Historical Timeline.

The contribution of Traian Lalescu to the beginning of the school.

Professor Traian Lalescu was the one who strove to fulfill the dream of the people from the Banat region: the Polytechnic School. His first care was to find suitable staff, given the fact that any school lives through its teachers. At the beginning, as the school did not have its own headquarters, it functioned as a secretariat of the city hall. At this office the first admission procedures were carried out. During the first year, the university started its activity with a number of 117 students: 89 enrolled in the first year and 28 in the preparatory year. Carrying out he first courses required a building. At that time, the classes were held at a former school from Timișoara which now belongs to the Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering. The cafeteria was located in an old sailing club called Regatta, on the banks of the Bega river. As far as the accommodation is concerned, unfortunately, at that time, the only place that could be used was a disused military prison.  At that time, Traian Lalescu offered the students the following services:  As a teacher, Traian Lalescu was deeply engaged and taught an impressive number of courses having an extremely varied content; this was possible due to his trips to France and Germany, during which he deepened his studies and teaching techniques.

Ranking.

According to the Scimago Lab, based on data collected between 2007 and 2011, Politehnica University of Timișoara ranked 1251 in the World, 68 regionally and 6 in the country by number of publications. Moreover, the international evaluation carried out by the European University Association (EUA) concluded that "Politehnica University of Timișoara is a high-performance university which enjoys a distinguished reputation within the surrounding society".

Mission.

The mission of Politehnica University of Timișoara is:

Charter.

The Charter of Politehnica University of Timișoara contains the principles underlying its structure, organization and functioning.  The principles at the basis of this university: • the principle of university autonomy; • the principle of academic freedom; • the principle of public accountability; • The principle of quality assurance; • the principle of equity; • the principle of managerial and financial efficiency; • transparency; • the principle of respect for the rights and freedoms of students and of academic staff; • the principle of independence of ideologies, religions and political doctrines; • the principle of freedom of national and international mobility of students, teachers and researchers; • the principle of consultation of social partners in decision-making; • principle of centering the activity on student learning.  The Charter was drawn up in accordance with the Magna Charta Universitatum.  After Preamble, Mission and General Provisions in the charter there are chapters that define the aspects of university life: the university autonomy, the structure, the structure of the academic year, the organization of university studies, the scientific research, the promotion of quality in education and scientific research, the support of individual excellence, the promotion of student-centered university, the university leadership, the university funding, the university staff and the insurance of ethics and deontology. The last chapter is dedicated to final provisions.

Faculties.

Politehnica University of Timișoara comprises 10 faculties and 25 departments which ensure modern, up-to-date, of a high professional level academic programs.

Faculty of Architecture and City Planning.

The Faculty of Architecture and City Planning is one of the newest faculties of the university, being founded about twenty years ago. At this moment, the faculty offers two study programs at the undergraduate level: Architecture (with a master's degree integrated) and Interior Design and 2 study programs at the graduate level: Urbanism and Territorial Planning and Trend, Materials and New Technologies in Interior Architecture. The faculty has workshop rooms, classrooms and projection rooms adapted to the needs of the students.

Faculty of Automation and Computers.

The Faculty of Automation and Computers is one of the most well-known faculties of Politehnica University of Timișoara, its foundation being established even from the year 1964, when the specialization Computer Engineering was created within the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, under the supervision of professor Alexandru Rogojan. In 1990, the Faculty of Computer Engineering and Automation was founded; the faculty changed its name in 1991 into the Faculty of Automation and Computers, by aligning to the national level. At present, the faculty offers bachelor, masters and PhD studies in the areas Computers and Information Technology, Software Engineering, Computer Engineering, Automation and Applied Informatics, Information Technology and Informatics, as well as the possibility to conduct the studies in a distance learning system. The faculty has very good cooperation agreements with several IT companies. Within this faculty functions the Center of Scientific Research in Automation and Computers from Politehnica University of Timișoara., which is being recognized as a type C research center.

The Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering is part of Politehnica University of Timișoara starting from 1948. It is one of the most well-known technical universities from Central and Eastern Europe and it has cooperation agreements with several national and multinational companies. Moreover, it offers study programs at bachelor, master and Ph.D. level, in Romanian and English. Within this faculty two departments function: Applied Chemistry and Engineering of Inorganic Compounds and Organic and Natural Compounds Engineering. The research activity is carried out in 3 research centers: Research Centre for Inorganic Materials and Alternative Energies, Research Center for Environmental Science and Engineering and Research Center for Organic, Macromolecular and Natural Compounds ‘Chemistry and Engineering.

Faculty of Civil Engineering.

The Faculty of Civil Engineering was founded by virtue of the decree number 3134/11 November 1941 of the Council of Ministers. At that point the specialization Civil and Industrial Constructions functioned and, starting from 1948 also the specialization Hydraulic Constructions. In 1990 this faculty emerges from the Faculty of Hydrotechnics, but at a later point, in 2011, they reunite. At present, the Faculty of Civil Engineering offers study programs in 7 domains at the bachelor level and in 5 domains at master level.

Faculty of Communication Sciences.

The Faculty of Communication Sciences was founded on 1 October 2011. This Faculty offers at the undergraduate level the study programs Communication and Public Relations and Translation Interpreting and, at the postgraduate level, the study program Communication, Public Relations and Digital Media. The activity of this faculty is based on the formation of specialist in the communication and public relations field, in translating and interpreting; moreover, it contributes to the formation of the future engineers by teaching foreign languages (English, French and German) in the faculties of Politehnica University of Timișoara.

Faculty of Electrical and Power Engineering.

The Faculty of Electrical and Power Engineering is one of the oldest faculties of the university, the Electro mechanics specialization being created in 1920. In 1948, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering was founded, offering the specializations in the following fields: electrical stations, electrification of agriculture and transport, mechanical energy, electrical energy. In February 1990, the Faculty of Electrical Engineering splits into 3 distinct faculties: the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, the Faculty of Automation and Computers Engineering and the Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering.

The Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering was founded in 1990, after two decades of functioning as a division within the broader Electrical Engineering Faculty. At present, it offers 2 study programs at the undergraduate level, Applied Electronics and Telecommunications Technologies and Systems, 6 study programs at graduate level, Communications Networks Engineering, Biomedical Electronics, Intelligent Electronic Systems, Telecommunications Networks Engineering, Advanced Electronics Techniques, Multimedia Technologies and the possibility to undertake post graduate studies. It is structured in 3 departments: Applied Electronics, Communications and Measurements and Optical Electronics. The Learning directions include the following: integrated voice and data transmissions, programming and computer networks, mobile and fixed, intelligent systems and manufacturing electronic audio, video and multimedia.

Faculty of Engineering in Hunedoara.

The Faculty of Engineering in Hunedoara was founded in 1990. It offers 6 study programs at the undergraduate level, 5 at graduate level and the possibility to undertake post-graduate studies in the field of Materials Engineering.

Faculty of Management in Production and Transportation.

The Faculty of Management in Production and Transportation was created in 1996. At present, it offers 5 study programs at undergraduate level, 3 study programs at graduate level and the possibility to undertake post graduate studies in the field of engineering and management. Starting from 2010, the Public Administration specialization became part of this Faculty.

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering.

In a narrow sense, the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering was founded in 1948, through the restructuring of Politehnica School and its transformation in the Polytechnical Institute of Timișoara. The Faculty of Electro mechanics, founded in 1929, split into the Faculty of Mechanics, which stayed in the official premises of the university and the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, which was moved to the premises of the "Piarist" Highschool. This faculty has around 2400 students, the necessary equipment for this number and a rich tradition, the subjects of this faculty being taught since the establishment in 1920 of the Politehnica School.

Departments.

Politehnica University of Timișoara has 25 departments:

Admission.

The Admission to Politehnica University of Timișoara is for each faculty separately.  The Faculty of Architecture and City Planning organizes an entrance examination that evaluates the knowledge in the following fields: Mathematics, Technical Design and Drawing.  The Faculty of Automation and Computers Engineering organizes an entrance examination for the field Systems Engineering, Computers and Information Technology, evaluating the knowledge of Mathematics, while for the field Informatics, the admission is done on the basis of the average obtained at the baccalaureate examination.  The Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Technology organizes for the undergraduate programs with a duration of studies of 4 years, an entrance examination that evaluates the knowledge in Mathematics. After this evaluation, the successful candidates have the possibility to choose between the following specializations: Applied Electronics and Telecommunications Technologies and Systems. For the graduate programs, the admission is done through an interview, but also taking into account the average for the graduation exam and the field of former studies.  For the rest of the faculties from the university, the admission is done through a series of documents. The admission is mainly based on the average of the baccalaureate exam.

Infrastructure.

The infrastructure of the university is impressive through its dimensions, complexity and in up-to-date services. Therefore, students and employees can enjoy accommodation (dorms and hotels), canteens, sport facilities (swimming pools, football and tennis courts, gym etc.), a publishing house and a printing center, technical and administrative services (e-learning centre, private television etc.), as well as a student medical center.  Dorms  The campus of the university, situated close to the center of Timișoara, gives students the opportunity to enjoy the university life side by side with all the facilities of this cosmopolitan city. Politehnica University of Timișoara accommodates about 5500 students in 2000 student rooms from 16 dorms, all equipped with Internet connection, cable TV, refrigerator and new furniture.  Hotels  The University owns two hotels, located in the city center, namely Casa Politehnicii 1 (17 rooms) and Casa Politehnicii 2 (31 rooms). They are 3 stars hotels equipped with phone, TV, refrigerator, air conditioning, Internet and with their own restaurants.  University Restaurants  In the city Campus, the university has 2 restaurants: Politehnica University Canteen and Fast-Food 1MV. Moreover, there are snack bars in several buildings of the university.  UPT Central Library  Using modern specific devices, the Central Library of the Politehnica University of Timișoara offers to its users access to the documentary resources and services necessary in the process of education and research, aiming at their professional instruction and fulfilment of human personality. The library was inaugurated in 2014. Among the services offered are the following: e-services, online catalog, self-check, interlibrary loans, bibliographical requests, printing, photocopy, etc.  Sports Facilities  The Politehnica University of Timișoara has numerous sports facilities, providing probably the best choice in Central and Eastern Europe. It comprises 3 sports units, with 2 indoor halls fully equipped for ball games, 2 competition standard football grounds, one indoor artificial turf football ground, 6 tennis courts with floodlights, 2 handball courts, swimming pools, fitness rooms and provision for many other games. Sports complex 1 includes: fitness hall, football pitch, running track (tartan), covered mini-football fields. Sports complex 2 includes: swimming pools (indoors, with fitness equipment and sauna, and outdoors), sports halls (tennis, basketball, and volleyball), tennis courts (bitumen and tartan), basketball courts, football fields, multipurpose buildings.

Mobility and International Cooperation.

Politehnica University of Timișoara has cooperation agreements with several universities from Europe, USA, Asia, Canada, South America and Canada, translated in over 200 partnerships within some EU programs or bilateral partnerships. Among the international programs in which the university is involved are the following:

Personalities.

Coleta de Sabata, former rector of the university, has rendered homage in one of her books, in this order the following personalities: Traian Lalescu, Victor Vlad, Victor Vâlcovici, Marin Bănărescu, Pompiliu Nicolau, Valeriu Alaci, Ștefan Nădășan, Plautius Andronescu, Corneliu Micloși, Koloman Bakony, Remus Răduleț, Aurel Bărglăzan, Nicolae Maior, Ioan Vlădea, Coriolan Drăgulescu, Alexandru Cișman, Constantin Avram and Ștefan Căproiu. They are all former professors of the university.  Moreover, several teachers of the university are part of the Romanian Academy:  At present, the members of the Romanian Academy part of Politehnica University of Timișoara are:

Politehnica University of Timișoara () is a public university founded on 11 November 1920. Located in Timișoara, Romania, it is one of the largest technical universities in Central and Eastern Europe.

L'université Politehnica Timișoara est une grande école d'ingénieurs roumaine, fondée en 1920 et localisée à Timișoara en Roumanie. La procédure d’admission est commune aux autres écoles polytechniques roumaines, qu'on peut intégrer après le baccalauréat et un examen d'admission.


Early life.

Kieseritzky was born in Dorpat (now Tartu), Livonia, Russian Empire into a Baltic German family. From 1825 to 1829 he studied at the University of Dorpat, and then worked as a mathematics teacher, like Anderssen. From 1838 to 1839, he played a correspondence match against Carl Jaenisch – unfinished, because Kieseritzky had to leave for Paris. In Paris he became a chess professional, giving lessons or playing games for five francs an hour, and editing a chess magazine.

Chess career.

Kieseritzky became one of the four leading French masters of the time, alongside Louis de la Bourdonnais, Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant, and Boncourt, and for the few years before his death was among the top several players in the world along with Howard Staunton. His knowledge of the game was significant and he made contributions to chess theory of his own, but his career was somewhat blighted by misfortune and a passion for the unsound. In 1842 he tied a match with Ignazio Calvi (+7−7=1). In 1846 he won matches against the German masters Bernhard Horwitz (+7−4=1) and Daniel Harrwitz (+11−5=2). He enjoyed a number of other magnificent victories across his career, but his nerve was lacking when it came to tournament play.  He was invited to play in the first international chess tournament, the London 1851 tournament, where he scored 1⁄2–21⁄2 and was defeated in the first round by the eventual winner Adolf Anderssen. One of the games was finished in a mere 20 minutes after a horrific blunder Staunton described as having been "never equalled even among beginners of the game". The other loss was equally one-sided. During his time in London however, Kieseritzky also played an offhand game against Anderssen which has so thrilled generations of chess players that it has been dubbed "The Immortal Game". Despite losing, it was in fact Kieseritzky who recorded and published the game during his period as editor of "La Regence".  Kieseritzky is credited with invention of the first three-dimensional chess, Kubicschach ("Cubic Chess") in 1851, but failed to attract adherents. The 8×8×8 cube format was later picked up by Dr. Ferdinand Maack in 1907 when developing Raumschach ("Space Chess").  Kieseritzky was never a popular man owing to his narcissistic character—considering himself the "Chess Messiah"—and on May 18, 1853, he died unmourned in Paris, France. He was buried in a pauper's grave in the city.

Notable games.

The following game against Schulten represents probably his finest combination and bears a similarity to the famous "Immortal Game" he was to lose seven months later:

References.

Bibliography

Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky (; – ) was a Baltic German chess master, famous primarily for a game he lost against Adolf Anderssen, which because of its brilliance was named "The Immortal Game".

Lionel Adalbert Bagration Felix Kieseritzky (né le en calendrier julien / le en calendrier grégorien à Dorpat, dans le gouvernement de Livonie (Empire russe), décédé le à Paris) était un maître d'échecs germano-balte. En 1839, il quitta la Russie et travailla par la suite à Paris comme joueur d'échecs professionnel.


Etymology.

"Bābak" () is a New Persian name meaning "father", which is derived from the Middle Persian "Pāpak/Pābag" (<unk>), a common name in pre-Islamic Iran and also the hereditary name of the Sasanian Empire, whose founder Ardashir I (), was the son of a prince named Pabag. The original name of Babak was al-Hasan.

Background.

Babak was born in 795 (or 798) in Bilalabad in the Mimadh district of the Ardabil area, which was part of Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. The Mimadh district had provided the Sasanian "marzban" ("margrave") of Ardabil with troops during the Muslim conquest of Iran in 633–654, which resulted in the fall of the Sasanians and the conquest of Azerbaijan. The region was briefly occupied by the Khazars in 730–731, and had since the mid 8th century been under colonization by the Arab Rawadid clan. Azerbaijan was populated by an Iranian people known as the Adhari, who although closely related, were distinct from the Persians. They spoke Adhari, which according to the 10th-century geographer al-Maqdisi, was similar to Persian.  Babak was most likely himself not of pure Persian extraction, but of Adhari. His mother Mahru (meaning "Moon-Face") was a non-Muslim wet-nurse from Azerbaijan. She is described as being "one-eyed" in Muslim sources and furthermore, by Al-Tabari, as having become pregnant with her son after being raped by a mercenary. However, these stories are more than likely fabrications created by hostile authors in order to disgrace Babak. As for the identity Babak's father, there are also multiple conflicting accounts. Al-Waqidi, as quoted by Ibn Al-Nadim, states that he was an oil-seller from al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon), who had settled in Azerbaijan. Crone takes this to mean that he was of Aramean origin. However, Dinawari, a contemporary of Babak, concludes and states that there is ample evidence to support that his father's true name was Mutahar, a descendant of Abu Muslim through his daughter, Fāṭema. C.E. Bosworth argues that more credence should be lent to this latter account, as other sources are hostile and are eager to propose lowly or otherwise less honorable origins for Babak. In the other sources, his name is variably given as Abdallah, Merdas, Matar, Amir ibn Abdallah, or Amir ibn Ahad, all which suggest that he was seemingly a Muslim. Likewise, Babak's father is also the subject of derogatory fabrication in Muslim sources.  The original faith of Babak is uncertain; he was born with the Muslim name of al-Hasan, and his three brothers, Mu'awiya, Abdallah, and Ishaq, also had Muslim names. Having Muslim name is not in itself proof of any religious beliefs, as it was not uncommon for people to have an Muslim name in order "to move freely in Muslim society by virtue of their high position in their own community, such as the Armenian princes" (Crone). According to Crone, who follows Al-Waqidi, Babak's parents were probably no more than landless villagers, but knew that Babak and his brothers' futures lay with the Arab warlords of Azerbaijan, and thus as a way of "adapting to the standards of new the world," raised them as Muslims.

Early life.

During Babak's youth, his travelling father was killed near Sabalan. Till the age of twelve, Babak worked as a cowherd, and afterwards entered the service of an Arab warlord named Shibl ibn al-Muthanna al-Azdi in Sarab, where he worked as a groom and servant. The "ghilman" ("slaves") of Shibl taught Babak how to play the lute. Babak also learned to recite poetry, probably in the local Adhari dialect. According to the 11th-century writer Abu'l Ma'ali, Babak played the lute and sang songs for the locals whilst working as a fruit vendor in the village. Babak later established himself in the city of Tabriz. There he worked under another Arab warlord, Muhammad ibn Rawwad Azdi for two years, until he reached adulthood and left for his village, Bilalabad. There Babak encountered a wealthy and influential landlord named Javidhan, who was reportedly impressed with the latters cleverness, and as result recruited him into his service. Unlike the previous men Babak had served, Javidhan was a local Iranian, and the leader of one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan. The leader of the other Khurramite movement was a certain Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhans forces. During one of the clashes, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, whilst Javidhan was mortally wounded, dying three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by Babak, who had already converted to Khurramism under the latters service. It was most probably during this period that Babak changed his name from al-Hasan to Babak.

Movement.

In 755, Abu Muslim was murdered. Although he had helped the Abbasids to defeat the former Caliphs, the Umayyad dynasty, the ruling Caliph had given the order to kill him, probably because of his increasing popularity among Iranians and non-Muslims. Many Iranians, who had expected more freedom and more rights from the new rulers, could not believe that their hero was killed by the ruling Caliph whom they had considered a friend of Iran and Iranians.  This incident led to many revolts, mostly by angry Khurramiyyah ("Khorram-Dinān") and some Zoroastrians. This, in turn, forced the Caliphs to use more violence against the Iranian population in order to keep the eastern provinces under control. The constant revolts did not come to an end in the following decades, and the Iranian population of the Caliphate was constantly being oppressed.  Babak joined the Khurramiyyah ("Khorram-Dinān"). The story of joining the Khorrami movement is being told in Waqed's account, in summary, as follows:  Under the direction of his mentor Javidhan, a leader of one of the sects of the Khorramdin, Babak's knowledge of history, geography, and the latest battle tactics strengthened his position as a favorite candidate for commander during the early wars against the Arab occupiers.  Bābak was a highly spiritual person who respected his Zoroastrian heritage. He made every possible effort to bring Iranians together and also with leaders such as Maziar to form a united front against the Arab Caliph. According to the medieval historian, Ibn Esfandyar, who composed the book "Tarikh-e Tabaristan" ("History of Tabaristan"), Maziar said: However, one of the most dramatic periods in the history of Iran was set under Bābak's leadership between 816–837. During these most crucial years, they not only fought against the Caliphate, but also for the preservation of Persian language and culture.  After the death of Javidhan, Babak married Javidhan's wife and became the Khorramis' leader, sometime in the year 816–17 during al-Ma'mun's reign. Babak incited his followers to rise in rebellion against the caliphal regime. The reports state that Babak called Persians to arms, seized castles and strong points, thereby barring roads to his enemies. Gradually a large multitude joined him.  According to Vladimir Minorsky, around the 9th–10th century:  There had long been groups of Khorramis scattered in Isfahan, Adharbayjan, Ray, Hamadan, Armenia, Gorgan, and elsewhere in Iran, and there had been some earlier Khorrami revolts, e.g. in Gorgan jointly with Red Banner (Sorkh-'alamān) Bātenis in the caliph Al-Mahdi's reign in 778–79, when 'Amr b. 'Ala', the governor of Tabarestān, was ordered to repulse them, and at Isfahan, Ray, Hamadan, and elsewhere in Harun al-Rashid's realm, when 'Abd-Allah b. Malek and Abu Dolaf 'Ejli put them down on caliph's behalf – but none had the scale and duration of Babak's revolt, which pinned down caliphal armies for twenty years. After Babak's emergence, the Khorrami movement was centered in Adharbayjan and reinforced with volunteers from elsewhere, probably including descendants of Abu Muslim's supporters and other Iranian enemies of the 'Abbasid caliphate. The figures given for the strength of Babak's Khorramdinan army, such as 100,000 men (Abu'l-Ma'ali), 200,000 (Mas'udi), or innumerable (Baghdadi) are doubtless highly exaggerated but at least indicate that it was large. At that time of Babak, there were Khorramis scattered in many regions of Iran, besides Adharbayjan, reportedly in Tabarestan, Khorasan, Balkh, Isfahan, Kashan, Qom, Ray, Karaj, Hamadan, Lorestan, Khuzestan as well as in Basra, and Armenia.  Tabari records that Babak claimed he possessed Javadan's spirit and that Babak became active in 816–817. In 819–820 Yahya ibn Mu'adh fought against Babak, but could not defeat him. Two years later Babak vanquished the forces of Isa ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Khalid. In 824–825 the caliphal general Ahmad ibn al Junayd was sent against Babak. Babak defeated and captured him.  In 827–828 Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi was dispatched to fight Babak. He won a victory and sent some captured enemy, but not Babak, to al-Ma'mun. However, about two years later, on June 9, 829, Babak won a decisive victory over this general at Hashtadsar. Muhammad ibn Humayd lost his life. Many of his soldiers were killed. The survivors fled in disarray.  In 835–836 the caliph al-Mu'tasim sent his outstanding general Afshin against Babak. Afshin rebuilt fortresses. He employed a relay system to protect supply caravans. Babak tried to capture the money being sent to pay Afshin's army, but was himself surprised, lost many men and barely escaped. He did succeed in capturing some supplies and inflicting some hardship on his enemies. Amongst Babak's commander, various names have been mentioned including Azin, Rostam, Tarkhan, Mua’wiyah and Abdullah.  The next year Babak routed the forces of Afshin's subordinate, Bugha al-Kabir. In 837–838 al-Mu'tasim reinforced Afshin and provided him clear military instructions. Patiently following these enabled Afshin to capture Babak's stronghold of Badhdh. Babak escaped. Al-Mu'tasim sent a safety guarantee for Babak to Afshin. This was taken to Babak who was very displeased. He said: "Better to live for just a single day as a ruler than to live for forty years as an abject slave."  He decided to leave the country for the Byzantine Empire and on his way Babak met Sahl Smbatean (Sahl ibn Sunbat in Arab sources), Prince of Khachen, who was Armenian due to the Armenian historiography and Caucasian Albanian due to the Adharbayjani historiography. Sahl Smbatian, however, handed Babak over to Afshin in return for a large reward. Al-Mu'tasim commanded his general to bring Babak to him. Afshin informed Babak of this and told him since Babak might never return, this was the time to take a last look around. At Babak's request, Afshin allowed his prisoner to go to Badhdh. There Babak walked through his ruined stronghold one night until dawn.  Eventually, Bābak, his wife, and his warriors were forced to leave "Ghaleye Bābak" after 23 years of constant campaigns.

Death.

He was eventually betrayed by Afshin and was handed over to the Abbasid Caliph. During Bābak's execution, the Caliph's henchmen first cut off his legs and hands in order to convey the most devastating message to his followers. The legend says that Bābak bravely rinsed his face with the drained blood pouring out of his cuts, thus depriving the Caliph and the rest of the Abbasid army from seeing his pale face, a result of the heavy loss of blood. He was then gibbeted alive whilst sewn into a cow's skin with the horns at ear level to gradually crush his head as it dried out.

Legacy.

Babak Khorramdin was not well known outside academia until the 20th century; however, due to Soviet nation building efforts and Babak's following of teaching of Mazdak with its pseudo-communist and socialist themes, Babak Khorramdin was proclaimed a national hero in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. For example, the Soviet era scholar Ziya Bunyadov, claimed that "Babak was a national hero of Azerbaijani people" while the Russian ethnologist, historian and anthropologist Victor Schnirelmann dismisses Bunyadov's theory, criticizing Bunyadov for not mentioning that Babak spoke Persian, and ignoring the witness accounts of Babak's contemporaries who call him Persian. To this day, in the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, Babak is a cult figure and celebrated as a national hero. In modern Iran, due to the rise of nationalism in the 20th century, and renewed interest in pre-Islamic Iran, Babak Khorramdin was rediscovered during the reign of Reza Shah, and is celebrated as a national hero. However, Babak remains a controversial figure in the Islamic Republic, whose idolization is criticized by some Shia clerics.

Bābak Khorramdin (Persian: بابک خرمدین, "Bābak Khorramdin", from Middle Persian ""Pāpak"", meaning ""Young Father""; 795 or 798 – January 838) was one of the main Iranian revolutionary leaders of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate. Khorramdin appears to be a compound analogous to "dorustdin" "orthodoxy" and "Behdin" "Good Religion" (Zoroastrianism), and are considered an offshoot of neo-Mazdakism. Babak's Iranianizing rebellion, from its base in Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, called for a return of the political glories of the Iranian past. The Khorramdin rebellion of Babak spread to the Western and Central parts of Iran and lasted more than twenty years before it was defeated when Babak was betrayed. Babak's uprising showed the continuing strength in Azerbaijan of ancestral Iranian local feelings.

Bābak Khurramdîn en persan, Pāpak Khorramî en pehlevi, ayant vécu entre 795 (ou 798 selon d'autres sources) et. Babak était l'un des principaux chefs révolutionnaires perse; du mouvement iranien Khurramites ("La religion joyeuse"), un mouvement d'indépendance iranien qui se battait contre le califat Abbasside.


Early life.

Johnston was born in Sacramento, California, and grew up in New Cumberland, West Virginia. He was the youngest of five children of William Dale "Bill" Johnston (1922–2017) and Mabel Ruth Voyles Johnston (1923–2010). He began recording music in the late 1970s on a $59 Sanyo monaural boombox, singing and playing piano as well as the chord organ. Following graduation from Oak Glen High School, Johnston spent a few weeks at Abilene Christian University in West Texas before dropping out. He later attended the art program at the East Liverpool campus of Kent State University, during which he recorded "Songs of Pain" and "More Songs of Pain".

Career.

1980s–1990s.

When Johnston moved to Austin, Texas, he began to attract the attention of the local press and gained a following augmented in numbers by his habit of handing out tapes to people he met. Live performances were well-attended and hotly anticipated. His local standing led to him being featured in a 1985 episode of the MTV program "The Cutting Edge" featuring performers from Austin's "New Sincerity" music scene.  In 1988, Johnston visited New York City and recorded "1990" with producer Mark Kramer at his Noise New York studio. This was Johnston's first experience in a professional recording environment after a decade of releasing home-made cassette recordings. His mental health further deteriorated during the making of "1990". In 1989, Johnston released the album "It's Spooky" in collaboration with singer Jad Fair of the band Half Japanese.  In 1990, Johnston played at a music festival in Austin, Texas. On the way back to West Virginia on a private two-seater plane piloted by his father Bill, Johnston had a manic psychotic episode; believing he was Casper the Friendly Ghost, Johnston removed the key from the plane's ignition and threw it outside. His father, a former U.S. Air Force pilot, managed to successfully crash-land the plane, even though "there was nothing down there but trees". Although the plane was destroyed, Johnston and his father emerged with only minor injuries. As a result of this episode, Johnston was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital.  Interest in Johnston increased when Kurt Cobain was frequently photographed wearing a T-shirt featuring the cover image of Johnston's album "Hi, How Are You" that music journalist Everett True gave him. Cobain listed "Yip/Jump Music" as one of his favorite albums in his journal in 1993. In spite of Johnston being resident in a mental hospital at the time, there was a bidding war to sign him. He refused to sign a multi-album deal with Elektra Records because Metallica was on the label's roster and he was convinced that they were Satanic and would hurt him, also dropping his longtime manager, Jeff Tartakov, in the process. Ultimately he signed with Atlantic Records in February 1994 and that September released "Fun", produced by Paul Leary of Butthole Surfers. It was a commercial failure. In June 1996, Atlantic dropped Johnston from the label.  In 1993, the Sound Exchange record store in Austin, Texas, commissioned Johnston to paint a mural of the "Hi, How Are You?" frog (also known as "Jeremiah the Innocent") from the album's cover. After the record store closed in 2003, the building remained unoccupied until 2004 when the Mexican grill franchise Baja Fresh took ownership and decided that they would remove the wall that held the mural. A group of people who lived in the neighborhood convinced the managers and contractors to keep the mural intact. In 2018, the building housed a Thai restaurant called "Thai, How Are You". Thai How Are You permanently closed in January of 2020. The building remains empty.

2000s.

In 2004, he released "", a two-disc compilation. The first disc featured covers of his songs by artists including Tom Waits, Beck, TV on the Radio, Jad Fair, Eels, Bright Eyes, Calvin Johnson, Death Cab for Cutie, Sparklehorse, Mercury Rev, The Flaming Lips and Starlight Mints, with the second disc featuring Johnston's original recordings of the songs. In 2005, Texas-based theater company Infernal Bridegroom Productions received a Multi-Arts Production/MAP Fund grant to work with Johnston to create a rock opera based on his music, titled "Speeding Motorcycle".  In 2006, Jeff Feuerzeig released a documentary about Johnston, "The Devil and Daniel Johnston"; the film, four years in the making, collated some of the vast amount of recorded material Johnston (and in some case, others) had produced over the years to portray his life and music. The film won high praise, receiving the Director's Award at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. The film also inspired more interest in Johnston's work, and increased his prestige as a touring artist. In 2006, Johnston's label, Eternal Yip Eye Music, released his first greatest-hits compilation, "Welcome to My World".  Through the next few years Johnston toured extensively across the world, and continued to attract press attention. His artwork was shown in galleries such as in London's Aquarium Gallery, New York's Clementine Gallery and at the Liverpool Biennial in 2006 and 2008, and in 2009, his work was exhibited at "The Museum of Love" at Verge Gallery in Sacramento, California. In 2008, Dick Johnston, Johnston's brother and manager, revealed that "a movie deal based on the artist's life and music had been finalized with a tentative 2011 release." He also said that a deal had been struck with the Converse company for a "signature series" Daniel Johnston shoe. Later, it was revealed by Dick Johnston that Converse had dropped the plan. In early 2008, a Jeremiah the Innocent collectible figurine was released in limited runs of four different colors. Later in the year, Adjustable Productions released Johnston's first concert DVD, "The Angel and Daniel Johnston – Live at the Union Chapel", featuring a 2007 appearance in Islington, London.  "Is and Always Was" was released on October 6, 2009, on Eternal Yip Eye Music. In 2009, it was announced that Matt Groening had chosen Johnston to perform at the edition of the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that he curated in May 2010, in Minehead, England. Also that year, Dr. Fun Fun and Smashing Studios developed an iPhone platform game called "Hi, How Are You". The game is similar to "Frogger", but features Johnston's art and music. Johnston played it during its development and liked it, although he was not familiar with the iPhone.

2010s.

On March 13, 2012, Johnston released his first comic book, "Space Ducks – An Infinite Comic Book of Musical Greatness" at SXSW, published by BOOM! Studios. The comic book ties-in with the "Space Ducks" album and an iOS app. Johnston collaborated with skateboarding and clothing company Supreme on numerous collections (consisting of clothing and various accessories) showcasing his artwork.  On March 1, 2012, Brooklyn-based photographer Jung Kim announced her photo book and traveling exhibition project with Johnston titled "DANIEL JOHNSTON: here", a collaboration that began in 2008 when Kim first met Johnston and began photographing him on the road and at his home in Waller, Texas. On March 13, 2013, this photography book was published, featuring five years of documentation on Johnston. The opening exhibition at SXSW festival featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances led by Jason Sebastian Russo formerly of Mercury Rev. The second exhibition ran in May and June 2013 in London, England, and featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances by the UK band Charlie Boyer and the Voyeurs with Steffan Halperin of the Klaxons. On October 10, 2013, Jason Pierce of Spiritualized hosted the New York City opening of the exhibition, which included special tribute performances led by Pierce and Glen Hansard of The Swell Season and The Frames.  In November 2015, "Hi, How Are You Daniel Johnston?", a short biopic about Johnston's life, was released featuring Johnston as his 2015 self and Gabriel Sunday of "Archie's Final Project" as Johnston's 1983 self. The executive producers for the film included Lana Del Rey and Mac Miller.  In July 2017, Johnston announced that he would be retiring from live performance and would embark on a final five-date tour that fall. Each stop on the tour featured Johnston backed by a group that had been influenced by his music: The Preservation All-Stars in New Orleans, The Districts and Modern Baseball in Philadelphia, Jeff Tweedy in Chicago, and Built to Spill for the final two dates in Portland and Vancouver.

Death.

On September 11, 2019, Johnston was found dead from a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas, a day after he was released from the hospital for unspecified kidney problems. It is believed that he died overnight.

Discography.

Studio albums

External links.

Official  Other

Daniel Dale Johnston (January 22, 1961 – September 11, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and visual artist regarded as a significant figure in outsider, lo-fi, and alternative music scenes. Most of his work consisted of cassettes recorded alone in his home, and his music was frequently cited for its "pure" and "childlike" qualities.

Daniel Dale Johnston, né le à Sacramento (Californie) et mort le à Waller au Texas, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète américain de musique pop, folk ou rock, dans un style qualifié de lo-fi. Il est également dessinateur dans un style à mi-chemin de la bande-dessinée et des dessins d'enfants.


Biography.

Edward Lee Morgan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 10, 1938, the youngest of Otto Ricardo and Nettie Beatrice Morgan's four children.  Originally interested in the vibraphone, he soon showed a growing enthusiasm for the trumpet. Morgan also knew how to play the alto saxophone. On his thirteenth birthday, his sister Ernestine gave him his first trumpet. His primary stylistic influence was Clifford Brown, with whom he took a few lessons as a teenager.  Morgan recorded prolifically from 1956 until a day before his death in February 1972. He joined Dizzy Gillespie's Big Band at 18 and remained as a member for a year and a half until economic circumstances forced Gillespie to disband the unit in 1958. Morgan began recording for Blue Note in 1956, eventually recording 25 albums as a leader for the label. He also recorded on the Vee-Jay label and one album for Riverside Records on its short-lived Jazzland subsidiary. He was a featured sideman on several early Hank Mobley records, and intermittently thereafter. On John Coltrane's only Blue Note album as a leader, "Blue Train" (1957), he played a trumpet with an angled bell (given to him by Gillespie).  Joining Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers in 1958 further developed his talent as a soloist and composer. He toured with Blakey for a few years and was featured on numerous albums by the Messengers, including "Moanin'", which is one of the band's best-known recordings. When Benny Golson left the Jazz Messengers, Morgan persuaded Blakey to hire Wayne Shorter, a young tenor saxophonist, to fill the chair. This version of the Jazz Messengers, including pianist Bobby Timmons and bassist Jymie Merritt, recorded many albums during 1959–61, including for Blue Note "Africaine," "The Big Beat", ""A Night in Tunisia" and "The Freedom Rider". During his time with The Jazz Messengers, Morgan also wrote several tunes including "The Midget, Haina, Celine, Yama," "Kozo's Waltz, Pisces, and Blue Lace." The drug problems of Morgan and Timmons forced them to leave the band in 1961, and the trumpeter returned to Philadelphia, his hometown. According to Tom Perchard, a Morgan biographer, it was Blakey who introduced the trumpeter to heroin, which impeded his progression in his career.  On returning to New York in 1963, he recorded "The Sidewinder". The title track cracked the pop charts in 1964 and served as the background theme for Chrysler television commercials during the World Series. The tune was used without Morgan's consent; after he threatened to sue Chrysler agreed not to show the advertisement again and settled the case. Due to the crossover success of "The Sidewinder" in a rapidly changing pop music market, Blue Note encouraged its other artists to emulate the tune's "boogaloo" beat. Morgan himself repeated the formula several times with compositions such as "Cornbread" (from the eponymous album "Cornbread") and "Yes I Can, No You Can't" on "The Gigolo". According to drummer Billy Hart, Morgan said he had recorded "The Sidewinder" as filler for the album and was bemused that it had turned into his biggest hit. He felt that his playing was much more advanced on Grachan Moncur III's essentially avant-garde "Evolution" album, recorded a month earlier, on November 21, 1963.  After this commercial success, Morgan continued to record prolifically, producing such works as "Search for the New Land" (1964), which reached the top 20 of the R&B charts. He also briefly rejoined the Jazz Messengers after his successor, Freddie Hubbard, joined another group. Together with tenor saxophonist John Gilmore, pianist John Hicks, and bassist Victor Sproles, this lineup was filmed by the BBC for seminal jazz television program "Jazz 625".  As the '60s progressed, he recorded some twenty additional albums as a leader, and continued to record as a sideman on the albums of other artists, including Wayne Shorter's "Night Dreamer"; Stanley Turrentine's "Mr. Natural"; Freddie Hubbard's "The Night of the Cookers"; Hank Mobley's "Dippin'", "A Caddy for Daddy", "A Slice of the Top", "Straight No Filter"; Jackie McLean's "Jackknife" and "Consequence"; Joe Henderson's "Mode for Joe"; McCoy Tyner's "Tender Moments"; Lonnie Smith's "Think" and "Turning Point"; Elvin Jones' "The Prime Element"; Jack Wilson's "Easterly Winds"; Reuben Wilson's "Love Bug"; Larry Young's "Mother Ship"; "Lee Morgan and Clifford Jordan Live in Baltimore 1968"; Andrew Hill's "Grass Roots"; as well as on several albums with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers.  He became more politically involved in the last two years of his life, becoming one of the leaders of the Jazz and People's Movement. The group demonstrated during the taping of talk and variety shows during 1970-71 to protest the lack of jazz artists as guest performers and members of the programs' bands. His working band during those last years featured reed players Billy Harper or Bennie Maupin, pianist Harold Mabern, bassist Jymie Merritt and drummers Mickey Roker or Freddie Waits. Maupin, Mabern, Merritt, and Roker are featured on the well-regarded three-disc, "Live at the Lighthouse", recorded during a two-week engagement at the Hermosa Beach club, California, in July 1970.

Death and legacy.

Morgan was killed in the early hours of February 19, 1972, at Slugs' Saloon, a jazz club in New York City's East Village where his band was performing. Following an altercation between sets, Morgan's common-law wife Helen Moore (a.k.a. Helen Morgan) shot him. The injuries were not immediately fatal, but the ambulance was slow in arriving on the scene as the city had experienced heavy snowfall that resulted in extremely difficult driving conditions. They took so long to get there that Morgan bled to death. He was 33 years old. Helen Morgan was arrested and spent a short time in prison before being released on parole. After her release, she returned to her native North Carolina and died there from a heart condition in March 1996.  Lee and Helen Morgan are the subjects of a 2016 documentary "I Called Him Morgan" by Swedish filmmaker Kasper Collin. The film premiered on September 1, 2016, at the 73rd Venice Film Festival and was theatrically released in the U.S. on March 24, 2017. In his "New York Times" review A. O. Scott called the film "a delicate human drama about love, ambition and the glories of music".

Edward Lee Morgan (July 10, 1938 – February 19, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. One of the key hard bop musicians of the 1960s, Morgan came to prominence in his late teens, recording on John Coltrane's "Blue Train" (1957) and with the band of drummer Art Blakey before launching a solo career. Morgan stayed with Blakey until 1961 and started to record as leader soon after. His song "The Sidewinder", on the album of the same name, became a surprise crossover hit on the pop and R&B charts in 1964, while Morgan's recordings found him touching on other styles of music as his artistry matured. Soon after "The Sidewinder" was released, Morgan rejoined Blakey for a short period. After leaving Blakey for the final time, Morgan continued to work prolifically as both a leader and a sideman with the likes of Hank Mobley and Wayne Shorter, becoming a cornerstone of the Blue Note label.

Lee Morgan (né à Philadelphie le, mort à New York le ) est un trompettiste de jazz américain. Il est l'un des représentants majeurs du courant hard bop.


New features.

International Challenge Mode.

"PES6" marks the first time the International Challenge Mode has been included on the PES Series. Usually this is seen on the Japanese version — "Winning Eleven" — where you play as Japan and take them through the qualifiers of the International Cup and then attempt to win it. In "PES6", however, you have the ability to choose any playable nation on the game. The user can only play the qualifiers from Europe, North/Central America or South America. Asia. Africa. Oceania. Although the tournament is not licensed, the qualifiers have a lot of similarities to the FIFA World Cup qualification process:  The International Challenge mode is only available in the PlayStation 2 and PC versions of "PES6". The Xbox 360 and PSP versions do not include this mode.

Game Modes.

Random Selection Match.

Also new to "PES6" is the Random Selection Match. In this mode, the user can pick up to either four clubs/nations or one region/league. Once selected, the computer picks a random selection of players from the teams or region for the player's squad. The lineup is selected automatically, although players can choose to let the computer to pick another random selection. This was not included in the PSP and Xbox 360 version, presumably because of time restrictions.

Network.

Groups have been introduced on the PES Network. A player can join/create a group that can gain points by playing together. Groups can play each other in rival matches. If a player creates a group, they manage who's in and who's out, the team name, and who else can allow others to join and matches. A player can join a group by applying to join or accepting an invitation from another player. If the leader accepts, they are in the group. Only ten are allowed in one group at first, but there can potentially be 30 in a group at one time. Groups can reach levels with the highest level to progress to is Level 14. When you achieve higher levels, you will unlock different costumes (penguin, dinosaur, and ostrich) and classic national teams. Also, you can achieve extra member spaces in your group when you go up in level.  The Network capabilities have since been relinquished.

Licenses.

Ligue 1 were licensed for the first time in series. Game included also several fully licensed national teams that participated in 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Platform differences.

Though the Xbox 360 version lacks dressing, it is the only version with a fully analogue Manual Pass feature, as well as much more sophisticated ball physics compared to the PS2 version and can therefore be argued to be the ultimate version in terms of gameplay as well as an online community that continues to have matches available all of the time. Even to this very day several years after the release of Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 and onward, Pro Evolution Soccer 6 marks the point where the series underwent significant changes to the gameplay that remain in the series to this day.

Reception.

The PlayStation 2 version of "Pro Evolution Soccer 6" received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. ELSPA gave the game's Xbox 360 release a "Platinum" certification, for sales of at least 300,000 copies in the region.  The game was met with positive to mixed reception. For the U.S. port, GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 86.31% and 86 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; 85.80% for the PC version; 81.36% and 82 out of 100 for the PSP version; 79.13% and 80 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; and 64% and 64 out of 100 for the DS version. For the European port, Metacritic gave it a score of 89 out of 100 for the PS2 version; 88 out of 100 for the PC version; 81 out of 100 for the PSP version; 79 out of 100 for the X360 version; and 63 out of 100 for the DS version.  The PS2 version got a perfect 10/10 score in "Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine", which beat "FIFA 07" (9/10 in the same magazine). However, the PSP version of the game ranked beneath the "FIFA 07" PSP version due to slow loading times and an incomplete editor. "Hyper"'s Eliot Fish commended the game for its "tighter dribbling [and] refined Master League" but criticised it for its commentary.  "The Times" gave the PS2, PC, and X360 versions a score of all five stars and stated that "you can make a sliding tackle and come up with the ball, and the AI has been greatly improved. The passing and shooting have been made harder to master and the players’ movement off the ball is better." In "The Sydney Morning Herald", Fish gave the X360 version a score of four-and-a-half stars out of five and stated, "Owners of an Xbox 360 have a right to feel a little miffed that their version isn't identical to the PS2 but "Pro Evo 6" is still top of the table." However, George Mathis of "Detroit Free Press" gave the same version a score of three stars out of four and said, "Unlike the PS2 version, team and player names cannot be changed. This is a problem because many of the world's most famous teams and players are not licensed, meaning you'll be stuck playing generic teams such as the London Soccer Club."

Pro Evolution Soccer 6 (also known as World Soccer: Winning Eleven 10 for PS2, World Soccer: Winning Eleven 10 Ubiquitous Edition for PSP, World Soccer: Winning Eleven DS for DS and World Soccer: Winning Eleven X for Xbox 360 in Japan and South Korea, and Winning Eleven: Pro Evolution Soccer 2007 in the United States) is a video game developed and published by Konami. Released in 2006 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows platforms and following on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable afterward, "Pro Evolution Soccer 6" is the 6th edition of the "Pro Evolution Soccer" series for the PlayStation 2, 2nd for the PlayStation Portable and 4th for Microsoft Windows. It is the first game to debut on the Nintendo DS and the Xbox 360. The Xbox 360 version features improved graphics, but retains gameplay similar to the other console versions. The edit mode has been stripped down for the Xbox 360 release, due to time restrictions. The graphics engine on the PC does not utilise the next-gen 360 engine but will again be a direct conversion of the PlayStation 2 engine.

Pro Evolution Soccer 6 ("Winning Eleven 10", abrégé "PES 6") est un jeu vidéo de football qui est sorti en sur les consoles PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PSP ainsi que sur PC.


Geography.

The Kaokoland area extends south-north from the Hoanib river to the Kunene river (that also marks the border between Namibia and Angola). It is largely mountainous, with the northern Baynes Mountains reaching the maximum elevation at 2039 m. Other notable mountain ranges of Kaokoland include the Otjihipa Mountains (to the north) and the Hartmann Mountains (to the east). The land is generally dry and rocky, especially to the south, where it borders on the Namib Desert; nevertheless, it has several rivers as well as falls. The most notable falls in Kaokoland are the Ruacana Falls (120 m high, 700 m wide) and the Epupa Falls, both formed by the Kunene river. The northern part of Kaokoland is greener, with vegetation thriving valleys such as the Marienfluss and Hartmann Valley.

History.

Before colonialism, Kaokoland was mostly inhabited by the Ovambo, Nama, and Herero people. In the second half of the 19th century, a group of Herero crossed the Kunene River, migrating north to what is now Angola, joining with the Bushmen in Southern Angola; the modern day Himba people originated from this Angolan Herero group. In 1884, Kaokoland became part of German South West Africa, and Namibian Herero changed much of their habits and costumes as a consequence of German rule. After World War I, South Africa received the mandate from the League of Nations to administer the territory of Namibia, which became, for all practical purposes, a province of South Africa. South Africa also applied to Namibia the principles of apartheid, including the creation of distinct bantustans (homelands) for different African ethnic groups. Kaokoland was thus established as a bantustan for the Himba people, that in the 1920s had come back from Angola into Namibia. Despite its scarce population, Kaokoland was greatly affected by the struggle for independence of Namibia, and most specifically by the so-called "bush war" that was fought across the border with Angola (i.e., in Kaokoland).

The Himba people.

The Himba people are the descendants of a Herero group that got isolated from the others in the 19th century. While the Herero people later experienced German rule and drastically changed their lifestyle as well as their costumes, the Himba retained much of their traditional, nomadic and pastoral habits. In recent times, contacts between Himbas and Western tourists are becoming more and more common, especially in the most easily accessible regions of Kaokoland (e.g., the surroundings of Opuwo). While this has partially affected the Himba culture, Himbas have essentially remained faithful to their tradition.

Fauna.

Fauna in Kaokoland suffered from a severe crippling between 1977 and 1982, as well as from poaching throughout the 1970s, but has been recovering afterwards. It includes several desert-dwelling species, most notably a population of desert elephants that are sometimes classified as a distinct subspecies of African elephants because of their shorter legs and specific, desert-adapted behaviour (the only other place in Africa where elephants have adapted to a desert environment is Mali, on the border of the Sahara desert). Its longer legs, bigger feet, and incredible ability to withstand periods of drought all gave valid reasons to think so. Today, however, it is not considered a different species, rather regarded as only 'desert adapted.' The herds in this area remain separate from other elephant herds in Namibia and only appear to have longer legs and bigger feet because they eat less than elephants living in more food abundant areas such as Etosha National Park, the Caprivi, and Chobe region in Botswana.  The desert elephant claim a three-thousand square kilometre range and regularly travel up to two hundred kilometres in search of water. They only drink every three or four days, compared with elephants in Etosha drinking 100 to 200 L of water a day. They also seem to be more environmentally conscious than other elephants: unlike other elephants, the desert-adapted elephant rarely knock over trees, break branches, or tear away bark.  They are commonly roaming the dry riverbeds of the westward flowing Huab, Hoanib, Hoarusib, and Khumib rivers. It is along these riverbeds the animals find the occasional spring fed waterhole and most of their nutrient rich foods: mopane bark, tamarisk, reeds, and the pods, bark, and leaves of the ana tree. On a typical day, desert elephants travel up to sixty kilometres over rocky, difficult terrain between feeding areas and waterholes. When water is truly scarce, as in times of drought, they dig holes, commonly known as gorras, in the dry riverbeds. Water seeps up from below the surface creating a much needed water source for themselves, and other animals in the area; unlike other elephants, which drink daily, desert elephants have been known to survive without water for up to four days.  Black rhinos were extinguished in the area in 1983, but they have been reintroduced. Other species found in Kaokoland include oryxes, kudus, springboks, ostriches, giraffes and mountain zebras.

Tourism and transportation.

After the end of the bush war, Kaokoland has become a common tourist destination in Namibia, due its proximity to the Etosha National Park (to the south), the unspoiled nature (with several spots suitable for activities such as rafting and trekking), and the opportunity to visit traditional Himba villages. Notable landmarks in the area include the Epupa Falls, Sesfontein, Himba villages, and the Ondurusa Rapids.  Kaokoland is one of the wildest regions of Southern Africa, with very few roads and structures. The only road that is accessible to non-4WD vehicles is that connecting Sesfontein and Opuwo. Many roads in Kaokoland are often in very bad conditions and may be challenging for 4WDs as well, especially during the rainy season. Most services such as shops, hospital, garage, and so on are only found in Opuwo.

Kaokoland was an administrative unit and a "bantustan" in northern South West Africa (now Namibia). Established during the apartheid era, it was intended to be a self-governing homeland of the OvaHimba, but an actual government was never established. Like other homelands in South West Africa, the Kaokoland bantustan was abolished in May 1989, at the beginning of the transition of Namibia towards independence. "Kaokoland" remains as an informal name for the geographic area, while the political unit of administration since 1990 is Kunene Region. The area is in the Kaokoveld ecoregion.

Le Kaokoland était un bantoustan autonome situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la Namibie. Il regroupait des africains de l'ethnie Himba.


Rules.

The players use a wooden pin to try to knock over wooden pins (also called "skittles") of almost similar dimensions with the throwing pin, which are marked with numbers from 1 to 12. The pins are initially placed in a tight group in an upright position 3–4 meters away from the throwing line, with the pins organized as follows: 1st row, 1/2; 2nd row, 3/10/4; 3rd row, 5/11/12/6; 4th row, 7/9/8. Knocking over one pin scores the number of points marked on the pin. Knocking 2 or more pins scores the number of pins knocked over (e.g., knocking over 3 pins scores 3 points). A pin does not count if it is leaning on the throwing stick or one of the numbered pins (it must be parallel to the ground to count). After each throw, the pins are stood up again in the exact location where they landed. The first one to reach exactly 50 points wins the game. Scoring more than 50 will be penalised by setting the player's score back to 25 points. A player will be eliminated from the game if they miss all of the target pins three times in a row.

Organizations and competitions.

Mölkky players have started more than 250 Mölkky Associations. International Mölkky Organization is umbrella organization for Mölkky associations. 10 countries are currently official members  The Finnish championships for mölkky have been organised in Lahti since 1997 by the union of youth clubs in Southern Tavastia. The technology students in Tampere organised world championships in academic Mölkky in 2001. The Finnish Mölkky Union has been formed to promote the game and its subculture. The first Australian Championships were held 2010 and then 2011.  In the United States, Molkky USA and the US Molkky Association have sanctioned the U.S. Tour since 2014 and have declared US National Champions each year since then. The Berzerkerz (Coleman Rydie & Clint Childers) are the Current US National Champions, winning the title in 2014 and 2015.  The 2016 was first time when Mölkky World Championship was organised outside Finland. Tournament was organized in Le Rheu, France. Next year, 2017, it was organized in Prague (Czech Republic), 2018 in Pori Finland and 2019 in Samoëns, France. The 2020 World Championship will be organized in Hyvinkää, Finland

Numbering Song.

Due to the quirky nature of the starting arrangement, a song was produced to help young players in the UK remember the order.  To the tune of 1-2-3-4-5. Once I caught a fish alive...

Mölkky (), also known as Finska is a Finnish throwing game invented by Lahden Paikka company (formerly known as Tuoterengas) in 1996. It is reminiscent of kyykkä, a centuries-old throwing game with Karelian roots. However, Mölkky does not require as much physical strength as kyykkä, and is more suitable for everyone regardless of age and condition. Mölkky requires no special equipment and success is based on a combination of chance and skill. Lahden Paikka has sold nearly 200,000 sets in Finland.

Le mölkky (prononcé /mɔl.ki/ en français, /ˈmøl.kːy/ en finnois) est un jeu d'adresse inventé par l'entreprise finlandaise (anciennement Tuoterengas) en 1996, dans la région méridionale du Päijät-Häme. Il s'inspire du kyykkä, un jeu traditionnel finlandais de lancer ayant ses origines en Carélie. Se pratiquant en plein air, l'objectif du mölkky est de marquer exactement cinquante points en renversant des quilles numérotées de 1 à 12 par un lancer d'un bâton de bois. Ne demandant pas la force nécessaire du kyykkä, le mölkky peut se pratiquer sans distinction d'âge ou de condition physique.


History.

The original 3D Studio product was created for the DOS platform by Gary Yost and the Yost Group, and published by Autodesk. The release of 3D Studio made Autodesk's previous 3D rendering package AutoShade obsolete. After 3D Studio DOS Release 4, the product was rewritten for the Windows NT platform, and renamed "3D Studio MAX". This version was also originally created by the Yost Group. It was released by Kinetix, which was at that time Autodesk's division of media and entertainment.  Autodesk purchased the product at the second release update of the 3D Studio MAX version and internalized development entirely over the next two releases. Later, the product name was changed to "3ds max" (all lower case) to better comply with the naming conventions of Discreet, a Montreal-based software company which Autodesk had purchased.  When it was re-released (release 7), the product was again branded with the Autodesk logo, and the short name was again changed to "3ds Max" (upper and lower case), while the formal product name became the current "Autodesk 3ds Max".

Adoption.

Many films have made use of 3ds Max, or previous versions of the program under previous names, in CGI animation, such as "Avatar" and "2012", which contain computer generated graphics from 3ds Max alongside live-action acting. Mudbox was also used in the final texturing of the set and characters in Avatar, with 3ds Max and Mudbox being closely related.  3ds Max has been used in the development of 3D computer graphics for a number of video games.  Architectural and engineering design firms use 3ds Max for developing concept art and previsualization.  Educational programs at secondary and tertiary level use 3ds Max in their courses on 3D computer graphics and computer animation. Students in the FIRST competition for 3d animation are known to use 3ds Max.

Modeling techniques.

Polygon modeling.

Polygon modeling is more common with game design than any other modeling technique as the very specific control over individual polygons allows for extreme optimization. Usually, the modeler begins with one of the 3ds max primitives, and using such tools as bevel and extrude, adds detail to and refines the model. Versions 4 and up feature the Editable Polygon object, which simplifies most mesh editing operations, and provides subdivision smoothing at customizable levels (see NURMS).  Version 7 introduced the "edit poly" modifier, which allows the use of the tools available in the editable polygon object to be used higher in the modifier stack (i.e., on top of other modifications).  NURBS in 3ds Max is a legacy feature. None of the features have been updated since version 4 and have been ignored by the development teams over the past decade. For example, the updated path deform and the updated normalize spline modifiers in version 2018 do not work on NURBS curves anymore as they did in previous versions.

NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational Based-Splines).

An alternative to polygons, it gives a smoothed out surface that eliminates the straight edges of a polygon model. NURBS is a mathematically exact representation of freeform surfaces like those used for car bodies and ship hulls, which can be exactly reproduced at any resolution whenever needed. With NURBS, a smooth sphere can be created with only one face.  The non-uniform property of NURBS brings up an important point. Because they are generated mathematically, NURBS objects have a parameter space in addition to the 3D geometric space in which they are displayed. Specifically, an array of values called knots specifies the extent of influence of each control vertex (CV) on the curve or surface. Knots are invisible in 3D space and can't be manipulated directly, but occasionally their behavior affects the visible appearance of the NURBS object. Parameter space is one-dimensional for curves, which have only a single U dimension topologically, even though they exist geometrically in 3D space. Surfaces have two dimensions in parameter space, called U and V.  NURBS curves and surfaces have the important properties of not changing under the standard geometric affine transformations (Transforms), or under perspective projections. The CVs have local control of the object: moving a CV or changing its weight does not affect any part of the object beyond the neighboring CVs. (This property can be overridden by using the Soft Selection controls). Also, the control lattice that connects CVs surrounds the surface. This is known as the convex hull property.

Surface tool/editable patch object.

"Surface tool" was originally a 3rd party plugin, but Kinetix acquired and included this feature since version 3.0. The surface tool is for creating common 3ds Max splines, and then applying a modifier called "surface." This modifier makes a surface from every three or four vertices in a grid. It is often seen as an alternative to "mesh" or "nurbs" modeling, as it enables a user to interpolate curved sections with straight geometry (for example a hole through a box shape). Although the surface tool is a useful way to generate parametrically accurate geometry, it lacks the "surface properties" found in the similar Edit Patch modifier, which enables a user to maintain the original parametric geometry whilst being able to adjust "smoothing groups" between faces.

Predefined primitives.

This is a basic method, in which one models something using only boxes, spheres, cones, cylinders and other predefined objects from the list of "Predefined Standard Primitives" or a list of "Predefined Extended Primitives". One may also apply boolean operations, including subtract, cut and connect. For example, one can make two spheres which will work as blobs that will connect with each other. These are called metaballs.

Licensing.

Earlier versions (up to and including 3D Studio Max R3.1) required a special copy protection device (called a dongle) to be plugged into the parallel port while the program was run, but later versions incorporated software based copy prevention methods instead. Current versions require online registration.  Due to the high price of the commercial version of the program, Autodesk also offers a free student version, which explicitly states that it is to be used for "educational purposes only". The student version has identical features to the full version, but is only for single use and cannot be installed on a network. The student license expires after three years, at which time the user, if they are still a student, may download the latest version, thus renewing the license for another three years.

Autodesk 3ds Max, formerly 3D Studio and 3D Studio Max, is a professional 3D computer graphics program for making 3D animations, models, games and images. It is developed and produced by Autodesk Media and Entertainment. It has modeling capabilities and a flexible plugin architecture and must be used on the Microsoft Windows platform. It is frequently used by video game developers, many TV commercial studios, and architectural visualization studios. It is also used for movie effects and movie pre-visualization. For its modeling and animation tools, the latest version of 3ds Max also features shaders (such as ambient occlusion and subsurface scattering), dynamic simulation, particle systems, radiosity, normal map creation and rendering, global illumination, a customizable user interface, new icons, and its own scripting language.

Autodesk 3ds Max (ou simplement 3ds Max ou 3ds) est un logiciel de modélisation et d'animation 3D, développé par la société Autodesk. Avec Maya, Softimage XSI, Lightwave, Houdini et Blender, il est l'un des logiciels de référence dans le domaine de l'infographie 3D.


Biography.

Pyle joined Phil Miller, a friend from kindergarten, and Phil's brother Steve, in forming Bruno's Blues Band, which rapidly evolved into Delivery. However, Pyle left the band in 1970 after arguing with singer Carol Grimes. He briefly played in blues band Chicken Shack and Steve Hillage's band Khan.  In 1971, drummer Robert Wyatt asked Pyle to play instead of him on one track of Daevid Allen's solo album "Banana Moon". From this, Pyle joined Allen in Gong. While only in the band for eight months, Pyle plays on both "Camembert Électrique" and "Continental Circus". Pyle was replaced by Laurie Allan, but rejoined Gong in 1989.  In 1972, Pyle worked with Paul Jones (who had been singing with Manfred Mann) and with British singer Bridget St John, before founding Hatfield and the North with the Miller brothers in 1972. Steve Miller was soon replaced in the band and the line-up eventually settled on Pyle, Phil Miller, Richard Sinclair and keyboardist Dave Stewart. "Hatfield and the North" was released in 1974, while a second album, "The Rotters' Club", followed the next year. As well as drumming, Pyle wrote many of the band's lyrics.  Following Hatfield, Pyle joined Miller and Stewart in National Health as well as playing in other projects, including Soft Heap with Hugh Hopper, Elton Dean and Alan Gowen. He also played on "Neil's Heavy Concept Album" (1984), a spin-off from the television series "The Young Ones" with which Stewart was involved.  In 1984, Pyle met Sophia Domancich and the two had a relationship for many years. Pyle also started his own band, Pip Pyle's Equip'Out, including Domancich. Equip'Out released "Equip'Out", "Up!" and "Instants". He released one solo album, "Seven Year Itch", in 1998 with guests including Miller, Sinclair, Stewart, Dean (saxello), Hopper (bass), Jakko Jakszyk, Barbara Gaskin, John Greaves (vocals), François Ovide, Fred T. Baker (bass), Paul Rogers (double bass), Lydia Domancich (piano, Sophia's sister) and Didier Malherbe (alto sax). Pyle also played in Miller's band In Cahoots from 1982 to 2001, appearing on "Cutting Both Ways", "Split Seconds", "Live 86-89", "Live in Japan", "Recent Discoveries", "Parallel" and "Out of the Blue".  His last projects were his group Bash!, featuring the French guitarist Patrice Meyer, Fred Baker on bass and Alex Maguire on keyboards, and a Hatfield and the North reunion (also with Maguire). Bash! released the live album "Belle Illusion" (Cuneiform Records), but only played five live shows in total (including Progman Cometh), finding it difficult to attract interest from venues.  In 2005 Pyle joined Phil Miller and Richard Sinclair in a re-formation of Hatfield and the North, with Alex Maguire handling the keyboards. On 29 January, all three were reunited for the first time in fifteen years when Pyle sat in with the Richard Sinclair Band for a few old numbers ("Above And Below", "Share It", "Halfway Between Heaven And Earth" and "Didn't Matter Anyway") during a gig at Whitstable's Horsebridge Arts Centre. The rejuvenated Hatfield made its official live debut on 18 March 2005 at the Mean Fiddler in London, and a brief tour of Europe followed in June. More international touring followed in 2005-06, including dates in Japan, Mexico, the US and Europe. On 26 August 2006 Pyle played his last gig in Feerwerd (Groningen), Netherlands.  He died in Paris on 28 August 2006.

Phillip "Pip" Pyle (4 April 1950 – 28 August 2006) was an English-born drummer from Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, who later resided in France. He is best known for his work in the progressive rock Canterbury scene bands Gong, Hatfield and the North and National Health.

Phillip "Pip" Pyle ( - ), était un batteur d'origine britannique de Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, qui résida plus tard en France. Il est surtout connu pour son travail dans les groupes rock progressif de l'école de Canterbury, Gong, Hatfield and the North et National Health. Cet article a été traduit du Wikipedia anglophone consacré à Pip Pyle.


History.

Its construction began in 1970, following Cagliari Calcio's first and so far only Scudetto, thus taking the place of the old Amsicora Stadium.  The stadium could accommodate up to about 60,000 spectators (the record attendance being approximately 70,000, was recorded against Saint Etienne). The stadium subsequently underwent major changes and restructuring for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The maximum capacity of Sant'Elia was reduced to 40,919 spectators.  The Sant'Elia was also used for sporting events outside football such as the Terra Sarda athletics meet.  Before the 2002–03 season, also due to the reduced number of fans following the poor form of the team, long reduced to yo-yoing between Serie A and B, the stadium was restructured again. Over the athletics track, a new stand was built, behind the goals so as to reduce the distance between the terrace and the playing field, with the central terraces remaining intact. The new format of the stadium, which almost halved its maximum capacity to 23,486 seats, came under harsh criticism.  Cagliari Calcio president Massimo Cellino had plans to build a new stadium for the football team to play in, however the council and mayor Emilio Floris refused to give consent for the project to go ahead, despite the fact that Cellino was willing to finance the new stadium himself.  Nonetheless, plans were drawn up and a draft was revealed in September 2007, with Cellino and Cagliari Calcio meeting all expenses. The project provided a stadium with 25,000 seats, with construction beginning in August 2009 and expected completion a year later. However, late in 2009, Cagliari Calcio proposed a revamped plan for the Karalis Arena in order to be added to the list of the Euro 2016 candidature. The new stadium would accommodate about 30,000 spectators and have new Skybox, restaurants and café.  Due to disagreements with the new local administration headed by mayor Massimo Zedda and growing safety concerns regarding the venue, Cagliari left Stadio Sant'Elia in the final weeks of the 2011–12 Serie A season, playing the remaining few home games at Stadio Nereo Rocco, Trieste. For the 2012–13 Serie A season, Cagliari played its home games outside its home city, at Stadio Comunale Is Arenas in Quartu Sant'Elena, thus ultimately putting an end to its long-standing association with Stadio Sant'Elia.  However, Cagliari cancelled their contract at Stadio Is Arenas in April 2013 after having safety issues with local authorities all season, which forced them to play behind closed doors in several matches. It was announced on 19 October 2013 that Cagliari would return to the Stadio Sant’Elia for the remainder of 2013-14 Serie A season.  On 1 August 2014, after a deal with the local council, new Cagliari President Tommaso Giulini announced that Stadio Sant’Elia would be expanded to hold at least 11,650 fans for the 2014-15 Serie A season. The goal was to reach a capacity of 16,000 (or even 18,000) by 21 December 2014 (home match against Juventus).  On 24 October 2014, the Provincial Supervision Committee gave the go-ahead for opening Curva Sud which has a capacity of 4,000 seats. Thus, it was expected that the stadium would have a total capacity of 16,000 when Cagliari Calcio took on AC Milan on 29 October.  On 18 December 2015, Cagliari Calcio presented a project of a new stadium which would have a capacity of 21,000, shops, and a restaurant. The project was approved by the local council on 21 February 2017 and by the region on 1 March 2017. Work started in April 2017 and the new stadium will be completed by 2020. During the construction of the new stadium Cagliari plays at the Sardegna Arena, a provisional stadium built near old Sant'Elia.

1990 FIFA World Cup.

The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Although it was denied by local and FIFA organisers, it was widely rumoured that the stadium had been chosen for all of England's group matches as a way to control their reputation at the time for hooliganism. The following matches were held at the ground:

Stadio Comunale Sant'Elia was a football stadium in Cagliari, Italy. It is best known for having been the home of Cagliari Calcio. It hosted three matches during the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The stadium had an initial capacity of 60,000 spectators, reduced to 40,919 in 1990, and then 23,834 and finally 16,000 spectators with a provisional stand.

Le stade Sant'Elia (en italien "Stadio Sant'Elia") est un stade de football à Cagliari en Italie. Actuellement sans occupants, il a été construit en 1970 et a une capacité de 23 486 places.


Economy.

Cà Mau is Vietnam's biggest exporter of shrimp and prawns. In 2005, Cà Mau province alone exported about $500 million of shrimp and prawns. A large petroleum project under construction, the Cà Mau Gas-Power-Fertilizer Complex, is valued at $1.4 billion. It includes:  The project opened in December 2008.

Tourism.

Cà Mau has several attractions that draw domestic and international tourists. These include several wild bird parks, the southernmost point in Vietnam (called Mũi Cà Mau), and a number of pagodas. Near Cà Mau is the U Minh area with its famous mangrove forest and swamp cuisine: fish hot pots, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Khmer cuisines. Cà Mau also has several 1- to 3-star hotel restaurants.

History.

During the 1st millennium, the region of the present Cà Mau province was part of the Kingdom of Funan (Vietnamese: "Phù Nam"), which included Laos, Cambodia, parts of eastern Thailand, and southern Vietnam (Vietnamese: "Nam Bộ"). This region was later conquered by the kingdom of Chenla (Vietnamese: "Chân Lạp") and the Khmer Empire. In 1757, the land belonging to Cà Mau province (, ""the black land"") was ceded by the Khmer king to the Nguyễn lord of Đàng Trong (central Vietnam) with an early settlement of Vietnamese people. During French rule, Cà Mau was only a small town. During the Republic of Vietnam, the area nearby Cà Mau was a stronghold (Vietnamese: "Chiến khu cách mạng") for the Việt Cộng, a Hanoi-backed guerrilla group fighting the United States Army and the South Vietnamese government during the Vietnam War. After 1975, Cà Mau was made the administrative seat and the governmental center of Minh Hải Province, which included Cà Mau and Bạc Liêu Province. In 1995, Cà Mau province broke off from Minh Hải Province with Cà Mau as its capital. In 1999, the prime minister by a decree recognized Cà Mau as a city (Vietnamese: "Thị xã") – Cà Mau city (3rd class urban area as per Vietnamese law). In 2010, the Prime Minister further upgraded Cà Mau to a 2nd class urban area.

Transportation.

Cà Mau is served by Cà Mau Airport.

Demographics.

The majority of its residents is ethnic Vietnamese, in addition to 300 Khmer Krom households and 400 Hoa households.

Climate.

Cà Mau has a tropical monsoon climate with a lengthy wet season and a relatively brief dry season. The wet season lasts from April–December with the highest rainfall in August with 366 millimeters. The dry season lasts from January–March, the driest month being February with an average of 12 millimeters. Temperatures are high year round, but rise noticeably before the arrival of the monsoons in April.

Cà Mau () is a city in southern Vietnam. It is the capital of Cà Mau Province, a province in the Mekong Delta region, in the southernmost part of Vietnam's inland territory. The city is characterized by its system of transport canals and most goods are transported here by boats and barges.

Cà Mau (Khmer: ទឹកខ្មៅ "Teuk Khmao") est une ville du Viêt Nam. C'est la capitale de la province de Cà Mau. Cà Mau se trouve dans le delta du Mékong, à 360 km au sud-ouest de Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville et à 180 km sud-ouest de Cần Thơ. On y accède par la route ou par avion via l'aéroport de Cà Mau. La ville se distingue par un système de transport par canaux, la plupart des marchandises étant transportée par bateau.


Life.

Born in Belgrade, Šarčević spent part of his childhood in Morocco and Algeria, but was living in Sarajevo at the outbreak of the Bosnian war. Šarčević studied at École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, graduating in 1997. He continued his studies at Rijksakademie in Amsterdam. <br> He has been a professor at Beaux-Arts de Paris since 2016 and a tutor at the postgraduate program deAteliers in Amsterdam since 2008.

Solo Exhibitions.

Šarčević held his first solo exhibition "It seems that an animal is in the world as water in the water", at the gallery BQ in Cologne. Since then he has had numerous solo and group exhibitions, including:  Solo Exhibitions  2020 2018 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 "'Favourite cloths worn while she or he worked'", Gesellschaft fur Aktuelle Kunst, Bremen, Germany (exhb. cat.) 1999

Selected Collections.

21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Japan  Daimler Contemporary, Berlin, Germany  Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX, USA  Fondazione Morra Greco, Naples, Italy  FRAC Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France  FRAC Poitou-Charentes, Angoulême, France  Institut d’art contemporain, Villeurbanne, France  Kiasma – Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland  Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein  MUDAM – Musée d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg  Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach, Germany  MMK – Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany  Sammlung Boros, Berlin, Germany  Sammlung Haubrok, Berlin, Germany  TBA21 – Thyssen-Bornemisza Art Contemporary, Vienna, Austria

References.

Martin Herbert, "Unbounded Enthusiasms" Artforum, November 2010<br> Jeniffer Allen, "Social Patterns, Frieze, issue 117, 2008 Christy Lange, "Une Heureuse Régression", Frieze, issue 97, 2006 Kirsty Bell, Bojan Šarčević, Frieze, issue 85, 2004 Jörg Heiser, "Dogs in Space", Frieze, issue 55, 2000

Bojan Šarčević (; born 1974) is a visual artist. His work includes video, installations, site-responsive architectural interventions, photographic collage, more or less abstract sculpture, and printed publications. Bojan Šarčević is represented by Stuart Shave/Modern Art, London.

Bojan Šarčević, né en 1974 à Belgrade en Serbie, est un artiste français d'origine bosniaque. Il utilise de nombreux médias : vidéo, photographie, sculpture, impression, installation, collage, etc.


Devotion to the Divine Mercy.

Faustina Kowalska, a Polish nun, reported visions and visitations from Jesus and conversations with him. He asked her to paint the vision of his merciful divinity being poured from his Sacred Heart and specifically asked for a feast of Divine Mercy to be established on the first Sunday after Easter Sunday, so that mankind would take refuge in him:  In several entries in, Kowalska reported promises of grace and mercy associated to the Feast of Divine Mercy on Mercy Sunday:  On March 23, 1937, Kowalska wrote in her diary (Notebook III, item 1044) that she had a vision that the feast of Divine Mercy would be celebrated in her local chapel, and would be attended by large crowds, and that the same celebration would be held in Rome attended by the pope. She wrote: "The crowd was so enormous that the eye could not take it all in. Everyone was participating in the celebrations."  Divine Mercy Sunday is also the day after the culmination of the novena of the Chaplet of Divine Mercy. Kowalska wrote Jesus instructed her that the Feast of Mercy (the Sunday after Easter) be preceded by a Divine Mercy Novena which would begin on Good Friday.  The first Mass during which the Divine Mercy image was displayed was on April 28, 1935 (the Feast of Divine Mercy), the second Sunday of Easter, and was attended by Kowalska. (Diary of St. Faustina, item 420). April 28, 1935 was also the celebration of the end of the "Jubilee of the Redemption" by Pope Pius XI. Michael Sopocko (Kowalska's confessor) celebrated the Mass that Sunday and obtained permission to place the image within the Gate of Dawn church in Vilnius during the Mass.

Vatican approval.

The devotion was actively promoted by Pope John Paul II. On April 30, 2000, the Canonization of Faustina Kowalska took place and the second Sunday of Easter was officially designated as the Sunday of the Divine Mercy (Dominica II Paschae seu de divina misericordia) in the General Roman Calendar. On April 22, 2001, which was one year after establishing Divine Mercy Sunday, Pope John Paul II re-emphasized its message in the resurrection context of Easter: Jesus said to St. Faustyna one day: "Humanity will never find peace until it turns with trust to Divine Mercy". Divine Mercy! This is the Easter gift that the Church receives from the risen Christ and offers to humanity. The devotion to Divine Mercy Sunday grew rapidly after its designation by Pope John Paul II and is now widely celebrated by Catholics. The "Divine Mercy image" is often carried in processions on Divine Mercy Sunday, and is placed in a location in the church so that it can be venerated by those who attended the Mass.  The liturgical celebration of Divine Mercy Sunday reflects the devotional elements of Divine Mercy – the first prayer of that Mass beginning with:  Heavenly Father and God of Mercy, We no longer look for Jesus among the dead, for He is alive and has become the Lord of Life. This opening prayer refers to divine mercy as the key element in the plan of God for salvation and emphasizes the belief that it was through mercy that God gave his only son for the redemption of mankind, after the fall of Adam.  John Paul II, who died in April 2005 on the vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday, was himself beatified on Divine Mercy Sunday, May 1, 2011, by his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, and was canonized together with Pope John XXIII on Divine Mercy Sunday, April 27, 2014, by Pope Francis.

Plenary indulgence.

In June 2002, John Paul II granted indulgences to Catholics who recite specific prayers on that day, and the grants were then formally decreed by the Apostolic Penitentiary. Priests are encouraged on that day to lead the prayers in honor of Divine Mercy, inform the parishioners about the Divine Mercy, and hear confessions.

Conditions.

The plenary indulgence is obtained by observing the usual dispositions that are in place for the granting of this grace through the intercession of the Catholic Church:  Additionally, the faithful who, for a justified reason beyond their control, are unable to go to a church or chapel may obtain an indulgence with the recitation of the Our Father and Creed before an image of Jesus, adding the prayer "Merciful Jesus, I trust in you", with the conditions of detachment of sin, and intention to fulfill the dispositions above as soon as possible.  If even this is impossible to achieve, the indulgence can obtained by the faithful if they "united with those carrying out the prescribed practice for obtaining the indulgence in the usual way", and offer to Jesus a prayer and their sufferings, again with the resolution of fulfilling the normal conditions at the earliest opportunity

Divine Mercy Sunday (also known as the Feast of the Divine Mercy) is celebrated on the second Sunday of Easter, the Octave Day of Easter. The feast day is observed by Roman Catholics as well as some Anglicans. It is originally based on the Catholic devotion to the Divine Mercy that Faustina Kowalska reported as part of her encounter with Jesus, and is associated with special promises from Jesus and indulgences issued by the Catholic Church.

Le Dimanche de la Divine Miséricorde (ou DDM) est le dimanche de l’octave de la fête de Pâques dans le calendrier liturgique de l'Église catholique. Ainsi en décida le pape Jean-Paul II (), rappelant le jour de la canonisation de Faustine Kowalska (sainte Faustine). Il fut célébré pour la première fois le. Ce dimanche correspond à la "fête de la quasimodo", achevant l"'octave de Pâques", "dimanche in albis", ou "dimanche de saint Thomas". Ce jour est dédié à la Miséricorde divine.