Greek War of Independence.

During the Greek War of Independence, three constitutional texts (Constitutions of 1822, 1823 and 1827) were adopted by the Greek National Assemblies, the national representative political gatherings of the Greek revolutionaries. These constitutions were influenced by:  A year before the adoption of the Greek Constitution of 1822, local Assemblies had ratified the so-called Greek local statutes, such as the Senate Organization of Western Greece, the Legal Order of Eastern Greece and the Peloponnesian Senate Organization.

From the absolute to the constitutional monarchy (1833–1924).

King Otto governed for more than 10 years without any constitutional restrictions, since the "hegemonical" Greek Constitution of 1832 was never implemented. On 3 September 1843, the infantry, led by Colonel Dimitrios Kallergis and the Revolutionary captain Ioannis Makriyannis, assembled in the square in front of the palace in Athens. Eventually joined by much of the population of the small capital, the rebellion refused to disperse until the king agreed to grant a constitution. Left with little recourse, King Otto gave in to the pressure and agreed to the demands of the crowd over the objections of his opinionated Queen. This square was renamed to Constitution Square (Syntagma Square) to commemorate the events of September 1843.  The Greek Constitution of 1844 defined Greece as a constitutional monarchy, providing for a bicameral parliament, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The Greek Constitution of 1864 was somewhat more liberal, and transferred most of the real power to the parliament. In 1874 Charilaos Trikoupis published a manifesto entitled "Who's to blame?", naming King George I as the answer. Specifically, he condemned the king for bypassing parliamentary opinion in his selection of Prime Ministers. The article landed him briefly in jail, but also boosted his popularity significantly. A year later, on 8 May 1874 he mustered a parliamentary plurality and George reluctantly named him as Prime Minister. Thanks to Trikoupis' article, a new constitutional principle was recognized and implemented: the king was required to give the largest party in parliament first choice of forming a government. In 1911 Eleftherios Venizelos amended 54 of the 110 articles of the Constitution, trying to bring the constitution in line with his Liberal Party's principles. Nevertheless, the National schism of 1916 caused a huge constitutional crisis, as two governments were formed: one in Athens and one in Thessaloniki.

The Second Hellenic Republic and the Restoration (1925–1941).

The Constitution of 1925 provided for a Republic in accordance with the results of the plebiscite of 1924. Nonetheless, on 24 June 1925, officers loyal to Theodoros Pangalos, fearing that the political instability was putting the country at risk, overthrew the government in a coup and violated the Constitution. On 24 August 1926, a counter-coup deposed him and Pavlos Kountouriotis returned as President.  Since the previous Constitution was not fully implemented, it was the Constitution of 1927 which formally established the Second Hellenic Republic and provided for a largely ceremonial president as head of state.  After the plebiscite of 1935, King George II was restored, but the Third Revisionary Parliament of 1936 did not have the time to replace or amend the Constitution of the Republic. Instead, the Constitution of 1911 was restored, ostensibly on a temporary basis. The elections of 1936 had produced a political deadlock and, thereby, George II appointed Ioannis Metaxas to be interim prime minister. Widespread industrial unrest in May allowed Metaxas to declare a state of emergency. On 4 August, he suspended the parliament indefinitely and suspended various articles of the constitution, with the king's approval. For all intents and purposes, Metaxas was now a dictator. No constitutional amendment was adopted before Germany invaded Greece in 1941.

The Kingdom of Greece after the Second World War (1942–1967).

After the end of the Second World War, King George II was once again restored by virtue of the plebiscite of 1946. The implications of the Greek Civil War did not allow the ratification of the liberal Draft Constitution of 1948. A more conservative Constitution was passed in 1952, which imposed restrictions on basic human rights and banned the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).

The Colonels' Regime (1967–1974).

On 21 April 1967, a coup took place by right-wing officers, which established a dictatorship known as the Colonels' Regime. An attempted counter-coup by King Constantine II in December failed, forcing him to leave the country. Thus, legally, there was no government and no Head of State in Athens. Thereby, the Revolutionary Council of Stylianos Pattakos, George Papadopoulos and Nikolaos Makarezos made a brief appearance to cause a Resolution to be published in the Government Gazette, appointing another member to the military administration, Major General Georgios Zoitakis, as Regent. Zoitakis then appointed Papadopoulos as Prime Minister. A new constitution was adopted by referendum in 1968. King Constantine was officially retained as head of state, though he would not be allowed to return until the first parliamentary election unless the government recalled him sooner. Many of the guarantees of civil rights were suspended, and elections were postponed until the "Revolution of April 21" (as the coup was called) had reformed the "Greek mentality."  Five years later, during Papadopoulos' attempts at controlled democratization, he abolished the monarchy and declared Greece a republic with himself as president. A plebiscite formally abolished the monarchy on 29 July 1973. A new Constitution was drafted, providing for a popularly elected president with wide-ranging powers, effectively establishing a presidential republic. After the hard-liners' coup on 25 November 1973 deposed Papadopoulos, the regime retained the trappings of the Republic, but reverted to exclusively military control until its final collapse in the wake of the Cyprus crisis in August 1974.

The Third Hellenic Republic.

With the return of civilian rule under Constantine Karamanlis, the new government, acting under extraordinary circumstances, issued a "Constituting Act" which voided the 1973 constitution. Pending a referendum on a new constitution, the 1952 constitution was temporarily restored, "except for the articles dealing with the form of the State"; the last phrase referring to whether the monarchy would be restored or not. In the meantime, the functions of the king were to be discharged by the president of the republic.  The matter was settled by plebiscite on 8 December 1974, by which the monarchy was definitively abolished. A new Constitution, adopted by Parliament and promulgated on 11 June 1975, established a parliamentary democracy with a president as head of state. In practice, however, most of the power was vested in the prime minister. This constitution was revised in 1985 to codify this practice. It was amended again in 2001, in 2008 and in 2019 and is in force today.

List of Greek Constitutions.

In a chronological order, the Greek Constitutions are:

In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions (with the exception of the Constitutions of 1968 and 1973 imposed by a dictatorship).

L'histoire constitutionnelle de la Grèce démarre dès la guerre d'indépendance par la première constitution de 1822. L'actuelle constitution de 1975, révisée trois fois depuis, en 1986, en 2001 et en 2011, est la dernière à avoir été adoptée démocratiquement. Elle remplace les deux constitutions de 1968 et 1973 imposées par la dictature des colonels.


Early years.

Tiesenhausen was born in Riga, Latvia, in the Russian Empire to a Baltic German family from his father's side, while his mother was of Scottish ancestry. He studied engineering in Hamburg, but was conscripted to the Luftwaffe in 1939 and sent to the Eastern Front. He was allowed to continue his studies and in 1943 and graduated from University of Hamburg. After his graduation he was sent to the Peenemünde Army Research Center.

Career.

Tiesenhausen worked with Wernher von Braun developing V-2 rockets in Germany during World War II. He came to America in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, where he again worked with von Braun on guided missiles such as the Redstone, this time for the United States Army at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. He was later transferred to NASA, where he worked on various spaceflight programs, including the Apollo program, which landed men on the Moon.  He continued to work for NASA well into the Shuttle era. Later he worked on space tether missions.

After NASA.

Between 1987 and 2010, von Tiesenhausen frequently volunteered at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama, lecturing to students in Space Camp programs about the future of space exploration and other topics.

Awards.

In 2007, he became one of the original inductees into the Space Camp Hall of Fame. On February 3, 2011, he was presented with the U.S. Space & Rocket Center's Lifetime Achievement Award for Education by Neil Armstrong. "Dr. von T is one of those rare individuals who has a natural ability to inform and inspire, to educate and motivate, and, most remarkably, to endure," Armstrong said.

Georg Heinrich Patrick Baron von Tiesenhausen (May 18, 1914 – June 4, 2018) was a United States-based German rocket scientist.

, né le à Riga (Lettonie, Empire russe) et mort le à Huntsville (Alabama, États-Unis), est un ingénieur germano-américain. Il joue un rôle important dans le domaine spatial à travers plusieurs contributions au programme Apollo.


Biography.

Berger majored in English literature and art history at Brooklyn College, and upon her graduation in 1979, she entered the comics profession as an assistant to editor Paul Levitz at DC. She later became Levitz's editor when he was writing "Legion of Super-Heroes". More interested in horror comics, she soon became editor of "House of Mystery", and was instrumental in nurturing Alan Moore's "Swamp Thing" book, taking over the editing from co-creator Len Wein. She also edited "Amethyst, Princess of Gemworld". She later helped bring Neil Gaiman's work to a mass audience by having him write "The Sandman".  The success of these titles, and her willingness to help the writers who worked with her push the envelope of what could be done in mass-circulation comic books, led to the creation of the mature-reader Vertigo line in 1993. Her critically and popularly successful titles under that imprint include "Fables", "Hellblazer", "The Invisibles", "100 Bullets", "Preacher", "V for Vendetta", and "".  Berger is married to Richard Bruning, who also formerly worked at DC.  In 2007 Berger was named supervising editor (along with Senior Editor Shelly Bond) of Minx, a new comic book imprint published by DC. Minx published comics and graphic novels aimed at teenage girls until they were cancelled in 2008.  On December 3, 2012, she announced that she would be stepping down from her post as Executive Editor & Senior Vice President of DC Entertainment’s Vertigo imprint and that she would remain on through March 2013 to assist in the transition to a new editorial team.  "The New York Times" profiled Berger and her departure from Vertigo in an article entitled "Comics' Mother of 'The Weird Stuff' is Moving On".  In February 2017 Dark Horse Comics announced that Karen Berger would be overseeing a new line of creator owned comics published by Dark Horse under the imprint: Berger Books.  Berger Books' first print publication was "Berger Books Free 2018 Preview" dated November 2017. Berger Books first full comic was "Hungry Ghosts" #1, (written by Anthony Bourdain and Joel Rose) on sale in comic book shops on January 31, 2018.  As of February 2019 Berger Books publishes several titles including "Incognegro" (10th anniversary edition) and a prequel "Incognegro: Renaissance" (2018 February) both written by Mat Johnson, "She Could Fly" written by Christopher Cantwell (2018 July) (with a sequel starting in 2019 April), "The Seeds" written by Ann Nocenti (2018 August), and "LaGuardia" written by Hugo Award winner Nnedi Okorafor (2018 December).

Awards.

Berger won the Inkpot Award in 1990, three Eisner Awards (1992, 1994 and 1995), and the "Comics Buyer's Guide Award" for Favorite Editor every year from 1997 through 2005.

Karen Berger (; born February 26, 1958) is an American comic book editor. She is best known for her role in helping create DC Comics' Vertigo imprint in 1993 and serving as the line's Executive Editor until 2013. She oversees Berger Books, an imprint of creator-owned comics being published by Dark Horse Comics.

Karen Berger, née le, est une responsable éditoriale ayant travaillé pour DC Comics et ayant été responsable de leur collection Vertigo.


Career.

2000–10: Beginnings and "Hurry Up & Die" series.

Chinx was born and raised in Far Rockaway, Queens on December 4, 1983, living in both Redfern Houses and Edgemere Houses, now known as Ocean Bay Apartments. He spent time in North Amityville in his teenage years where he briefly attended high school. When speaking of how he started rapping Chinx said, "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound." He said he got the name "Chinx Drugz", "since I used to smoke a lot of weed back in the day, and this older chick used to call me chinkey and it stuck, the drugz well that’s self explanatory, I been slangin on these corners." He first started rapping with his close friend Stack Bundles while he was in high school, whom he would later form the group Riot Squad with, along with local rappers Bynoe and Cau2Gs. However, he would be incarcerated shortly after, from 20052008 at Arthur Kill Correctional Facility.  Stack Bundles along with rapper Max B joined Jim Jones' group Byrd Gang. He then met fellow New York rapper French Montana through Max B in 2009, who he would form the hip hop group, Coke Boys with. On April 13, 2009, Drugz released his first solo mixtape, "Hurry Up & Die Vol. 1: Get Ya Casket On".  He followed that with "Hurry Up & Die Vol. 2: From The Cage To The Stage" on January 7, 2010. Drugz then released the third mixtape in that series, "Hurry Up & Die Vol. 3" on April 13, 2010.

2011–12: Coke Boys and "Cocaine Riot 1 & 2".

On March 15, 2011, Drugz released his fourth official mixtape "Flight 2011", which was entirely produced by New York producer Harry Fraud.  The mixtape featured a sole guest appearance from Coke Boys-cohort French Montana. On April 19, 2011, he released his fifth solo mixtape "Cocaine Riot", featuring guest appearances from the various members of Coke Boys.  On August 20, 2011, Coke Boys released their first official collaboration mixtape "Coke Boys 2". The mixtape was primarily produced by Harry Fraud, with additional production from Lex Luger. "Coke Boys 2" featured members Drugz, Montana, Cheeze, Flip, and Charlie Rock. Following the "Coke Boys 2" release, on September 24, 2011, Drugz and French Montana released a collaboration mixtape named, "Coke Boys Run NY".  On April 13, 2012, Coke Boys released their second collaboration mixtape, "Coke Boys 3", which significantly featured Montana and Drugz throughout, along with Flip, gianni maggiacomo, and Charlie Rock. Additional guest appearances came from Akon, Mac Miller, Rick Ross, Wale, and Red Cafe among others. The mixtape was met with positive reviews from music critics, with the production the focal point of the praise. "XXL" credited Montana and Drugz as being the stars of the mixtape. On July 3, 2012, Drugz released his sixth solo mixtape, "Cocaine Riot 2", to positive critical reception with AllHipHop calling it a "classic". "Cocaine Riot 2" featured guest appearances from rappers Action Bronson and Chevy Woods, among others. "Cocaine Riot 2" featured the significant Montana and Drugz collaboration "I'm A Coke Boy". In 2012, he was featured on Wale's "Let a Nigga Know" and Vado's "You Ain't Good".

2013: "Cocaine Riot 3".

On January 4, 2013, Drugz released the official remix to "I'm a Coke Boy" featuring rappers Rick Ross and Diddy, along with French Montana. The remix would end up being ranked number 43 on "Complex"'s list of the 50 best songs of 2013. Then on April 15, 2013, Drugz released his seventh solo mixtape "Cocaine Riot 3", which featured the previously released remix of "I'm a Coke Boy". "Cocaine Riot 3" featured additional guest appearances from Ace Hood, Juicy J, Yo Gotti, DJ Khaled, Roscoe Dash and others. Drugz told MTV that, "When I was making this mixtape, I was just trying to give the people something a little different from my normal. I basically started messing with a couple of different beats, but I kept it real New York. But I just really wanted to give 'em the other side of Chinx that they ain't been hearing in a while." The mixtape closes with "Maybe", a tribute to his deceased childhood friend Stack Bundles. In a positive review "XXL" stated, "For all its signs of promise, "Cocaine Riot 3" also has some rookie mistakes. There’s also an over-reliance on features here that the mixtape could do without. The heavy guest list prevents "Cocaine Riot 3" from being a landmark release, and so this mixtape ends up being more of a continuation of what we’ve already heard from Chinx Drug, rather than a step to the next level. Time will tell if he’s up for that challenge."  Less than a week after the release of "Cocaine Riot 3", Drugz released the music video for the remix to "I'm a Coke Boy". On May 14, 2013, Drugz released his four previous major solo mixtapes, "Flight 2011", and the "Cocaine Riot" series for retail sale on iTunes. He was also featured on Montana's debut studio album, "Excuse My French" on the deluxe edition track "Throw It in the Bag".  On May 22, 2013, "Right There" featuring Juicy J and French Montana was released as the first single from "Cocaine Riot 3". "Up In Here" featuring Ace Hood would be released as the mixtape's second single on June 11, 2013. On August 12, 2013, Drugz released the music video for "Up In Here" featuring Ace Hood from "Cocaine Riot 3", which was shot in Miami, Florida. That same day, French Montana announced that Coke Boys were working on their debut studio album as a group, along with a third mixtape to be released prior to the album.

2013–15: "I'll Take It From Here", "Cocaine Riot 4 & 5", and "Welcome To JFK".

On October 4, 2013, Chinx Drugz, now just going by "Chinx", announced he would release an EP via NuSense Music Group and Coke Boys Records, executive produced by Rick Steel titled "I'll Take It From Here", in November 2013. On October 28, 2013, Chinx released "Feelings" featuring French Montana, the first single from the EP. On November 26, 2013, it would be revealed that Coke Boys would release their fourth mixtape in December 2013. That same day, Chinx released his debut retail project, the previously announced EP "I'll Take It from Here". Then he was featured prominently on Coke Boys fourth mixtape, "Coke Boys 4", released on January 1, 2014. On February 1, 2014, Chinx released the music video for "Feelings". In April 2014, Chinx revealed that his next mixtape would be titled "Cocaine Riot 4" and released on May 15, 2014. He then went on to release "Cocaine Riot 5" on December 25, 2014. He also told "XXL" that his debut studio album would be titled "Welcome To JFK". He was being considered for the 2015 "XXL" magazine freshman class.  On June 2, 2015, Chinx's first official single for his posthumous album "Welcome to JFK" was released through eOne Music. The track is titled "On Your Body".

Death.

On May 17, 2015, NYPD officers responded to a 911 call in Briarwood, Queens around 4:00 a.m. There, they found Chinx and another victim in a car at Queens Boulevard and 84th Drive. Chinx was transported to Jamaica Medical Center in Queens with gunshot wounds to his torso, where he was pronounced dead, at age 31. Two men who were already incarcerated on other charges have been re-arrested in connection with the murder.

Lionel Du Fon Pickens (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name Chinx (formerly Chinx Drugz), was an American hip hop recording artist from Queens, New York. He was a member of the Rockaway Riot Squad alongside fellow slain rapper Stack Bundles. Chinx later joined French Montana's Coke Boys Records. He was best known for his appearances on the "Coke Boys" mixtapes and the "Cocaine Riot" mixtape series. He was killed in a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens, on May 17, 2015. Two accused men have since been arrested in the case.

Chinx, aussi connu sous le nom de Chinx Drugz, de son vrai nom Lionel Pickens, né le dans le Queens, à New York et mort assassiné dans la même ville le, est un rappeur américain. Chinx, est un ancien membre de la Rockaway Riot Squad aux côtés de ses amis et rappeurs Stack Bundles, Bynoe et Cau2G$. Chinx se joint plus tard au groupe Coke Boys et au label de French Montana, qui se compose de Zack, MeetSims, Velous, et Lil Durk. Il est déclaré mort à la suite d'un " dans le quartier de Jamaica, dans le Queens, le 17 mai 2015.


Biography.

After leaving the City College of New York, Sperling entered the film industry by working at Paramount's Astoria Studios as a shipping clerk. He later became a personal secretary for Darryl F. Zanuck and Hal Wallis at Warner Bros. in 1931. After Zanuck resigned his position as Head of Production of Warner Bros. studios in 1933 and was offered a position with Twentieth Century Pictures (later merged with Fox Pictures), Sperling became an assistant to Edward Small, an independent film producer who released his Reliance Pictures and Edward Small Productions through United Artists. Sperling learned as much about an independent low-budget film production unit as he had about high-budget major studio films from Zanuck and Wallis at Warner Bros..  Zanuck hired Sperling for his combined 20th Century Fox, where Sperling's first screenplay "Sing, Baby Sing" was released in 1936. Sperling later did more screenwriting, credited and uncredited, for 20th Century Fox, becoming a film producer in 1941, with his first productions being "Sun Valley Serenade" then "I Wake Up Screaming", both in 1941.  Though now working for Fox, in 1936, Sperling was introduced to Harry Warner's (of the Warner brothers) 16-year-old daughter Betty Warner. This match was arranged by Betty Warner's older sister, Doris. After an on-and-off relationship of three years, Betty and Sperling married on July 13, 1939.  In 1941, Sperling was an associate producer on the US Marine Corps Technicolor romantic military film comedy "To the Shores of Tripoli" and quickly filmed a new ending, showing John Payne hearing the news about the attack and reenlisting in the Marines. Sperling also enlisted in the Marines with orders to attend Military Intelligence school but still had a couple of films to complete before leaving the studio. The US Marine Corps used Sperling's film expertise by assigning him to the US Marine Corps Photographic Unit, where he produced the documentaries "The Battle for The Marianas" (1944) and the Technicolor "To the Shores of Iwo Jima" (1945), filmed up front with the Marines in their Pacific Island campaigns, where several combat cameramen lost their lives shooting the footage.  Returning from the war, Zanuck offered Sperling his old job back but father-in-law Harry Warner told Sperling that a member of the family should not work for a rival studio. offering him an independent production unit where he could make the films he wanted.  After World War II, the major studios were looking at studios that only financed and released films such as United Artists and Monogram Pictures and decided that hiring stars, directors, and film crews on a picture-by-picture basis would be more economical, especially with the problems with the trade unions the major studios were having.  Sperling named his company "United States Pictures" with his first of 14 films released under the label being "Cloak and Dagger". Sperling contributed to the screenplays on several of these films, including "The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell" (1955) that was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Writing, Story and Screenplay. Sperling also produced other films not under the United States Pictures label such as "Top Secret Affair" (1957), filmed in England, and "Marjorie Morningstar" (1958).  The final United States Pictures film was "Battle of the Bulge", filmed in Spain in 1965. Sperling later produced a Spanish made "spaghetti western" with Lee Van Cleef in the role of "Captain Apache" (1971), then several television movies until his death by cancer in 1988. He was buried at Mount Sinai Memorial Park, in Los Angeles.

Milton Sperling (July 6, 1912 – August 26, 1988) was an American film producer and screenwriter for 20th Century Fox and Warner Bros., where he had his own independent production unit, United States Pictures.

Milton Sperling est un scénariste et un producteur de cinéma et de télévision américain né le à New York (État de New York) et mort le à Los Angeles (Californie).


Early life.

The son of a university professor, Ambros attended school and passed his Abitur exam in Munich. In 1920 he went to the University of Munich to study chemistry and agricultural science. In 1925 he gained a doctorate, studying under the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry winner, Richard Willstätter.

Career.

Beginning in 1926, Ambros worked at BASF in Ludwigshafen. In 1930 he spent a year studying in The Far East.  From 1934 he worked at IG Farben, becoming head of their Schkopau plant in 1935. His division of IG Farben developed chemical weapons, including the nerve agents sarin (in 1938) and soman (in 1944). In this capacity, he was an advisor to Carl Krauch, a company executive. The name sarin is an acronym of the initials of the discoverers, with Ambros being the "a".  Ambros then managed the IG Farben factories at Dyhernfurth, which produced tabun (a nerve agent similar to sarin), and at Gendorf, which produced mustard gas (a poison gas originally developed and used in World War I). The Dyhernfurth factory included a slave labor concentration camp with about 3000 prisoners who were used for the most hard and dangerous work at the plant, and as human guinea pigs in nerve gas experiments.  At IG Farben, Ambros also helped research how to produce polybutadiene rubber, which they gave the trade name "Buna rubber" because it is made using butadiene and sodium (Na). This was an important project because the war cut off Germany from raw materials for natural rubber, and in June 1944 Ambros was awarded a prize of one million marks by Adolf Hitler in recognition of this work. In 1941 Ambros selected the site for the Monowitz concentration camp and the "Buna Werke" factory, which produced Buna rubber using slave labor from the Auschwitz camp, and he then spent the rest of the war serving as plant manager of Buna-Werk IV and managing director of the synthetic fuel production facility at IG Auschwitz.  In 1944 Ambros was awarded the Knight's Cross of War Merit Cross.

Monowitz.

Ambros was arrested by the US Army in 1946. He had overseen the IG Buna Werke rubber plant at Monowitz in the Auschwitz complex. At the IG Farben trial in Nuremberg in 1948 he was sentenced to eight years' confinement, and was ultimately released from Landsberg Prison early in 1951. The extensive works were to have produced Buna rubber, or polybutadiene for use in rubber tyres. Monowitz was built as an Arbeitslager (workcamp); it also contained an "Arbeitsausbildungslager" (Labor Education Camp) for non-Jewish prisoners perceived not up to par with German work standards. It held approximately 12,000 prisoners, the great majority of whom were Jewish, in addition to non-Jewish criminals and political prisoners. Prisoners from Monowitz were leased out by the SS to IG Farben to labor at the Buna Werke, a collection of chemical factories including those used to manufacture Buna (synthetic rubber) and synthetic oil. The SS charged IG Farben three Reichsmarks (RM) per day for unskilled workers, four (RM) per hour for skilled workers, and one and one-half (RM) for children. By 1942 the new labour camp complex for IG Farben prisoners occupied about half of its projected area, the expansion was for the most part finished in the summer of 1943. The last 4 barracks were built a year later. The labour camp's population grew from 3,500 in December 1942 to over 6,000 by the first half of 1943. By July 1944 the prisoner population was over 11,000, most of whom were Jews. Despite the growing death-rate from slave labour, starvation, executions or other forms of murder, the demand for labour was growing, and more prisoners were brought in. Because the factory management insisted on removing sick and exhausted prisoners from Monowitz, people incapable of continuing their work were murdered at the death camp at Birkenau nearby. The company argued that they had not spent large amounts of money building barracks for prisoners unfit to work. The Buna camp was described in the writings of Primo Levi, the Italian Jewish chemist and Auschwitz survivor.

Release from prison.

Otto Ambros was released from prison in 1951 after he was granted clemency by U.S. High Commissioner (of Allied Germany) John McCloy.  He became an adviser to chemical companies such as W. R. Grace, Dow Chemical, as well as the U.S. Army Chemical Corps, and Konrad Adenauer.  He was also advising "Chemie Grünenthal" (now "Grünenthal GmbH") in the development of thalidomide.

Otto Ambros (19 May 1901 – 23 July 1990) was a German chemist and Nazi war criminal. He is known for his wartime work on synthetic rubber (polybutadiene, or "Buna rubber") and nerve agents (sarin and tabun). After the end of the war, he was tried at Nuremberg and convicted of crimes against humanity for his use of slave labor from the Auschwitz III–Monowitz concentration camp.

Otto Ambros ( à Weiden in der Oberpfalz - à Mannheim) était un fonctionnaire de l'Allemagne nazie et membre de la SS.


Plot.

Susan Cooper is a 40-year-old, single, desk-bound CIA employee who remotely assists her partner, field agent Bradley Fine, on a mission. Fine accidentally kills arms dealer Tihomir Boyanov before learning the location of a suitcase nuke from him. Susan uncovers evidence that Rayna, Boyanov's daughter, has contacted terrorist middle man Sergio De Luca, so Fine infiltrates her home. Rayna shoots Fine dead, while Susan watches helplessly online, then reveals that she knows the identities of the agency's top agents, including Rick Ford and Karen Walker. Susan, who is unknown, volunteers to track her (she was once a top trainee agent). When her boss, Elaine Crocker, reluctantly agrees, the ultra macho Ford quits in disgust.  With her best friend Nancy providing remote intelligence, Susan goes to Paris. Ford shows up and warns her she will fail because of her inexperience. Susan discovers that De Luca's office has burned down, but finds a photo of a man standing next to the fire. Ford appears, argues with Susan again and leaves. Susan sees the man from the photo switch Ford's backpack with one containing a bomb. Susan warns Ford in time during a Verka Serduchka concert and then pursues the man, accidentally killing him during the ensuing fight. She finds proof, on his body, that De Luca is going to Rome.  In Rome, Susan meets her contact Aldo. She follows De Luca into a casino, where she saves Rayna's life. Rayna invites Susan into her inner circle, taking her by private jet to Budapest. In mid-flight, the steward kills Rayna's crew, but Susan subdues him. Rayna believes Susan to be a CIA agent, but Susan convinces her that she was hired by her father to protect Rayna.  Nancy joins Susan in Budapest. After being shot at, Susan pursues and catches the would-be assassin: Karen, who sold Rayna the names of the agents. She tries to shoot Susan, but an unseen sniper kills Karen. Susan, Nancy and Aldo accompany Rayna to a party to meet Rayna's contact, Lia. Nancy creates a diversion, jumping on guest performer 50 Cent, so that Susan can apprehend Lia, but Ford's inopportune intervention lets Lia run off. Susan catches her and, during a brutal fight, is saved from death by Fine, who faked his murder and is Rayna's lover and associate.  Rayna imprisons Susan and Aldo, but Fine visits them and reveals that he is gaining Rayna's trust to locate the nuke, and he was the one who killed Karen. Susan and Aldo escape, and Susan follows Fine and Rayna to De Luca's mansion, where she convinces them that the CIA has mistreated her, and she will do anything to protect Fine, admitting she loves him. Terrorist Solsa Dudaev arrives, gives De Luca a suitcase full of diamonds, and Rayna produces the device. De Luca has Dudaev and his men killed, reveals his plan to resell the device to another buyer, then prepares to shoot Rayna. Ford distracts him, allowing Susan to kill his men. De Luca escapes by helicopter with the device and the diamonds, but Susan grabs onto the landing gear. In the ensuing struggle, Susan throws the diamonds and the device into a lake below. De Luca attempts to shoot Susan, but Nancy, following in 50 Cent's helicopter, shoots him before he can. De Luca falls out of the helicopter into the lake, presumably dead.  The nuke is retrieved and Rayna is arrested, but she makes peace with Susan - accepting her as a friend. Ford, realising that he had underestimated Susan, finally compliments her skills. Crocker tells Susan that she will remain a field agent, and that her next assignment will take her to Prague. Fine invites Susan to dinner, but she opts for a night out with Nancy. The next morning, Susan wakes up in bed next to Ford and screams, while Ford claims she "loved it".  During the credits, details of Susan on various missions, all over the world, are shown.

Production.

Development.

On June 18, 2013, it was announced that Paul Feig was developing "Susan Cooper", a female spy comedy, for 20th Century Fox. Feig wrote and directed the film. Peter Chernin and Jenno Topping produced the film under the Chernin Entertainment banner, with Feig and Jessie Henderson for Feigco Entertainment. On November 12, 2013, Fox announced a release date of May 22, 2015. On March 28, 2014, the film's title was changed to "Spy".

Casting.

On July 25, 2013, it was confirmed that Melissa McCarthy was in negotiations to play the title role. Zooey Deschanel was originally slated to play the role of Elaine Crocker but left the project. On October 17, Rose Byrne joined the cast of the film. Throughout 2014, Jason Statham, Jude Law, Nargis Fakhri, Miranda Hart, Bobby Cannavale, Peter Serafinowicz, Björn Gustafsson. Morena Baccarin, Allison Janney, Zach Woods and Jessica Chaffin joined the cast, along with 50 Cent, who would be playing himself, and Nia Long, who did not appear in the finished film.

Filming.

Principal photography and production began on March 31, 2014, in Budapest, Hungary. On May 27, filming was under way in Budapest and was about to wrap up. Apart from tax breaks, shooting was primarily done in Budapest because its architecture and location could allow it to appear as other places where the story took place, including Paris.

Release.

The US release of film was originally scheduled for May 22, 2015, by 20th Century Fox. In March 2015, the date was pushed back to June 5, 2015, which was first assigned to "" and "Paper Towns"; the former of which being taken off the schedule and cancelled, while the latter moved to July. Prior to its official release, Paul Feig stated that "Spy" went through about 10 test screenings, a process – which includes recording the audience laughter for each version – he does "religiously", with Judd Apatow (who produced the Feig-directed "Bridesmaids") commenting on its usefulness for a comedy film: "It doesn't work very well if a movie is supposed to make you feel difficult emotions. If you're making a David Lynch movie, it doesn't work at all. But for comedy it's often the best way to refine jokes."  "Spy" was released in May 21, 2015 in Australia, Malaysia and Vietnam, and of May 28, 2015 in Israel and May 29, 2015 in Norway.

Marketing.

The first official full-length trailer of the film was released on January 13, 2015.

Box office.

"Spy" grossed $110.8 million in North America and $124.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $235.6 million, against a budget of $65 million.  In North America, the film made $1.5 million from its early Thursday night showings and an estimated $10.3 million on its opening day from 3,711 theaters, coming at second place at the box office behind fellow new release "". It would go on to top the box office in its opening weekend, earning $29 million. The film dropped 46% in its sophomore weekend to $15.6 million, finishing second behind newcomer "Jurassic World".  Outside North America, "Spy" opened in ten foreign markets on May 22, 2015, earning $12.7 million in its opening weekend from 1,810 screens, and coming in fourth place at the box office (behind "", "Tomorrowland", and "Pitch Perfect 2"). In the UK, Ireland and Malta, it opened with $3.9 million. The film had successful openings in South Korea ($4.8 million), Russia and the CIS ($3.1 million), Australia ($2.9 million), Mexico ($1.6 million) and Taiwan ($1.3 million).

Reception.

Critical response.

"Spy" received critical acclaim, with critics praising Feig's direction and screenplay, McCarthy and Byrne's performances, as well as Statham's surprise comedic role. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 251 reviews, with an average rating of 7.27/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Simultaneously broad and progressive, "Spy" offers further proof that Melissa McCarthy and writer-director Paul Feig bring out the best in one another — and delivers scores of belly laughs along the way." On Metacritic the film has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In CinemaScore polls, cinema audiences gave the film an average score of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.  McCarthy's performance was praised by critics. Richard Roeper of "The Chicago Sun Times" called her "as funny and as winning as anyone in the movies these days". Tom Russo of "The Boston Globe" credited the film's success to McCarthy, writing, "part of what makes the action comedy such a loopy blast is the identity shifts she pulls on the audience." Bill Goodykoontz of "Arizona Republic" called the film McCarthy's return to form, writing "Finally, after the promise shown in "Bridesmaids", but sold short since by weak scripts in films like "Tammy" and "Identity Thief", Melissa McCarthy gets a movie vehicle worthy of her talents."  In addition to McCarthy's, many of the supporting cast members' performances were praised, particularly Byrne's and Statham's. John Boone of "Entertainment Tonight" said Statham "twists his action hero persona into a delightfully delusional version of the same thing", and praised Byrne's performance, writing "For every joke that McCarthy's Susan Cooper ends up as the butt of, Byrne is the one teeing it up with perfectly understated wickedness. She can so easily spit out lines as offensive as, after Cooper delivers a punny cheers, "What a stupid, f**king toast," but make it...charming?" Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called Byrne's comedic timing "bitchy perfection".

Possible sequel.

In a May 2015 interview with "The Guardian", Paul Feig said he was already writing a sequel, that includes Jason Statham's Agent Ford, though the project doesn't have a producer. In 2019, Feig explained that although a sequel to "Spy" could still happen, "there hasn't been any interest from the studio" in the project.

Spy is a 2015 American action comedy spy film written and directed by Paul Feig. Starring Melissa McCarthy, Jason Statham, Rose Byrne, Miranda Hart, Bobby Cannavale, Allison Janney, Peter Serafinowicz, Morena Baccarin and Jude Law; the film also marked the Hollywood debut of actress Nargis Fakhri. It follows the life of a secret agent, Susan Cooper (McCarthy), trying to trace a stolen portable nuclear device.

Les acteurs principaux sont Melissa McCarthy, Jason Statham, Rose Byrne, Miranda Hart, Bobby Cannavale, Allison Janney, et Jude Law. Le film est distribué par 20th Century Fox et produit par Feigco Entertainment et Chernin Entertainment.


Background.

McLaughlin had a similar Biblical inspiration for an initiative in 2004 when he sponsored the "King James Bible as Textbook initiative", "which would amend the Constitution to allow teachers to use the Bible in literature classes."  McLaughlin's proposal was received by the CA Office of the Attorney General on February 26 along with the $200 filing fee.  State Attorney General Kamala Harris was compelled to provide an official title and summary before the initiative signature-collective effort can proceed. Harris cited public safety and constitutionality of the initiative, stating "This proposal not only threatens public safety, it is patently unconstitutional, utterly reprehensible and has no place in a civil society." She asked the Superior Court to relieve her of the obligation freeing the author to seek the signatures. Harris is widely seen as being supportive of LGBT people and wanted to not be a part of a process that "seeks to legalize discrimination and vigilantism" unless there was no alternative. Once authorized it needs 365,880 valid signatures to qualify for the 2016 presidential election ballot.  On June 23, 2015, a Sacramento County judge issued a ruling stating that the proposed initiative was not constitutional, and therefore Attorney General Harris is not required to provide an official title or summary. As a result, the initiative cannot be distributed for signatures, effectively killing its chances of being included on a statewide ballot.

Reaction.

"The Atlantic" states the initiative, "which refers to homosexuality as 'a monstrous evil' and an 'abominable crime against nature,' would ban communicating messages of tolerance to minors; bar gays and lesbians, or anyone who voices acceptance, from holding government jobs or public office; and authorize mass murder" of lesbians and gays. "The Atlantic" stated that although the initiative was unlikely to get the needed signatures, and would probably be thrown out after the 2016 elections even if it did pass, still represented a test case of permissiveness in California's ballot process that would allow a "genocidal proposition". Senator Mark Leno stated, "These are the very challenges of our First Amendment right to free speech."  California Attorney General Kamala Harris tried to block the initiative as it "threatens public safety, it is patently unconstitutional, utterly reprehensible, and has no place in a civil society."  The California Legislative LGBT Caucus filed a formal complaint to have McLaughlin disbarred. Another gay Senator, Ricardo Lara stated that the "caucus is concerned that McLaughlin has run afoul of the state bar's moral character requirement for practicing attorneys." The caucus letter states shock that anyone would call for the execution of LGBT people. The "Bay Area Reporter" stated, "state bar's rules of conduct, section 2-400, stipulates that licensed practitioners are prohibited from discriminating based on sexual orientation, among other protected classes." A Change.org petition, "Disbar lawyer who wants to legalize the murder of LGBT people", has 101,722 supporters as of the end of March 2015.

Related initiatives.

In an effort to defend the LGBT community, Dr. Charlotte Laws drafted her own initiative called the "Intolerant Jackass Act" and submitted it to the Attorney General's office on March 23, 2015. It stated that "any person, herein known as an intolerant jackass, who brings forth a ballot measure that suggests the killing of gays and/or lesbians, shall be required to attend sensitivity training" and donate $5,000 to an LGBT cause. Laws said she had no intention of circulating her measure for signatures. It was created merely to mock McLaughlin and take his power away.  The "Shellfish Suppression Act" also takes its lead from the Biblical Old Testament book of Leviticus, but it cites Verse 11:12 "Whatesoever has fins nor scales in the waters, that shall be an abomination to you." The act would make selling or consuming shellfish a felony with a fine of $666,000 per occurrence, "and/or imprisonment up to 6 years, 6 months, and 6 days."

Aftermath.

In spite of its anti-gay text, many legal observers viewed the initiative as an attempt to criticize the initiative process. California has a long history of ballot initiatives that are challenging to implement, circulated by special interests, and/or are later found unconstitutional. The gay community itself had faced the Briggs Initiative, Proposition 22, and Proposition 8. The $200 filing fee had not been raised since the 1940s, and in the 1970s, the California Supreme Court adopted rules forcing the Attorney General to issue a summary to any initiative, even one he/she believed unenforceable, to avoid suppression of freedom of speech. The initiative lead to Assembly Bill 1100, raising the filing fee from $200 to $2000, and the legislature also consolidated initiatives on the November general election ballot.  McLaughlin reportedly has plans to reintroduce the initiative in a future election.

The Sodomite Suppression Act, also known as the "Shoot The Gays Initiative" or "Kill The Gays Initiative", was a California ballot initiative proposed by Matt McLaughlin, an Orange County lawyer, that outlines seven measures relating to same-sex people engaging in sodomy including death for anyone who participates. McLaughlin's act calls for the killing of gays and lesbians by "bullets to the head" or "any other convenient method." This proposed initiative is subject to a court order barring it from being distributed for signatures after a Sacramento County judge granted California Attorney General Kamala Harris's request to declare the initiative facially unconstitutional and therefore ineligible to receive a ballot title or summary.

Le projet de loi Sodomite Suppression Act est une initiative populaire proposée par Matt McLaughlin, un avocat du comté d'Orange, en Californie, dont le but est de promouvoir l'assassinat de personnes homosexuelles. Ce projet a été proposé en 2015.


Plot.

The cartoon begins with Sylvester in an alley, strolling past the line of trash cans as if he is at a buffet, trying to find bits of appetizing food; a kitten arrives and starts doing the same, Sylvester yells at him that "this side of the street" is his and throws the kitten away. The weather is freezing and snowy; Sylvester finds a house and bangs on the door, begging for shelter. He falls down, 'frozen', when Elmer Fudd answers the door. Elmer sits Sylvester in a comfortable chair near the fireplace and tells the cat to consider this his home. More banging on the door is revealed to be the kitten, who also falls down 'frozen' when Elmer opens the door. Elmer tells them both that he would like to have a cat around, but he cannot keep both of them. He decides to sleep on it and, much to Sylvester's chagrin, choose in the morning which one gets to stay.  Sylvester then imagines ways to get rid of his competition; he decides to frame the kitten by pouring all the milk in the fridge on him and then dropping the bottle, making it look like the kitten did it. Elmer thinks the kitten has done it by accident because he must be very hungry, and doles out a large meal to him. Next, the kitten plays with a ball of string, but Sylvester has tied the end to a stack of glasses and dishes. Soon, the kitten pulls enough on the string that the entire stack falls and breaks. The kitten quickly tries to glue them back together, but Sylvester breaks every one that is fixed. Elmer catches "Sylvester" breaking his dishes, and tells the cat that he is making it very easy for him to make up his mind which of them to keep.  Sylvester hypnotizes the kitten, leads him to Elmer's bedroom, provides the kitten with a baseball bat and instructs him to hit the sleeping Elmer on the head; the kitten misinterprets Sylvester's visual instruction and hits Sylvester instead, causing the dazed cat to climb into bed with Elmer. Elmer wakes up, throws Sylvester down the stairs and warns him he will be held responsible for the next disturbance. Sylvester sets a wind-up mouse toy loose and the kitten chases it, following it into a mouse hole. Sylvester nails a piece of wood to the mouse hole. From behind the walls, however, the kitten starts knocking out the nails holding up paintings and shelves hanging on walls. Sylvester, remembering Elmer's warning, tries to catch all of the falling objects as the kitten (still trapped in the walls) makes his way upstairs. The chandelier above Elmer's bed crashes to the floor before Sylvester can stop it. Elmer, awakened again, issues a final ultimatum. If Sylvester so much as makes one more peep, he is out of the house for good.  The kitten, having overheard, takes advantage and starts making a huge racket. Sylvester places a pair of earmuffs on the sleeping Elmer, in an attempt to drown out the kitten's noise (which involves a shotgun, a parade drum, and a slamming door). Sylvester literally blows his top and begins chasing the kitten; panicking, the kitten turns the radio on full-blast, activates the coin-operated pianola and proceeds to make noise in a variety of other ways. The earmuffs fail, and Elmer runs down the stairs yelling that he has "made up [his] mind who's weaving these pwemises!"; however, he is interrupted by a knock at the door—Elmer's landlord serves him an eviction notice, presumably due to the excess noise {"In other words GET OUT!"}. The cartoon ends with Sylvester, the kitten, and Elmer looking for food in the trash alley.

Kit for Cat is a 1948 "Looney Tunes" cartoon directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on November 6, 1948 and features Elmer Fudd and Sylvester.

Vilains Félins ("Kit for Cat") est un cartoon américain de la série "Looney Tunes" réalisé par Friz Freleng et sorti en 1948.


Course.

The Kern begins in the Sierra Nevada in Sequoia National Park in northeastern Tulare County, near the border with Inyo County. The main branch of the river (sometimes called the North Fork Kern River) rises from several small lakes in a basin northwest of Mount Whitney. The headwaters are surrounded by the Great Western Divide to the west, the Kings-Kern Divide to the north and the main Sierra Crest to the east, all of which have multiple peaks above. The Kern River flows due south through a deep glacier-carved valley, passing through Inyo and Sequoia National Forests and the Golden Trout Wilderness, and receiving numerous tributaries including Rock Creek, Big Arroyo, Golden Trout Creek and Rattlesnake Creek. After deviating briefly from its due south course as it flows east around Hockett Peak, it is joined by the Little Kern River from the northwest at a site called Forks of the Kern. Below there, the Kern River continues south, and is joined by more tributaries including Peppermint Creek, South Creek, Brush Creek, and Salmon Creek, which all form large waterfalls as they tumble into the Kern River canyon.  At Kernville the river emerges from its narrow canyon into a wide valley where it is impounded in Lake Isabella, formed by Isabella Dam. The area was once known as Whiskey Flat, the former location of the town of Kernville. In Lake Isabella, it is joined by its biggest tributary, the South Fork Kern River, which drains a high plateau area to the east of the North Fork drainage. The -long South Fork rises in Tulare County and flows south through Inyo National Forest, turning west after entering Kern County.  Below Isabella Dam the Kern River flows southwest in a rugged canyon along the south edge of the Greenhorn Mountains, parallel to SR 178. A number of hot springs are located along this section of the river. With a descent of between Isabella Dam and Bakersfield, this section of the Kern River feeds several hydroelectric plants and is also a popular whitewater run. Due to upstream dam releases for irrigation and power generation, this part of the river has a swift flow even in the driest summers. The river then flows through a winding valley in the Sierra foothills before entering the San Joaquin Valley at Bakersfield, the largest city on the river. In Bakersfield proper, most of the river's flow is diverted into various canals for agricultural use in the southern San Joaquin Valley, and provide municipal water supplies to the City of Bakersfield and surrounding areas. This fertile region is a large alluvial plain, or inland delta, formed by the Kern River, which once spread out into vast wetlands and seasonal lakes.  The Friant-Kern Canal, constructed as part of the Central Valley Project, joins the Kern about west of downtown Bakersfield, restoring some flow to the river. The river channel continues about southwest to a point near the California Aqueduct on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley. A weir allows excess floodwaters from the Kern to drain into the California Aqueduct, while any remaining water continues south into the seasonal Buena Vista Lake, which once reached sizes of about in wet periods. Historically, a distributary of the Kern split off above Bakersfield and flowed south to what is now Arvin, where it formed the seasonal Kern Lake, which would grow to cover about during wet periods. Water from Kern Lake would then flow west through Buena Vista Slough into Buena Vista Lake.  In periods of extremely high runoff, Buena Vista Lake overflowed and joined other wetlands and seasonal lakes in a series of sloughs that drained north into the former Tulare Lake, which would sometimes overflow into the San Joaquin River via Fresno Slough.  The Kern River is one of the very few rivers in the Central Valley which does not contribute water to the Central Valley Project (CVP). However, water from the CVP, mainly the Friant-Kern Canal, will be deposited for water storage in the aquifers.

History.

The river was named by John C. Frémont in honor of Edward M. Kern in 1845 who, as the story goes, nearly drowned in the turbulent waters. Kern was the topographer of Fremont's third expedition through the American West. Before this, the Kern River was known as the "Rio de San Felipe" as named by Spanish missionary explorer Fr. Francisco Garcés when he explored the Bakersfield area on May 1, 1776. On August 2, 1806, Padre Zavidea renamed the river La Porciuncula for the day of the Porciuncula Indulgence. It was locally known as Po-sun-co-la until its renaming by Fremont.  Gold was discovered along the upper river in 1853. The snowmelt that fed the river resulted in periodic torrential flooding in Bakersfield until the construction of the Isabella Dam in the 1950s. These floods would periodically change the channel of the river. Since the establishment of Kern County in 1866 the main channel has flowed through what is the main part of downtown Bakersfield along Truxtun Avenue and again made a south turn along what is Old River Road. Many of the irrigation canals that flow in a southerly direction from the river follow the old channels of the Kern River, especially the canal that flows along Old River Road. The irrigated region of the Central Valley near the river supports the cultivation of alfalfa, carrots, fruit, and cotton, cattle grazing, and many other year-round crops. In 1987 the United States Congress designated of the Kern's North (Main) Fork and South Fork as a National Wild and Scenic River.  The Great 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake on January 9, 1857 with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the San Andreas Fault was strong enough to temporarily switch the direction of the flow of the Kern River. Fish in the now dry Tulare Lake were left stranded on the shores.  The Buena Vista Lake basin is an arid area and the Kern River is the only significant water supply. Ongoing conflicts between urban and agricultural interests complicate management decisions, in recent years owing to the expiration of some long-term contractual agreements.  Exacerbating the problem, ongoing dam safety problems at Isabella Dam have led to reduced water storage there while repairs are made.

Ecology.

The Kern River watershed is the native range of California's State Freshwater Fish, California golden trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita"), which are native to the Kern River tributaries South Fork Kern River and Golden Trout Creek, and the latter's tributary, Volcano Creek. Two currently recognized and closely related sibling subspecies. The Little Kern golden trout ("O. m. whitei"), found in the Little Kern River basin, and the Kern River rainbow trout ("O. m. gilberti"), are also found in the Kern River system. Together, these three trout form what is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Trout Complex".  In 2008, after public outcry, the City of Bakersfield and the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) decided to relocate a family of California Golden beaver ("Castor canadensis subauratus") instead of killing them. California Golden beaver were native to the Central Valley and throughout the Sierra Nevada. Specifically to the Kern watershed, an oral history was taken from Roy De Voe, who claimed to have seen "very old beaver sign" on the east side of the Kern River at Funston Meadow (elevation ) in 1946. Also, Mr. De Voe reported that his friend Kenny Keelor trapped the Kern River for beaver around 1900, making his camp at the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek (elevation ) until they were trapped out completely by 1910 – 1914. The presence of Beaver Canyon Creek, tributary to the lower Kern River just east of Delonegha Hot Springs, is also consistent with the Kern River watershed having historically supported native beaver. This oral history is consistent with another oral history taken one watershed to the north by CDFG's Donald T. Tappe from a retired game warden in 1940, who stated that beaver were "apparently not uncommon on the upper part of the Kings River" until 1882–1883. Currently, there are large numbers of beaver in the Ramshaw Meadows on the South Fork Kern River where their dams are trapping sediment, forming extensive pools, accelerating meadow restoration, and increasing riparian willow habitat.

Geology.

The upper Kern River Canyon was created primarily as a result of tectonic forces, and not just by the erosional force of the river. The geologically active Kern Canyon Fault runs the length of the canyon, from the river's headwaters down to the Walker Basin about south of Lake Isabella. The river's course has been modified several times throughout ancient geological history. Prior to 10 million years ago, the Kern River flowed into the San Joaquin Valley at a point further south, along what is now Walker Basin Creek, which outlets north of Arvin. Uplift west of the Kern Canyon Fault blocked the river and forced it to cut a new course further north, forming the steep gorge below Lake Isabella and Bakersfield. The upper part of the Kern River canyon, at least above Golden Trout Creek, was widened and deepened by glaciers during the Ice Ages. The Kern Canyon fault passes very close to Isabella Dam, and is considered a threat to the dam's structural stability.  The Kern River Oil Field is adjacent to the river on the north, just before the river flows into Bakersfield. The large oil field, on low hills which rise gradually into the Sierra foothills, formerly allowed much of its wastewater to drain directly south into the river. However, modern environmental regulation ended this practice, and the contaminated water is now cleaned at water treatment plants and used to irrigate farms in the valley to the west.

Discharge.

Due to water diversion and Isabella Dam the Kern River's discharge changes considerably over its length. The highest mean annual flows occur just downriver of Isabella Dam, but because the dam serves to regulate the flow of water the highest daily discharges occur above the dam on the North Fork section of the Kern River. The USGS stream gage on the North Fork Kern River has recorded an average annual mean discharge of and a maximum daily discharge of, and the gage on the South Fork Kern River shows an average annual mean discharge of and a maximum daily discharge of. In contrast the first stream gage below Isabella Dam has recorded an average annual mean of but a maximum daily discharge of only. Due to water withdrawals the three stream gage stations below Isabella Dam show a dramatically decreasing discharge. At the last gage, near Bakersfield, the river's average flow is only.

Recreation.

Kern Canyon, the deep canyon of the river northeast of Bakersfield, is a popular location for fishing and boating, particularly fly fishing and whitewater rafting, whitewater kayaking, and riverboarding. Of particular interest to fishermen are the Kern River rainbow trout, the Little Kern golden trout, and the California golden trout. The Kern Canyon is popular for camping, hiking, and picnicking. There are developed campgrounds maintained by the US Forest Service along the North Fork of the Kern River. Campgrounds include Camp 3, Fairview, Goldledge, Headquarters, Hospital Flat, and Limestone. All of the campgrounds are open in the summer months while only a few remain open year-round.  The Kern is well known for its danger, and is sometimes referred to as the "killer Kern". A sign at the mouth of Kern Canyon warns visitors: "Danger. Stay Out. Stay Alive" and tallies the deaths since 1968; as of May 22, 2020, the number of deaths listed is 307. Merle Haggard's song "Kern River" fictionally recounts such a tragedy. Most of the people who died in the Kern River were recreational users who entered the water without proper life vests. Haggard also references the river in the song "Kern River Blues" recorded two months prior to his death in 2016 and released after his death the same year.  Below the canyon the Kern River has a gradient of 0.3% until it reaches the Kern River Oil Field and begins to meander along flat land into and through the city of Bakersfield. Tubing is popular along this stretch.  The Class II whitewater located in Kernville is used for the slalom event of the annual Kern River Festival.

The Kern River, originally Rio de San Felipe, later La Porciuncula, is a river in the U.S. state of California, approximately long. It drains an area of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains northeast of Bakersfield. Fed by snowmelt near Mount Whitney, the river passes through scenic canyons in the mountains and is a popular destination for whitewater rafting and kayaking. It is the southernmost major river system in the Sierra Nevada, and is the only major river in the Sierra that drains in a southerly direction.

La rivière est une rivière américaine de qui coule en Californie dans le sud de la Sierra Nevada. Nourrie par les chutes de neige sur les hauts sommets, elle traverse de nombreux canyons, réputés pour la pratique du rafting et du kayak.


Development.

Sunnyside of the late 19th and early 20th century was a suburb of houses and mansions. Esselen street was named after Ewald Auguste Esselen, the State Attorney of the South African Republic from 1894 to 1895. Since 2012 the street has been renamed to Robert Sobukwe street. The character of the suburb changed with the influx of mainly Afrikaners to Pretoria during the middle to late 20th century, when blocks of high-rise flats transformed the western section. The one time house of the writer and poet Jan F. E. Celliers however survived until 1970.  The suburb now consists mostly of high density residential developments, which in the 21st century ranges from reasonably upmarket to dilapidated. Esselen street is flanked by a strip of retail businesses, restaurants and clubs. The day time street scene is very busy, with heavy pedestrian traffic and hawkers peddling food or wares on street corners. Student residences or communes and residential houses are situated in the quieter eastern part. Like much of the inner city, this suburb's retail, entertainment and nightlife area has become less upmarket since the 1980s, and rundown and dirty in places.

Demographics.

The post-Apartheid era saw an influx of local and foreign people of different races to the high density residential areas, which they found affordable. Consequently a number of languages are now spoken here. The social evils of crime and substance abuse have necessitated beefed up security at all residences, the inhabitants of which are often living in impoverished conditions.

Sunnyside is one of the oldest suburbs of the city of Pretoria, South Africa. The well-established area is situated east of Nelson Mandela drive (and the Apies River), adjacent to Pretoria Central.

Sunnyside est le plus ancien faubourg de Pretoria, la capitale de l'Afrique du Sud. Situé à proximité de Pretoria Central, il fut baptisé "Sunnyside" en raison de sa situation sur le versant nord et ensoleillé de la crête de Bronberg.


Background.

"i" was produced by Los Angeles producer Rahki, who also produced the song "Institutionalized". Although the version of "i" that appears on the album is drastically different from the single release, both versions contain a sample of the song "That Lady" by The Isley Brothers. Lamar personally visited Isley Brothers' lead vocalist Ronald Isley to ask his permission to sample the song: "I actually had to go to St. Louis and get the blessings from Ronald Isley," he said. "That was a trip. We got in the studio and just vibed and talked about how things were back then and how they are now, and you can actually hear him on the record with a few ad-libs that he actually did. We got it on camera and things like that, it’s a beautiful thing." Isley also performs on the song "How Much a Dollar Cost?" with singer-songwriter James Fauntleroy.  The single cover for "i" features members of gangs the Bloods and the Crips forming a heart, on the subject of the cover art Lamar said in an interview with AMP Radio: "Where I'm from, there's a lot of gang culture and things like that, so instead of throwing on up gang signs, which we used to, I put a Blood and I put a Crip together and we’re throwing up hearts...sparking the idea of some type of change through music or through me because I go back to the city now and people give me the honor and respect that, you know, this kid can change a little bit something different that’s been going on in the community."  The song's title has a significant connotation. In "Hip Hop America", journalist Nelson George writes, "'i' is a powerful word in the vocabulary of the African American male," as it can be related to pride. While pride is one of the seven deadly sins, George's study explains how "this has been an invigorating source of self-empowerment," similar to the self-love Lamar preaches in his song.

Album version.

A different version of "i" was released for Lamar's third studio album "To Pimp a Butterfly". The version which appears on the album was produced in a way that emulates a live performance, as opposed to the clean production on the single. Also, during the third verse, the song is interrupted as an argument breaks out in the crowd to which Lamar is performing. After Lamar speaks to the crowd he proceeds to perform an a cappella verse which finishes the song.

Music video.

The video for the song premiered on Vevo and YouTube on November 4, 2014. It features cameos from singer Ron Isley and George Clinton. References are made to 2Pac and The Joker in the video. A short instrumental was played in the intro of the clip. The video is directed by Alexandre Moors.

Critical reception and awards.

"i" received critical acclaim from music critics. The track was placed at number ten on "Rolling Stone"s 50 Best Songs of 2014 list. "Billboard" listed "i" as the second best song of 2014. "i" also was placed at number 14 on "Spin"'s list of "The 101 Best Songs of 2014". In January 2015, "i" was ranked at number five on "The Village Voice"s annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll.  "i" was nominated for Outstanding Music Video and Outstanding Song at the 46th NAACP Image Award. The song received two nominations at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards and won both Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.

Chart performance.

The song debuted and peaked at number 39 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it his fourth top 40 hit in the US.

Usage in popular culture.

The song has been used in film trailers for "Top Five", "Dope", "How to Be Single", "The Intern", and "Roman J. Israel, Esq." In 2014, it was the official song for the NBA. It is featured in soundtrack for the 2018 video game Forza Horizon 4 as well.

"I" (stylized as “i”) is a song by American rapper Kendrick Lamar. It was released on September 23, 2014 as the lead single from Lamar's third studio album "To Pimp a Butterfly". The song utilizes music from "That Lady", written by and originally performed by R&B group The Isley Brothers, elements from which were re-recorded rather than being directly sampled from the original record. "i" won two awards at the 2015 Grammy Awards: Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.

i est une chanson de Kendrick Lamar sortie en 2014, single de l'album To Pimp a Butterfly et composé par Kendrick Duckworth, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, Ernie Isley, Christopher Jasper et Columbus Smith.


Life.

Krueger was born in Posen (now Poznań), then part of Prussia within the German Empire. Together with his parents, he fled back to Germany or was expelled from the Second Polish Republic in 1918 (after the Treaty of Versailles), and ever since held a deep-seated hatred for Polish people. He joined the SA Storm Division in 1929 at the age of twenty. Although his training was in agriculture Krueger rose rapidly in the SA ranks thanks to his dedication to Nazism. After the Nazi rise to power in January 1933, Krueger was appointed head of the Oranienburg concentration camp political division and distinguished himself by his ruthlessness. As a member of the SA he was made section head of the labour office in the camp after the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.  Krueger joined the Gestapo in 1939 after the invasion of Poland and soon relocated to Kraków in the semi-colonial General Government. His long Nazi past helped him acquire a position with the "Kommandateur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD" (KdS) as the director of the Sipo-SD School in the resort town of Zakopane, where the Polish Tatra Confederation members were tortured. He trained Ukrainian collaborators from Galicia, as future "Sipo-SD" personnel. Krueger's subsequent advancement came with the German invasion of the Soviet Union of 22 June 1941, when he joined the "Sonderkommando" z.b.V. (for special assignments) as deputy to Karl Eberhard Schöngarth. Soon later, he took part in the occupation of Lvov and on 12 October 1941 commanded the same men he trained in the Bloody Sunday massacre of Jews at Stanislau.  Hans Krueger (sometimes spelled Krüger) is not to be confused with Hans Krüger (1902–1971), an "SS" judge in occupied western Poland, even though their wartime activities and postwar careers were in many ways similar. The "judge" Krüger was "the terror of the Konitz prison" (Chojnice) issuing death sentences for the smallest (real or imagined) offenses. The "Gestapo" Krueger's operations in the south were a whole new ball game by modern standards, defined as crimes against humanity under international law.

Murder operations.

Krueger became a member of the "Einsatzkommando" killing squad on 29 June 1941, a week after the start of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. His SS unit, composed of 150 men, was formed by Karl Schöngarth, head of the Security Police in occupied Kraków. Krueger was one of the highest-ranking functionaries among them. He arrived at Lemberg (Lviv) on 2 July 1941 with his motorized detachment, welcomed by the Ukrainian guides and interpreters from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) who prepared the list of prominent targets for them. Two days later, Schöngarth and Krueger murdered forty university professors at the secluded "Wzgórza Wuleckie" hills.  The killings continued. Appointed Chief of the local Gestapo Office in Stanisławów, Krueger organized the execution of six hundred intellectuals on 2 August 1941 only one day after his arrival there. The same grave site in the forest called "Czarny Las" near Pawełcze village ("Pawelce"), was used on 15 August in the Black Forest ("Czarny Las") massacre of 200–300 prisoners, mostly teachers, civil servants and professors transported out of Gestapo jail in covered lorries by SIPO. On 6 October 1941 in nearby Nadworna some 2,000 Jews: men, women and children were murdered on Krueger's orders, marking the beginning of the Final Solution in the General Government months before the Wannsee Conference near Berlin put it in motion in 1942.<ref name="Eisen/Stark"></ref> One week later, on 12 October 1941 with the aid of the Orpo Reserve Police Battalion 133 from Lemberg and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police, Krueger organized the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews in Stanisławów, where most of the remaining Jewish population of the city was brought into a Jewish cemetery and shot continuously until after dark. Krueger took part in the killings. "Over the span of sixteen months (wrote historian Dieter Pohl), this small police station its staff at times numbering only twenty-five organized and implemented the shooting of some 70,000 Jews and the deportation of another 12,000 to death camps. Acts of such monstrous proportions are generally associated only with the large SS killing squads." The atrocities committed on his orders constituted the beginning of the "Holocaust by bullet" on the Eastern Front.

Postwar career.

Krueger was picked up in the Netherlands at the end of World War II and held in custody, but lied about his past and was released by the Dutch in November 1948 for lack of evidence. He settled in West Germany and made a living as a traveling salesman before starting his own firm. He claimed to be an antifascist, and entered politics. At this point, the two careers of "Hauptsturmführer" Krueger (or Krüger) from Gestapo born in 1909, and "Oberamtsrichter" Hans Krüger of CDU born in 1902, began to overlap.  In the 1950s, Krueger requested a position of a civil servant. His application was turned down by the German internal security agency. He began a career in party politics, and served as managing director of the FVP Party for the Muenster district. In 1949–56, he was a chairman of the Association of Germans from Berlin and Brandenburg. Krueger ran in the North Rhine-Westphalia State Assembly elections for the League of Eastern Expellees. However, his war crimes caught up with him. Due in part to his life in the public eye, he was questioned by the authorities. Six years later, in October 1965 a formal indictment against Krüger was issued by the Dortmund State Prosecutor's Office. In 1967 he was put on trial. Krueger admitted that he served as the Gestapo Chief in Stanisławów assuming incorrectly that no Jewish victims were left alive to confront him, until the Polish Countess Karolina Lanckorońska appeared at his trial, tortured by Gestapo at his headquarters, but spared execution thanks to family ransom. Krueger's trial lasted for two years during which he sparked outrage for his anti-Semitic outbursts. Another witness against him was William Tannenzapf, one of an estimated 1,500 Jews from Stanisławów who had initially survived the war.  Krueger was found guilty of multiple crimes and sentenced to life in prison. Krueger was never tried for the massacre of Lviv professors which took place elsewhere. Poland's official request for a separate trial was denied by the German prosecution on the grounds that Krueger had already received a life sentence and no extension was possible. He was released from prison in 1986 and died two years later, aged 78.

Hans Krueger (1 July 1909 – 8 February 1988) was a German captain of the Gestapo in occupied Poland during World War II, involved in organizing the string of massacres after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa behind the Curzon Line. His murderous rampage in the General Government territory against the ethnic Poles and the Polish Jews began with the massacre of Lviv professors in July 1941, which was followed by the Czarny Las massacre near Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) in August 1941, as well as the notorious Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews: men, women and children in October 1941, leading to the liquidation of the Stanisławów Ghetto a year later. Krueger (also spelled Krüger) was known as "the right man for the job" due to his Nazi fanaticism which earned him the seat of a city commandant in 1941 but also his brutality exhibited through hands-on participation in the killings.

Hans Krüger ( - ), de nationalité allemande, était un capitaine SS ("SS-Hauptsturmführer") qui occupa en 1941 et 1942, le poste de chef de l’antenne du KdS de Lemberg (Lviv) à Stanislau (Stanisławów) en Pologne occupée, aujourd'hui Ivano-Frankivsk en Ukraine. Il fut un des précurseurs de la Shoah par balles en Galicie orientale et à ce titre, responsable de nombreux massacres de masse à l’encontre de Juifs polonais et Polonais ethniques. En 1943 et 1944, il occupa le poste de chef de l’antenne du KdS de Dijon à Chalon-sur-Saône en France occupée. En Saône-et-Loire et dans la Nièvre, il se rendit coupable de nombreux crimes de guerre.


Early life and education.

Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim was born in the village of Surinam on 17 October 1959, to parents Hassenjee Gurib and Firdaus Durgauhee. She grew up in Plaine Magnien and completed her studies at the primary school in Saint-Patrice. She then moved to Mahébourg Loreto Convent, finishing her Higher School Certificate at Loreto convent Quatre Bornes before flying to England for her undergraduate degree in chemistry. She graduated from the University of Surrey in 1983 with a BSc degree in chemistry. After obtaining her PhD degree in organic chemistry at Exeter University, she returned home in 1987 to take employment at the University of Mauritius.

Career.

She worked as Managing Director of CIDP Research & Innovation (formerly Cephyr, Centre for Phytotherapy Research). Previously, she was a Professor with a personal chair in Organic Chemistry at the University of Mauritius (2001) and where she served successively as Dean of the Faculty of Science and Pro–Vice Chancellor (2004–2010). She also worked at the Mauritius Research Council as Manager for Research (1995–1997). She served as the Chairperson the International Council for Scientific Union – Regional Office for Africa (2011–2014). In 2015, her nomination for the Presidency of Mauritius, put forward by then-PM and fellow Militant Socialist Movement member Anerood Jugnauth, was unanimously approved by the Mauritian National Assembly. She resigned in 2018 amid a financial scandal during the prime ministership of Pravind Jugnauth. The office remains vacant as of June 2019; its powers are exercised by Acting President and incumbent Vice President Barlen Vyapoory, also a member of the Militant Socialist Movement.

Vice-chancellor appointment.

In December 2013 Dr. Gurib-Fakim made a complaint to the Mauritian Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) alleging religious discrimination in the consideration of her application for Vice Chancellor of the University of Mauritius (UoM). The EOC investigation found that this was not the case, but noted shortcomings in the selection process. The report cited the lack of clear criteria and mark sheets for evaluating candidates. Similarly, the last word went to Professor Jugessur, then president of the Council of the UoM if tiebreak.  Gurib-Fakim eventually left her position as Professor at the University to open her own science center known as CIDP Research & Innovation where she is the Managing Director.

Personal life.

In 1988, she married Dr. Anwar Fakim who is a surgeon. She has two children; a son and a daughter. She is currently resident of the town of Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius. She lives with her husband, children and her elderly parents.

Controversies.

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim officially resigned from the position of President of Mauritius on 23 March 2018 after the 50th anniversary of independence celebrations. This resignation was mainly due to conflicts on interest and allegations arising from her involvement as Director of private organisation Planet Earth Institute (PEI), private expenditures on a credit card and holiday trips financed by PEI, given the involvement of PEI's controversial founder and businessman Álvaro Sobrinho. Ameenah Gurib Fakim also requested that the Financial Services Commission (FSC) issue a banking license to Álvaro Sobrinho.

Honours and awards.

Honours.

Awards.

Gurib-Fakim has also been the recipient of various international awards including the L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science (2007), Laureate for the National Economic and Social Council (2007), the CTA / NEPAD / AGRA / RUFORUM for ‘African Women in Science’ and the African Union Award for Women in Science. She was also made Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean (CSK) by President Anerood Jugnauth in 2008 for her contribution in the education and the scientific sector. She was awarded the Order of the ‘Chevalier de l’Ordre des Palmes Academiques’ by the Government of France in 2009. Upon becoming President, she was automatically elevated to the highest civilian award of Grand Commander of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean (GSCK).

Bibi Ameenah Firdaus Gurib-Fakim (born 17 October 1959) is a Mauritian politician and biodiversity scientist who served as the 6th President of Mauritius from 2015 to 2018. In December 2014, she was selected to be the presidential candidate of the Alliance Lepep. After Kailash Purryag resigned on 29 May 2015, both Prime Minister Sir Anerood Jugnauth and Leader of the Opposition Paul Berenger positively welcomed her nomination, which was unanimously approved in a vote in the National Assembly.

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, née le à Surinam (Maurice), est une chimiste et femme d'État mauricienne, présidente de la République du au.


Career.

Owen was born in Liverpool. His father, Sidney Owen, was a Welshman from Dolgellau, North Wales, and his mother, Ruth, was from Holyhead, but of Irish descent. Alun Owen attended St Michael in the Hamlet Anglican Primary School and Oulton High School. For two years during the Second World War, he worked in a coal mine as a "Bevin Boy", before moving into repertory theatre as an assistant stage manager. From there he moved into acting, first with the Birmingham Repertory Company and then various other companies, appearing in small roles in films and to a greater degree in the newer medium of television during the 1950s.  By the late 1950s, however, Owen was beginning to realise that his real ambitions lay in writing rather than performing, and he began to submit scripts to BBC Radio. His first full-length play, "Progress to the Park", was produced by the Theatre Royal, Stratford East following its radio debut, and later in the West End.  A second play, "The Rough and Ready Lot", received its stage debut on 1 June 1959 in a production by the 59 Theatre Company at the Lyric Opera House, Hammersmith directed by Caspar Wrede and with a cast including Ronald Harwood, June Brown, Jack MacGowran, Patrick Allen, and Alan Dobie. It was adapted for television by Charles Lawrence and broadcast by the BBC in September 1959 with the original cast, having previously been heard on the Third Programme.  His next play was his first to be written directly for television. Titled "No Trams to Lime Street" (1959), the Liverpool-set piece was presented in ABC Television's "Armchair Theatre" anthology strand, for which Owen continued to write plays into the 1960s. He also made his feature film scriptwriting debut in 1960, penning "The Criminal" from a storyline originally by Jimmy Sangster.  In 1961, Owen won both the Guild of Television Producers and Directors' Writer's Award and Scriptwriter's Award.  In 1964, when director Richard Lester was hired to direct The Beatles' first film, he remembered Owen from their previous work together on Lester's ITV television programme "The Dick Lester Show" in 1955. The Beatles were keen on Owen, impressed with his depiction of Liverpool in "No Trams to Lime Street"; Owen spent some time associating with the band's four members to gain an ear for their characters and manners of speech. His resulting script for "A Hard Day's Night" earned him a nomination for the 1965 Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay. In the same year, Owen contributed the libretto for a West End musical, composer Lionel Bart's "Maggie May". The show ran for 501 performances at London's Adelphi Theatre.  Television continued to be his main medium, however, and he concentrated on single plays in anthology series such as BBC2's "Theatre 625". An episode of ITV's "Saturday Night Theatre", three linked plays under the title "The Male of the Species" (1969).  His 1974 play "Lucky" was a rare television representation of Britain's new multicultural reality and described a young black man's (Paul Barber), search for identity. He carried on writing for television through the 1970s and 1980s, with his final produced work being an adaptation of R. F. Delderfield's novel "Come Home, Charlie, and Face Them" for ITV in 1990.

Death.

Owen died in London in 6 December 1994 at the age of 69.

Legacy.

A festival was held in Owen's honour from 19–21 October 2006 in Liverpool, arranged by the Merseyside Welsh Heritage Society. A lecture in English on Owen and the Liverpool Welsh was delivered by Dr D. Ben Rees, Chairman of the Society, and in Welsh by Dr Arthur Thomas of University of Liverpool on his life and work. These lectures were published in book form in 2007.

Alun Davies Owen (24 November 1925 – 6 December 1994) was a Welsh screenwriter and actor predominantly active in television. However, he is best remembered by a wider audience for writing the screenplay of The Beatles' debut feature film "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Alun Owen, de son vrai nom Alun Davies Owen, est un acteur et scénariste britannique né le à Menai Bridge (Pays de Galles) et mort le à Londres (Angleterre).


Description.

The holotype is MN 7019-V (earlier CB-PV-F-O93), from the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group. This fossil, a single skull with a length of 57 centimetres, was discovered on the Araripe plateau in northeastern Brazil. It was traded to Italy in 1983 and bought by Borgomanero for his collection. The skull is severely damaged, especially on the top, and was perhaps reconstructed by the fossil dealer.  As shown by a later preparation by the Brazilian Museu Nacional, in the first preparation many serious mistakes were made. The fronts of the snout and of the lower jaws were confused leading to a reconstruction in which the anterior part of the head was upside down. The teeth were extensively restored and enlarged until the wider front of the jaws showed very large and robust teeth projecting outwards, forming a sort of "rosette". This kinked upper jaw and its interlocking teeth suggested a piscivourous diet, allowing the animal to keep hold of slippery fish. No crests seemed to be present. The new preparation made clear that a crest was present on the snout and that the rosette was a lot smaller. Many details were discovered that were useful in determining the phylogenetic position of "Cearadactylus".  The wingspan of "Cearadactylus" was by the describers estimated to have been around, with a weight of perhaps. Peter Wellnhofer in 1991 estimated a wingspan of 5.5 metres (18 ft).  Leonardi did abstain from assigning the genus to a family. Wellnhofer created a special family Cearadactylidae, but this concept is no longer used. In 2000 Alexander Kellner concluded that it was related to, but lacking a crest not part of, the Anhangueridae within a larger Pteranodontoidea "sensu" Kellner. In 2002 David Unwin however stated it was a highly deviant member of Ctenochasmatidae. In 2010 Kellner entered the new information into three existing databases of pterosaur features, to calculate through cladistic analysis the position of "Cearadactylus" in the phylogenetic tree. Although the three resulting trees differed, all had in common that "Cearadactylus" was close to the Anhangueridae.

Classification.

Below is a cladogram showing the results of a phylogenetic analysis presented by Andres "et al.", 2014. The cladogram below is a topology by Pêgas "et al." (2019). In the analyses, they recovered a different set, and contrary to the topology of Andres "et al." in 2014 which placed "Cearadactylus" as a basal member of Anhangueria, Pêgas "et al." placed this genus within the family Anhangueridae and sister taxon of "Maaradactylus" instead.

"Cearadactylus" "ligabuei".

In 1993 Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia named a second species, "Cearadactylus ligabuei". The specific name honours Giancarlo Ligabue, the director of the Centro Sudi Ricerche Ligabue in Venice. It is based on holotype CCSRL 12692/12713, again a heavily damaged crestless skull, 403 millimetres long. The skull consists of two pieces, the front and the back part, glued together by fossil traders; it is uncertain whether they belong to the same individual or indeed to the same species. Dalla Vecchia was himself not convinced the new species in fact belonged to "Cearadactylus", but the skull was not sufficiently unique to base its own genus on yet still too different from known species to be assigned to them, so he created a new species for the genus the fossil most resembled. Later authors have consistently denied the identity referring to the taxon as "Cearadactylus" "ligabuei".  Dalla Vecchia estimated the wingspan at six metres; Kellner, pointing out that the skull is not larger than the "C. atrox" holotype, at five metres at the most. Dalla Vecchia assigned "C. ligabuei" to the Cearadactylidae. Kellner concluded it was probably a member of Anhangueridae; Unwin in 2002 even named it "Anhanguera ligabuei". Steel "et al." (2005) suggested it was a "Coloborhynchus ligabuei".

Cearadactylus is a genus of large Early Cretaceous (Albian) pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation of Brazil, South America. The only known species is Cearadactylus atrox, described and named in 1985 by Giuseppe Leonardi and Guido Borgomanero. The name refers to the Brazilian state Ceará and combines this with Greek "daktylos", "finger", a reference to the wing finger of pterosaurs. The Latin "atrox" means "frightful", a reference to the fearsome dentition of the species.

Cearadactylus est un genre de ptérosaure de grande taille vivant au Crétacé inférieur en Amérique du Sud. La seule espèce connue est Cearadactylus atrox, décrite et nommée en 1985 par Giuseppe Leonardi et Guido Borgomanero. Elle mesurait environ d'envergure pour un poids de. Cependant, Peter Wellnhofer a estimé qu'elle aurait pu atteindre d'envergure.