History.

Golva is located in Lone Tree Township. The homesteaders that arrived in the area between 1900 and 1910 found only one tree in the area. That tree was standing about one mile (1.6 km) east of modern-day Golva till it died around 1980. According to the Homestead Act, the homesteaders got if they lived on the land for 7 years. In western North Dakota, they were also given another if they planted trees on the land, so there are now trees around most farmsteads in the area. The last living homesteader from the Golva area, Mrs. George (Emma) Geary, died in 1978, still owning her homestead and the house on it, although she had left the homestead in 1958 after breaking her hip. The doctors told her, due to the seriousness of the break, she would be bedridden for the rest of her life. Being a true pioneer, she responded "The hell I will". She walked with one crutch and lived alone until shortly before her death at 89. Her neighbor for over 40 years, Eva Weinreis, wrote an autobiography entitled "A Note On the Tea Kettle" about her life and coming from Aberdeen, South Dakota in 1906 with her husband, Peter Weinreis, to homestead two miles (3 km) west of Burkey, North Dakota and two miles (3 km) south of modern-day Golva. The book told of the early history of the Golva area.  Golva was founded in 1915, when the Northern Pacific Railroad line came down from Beach, North Dakota. It was originally supposed to be the county seat of Golden Valley County and got the name Golva from the first three letters of Golden and first two letters of Valley, the name having been suggested by the original townsite owner, A.L. Martin. The "Golden Valley" name comes from the rolling valleys of golden wheat just before harvest. Prior to 1915, most of the local businesses were in Burkey, situated about four miles (6 km) southwest of Golva. St Mary's Catholic Church was built in Burkey in 1906, but moved to Golva shortly after it was founded. The Golva post office was established February 15, 1916. Other businesses moved from Burkey to Golva and Burkey literally disappeared within a couple of years.  Golva once had a business community which consisted of a hardware store, a grocery store, a car dealership, a lumberyard, two grain elevators, two bars, a few restaurants, and several other businesses. As of 2017, the businesses in the city were a lumberyard, a gas station, a grocery store, a bank and a grain elevator. Services consisted of the post office, the school (K-8), and the St. Mary's Catholic church.

Geography.

Golva is located at (46.735099, -103.986172).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 61 people, 37 households, and 13 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 52 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.  There were 37 households of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 64.9% were non-families. 62.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.65 and the average family size was 2.77.  The median age in the city was 51.2 years. 18% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 9.8% were from 25 to 44; 47.5% were from 45 to 64; and 21.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.9% male and 54.1% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 106 people, 46 households, and 28 families residing in the city. The population density was 314.8 people per square mile (120.4/km2). There were 71 housing units at an average density of 210.9 per square mile (80.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.11% White, and 1.89% from two or more races.  There were 46 households out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.07.  In the city, the population was spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $25,357 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,081. There were 8.7% of families and 11.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 33.3% of those over 64.

Education.

Golva High School and Golva Elementary School were in the same building from 1920 until 1972, when a new elementary school was built next to the high school. In 1989, the high school was closed and eventually torn down due to low enrollment and the cost of updating the building to new building codes. K-8 still attend Golva Elementary School, but the high school students go to school in Beach, North Dakota.

Climate.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Golva has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Golva is a city in Golden Valley County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 61 at the 2010 census. Golva was founded in 1915.

La ville de est située dans le comté de Golden Valley, dans l’État du Dakota du Nord, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


History.

The town of Powder Springs was incorporated as Springville in 1838 in the lands of two Cherokee Indian leaders. Gold had been discovered in Georgia ten years earlier, and the first European-American settlers came to find gold. The settlers found little gold in the mines at Lost Mountain and off Brownsville Road. It was at about this time that the Cherokee people were forced off their land and removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River on the Trail of Tears.  Springville was renamed as Powder Springs in 1859. The name was derived from the seven springs in the city limits. The water in these springs contains some 26 minerals that turn the surrounding sand black like gunpowder – hence the earlier name of Gunpowder Springs.  Civil War history includes a skirmish at Lattermore's Mills on June 20, 1864, that was a part of the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and General Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. Many slaves escaped the plantations in this area to join Sherman's forces and gain freedom.

Geography.

Powder Springs is located in southwestern Cobb County at (33.865933, -84.680349). U.S. Route 278 (C. H. James Parkway) passes through the city west of its center, leading southeast to Austell and northwest to Dallas. Downtown Atlanta is to the east via US 278 and Interstate 20.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Powder Springs has a total area of, of which, or 0.17%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 12,481 people, 4,004 households, and 3,267 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,969.2 people per square mile (760.1/km2). There were 4,101 housing units at an average density of 647.0 per square mile (249.7/km2) The racial makeup of the city was 57.89% African American, 37.38% Caucasian, 0.20% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.72% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.32% of the population.  There were 4,004 households out of which 50.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.39.  In the city, the population was spread out with 33.8% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $56,486, and the median income for a family was $59,392. Males had a median income of $41,345 versus $31,774 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,776. About 5.8% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Powder Springs Public Schools are part of the Cobb County School District, and is home to McEachern High School, located on the site of the former Native American burial ground and the former Seventh District Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) School.  The late Georgia Senator Richard B. Russell attended the Seventh District A&M School. The administrative building of McEachern High School is named for Senator Russell.  Other schools serving Powder Springs include Hillgrove High School, Tapp Middle School, Dobbins Middle School, Powder Spring Elementary School, Lovinggood Middle School, Varner Elementary, Compton Elementary, Kemp Elementary, Still Elementary, and Vaughan Elementary.

Media.

"The Bright Side" is a newspaper serving Powder Springs and several other small cities.  The Citywide Blog www.purelypowdersprings.com covers all things fun and local tourism.

Powder Springs is a city in Cobb County, Georgia, United States. The population was 13,940 at the 2010 census, with an estimated population for 2019 of 15,758.

La ville américaine de Powder Springs est située dans le comté de Cobb, dans l’État de Géorgie. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


Plot summary.

In the story, the unnamed narrator describes the final fate of his good friend, Denys Barry, an Irish-American who reclaims an ancestral estate in Kilderry, a fictional village in Ireland. Barry ignores pleas from the superstitious local peasantry not to drain the nearby bog, with unfortunate supernatural consequences.  The story was written at speed and to order, for oral delivery as an after-supper "shocker" for a Hub Club gathering of amateur journalists in Boston on March 10, 1921. The meeting had a St. Patrick's Day theme, and so required an Irish setting. "The Moon-Bog" is described by S. T. Joshi and David E. Schultz as "one of the most conventionally supernatural in HPL's oeuvre."  As with many of Lovecraft's stories, "The Moon-Bog" has strong elements of his own autobiography woven into it - like Barry, Lovecraft had dreams of buying back his ancestors' home in England, and of reclaiming his standing among the landed gentry. The same theme is treated with greater depth in Lovecraft's more substantial story "The Rats in the Walls" (1923). There is also a further autobiographical element in "The Moon-Bog" - Lovecraft had seen his boyhood haunt of Cat Swamp purchased by the city authorities with the declared aim of protecting it from developers. But instead the city allowed it to be drained for development, and 200 new houses were erected on the site in 1919.  In his story Lovecraft leans on authentic Irish legend, that of the first invaders of Ireland, the Partholonians - and the sudden plague that wiped them out in around 1200 BC. He also leans on the belief, then very common and persistent among the Irish, of the Mediterranean origins of the Irish race and that the Partholonians had "originally come from Greece"  The story bears a similarity in its theme and approach to Lord Dunsany's later Irish novel "The Curse of the Wise Woman" (1933), although S. T. Joshi discounts the possibility of any influence of Lovecraft on Dunsany.

"The Moon-Bog" is a short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in or before March 1921. The story was first published in the June 1926 issue of the pulp magazine "Weird Tales".

La Tourbière hantée ("The Moon-Bog") est une nouvelle fantastique de l'écrivain américain H. P. Lovecraft, écrite en 1921 et publiée en.


Distribution.

The plant is an epiphyte growing on tree trunks in open forests or at forest margins at elevations of. It can be found in Bhutan, Cambodia, China (Guizhou, Yunnan), India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.  In India, the plant is most common in North-East, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, the plant is called by Telugu name Chintaranamu. Due to bio-piracy, the plant is on the verge of extinction in India. Rhychostylis retusa is recognized as the state flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India as well the Uva Province of Sri Lanka.

Care.

The plant requires regular watering and applications of fertilizer throughout the year, although it will die if the leaves are wet frequently. It prefers indirect lighting. Flowering usually occurs in late spring.

Medicinal uses.

In Malabar District various preparations of the plant were used against asthma and tuberculosis and for 'nervous twitchings' (referable possibly to tic disorder), cramp, epileptic spasms, vertigo, palpitations, kidney stone and menstrual disorder. The plant has also been used in Assam to treat wounds, cuts and bruises. The plant has been used as an emollient in India and Nepal. Under the name of "rasna" the root is used to treat rheumatism throughout the Indian subcontinent.

Significance in Assamese culture.

In Assam, it is popularly known as কপৌ ফুল (Kopou Ful), and is an integral part of a Bihu dancer's attire. The plant is considered to be a symbol of love, fertility and merriment and, for this reason, the inflorescence forms an essential element in the traditional Assamese marriage ceremony. Such is its beauty, usefulness and broad cultural significance in the state, that this spectacular wildflower is also grown as a much-loved garden plant by almost all Assamese families and has justly been adopted as the state flower of Assam.

Rhynchostylis retusa (also called foxtail orchid) is an orchid, belonging to the "Vanda" alliance. The inflorescence is a pendant raceme, consisting of more than 100 pink-spotted white flowers. The plant has a short, stout, creeping stem carrying up to 12, curved, fleshy, deeply channeled, keeled, retuse apically leaves and blooms on an axillary pendant to long, racemose, densely flowered, cylindrical inflorescence that occurs in the winter and early spring. It is famous for its use as an hair-ornament worn by Assamese women during folk dance Bihu on the onset of spring.

Rhynchostylis retusa est une espèce d'orchidée du genre Rhynchostylis (dont c'est l'espèce type) appartenant à la sous-tribu des Aeridinae que l'on rencontre en Malaisie, à Singapour, en Thaïlande, au Sri Lanka et en Inde (notamment en Assam, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh).


History.

Addison was chartered on October 14, 1761. Benning Wentworth named the town Addison after poet Joseph Addison.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 49.0 square miles (126.8 km2), of which 41.7 square miles (108.1 km2) is land and 7.2 square miles (18.8 km2) (14.81%) is water. The Dead Creek and the Hospital Creek run through Addison, and Lake Champlain is on the west border of Addison. The highest point is Snake Mountain, which is 1281 ft above Lake Champlain.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,393 people, 494 households, and 402 families residing in the town. The population density was 33.4 people per square mile (12.9/km2). There were 651 housing units at an average density of 15.6 per square mile (6.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.42% White, 0.14% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.  There were 494 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.7% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 14.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.10.  In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $45,063, and the median income for a family was $48,696. Males had a median income of $31,328 versus $25,602 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,000. About 2.9% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The town of Addison is part of the Addison North West Supervisory Union. The town has its own elementary school, known as Addison Central School, serving students from kindergarten to sixth grade at the town center. Students from seventh to twelfth grade are taught at Vergennes Union High School in Vergennes.

Addison is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. It was founded October 14, 1761. The population was 1,371 at the 2010 census.

Addison est une ville du Comté d'Addison au Vermont aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010, la population était de 1371 habitants.


Geography.

Decaturville is located at (35.582983, -88.122021).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 859 people, 349 households, and 214 families in the town. The population density was 511.0 people per square mile (197.4/km2). There were 396 housing units at an average density of 235.6 per square mile (91.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 85.91% White, 11.87% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% from other races, and 1.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.12%.  Of the 349 households 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 35.8% of households were one person and 17.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.86.  The age distribution was 20.4% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.  The median household income was $23,056 and the median family income was $37,857. Males had a median income of $30,815 versus $21,103 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,864. About 17.9% of families and 22.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over.

Decaturville is a town in and the county seat of Decatur County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 867 at the 2010 census. It is named for war hero Stephen Decatur, Jr.

La ville de est le siège du comté de Decatur, dans l’État du Tennessee, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


History.

When the first white explorers arrived in the area, they found the Great Indian Warpath, which ran along the route where the modern US-411 has been built. The trail was long used by the indigenous peoples of the area. A historic Cherokee village known as "Elajay" was situated at the confluence of Ellejoy Creek (named after the village) and the Little River. Its site was near the modern Heritage High School. Ensign Henry Timberlake passed through the village in 1762 while returning from his expedition to the Overhill villages to the west. He reported that it had been abandoned. In 1785, Revolutionary War veteran John Craig built a wooden palisade enclosing cabins at what is known as Fort Craig (or Craig's Station) in present-day Maryville. Such stations were built throughout the frontier to defend settlers against attacks from the Cherokee. For example, "on April 11, 1793, when settlers believed Indian attacks were imminent, 280 men, women, and children gathered in small huts at John Craig's station on Nine Mile Creek."  Craig donated next to his fort for the founding of a new town. Incorporated as a city on July 11, 1795, the settlement was named in honor of Mary Grainger Blount, wife of the territorial governor William Blount. Blount County was named after him.  The family of Sam Houston moved to Maryville from Virginia in 1808, when Houston was 15. His older brothers put him to work as a clerk in a store they established in town, but he ran away. Houston lived for a few years with the Cherokee at Hiwassee Island, on the Hiwassee River, where he became fluent in their language and appreciative of their culture. After his return to Maryville about 1811, Houston started a one-room schoolhouse. He signed up for the army during the War of 1812 and rose rapidly in rank, beginning his military and political career. The schoolhouse still stands just off US-411 near the community of Wildwood. Maryville was a center of abolitionist activity throughout the early 19th-century; it was generated mostly by the Society of Friends, which had a relatively large presence in Blount County. They were supported by anti-slavery advocates such as Isaac L. Anderson, the founder of Maryville College. When Tennessee voted on the Ordinance of Secession in 1861, only 19 percent of Blount Countians voted in favor of seceding from the Union.  Although staunchly pro-Union throughout the Civil War, Maryville was not liberated by federal troops until May 1864. In August of that year, a Confederate cavalry raid, under the command of General Joseph Wheeler, attacked the courthouse where the Union troops had taken shelter. To try to dislodge the federal soldiers, Confederates set fire to several buildings, including a store where the city's records were being kept. Polly Tool, an African-American slave, rescued most of the records. She was honored by a statue in the Blount County courthouse. In the Reconstruction Era Maryville became a hub of Radical Republican activity for East Tennessee. Its local Union League provided a lively forum for political discussion, and the Freedmen's Normal Institute was established on the present-day site of Maryville High School. The city elected W. B. Scott, the country's second African-American mayor, in 1869.  In the 1970s, after several department stores and other retailers moved from the downtown area to Alcoa's Midland shopping center, the city spent $10 million on a renewal project called "Now Town". Traffic was re-routed, facades were placed on old buildings, slums were cleared, and the Bicentennial Greenbelt Park was created. The project failed to attract business back to the downtown locations; instead retailers moved to the new Foothills Mall a few years later. The downtown area remained in decline until the 2000s, when the city agreed to reverse many of the "Now Town" changes.  U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander was born in Maryville in 1940. Alexander served as Governor of Tennessee from 1979–1987 and Secretary of Education (1991–1993) under President George H. W. Bush. He ran unsuccessful campaigns for president in 1996 and 2000, both times announcing his candidacy for the Republican Party from his hometown of Maryville. In 2002, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, succeeding Fred Thompson.  On July 2, 2015, a freight train carrying hazardous materials went off of its tracks. Over 5,000 citizens were displaced from their homes within a two-mile (three kilometer) radius.

Geography.

Maryville is located in north-central Blount County in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains. Chilhowee Mountain, the outermost ridge of the Western Smokies, rises prominently to the south. Chilhowee's eastern flank— known locally as "The Three Sisters"— is visible from almost anywhere in the city, and dominates the southern horizon along US-321 between Maryville and Walland. Maryville is bordered on the north by Maryville's twin city, Alcoa. A number of small suburbs— including Wildwood, Ellejoy, and Clover Hill— surround Maryville to the east and west.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 27,465 people, 10,712 households, and 7,028 families. The population density was 1,634.8 people per square mile (631.2/km2). There were 11,679 housing units at an average density of 637.6 per square mile (246.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.0% White, 3.2% Black, 0.3% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.  There were 10,712 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 29.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.00.  In the city, the population was spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 20 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $46,394, and the median income for a family was $61,227. Males had a median income of $31,478 versus $20,418 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,579. About 9.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Climate.

Average temperatures in July range from 69 degrees low to 87 degrees high. Average temperatures in January range from 29 degrees low to 46 degrees high. Most of the year is very pleasant with mild temperatures.

Economy.

Top employers.

According to Maryville's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the area were:

Education.

City.

Maryville City Schools operates public schools.

Maryville College.

Maryville is home to Maryville College, a private four-year liberal arts college. It was founded in 1819 by Presbyterian minister Isaac L. Anderson for the purpose of furthering education and enlightenment and whose mission was to do good on the largest possible scale. The college is one of the fifty oldest colleges in the United States and the twelfth oldest institution in the South. It is associated with the Presbyterian Church (USA). It enrolls about 1,103 students. Maryville College's mascot is the Scots. The sports teams compete in NCAA Division III athletics in the USA South Athletic Conference and formerly the Great South Athletic Conference.

Weekend programs.

The East Tennessee Japanese School (イーストテネシー補習授業校 "Īsuto Teneshī Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at Maryville College.

Maryville is a city and the county seat of Blount County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Its population was 27,465 at the 2010 census.

La ville américaine de Maryville est le siège du comté de Blount, dans l’État du Tennessee. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à.


Early life and music career.

Rampage was born Roger McNair in Brooklyn, New York City on August 1, 1974, to Katherine McNair and Roger Williams, who are from Jamaica.  In 1992, McNair was given his first recording deal with Dallas Austin on Rowdy / Arista Records and released the single "Beware of the Rampsack".In 1993 Rampage made his first guest apearance on the song 13 spontanious mc's song off the Leaders Of The New School's T.ime I.nner M.inds E.ye Album. In 1994, he recorded "Flava in Ya Ear In (Remix") with Craig Mack, Notorious B.I.G., LL Cool J and Busta Rhymes. In 1996, he recorded the platinum single "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check" with Busta Rhymes for the platinum album "The Coming".  One year later, he was given a second recording deal with Elektra Records and released his gold solo LP, "Scout's Honor... by Way of Blood", which included the top-40 hit "Take It to the Streets" and "Wild for da Night". In 1998, he released "The Imperial" with the Flipmode Squad, which gave them their first Source Award in 1999. Since then, he has recorded with Busta Rhymes on numerous platinum albums and has appeared on numerous projects including a remix of the multi-platinum single "Fallin'" by Alicia Keys.  Currently based in Phoenix, Arizona, McNair recently signed an independent record label deal for his company DeepFreeze Entertainment (DFE) with Sure Shot Records. On that label, he has released for promotional use a single of a new group signed to DFE named Total Vision. Lady Day, a rapper, is also on the roster.  Around 2005, McNair decided to relaunch his solo career and released an official mixtape called "Demagraffix" which was designed as a starter for his second album, "Have You Seen?", released in 2006 by Sure Shot Records.  In May 2020 Rampage released his hit single #Selfie produced by DJ Excel The MixMaster who has remixed for Sean Paul, Sasha, Fatman Scoop, Elephant Man, Cutty Ranks Panhead, and Beyonce. A remix containing a sample from DMX "Party Up" was also released simultaneously to the original.

Roger McNair, better known by his stage name Rampage, is an American rapper who is a member of the Flipmode Squad. He is a long-time collaborator with his cousin Busta Rhymes.

Rampage, de son vrai nom Roger McNair, né le à Brooklyn, New York, est un rappeur américain. Il est membre du groupe Flipmode Squad, avec Busta Rhymes.


Winners and nominees.

The nominees for the 30th AVN Awards were announced on November 30, 2012.

Major awards.

Winners of categories announced during the awards ceremony January 19, 2013, are highlighted in boldface.

Additional Award Winners.

These awards were not presented during the awards ceremony itself but were announced separately. In addition, the awards for Best Animated Release, Best Gonzo Series, Best Softcore Release, and Best Vignette Series were on the list of award categories, but were not presented in 2013.  Video/DVD Categories Video/DVD Categories (ctd.)  Pleasure Products  Retail and Distribution  Web and Technology Categories

Honorary AVN Awards.

Reuben Sturman Award.

Lasse Braun was awarded the Reuben Sturman Award, which "recognizes industry stalwarts who've made revolutionary strides for industry rights by battling legal and free speech obstructions."

Visionary Award.

Adam & Eve founder Phil Harvey was chosen to receive the second annual Visionary Award "not only for his success in taking a novelty start-up company into nearly every realm of adult commerce, but also for his sense of civic responsibility in helping to prevent the scourge of sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies from destroying lives in Third World countries."

Hall of Fame.

The AVN Awards Hall of Fame inductees, "a handful of individuals who’ve left a perennial imprint in the history pages of the adult entertainment industry," for 2013 were:

Multiple awards and nominations.

The following releases received multiple awards:  The following releases received the most nominations: The following individuals received multiple awards: The following individuals received the most nominations:

Presenters and performers.

The following individuals were presenters or performers during the awards ceremony:

Ceremony information.

Changes to awards categories.

Beginning with the 30th AVN Awards, the following changes to award categories took place:

Reception and review.

Some media outlets were impressed by the show. Robin Leach of the Las Vegas Sun reported, "It was the annual sea of sexiness that couldn’t take place anywhere else in the world." He also noted the large size of the crowd as did the Huffington Post, which pointed out, "Thousands of fanboys and porn stars flooded the halls" and "all the A-listers were there."

In Memoriam.

As the show was beginning, AVN used a video segment to pay a tribute to adult-industry personalities who had died since the 2012 awards show:  Time constraints prevented the segment from being re-edited to include director Fred J. Lincoln, who had died a couple of days earlier.

Notes.

Rather than nominees for the Movie of the Year category, voting is conducted separately just prior to the awards ceremony from among winners in "best release" categories including those listed.

The 30th AVN Awards ceremony, or XXX AVN Awards, was an event during which "Adult Video News" ("AVN") presented its annual AVN Awards to honor the best pornographic movies and adult entertainment products of 2012. Movies or products released between October 1, 2011 and September 30, 2012 were eligible. The ceremony was held on January 19, 2013 at The Joint in the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Paradise, Nevada. Comedian April Macie, AVN Hall of Fame inductee Jesse Jane and Asa Akira, who won Female Performer of the Year, hosted the AVN Awards. The awards show was held immediately after the Adult Entertainment Expo at the same venue.

La de remises des AVN Awards, organisée par le magazine "Adult Video News" (AVN), se déroule le au Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, à Las Vegas. Elle est présentée par Asa Akira, Jesse Jane et la comédienne April Macie.


Career.

Eklund was born in Kiruna, Norrbotten County, Sweden, the son of train driver Severin Eklund and his wife Vilhelmina (née Pettersson). Eklund obtained his Master of Science degree in 1936, a Licentiate of Philosophy (fil.lic.) degree in 1941 and a Doctor of Philosophy (fil.dr.) degree from Uppsala University in 1946. He was Docent in nuclear physics at the Royal Institute of Technology and an employee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics ("Vetenskapsakademiens forskningsinstitut för fysik") from 1937 to 1945. Eklund was an associate professor ("laborator") at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute (FOA) from 1945 to 1950 and became Director of Research at the Swedish Atomic Energy Company (AB Atomenergi, Stockholm) in 1950. He became Technical Director there in 1957 and led the effort to build Sweden's first research reactor, R1.  In 1957, he was Secretary General for the Second International United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. He was appointed as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1961. Eklund was reappointed four more times in 1965, 1969, 1974 and 1977, holding the post for twenty consecutive years until he retired and was named Director General Emeritus.  Eklund became a member of the Swedish National Commission for Physics ("Svenska nationalkommissionen för fysik") in 1947 and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1953. He became an honorary doctor in Graz in 1968, in Kraków 1971 and in Bucharest in 1971. Eklund became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1972 and honorary doctor of technology at Chalmers University of Technology in 1974 and at the Columbia University in 1977. He became an honorary doctor in Moscow in 1977 and in Buenos Aires in 1977. Eklund became an honorary doctor of technology in Budapest in 1977, an honorary senator at the University of Vienna in 1977, an honorary doctor of technology in Dresden in 1978, at the Yonsei University in Seoul in 1978, at the National Agrarian University in Peru in 1979 and at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1980. Eklund became a member of the National Academy of Engineering in United States in 1979.  He received the American Atoms for Peace Award in 1968.

Personal life.

In 1941 he married adjunct lecturer Anna-Greta Johansson (born 1915), the daughter of merchant Algot Johansson and his wife Ester (née Sundkvist). After retiring, Eklund resided in Vienna, Austria until he died in 2000.

Sigvard Arne Eklund (19 June 1911 – 30 January 2000) was Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency from 1961 to 1981.

Sigvard Eklund (né le à Kiruna (Suède) et mort le à Vienne (Autriche)) est un diplomate et homme politique suédois et un haut fonctionnaire international.


Temple de la renommée du baseball mexicain

Election procedure.

Eligibility requirements.

To be eligible for election into the Salón de la Fama, one must be a former player, director, sportswriter, or umpire who participated in Mexican professional baseball, or a player of Mexican nationality who participated in Organized Baseball. However, there have been exceptions to these requirements made.

Players.

Players must have played a minimum of ten seasons in either the Liga Mexicana de Béisbol or Liga Mexicana del Pacífico, or a total of fifteen seasons between the two leagues. In the case of players of Mexican nationality, the seasons played requirement may be satisfied by playing fifteen years in Organised Baseball.  The player must have stopped being an active player for at least five years or must have died. The electorate is to consider the merits of the player's performances and records, not for a single feat. After five elections without being elected, the player is removed from the ballot and becomes eligible for election only by the Committee on Veterans.  These requirements have not always been in place, as players such as Monte Irvin Roy Campanella and Youman Wilder did not meet the 15-year requirement. Wilder did make the All-Decade Teams of the 1980s and 1990s.

Veterans.

Veterans are players who played before 1970 as well as candidates that participated in five voting cycles in the player's election but were not elected. After five veterans' elections without being elected, the player becomes ineligible.

Directors.

Club executives, usually a president or vice-president, must have participated in at least ten years in Mexican professional baseball.

Sportswriters.

A sportswriter must have covered Mexican professional baseball for at least fifteen years at a national level.

Umpires.

An umpire must have participated in a minimum of twenty seasons total in both leagues.

Nomination.

Players.

The nomination and election of former players is carried out annually. The preliminary ballot is created by the Salón de la Fama's administration and it is sent out to the members of the "Comité Elector" (Electing Committee) who vote for those whom they consider to have the merits sufficient enter the Salón de la Fama. After the Salón de la Fama receives the votes, the results are soon revealed, and any player who obtains a majority of votes will be considered a candidate for election and be placed on the year's election ballot. The election ballot, is sent back out to the "Comité Elector" - but only those with a "Cédula de Votación" (Voting Certificate). They will choose the two "exbeisbolistas inmortales" who will be enshrined in that year. From 2001 to 2006, three players were elected annually and previous to that four were.  In 2011 an exception was made for 5 time all-star and 2x MVP and 2x League champion Youman Wilder, Wilder played 5 years, and did not meet the 10 year minimum requirements even with a 340 career batting average. Wilder has been left off the 2012 ballot, but did make the All-Decade teams of the 1980s and 1990s.

Veterans.

The election of veterans is carried out every other year - the next election was held in 2007. The election ballot, created by the Salón de la Fama's administration is sent to the "Comité Elector" and the "Comité de Veteranos" (Veterans Committee) for voting. The "Comité de Veteranos" is composed of the president and former presidents of the "Comité Elector" (Electing Committee), and from 2003 on, living "inmortales". The electorate selects the single veteran inductee into the Salón de la Fama.

Directors.

The election of directors is carried out every three years - the next election was held in 2008. The election ballot, created by the Salón de la Fama's administration is sent to the "Comité Elector", the "Comité de Veteranos", the league presidents of the LMB and LMP, and the club presidents in the two league's as well. The electorate selects the single inductee into the Salón de la Fama. In 2002, two directors were inducted.

Sportswriters.

The election of sportswriters is carried out every three years - the next election was held in 2009. The election ballot, created by the Salón de la Fama's administration is sent to the "Comité Elector" and the "Comité de Veteranos". The electorate selects the single inductee into the Salón de la Fama.

Umpires.

The election of sportswriters is carried out every three years - the next election was held in 2007. The election ballot, created by the Salón de la Fama's administration is sent to the "Comité Elector" and the "Comité de Veteranos". The electorate selects the single inductee into the Salón de la Fama.

Election.

Once the ballots for each election are returned (by mid-February), the Salón de la Fama tallies the votes at the "Convención Nacional de Beisbol" during the third or fourth week of February. The Salón de la Fama then announces the new "inmortales" and they are inducted in June or July. The candidate with the plurality of votes - or in the case of the player's ballot, the two candidates - is inducted.

The Salón de la Fama del Beisbol Profesional de México (in English, Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame), commonly called the Salón de la Fama (Hall of Fame) is a baseball hall of fame and museum located in Monterrey, Nuevo León. It is dedicated to recognizing people who have contributed greatly to baseball in México. It had its first five inductees in 1939, 167 individuals, called "inmortales", have been inducted into the Hall ().

Le Salón de la Fama del Beisbol Profesional de México (en espagnol), (Temple de la renommée du baseball professionnel mexicain), communément appelé Salón de la Fama, est un musée situé à Monterrey, Nuevo León. Le Salón commémore les Immortels, les personnes qui ont eu un effet profond sur le baseball au Mexique.


Geography.

Horn Lake is bordered to the north, east, and southeast by the city of Southaven. U.S. Route 51 forms a large portion of Horn Lake's eastern border; it leads north to downtown Memphis, and south to Hernando, the DeSoto County seat. Interstate 55 passes just east of Horn Lake, with access from Exits 287,289 and 901.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Horn Lake has an area of, of which is land and, or 1.98%, is water.

Economy.

Horn Lake is the site of a plant owned by Chicago-based Newly Weds Foods, which manufactures food coatings, seasonings, and other ingredients for the food processing and service industries.  The headquarters of the American Contract Bridge League are in Horn Lake, along with a related Hall of Fame, museum, and library.  The "Elvis Ranch", a ranch owned by Elvis Presley during the last decade of his life, is in Horn Lake.

Education.

Horn Lake is served by the DeSoto County School District.

Demographics.

Horn Lake has experienced substantial African-American growth and to a lesser extent Hispanic growth. Census 2010 revealed Horn Lake was now 56.3% non-Hispanic White (down from 83% in 2000), 33% African-American (up from 12% in 2000), 8% Hispanic, 1% Asian, 0.4% Native American, and 2.3% mixed race.  As of the census of 2000, there were 14,099 people, 4,934 households, and 3,754 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,947.5 people per square mile (751.9/km2). There were 5,153 housing units at an average density of 711.8 per square mile (274.8/km2). The city's racial makeup was 83.0% White, 12.3% African American, 0.9% Asian, 0.5% Native American, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.3% of the population.  There were 4,934 households out of which 47.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.22.  In the city, the population was spread out with 32.6% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 36.5% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,396, and the median income for a family was $43,495. Males had a median income of $32,595 versus $25,045 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,183. About 6.1% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.  During 2001, Horn Lake annexed several square miles and about 6,000 people to the west of the city's former borders. But, in 2011, the Mississippi Supreme Court blocked the annexation of the Town of Walls because, as the Court explained, the City of Horn Lake was experiencing economic problems, did not satisfy the requirements for annexation, and therefore did not have a need to expand.

Notable people.

Horn Lake is notable for being the home of:

Horn Lake is a city in DeSoto County, Mississippi, United States which is located south of Memphis, Tennessee. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Horn Lake was 26,066, up from 14,099 in 2000.

La ville américaine de Horn Lake est située dans le comté de DeSoto, dans l’État du Mississippi. Elle comptait lors du recensement de 2010.


History.

The position of King of Norway has been in continuous existence since the unification of Norway in 872. Although Norway has officially been a hereditary kingdom throughout that time, there have been several instances of elective succession: most recently, in 1905 Haakon VII was elected by the people of Norway to the position of king through a plebiscite. In recent years members of the Socialist Left party have proposed the abolition of the monarchy during each new session of parliament, though without any likelihood of success. This gives the Norwegian monarchy the unique status of being a popularly elected royal family and receiving regular formal confirmations of support from the Storting.

Germanic kingdom.

Prior to and in the early phase of the Viking Age Norway was divided into several smaller kingdoms. These are thought to have followed the same tradition as other Germanic monarchies of the time: the king was usually elected by the high-ranking farmers of the area and served mainly as judge at popular assemblies, as a priest on the occasion of sacrifices and as a military leader in time of war.  Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway. The date of the first formation of a unified Norwegian kingdom is set as

Middle Ages.

In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak. The kingdom included Norway (including the now Swedish provinces of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Særna, Idre and Båhuslen), Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. The king had diplomatic relations with most of the European kingdoms and formed alliances with Scotland and Castile, among others. Large castles such as Haakon's Hall and cathedrals, the foremost being Nidaros Cathedral, were built.  In the tradition of Germanic monarchy the king had to be elected by a representative assembly of noblemen. Men eligible for election had to be of royal blood; but the eldest son of the previous king was not automatically chosen. During the civil war era the unclear succession laws and the practice of power-sharing between several kings simultaneously gave personal

Surviving the unions.

The Kalmar Union was not only made possible by the complex history of the royal dynasties of Scandinavia but was also, among other things, a direct reaction to the expansive and aggressive policies of the Hanseatic League.  On 6 June 1523 Sweden left the union permanently, leaving Norway in an unequal union with a Danish king already embarked on centralising the government of the union.  In the following centuries the Norwegian monarchs mostly resided abroad. This weakened the monarchical governing structures of Norway:

Emerging independence.

During the Napoleonic Wars the King aligned Denmark–Norway with France. When Napoleon lost the war, the king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. It was initially proposed that the Norwegian dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroes would remain with Norway, but that point was dropped during the negotiations, so they became Danish.  On hearing news of the treaty, the Prince of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, Christian Frederick, the resident viceroy in Norway, participated in founding a Norwegian independence movement. The independence movement was successful, partly due to clandestine support from the Danish Crown, but also because of the strong desire for independence in Norway. On 10 April, a national assembly met at Eidsvoll to decide on a constitution. Norway declared independence on 17 May 1814, electing Christian Frederick as King. A short war with Sweden later that year ended

Union with Sweden.

The Treaty of Kiel stipulated that Norway was to be ceded by the king of Denmark–Norway to the king of Sweden. This was however rejected in Norway, where calls for self-determination were already mounting. A Norwegian constituent assembly was called, and a liberal constitution was adopted on 17 May 1814. A short war ensued, ending in a new agreement between the Norwegian parliament and the Swedish king.  The Convention of Moss was from a Norwegian point of view a significant improvement over the terms dictated to Denmark-Norway at the treaty of Kiel. Notably, Norway was no longer to be treated as a Swedish conquest but rather as an equal party in a personal union of two independent states. Both the principle and substance of the Norwegian Constitution were preserved, with only such amendments as were required to allow for the union with Sweden. Norway retained its own parliament and separate institutions, except for the common king and foreign service.  The Norwegian Storting would propose Norwegian laws without interference from Sweden, to

Full independence.

In 1905 a series of disputes between parliament and the King culminated with the matter of separate Norwegian consuls to foreign countries. Norway had grown into one of the world's leading shipping nations, but Sweden retained control of both the diplomatic and consulate corps. Although businessmen needed assistance abroad, the Swedes had little insight into Norwegian shipping, and consulates were not even established in several important shipping cities. The demand for separate Norwegian consuls was seen as very important by the Norwegian parliament and society.

A new monarchy.

The early years of the new Norwegian monarchy were marked by a shortage of funds. The Norwegian state was poor and funds were needed elsewhere than in the upkeep of a large court. In that sense it was a stroke of good fortune that Prince Carl had set as a condition for accepting the throne that he would not be forced to keep a large court. However, the royal travels and the upkeep of the royal residences, after the initial refurbishment in 1905, were to some extent neglected. One example of the negative financial situation is that Prince Carl had been promised a Royal Yacht when he accepted the throne, but this was not fulfilled until 1947.  One important incident in the early years of the new monarchy was in 1928 when the King appointed the first Labour government. The Norwegian Labour Party was at that time quite radical and even had the abolition of monarchy as part of their programme. It was the custom for the King to rely on the advice of the previous Prime Minister in deciding whom to give the assignment as new Prime Minister. In this case

Constitutional and official role.

Although the 1814 constitution grants important executive powers to the King, these are almost always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the King.  Contemporary Norwegian constitutional practice has replaced the meaning of the word "king" in most articles from the meaning the King-in-person; apart from those dealing with the monarchy specifically, as opposed to those dealing with the apparatus of government and affairs of state at large; to the cabinet of the Prime Minister (also known as the King-in-Council when chaired by the King), which is accountable to the Storting, and thus ultimately to the electorate.

Immunity.

Article 5 stated: "The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council."  This article applies to the king personally. The king has legal sovereign immunity, though his status as sacred was dissolved on 8 May 2018.  Article 37

Council of State.

The Council of State consists of the King, Prime Minister and other members, all of whom are appointed by the King on the advice of Prime Minister. The Council of State is the Government of Norway and is chaired by the King. It meets under the King’s chairmanship at least once a week usually on Fridays. The King also orders the holding of extraordinary sessions of the council of state in situations that require urgent actions that cannot wait for the next scheduled meeting. Parliamentarism has been in place since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the

Veto of laws.

The King has to sign all laws in order for them to become valid. He can veto any law. However, if two separate Stortings approve the law, it becomes valid even without the King's consent. The Crown has not vetoed any law since the dissolution of the union

Church of Norway.

Until 2012 the constitutional head of the Church of Norway, also known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway, was the King. The Church of Norway professes the Lutheran branch of Christianity, and is

Pardoning criminals.

Article 20 states: "The King shall have the right in the Council of State to pardon criminals after sentence has been passed."  A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. It may be given if new information on the crime or criminal has come to light after

Appointing senior officials.

Article 21 states: "The King shall choose and appoint, after consultation with his Council of State, all

Dismissing the government.

Article 22 states: "The Prime Minister and the other Members of the Council of State, together with the

Chivalric orders.

Article 23 states: "The King may bestow orders upon whomever he pleases, as a reward for distinguished services"[...]  Norway has

War.

Article 25 states: "The King is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the Realm." The King is also Commander-in-Chief of the Norwegian Air Force: but it is not explicitly mentioned because there was no Air Force in 1814.  Article 26 states: "The King has the right to call up troops, to engage in hostilities in defence of the Realm and to make peace, to conclude and denounce conventions, to send and to receive diplomatic envoys."  The King is treated by the armed forces as their

Coronation.

From before recorded Norwegian history the monarch would be installed by acclamation, a ceremony held on the ting where the king swore to uphold the laws of the land and the assembled chieftains swore allegiance to him. The first coronation in Norway and in all Scandinavia took place in Bergen in 1163 or 1164. For a long time both ceremonies were used in Norway. That way the king was invested with powers both from the noblemen and from the church. The coronations also symbolised that the king would hold the kingdom in fief to St. Olav the eternal king of Norway. The last acclamation took place on Akershus Castle in 1648. The last medieval coronation in Norway took place 29 July 1514. During the age of absolute monarchy (1660–1814), Norway's kings were crowned in Copenhagen, using the Throne Chair. Today the king

Succession.

The order of succession to the Norwegian throne has followed absolute primogeniture since 1990, as is described in article 6 in the Constitution

Finances.

The King, Queen, Crown Prince and Crown Princess are exempt from paying any taxes and their personal finances are not revealed to the public. Other members of the royal family have lost that privilege upon marriage. It is believed that only the King has a personal fortune of a notable size.  The royal farms generate some revenue, but this is always re-invested in the farms themselves.  In the Norwegian state budget of 2010 the

Residences.

The royal family and the monarch have several residences at their disposal throughout the country. All of the official residences are partially open to the public.

Current residences.

Royal Palace.

The Royal Palace in Oslo functions as the main official residence of the monarch. Built in the first half of the

Gamlehaugen.

Gamlehaugen is a mansion and estate which functions as the monarchs residences

Stiftsgården.

Stiftsgården in Trondheim is a large wooden townhouse which has been used by the royal family since the

Ledaal.

Ledaal is a large manor house in Stavanger. The manor originally belonged to the

Other residences.

Bygdøy Royal Estate, the official summer residence, is situated in Oslo. Bygdøy has been under extensive restoration and has therefore not been used regularly since the accession of King Harald V in 1991. The restoration was finalized in 2007 and has been frequently used by the royal family ever since. The Royal Lodge or "Kongsseteren" is located in Holmenkollen, and used by the Royal Family as a residence for Christmas and Holmenkollen Ski Festival each year. Oscarshall palace, a "maison de plaisance," also situated in Oslo, but seldom

Royal coat of arms.

The Coat of arms of Norway is one of the oldest in Europe and serves both as the coat of arms of the nation and of the Royal House. This is in keeping with its origin as the coat of arms of the kings of Norway during the Middle Ages.  Håkon the Old (1217–1263) used a shield with a lion. The earliest preserved reference to the colour of the arms is the King's Saga written down in 1220.  In 1280 King Eirik Magnusson added the crown and silver axe to the lion. The axe is the martyr axe of St. Olav, the weapon used to kill him in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030.  The specific rendering of the Norwegian arms has changed through the years, following changing heraldic fashions. In the late Middle Ages, the axe handle gradually

Today.

The Royal Family of Norway is a branch of the princely family of House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. Since 1991 the king has been Harald V, the 66th since unification, but the first king in many hundreds of years to actually have been born in Norway. Following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government in 1884, the duties of the monarch have become largely representative and non-partisan. He or she:  However, the monarch does retain some royal prerogatives. He may issue pardons for prisoners (Article 20) and engage in war (Article 26), although it is unlikely that any of these two prerogatives would be put into use today. However, during the German occupation, Haakon VII said he would abdicate rather than appoint a collaborationist government led by Vidkun Quisling.  The monarch acts a symbol of unity, and a majority of Norwegians are still in favour of retaining the monarchy. There is also broad political consensus on this issue.

The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Norwegian monarchy can trace its line back to the reign of Harald Fairhair and the previous petty kingdoms which were united to form Norway; it has been in unions with both Sweden and Denmark for long periods.

Le roi de Norvège est le chef de l’État norvégien, lequel est une monarchie constitutionnelle ayant un régime parlementaire. La monarchie norvégienne remonte à Harald I et aux précédents royaumes mineurs qui s'unirent pour former la Norvège ; qui fut unie au Danemark et à la Suède pendant de longues périodes.


Biography.

He was King of Connacht from 1189 to 1199, and was re-inaugurated on the stone at Clonalis "c".1201, reigning until 1224. He first succeeded his elder half brother Ruaidri's son Conchobar Máenmaige as ruler of Connacht. Conchobar Máenmaige's son Cathal Carrach then ruled from 1199 to 1202, with Cathal Crobhdearg back in power from then. From his base west of the river Shannon he was forced to deal with the Norman invaders. He was a competent leader despite problems, avoiding major conflicts and winning minor skirmishes. Ua Conchobair attempted to make the best of the new situation with Ireland divided between Norman and Gaelic rulers. His long reign was perhaps a sign of relative success. He had succeeded his elder brother Rory O'Connor the previous King of Connacht. He is the subject, as Cáhal "Mór of the Wine Red Hand", of the poem "A Vision of Connaught in the Thirteenth Century" by the 19th-century Irish nationalist James Clarence Mangan.  He founded Ballintubber Abbey in 1216, and was succeeded by his son, Aedh mac Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair. His wife, Mor Ní Briain, was a daughter of King Domnall Mór Ua Briain of Thomond, died in 1218.  In 1224 Cathal wrote to Henry III as Lord of Ireland, asking that his son and heir Od ("Aedh") be granted all of Connacht, in particular those parts, Breifne, owned by William "Gorm" de Lacy.

Inauguration.

An account of Cathal Crobhdearg's inauguration has been preserved, written down by Donogh Bacach Ó Maolconaire, the son of O'Connor's very inaugurator Tanaide Ó Maolconaire, who was also his historian and recorded all tributes due to O'Connor. Among those present was his door-keeper, O'Feenaghty, his physician Mac Tully, and Mac Aodhagáin, his brehon.

Annalistic references.

From the Annals of the Four Masters:

Family Tree.

Tairrdelbach, King of Connacht & Ard Rí na hÉireann, 1088–1156

Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair (Anglicised as Cathal O'Connor/O'Conor and Cathal the Red-handed O'Conor) (1153–1224), the youngest son of the Irish High King Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, was a King of Connacht.

Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair (né vers et mort le ), roi de Connacht de 1189 à 1224, est le souverain du Connacht Ua Conchobair après l'arrivée des Anglo-normands en Irlande, Cathal Crobderg ne parvient pas à restaurer le titre de « Haut roi » mais il assure la sécurité de son royaume face aux envahisseurs et il obtient la confirmation de ses droits par la couronne anglaise comme par la papauté. Plusieurs poèmes bardiques ont été composés en son honneur et il fait l'objet d'obituaires élogieux dans les Chroniques d'Irlande.


History.

Plans to build The Smiler were submitted to the local authority in December 2011. Permission was granted on 15 March 2012 following a Staffordshire Moorlands Council meeting, despite some local opposition to its construction. Gerstlauer, a German manufacturing company, was hired to build the roller coaster. Less than a month after obtaining permission, Alton Towers launched a website announcing a new ride – codenamed Secret Weapon 7 (SW7) – for the 2013 season. Its codename followed a similar format used for other roller coasters during their teaser campaigns, such as SW4 for Oblivion and SW6 for Thirteen.  In June 2012, a trademark filed by Merlin Entertainments, parent company of Alton Towers, hinted that the new ride would be named The Smiler. On 17 October 2012, a number of facts about the coaster were revealed to the public including its maximum speed, track length, ride time, passengers per train and ride cost. Despite the release, Alton Towers did not announce or confirm the name for the ride.

Construction.

The site for the new ride was determined to be an area in the park being occupied by the tent that previously contained the Black Hole, a roller coaster which closed after the 2005 season. The park began dismantling the remaining Black Hole structure on 12 April 2012. The first pieces of track arrived at the park in late October 2012. Sections of track were later moved to the construction site on 6 December 2012.  In January 2013, Alton Towers officially confirmed that the ride would be called The Smiler. In February 2013, the park revealed some of the ride's elements. The trains arrived in March 2013, as Alton Towers began posting images on both Twitter and their official Smiler website. Vertical construction was completed approximately one month later, as the final piece of track was installed at the top of the first lift hill.

Marketing.

Marketing for The Smiler started around the same time as construction when, on 11 April 2012, a minisite was launched allowing visitors to register for updates on the ride's progress. A competition to be the first to ride the rollercoaster, at this time codenamed "SW7", started in July. To enter guests were invited to scan a QR Code with their smartphone, which subsequently redirected to Alton Towers Official The Smiler Minisite where guests entered their details.  In September 2012, the park began the second stage of advertisement through the overnight spray painting of a stencil logo (which resemble a smiling face) all over the park. This was followed in October with new boards around the park, new'subliminal' advertising on different sections of the main Alton Towers website, and a countdown timer on the Alton Towers mini-site. The countdown timer initially gave a scheduled opening date of 16 March 2013, but was removed however on 4 January 2013, as the ride hit delays.  More overt advertising started in January 2013, when the "Smile" logo was used in various forms across the country. Including billboards in London; ticket barriers at Leeds railway station; projected onto various buildings including Big Ben; and sprayed onto flocks of sheep in areas including Leicestershire, Devon and Perthshire.  The name of the roller coaster, The Smiler, was revealed on 21 January 2013, the Metro newspaper, and the opening date was set as May (previously it was 16 March).  In February 2013 a free game app was released containing a full 3D recreation of the actual ride, and a preview of the rides merchandise was published online.  John Wardley, a ride consultant on the project, confirmed in a radio interview on 19 April 2013 that The Smiler would feature more inversions than any other roller coaster in the world. Although construction had revealed this earlier, the statement was the first official confirmation that The Smiler would break the inversion record. In an earlier interview Wardley had said that The Smiler would have "...5 mind manipulating elements that play around with you on the ride, so it’s more than just a physical rollercoaster."  From early April and throughout May, Alton Towers published videos online giving snippets of the ride's fictional backstory. This was followed by footage of weather presenter Laura Tobin riding The Smiler, live on ITV's "Daybreak" programme and an advertising campaign on boxes of Krave cereal.

Opening.

Initially, The Smiler was expected to make its public debut in March 2013 for the park's opening day, but due to construction delays, the date was pushed back to 23 May 2013. The date had to be pushed back further after technical issues were encountered during testing and a ride incident occurred during its preview event that stranded riders on the lift hill. Following the incident on 17 May 2013, Alton Towers explained on their website that The Smiler would not open on the originally scheduled date due to "unforeseen teething problems."  The ride's delayed opening initially caused controversy as many had booked advance tickets and stays at the Alton Towers Hotel in order to be among the first to ride the coaster. However, Alton Towers later announced it would allow those who had made advanced bookings to change their tickets and hotel reservations free of charge. The Smiler eventually opened on 31 May 2013.

Description.

A key feature of the ride is the large spider-like structure that serves as a centrepoint for the coaster track. Called ‘The Marmaliser,’ it has 5 legs, each with a distinct function to manipulate riders into "smiling". It is also equipped with a wraparound screen, which displays graphics and video relating to the theme of the ride. The roller coaster intertwines within the structure causing greater interaction with riders to enhance the experience. The track is divided into 5 block sections, permitting up to 5 trains to operate on the ride at once, which would create a theoretical capacity of 1200 people per hour (pph).

Ride experience.

The train dispatches from the station, playing audio of a man saying "join us!" The train immediately enters into a sweeping drop 180-degrees to the left. Partway through this drop, riders encounter a heartline roll, the ride's first inversion. The train then comes to a stop on block brakes, before ascending the first lift hill. Upon reaching the top, the train drops into another 180-degree right turn before banking into the second inversion, a downward corkscrew. The train drops down into the next two inversions, two consecutive dive loops before travelling over a trimmed airtime hill into the ride's largest element, a Batwing (this element consists of a sidewinder and reverse sidewinder).  The train then travels through another corkscrew before reaching the second set of block brakes, after a brief pause the train ascends the second lift hill, this time at a 90° vertical angle. The train then enters another drop, 180-degrees to the left, banking into a downward corkscrew. Riders then navigate through a sea serpent roll, followed by a short drop into another trimmed airtime hill. the train then dives into a cobra roll. Upon exiting the cobra roll, the train twists through two consecutive corkscrews before a short left turn into the final brake run.

Incidents.

The ride has experienced a number of structural and technical issues since its launch. The most serious incident occurred on 2 June 2015, when a loaded train collided with an empty test train, causing serious injuries to a number of riders. An additional train had recently been added to the circuit, when an empty train was dispatched for a test run and stalled mid-ride due to a gust of wind. The ride block system shut down the ride accordingly but was overrode by the engineers on duty, as they were unaware there was now an additional train present and stalled. This allowed the following train, loaded with passangers, to collide with the stalled train.  Two riders sat in the front row required leg amputations. Subsequently, Merlin Entertainments decided to close The Smiler, Saw – The Ride at Thorpe Park, and two other roller coasters at Chessington World of Adventures (all of which have since reopened) while safety protocols and procedures were evaluated. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) served a Prohibition Notice upon the Smiler, preventing the ride's use until remedial action had been completed. On 27 July 2015, it was stated by Merlin Entertainments chief executive Nick Varney that The Smiler would "not be opening this summer". The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) initiated a criminal investigation.  In the incident's aftermath, Alton Towers and its owner Merlin Entertainments allegedly observed a drop in revenue and visitor numbers, which they claim influenced their decision to eliminate up to 190 jobs at the theme park. Six rides were closed during the 2016 season as a result of the crash. Varney released a public statement stating: The ride eventually reopened on 19 March 2016 for the start of the 2016 season with additional safety features. Merlin Attractions Operations Ltd was prosecuted by the HSE at North Staffordshire Justice Centre on 22 April 2016, in which the firm pleaded guilty. On 27 September 2016, after a two-day hearing at Stafford Crown Court, Judge Michael Chambers QC fined Merlin Entertainments £5 million. In September 2018, Vicky Balch and Leah Washington, who lost their legs on the ride after the crash in June 2015, sued Merlin Attractions Operations Ltd for negligence and/or breach of statutory duty.

The Smiler is a steel roller coaster located at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. Manufactured by Gerstlauer, it opened in 2013 as the world's first Gerstlauer Infinity Coaster. With 14 inversions, The Smiler holds the world record for most inversions on a roller coaster. However, it has experienced a series of incidents. A malfunction at a press preview event delayed the official opening date by two weeks, and in 2015, a major collision left five riders seriously injured. An investigation by the UK government's Health and Safety Executive was initiated, and the ride eventually reopened the following season with revamped safety standards.

The Smiler est un parcours de montagnes russes en métal du parc Alton Towers, situé à Alton, dans le comté anglais du Staffordshire, au Royaume-Uni. Ce sont des montagnes russes assises du constructeur Gerstlauer qui détiennent le record du monde du nombre d'inversions sur des montagnes russes, avec 14 inversions. L'ouverture au public a lieu le, après plusieurs reports.


Anarcho-syndicalist labour movement, press and schools.

Along with European immigrants in the 19th and early 20th centuries came their anarchist ideas. These immigrants joined trade unions and supported anarcho-syndicalism by the 1920s, which led to labor reforms including increases in pay. Unions from Rio, São Paulo, and Porto Alegre united in the Brazilian Workers' Confederation (Confederação Operária Brasileira, or COB) in 1908, as the result of a successful Workers' Congress.  Anarchism or anarcho-syndicalism was the dominant ideology underpinning the Brazilian labour movement at the beginning of the twentieth century. Syndicates and labour federations were erected, mainly pressing for shorter workdays, better working conditions and higher salaries. Various strikes, i.e. in the harbour of Santos and among railway workers, were inspired by anarchist sympathies. In 1906 the first nationwide Brazilian workers' congress was held, and from then on the May Day celebrations, with prominent anarchists delivering speeches, started to attract large crowds. The second national workers' congress in 1913 was initially meant to be a Pan-American anarchist congress, but only two Argentinians showed up. The labour agitation eventually culminated in the large strike movements of 1917 and 1919, biggest in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, but echoed throughout the country.  Alongside the labour federations, anarchist daily and weekly newspapers were also issued; additionally, educational centres, theatres and elementary schools were founded. In the nineteenth century some of those newspapers were in Italian and a few were in Spanish and German, but at the turn of the century most were in Portuguese. "A Plebe" was an important one, but there were many more, issued in virtually any state capital of Brazil.  The educational centres, schools and theatres founded by anarchists helped to draw attention to the issue of illiteracy in Brazil. This was a point taken up by various other groups in society, such as social Christian movements, inspired by Catholic social teachings, and various politicians aiming for containment of the social question or for popular support.

Repression, fragmentation and decline.

Anarchists, anarcho-syndicalists and socialists of various kinds were generally much less fragmented in Brazil than in, for example, Italy. However, the many pamphlets and essays in anarchist newspapers show that there were fierce debates about ideology and strategy between adherents of different schools. The (mostly moderate) socialists rejected strongly the position of the emerging'socialist Christians' on strikes and labour unions, around 1900. Ongoing debate, especially on the necessity and danger of (central) organisation, between anarchists, libertarians and syndicalists filled the labour-based newspapers.  In 1922, some militants who had been active in anarchist circles founded the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), influenced by the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and by the feeling of failure, in appeal and unity, of the syndicalist workers' federations. Among them, Astrojildo Pereira, Octovia Brandão, Bernardo Canelas, Jose Elias da Silva. Others, like José Oiticica and Edgard Leuenroth, stayed loyal to anarchist principles. The party was not recognised as communist by the Comintern, however, being accused of being a doctrinal mess, still retaining much anarcho-syndicalist influence.  Repression of the anarchist movement, and of the labour movement in general, was very harsh. The violent police repression of strikes caused many casualties. Also, newspaper and union offices and even children’s schools were burned down. Furthermore, anarchist agitators were regularly arrested, and, if not Brazilian-born, exiled. Under the government of Artur Bernardes even concentration camps and torture centres existed, of which the most infamous was Clevelândia, in Oiapoque, at the border with French Guiana.  While some argue that the anarchist movement had already lost out against the communists by the 1920s, others, like Edgar Rodrigues, maintain that the anarchist movement actually kept growing during most of the 1920s, until the repression by Bernardes. In any case, the military populist movement, known as "tenentismo" eventually won out. The repression by the Vargas regime, along with the introduction of the Mussolini-inspired state-led union structure in the 1930s, proved the death-knell of the Brazilian anarchist movement.  Some traces of anarchism remained, notably the Anarchist Study Centre in Rio de Janeiro led by prof. José Oiticica, which had to go underground after the 1964 military coup. In the 1970s a small anarchist newspaper existed in Bahia, called "The Enemy of the King" (Portuguese: "O inimigo do rei)", but the movement would never regain the strength it had at the beginning of the twentieth century.  In the 1990s, especifismo influenced anarchism spread to Brazil under the influence of the Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (, or FAU) and saw the creation of regional groups such as the Gaúcha Anarchist Federation (, or FAG). In 2002 especifismo influenced groups based in nine states would found the Forum of Organized Anarchism (Fórum do Anarquismo Organizado, or FAO) which in 2012 would become the Brazilian Anarchist Coordination (Coordenação Anarquista Brasileira, or CAB).

Further reading.

On Colonia Cecilia, see the article by Isabelle Felici, in: "Cadernos AEL" (Campinas 1998). There exists also a novel by that name by an anarchist author named Smith.  On anarchist newspapers:  Most anarchist newspaper issues can be found in the Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth in Campinas, but there are also examplars in other Brazilian archives, in Milan and in the IISH in Amsterdam.  There are collections of articles published in secondary literature on the Brazilian labour movement: notably:

Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of Brazil's Old Republic. During the epoch of mass migrations of European labourers at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, anarchist ideas started to spread, particularly amongst the country’s labour movement. Along with the labour migrants, many Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German political exiles arrived, many holding anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist ideas.

L'anarchisme a été un contributeur influent de la politique sociale de la Vieille République du Brésil. À l'époque des migrations massives de travailleurs européens à la fin du et au début du s, les idées anarchistes ont commencé à se répandre, en particulier au sein du mouvement syndical du pays. Parmi les travailleurs immigrés on compte bon nombre d'italiens, d'espagnols, de portugais et d'allemands qui sont des exilés politiques affiliés aux idées anarchistes ou anarcho-syndicalistes.


History.

Lexington was originally called Shaw when it got its first post office in 1848. In 1850, residents changed the name of the settlement to Lexington to honor the location of the first battle of the American Revolution.

Geography.

Lexington is located at (30.413974, -97.008480).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,178 people, 460 households, and 311 families residing in the town. The population density was 992.4 people per square mile (382.2/km2). There were 540 housing units at an average density of 454.9 per square mile (175.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 79.88% White, 10.87% African American, 1.10% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 7.05% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.42% of the population.  There were 460 households out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the town, the population was spread out with 32.6% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $31,023, and the median income for a family was $37,917. Males had a median income of $32,083 versus $19,886 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,765. About 11.1% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.  Calvin Trillin of "The New Yorker" said that while Lexington is not geographically in the Texas Hill Country, as it is located on ranch land, it "ethnically is." A politician from Lee County told Paul Burka of "Texas Monthly" that the voting scenario in the area is "the Germans against the Czechs, and the Americans are the swing vote."

Culture.

On Saturdays farmers and ranchers come into Lexington from areas around the town. A cattle auction takes place at 12:30 PM each Saturday.  Snow's BBQ, which "Texas Monthly" called "the best barbecue in Texas" and "The New Yorker" called "the best Texas BBQ in the world" is located in Lexington.

Education.

The Town of Lexington is served by the Lexington Independent School District.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Notable people.

Lyn Collins, singer  Jordan Peterson, Defensive Coordinator for University of New Mexico Football.  Earl Cooper, Former NFL Player, two-time Super Bowl champion.  Amanda Dowdy, Professional Beach Volleyball Player.

Lexington is a town in Lee County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,177 at the 2010 census. Lexington, a trading town, is about northeast of Austin.

La ville de Lexington est située dans le comté de Lee, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Early life and career.

Roşu was born in Bacău. She started gymnastics in 1991 at age four and trained during her early years at CSS Bacău. She was selected to train for the junior national team and left her family for Oneşti, then the site of the junior training center. Roşu competed at the Top Gym Tournament in early 2000. When two juniors from Deva pulled out unexpectedly just days before the meet began, Roşu was selected as a last-minute replacement. Competing with an ankle injury, she finished 12th all-around. Roşu competed internationally in the Netherlands and Slovakia in 2001. Always a powerful tumbler, she made great strides in vaulting and floor exercise and soon moved with her teammates to the national training center in Deva. Still a junior in 2002, she competed at the Romanian International, placing fourth. She went on to be a part of the junior squad at the European Championships, where she earned bronze medals on vault and floor exercise. At her second and last participation at the Top Gym Tournament, she won the trophy ahead of teammate Alexandra Eremia.

Senior career.

Roşu competed at her first world championships in the U.S. in 2003, winning silver with her team and placing fourth on the vault. She then won gold on vault and with the team at the European Championships the following spring. Roşu's finest hour came during the 2004 Olympics in Athens. With Cătălina Ponor, Daniela Sofronie, Oana Ban, Alexandra Eremia and Silvia Stroescu, she helped Romania defend its Olympic team title. In a dominant performance, they won by nearly a full point and finished first on three of the four apparatus. The strongest vaulter on the team, Roşu contributed scores in the finals of 9.625 on vault and 9.387 on bars. She also won gold on the vault, competing the two most difficult vaults of the Olympic Games. She scored 9.575 (start value: 9.9) and 9.737 (start value: 10.0). She was nearly two tenths ahead of her nearest rival, Annia Hatch of the United States.

Retirement.

After injuring herself in 2005 and showing sub-par performances, Roşu failed to make the 2005 World Championship team and has since retired. In 2005, she participated in the televised competition Kunoichi and the TV show Monster Box in Japan. In 2009, she was the host of a TV show ("Forma Maxima") aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle, broadcast by the Romanian TVR1 channel. Among her guests were Ion Ţiriac, Ilie Năstase and Gheorghe Hagi. As of 2010, Roşu was studying for her master's in sport management in Bucharest, Romania.

Achievements.

She won a silver medal on vault at the 2004 World Cup Final.

Monica Roşu (born May 11, 1987) is a former artistic gymnast from Romania. During her career, she won two Olympic gold medals (team and vault), a silver medal with the Romanian team at world championships, and two gold medals at the European Championships (team and vault).

Monica Roșu (née le ) est une ancienne gymnaste roumaine. Elle est notamment double médaille d'or aux jeux olympiques d'Athènes en 2004.