Life and career.

2001–2013: Career beginning.

Belt was born in Wichita, Kansas, to Earl & Carol Belt. He began as an actor in kindergarten where he attended Buckner Performing Arts Magnet in Wichita. When he was 11 years old, his family moved from Kansas to California for pilot season. They returned to Kansas but shortly thereafter moved permanently to Los Angeles in 2001. Belt went on to have a career as a working commercial and print actor appearing in commercials for Allstate Insurance, Sony PlayStation, McDonald's, AT&T, Sony Vaio computers and many others. In 2004 Dustin met Kendall Schmidt at an industry event in Hollywood. They became immediate friends and later began the project known as Heffron Drive, named after the street they both lived on.  Schmidt had purchased some recording equipment and assembled a studio in his bedroom where the two began creating music together. They posted their music on the website Myspace, where they began garnering tens of thousands of "plays" a day. Dustin was referred to BTR's management by Kendall to be the lead guitarist for the live band. Dustin accepted the job and spent the next 4.5 years touring the world with the group, playing some of the most iconic venues in the world. His first show with the band was "The Today Show" in New York City where they played for a live crowd of 5,000 and a syndicated crowd of over 4 million. He can be seen in performances on "Ellen", "MTV Hits", "Live! With Kelly", "The National Tree Lighting Ceremony" among others.  While on the road with BTR, Dustin and Kendall would continue to work on music for Heffron Drive in their downtime.

2013–2018: Heffron Drive.

After Big Time Rush ended in late 2013, Heffron Drive was revived as a band as the full-time project of Dustin & Kendall. They released their first single "Parallel" in early 2014. "Happy Mistakes", Heffron Drive's first album, was released September 9, 2014 and premiered on the Billboard 200 at #84 and on the Billboard Pop Charts at #14. The band embarked on a 26 city tour to promote the album, covering a majority of the United States and addition dates in Mexico. In October through December 2014, Dustin co-produced Heffron Drive's acoustic album "Happy Mistakes: Unplugged" which was released April 28, 2015. The album was completely produced by Belt and Schmidt and released through Schmidt owned TOLBooth Records.  Heffron Drive performed at the "A Capitol Fourth" celebration broadcast on PBS in July 2014 and toured extensively internationally promoting both albums with stops in Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, and Italy among others. Dustin frequently worked with RedBull and RedBull.tv as a social media influencer, covering music festivals across America for the past few years. Heffron Drive announced via social media the release of their new EP "The Slow Motion", which was released worldwide on February 10, 2017. The EP included 4 new songs, including the single "Living Room", released on January 13. A tour with stops in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Amsterdam, Paris, Lyon, Milan, Turin and Rome took place in support of the EP release.

Dustin Earl Belt (born December 3, 1987) is an American guitarist, music producer and actor. He is best known as a founding member of the indie pop duo, Heffron Drive, and as the touring guitarist for the Nickelodeon/Sony boy band, Big Time Rush. Heffron Drive's first single, "Parallel", was released in March 2014 through the record label TOLBooth Records. Heffron Drive's first album "Happy Mistakes" was released on September 9, 2014. Upon release, it charted at #84 on the Billboard Top 200 and at #14 on the Billboard Pop Charts.

Dustin Earl Belt, né le à Wichita dans le Kansas, est un acteur et guitariste américain, membre du groupe Heffron Drive.


History.

World War II.

The 5th Marine Division was activated on Armistice Day, 11 November 1943. The division's Headquarters Battalion officially began operating at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton on 1 December, at which time men and equipment began streaming into Camp Pendleton. The official activation date for the Division was 21 January 1944. The division had a solid core of combat veterans from the beginning however there were many issues raising the total required number of Marines as the Marine Corps had to provide combat replacements to other divisions and staff the newly formed 6th Marine Division also. Among the personnel forming the new division were Marines from the former 1st Marine Parachute Regiment, the Raider Training Battalion, the Parachute Training School, West Coast, and the Parachute Replacement Company.  Parts of the division began to deploy overseas to act as the reserve force during the Battle of Guam where they were not needed. Because of this they were sent to Camp Tarawa near Hilo, Hawaii for further training. After more extensive training the division loaded ships and left Hawaii in January 1945. By mid-February they were sailing past Saipan headed for Iwo Jima.

Battle of Iwo Jima.

The 5th Division landed on Iwo Jima on 19 February 1945, southeast of Mount Suribachi. The division sustained heavy initial losses, so much so that by that afternoon, the 26th Marine Regiment (26th Marines) had to be released as the division reserve. On 23 February, two American flags were raised on Mount Suribachi by members of the 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines). The 5th Division would fight on Iwo Jima from 19 February until 26 March where they would sustain 2,482 killed in action, 19 missing in action, and 6,218 wounded in action. This was the highest casualty rate among the three Marine divisions involved in the invasion. The 5th Division began loading onto ships on 26 March, finally leaving Iwo Jima on 27 March 1945 sailing for Hawaii.  On 21 March 1945 the 5th Marine Division Cemetery was formally dedicated on Iwo Jima. Chaplains prayed, Major General Keller E. Rockey added a tribute to the dead and Lieutenant Roland B. Gittelsohn, U.S. Navy and a 5th Division chaplain, spoke of friends buried and "the ghastly price of freedom..." The American flag (there since 14 March) at the northern part of Iwo Jima was raised then lowered to half-mast. Taps was played echoing across the dark foreboding ash of "Sulfur Island".  Iwo Jima became an important support and emergency landing field for aircraft based out of the Marianas. In recognition of the 5th Marine Division's sacrifice in securing the island, the U.S. Army Air Corps 9th Bombardment Group named a B-29 "The Spearhead", with elaborate nose art depicting the 5th Division's insignia and the flag raising on Mt. Suribachi.  The 5th Division returned to Camp Tarawa, Hawaii and remained there until the end of the war. After the Japanese surrender they set sail for Japan where they occupied the southern island of Kyushu. The 5th Division left Japan in November 1945 and arrived in San Diego, California the week of Christmas 1945. The majority of the division's Marines were discharged shortly thereafter. The 5th Division was inactivated on 5 February 1946.

Vietnam War.

The 27th Marines and 5th Tank Battalion were activated on 1 January 1966, the 5th Marine Division and 26th Marines on 1 March, the 13th Marines (13th Regiment of Artillery) on 1 May (Headquarter on 5 April), and the 28th Marines on 17 January 1967. The 13th, 26th, and 27th regiments were attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced), 1st Marine Division (Reinforced), and 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade in South Vietnam until 19 March 1970.  On 27 February 1966, Secretary of Defense McNamara ordered the reactivation of RLT 26 (26th Marine Regiment) and the 5th Marine Division (5th Division headquarters was activated in June) at Camp Pendleton on 1 March 1966. BLT 1/26 (1st Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) was activated on 1 May, BLT 2/26 (2nd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on 1 June, and RLT 3/26 (3rd Battalion, 26th Marine Regiment) on 1 July. Each battalion received eight weeks of pre-deployment training, all Vietnam oriented, before moving out aboard navy transports on 6 July, 27 July, and 1 September. The 26th Regiment (26th Marines) was part of the 5th Division, but never came under its command; under base command then subordinate of Force Troops, Pacific, at Twentynine Palms. The 26th Marines were based in Vietnam beginning on 27 August 1966 (2nd Battalion, 26 Marines, 3rd Marine Division Reinforced) until 19 March 1970, but were never commanded there by the 5th Division.  The 5th Division was ready to deploy anywhere by June 1967. It was never intended that the 5th Division would go over seas. It was a force in readiness. But in February 1968, General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. Army, commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, asked for help because of the all-out Communist Tet Offensive. The 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was airlifted out on 48 hours' notice, with 3,700 Marines. In September, it became the first major combat unit to come home from the Vietnam War. The 5th Division began deactivating its member units on 15 October 1969. The 5th Division was formally inactivated on 26 November 1969, and the men reformed into the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade.

Battle of Khe Sahn and Tet offensive, 1968.

The 26th Marines participated in the Battle of Khe Sahn, 9 January to 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh from 20 January to 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced).  In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet Offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first Marine regiment to fly into a combat zone in Vietnam. The 3rd Battalion, 27th Marines, which deployed on 17 February, was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for action during Operation Allen Brook at Go Noi Island on 17 to 28 February while attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced). During this operation, 3/27 members earned a Medal of Honor, 2 Navy Crosses, and several Silver Star Medals and Bronze Star Medals with Combat "V"s. In September 1968, The 27th Marines, after serving seven months in country Vietnam, became the first major combat unit to come home from Vietnam. All first tour personnel were reassigned to other units in order to complete their tours.

26th Marines.

1st Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 May 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 6 July and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 5 August. It participated in the 26th Marines first combat operation in Vietnam off the assault helicopter carrier USS "Iwo Jima" during Operation Deckhouse III and taking the regiments first four casualties. The 1/26 Marines was based in South Vietnam on 27 September 1966.  2nd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 June 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 27 July and boarded the USS "Bexar". The 2/26 Marines arrived in Da Nang, South Vietnam on 27 August 1966.  3rd Battalion, 26th Marines: Activated on 1 July 1966. Moved out of Camp Pendleton on 2 September and was assigned to the 7th Fleet's Special Landing Force on 4 October. The 3/26 Marines was based in Vietnam on 11 December 1966.

27th and 28th Marines.

The 27th Marine Regiment (27th Marines), 5th Marine Division, would receive orders on 12 February 1968 to deploy to Vietnam, with 1/27 Marines arriving at Da Nang, South Vietnam on 23 February. On 2, 1 April/27 Marines was attached to the 1st Marine Division. The 28th Marine Regiment (28th Marines) would remain at Camp Pendleton throughout the Vietnam War.

13th Marines.

Kilo Battery, 13th Marine Regiment (13th Marines), landed at the mouth of the Cua Viet River in Vietnam in May 1967. Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie 1/13 were present at the Battle of Khe Sanh in 1968.

5th Tank Battalion.

The 5th Tank Battalion (RLT 26, RLT 27, and RLT 28), attached to the 1st Marine Division (Reinforced) staged in the Philippines upon arrival from Camp Pendleton, California. After departing Subic Bay aboard USS "Washtenaw County", they landed in Da Nang in July 1967. The unit provided mission fire control support at every strategic hill in South Vietnam, and received two Presidential Unit Citations (PUC) for extraordinary heroism in the battles at Khe San and Hue City. Ord & Maint Co. suffered heavy losses on Hill 88 as 21 Marines perished from mortar fire falling on the 105mm ordnance bunker. This was the highest number of casualties suffered in a single day by the 5th Tank Battalion during the Vietnam War.  Note: The only two companies from the 5th Tank Battalion that were sent to Vietnam with the 26th and 27th Marine Regiments were Alpha Company and Bravo Company (Capt Robert Johnstone commanding). Charlie Company and Delta Company remained in garrison at Camp Pendleton. As the result of President Nixon's draw down in troop strength Bravo Company returned to Camp Pendleton in September 1968.

Medal of Honor recipients.

Fifteen Marines and 2 Navy corpsmen assigned to the 5th Marine Division were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II (Iwo Jima). Twelve were posthumously awarded. Two Marines of the 26th and 27th Marines were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for the Vietnam War.  Posthumous

Vietnam War.

Posthumous

The 5th Marine Division was a United States Marine Corps ground combat division which was activated on 11 November 1943 (officially activated on 21 January 1944) at Camp Pendleton, California during World War II. The 5th Division saw its first combat action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 where it sustained the highest number of casualties of the three Marine divisions of the V Amphibious Corps (invasion force). The 5th Division was to be part of the planned invasion of the Japan homeland before Japan surrendered. Assault troops of the 5th Division were included in the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to the V Amphibious Corps for extraordinary heroism on Iwo Jima from 19 to 28 February 1945. The 5th Division was deactivated on 5 February 1946.

La Division des Marines était une division d'infanterie du Corps des Marines des États-Unis. Elle fut créée pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale le et composée à partir de vétérans de diverses unités ayant déjà participé aux combats dans le Pacifique mais également de jeunes recrues. Elle reste connue pour avoir été la division de l'histoire de l'USMC ayant enregistré le plus haut taux de pertes humaines durant une bataille, en l’occurrence celle d'Iwo Jima. Elle fut désactivée le.


History.

DNA Polymerase I was the first DNA-Directed DNA polymerase to be isolated from "E. coli". Several studies involving this isolated enzyme indicated that DNA pol I was most likely involved in repair replication and was not the main replicative polymerase. In order to better understand the "in vivo" role of DNA pol I, "E. coli" mutants deficient in this enzyme (termed Pol A1) were generated in 1969 by De Lucia and Cairns. As characterized, this new mutant strain was more sensitive to ultraviolet light, corroborating the hypothesis that DNA pol I was involved in repair replication. The mutant grew at the same rate as the wild type, indicating the presence of another enzyme responsible for DNA replication. The isolation and characterization of this new polymerase involved in semiconservative DNA replication followed, in parallel studies conducted by several labs. The new polymerase was termed DNA polymerase II, and was believed to be the main replicative enzyme of "E. coli" for a time. DNA pol II was first crystallized by Anderson et al. in 1994.

Structure and Function.

General Structure.

DNA Pol II is an 89.9 kD protein, composed of 783 amino acids, that is encoded by the polB (dinA) gene. A globular protein, DNA Pol II functions as a monomer, whereas many other polymerases will form complexes. There are three main sections of this monomer colloquially referred to as the palm, fingers, and thumb. This “hand” closes around a strand of DNA. The palm of the complex contains three catalytic residues that will coordinate with two divalent metal ions in order to function. DNA Pol II has a high quantity of copies in the cell, around 30-50, whereas the level of DNA Pol III in a cell is five times fewer.

Structural Similarity to Other Group B Polymerases.

Most of the polymerases have been grouped into families based on similar structure and function. DNA Pol II falls into the Group B along with human DNA Pol α, δ, ε, and ζ. These are all homologs of RB69, 9°N-7, and Tgo. The other members of group B do have at least one other subunit which makes the DNA Pol II unique.

Primary Cellular Function.

Confirmed.

Polymerases all are involved with DNA replication in some capacity, synthesizing chains of nucleic acids. DNA replication is a vital aspect of a cell's proliferation. Without replicating its DNA, a cell cannot divide and share its genetic information to progeny. In prokaryotes, like "E. coli", DNA Pol III is the major polymerase involved with DNA replication. While DNA Pol II is not a major factor in chromosome replication, it has other roles to fill.  DNA Pol II does participate in DNA replication. While it might not be as fast as DNA Pol III, it has some abilities that make it an effective enzyme. This enzyme has an associated 3′→5′ exonuclease activity along with primase activity. DNA Pol II is a high fidelity enzyme with a substitution error rate of ≤ 2×10 and a −1 frameshift error rate of ≤ 1×10. DNA Pol II can proofread and process mismatches caused by the Pol III. Banach-Orlowska et al. showed that DNA Pol II is involved with replication but it is strand dependent and preferentially replicates the lagging strand. A proposed mechanism suggests that when DNA Pol III stalls or becomes non-functional, then DNA Pol II is able to be specifically recruited to the replication point and continue replication.  There are many different ways that DNA can be damaged, from UV damage to oxidation, so it is logical that there are different types of polymerases to fix these damages. One important role that DNA Pol II is the major polymerase for the repairing of inter-strand cross-links. Interstrand cross-links are caused by chemicals such as nitrogen mustard and psoralen which create cytotoxic lesions. Repairing these lesions is difficult because both DNA strands have been damaged by the chemical agent and thus the genetic information on both strands is incorrect. The exact mechanism of how these interstrand cross-links are fixed is still being researched, but it is known that Pol II is highly involved.

Proposed Activity.

DNA Pol II is not the most studied polymerase so there are many proposed functions of this enzyme which are all likely functions but are ultimately unconfirmed:

Mechanism.

During DNA replication, base pairs are subject to damage in the sequence. A damaged sequence of DNA can cause replication to be stalled. In order to fix an error in the sequence, DNA Pol II catalyzes the repair of nucleotide base pairs. The N-terminal domain of DNA Pol II is responsible for the association and dissociation of the DNA strand to the catalytic subunit. There are most likely two sites in the N-terminal domain of DNA Pol II that recognize single-stranded DNA. One site(s) is responsible for recruiting single-stranded DNA to DNA Pol II and another site(s) is responsible for the dissociation of single-stranded DNA from DNA Pol II.

Catalytic Mechanism.

Upon binding of substrate, DNA Pol II binds nucleoside triphosphates to maintain the hydrogen bonded structure of DNA. The correct dNTP is then bound and the enzyme complex undergoes conformational changes of subdomains and amino acid residues. These conformational changes allow the rate of repair synthesis to be fast. The active site contains two Mg ions that are stabilized by catalytic Aspartic Acids D419 and D547. Magnesium ions bind to DNA along with dNTP in the open state and coordinate conformational changes of active site amino acid residues in order for catalysis to take place (closed state). After magnesium ions are released, the enzyme returns to its open state.

Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic.

Prokaryotic.

Functional Relationship to DNA Polymerase III and IV.

DNA Polymerase II is a member of the polymerase B family and supports Polymerase III in DNA replication moving from the 3′ end to the 5′ end. In the case when Polymerase III stalls during a replication error, Polymerase II can interrupt and excise the mismatched bases. Polymerase II has a much higher fidelity factor than Polymerase III, meaning that it is much less likely to create mispairings. Without Polymerase II's proofreading step, Polymerase III would extend the mispairings and thus create a mutation.  In addition to protecting from mutations that could be caused by Polymerase III, Polymerase II functions to protect against mutations caused by Polymerase IV. Polymerase IV is much more error prone than Polymerase II but also functions to repair mismatched base pairings starting from the 3′ end. Polymerase II protects the 3′ end from Polymerase IV and blocks it from acting. This protection will prevent the formation of mutations while the Polymerase II is functioning normally. If the Polymerase II is knocked out by a mutation or disabled by other factors, Polymerase IV will take its place to fix the mispaired bases.

Eukaryotic.

Function and Relation to Eukaryotic Polymerases.

While Polymerase II will not function naturally in conjunction with the eukaryotic members of Family B, it does share similar structural and functional motifs. The members of Family B include Polymerase α, ε, ζ, and δ. These polymerases all function to proofread the newly synthesized DNA in the 3′→5′ direction. These polymerases are capable of synthesizing DNA on both the leading and lagging strands. This class of polymerase tends to be very accurate which allows them to correct any mispairings that occur during DNA synthesis.

Regulation.

DNA Polymerase II is naturally abundant in the cell, which usually amounts to five times greater than the amount of Polymerase III. This greater abundance allows Polymerase II to overpower Polymerase III in the case of mispairings. This amount can be increased upon the inducement of the SOS response, which upregulates the polB gene so the amount of Polymerase II increases to about sevenfold greater. Although Polymerase II can work on both strands, it has been shown to prefer the lagging strand versus the leading strand.

DNA polymerase II (also known as DNA Pol II or Pol II) is a prokaryotic DNA-Dependent DNA polymerase encoded by the PolB gene.

L'ADN polymérase II, ou pol II, est une ADN polymérase présente chez les bactéries et intervenant vraisemblablement avant tout dans la réparation de l'ADN<ref name="10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04805.x">. Elle diffère de l'ADN polymérase I en ce qu'elle ne possède pas d'activité exonucléase.


Design.

Following the October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War, Soviet industry was not capable of designing large, complex warships by itself and sought foreign assistance. The Ansaldo company provided plans for the contemporary "Raimondo Montecuccoli"-class cruisers and a design displacing and armed with six guns in twin turrets was produced in 1933. The Italians guaranteed that the cruiser could make on trials if the size was kept under the 7200-tonne limit. The designer of the new turret managed to persuade his superiors that he could fit triple turrets to the ship while keeping it within the specified limit, and this design was approved in November 1934 as the Project 26.  The Soviets bought an example of, and plans for, the machinery of the later "Duca d'Aosta"-class cruisers and had some difficulty in adapting the smaller hull for the larger and more-powerful machinery, so much so that it delayed the start of construction. Another problem was that the Italian design had to be adapted to use the Soviet preference for a mix of longitudinal framing for the hull framing amidships and transverse framing for the ends, while also reinforcing the hull structure to withstand the more-severe weather conditions that the Soviets commonly encountered.  The "Kirov"s were built in pairs, each pair incorporating some improvements over the earlier pair. These pairs were designated as the Project 26, Project 26bis, and Project 26bis2 in sequence. The differences between pairs usually related to size, armor, armament and aircraft.

General characteristics.

The Project 26 class ships were long overall. They had a beam of and at full load a draft of. They displaced at standard load, and at full load. Their single rudder meant that they were not very maneuverable. "Kirov" and "Voroshilov" were fitted with a massive quadruped foremast, but this proved to restrict the view from the conning tower as well as the fields of fire of the 100 mm anti-aircraft guns and greatly increased their silhouette. It was reduced to a simple pole mast in the later ships and the superstructure enlarged to accommodate the fire control facilities formerly housed in the foremast.  Shortly after "Kirov" was launched in 1936, the two Project 26bis ships were laid down. They incorporated a number of changes from the first batch, not least of which was that they were larger. They displaced at standard load and at full load. They were only slightly longer at overall and had a deep draft of at full load. On trials they proved to be the fastest ships of the class with a speed of. Their armament was much the same as the earlier ships, although nine "61-K" anti-aircraft guns were mounted rather than the six on the first pair and they were fitted to carry 150 "Model 1908/39" mines in place of the "Model 1912" mines.  The Project 26bis2 pair were still larger and displaced at standard load, and at full load. They were a tenth of a meter shorter than the Project 26 ships, although the waterline length did not change at all between any of the pairs. Their turbines proved to be slightly more powerful than those of the Project 26bis ships and propelled them at on trials. Production delays with the 100 mm "B-34" dual-purpose guns forced them to use "90-K" guns instead and ten "70-K" anti-aircraft guns supplemented the 45 mm guns. The mines changed yet again as they could carry 100 "KB" or 106 "Model 1926" mines.

Armament.

The main armament consisted of three electrically powered MK-3-180 triple turrets with three 57-calibre 180 mm "B-1-P" guns. The turrets were very small to fit them into the hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed (only two rounds per minute instead of six). The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent guns affected each gun. The turrets weighed approximately, and the guns could be depressed to −4° and elevated to 48°. The guns fired projectiles at a muzzle velocity of ; this provided a maximum range of around, depending on ammunition and gun type. Normally, 100 rounds per gun were carried, although an additional four rounds per gun could be carried at overload by the Project 26 ships only.  The secondary armament consisted of six single 56-caliber "B-34" anti-aircraft guns with 325 rounds per gun fitted on each side of the rear funnel in all ships except the Project 26bis2 which used eight single 52-caliber "90-K" guns with 300 rounds per gun when the "B-34" program ran into problems. Light AA guns initially consisted of six semi-automatic 45 mm "21-K" AA guns with 600 rounds per gun and four DK machine guns, with 12,500 rounds per gun, but were significantly increased in service. The Project 26bis ships carried nine "21-K" mounts and the Project 26bis were built with an additional ten fully automatic "70-K" AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun. Over the course of World War II most, if not all, of the 45 mm guns were replaced by 37 mm guns and one or two Lend-Lease quadruple Vickers.50 machine gun MK III mounts were fitted to the ships in the Baltic and Black Seas, although each ship varied in its anti-aircraft suite.  Six "39-Yu" torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings; these tubes could be individually adjusted to spread out their salvos. "Molotov" and "Kaganovich" replaced their launchers with the more-modern "1-N" mount during the war. A total of 96 "KB" or 164 "Model 1912" mines could be carried by the first pair of ships. A pair of depth charge racks were mounted as well as four "BMB-1" depth charge throwers. Twenty large "BB-1" and thirty small "BM-1" depth charges were carried although no sonar was fitted for the Project 26 and Project 26bis ships. They did mount the "Arktur" underwater acoustic communication system. "Kalinin" and "Kaganovich" received the Lend-Lease "ASDIC-132" system, which the Soviets called "Drakon-132", as well as the experimental Soviet "Mars-72" sonar system.  The Project 26 ships were fitted with the "Molniya" fire control system for their main guns which included the "TsAS-2" mechanical computer and the "KDP3-6" director. Each turret and the director had "DM-6" rangefinders which allowed multiple targets to be engaged using a combination of local and central fire control. The four later ships had an improved "Molniya-ATs" fire control system which could accept data from spotter aircraft. The anti-aircraft armament was controlled by the "Gorizont-1" system with a "SO-26" computer, "Gazon" vertical gyroscope and a pair of "SPN-100" directors on each side of the superstructure. Each director had a fully stabilized rangefinder. "Voroshilov" had "SPN-200" directors, but the Project 26bis ships used the "Gorizont-2" system. This had a more advanced "Gorizont-2" computer and "Shar" vertical gyroscope.  The first Soviet ship to carry a radar was "Molotov" which was given a "Redut-K" air warning system in 1940, which she used for the entire war. Lend-Lease radars equipped most of the other ships. The British Types 281, 291 and the American SG radars were used for air search. Main battery fire control radars were the British Types 284 and 285 while anti-aircraft fire control was provided by the Type 282 radar. Soviet-designed "Yupiter-1" and "Mars-1" gunnery radars were fitted in "Molotov" and "Kalinin" by 1944.

Machinery.

The ships had a twin-shaft-unit machinery layout with alternating boiler rooms and engine rooms. The machinery for "Kirov" was shipped from Italy (being diverted from the contract for the ). The machinery for the rest was built in Kharkiv to Italian plans. The Soviet "TB-7" geared turbines proved to be more powerful and more economical than the originals. "Kirov" burned of fuel oil per unit of horsepower compared to "Kalinin"s. Furthermore "Kirov" produced only on trials while "Voroshilov" made and was almost a full knot faster. Six license-built Yarrow-Normand type water-tube boilers powered the turbines with a nominal capacity of 106-tonnes/hour of superheated steam at a pressure of and a temperature of. Each shaft drove a three-bladed bronze propeller for a designed speed of, although this varied from ship to ship. The normal oil capacity was between, but the ships varied widely in the amount of oil carried at full load; this ranged from. Endurance figures also varied widely at full load, from at. The maximum amount of fuel that could be carried ranged from.

Protection.

The armour scheme formed a raft around the vitals, protected by a waterline belt, deck and traverse bulkheads uniformly in thickness. The turret and barbette armour was also 50 mm thick. The conning tower sides were with a 100 mm roof. A box protected the steering gear and a number of control positions were protected against splinters: for the torpedo control station, for main-battery fire control and secondary gun shields, for the secondary-battery control position and the auxiliary command station had sides and roof.  The belt extended or 64.5% of the ship's length. Its total height was, of which was below the designed waterline. A double bottom extended past the armored traverse bulkheads and a thin longitudinal bulkhead provided some measure of protection against flooding. It has been judged too thin to withstand a torpedo's detonation, but possibly the far-side bulkhead might survive intact, which would cause a list from asymmetrical flooding.  The armor of the Project 26 ships was vulnerable even to destroyer-class weapons at ranges under and the last four ships were given additional armor. The belt, traverse bulkheads, barbettes and turret face thicknesses were all increased to and the box protecting the steering gear was increased to. One oddity of the later ships' armor scheme was the joint between the armour deck and belt. The top and bottom edges of the belt were tapered, the outer surface angling in from the edge to a thickness of 45 mm. Similarly the deck edge was also tapered down to about 25 mm for its outermost 200 mm. It has been speculated that "This seam in the protection, representing a small target area, may simply have served to save weight and simplify construction."

Aircraft.

The "Kirov"s were designed to carry two aircraft, but German catapults had to be imported. Two Heinkel "K-12" catapults were bought in 1937 for "Kirov" and "Voroshilov". They could traverse 360° and launch an aircraft weighing at a speed of, although no suitable aircraft were in service until the KOR-1 seaplane entered service in September 1939. They proved to be unsuitable for rough-weather landings and were disembarked when Operation Barbarossa began. "Gorky" and "Molotov" mounted Soviet-built "ZK-1" catapults of roughly comparable performance, but were destined never to use them for lack of suitable aircraft.  The Project 26 ships landed their catapult during 1941 to make room for more AA guns, as did "Molotov" in 1942. A "ZK-1a" catapult was installed aboard "Molotov" in 1943, and she conducted successful experiments with a catapult-launched Supermarine Spitfire fighter. The Project 26bis2 ships did not receive a catapult until after the end of the war, when a "ZK-2b" was fitted. The catapults, however, were removed from all ships by 1947.

Construction.

While "Voroshilov" was laid down first, "Kirov" was the prototype for the class and was completed first. Her trials were a disappointment as her Italian-built turbines initially had minor defects, and she was slower than guaranteed. The Italians pointed out that the guarantee only applied if she displaced 7200 tonnes or less, and she was overweight by over. Her turrets had numerous teething problems and inflicted more blast damage than anticipated, which showed that her welding plan had not been followed. Her firing arcs were reduced in an attempt to mitigate the problem. "Voroshilov"s Soviet-built turbines were more powerful than anticipated, and she almost achieved her design speed.  Components for the Project 26bis2 ships were manufactured in the West (Ordzhonikidze built those for "Kalinin" and Marti those for "Kaganovich") and shipped to Komsomolsk-on-Amur for assembly. They were launched from drydocks and towed incomplete to Vladivostok for fitting-out.

Service.

World War II.

Baltic Fleet.

"Kirov" was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in the autumn of 1938, but was still being worked on into early 1939. She sailed to Riga on 22 October 1940 when the Soviet Union began to occupy Latvia; the following day she sailed for Liepāja. During the Winter War, "Kirov", escorted by the destroyers "Smetlivyi" and "Stremitel'nyi", attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns at Russarö, south of Hanko. She fired only 35 rounds before she was damaged by a number of near misses and had to return to the Soviet naval base at Liepāja for repairs. She remained there for the rest of the Winter War and afterwards was under repair at Kronstadt from October 1940 to 21 May 1941.  Both "Kirov" and "Maxim Gorky" were transferred to the Gulf of Riga on 14 June 1941, shortly before the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. Both cruisers were active in the last days of June covering Soviet defensive mining operations, but "Gorky" and her escorts ran into the German-laid "Apolda" minefield on the 23rd and "Maxim Gorky" and the destroyer "Gnevny" both lost their bows. "Gnevny" sank, while "Gorky" made it to port before being transferred, with assistance, to Tallinn and later to Kronstadt. "Kirov" followed her to Tallinn at the end of the month, after being lightened to pass through the shallows of Moon Sound.  "Gorky" had a new bow section fabricated in Kronstadt and it was mated with the ship on 21 July. "Kirov" provided gunfire support during the defense of Tallinn and served as the flagship of the evacuation fleet from Tallinn to Leningrad at the end of August 1941. For most of the rest of the war both cruisers were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad and support for the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid—1944. Both ships were damaged by German air and artillery attacks, but were repaired during the war.

Black Sea Fleet.

On 23 June 1941, "Voroshilov" covered Soviet destroyers bombarding Constanţa, but the destroyer leader "Moskva" was sunk by a mine and "Kharkov" was damaged by return fire. She bombarded Axis positions near Odessa in mid-September, but was transferred to Novorossiysk shortly afterwards. On 2 November, she was hit twice in harbor by Junkers Ju 88 bombers of KG 51; one hit started a fire in #3 magazine that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit. She had to be towed to Poti for repairs, which lasted until February 1942. She shelled Axis positions near Feodosiya on 2 April 1942, but was damaged by some near misses on 10 April and had to return to Batumi for repairs. In May she supported Soviet troops around Kerch and the Taman Peninsula while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to Sevastopol. On 29 November 1942, she was damaged by nearby mine explosions while bombarding Feodonisi, but managed to return to Poti under her own power. Just after her repairs were completed she assisted Soviet forces landing behind German lines at the so-called "Malaya Zemlya" at the end of January 1943. The loss of three destroyers to German aircraft attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead on 6 October 1943 caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of "Voroshilov"s active participation in the war.  "Molotov" was commissioned just before the German invasion and spent most of 1941 moving from port to port to take advantage of her air warning radar, the first fitted in the Soviet Navy. She bombarded Axis positions near Feodosiya in early November and was sent to reinforce Sevastopol with elements of the 386th Rifle Division from Poti. Damaged by a number of shell hits while off-loading troops on 29 December, she was still able to take 600 wounded when she departed. She reprised her role as a transport during the first week of January. Her bow was damaged during a heavy storm in Tuapse when it was thrown against the jetty on 21–22 January 1942. She spent most of the next month under repair, although her bow could not be straightened which reduced her speed by several knots. After making a number of bombardment sorties in support of Soviet troops on the Kerch Peninsula, she returned to Poti for more permanent repairs on 20 March. In June she made a number of transport runs in support of the garrison of Sevastopol. On 2 August her stern was blown off by torpedo bombers acting in concert with Italian MAS torpedo boats. The damage reduced her speed to and she had to be steered by her engines. She was under repair at Poti until 31 July 1943, using the stern of the incomplete "Frunze", the rudder of the incomplete cruiser "Zheleznyakov", the steering gear from "Kaganovich" and the steering sensor from the submarine "L-25". She saw no action after completing her repairs due to Stalin's order.

Pacific Fleet.

Even though "Lazar Kaganovich" and "Kalinin" were both commissioned before the end of the war, they saw no action during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945; in any event, "Lazar Kaganovich" was not fully completed until 29 January 1947.

Postwar careers.

"Kirov" was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945. She was under repair until 20 December 1946. Refitted from November 1949 to April 1953, her machinery was completely overhauled, with her radars, fire control systems and anti-aircraft guns being replaced by the latest Soviet systems. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961, regularly visited Poland and East Germany, and was sold for scrap on 22 February 1974. Two of her gun turrets were installed at Saint Petersburg as a monument. "Maxim Gorky" tested the first Soviet naval helicopter, the Kamov Ka-10, in December 1950 and began her refit in mid-1953. This was planned much like "Kirov"s refit, although her displacement was to increase from torpedo bulges, with consequent penalties to her speed and range. The Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955, deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship, and suspended the refit. "Gorky" was sold for scrap on 18 April 1959 after it was decided that she was not required as a missile test ship.  "Voroshilov" began her postwar modernization in April 1954, but encountered the same issues as "Maxim Gorky". Unlike her half-sister, she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956. The conversion process was quite prolonged, as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts; and she was not recommissioned as "OS-24" until 31 December 1961. She was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965. Converted to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972, she was briefly redesignated as "PKZ-19" before being sold for scrap on 2 March 1973. "Voroshilov"s 14-ton propeller and 2.5-ton stop anchor are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in Sevastopol.  "Molotov" suffered a fire in the #2 turret handling room on 5 October 1946 which required the magazine to be flooded; 22 sailors were killed and 20 wounded. She was used as a testbed for the new radars intended for the "Chapayev" and cruisers in the late 1940s. Modernized like her half-sister "Kirov" between 1952 and 29 October 1955, she was renamed "Slava" on 3 August 1957 after Vyacheslav Molotov fell out of favor with Nikita Khrushchev. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 3 August 1961 and deployed to the Mediterranean during 5–30 June 1967 to show Soviet support for Syria during the Six-Day War. She returned to the Mediterranean between September and December 1970 where she assisted the "Bravyi" after the latter's collision with the aircraft carrier on 9 November 1970. She was sold for scrap on 4 April 1972.  "Kalinin" was placed in reserve on 1 May 1956, and was restored to the Navy List on 1 December 1957 before being disarmed and converted into a floating barracks on 6 February 1960. She was sold for scrap on 12 April 1963. "Kaganovich" was renamed "Lazar Kaganovich" on 3 August 1945 to distinguish her from Lazar's disgraced brother Mikhail Kaganovich. She was renamed "Petropavlovsk" on 3 August 1957 after Lazar Kaganovich was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against Nikita Khrushchev that same year. Her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 typhoon on 19 September 1957 and she was deemed uneconomical to repair and sold for scrap on 6 February 1960.

The "Kirov"-class (Project 26) cruisers were a class of six cruisers built in the late 1930s for the Soviet Navy. After the first two ships, armor protection was increased and subsequent ships are sometimes called the "Maxim Gorky" class. These were the first large ships built by the Soviets from the keel up after the Russian Civil War, and they were derived from the, being designed with assistance from the Italian Ansaldo company. Two ships each were deployed in the Black and Baltic Seas during World War II, while the last pair was still under construction in the Russian Far East and saw no combat during the war. The first four ships bombarded Axis troops and facilities after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. All six ships survived the war and lingered until the 1970s in training and other secondary roles before being scrapped.

La classe Kirov est un groupe de six croiseurs construits à la fin des années 1930 pour la Marine soviétique.


Life and work.

Roland, who gained a degree in music from the University of North Texas College of Music, first met up with Kenton in 1944, playing fifth trumpet and contributing arrangements. He worked briefly with Lionel Hampton and Lucky Millinder and then rejoined Kenton in 1945, this time as a trombonist and writer (he arranged the hit "Tampico").  Roland played piano and wrote for a group in 1946 that included Stan Getz, Zoot Sims, Jimmy Giuffre and Herbie Steward and would lead to Woody Herman's Four Brothers Second Herd. In the late 1940s, Roland played trombone with Georgie Auld, trumpet with Count Basie, Charlie Barnet and Lucky Millinder and contributed charts for the big bands of Claude Thornhill and Artie Shaw. After leading a giant rehearsal band in 1950 that included Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, Roland wrote for Kenton in 1951, Dan Terry in 1954, and Woody Herman from 1956–58, for whom he contributed 65 arrangements. Roland was a major force in Kenton's mellophonium band of the early 1960s, not only writing for the ensemble but performing as one of the mellophoniums; he also occasionally doubled on soprano sax with the orchestra.  Gene Roland provided the robust vocal on "Hawaiian Teenage Girl" (composed by Bob Bertram), issued on a 49th State Record Company as 45 rpm record HRC-314A.  Roland remained active as a writer in the 1960s and 1970s, working with the Radiohus Orchestra in Copenhagen (1967) and contributing charts to Kenton as well as Dan Terry's "D.T.B.B.B." album (Metronome Records, 1981); he also played trumpet, piano and tenor with his own groups. In addition to writing an entire album for Kenton, Roland led his 1950 rehearsal band on a Spotlite release (Parker is one of his sidemen), led half of an album (recorded in 1957 and 1959) for Dawn Records in which he plays trumpet, and arranged a 1963 octet record for Brunswick Records.

Discography.

With Stan Kenton With Jimmy Knepper

Gene M. Roland (September 15, 1921 in Dallas – August 11, 1982 in New York City) was an American jazz composer and musician. He played many instruments during his career, but was most significant as an arranger/composer and for his association with Stan Kenton. Roland was the only arranger to write for Kenton, in all four decades of the band's existence.

Gene Roland, né le à Dallas au Texas et mort le à New York, est un arrangeur, chef d'orchestre et musicien de jazz américain. Multi-instrumentiste, il a joué au cours de sa carrière du saxophone ténor, du saxophone alto, du piano, de la trompette, du trombone et du mellophone.


Military Governor.

After the Annexation into the Indian Union, Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949.  The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals.

Rajpramukh.

Hyderabad State had its last Nizam, HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan (1886–1967) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956.

First Appointed Chief Minister.

After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into India, M. K. Vellodi was appointed the Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state.  The 7th Nizam – Mir Osman Ali Khan was given the ceremonial position of "Raj Pramukh" or "Governor".

First Elected Chief Minister.

In the first State Assembly election in India, 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.

Districts of Hyderabad State.

Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:

Linguistic Reorganization.

In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines, the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State. The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State.  The (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state, despite their common language. Para 378 of the SRC report said "One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas."  Andhra state and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen's agreement. But in June 2014, Telangana re-emerged as a separate state. Hyderabad City will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years.

Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 17 September 1948. It existed from 1948 to 1956.

L'Hyderabad est un ancien État du centre de l'Inde. Ancien État princier du Raj britannique, il est annexé en 1948 par l'armée indienne après l'indépendance du pays.


Career.

He was born in Ali Sabieh. Beginning in 1982, he held various important positions at Air Djibouti. On 1 April 1985, he became its Deputy Director-General. He then served as Interim Director-General from 25 April 1986 to 1 March 1990 and was Director-General from 1 March 1990 to 31 January 1991. He was subsequently Technical Adviser to the Minister of National Education from 1992 to 1997 and was elected to the National Assembly in the December 1997 parliamentary election as the fourth candidate on the joint candidate list of the ruling RPP and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) for the District of Djibouti. During the parliamentary term that followed, he served as President of the Permanent Commission of the National Assembly; he was also a member of the Defense Commission.  In the January 2003 parliamentary election, Ali was re-elected to the National Assembly as the fourth candidate on the candidate list of the ruling coalition, the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP), in the District of Djibouti. Following this election, he was elected without opposition as President of the National Assembly on 21 January 2003, and he was also elected as Secretary-General of the Executive Bureau of the RPP on 3 July 2003. In the February 2008 parliamentary election, Ali was the second candidate on the UMP's candidate list for the District of Djibouti. He was re-elected to a seat in the National Assembly, and he was then re-elected as President of the National Assembly on 20 February 2008. In the vote for President of the National Assembly, he received 61 votes against four for another RPP deputy, Mohamed Dileita.  Ali was replaced as RPP Secretary-General by Ilyas Moussa Dawaleh in September 2012, as part of an extensive shake-up of the RPP leadership. In the February 2013 parliamentary election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly. The National Assembly began meeting for its new parliamentary term on 18 March 2013, and Ali was re-elected as President of the National Assembly. He was the only candidate for the post and received the votes of 54 of the 55 deputies present; 10 opposition deputies were not present.  Ali died on 12 February 2015 at a Kenyan hospital in Nairobi.

Idriss Arnaoud Ali (25 December 1945 – 12 February 2015) was a Djiboutian politician who was President of the National Assembly of Djibouti from 2003 to 2015. He was also the Secretary-General of the People's Rally for Progress (RPP) from 2003 to 2012.

Idriss Arnaoud Ali (né le à Ali Sabieh, et décédé le à Nairobi) est un homme politique djiboutien. Il fut président de l'Assemblée nationale de Djibouti de 2003 à 2015 et secrétaire général du Rassemblement populaire pour le progrès (RPP) de 2003 à 2012.


Plot.

The series is set after the events of "Puss in Boots" (2011) and sees Puss in Boots fight off an endless legion of invaders to protect the previously hidden village of San Lorenzo, after his actions unintentionally broke the spell that protected its legendary mystic treasure from the outside world. Subsequently, he must find a way to restore the protection spell that will cloak the town once more.

Episodes.

The first season was released on January 16, 2015 on Netflix, when the first five episodes were released, with further episodes released in May and September 2015. A second season was released on December 11, 2015. The third season was released on July 15, 2016. The fourth season was released on December 16, 2016. The fifth season was released on July 28, 2017. The sixth and final season was released on January 26, 2018.  An interactive special called "Puss in Book: Trapped in an Epic Tale" was released on June 20, 2017.  Bandits: A large group of thieves who try to steal from San Lorenzo, but the town's protector, Puss In Boots always stops them. Some of them also work for El Moco and they ruled over San Lorenzo once but Puss stops them once again.

Production.

The series was announced in March 2014 as part of an agreement between Netflix and DreamWorks Animation, under which the studio will develop more than 300 hours of exclusive programming for the service. In 2015, it was stated that a total of 78 episodes were in production for the series, and they were expected to be released in blocks from 2015 onward in a multi-year deal.

Critical reception.

"The New York Times" gave the first episode a positive review stating that the show "is nicely drawn, and San Lorenzo is populated with some appealingly odd young residents, human and otherwise." Moreover, they praised the humour stating that it was "relatively sophisticated (you could write a psychological treatise on Dulcinea, who has modeled her life on a somewhat vacuous book of epigrams), but not so sophisticated that children will be left behind."

Accolades.

In 2015, the second episode of the series, "Sphinx", was nominated at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival. In 2016, the series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special.

Comic book.

In April 2016, Titan Comics released the first of a two-issue limited series of comic books as a tie-in to the TV show, under the same title of "The Adventures of Puss in Boots".

The Adventures of Puss in Boots is an American computer-animated web television series. It stars the character Puss in Boots from the DreamWorks Animation "Shrek" franchise and its 2011 spin-off film, voiced by Eric Bauza. The series premiered with its first five episodes on Netflix on January 16, 2015; the sixth and final season was released on January 26, 2018. It also premiered on Boomerang UK on September 3, 2018.

Les Aventures du Chat potté ("") est une série télévisée d'animation américaine en 78 épisodes de 22 minutes mettant en vedette le Chat potté d'après la franchise "Shrek" et diffusée entre le et le via le réseau de "streaming" Netflix.


Description of the project.

Central for the project is the sculpture Fundamentalism, which is created by the artist Jens Galschiøt. The sculpture consists of 14 capital letters, spelling out the word. The sculptures 28 screens projects quotes from the Quran, the Christian bible and the Jewish Torah. According to artist the religions' brightest quotes can be seen on the outside of the sculpture, while the darkest religious quotes can be seen on the inside. The artist has selected the quotes himself in cooperation with students and experts within the religions.  Artist Jens Galschiøt furthermore created The Pillar of Scriptures, smaller cobber sculptures which also shows the religious quotes. These sculptures are to be exhibited at schools and libraries to promote the project and discussion.

Exhibitions.

The project was first revealed at the Peoples meeting in Denmark in 2014, where a few of the finished letters and 6 Pillar of Scriptures were exhibited.  The project was exhibited at Silkeborg Bad from January 17 to April 19, 2015. The exhibition lasted 3 month, and during the exhibition was visited by 13.000 people. The project was planned to be exhibited in the European Parliament in October 2015 in cooperation with the danish MP Bendt Bendtsen, but the president of the European Parliament Martin Schulz denied the application. According to the artist he is still planning for the exhibition to proceed, but using the Pillar of Scriptures instead.  The project was exhibited at the City Hall Square in Copenhagen during the festival Heavenly days in March 2016.

The Children of Abraham is an art project created by Danish artist Jens Galschiøt. The project started in 2003 and got boosted by the Danish Muhammed drawings. In 2009 the sculpture was proceeding. The artist argues that the project is a more balanced artistic expression to start a dialogue process between the three monotheistic religions.

Les Enfants d'Abraham est une installation artistique par Jens Galschiot sur le fondamentalisme religieux, les dogmes monothéistes et le dialogue.


French Navy service.

In March 1803, she joined the fleet of Rear-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois, whose mission was to re-take the colonies of the Indian Ocean, given to English at the peace of Amiens. The fleet included the 74-gun ship of the line "Marengo", the frigates, "Belle Poule" and, troop ships and cargoes with food and ammunition.  On 15 June 1803 "Belle Poule" landed troops at Pondichéry in India. However, the French fleet left the next day and the troops surrendered in September.  At the beginning of November, the division set sail for Batavia to protect the Dutch colonies. En route, Linois destroyed the English counters in Bencoolen, capturing five ships, and sailed for the South China Sea, where the China Fleet of the British East India Company was expected. The fleets met in the Battle of Pulo Aura, but the greater numbers and aggressive action of the British East Indiamen, some of whom flew Royal Navy flags, drove the French away. Linois returned to Batavia. He dispatched "Atalante" and "Belle Poule" to the Gulf of Bengal, where "Belle Poule" captured a few ships before returning to Ile de France. Among the ships was, which "Atalante" and "Belle Poule" captured on 17 April 1804. In 1805 and 1806, "Belle Poule" and some other ships of the division cruised the African coast between the Red Sea and the Cape of Good Hope, capturing some ships. At the Action of 13 March 1806, Linois met with the division of Vice-Admiral Sir John Warren, with seven ships of the line (including the 108-gun, the 82-gun and, and the 80-gun ), two frigates (including the 48-gun ) and one corvette. After a fierce duel with "London", "Marengo" struck her colours; "Belle Poule" battled against "Amazon" and later against "Ramillies", and had to surrender as well.  At the time of her capture "Belle Poule" was armed with forty 18-pounder guns, had a crew of 320 men, and was under the command of Captain Brouillac. "Marengo" and "Belle Poule" had lost 65 men killed and 80 wounded. The British on "London" and "Amazon" had 13 officers and men killed and 26 officers and men wounded.

Royal Navy service.

Adriatic.

She entered service under the same name in 1808 under captain James Brisbane, joining the forces operating in the Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814 off Corfu, successfully blockading the island. In February 1809 Brisbane captured the storeship in a raid on the harbour at Valona. "Var" was anchored under the guns of two fortresses that nevertheless did not fire their guns, leaving "Belle Poule" free to concentrate her fire on the French vessel. "Var" was pierced for 32 guns but only had twenty-two 9-pounder guns and four 24-pounder carronades mounted. She had a crew of 200 men and was under the command of "Capitaine de Frigate" Palin, however Brisbane was unable to ascertain her losses as her crew abandoned her as she struck. She had been sailing from Corfu for any port in Italy that she could reach. The British then used "Var" as a storeship too.  Between 2 and 12 October of the same year "Belle Poule" was involved in the invasions of the Ionian Islands of Cerigo, Cephalonia, and Zante, and would share in the booty captured there.  On 10 March 1810 "Belle Poule" captured "Charlotta".  Then a British force attacked the fortress of Santa Maura, which was a French strongpoint off Greece's west coast. "Belle Poule"s marines formed part of the assault on the enemy's lines; the fortress surrendered on 16 April 1810. "Belle Poule" had one man, Lieutenant Morrison, of the Royal Marines, wounded at this time. In all, during the siege of Santa Maura, from 31 March to 10 April, "Belle Poule" suffered six men wounded.  On 21 August 1810 "Belle Poule" captured "Saint Nicholo". Then on 11 December, "Belle Poule" captured the brig, pierced for 14 guns but with only 10 mounted. She had a crew of 100 men and when captured was sailing from Venice to Corfu. The Royal Navy took her into service as HMS "Carlotta". and shared in the prize money for the hull. At around the same time "Belle Poule" also assisted at the capture of a French schooner on the Dalmatian Coast.  On 30 January 1811 "Belle Poule",,, and shared in the capture and destruction of the Italian man-of-war schooner "Leoben". "Leoben" was sailing along the Albanian coast from Venice to Corfu with a cargo of ordnance stores when the British caught her. She was armed with ten guns and a crew of 60 men. Her own crew set her on fire and she subsequently blew up.  From 4–5 May 1811, "Belle Poule" participated with in an attack on Parenza (Istria). They chased a French 18-gun brig into the harbour but the ships could not close enough to bombard her. Instead, the two vessels landed 200 seamen and all their marines on an island nearby. They then landed two 9 pounders and two howitzers that they placed in one battery, and a field piece that they placed farther away. Eventually, they and the French in Parenza engaged in five hours of mutual bombardment, during which the British were able to sink the brig. They then returned men and cannons to their ships. In the action "Belle Poule" had one man killed and three wounded and "Alceste" had two men killed; all casualties occurred onshore.  "Belle Poule" then returned to Britain to join the Channel Fleet. On 22 December 1811, "Belle Poule" and captured and destroyed two chasse marees.

War of 1812.

During 1812 "Belle Poule" patrolled the Western Approaches, capturing numerous American merchant vessels and privateers. On 27 January she detained and sent in "Spy" from New York. Then she captured "Prudentia" on 31 January and "Don Roderick" on 16 February. At the capture of "Don Roderick", "Belle Poule" was in company with, and.  On 30 April 1812, "Belle Poule" and captured the American privateer schooner "Gipsy" or "Gipsey", out of New York, in the middle of the Atlantic and after a three-day chase. "Gipsey" surrendered twice to "Hermes" and twice got away again before "Belle Poule" caught her. "Gipsey" was of 300 tons and was armed with twelve 18-pounder carronades and an 18-pounder gun on a pivot mount.  On 26 May, "Belle Poule" captured "General Gates" while in company with "Dryad" and. shared by agreement. Three days later "Armide" captured "Purse", and "Belle Poule" shared by agreement.  In September 1812 George Harris replaced Brisbane and over the next year "Belle Poule" captured several American vessels, including four privateers. and "Belle Poule" captured "Mars" and her cargo, on 26 February 1813. On 11 March, "Belle Poule" and the privateer "Earl St Vincent" captured the American ship "John and Francis", of 220 tons, two guns and 16 men. She was sailing from Bordeaux to New York with a cargo of brandy and wine.  On 3 April 1813 "Belle Poule" took "Grand Napoleon" after a chase of nine hours. She was 29 days from New York, carrying a valuable cargo to Bordeaux. She was a new vessel of 305 tons, pierced for 22 guns but carrying only four, and had a crew of 43 men. Harris described her as "copper-fastened, and in every respect one of the finest vessels I ever saw." That same day captured the Prussian vessel "Enigheidt"., "Belle Poule" and shared by agreement. "Belle Poule" also captured the American schooner "Napoleon", which may have been a different vessel than the "Grand Napoleon". With respect to the "Napoleon", "Belle Poule" was in company with "Briton" and the hired armed cutter, with and "Royalist" sharing by agreement.  "Belle Poule" and on 20 April 1813 took the 10-gun letter of marque schooner "Zebra" and her crew of 38 men. "Zebra" was sailing from Bordeaux to New York. At the time of the capture was in sight. The navy took "Zebra" into service as  On 11 May "Belle Poule" took "Revenge" after a chase that lasted from 5 p.m. the previous evening until 2am. "Revenge" was a new vessel, sailing from Charleston to Bordeaux. She had a crew of 32 men and was pierced for 16 guns but carried only four long 9 pounders.  On 20 September "Belle Poule" captured two French chasse marees. the first was "Rose", of 32 tons and five men, sailing from Bordeaux to Nantes. The second was "Ambition", of 25 tons and three men, sailing from Bordeaux to Rochelle.  Lastly, on 14 December "Belle Poule" took the brig "Squirrel", which was sailing from Arcasson, in the Gironde, to New York. The brig was of 169 tons, armed with two guns and had a crew of 17 men. "Belle Poule" was in company with and.  In 1814 "Belle Poule" was under Captain Edward Williams. Then she entered the Gironde in Southern France. Before 9 April, a landing party of seamen and marines from "Belle Poule", under Captain George Harris, marched, successively entering and destroying the batteries of Pointe Coubre, Pointe Nègre, Royan, Soulac, and Mèche. In all, the landing party destroyed forty-seven 36-pounder guns and seventeen 13-inch mortars. On his return from this expedition, Harris organized the siege of the fortress at Blaye. Rear Admiral Penrose then had "Belle Poule" sail up the Gironde, "in advance of the advanced squadron".  Following a request from the Duke of Wellington, "Belle Poule" was commissioned as a troopship in June under Captain Francis Baker. She was fitted for that role in August and September. On 15 August she was in Plymouth, having come from Portsmouth with the 93d Regiment of Foot. On 17 September she embarked troops before sailing for Bermuda the next day and then on to New Orleans. The 93rd would then serve at the Battle of New Orleans, where they would take heavy casualties.  "Belle Poule" was part of the flotilla at the battle of New Orleans. In the run-up to that battle her boats participated in the Battle of Lake Borgne on 12–14 December 1814. Her only casualties were two men slightly wounded. Many years later her crew received a distribution of head-money arising from the capture of American gun-boats and sundry bales of cotton at the battle. In 1847, the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "14 Dec. Boat Service 1814" to all surviving claimants from the action.

Fate.

"Belle Poule" returned to Portsmouth on 17 May 1815. A week later she sailed for Cork. She was converted to a prison hulk in 1815. She was sold on 11 June 1816 for ₤2,700.

Post script.

In January 1819, the "London Gazette" reported that Parliament had voted a grant to all those who had served under the command of Lord Viscount Keith in 1812, between 1812 and 1814, and in the Gironde. "Belle Poule" was listed among the vessels that had served under Keith in the Gironde.

HMS "Belle Poule was a Royal Navy fifth-rate frigate, formerly Belle Poule", a of the French Navy, which was built by the Crucy family's shipyard at Basse-Indre to a design by Jacques-Noël Sané. She was launched on 17 April 1802, and saw active service in the East, but in 1806 a British squadron under Sir John Borlase Warren captured her off La Palma in the Canary Islands. The Admiralty commissioned her into the Royal Navy as HMS "Belle Poule". She was sold in 1816.

La Belle Poule est une frégate française en service de 1802 à 1806. Deuxième à avoir porté le nom de "Belle Poule", elle est capturée par la Royal Navy lors de la bataille du Cap-Vert en 1806.


Plot.

The film centers on Freddy and Mo, a gay couple trying to have a baby with the help of their friend Polly. Freddy is a South American performance artist who is attempting to make a short film entitled "Nasty Baby" which features himself portraying a screaming infant. Freddy's sperm count is too low causing every attempt with Polly to fail. Mo is reluctant to be the donor but eventually concedes, and Polly successfully gets pregnant. Throughout the film the trio are plagued by a mentally ill vagrant called The Bishop. Polly and Freddy make the mistake of initially being friendly to him, but he is aggressively homophobic and gives Polly unwanted attention. One evening he assaults Polly, and the next morning a policewoman intervenes. This only worsens the situation, and ultimately The Bishop follows Freddy home the same evening his performance art piece is rejected. The Bishop assaults Freddy with a rock while verbally attacking him with homophobic slurs, and in self-defense Freddy swings a six pack of beer at The Bishop's head, badly wounding him. Freddy carries The Bishop up the stairs of his apartment, remorseful and wanting to help, but The Bishop attacks Freddy with a kitchen knife and Freddy kills him in self-defense. Realizing Freddy could be deported because of this, and with Polly pregnant, the trio (with the help of several other friends) take the body to the woods and burn it.

Production.

On August 14, 2013, it was announced Kristen Wiig was in talks to join the film, and that Sebastian Silva would direct the film as well as star alongside Tunde Adebimpe.  Principal photography took place in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York City.

Release.

The film was originally rejected by Toronto International Film Festival in 2014, since the festival did not like the film's ending. The film instead had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2015. Shortly after it was announced The Orchard had acquired distribution rights to the film.  The film was released in a limited release on October 23, 2015, before being released on video on demand on October 30, 2015.

Critical reception.

The film holds a 66% score on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The critical consensus reads ""Nasty Baby" juggles an ambitious array of tones, and not always successfully -- but its talented cast and surprising narrative twists leave a lingering impression." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 64 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Writing for "The A.V. Club", Mike D'Angelo gave the film a C for its plodding pacing and the abrupt third act which "neither emerges organically from the skeletal narrative nor thematically dovetails with the other storylines in any way" but praised Wiig's performance.

Nasty Baby is a 2015 Chilean-American drama film written and directed by Sebastián Silva and starring Kristen Wiig, Silva, and Tunde Adebimpe alongside Reg E. Cathey, Mark Margolis, Agustín Silva, Alia Shawkat, Lillias White, and Anthony Chisholm.

Nasty Baby est un film américano-chilien réalisé par Sebastián Silva en 2015. Le film a été présenté au Sundance Film Festival de 2015 ainsi que lors de la section Panorama du de Berlin où il remporte le Teddy Award.


Biography.

Born on 28 August 1860 in Cienfuegos, Luisa Martínez Casado Muñoz was the daughter of the writer, theatre and newspaper owner, Luis Martínez Casado, and his wife Guadalupe Muñoz. She had three elder sisters and two younger brothers. Thanks to her father, when she was only six years old, she appeared on the stage reciting "La vaquera de la Finojosa". In 1868, the family moved to Havana where Martínez Casado appeared in "El gorrión", a play written by her father.  As she grew older, she appeared in an ever-wider variety of plays, together with established actors including Ceferino Guerra, Julio G. Segarra, Ana Suárez Peraza and Eloísa Agüero. It is believed Enrique Zumel's "Laura" (1864) was written specially for her. In 1876 she performed in Mexico where she was reported to have been "inimitable". On her return to Cuba in July 1877, still just 17, she played Dorotea in Pancho Fernández' "Los negros catedráticos". and appeared in José E. Triay's "Cervantes" in memory of the author of "Don Quijote".  In September 1878, Martínez Casado was admitted to the Madrid Royal Conservatory where she studied under Concepción Sanpelayo, Florencio Romea and Matilde Diez. She was such a talented student that she completed the four-year course of study in just six months, receiving the conservatory's first prize for tragedy, comedy and drama. In December 1878, she performed in Spain in a work written for her by José Echegaray titled "Mar sin orillas". She continued to perform to wide acclaim in Madrid and the provinces over the next five years.  When she was 28, she returned to Cuba for a short period, signed a contract with the theatrical empresario Leopoldo Burón, and in 1888 went on to Mexico City where she appeared at the Teatro Arbeu, receiving standing ovations and countless bouquets. President Porfirio Díaz even invited her to the presidential palace while his wife presented her with gifts including a jewelry box with over 30 jewels. After touring the Mexican provinces, she returned to the capital in 1889, appearing this time at the Teatro El Nacional.  On 1 January 1891, Martínez Casado married Isaac Puga, an actor she had met in Spain and who had travelled to meet her in Cuba. Together they had four children. The same year she returned to Spain, broke off her contract with Burón and created her own theatrical company bearing her name. Over the next 20 years, she performed with her company in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Santo Domingo, Panama, Costa Rica and Venezuela, earning more than three million peso, a veritable fortune.  In 1910, now aged 50, Martínez Casado established the "Sociedad para el Fomento del Teatro", a foundation aimed at encouraging Cuban authors to write plays and revive past Cuban theatrical works. In 1911, following the death of her husband, Martínez Casado retired from the stage, giving her last performance in Cárdenas where she played in "Locura de amor" by Manuel Tamayo y Baus.  On 28 September 1925, Luisa Martínez Casado died in her home town of Cienfuegas.

Luisa Martínez Casado Muñoz (1860-1925) was a Cuban actress who performed in Spain and throughout Latin-America, enjoying particular success in her native Cuba and in Mexico. Winning no less than 47 gold medals, she has been described as the most successful Spanish-speaking actress of the 19th century, on a par with Eleonora Duse and Sarah Bernhardt.

Luisa Martínez Casado, née le à Cienfuegos et morte dans la même ville le, est une actrice de théâtre cubaine qui fit des tournées en Espagne et dans toute l'Amérique latine. Elle est connue comme la plus célèbre actrice de langue espagnole du XIXe siècle.


Transactions de la Ligue majeure de baseball

Active, expanded, and postseason rosters.

As of the upcoming 2020 season, each Major League Baseball team maintains a 26-man active roster, an 28-man expanded roster, and a 40-man reserve list of players. Players on the 26-man roster are eligible to play in official major league games throughout the season. The 40-man reserve list includes the players on the 26-man roster plus as many as 14 players who are either on the team's seven- or 10-day injured list, who are on paternity leave for up to three days, or who are in the franchise's farm teams in Minor League Baseball. From September 1 through the end of the regular season, each team is required to expand its active roster to 28 players. (Before the 2020 season, any player on the 40-man reserve list, also referred to as the "expanded roster", was eligible to play in an official regular season game on or after September 1.) Many young players make their Major League debuts in this way, as "September call-ups."  To be eligible for a team's postseason roster, a player must be on any of the following: (a) the 40-man reserve list, (b) the 60-day Injured list, or (c) the bereavement list as of August 31 at midnight ET. The only exception is that a player who is on the injured list at the end of the regular season may be replaced on the postseason roster by any other player who was in the organization on August 31, with the approval of the Commissioner. All players on the team's roster during the season will be eligible to receive a World Series ring after the team wins the World Series.

Trades.

Teams may trade only players currently under contract. Trades between two or more major-league teams may freely occur at any time during a window that opens two days after the starting date of the final game of the most recent World Series and closes at 4 pm Eastern Daylight Time (UTC 2000) on July 31. MLB had allowed trades during the month of August if players cleared waivers, but August trades involving players on a team's 40-man reserve list were eliminated after the 2018 season per the Official Major League Rules, 9(b)(3).  Unlike in the NFL, NHL, MLS, and the NBA, teams may not trade draft choices (with the exception of competitive balance draft selections, which can be traded as explained below), but may purchase the rights to Rule 5 Draft Picks.  Beginning with the 2012 season, MLB allows one specific class of draft picks to be traded. As part of a newly signed collective bargaining agreement between MLB and its players' union, each team is allocated a "bonus pool"—a set amount of money it can use to sign its draft picks for that year. Teams that go over their threshold can be penalized by losing one or more future draft picks. Those forfeited draft picks will eventually end up in the possession of small-revenue teams, which can then trade them if they wish. The first picks awarded under this scheme were for the 2013 draft.  The August 31 rule was waived in for servicemen returning from World War II. Over the years, there have been several notable cases where a player acquired after the August 31 deadline made a significant contribution to a playoff-contending team but was ineligible for the postseason; for example, Pedro Ramos with the 1964 New York Yankees and Sparky Lyle with the 1980 Philadelphia Phillies.  If a player has been on an active major league roster for 10 full seasons and on one team for the last five, he may not be traded to another team without his consent (known as the 10 & 5 rule). Additionally, some players negotiate to have no-trade clauses in their contracts that have the same effect.  In some trades, one of the components is a "player to be named later" which usually turns out to be a minor league player. The unnamed player is included as part of a trade when the teams cannot immediately agree on a specific player or when the player is not yet eligible to be traded. In these cases, the player in question must be named within six months. Cash or some other consideration may be exchanged in lieu of the player to be named later. For example, during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike, the Minnesota Twins traded Dave Winfield to the Cleveland Indians at the trade deadline. Among the conditions of the trade were that if the Indians played no more games in 1994, "Indians general manager John Hart must write a check for $100 made out to the Minnesota Twins and take Twins general manager Andy MacPhail out to dinner."

Waivers.

Any player under contract may be placed on waivers ("waived") at any time. Before the abolition of August trades in 2019, teams were "required" to place any player they wished to trade after MLB's July 31 trade deadline on waivers before trading him.  If a player is waived, any team may claim him. If more than one team claims the player from waivers, the team with the weakest record in the player's league gets preference. If no team in the player's league claims him, the claiming team with the weakest record in the other league gets preference. In the first month of the season, preference is determined using the previous year's standings.  If a team claims a player off waivers and has a viable claim as described above, his current team (the "waiving team") may choose one of the following options:  If a player is claimed and the waiving team exercises its rescission option, the waiving team may not use the option again for that player in that season—a subsequent waiver would be irrevocable with a claiming team getting the player essentially for nothing. If no team claims a player off waivers after three business days, the player has cleared waivers and may be assigned to a minor league team, traded (to any team), or released outright.  The waiver "wire" is a secret within the personnel of the Major League Baseball clubs; no official announcement of a waiver is made until a transaction actually occurs, although information sometimes leaks out. Before the abolition of post-July 31 trades, players were often waived during the post-July "waiver-required" trading period for teams to gauge trade interest in a particular player. Usually, when the player was claimed, the waiving team would rescind the waiver to avoid losing the player unless a trade could be worked out with the claiming team.  The National League (NL) was the first of the two major leagues to adopt the trade deadline rule in 1917. Originally it was enforced after June 15, but was later changed as the result of a new collective bargaining agreement. For many years, players could not be traded from one league to another without being waived by all of the teams in the trading team's league. Then an inter-league trading period was established, centered on the winter baseball meetings in December. Later, there were two "inter-league" trading periods each year, one from after the World Series until mid-December and the second from a week before spring training began until March 15. So intent were leagues on keeping their stars from being moved from one league to the other, that then–National League President Warren Giles threatened to keep NL clubs from trading major stars to the American League after the deal that sent Frank Robinson from Cincinnati to Baltimore.

Assignment to a minor league team.

Options.

Options are directed by MLB Rule 11 (C). A player has a finite number of option "years" in which he may be moved between the major and minor leagues an unlimited number of times. If a player is on the 40-man reserve list but not on the active major league roster, he is said to be on optional assignment—his organization may freely move him between the major league club and the minor league club. The rules for this are as follows. (In all cases, an assignment of a player on a major-league injured list to the minors while on a rehabilitation assignment does not count as time spent in the minors.) A common misconception, based on the phrase "out of options," is that a player may only be moved between the major and minor leagues a restricted number of times.  Once all of the options have been used up on a player, a player is considered "out of options" and a player must be placed on and clear waivers prior to being sent down to the minor leagues (there is also the "veterans' consent" rule).  The option system was designed to prevent players from being buried in the minor leagues forever, by forcing teams to make a decision within a limited number of years on whether or not they can use a player in the Major Leagues. Once placed on the protected 40-man reserve list the player knows his team will have to bring him up to the majors, or expose him to being claimed on waivers so that another team can bring him to the majors, all within three years. Options do not "reset" if a player is traded - he still has only the original three option years that began when he was first placed on a team's 40-man reserve list.

Designated for assignment.

A player who is designated for assignment (DFA) is immediately removed from the 40-man reserve list. This gives the team time to decide what to do with the player while freeing up a roster spot for another transaction, if needed. Once a player is designated for assignment, the team has seven days (had been 10 days under the 2012-16 Collective Bargaining Agreement) to do one of the following: the player can be traded, the player can be released, or the player can be put on waivers and, provided he clears, outrighted to the minors. A player who is outrighted to the minors is removed from the 40-man reserve list but is still paid according to the terms of his guaranteed contract. A player can only be outrighted once in his career without his consent.

Veterans' consent.

If a player has 5 years of major-league service, he may not be assigned to a minor-league team without his consent. This exclusion applies regardless of whether he has not yet been outrighted once, has remaining options, or has cleared waivers. If the player withholds consent, the team must either release him or keep him on the major league roster. In either case, the player must continue to be paid under the terms of his contract. If he is released and signs with a new team, his previous team must pay the difference in salary between the two contracts if the previous contract called for a greater salary.

Injured List.

If a major league player cannot play because of a medical condition, he may be placed on the 10-day injured list (IL) (15 days prior to the 2017 season; to be changed back to 15-days beginning the 2020 season). This removes the player from the 25-man roster, freeing up a space, but the player is ineligible to play for at least 10 consecutive days. Players on the 10-day injured list are still a part of the 40-man roster. An injured player may also be placed on the 60-day injured list to remove the player from the 40-man roster as well, with the condition of being ineligible to play for at least 60 consecutive days.  In 2011, a 7-day injured list was added specifically for players who have suffered a concussion. This was instituted to allow players who may recover from their concussions quickly to be removed from the active roster and replaced for a shorter period of time than the standard IL term. A player who is still suffering from concussion symptoms at the 7-day mark is automatically transferred to the 10-day IL. Both the brain injury and the player's recovery need to be verified by team and league doctors; the list is not intended for non-concussion injuries.  Players placed on the 7-day or 10-day injured list may be moved to the 60-day injured list at any time, but not vice versa. Players may be placed on any injured list retroactively for a maximum of 5 inactive days and may remain on either list for as long as required to recover. During this 5-day period, a player's status is said to be day-to-day, indicating that the team is in the process of deciding whether the player must be placed on either IL or is healthy enough to return to active service. Injured players may not be traded without permission of the Commissioner nor may they be optioned to the minors, though they may be assigned to a minor league club for rehabilitation for a limited amount of time (30 days for pitchers, 20 for non-pitchers).  Until 2018, the injured list (IL) was called the disabled list (DL). MLB changed the name of the disabled list to the injured list beginning the 2019 season.

Personal leave.

Bereavement list.

The bereavement list may be used when a player finds it necessary to leave the team to attend to a serious illness or death in his (or his spouse's) immediate family. A player placed on the bereavement list must miss a minimum of three games and a maximum of seven games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the bereavement list.

Paternity leave list.

The paternity leave list may be used when a player chooses to leave the team to attend the birth of his child. A player placed on the paternity leave list must miss the next team game, but no more than three games. The team can use another player from its 40-man roster to replace a player on the paternity leave list. This list was adopted beginning with the season.

Rule 5 draft.

If a player not on a 40-man reserve list has spent four years with a minor-league contract, originally signed when 19 or older or five years when signed before the age of 19, he is eligible to be chosen by any team in the rule 5 draft during the offseason. No team is required to choose a player in the draft, but some do. If chosen, the player must be kept on the selecting team's 26-man major league roster for the entire season after the draft—he may not be optioned or designated to the minors. The selecting team may, at any time, waive the rule 5 draftee, such as when they no longer wish to keep him on their major league roster. If a rule 5 draftee clears waivers, he must be offered back to the original team, effectively canceling the rule 5 draft choice. Once a rule 5 draftee spends an entire season on his new team's 26-man roster, his status reverts to normal and he may be optioned or designated for assignment. To prevent the abuse of the rule 5 draft, the rule also states that the draftee must be active for at least 90 days. This keeps teams from drafting players, then "hiding" them on the injured list for the majority of the season. For example, if a rule 5 draftee was only active for 67 days in his first season with his new club, he must be active for an additional 23 days in his second season to satisfy the rule 5 requirements.  Any player chosen in the rule 5 draft may be traded to any team while under the rule 5 restrictions, but the restrictions transfer to the new team. If the new team does not want to keep the player on their 26-man roster for the season, he must be offered back to the team he was on when he was chosen in the draft.  The intent of the rule 5 draft is to prevent teams from holding major league-potential players in the minor leagues when other teams would be willing to have them play in the majors. However, this draft has also become an opportunity for a team to take a top prospect from another team who might not be ready for the major leagues. For example, Cy Young Award winner Johan Santana was chosen by the Florida Marlins four years before winning the award, when the Houston Astros declined to put him on their 40-man roster. The Marlins chose Santana in the 1999 rule 5 draft, and traded him to the Minnesota Twins who kept him on their roster for the 2000 season, in which he toiled to a 6.49 earned run average at only 21 years of age. Two years later, he legitimized himself as a Major League pitcher, with an ERA under 3.00, and two years after that, he was recognized as one of the best pitchers in the league. Had he not been chosen in the rule 5 draft, he likely would not have made his major-league debut until the 2001 or the 2002 season with the Astros.  Roberto Clemente is the only Rule 5 draft pick to be inducted into Cooperstown, having been selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the then Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955.

Free agency and salary arbitration.

A free agent is a player whose contract with a team has expired and who is thus eligible to sign with another team.  If a player is drafted and is offered a contract by his drafting team (or any team to which he is traded) each year, he may not become a free agent until:  Two examples of players falling under (2) above are Hideki Okajima and Hiroki Kuroda.  A player with fewer than six years of service time is eligible for salary arbitration if he:  Players with more than six years of service time and who are eligible for free agency can also be offered arbitration when their contracts are up, if they have been tendered a contract offer by their current team by the tender deadline, and have not agreed on a contract.  The 4.2 example of arbitration eligibility above is called the "Super Two" exception, in which a player will have an extra year of arbitration eligibility. Notable recent "Super Two" players include Nolan Arenado, Chris Archer, Anthony Rendon, and Avisail Garcia. Following the salary arbitration process, the player and the team both submit a salary offer for a new contract. The arbitrator chooses one number or the other, based on which offer is closest to the salaries of players with similar ability and service time.  For purposes of salary arbitration and free agency, a player acquires a year of service time if the player remains on the major league roster for at least 172 days of the 182-day season.  Players eligible for neither free agency nor salary arbitration are very seldom offered contracts for much more than the league minimum salary, as the player has no recourse to try to obtain a better salary elsewhere. For this reason, in the first three major league years of their careers (except for the "Super Two" exception above), it is standard practice for players to accept comparatively low salaries even when their performance is stellar. Occasionally, a team may wish to sign a player in his second or third year to a long-term contract, and the resulting negotiations can involve salaries significantly higher than minimum. A recent example is the contract Ryan Braun signed barely a year into his major league career, which would have taken him through 2015. However, in April 2011, he and the Milwaukee Brewers extended that contract through 2020.  A team does not have to offer a contract to a player not eligible for free agency if his contract has expired, regardless of service time. If the player is not tendered a contract offer by the tender deadline (usually in the second week of December), the player becomes a non-tender free agent.  If a player becomes a free agent without accruing six years of service time and is not an 10 year NBP free agent, they will still be subject to service time rules with their new club. For this reason these free agents are typically only signed to a year long contract as nothing further is required to maintain team control if the player will have accrued less than six years service time at the end of that year. A recent example of this is Derek Dietrich who became a free agent after being designated for assignment by the Miami Marlins and elected to become a free agent instead. He was signed by the Cincinnati Reds for the 2019 season on a minor league deal. The Reds selected his contract for the 2019 season and he will have accrued 5 years of service time at the beginning of the 2020 season. He will be under the Reds team control and eligible for arbitration just the same as if he had been drafted and remained with a single team. Dietrich will become a free agent in 2021.

Major League Baseball transactions are changes made to the roster of a major league team during or after the season. They may include waiving, releasing, and trading players, as well as assigning players to minor league teams.

Les transactions de la Ligue majeure de baseball désignent les changements apportés à l'effectif d'un club de la Ligue majeure de baseball avant, pendant et après une saison. Il peut s'agir d'échanges de joueurs, d'embauches, de congédiements ou des mouvements de personnel entre le club majeur et ses clubs affiliés en ligues mineures.


Classification.

Cipu is part of the Kambari branch of the Niger–Congo languages.  The most recent published classification has Cipu as part of the Kamuku group of West Kainji along with Eastern Acipa. However more detailed studies have shown this to be unlikely.

Alternative names.

The "Ethnologue" currently lists Cipu as 'Western Acipa'. However the name 'Western Acipa' is no longer used outside the "Ethnologue", and a request has been made to change the entry. In Hausa, the language is referred to as "Acipanci" and the people as "Acipawa".

Geographic distribution.

Cicipu is spoken in Nigeria by approximately 20,000 people, split between Sakaba Local Government Area, Kebbi State and Kontagora Local Government Area, Niger State.

Dialects/Varieties.

The Acipu themselves recognise seven distinct varieties of Cicipu. The dialect names are as follows (with the corresponding Hausa names in parentheses):

Phonology.

The most common syllable type in Cicipu is CV, although there are fairly strong arguments for N and CVN. A small number of noun and verb roots begin with a V syllable. Lexical tone contrasts are found in nouns e.g. "káayá" ‘house’ and "káayà" ‘bean’, but not in verbs (although grammatical tone is important for verbs).

Vowels.

Cicipu has an asymmetric six-vowel system. All vowels can be long or short, and all have nasalised counterparts. There are four diphthongs: /ei/, /eu/, /ai/ and /au/.

Consonants.

Consonant length is contrastive in Cicipu, e.g. "yuwo" 'fall' vs. "yuwwo" 'turn around'. Any consonant may be lengthened.

Vocabulary.

A large number of Cicipu words are borrowings from the lingua franca Hausa. The pronunciation of many of these loanwords has changed to fit in with Cicipu phonology, in particular with respect to vowel harmony.

Writing system.

Cicipu is not currently written, although a preliminary orthography proposal has been made, and a small number of trial books has been circulated.

Cipu ("Cicipu"), or Western Acipa, is a Kainji language spoken by about 20,000 people in northwest Nigeria. The people call themselves "Acipu", and are called "Acipawa" in Hausa.

Le cicipu, le cipu ou l’acipa occidental, est une langue kambari et une langue tonale appartenant à la branche bénoué-congolaise de la famille des langues nigéro-congolaises. Elle est parlée dans les États de Kebbi et de Niger au Nigeria.