Origin.

Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle described the language in 1880: C'est le latin arrangé par Linné à l'usage des descriptions et, j'oserai dire, à l'usage de ceux qui n'aiment ni les complications grammaticales, ni les phrases disposées sens desus dessous." (Quoted by W. T. Stearn) [It is the Latin chosen by Linnaeus for the purpose of descriptions, and, I dare to say, for the use of those who love neither grammatical complications nor phrases arranged with senses on top of one another.]  De Candolle estimated that to learn Botanical Latin would take three months' work for an English speaker not already familiar with any language of Latin origin, and one month for an Italian.  William T. Stearn wrote: Botanical Latin is best described as a modern Romance language of special technical application, derived from Renaissance Latin with much plundering of ancient Greek, which has evolved, mainly since 1700 and primarily through the work of Carl Linnaeus (1707–78), to serve as an international medium for the scientific naming of plants in all their vast numbers and manifold diversity. These include many thousands of plants unknown to the Greeks and Romans of classical times and for which names have had to be provided as a means of reference. Their description necessitates the recording of structures often too small for comprehension by the naked eye, hence unknown to the ancients and needing words with precise restricted applications foreign to classical Latin.

Orthography of taxon names.

Latin names of organisms are generally used in English without alteration, but some informal derivatives are used as common names. For example, the -"idae" ending of subclass names is changed to -ids (e.g., "Rosidae" produces rosids); the subfamily ending -"oideae" is changed to -oids (e.g., "Papilionoideae" produces papilionoids). The -ids common names have, however also been adopted as rankless clade names, sometimes containing further -ids clade names, so that, for example, in the APG IV classification, rosids contain both fabids and malvids. More extensive modifications to the spelling and pronunciation are routinely used in some other languages. French organism names are usually gallicized. For example: "Chlorophyceae" becomes Chlorophycées; "Portulacineae" becomes Portulacinées.

Alphabet.

The Classical Latin alphabet consisted of 21 letters, to which w, y, and z were later added, and the vowel/consonant pairs i and j, u and v, were later separated. This 26-letter alphabet is used for taxon names in Botanical Latin. Diacritics are not used in names, and a dieresis is considered an optional mark that does not affect spelling.

English pronunciation.

Some English speakers, and some speakers of other languages, use the reconstructed pronunciation guide for Classical Latin when speaking Botanical Latin. Latin names pronounced by gardeners and English botanists usually follow a system close to English. It differs greatly from Classical pronunciation, and also from Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation (which is based on Italian, and has, for example, "c" before "i" or "e" pronounced as "ch").  Every vowel is pronounced, except diphthongs, which are treated as single long vowels. In classical Latin words of several syllables the stress falls on the syllable next to the last one (the penultimate) when this syllable is long... e.g., "for-mō'-sus", or when two consonants separate the two last vowels, e.g., "cru-ěn'-tus"... on the last syllable but two (the antepenultimate) when the last but one is short, e.g. "flō-ri-dus".  "These rules cannot satisfactorily be applied to all generic names and specific epithets commemorating persons. About 80 per cent of generic names and 30 per cent of specific epithets come from languages other than Latin and Greek. A simple and consistent method of pronouncing them does not exist."  The rules also create difficulties with the -"ii" and -"iae" endings derived from personal names, because the stress falls in a place that is not usual for those names.

Traditional English pronunciation.

The following table is simplified from Stearn 1992. The pronunciation transcriptions for medical terminology in major medical dictionaries, such as "Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary" and "Stedman's Medical Dictionary", match these values.

Botanical Latin is a technical language based on New Latin, used for descriptions of botanical taxa. Until 2012, International Code of Botanical Nomenclature mandated Botanical Latin to be used for the descriptions of most new taxa. It is still the only language other than English accepted for descriptions. The names of organisms governed by the Code also have forms based on Latin.

En botanique, comme dans d’autres sciences dites « naturelles », l’usage du latin existe sans discontinuer depuis que Carl von Linné, en 1753, a mis au point ce que nous appelons désormais « la nomenclature binominale ».


Summary.

Lázaro is a boy of humble origins from Salamanca. After his stepfather is accused of thievery, his mother asks a wily blind beggar to take on Lazarillo (little Lázaro) as his apprentice. Lázaro develops his cunning while serving the blind beggar and several other masters, while also learning to take on his father's practice.  Table of contents:  <nowiki>*</nowiki>(or "treatise")

Importance as a novella.

Besides its importance in the Spanish literature of the Golden Age, "Lazarillo de Tormes" is credited with founding a literary genre, the picaresque novel, from the Spanish word "pícaro", meaning "rogue" or "rascal." In novels of this type, the adventures of the "pícaro" expose injustice while amusing the reader. This extensive genre includes Cervantes' "Rinconete y Cortadillo" and "El coloquio de los perros", Henry Fielding's "Tom Jones" and Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Its influence extends to twentieth century novels, dramas and films featuring the "anti-hero".

Prohibition.

"Lazarillo de Tormes" was banned by the Spanish Crown and included in the "Index of Forbidden Books" of the Spanish Inquisition; this was at least in part due to the book's anti-clerical flavor. In 1573, the Crown allowed circulation of a version which omitted Chapters 4 and 5 and assorted paragraphs from other parts of the book. An unabridged version did not appear in Spain until the nineteenth century. It was the Antwerp version that circulated throughout Europe, translated into French (1560), English (1576), Dutch (after the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries revolted against Spain in 1579), German (1617), and Italian (1622). Spanish first edition title pages in 1554 of" Lazarillo de Tormes".

Literary significance and criticism.

The primary objections to "Lazarillo" had to do with its vivid and realistic descriptions of the world of the pauper and the petty thief. The "worm's eye view" of society contrasted sharply with the more conventional literary focus on superhuman exploits recounted in chivalric romances such as the hugely popular "Amadís de Gaula". In Antwerp, it followed the tradition of the impudent trickster figure "Till Eulenspiegel".  "Lazarillo" introduced the picaresque device of delineating various professions and levels of society. A young boy or young man or woman describes masters or "betters" with ingenuously presented realistic details. But Lazarillo speaks of "the blind man," "the squire," "the pardoner," presenting these characters as types.  Significantly, the only named characters are Lazarillo and his family: his mother Antoña Pérez, his father Tomé Gonzáles, and his stepfather El Zayde. The surname "de Tormes" comes from the river Tormes. In the narrative, Lazarillo explains that his father ran a mill on the river, where he was literally born on the river. The Tormes runs through Lazarillo's home town, Salamanca, a Castilian-Leonese university city. (There is an old mill on the river, and a statue of Lazarillo and the blind man next to the Roman bridge ["puente romano"] in the city.)  Lazarillo is the diminutive of the Spanish name Lázaro. There are two appearances of the name Lazarus in the Bible, and not all critics agree as to which story the author was referring when he chose the name. The more well-known tale is in John 11:41–44, in which Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead. The second is in Luke 16:19–31, a parable about a beggar named Lazarus at the gate of a stingy rich man's house.  In contrast to the fancifully poetic language devoted to fantastic and supernatural events about unbelievable creatures and chivalric knights, the realistic prose of "Lazarillo" described suppliants purchasing indulgences from the Church, servants forced to die with their masters on the battlefield (as Lazarillo's father did), thousands of refugees wandering from town to town, poor beggars flogged away by whips because of the lack of food. The anonymous author included many popular sayings and ironically interpreted popular stories.  The Prologue with Lázaro's extensive protest against injustice is addressed to a high-level cleric, and five of his eight masters in the novel serve the church. "Lazarillo" attacked the appearance of the church and its hypocrisy, though not its essential beliefs, a balance not often present in following picaresque novels.  Besides creating a new genre, "Lazarillo de Tormes" was critically innovative in world literature in several aspects:

Reference in "Don Quixote".

In his book "Don Quixote", Cervantes introduces a gypsy thief called Ginés de Pasamonte who claims to be a writer (and who later in Part II masquerades as a puppeteer while on the run). Don Quixote interrogates this writer about his book:

Social criticism.

The author criticises many organisations and groups in his book, most notably the Catholic Church and the Spanish aristocracy.  These two groups are clearly criticised through the different masters that Lazarillo serves. Characters such as the Cleric, the Friar, the Pardoner, the Priest and the Archbishop all have something wrong either with them as a person or with their character. The self-indulgent cleric concentrates on feeding himself, and when he does decide to give the "crumbs from his table" to Lazarillo, he says, "toma, come, triunfa, para tí es el mundo" "take, eat, triumph – the world is yours" a clear parody of a key communion statement.  In the final chapter, Lazarillo works for an Archpriest, who arranges his marriage to the Archpriest's maid. It is clear that Lazarillo's wife cheats on him with the Archpriest, and all vows of celibacy are forgotten.  In Chapter 3, Lazarillo becomes the servant of a Squire. The Squire openly flaunts his wealth despite not being able to feed himself, let alone Lázaro. This is a parody of the importance of having a strong image among the nobility.

Authorship.

The identity of the author of "Lazarillo" has been a puzzle for nearly four hundred years. Given the subversive nature of "Lazarillo" and its open criticism of the Catholic Church, it is likely that the author chose to remain anonymous out of fear of religious persecution.  Neither the author nor the date and place of the first appearance of the work is known. It appeared anonymously; and no author's name was accredited to it until 1605, when the Hieronymite monk José de Sigüenza named as its author Fray Juan de Ortega. Two years later, it was accredited by the Belgian Valère André to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza. In 1608, André Schott repeated this assertion, although less categorically. Despite these claims, the assignment of the work to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was generally accepted, until Alfred Paul Victor Morel-Fatio, in 1888, demonstrated the untenability of that candidate. The earliest known editions are the four of Alcalá de Henares, Antwerp, Medina del Campo, and Burgos, all of which appeared in 1554. Two continuations (or second parts) appeared – one, anonymously, in 1555, and the other, accredited to H. Luna, in 1620.  There has been some suggestion that the author was originally of Jewish extraction, but in 1492 had had to convert to Catholicism to avoid being expelled from Spain; that might explain the animosity towards the Catholic Church displayed in the book. Apart from the chronological difficulties this hypothesis presents, Catholic criticism of Catholic clergy, including the Pope, had had a long and even reputable tradition that can be seen in the works of famous Catholic writers such as Chaucer, Dante or Erasmus.  Documents recently discovered by the Spanish paleographer Mercedes Agulló support the hypothesis that the author was, in fact, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza.

Sequels.

In 1555, only a year after the first edition of the book, a sequel by another anonymous author was attached to the original "Lazarillo" in an edition printed in Antwerp, Low Countries. This sequel is known as "El Lazarillo de Amberes", Amberes being the Spanish name for Antwerp.  Lázaro leaves his wife and child with the priest, in Toledo, and joins the Spanish army in their campaign against the Moors. The ship carrying the soldiers sinks, but before it does, Lázaro drinks as much wine as he can. His body is so full of wine that there is no place for the water to enter him, and by that means he survives under the sea. Threatened by the tuna fish there, Lázaro prays for mercy and is eventually metamorphosized into a tuna himself. Most of the book tells about how Lázaro struggles to find his place in tuna society.  In 1620, another sequel, by Juan de Luna, appeared in Paris. In the prologue, the narrator (not Lázaro himself but someone who claims to have a copy of Lázaro's writings) tells the reader that he was moved to publish the second part of Lázaro's adventures after hearing about a book which, he alleges, had falsely told of Lázaro being transformed into a tuna (obviously a disparaging reference to "Lazarillo de Amberes").

Non-literary influence.

Because of Lazarillo's first adventures, the Spanish word "" has taken on the meaning "guide", as to a blind person. Consequently, in Spanish a guide dog is still informally called a "perro lazarillo", as it was called before "perro guía" became common.

The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities ( ) is a Spanish novella, published anonymously because of its anticlerical content. It was published simultaneously in three cities in 1554: Alcalá de Henares, Burgos and Antwerp. The Alcalá de Henares edition adds some episodes which were probably written by a second author. It is most famous as the book establishing the style of the picaresque satirical novel.

La Vie de Lazarillo de Tormes (en ) est un récit en langue espagnole publié anonymement en 1554 à Burgos, Alcalá de Henares, Anvers et Medina del Campo (cette dernière édition a été découverte en 1997). Il est considéré comme le premier roman picaresque.


Development of the style.

Molas have their origin in body painting. Only after colonization by the Spanish and contact with missionaries did the Guna start to transfer their traditional geometric designs on fabric, first by painting directly on the fabric and later by using the technique of reverse appliqué. It is not known for certain when this technique was first used. It seems to have originated in the second half of the nineteenth century.  As an inspiration for their designs, the Guna first used the geometrical patterns which have been used for body painting before. In the past 50 years, they have also depicted realistic and abstract designs of flowers, sea animals and birds, and popular culture.  Depending on the tradition of each island, Guna women begin the crafting of molas either after they reach puberty, or at a much younger age. Women who prefer to dress in western style are in the minority as well as in the communities in Panama City.  Molas have such an importance for the Guna people and their traditional identity that they can be considered responsible for the independent status of the Comarca Guna Yala. After the attempt of the Panamanian government to "westernize" the Guna in the beginning of the 20th century by prohibiting their customs, their language and their traditional dress, a huge wave of resistance arose. This resistance movement culminated in the Guna revolution of 1925 where, after heavy battles, the Panamanian government gave the Guna people the right to govern their own territory autonomously.

Construction.

Molas are hand-made using a reverse appliqué technique. Several layers (usually two to seven) of different-colored cloth (usually cotton) are sewn together; the design is then formed by cutting away parts of each layer. The edges of the layers are then turned under and sewn down. Often, the stitches are nearly invisible. This is achieved by using a thread the same color as the layer being sewn, sewing blind stitches, and sewing tiny stitches. The finest molas have extremely fine stitching, made using tiny needles. The largest pattern is typically cut from the top layer, and progressively smaller patterns from each subsequent layer, thus revealing the colors beneath in successive layers. This basic scheme can be varied by cutting through multiple layers at once, hence varying the sequence of colours; some molas also incorporate patches of contrasting colours, included in the design at certain points to introduce additional variations of color.  Molas vary greatly in quality, and the pricing to buyers varies accordingly. A greater number of layers is generally a sign of higher quality; two-layer molas are common, but examples with four or more layers will demand a better price. The quality of stitching is also a factor, with the stitching on the best molas being close to invisible. Although some molas rely on embroidery to some degree to enhance the design, those which are made using only the pure reverse-appliqué technique (or nearly so) are considered better.  Molas will often be found for sale with signs of use, such as stitch marks around the edges; such imperfections indicate that the mola was made for use, and not simply for sale to tourists. A mola can take from two weeks to six months to make, depending on the complexity of the design.

Molas in Guna Culture.

The traditional costume of a Guna woman consists of a patterned blue cotton wrapped skirt, red and yellow headscarf, arm and leg beads, gold nose rings and earrings and the many layered and finely sewn mola panel blouse.  The artistry of a mola reflects a synthesis of traditional Guna culture with the influences of the modern world. Mola art developed when Guna women had access to store bought yard goods. Mola designs are often inspired by modern graphics such as political posters, labels, pictures from books and TV cartoons, as well as traditional themes from Guna legends and culture.  Geometric molas are the most traditional, having developed from ancient body painting designs. Many hours of careful sewing are required to create a fine mola. The ability to make an outstanding mola is a source of status among Guna women.  The quality of a mola is determined by such factors as  When Guna women tire of a particular blouse, they disassemble it and sell the molas to collectors.  Since mola panels have been worn as part of the traditional dress of a Guna woman they often show signs of wear such as fading and stitch marks along the edges of the panels. These "imperfections" indicate that the mola is authentic and not made solely to be sold to tourists.  Molas are often sold in pairs, the pair consisting of the back and front panels of a blouse. The two molas are usually two variations on a theme. Matched molas complement each other and should be displayed or used together for the greatest impact.  Mola panels have many uses. They can be framed as art or made into pillows, place mats or wall hangings. Some people even make them into bedspreads or incorporate them into quilting projects.  Molas are very sturdy and well sewn. Authentic molas have already been washed many times and can be safely hand washed in warm water.  Molas may be purchased in Panama or in Colombia.  The mola blouse is an important symbol of Guna culture.

The "Mola", or "Molas", is a hand-made textile that forms part of the traditional women's clothing of the Kuna people from Panamá and parts of Colombia. The full costume includes a patterned wrapped skirt (saburet), a red and yellow headscarf (musue), arm and leg beads (wini), a gold nose ring (olasu) and earrings in addition to the mola blouse (dulemor).

Le mola, ou "mor" (pluriel "molakana") est une sculpture sur tissus produite traditionnellement par les femmes amérindiennes Cuna, ou Kuna, (c'est le nom que leur donnent les étrangers) du peuple Tulé (c'est le nom que ce peuple se donne lui-même), peuple vivant, pour l'essentiel, sur le territoire autonome de Guna Laya à Panama. D'autres petits groupes Cunas vivent à Panama dans l'isthme de Darién, en Colombie, à l'embouchure du fleuve Atrato.


Structure.

The members of the General Assembly elect the members who occupy the UNHRC's 47 seats. The term of each seat is three years, and no member may occupy a seat for more than two consecutive terms. The seats are distributed among the UN's regional groups as follows: 13 for Africa, 13 for Asia, six for Eastern Europe, eight for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), and seven for the Western European and Others Group (WEOG). The previous CHR had a membership of 53 elected by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) through a majority of those present and voting.  The General Assembly can suspend the rights and privileges of any Council member that it decides has persistently committed gross and systematic violations of human rights during its term of membership. The suspension process requires a two-thirds majority vote by the General Assembly. The resolution establishing the UNHRC states that "when electing members of the Council, Member States shall take into account the contribution of candidates to the promotion and protection of human rights and their voluntary pledges and commitments made thereto", and that "members elected to the Council shall uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights".

Sessions.

The UNHRC holds regular sessions three times a year, in March, June, and September.  The UNHRC can decide at

Members.

The Council consists of 47 members, elected yearly by the General Assembly for staggered three-year terms. Members are selected via the basis of

Directly responsible subsidiary bodies.

Universal Periodic Review Working Group.

An important component of the Council consists in a periodic review of all 193 UN member states, called the Universal Periodic Review (UPR).  The new mechanism is based on reports coming from different sources, one of them being contributions from non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Each country's situation will be examined during a three-and-a-half-hour debate.  The first cycle of the UPR took place between 2008 and 2011, the second cycle between 2012 and 2016, and the third cycle began in 2017 and is expected to be completed in 2021.  The General Assembly resolution establishing the Council, provided that "the Council shall review its work and functioning five years after its establishment". The main work

Advisory Committee.

The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights was the main subsidiary body of the CHR. The Sub-Commission was composed of 26 elected human rights experts whose mandate was to conduct studies on discriminatory practices and to make recommendations to ensure that racial, national, religious, and linguistic minorities are protected by law.  In 2006, the newly created UNHRC assumed responsibility for

Complaints procedure.

The UNHRC complaint procedure was established on 18 June 2007 (by UNHRC Resolution 5/1) for reporting of consistent patterns of gross and reliably attested violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms in any part of the world and under any circumstances.  The UNHRC has set up two working groups for its Complaint Procedure:  The Chairman of the WGC screens complaints for admissibility. A complaint must be in writing, and cannot be anonymous. Examples provided by the UNHRC of cases that would be considered consistent patterns of gross human rights violations include alleged deterioration of human rights of people belonging to a minority, including forced evictions, racial segregation and substandard living conditions, and alleged degrading situation of prison conditions for both detainees and prison workers, resulting in violence and death of inmates. Individuals, groups or NGOs can claim to be victims

Other subsidiary bodies.

In addition to the UPR, the Complaints Procedure and the Advisory Committee, the UNHRC's other subsidiary bodies include:

Special procedures.

"Special procedures" is the general name given to the mechanisms established by the Human Rights Council to gather expert observations and advice on human rights issues in all parts of the world. Special procedures are categorized as either thematic mandates, which focus on major phenomena of human rights abuses worldwide, or country mandates, which report on human rights situations in specific countries or territories. Special procedures can be either individuals (called "special rapporteurs" or "independent experts"), who are intended to be independent experts in a particular area of human rights, or working groups, usually composed of five members (one from each UN region). As of August 2017 there were 44 thematic and 12 country mandates.  The mandates of the special procedures are established and defined by the resolution creating them. Various activities can be undertaken by mandate-holders, including responding to individual complaints, conducting studies, providing advice on technical cooperation, and engaging in promotional activities. Generally the special procedures mandate-holders report to the Human Rights Council at least once a year on their findings.

Special procedures mandate-holders.

Mandate-holders of the special procedures serve in their personal capacity, and do not receive pay for their work. The independent status of the mandate-holders is crucial to be able to fulfill their functions in all impartiality. The OHCHR provides staffing and logistical support to aid each mandate-holders in carrying out their work.  Applicants for Special Procedures mandates are reviewed by a Consultative Group of five countries, one from each region. Following interviews

International response to election of Richard Falk as the Special Rapporteur on the "Occupied Palestinian Territories".

According to a UN press release, then Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity," arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective". According to "The Jewish Daily Forward" Falk said: "Is it

Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression.

The amendments to the duties of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, passed by the Human Rights Council on 28 March 2008, has given rise to sharp criticism from western countries and human rights NGOs. The additional duty is phrased thus: (quoted from p. 67 in the official draft record of the council). The amendment was proposed by Egypt and Pakistan and passed by 27 votes to 15 against, with three abstentions with the support of other members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, China, Russia and Cuba. As a result of the amendment over 20 of the original 53 co-sponsors of the main resolution – to renew the mandate of the Special Rapporteur – withdrew their support, although the resolution was carried by 32 votes to 0, with 15 abstentions. "Inter alia" the delegates from

Specific issues.

Myanmar.

In 2018, the UNHRC declared that six generals

Israel.

Overview.

As of 2018, Israel has been condemned in 78 resolutions by the Council since its creation in 2006—the Council has resolved more resolutions condemning Israel than the rest of the world combined. By April 2007, the Council had passed eleven resolutions condemning Israel, the only country which it had specifically condemned. Conversly, towards Sudan, a country with human rights abuses documented by the Council's working groups, it has expressed "deep concern".  The council voted on 30 June 2006 to make a review of alleged human rights abuses by Israel a permanent feature of every council session. The council's special rapporteur on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is its only expert mandate with no year of expiry. The resolution, which was sponsored by Organisation of the Islamic Conference, passed by a vote of 29 to 12 with five abstentions. Human Rights Watch urged it to look at international human rights and humanitarian law violations committed by Palestinian armed groups as well. Human Rights Watch called on the Council to avoid the selectivity that discredited its predecessor and urged it to hold special sessions on other urgent situations, such as that in Darfur.  The special rapporteur on the question of Palestine to the

2006 Lebanon conflict.

At its Second Special Session in August 2006, the Council announced the establishment of a High-Level Commission of Inquiry charged with probing allegations that Israel systematically targeted and killed Lebanese civilians during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. The resolution was passed by a vote of 27 in favour to 11 against, with 8 abstentions. Before and after the vote several member states and NGOs objected that by targeting the resolution solely

January 2008 decree.

UNHRC released a statement calling on Israel to stop its military operations in the Gaza Strip and to open the Strip's borders to allow the entry of food, fuel and medicine. UNHRC adopted the resolution by a vote of 30 to 1, with 15 states abstaining.  "Unfortunately, neither this resolution nor the current session addressed the role of both parties. It was regretful that the current draft resolution did not condemn the rocket attacks on Israeli civilians," said Canada's representative Terry Cormier, the lone voter against.  The United States and Israel boycotted the session. U.S. ambassador Warren Tichenor said the Council's unbalanced approach had "squandered its credibility" by failing to address continued rocket attacks

Gaza report.

On 3 April 2009, South African Judge Richard Goldstone was named as the head of the independent United Nations Fact-Finding Mission to investigate international human rights and humanitarian law violations related to the Gaza War. The Mission was established by Resolution S-9/1 of the United Nations Human Rights Council.  On 15 September 2009, the UN Fact-Finding mission released its report which found that there was evidence "indicating serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law were committed by Israel during the Gaza conflict, and that Israel committed actions amounting to war crimes, and possibly crimes against humanity". The mission also found that there was evidence that "Palestinian armed groups committed war crimes, as well as possibly crimes

March 2011 controversy.

At UNHRC's opening session in February 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton criticized the council's "structural bias" against the State of Israel: "The structural bias against Israel – including a standing agenda item for Israel, whereas all other countries are treated under a common item – is wrong. And it undermines the important work we are trying to do together."  An editorial in the "Jerusalem Post" subsequently revealed that UNHRC was "poised to adopt six resolutions... condemning Israel," noting that it was

Hosting of Hamas member.

In March 2012, the UNHRC was criticized for facilitating an event in the UN Geneva building featuring a Hamas politician. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu castigated the UNHRC's decision stating, "He represents an organization that indiscriminately targets children and grown-ups,

March 2012 criticism.

The United States urged UNHRC in Geneva to stop its anti-Israel bias. It took particular exception to the council's Agenda Item 7, under which at every session, Israel's human rights record is debated. No other country has a dedicated agenda item. The US Ambassador to UNHRC Eileen Chamberlain Donahoe said that the United States was deeply troubled by the "Council's biased and disproportionate focus on Israel." She said that the hypocrisy was further exposed in the Golan Heights resolution that was advocated by the Syrian regime at a time when it was murdering its own citizens.

Defamation of religion.

From 1999 to 2011, the CHR and

Climate change.

The Human Rights Council has adopted

Eritrea report.

In June 2015, a 500-page UNHRC report accused Eritrea's government of widespread human rights violations. These were alleged to include extrajudicial executions, torture, indefinitely prolonged national service and forced labour, and the report also indicated that sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude by state officials are widespread. "The Guardian" claimed that the report 'catalogues a litany of human rights violations by the "totalitarian" regime of

Yemen.

A report for the UNHRC says the United Arab Emirates

Candidacy issues.

Syria.

In July 2012, Syria announced that it would seek a UNHRC seat. This was while there was serious evidence (provided by numerous human rights organizations including the UN itself) that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad had authorised and funded the slaughter of thousands of civilians, with estimates

Sudan and Ethiopia.

In July 2012, it was reported that Sudan and Ethiopia were nominated for a UNHRC seat, despite being accused by human rights organizations of grave human rights violations. UN Watch condemned the move to nominate Sudan, pointing out that Sudan's President Omar Al-Bashir was indicted for genocide by the International Criminal Court. According to

Saudi Arabia.

In September 2015, Faisal bin Hassan Trad, Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the UN in Geneva, was elected Chair of the UNHRC Advisory Committee, the panel that appoints independent experts. UN Watch executive director Hillel Neuer said: "It is scandalous that the UN chose a country that has beheaded more people this year [2015] than ISIS

Country positions.

Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka came under increasing scrutiny in early 2012 after a presentation of a draft UNHRC resolution addressing their accountability with regard to their reconciliation activities, a resolution which was subsequently tabled by the United States. The original draft resolution from the United States noted the UNHRC "concern that the LLRC [Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission] report [did] not adequately address serious allegations of violations of international law". The UNHRC resolution then:  Sri Lankan Ambassador in Geneva Tamara Kunanayakam pointed out that 80% of the UNHRC's funding requirements are supplied by powerful nations such as the United States and its allies. Also, key positions in the UNHRC are mostly held by those who have served in the foreign services of such countries. Sri Lanka's position is that this fact is significantly detrimental to the impartiality of the UNHRC activities, especially when dealing with the developing world. As a result, Sri Lanka, along with Cuba and Pakistan, sponsored a resolution seeking transparency in funding and

United States.

In regard to the United Nations Human Rights Council, the position of the United States is: "human rights have been a cornerstone of American values since the country's birth and the United States is committed to support the work of the UN Commission in promoting the principles embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. U.S. President George W. Bush declared that the United States would not seek a seat on the Council, saying it would be more effective from the outside. He did pledge, however, to support the Council financially. State Department spokesman Sean McCormack said, "We will work closely with partners in the international community to encourage the council to address serious cases of human rights abuse in countries such as Iran, Cuba, Zimbabwe,

China.

On 1 April 2020, China joined the United Nations Human Rights Council.

China's Xinjiang policies.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Australia, Britain, Canada, France, Spain, Germany and Japan, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps. In reaction to this, 37 countries including Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, UAE, Sudan, DRC, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Russia, Angola, Algeria and Myanmar have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC praising China's "remarkable achievements in Xinjiang." In August 2019, Qatar told the UNHRC president that it decided to withdraw from the joint letter. Human rights activists praised Qatar's decision.

Western New Guinea.

In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of Tonga, Nauru, Palau, Tuvalu, the Solomon Islands and Marshall Islands raising human

Criticism.

The United States boycotted the UNHRC during the George W. Bush administration to protest the repressive states among its membership, but in March 2009 the Obama administration reversed that position and decided to "reengage" and seek a seat on the UNHRC. Beginning in 2009 however, with the United States taking a leading role in the organization, American commentators began to argue that the UNHRC was becoming increasingly relevant.  The UNHRC has been criticised for the repressive states among its membership. Countries with questionable human rights records that have served on the UNHRC include Cuba, Saudi Arabia, China, Indonesia and Russia.

Disproportional focus on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

The UNHRC has been accused of anti-Israel bias, a particular criticism being its focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict at each session as Agenda Item 7. The Council voted on 30 June 2006 to make a review of alleged human rights abuses by Israel a permanent feature of every council session:  None of the nine other items deals exclusively with a specific conflict. The council's special rapporteur on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the council's only expert mandate with no year of expiry. The rapporteur between 2008 and 2014, Richard A. Falk, has been accused of being antisemitic.  UN Secretaries General Kofi Annan and Ban Ki-moon, former president of

Bloc voting.

A Reuters report in 2008 said that independent human rights groups say that UNHRC is being controlled by some Middle East and African nations, supported by China, Russia and Cuba, which protect each other from criticism. This drew criticism from the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon at the ineffectiveness of UNHRC, saying it had fallen short of its obligations. He urged countries to 'drop rhetoric' and rise above

Accountability program.

On 18 June 2007, one year after holding its first meeting, the UNHRC adopted its "Institution-building package", to guide it in its future work. Among its elements was the Universal Periodic Review, which assesses the human rights situations in all 193 UN member states. Another element is an "Advisory Committee", which serves as the UNHRC's "think tank" and provides it with expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues. A further element is a "Complaint

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world. The UNHRC has 47 members elected for staggered three-year terms on a regional group basis. The headquarters of UNHRC is in Geneva, Switzerland.

Le Conseil des droits de l'homme des Nations unies est depuis 2006 l'organe intergouvernemental principal des Nations unies sur toutes les questions relatives aux droits de l'homme.


Réserve naturelle des Sources des trois rivières

Sanjiangyuan Area.

The Sanjiangyuan Area covers the southern and eastern parts of Qinghai and has an area of about 363,000 km, 50.4% of Qinghai. Included in it wholly or partially are 18 counties of the four Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures Yushu, Guoluo, Hainan, and Haungnan, and Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The Sanjiangyuan Area’s population is about 600,000, 90% of which are Tibetan. 70% of the Sanjiangyuan Area’s population are considered to be ‘impoverished’, with the average income of about 2000 RMB (roughly $300) per person/year. Since animal husbandry is the primary source of income, and many people are nomadic, this figure does not reflect the actual standard of living in a largely non-cash economy. The Sanjiangyuan Area in general has no special legal status, and the term is used to indicate the region in which the three rivers arise, and the SNP exists.  The Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (SNNR) was a subarea of the Sanjiangyuan Area which covered an area of about 152,300 km, 21% of Qinghai, 42% of the Sanjiangyuan Area. It was larger than England and Wales combined. About 200,000 people traditionally live within the area that was covered by the SNNR. Resettlement efforts were made to resettle all nomads in Qinghai by 2011, but it is unclear as to the outcome of those efforts. The State Forestry Administration and the Qinghai government legally established the SNNR in May 2000. Its Management Bureau was founded September 2001, and the SNNR obtained State-level (national) status January 2003. The Management Bureau is in Xining, and is under the Qinghai Forest Bureau. Mr. Wang Zhibao, Director of the State Forest Administration, has said the goals of the nature reserve protect the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecosystem, with a focus on alpine swamp meadow and the natural habitat of wildlife in the Sanjiangyuan Area.  The SNNR consisted of 18 subareas. These are of three types: wetland conservation (8 subareas), wildlife conservation (3 subareas), and shrubland or forest conservation (7 subareas). Each SNNR subarea had three zones: a core zone; a buffer zone; and a multiple-use experimental zone. Residents from degraded areas are being resettled. The core zone was supposed to be strictly managed with no grazing and measures to protect endangered species. All development and use were prohibited. It was a ‘no man’s zone’, with all its residents resettled elsewhere.The buffer zone promoted conservation but allowed limited and rotational grazing. The multiple-use experimental zones were also be used for scientific investigations, eco-tourism, and other green industries.  The Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP), as of 2019, consists of an area of 123,100 km, which is only slightly smaller than England. It encompasses most of the southern half of Qinghai Province.  The predecessors to the zones on the SNNR map may be grazing zones which were part of the tuimu huancao, ‘converting pastures to grasslands’ program, which got its start in 2000. In this program there were three types of zones to address the problem of degraded pastures: zones in which grazing was permanently banned, zones in which grazing was to be banned for typically three to ten years, and zones which were seasonally closed to grazing or allowed seasonal rotational grazing. The implementation of four kinds of zones in Yushu and Guoluo prefectures also seem to provide a precedent, if these are not the SNNR map’s zones themselves described differently. The first two of these zones correspond to what is referred to on the SNNR map as the ‘core zone’, the third to the ‘buffer zone’, and the fourth to the ‘experimental zone’. In the third (i.e. buffer) zone there was to be a reduction in grazing or a ban on grazing for five or ten years, and in the fourth (i.e. experimental) zone there was to be rotational grazing to capacity.  Since the government also has a poverty reduction and a major project (e.g. dams) resettlement program, and plans to resettle all nomads by 2011, residents from the buffer and the experimental zones may be resettled under these programs rather than the ecological resettlement program.  The absolute and relative sizes, and the populations before resettlement, of the zones are:  The boundaries and characters of the zones are likely open to negotiation. For example, the Canadian mining company Inter-Citic’s Dachang gold prospect is in either a buffer or experimental zone (or both).  In addition, only the 3 functional subareas of the SNNR, those with protection stations, have definite boundaries. The other 15 subareas are more a plan for their final delineation. The three functional subareas are A'nimaqin, Suojia-Qumahe (2 stations, one in each Qumahe and Suojia), and Tongtian He.

Townships affected.

The SNNR is entirely in Qinghai. The following table lists the 71 townships which are wholly or partially in the SNNR.

Conservation subareas.

This table lists the names of the 18 conservation subareas and the counties they wholly or partially occupy.

Birds.

Tibetan snowcock, Tibetan partridge, mute swan, greylag goose, bar-headed goose, ruddy shelduck, mallard, spot-billed duck, common teal, common pochard, common merganser, hoopoe, Pacific swift, little owl, hill pigeon, red collared dove, black-necked crane, Tibetan sandgrouse, Chinese monal, common redshank, green sandpiper, common sandpiper, ibisbill, little ringed plover, lesser sand plover, Pallas's gull, brown-headed gull, common tern, black kite, bearded vulture, Himalayan vulture, cinereous vulture, common buzzard, upland buzzard, steppe eagle, golden eagle, greater spotted eagle, eastern imperial eagle, Pallas fish eagle, common kestrel, merlin, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, great crested grebe, little egret, grey heron, black stork, ground tit, red-billed chough, common raven, Sichuan jay, white-throated dipper, black redstart, Hodgson's redstart, Daurian redstart, white-winged redstart, white-capped water redstart, common starling, wallcreeper, sand martin, Asian house martin, white-browed tit warbler, Tibetan lark, Oriental skylark, horned lark, house sparrow, Eurasian tree sparrow, white-winged snowfinch, Tibetan snowfinch, white-rumped snowfinch, rufous-necked snowfinch, plain-backed snowfinch, white wagtail, citrine wagtail, Richard's pipit, alpine accentor, robin accentor, brown accentor, twite, Brandt's mountain finch, common rosefinch, streaked rosefinch, great rosefinch, red-fronted rosefinch.

Mammals.

Wolf, red fox, sand fox, brown bear, otter, alpine weasel, steppe polecat, Eurasian badger, Pallas's cat, common leopard, lynx, snow leopard, wild ass, alpine musk deer, wild yak, Tibetan antelope, Tibetan gazelle, white-lipped deer, blue sheep, Tibetan argali, Himalayan marmot, Tibetan hamster, black-lipped pika, large-eared pika, Glover's pika, woolly hare.

The Sanjiangyuan (), is an area of the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai province, China which contains the headwaters of three great rivers of Asia: the Yellow, the Yangtze, and the Mekong. Parts of the area were protected as the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve (SNNR), also called the Three Rivers Nature Reserve. The reserve consisted of 18 subareas, and each contained three zones which were managed with differing degrees of strictness. In 2015, the Chinese government decided to implement a new national park system, and created Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP), which is set to open officially in 2020.

Au centre-ouest de la Chine, dans la préfecture autonome tibétaine de Yushu de la province de Qinghai, naissent trois des plus grands fleuves chinois :


Description.

As one firearms manufacturer notes:  Sear: A sharp bar, resting in a notch (or in British: "bent") in a hammer (or in British: "tumbler"), holding the hammer back under the tension of the mainspring. When the trigger is pulled, the sear moves out of its notch, releasing the hammer and firing the gun.  The term "sear" is sometimes incorrectly used to describe a complete trigger group.  Within a trigger group, any number of sears may exist. For example, a Ruger Blackhawk single-action revolver contains one for releasing the hammer. A Ruger Redhawk double/single-action revolver contains two, one for single-action release and the other for double-action release. A Browning BLR rifle contains three sears, all used simultaneously for hammer release. On many select-fire rifles two sears exist, one for semi-automatic fire and the second for full-automatic fire. In this case, the selector switch disengages one over the other.  Trigger sears are a key component for trigger pull characteristics. Larger sears create creep while shorter ones produce a crisp pull. Aftermarket trigger companies, such as Bold, Timney, and Jewell, produce products in which sear contact is adjustable for personal preference. When a gunsmith does a "trigger job" to improve the quality and release of a trigger pull, most often the work includes modifying the sear, such as polishing, lapping, etc.  The sear on many firearms is often connected to a disconnector, which, after a cycle of semi-automatic fire has proceeded, keeps the hammer in place until the trigger is released and the sear takes over. Many firearms, such as the M1911 pistol, use a notch in the slide of the handgun that the top end of the disconnector returns to after the trigger is released. When the trigger is still under pressure by the firearm operator, the disconnector will not retract to its resting position. On other handguns, such as the Series 80 version of the M1911, a firing pin block acts as an internal safety, which is disengaged by the disconnector after the trigger is pulled. However, because of the spring tension placed on the disconnector by the firing pin block, the weight of the trigger pull is significantly increased.  Trigger pull is related to the interaction of the sear with the trigger and the spring. It can be measured, regulated and adjusted, but it is a complicated mechanical problem.

History.

The sear has been found on early weapons such as the crossbow.

In a firearm, the sear is the part of the trigger mechanism that holds the hammer, striker, or bolt back until the correct amount of pressure has been applied to the trigger, at which point the hammer, striker, or bolt is released to discharge the weapon. The sear may be a separate part or can be a surface incorporated into the trigger. Sear mechanisms are also frequently employed in archery release aids.

La gâchette est, dans le domaine des armes à feu, la pièce intermédiaire entre la détente (voir queue de détente) et le chien.


Album title.

Proof found inspiration in an unlikely person — the late jam rocker Jerry Garcia, saying to Rolling Stone Magazine: "I was watching "Searching for Bobby Fischer" and Mark Hicks (D12's manager) put in a Jerry Garcia documentary. In this movie, he talked about never doing the same show twice. I did that to D12 sets overseas. Plus, he didn't care about record sales — he just wanted to make fans happy."  The album was released August 9, 2005, the tenth anniversary of Garcia's death, on Proof's independent label, Iron Fist Records. "I called his estate, and I couldn't believe they gave me permission [to use the name]!" says the rapper. "They didn't ask for money. So I'm like a disciple, preaching the gospel of Jerry Garcia. The dude is phenomenal."  Besides Garcia, Proof also gives a shout-out to Nirvana's late frontman in Searching's closing track, "Kurt Kobain" [sic]. "The circumstances of Kurt's death are freaky to me. I don't think he killed himself," Proof says. "But I'm not trying to keep Elvis alive, and I'm not saying that Tupac is in Cuba."

Making the album.

Songs included on this album had been recorded as early as 2002. The original version of "72nd & Central" was available to download for free under the title "1x1" that year on his official site along with "Violence" and "Yzark", the latter appearing on I Miss the Hip Hop Shop. The original version "Clap Wit Me" was released in 2003 on a DJ Thoro mixtape. "Ali" was also released as a vinyl single in 2002 under the name "One, Two" with it also being included on The Electric Coolaid Acid Testing EP.

Commercial performance.

It debuted at number 65 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 Albums Chart.

Searching for Jerry Garcia is the second and final studio album by Detroit rapper Proof of D12, released on August 9, 2005. It was the only solo album that Proof released on a major record label before his death. The album is named after Grateful Dead member Jerry Garcia. The album's release date, August 9, 2005, intentionally coincided with the ten-year anniversary of Garcia's death.

Searching for Jerry Garcia est le deuxième et dernier album studio de Proof, sorti le. L'album s'est classé au Top Independent Albums, au Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums et au Billboard 200.


Plot.

Just as Mephesto is about to announce who Eric Cartman's father is, the electricity goes out, the room is darkened, and two gunshots are fired. As the lights come back on, everyone discovers that Mephesto has been shot. Chef notes that he is still alive and, along with the boys, rushes him to the hospital. Upon entering the hospital, they meet Dr. Doctor, and a nurse with no arms named Nurse Goodley; they are the only ones working in the hospital. He manages to get Mephesto on a life support system, but has many other patients to tend to. Outside, a terrible blizzard brews.  While the rest of the adults in town and a visiting television crew film a reenactment for "America's Most Wanted", a tree falls on the power line causing the power to go out. All of the adults are now stuck in a building until the storm settles. The group hastily resort to cannibalism to survive. The power also goes out back at the hospital, and a plan is enacted to restore it. Dr. Doctor suggests that they split into two teams: team A, consisting of everyone in the room except Kenny, and team B, consisting of Kenny. His job is to reconnect the generator in the cold, while team A give advice to him via walkie-talkie as they enjoy some hot cocoa and TV.  Once Kenny gets to the generator, he discovers that there is no wire connecting the cords, so he decides to make the connection himself to restore the electricity, fatally electrocuting himself in the process. Thanks to his brave deed, the power is restored and Mephesto survives. After casually revealing his shooter was his brother, he gathers everyone in the emergency room for the revelation of Cartman's father: his mother Liane. Mephesto explains that Liane is a hermaphrodite, someone with both male and female genitalia. He also reveals that hermaphrodites cannot have children, so Liane must have impregnated another woman on her intercourse spree. An angered Cartman then demands who his mother is, but when a narrator questions who his mother might be, he quickly refuses to pursue the issue further.

Production.

Written by series co-creator Trey Parker and David Goodman, and directed by Parker, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut" originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on April 22, 1998. This episode was originally to air on April 1, 1998, four weeks after "Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut" was first broadcast, but instead of continuing the storyline from "Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut", Parker and co-creator Matt Stone made an episode regarding the "South Park" minor characters Terrance and Philip, called "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus", as an April Fool's Day prank on viewers of the show. Upset fans wrote more than 2,000 angry e-mail complaints to Comedy Central within a week of the episode's original broadcast, and media outlets said some fans harbored a grudge against the show more than five years after the episode was broadcast.  The outcome of "Cartman's Mom is Still a Dirty Slut" was revisited in the season fourteen episode, "200", where it is revealed that Liane is not a hermaphrodite and is not Cartman's father after all, as revealed by Cartman's hand puppet persona, Mitch Conner. In the following episode, "201", it is revealed that Cartman's actual father is Jack Tenorman, the father of his personal rival Scott Tenorman.

Home release.

On April 27, 1999, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut" was released on the ""South Park": Volume 7" VHS tape, which also contained "Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut", in a third series of "South Park" home video releases. Volume 7 was sold along with Volume 8, which contained "Chickenlover" and "Ike's Wee Wee", and Volume 9, which contained "Conjoined Fetus Lady" and "The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka". All 18 episodes of the second season, including "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", were released on a DVD box set on June 3, 2003.

"Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut" is the second episode of the second season of the American animated television series "South Park". The 15th episode of the series overall, it premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on April 22, 1998. The episode concludes the storyline of the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut"; Mephesto is suddenly shot, just as he is about to reveal the identity of Eric Cartman's father. The four boys and Chef rush him to Hell's Pass Hospital while the town of South Park experiences a massive blizzard.

La mère de Cartman est toujours une folle du cul ("Cartman's Mom is Still a Dirty Slut" en version originale) est le deuxième épisode de la deuxième saison de la série animée "South Park", ainsi que le quinzième épisode de l'émission.


In francophone countries.

In France, the Modern School Movement is represented by the Cooperative Institute of the Modern School (ICEM), which was founded in 1947 by Freinet and his regional groups. Freinet led the movement until his death in 1966. After his death, ICEM has moved away from the ideas of Freinet, with multiple influences.  In Belgium (Wallonia), there is a branch under the name "Éducation populaire" since 1937. In Switzerland, in 1998 the "Swiss Group of the Modern School" united three smaller groups: theRomand Group of the Modern School (est. 1952), the Genevan Group of the Modern School (est. 1968), and the "Swiss German Freinet Pedagogy Working Group" (German: Arbeitsgruppe Pädagogik Deutschschweiz-Freinet, est. 1977).

In the world.

The International Federation of Modern School Movements (FIMEM), founded in 1957, united the national movements and has organized an international congress (RIDEF) every two years. There teachers meet to share and develop their ideas and practice.

Publications of the Movement.

The Secular Education Cooperative (CEL) was founded in 1928 to produce teaching materials for those who practiced Freinet's pedagogy, and magazines and brochures for the Movement. It was taken over by teaches of the movement in 1986, after financial problems, and became the limited liability company French Modern School Publications (PEMF). This publishing house later moved away from publishing exclusively manuscripts for Freinet teachers, embracing the full range of education journals such as "The New Educator" or "".

External links.

Publications

The Modern School Movement is the community of teachers who follow the educational and social practices of Celestin Freinet, his wife Élise and their successors.

Le Mouvement de l'École moderne est l'ensemble des enseignants qui suivent les impulsions pédagogiques et sociales de Célestin Freinet, de son épouse Élise et de leurs continuateurs. La Pédagogie Freinet est fondée sur l'expression libre des enfants et s’appuie sur des invariants pédagogiques (30 valeurs à appliquer et à transmettre) et des techniques pédagogiques modernes tels que l'utilisation de l'imprimerie et du cinéma à l'école, la classe-promenade, l'abolition de l'estrade, le travail de groupe, etc.


Biography.

McCook was born in Havana, Cuba, and moved to Jamaica in 1933. He took up the tenor saxophone at the age of eleven, when he was a pupil at the Alpha School, and eventually joined Eric Dean’s Orchestra.  In 1954 he left for an engagement in Nassau, Bahamas, after which he ended up in Miami, Florida, and it was here that McCook first heard John Coltrane and fell in love with jazz. McCook returned to Jamaica in early 1962, where he was approached by a few local producers to do some recordings. Eventually he consented to record a jazz session for Clement "Coxson" Dodd, which was issued on the album as "Jazz Jamaica". His first ska recording was an adaptation of Ernest Gold’s "Exodus", recorded in November 1963 with musicians who would soon make up the Skatalites.  During the 1960s and 1970s McCook recorded with the majority of prominent reggae artists of the era, working particularly with producer Bunny Lee and his house band, The Aggrovators, as well as being featured prominently in the recordings of Yabby You and the Prophets (most notably on version sides and extended disco mixes), all while still performing and recording with the variety of line ups under the Skatalites name. When McCook was bandleader for The Supersonics, the band included bassist Jackie Jackson and drummer Paul Douglas, who became the rhythm section for Toots and the Maytals when the era of reggae emerged from rocksteady.  McCook died of pneumonia and heart failure, aged 71, on 5 May 1998.

Discography.

With The Skatalites  With Bobby Ellis  With The Aggrovators  With Yabby You  With Herbie Mann

Tommy McCook (3 March 1927 – 5 May 1998) was a Jamaican saxophonist. A founding member of The Skatalites, he also directed The Supersonics for Duke Reid, and backed many sessions for Bunny Lee or with The Revolutionaries at Channel One Studios in the 1970s.

Tommy McCook (Thomas Matthew McCook) ( La Havane, Cuba – Atlanta, Géorgie) est un saxophoniste (ténor, alto) et flûtiste, compositeur et arrangeur jamaïcain.


Background.

Compiled by producer George Martin and the (then) three surviving members of the band, "1" includes the 27 Beatles songs that went to number one in the United Kingdom on the "Record Retailer" Top 50 chart or in the United States on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. However, despite the song "For You Blue" charting at number 1 on "Billboard", along with the A-side "The Long and Winding Road", Capitol Records treated "For You Blue" as strictly a B-side and did not promote it as an A-side. Meanwhile, "Day Tripper" was included on "1", since it charted at number 1 in the UK as a double A side with "We Can Work It Out", while in the US, only "We Can Work It Out" was number 1. Two notable singles written by John Lennon and released in both the UK and US were omitted as they did not top either the "Record Retailer" chart or the "Billboard" Hot 100: "Please Please Me" and "Strawberry Fields Forever". The former was the Beatles' first UK number one single in all British charts except for "Record Retailer", reaching the top spot in the musical magazines "New Musical Express", "Melody Maker" and "Disc". On the other hand, "Strawberry Fields Forever" was part of a double A-side single along with "Penny Lane", which reached the top spot in the "New Musical Express" and peaked at number 2 in the other UK charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's single "Release Me". This album is essentially a combination of both the US and UK versions of the earlier album "20 Greatest Hits", with the addition of "Something" (which was left off "20 Greatest Hits" because of time constraints). On "1", "Hey Jude" was released in its original full-length version (slightly over seven minutes); on the American version of "20 Greatest Hits" it had been released as a shortened version.

Remastering.

Before "1", all 27 songs were mainly available on two remastered CD releases: firstly on the respective Beatles studio albums released in 1987 (as well as "Past Masters, Volume One" and "Past Masters, Volume Two", released in 1988). The second remastering was made available on the CD versions for "1962–1966" and "1967–1970", released in 1993.  The songs on "1" were remastered specifically for the release in 2000. According to the liner notes of the album, the original analogue masters were "digitally remastered at 24 bits resolution, processed using Sonic Solutions NoNoise technology and mastered to 16-bit using Prism SNS Noise Shaping." The remastering was overseen by Peter Mew of Abbey Road Studios and took place there. In 2011, "1" was remastered and reissued on CD. In 2015 it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin; when Martin began to assist with fixing up the audio tracks for the "1+" video clips, he realized that his goal of making them "more immersive" should also apply to "1". For the remixing project, Martin noted "The remasters went back to these final mix tapes and remastered them. They cleaned them up and then they EQ-ed them and released them. What we’re doing is remixing. We’re going not to the final mix, we’re creating our own mixes." About his remixing approach, Martin commented: "My approach was to be respectful of everything, I had sessions and sessions where I flipped between previously remastered stereos, the mono remasters, and the remixes we’ve done. I flip between everything and make sure I prefer what we’ve done."

Package.

The package of "1" was intended to be simplistic and ambitious at the same time. Its cover was designed by Rick Ward, and consists of a pop-art yellow number one on a red background. The emphasis on the "1" digit was used on many of the compilations of number-one hits by different artists that followed this album; for example, "ELV1S" by Elvis Presley or "Number Ones" by the Bee Gees. The album's back cover features the famous photos of the Beatles taken by Richard Avedon and copyrighted on 17 August 1967. The design exclusively uses variations of the Helvetica typeface.  "1" was released worldwide in CD and cassette. The vinyl format was released only in the United Kingdom. The CD includes a 32-page booklet with a coloured page with international picture covers (a total of 163 covers are displayed on the whole booklet) and details (recording date, location, release date, chart stats) for each of the singles. It also includes on its first two pages a collage with 27 1s in different colours (all of them following the same art as the cover) with the sentence "27 No. 1 singles = "1"" (which was used as a catch phrase for the promo ads for the album), and a foreword by George Martin.  The LP and cassette keep the main art of the CD version, but in a different form. The double vinyl record version was not released in the US, but the imported British edition was available. The vinyl version features a large full-colour fold-out poster showing 126 picture sleeves (37 fewer than on the CD), and reproductions of the four Richard Avedon photos. The Avedon portraits also appear on the inside of the gate-fold cover. The records have custom labels featuring the same graphics as the front cover and are packaged in custom inner sleeves. The deluxe packaging of the vinyl album, with its four portraits and poster, is reminiscent to that of their titular 1968 album. The cassette included a 20-page insert, including the collage, the George Martin commentary and paged Avedon's portraits on its inlay and the whole description for the tracks as a total of 36 covers on its inlay reverse.

Release variations.

"1+".

On 6 November 2015, Apple Records released a deluxe version of the original album, titled "1+". Most of the tracks on "1" have been remixed from the original multi-track masters by Giles Martin, except the first three tracks, which are the original mono mixes. In addition to the new mixes, there are surround sound 5.1 mixes presented as Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio in the Blu-ray version and Dolby Digital and DTS in the DVD version.  "1+" also includes 50 promotional films/performances, plus commentary and introductions from Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. All the videos have been digitally restored and enhanced. They are available on DVD and Blu-ray.  Variations of "1"/"1+" include standard CD, CD/DVD, CD/Blu-ray, CD/2DVD, CD/2Blu-ray. The double-disc video editions also feature a 124-page hard-bound book with illustrations. The DVD/Blu-ray video editions are also available as a stand-alone package.

Reception.

"1" received universal acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album five stars out of five. He stated that there is "no question that this is all great music", although to him "there's really no reason for anyone who owns all the records to get this too".

Legacy.

"1" would go on to inspire the release of a wave of compilation albums, in particular three other "number ones" albums – Elvis Presley's "ELV1S" (2002), Michael Jackson's "Number Ones" (2003) and the Bee Gees' "Number Ones" (2004). Other compilations inspired by "1" issued in its wake included Nirvana's "Nirvana" (2002), the Rolling Stones' "Forty Licks" (2002), Pink Floyd's "" (2001), The Who's "The Ultimate Collection" (2002), and Dean Martin's "" (2004).

Sales and chart performance.

The reception of "1" surpassed all critical and commercial expectations. It reached number 1 in over 35 countries, achieving the record for the album debuting at the top of the most national charts ever. It became the highest-selling of 2000 and, some time later, of the entire decade. This achievement made the Beatles the first and only artist to have the best-selling albums of two different decades. They also had the best-selling album of the 1960s, "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". No tracks from "Sgt. Pepper" appear on this album. With this album, the Beatles also achieved having an album hit the number 1 position in the US in four non-consecutive decades (1960s, 1970s, 1990s and 2000s).  In the United Kingdom, "1" became the Beatles' 15th number 1 album with sales of 319,126 copies (achieving record sales for only one week in 2000). On 18 December 2000, Ananova.com reported that the album has "become 2000's biggest-selling album—in only five weeks." "1" was the first album to stay at the top spot for nine weeks in almost ten years (the last being the Eurythmics's "Greatest Hits"), the best-selling album of 2000, and the fourth best-selling album of the 2000s so far in the UK. In its eleventh week, "1" sold a total of two million copies in the UK. It spent a total of 46 weeks inside the Top 75. In July 2013 it was certified 10× platinum by the BPI, for over 3 million copies sold in the UK. It is the 21st best-selling album in the UK—according to an assessment by the Official Charts Company and the British Phonographic Industry that counted album sales in the UK from 28 July 1956 to the present day, and the second best-selling Beatles album in that country (only beaten by "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", which is the UK's third best-selling album). As of July 2016, the album has sold over 3,230,000 copies in the UK.  In the United States, the response was similar. "1" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 during the week of 2 December 2000 with sales totaling over 595,500 copies. In its second week, sales increased to 662,000 but it was knocked off the top spot by Backstreet Boys' "Black & Blue" which sold 1.59 million units, therefore, "1" fell off to number two on its week on chart. The following week it stayed at number two selling 607,000 units, by doing so, the album became the sixth to debut at the top of the "Billboard" 200 and post a SoundScan increase in its second week and the first to do so after opening with a sum of more than half a million copies. During the week of 23 December 2000, its fourth week on chart, "1" moved 671,000 copies and returned to the top of the "Billboard" 200. The next week, on 30 December 2000 it stayed at the top of the chart selling 823,500 copies. On 10 February 2001, after being the number one album for eight non-consecutive weeks, "1" fell off to number four on the "Billboard" 200 with 173,500 units sold, a 19.5% dip in sales, by the time this happened the album had sold almost six millions units. The album spent a total of eight weeks at number 1 and sold 1,258,667 copies during the week before Christmas of 2000. With this number, the Beatles achieved a new record: it was the seventh highest one-week sales in Soundscan history, the highest for an album not in its first week of sales, and the highest for an album comprising previously released music. The album spent 309 weeks inside the "Billboard" 200 and was the sixth best-selling album in the United States in 2000 with 5,100,000 copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan. On 30 August 2011 the band announced through their Facebook account that the album was available to pre-order from iTunes and that it was digitally remastered. On 24 September 2011, after the album made its digital debut in the iTunes Store it re-entered on the "Billboard" 200 at number four selling 60,000 units, it also topped the iTunes album charts in the US, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland, Spain, New Zealand and Greece according to a Capitol/EMI press release. Its digital launch on the iTunes Store was accompanied with a price of $9.99 and a Twitter camping with the hashtag #MyBeatles1 asking their fans: What is your favorite "1" track? Resulting in many celebrities and stars posting their favorites, too. In 2015, after it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin, "1" re-entered on the "Billboard" 200 at number six selling 40,000 units. It was certified eleven times platinum by the RIAA on 8 March 2010 denoting shipments of eleven million units, and "1" is included on the list of the Top 100 Albums by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album is the best-selling album of the 21st century in the US and the fourth best-selling album in the Soundscan era (1991–present). As of October 2019, the album has had sold 13 million copies in the US. In the US, the album secured the Beatles a fourth decade in which they placed an album at number 1 on the "Billboard" chart.  In Canada, "1" debuted at number 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 54,668 copies in its first week. The album was certified Diamond (1,000,000 units) by the CRIA in February 2001, just four months after its release. As of 2009, "1" has sold 1,103,000 units in Canada, making it the fifth best-selling album ever in Canada of the Nielsen SoundScan era.  In Germany, "1" debuted at number 1 and managed to stay there nine non-consecutive weeks. Though this, it stayed only seventeen weeks in the top ten of the German Albums Chart, but fifty weeks in the total chart. By selling 1,650,000 copies and reaching 11× Gold, it's the third best-selling album of the decade 2000–2009 and the best-selling non-German language album.  In 2009, Apple Corps, the Beatles' company, stated that worldwide sales of "1" had exceeded 31 million copies. Worldwide in 2000 the album sold 13.8 million copies, with 2 million or more copies sold during 2 consecutive weeks, and was the fourth best-selling album behind Eminem's "The Marshall Mathers LP", Britney Spears' "Oops!... I Did It Again", and Santana's "Supernatural".

Track listing.

All songs written by Lennon–McCartney, except "Something" by George Harrison, and those others as noted on the second DVD. All tracks produced by George Martin except "The Long and Winding Road" re-produced for disc by Phil Spector. CD tracks 1–3 are in mono; all others on CD are in stereo.

Vinyl.

Each of the four sides of the vinyl represented appropriately different styles and phases of The Beatles' career: in order, Beatlemania's Mersey Beat, folk-rock/pre-psychedelic style, purely experimental/psychedelic style, back-to-basics/rock style. This was apparently a coincidence, considering that the songs are distributed on the sides following a balance-time rule. (The cassette edition comprises the first two vinyl sides on its side A and the last two vinyl sides on its side B, with a length of 38:32 and 40:35 respectively).

Personnel.

Additional musicians

1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles, originally released on 13 November 2000. The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970. Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band's break-up, it was their first compilation available on only one CD. "1" was a commercial success and topped the charts worldwide. It has sold over 31 million copies.

1 est une compilation des Beatles, parue le au Royaume-Uni et le jour suivant aux États-Unis. Il s'agit d'un « "best of" » qui regroupe les vingt-sept titres des Beatles qui ont figuré en tête des ventes de ces deux pays et remasterisés pour l'occasion. La collection elle-même a aussi atteint la première place dans les palmarès du Royaume-Uni et des États-Unis. Cet album a établi le record de ventes la plus rapide de l'histoire. De plus, avec ces 31 millions de copies vendues, ce disque a été le meilleur vendeur de la décennie et, en moyenne, un millier de copies se vendent à chaque semaine depuis<ref name="nytimes.com/2015/11/08">https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/arts/music/the-beatles-video-collection-1-baby-you-can-film-my-song.html?_r=0.


History.

Marsala fortified wine was probably first popularized outside Sicily by the English trader John Woodhouse. In 1773, he landed at the port of Marsala and discovered the local wine produced in the region, which was aged in wooden casks and tasted similar to Spanish and Portuguese fortified wines then popular in England. Fortified Marsala was, and is, made using a process called "in perpetuum", which is similar to the "solera" system used to produce Sherry in Jerez, Spain.  Woodhouse recognized that the "in perpetuum" process raised the alcohol level and alcoholic taste of this wine while also preserving these characteristics during long-distance sea travel. Woodhouse further believed that fortified Marsala would be popular in England. Marsala indeed proved so successful that Woodhouse returned to Sicily and, in 1796, began its mass production and commercialization. In 1806, it was Benjamin Ingham (1784–1861), arriving in Sicily from Leeds, who opened new markets for Marsala in Europe and the Americas.  In 1833, the entrepreneur Vincenzo Florio, a Calabrese by birth and Palermitano by adoption, bought up great swathes of land between the two largest established Marsala producers and set to making his own vintage with even more exclusive range of grape.  Florio purchased Woodhouse's firm, among others, in the late nineteenth century and consolidated the Marsala wine industry. Florio and Pellegrino remain the leading producers of Marsala today.

Characteristics and types.

Marsala is produced using the Grillo, Inzolia, Catarratto and Damaschino white grape varietals, among others.  Marsala contains about 15–20% alcohol by volume. Different Marsala wines are classified according to their color, sweetness, and the duration of their aging. The three levels of sweetness are "secco" (with a maximum 40 grams of residual sugar per liter), "semisecco" (41–100 g/l) and "sweet" (over 100 g/l). The color and aging classifications are as follows:  Marsala wine was traditionally served as an aperitif between the first and second courses of a meal. Contemporary diners will serve its drier versions chilled with Parmesan (stravecchio), Gorgonzola, Roquefort, and other spicy cheeses, with fruits or pastries, and the sweeter at room temperature as a dessert wine. Marsala is sometimes discussed with another Sicilian wine, "Passito di Pantelleria" (Pantelleria Island's raisin wine).

In cooking.

Marsala wine is frequently used in cooking, and is especially prevalent in dishes served in Italian restaurants in the United States.  Dry Marsala wine is used in savory cooking. A typical savory Marsala sauce, for example, involves reducing the wine almost to a syrup with onions or shallots, then adding mushrooms and herbs. One of the most popular Marsala recipes is chicken marsala, in which flour-coated pounded chicken breast halves are braised in a mixture of Marsala, butter, olive oil, mushrooms, and spices. Marsala is also used in some risotto recipes.  Sweet Marsala wine is used to produce rich Italian desserts such as "zabaglione", tiramisu and shortcake.

Marsala is a fortified wine, dry or sweet, produced in the region surrounding the Italian city of Marsala in Sicily. Marsala first received "Denominazione di Origine Controllata" (DOC) status in 1969. The European Union grants Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status to Marsala, and most other countries limit the use of the term "Marsala" to products from the Marsala area.

Le marsala est un vin à dénomination d'origine contrôlée produit dans la région de la ville italienne Marsala en Sicile. Vin muté en sec ou en vin de liqueur, le marsala tel qu'il est consommé aujourd'hui est issu d'une exposition au soleil similaire à celle utilisée pour le xérès en Espagne : les raisins sont récoltés en pleine maturité puis exposés au soleil pendant un ou deux jours pour concentrer le sucre.


Plot.

Danny "The Mean Machine" Meehan is a retired footballer and former captain of the England national football team, who was banned from football for life for fixing a match they played against Germany. After a long drinking session, he drives recklessly to a local bar, where he is chased by police. Inside the bar, when asked to take a breathalyser test, he assaults two police officers and is sentenced to three years in Longmarsh prison.  Once inside, he is immediately beaten by the prison guards for misbehaving, and subsequently approached by the prison governor. The governor offers Meehan a job as coach of the prison wardens' football team; not wanting to make enemies with the other prisoners, Meehan declines, and instead offers to train a team consisting of other inmates, who will take on the wardens in a practice match.  Shortly after, Meehan arrives in his cell, where he meets his cellmates, Raj, Jerome and Trojan. None of them take a liking towards Meehan, telling him they don't want him in their cell. Outside, Meehan meets and befriends an elderly convict, Doc, who teaches Meehan prison lore. While cleaning the prison yards with Doc, Meehan is introduced to Sykes, a gangster and one of the most respected inmates in the prison. Sykes shows resentment towards Meehan, revealing he lost a large amount of money betting on the England game Meehan fixed. Later in the prison cafeteria, Meehan meets and recruits the resident contraband dealer, Massive, as his right-hand man.  The next day, Danny is sent to solitary after getting into a fight in the cafeteria. While in solitary, Massive gifts him a packet of mints through his cell door. After his release back into general population, Danny begins the recruitment process for his team, but struggles, as many of the inmates are apprehensive to join the team due to Sykes' influence over the prison. As Danny tries and fails to form a team, Massive is playing football in a prison hallway, when a racist guard approaches him and attacks him as the other inmates watch in anger. Meehan charges at the guard and saves Massive from further beating, earning the respect of many of the other inmates for doing so. This leads to him being sent to solitary confinement again. Massive, thankful for Danny's help, gifts him a tennis ball through his cell door.  When Danny is released from solitary again, he is greeted by Raj and Trojan who have recruited a team of players and is occupied with the task of training up his team of cons, including a maximum-security inmate named Monk. Meanwhile, the warden gets himself into trouble with "Barry the Bookie," an unlicensed bookmaker who was recommended to him by Sykes. After being threatened on the phone by Barry, the warden decides to try to make back the money he owes by betting on the prison guards' team.  As Danny begins to earn the trust of his fellow inmates and they continue to improve as a football team, a shifty inmate named Nitro accuses him of being a snitch, which leads to two other inmates and associates of Sykes attacking Danny in the showers. As they threaten to cut Danny's eyes out, they are caught by the guards who ask what happened, but Meehan refuses to tell which earns him the respect of both Sykes' men and Sykes himself. The next day, Sykes and his boys offer to help the team if Danny can beat one of them in a fight. The fight takes place later that night, and Danny wins by knocking out Sykes' henchman. Sykes and his associates join, and Sykes tells Danny all is forgiven if his team wins, which would allow Sykes to make back the money he lost on the England match.  Frustrated that his plan to have Danny taken out didn't work, Nitro, a bomb expert, offers to take Meehan out in exchange for a transfer to a lower security prison which one of the guards, Mr. Ratchett agrees to. Nitro crafts a bomb in his cell and places it in Danny's locker while he's not around.  With almost all of the inmates on board and the game approaching, Danny and the rest of the team are going over tactics in one of the cells, when he realises he has left a tape containing footage of the guards playing last year in his locker. Doc offers to go and get it, and as he leaves, Jerome asks Danny why he fixed the England match, and Danny reveals he was heavily in debt at the time, and was blackmailed into fixing the game with the promise of enough money to pay off his debt if he threw the game, or being crippled for life if he didn't. As Danny is telling the other inmates, Doc arrives at the cell and is killed by the bomb. Nitro is subsequently sent to another facility, but not to the minimum-security prison he was promised – he is sent to a mental facility where Ratchett reveals he will be heavily sedated all the time.  The match commences shortly after Doc's death. Before the game begins, Sykes gives the team one last gift from Doc - custom football kits with the name "Mean Machine" printed on all of them. At half time, the inmates' team is winning 1–0, and things are going well until the governor, fearing what will happen if he loses a second bet, attempts to blackmail Meehan, accusing him of accessory to Doc's murder and threatening to sentence him to 20 years unless he throws the match. At first he puts his own interests before that of the team's, deliberately playing badly and faking injury to be taken off the pitch. As the final moments of the game tick down, he redeems himself, bravely using a square-ball to fellow inmate 'Billy the Limpet' to win the game for the cons. Afterward, the Captain of the Guards, Mr. Burton, refuses to co-operate with the governor's attempts to get revenge on Danny, instead congratulating him on the match. The governor's vehicle explodes, and Sykes informs him that he, and Barry the Bookie, will retaliate if he tries anything. Danny and Massive walk triumphantly across the pitch.  The film also included a number of actors who had formerly played professional football, including three players who were teammates with the film's star, Vinnie Jones, at different times in their careers: Charlie Hartfield (prisoners' team in the movie) played with Jones for Sheffield United F.C., while Paul Fishenden and Brian Gayle (guards' team in the movie) both played with Jones for Wimbledon F.C.. In addition, Nevin Saroya (prisoners' team) was once a Brentford F.C. youth team player. Ryan Giggs, then an active player with Manchester United F.C. and the Wales national football team, appears briefly (at minute 77:00) as a warden.

Production.

Producer Matthew Vaughan, while looking for a film vehicle to highlight ex-soccer star Vinnie Jones, came across director Robert Aldrich's 1974 American football comedy "The Longest Yard". Jones, who was known for rough play and off-field rowdiness, seemed a natural for the lead role.  "Mean Machine" was filmed from April to June 2001. Most of the prison scenes were filmed at HM Prison Oxford, and the match was filmed at The Warren, the former home ground of Yeading. The Warren is located in Hayes.

Release and reception.

"Mean Machine" was released in United Kingdom theaters on 28 December 2001 and according to the box office database website Box Office Mojo, grossed $2,288,365 during its opening weekend with a total domestic gross of $6,288,153 (as of 27 January 2002). The film was released in the United States on 22 February 2002 with total gross receipts in the amount of $92,770. Total foreign gross (excluding the United States) was $929,283 (as of 23 February 2003).  Reception of the film was mixed to negative, according to Rotten Tomatoes, which gave the film a 34% score. Aggregate website Metacritic gave the film a Metascore of 45, indicating average or mixed reviews, and a user score of 7.7 indicating positive audience response. A major criticism of the film was that it was unintentionally funny and led to "prison cliches".  Jamie Russell of the BBC wrote, "[I]t keeps its tongue welded firmly in its cheek. The scriptwriters have enough sense to replay every funny moment from the original, while also adding a couple of innovations of their own. The final soccer game is definitely the high point of the proceedings, if only because it lets the star do what he does best - play some very dirty football."  While A.O. Scott of the New York Times wrote, "Reviewing <nowiki>"</nowiki>The Longest Yard<nowiki>"</nowiki> in The New York Times 28 years ago, Nora Sayre objected to its clumsiness and violence, but admitted to being entertained by the football sequences. Watching this remake, I had the opposite response: the story was moderately engaging and moved swiftly, but the long soccer match at the end bored me silly. Perhaps this is just American chauvinism, or perhaps that kind of football is inherently less cinematic than ours. It's certainly no less brutal."

Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick and starring former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film "The Longest Yard", featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast from executive producer Guy Ritchie's prior blockbusters "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels" and "Snatch".

Carton rouge (titre original : "Mean Machine") est un film anglo-américain de Barry Skolnick sorti en 2001. C'est une adaptation de "Plein la gueule" ("The Longest Yard"), film américain sorti en 1974. Le football américain est remplacé ici par le football classique.


Early life.

Roman Coppola is the son of documentary filmmaker, artist, and writer Eleanor Coppola (née Neil) and director Francis Ford Coppola. He was born in the American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, while his father was in Paris helping write the screenplay of "Is Paris Burning?" As a boy, he had minor, uncredited roles in both "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II". He attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.

Career.

Coppola began his directing career by overseeing in-camera visual effects and second unit direction for Francis Ford Coppola's "Bram Stoker’s Dracula", which garnered a BAFTA Award nomination for Visual Effects. He has continued to do second unit direction throughout his career, including his father's"Jack", "The Rainmaker", "Youth Without Youth", and "Tetro"; collaborator Wes Anderson's "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou" and "The Darjeeling Limited"; and his sister Sofia Coppola's "The Virgin Suicides" and "Marie Antoinette".  In the 1990s, Coppola established himself as an influential music video and commercial director. Through his production company, The Directors Bureau, he directed all four music videos for The Strokes' 2001 debut album, "Is This It", as well as "" for "Room on Fire". His other music videos include clips for Daft Punk, Lilys, Moby, The Presidents of the United States of America, Ween, Green Day, and Fatboy Slim. His music video for Phoenix's "Funky Squaredance" was invited into the permanent collection at the New York Museum of Modern Art. He has also been a supporter of cousin Jason Schwartzman's musical side project, Coconut Records.  His first feature film, "CQ," premiered at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival and was well-received critically. Set in Paris in 1969, "CQ" centers on a young film editor trying to juggle his personal and professional life while simultaneously juggling a science fiction adventure and his own personal art film. Coppola's second feature, "A Glimpse Inside the Mind of Charles Swan III", debuted in 2012 at the Rome Film Festival. Charlie Sheen starred as the title character, a graphic designer dealing with a break-up. The cast also included Bill Murray and Jason Schwartzman. Reviews for the film tended toward the negative.  Coppola is also an inventor and entrepreneur, responsible for the Photobubble Company, Pacific Tote Company, and a number of projects through the "Special Projects" arm of his production company.

Filmography.

Music videos.

1994  1995  1996  1997  1998  1999  2000  2001  2002  2003  2004  2006  2007  2009  2013  2014 2015 2017

Directors Bureau Special Projects.

His company, The Directors Bureau Special Projects has several lines of business, including the Pacific Tote Company, a line of beach bags. The bags are handmade in California and known for their signature multicolor designs.

Roman François Coppola (born April 22, 1965) is a French-born American filmmaker, screenwriter, producer, and entrepreneur. With the 2012 film "Moonrise Kingdom", he and co-writer Wes Anderson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. His television series "Mozart in the Jungle" won the 2016 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. In 2019, Coppola was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Roman Coppola est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur américain né le à Neuilly-sur-Seine. Il est le fils de Francis Ford Coppola et Eleanor Coppola, et le frère de Sofia Coppola.