Cupid" and "Virtue Overpowering Vice" all exist as Doccia porcelain groups.

Massimiliano Soldani or Massimiliano Soldani Benzi (15 July 1656 – 23 February 1740) was an Italian baroque sculptor and medallist, mainly active in Florence. Born at Montevarchi, the son of a Tuscan cavalry captain, Soldani was employed by the Medici for his entire career.

Massimiliano Soldani ou Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, né le à Montevarchi et mort le dans la même ville, est un sculpteur et médailleur italien, le plus fin fondeur de bronze en Europe de la fin du.