History.

Origins.

Mekelle is believed to have evolved from a 13th-century hamlet called Enda Meseqel (later Enda Medhane Alem), becoming a town by the early 19th century, when "ras" Wolde Selassie of Enderta made Antalo his seat of power, and the region of Mekelle ( to the north) his recreational center). In the tax records of "atse" Tewodros II, Mekelle appears as a tributary district within Enderta with a "negarit" of its own.

19th century.

The credit for Mekelle's growth into a regional capital goes to "atse" Yohannes IV who made Mekelle political capital of his expanding state. He must have chose the place for its strategic proximity both to rich agricultural areas (of Raya Azebo) and to the Afar salt country. Mekelle's position on the route to Shewa, the power base of Yohannes's main rival Menelik could have been another factor. Three institutions still important for modern Mekelle were founded by Yohannes: In the 1880s, Mekelle became the Emperor's capital city. Among the factor that further accelerated Mekele's growth and urbanization were the establishment of residential quarters by the "nobility" and court servants, the prominence of the "amole" salt market and the subsequent establishment of local and foreign trading and occupational communities, and Mekelle'a strategic position as a transit center for commodities of the long-distance trade routes of north eastern Ethiopia, attached to the Red Sea ports, and to northern and central Ethiopia. By establishing a market in Mekelle, Yohannes could draw on the norther trade routes as well as the salt caravan routes to the town, capitalizing on his political leverage.  The succession of "atse" Menelik II of Shewa signaled a trading reorientation from northern to southern Ethiopia (centered in Shewa). The new capital Addis Ababa quickly outstripped Mekelle, which, however, retained its political importance as the district and regional administration center of Enderta and Tigray respectively through the 20th century, and its economical role in the Ethiopian salt trade.  During the Italian War of 1895–96, Mekelle became an important site in the conflict. After the fall of Adwa in spring 1895, "ras" Mengasha Yohannes retreated from his father's capital Mekelle following the advice of "atse" Menelik II. Mekelle was occupied by the Italians without a shot and integrated into the "Colonia Eritrea"; from here the Italians extended their occupation south, up to Ambalage. The Italian army established their fort near the Enda Eyesus church above Mekelle in October 1895. After the re-occupation of Ambalage in late 1895, the fort was besieged by Ethiopian troops, who cut the Italians' water supply. When the Italians surrendered in January 1896, Menelik allowed them to retreat to their stronghold Adigrat, probably hoping to prevent an escalation of the conflict, and he appointed his own governor over Enderta at Mekelle, "dejazmach" Tedla Abaguben, in order to check the rebellious Tigrayan princes.

20th century.

Three historical epochs sustained Mekelle's urbanization in the 20th century. The first was the advent of "dejazmach" Abreha Araya Demsu, governor of Eastern Tigray with Mekelle as his capital. Abreha imitated his cousin Yohannes by establishing his own splendid palace (now the Hotel called Abreha Castle) on a hill facing the grand palace, a new Saturday Market (Edaga Senbet), and a new church, Selassie, all of which were situated to the south of Mekelle proper. Likewise, he attracted various occupational groups including Muslim traders, women service vendors, and army retainers. Consequently, in the 1920s and early 1930s, Mekelle witnessed a remarkable growth in trade. "Dejazmach" Haile Selassie Gugsa renovated the Palace in the center to use it as his seat.  The second phase occurred during the Italian occupation (1936–41). The Italians, who occupied the town in November 1935, contributed considerable to the modernization of Mekelle. They built a military airport and a fort at Enda Eyesus (now the main compound of Mekelle University); reorganized roads, telephone lines, offices and residences; and installed modern water pipelines, electricity, clinics, postal services, cinema hall and resort/sport centers. They also expanded Edaga Senbet by introducing corrugated iron shops. This also attracted foreign entrepreneurs (Greeks, Arabs and Armenians). Mekelle, then divided into two zones; Italian and Native, grew about twice its former size. In 1938, there were shops, two Italian-style restaurants and Hotel Amba Aradam with 4 rooms. There was a post, telephone and telegraph office, and a hospital. An important market was held on Mondays. Starting from May 1943, Mekelle was in the hands of the leaders of the Woyane uprising against the then weak restored Haile Selassie government. the following British air bombardment of the town of September–October heavily damaged the; on October 1943 Mekelle was recaptured by the Ethiopian government forces.  The third phase in Mekelle's urban development took place mainly during 1942–74. Modern urban sectors were diversified, and new administrative offices were established. The Mekelle municipality (founded 1942), telecommunications and post office, Commercial Bank and the "atse" Yohannes Elementary (in 1952) and Secondary School (in 1960) were established. The master plan was issued in 1962. Small-scale enterprises such as oil refineries, soap mills, leather and caning bags, costumes and flour mills were established until 1974. Most of the industrial establishments, however, have declined, degraded or closed during the 1974-91 wars.  During the 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia, Mekelle was notorious for the seven "hunger camps" around the city. These housed 75,000 refugees with 20,000 more waiting to enter. During March 1985, 50 to 60 people died in these seven camps every day. In February 1986, the TPLF released 1,800 political prisoners from the Mekelle prison in a daring military action. The operation was named "Agazi," after one of the founding fighters of the TPLF, who had been killed in the second year of the Ethiopian Civil War.  A holy cross for the celebration of the Meskel holiday on the mountains on the east side of Mekelle.  In a series of offensives launched on 25 February 1988, TPLF fighters bypassed Mekelle but took control of Maychew, Korem and other places along the Dessie-Mekelle road. By June 1988, TPLF controlled all of Tigray except the city of Mekelle and the territory a radius of around the city. In response, the Derg had a number of villages around Mekelle burned on June 4 and 5, which included Addi Gera, Bahri, Goba Zena, Grarot, Issala, and Rabea. It was not until 25 February 1989 that Mekelle was also occupied by the TPLF, after the government position in Tigray had collapsed.  On 5 June 1998 the Eritrean Air Force bombed Ayder School in Mekelle during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War killing twelve. A monument pays respects to this tragedy.

21st century.

On 29 December 2002, a riot broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshippers, over an Adventist prayer service being conducted in a stadium. Some Ethiopian Orthodox believers, upset by the display of public Adventist preaching, reportedly sparked the clashes by first throwing stones at Adventists gathered in the stadium, then by looting Adventist offices in the city. Police intervened to break up the riots, which resulted in five dead and three seriously injured. The police reported that 10 people were detained, but independent sources reported that the number was much larger.  The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) headquarters was established in Mekelle in 2000 following the end of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War and continued until 30 July 2008.

Cityscape.

The martyrs' memorial monument pays respects to the over 60,000 TPLF fighters who died and over 100,000 fighters who were injured in the overthrow of the marxist Derg regime in 1991. The monument is tall and is located in Adi-Haki sub-city. The monument has many sculptures depicting the struggle of the peasants and fighters against the Derg soldiers.  Emperor Yohannes IV in the 19th century became Negus and built a castle and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo churches in the city. The castle was constructed by Ethiopian engineer "Lij" Ingidashet and Italian engineer Giacomo Naretti. The castle complex now serves as a museum, where the Emperor's throne, royal bed, ceremonial dress, rifles, and many other valuable historical collections, can be seen.  Other notable landmarks include the churches Enda Gabir, Enda Yesus Mekelle Bete Mengist, Mekelle Iyesus, Mekelle Maryam, Mekelle Selassie, Enda Mariam Bugsa and Mekelle Tekle Haymanot.

Sports.

Mekelle City FC and Dedebit F.C are the local football teams from the city; both have been competing in the Ethiopian Premier League. A local market has been held every Monday since at least 1890.

Geography.

Mekelle lies at an elevation of above sea level (at the airport), close to the edge of the northern portion of the Ethiopian Rift Valley, on a Jurassic limestone plateau, in a semi-arid area with a mean annual rainfall of. Except for a moderately dense eucalyptus cover on the hills in eastern edges of Mekelle and some exotic species of trees and shrubs lining the streets, the surrounding landscape is almost treeless.

Sub-cities.

Mekelle is divided into seven local administrations: Hawelti, Adi-Haki, Kedamay Weyane, Hadnet, Ayder, Semien and Quiha. Within each local administration there are "kebeles" or "ketenas". The subcities of Mekelle comprise the area formerly incorporated as Mekelle City. While falling under the jurisdiction of Mekele Special Zone Government, each subcity is also a borough with its own administrator, like other cities of Ethiopia. These officials oversee socio-economic development and run health, education, and utilities.  The subcities differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the regional government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Mekelle Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city. The "three central subcities" of Mekelle – Kedamay Weyane, Ayder and Hawelti – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population. Semien is unique occupied by many major factories. It is often called the "economic center" of the Tigray.  Mekelle special zone has been represented in the House of Peoples' Representatives by Addis Alem Balema since 2005. The mayor of Mekelle is Daniel Assefa.  The city council is Mekelle's legislative body and the city is administrated by a mayor (Daniel Assega) and seven local administrators.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures year-round and distinct wet and dry seasons. The Köppen type for this climate is tropical savanna climate ("Aw") as all months average above ; however it borders on a humid subtropical climate ("Cwa"). In the area to the northeast of Mekelle, a more dry climate, the "warm semi-arid climate" ("Bsh") is to be found.

Demographics.

There were about 5,000 inhabitants in 1935.  In 1938, the town counted approximately 12,000 inhabitants (including 100 Italians).  Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 215,914 people (104,925 men and 110,989 women). The two largest ethnic groups reported in Semien Mi'irabawi were the Tigray (96.2%), and Amhara (2.26%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.54% of the population. Tigrinya is spoken as a first language by 95.55%, and Amharic by 3.18%; the remaining 1.27% spoke all other primary languages reported. 92.68% of the population said they were Orthodox Christians, and 6.03% were Muslim.  The 1994 national census reported the population of Mekelle as 96,938 people (45,729 men and 51,209 women). The two largest ethnic groups reported were the Tigrayan (96.5%), the Amhara (1.59%), foreigners from Eritrea (0.99%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.98% of the population. Tigrinya was spoken as a first language by 96.26%, and 2.98% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.76% spoke all other primary languages reported. 91.31% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 7.66% were Muslim. Concerning education, 51.75% of the population were considered literate, which is more than the Zone average of 15.71%; 91.11% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school; 17.73% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school; and 52.13% of the inhabitants aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school. Concerning sanitary conditions, about 88% of the urban houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census, and about 51% had toilet facilities.

Economy.

Mekelle is one of Ethiopia's principal economic and educational centers.

Manufacturing.

Local industry includes Mesfin Industrial Engineering, a steel fabrication and manufacturing factory, which also has car assembly line and Messebo Cement Factory, northern Ethiopia's principal cement production facility. Both companies are owned and managed by the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT).  The $100 million Mekelle Industrial park hosts many foreign textiles companies and employs approximately 20,000 people.

Services.

There has been a boom in hotel services for tourism and conferences due to predominant place Mekelle holds in northern Ethiopia. The development of healthcare services has greatly aided in improving the quality of life of Mekelle's inhabitants. A $3.5 million modern referral public health laboratory was constructed by the US CDC to serve as a training site as well as providing quality assurance for Tigray's hospitals and medical laboratories.

Agriculture.

Mekelle is surrounded by agrarian villages that sell their crops to the urban population in the markets. Traditionally there is a market on Saturday and Monday where a wide variety of produce and livestock is available for sale, in addition to salt from Afar.

Livestock.

The Abergelle Slaughterhouse, funded by the Dejenna Endowment, began operations in late 2008.

Transport.

Mekelle is linked by all weather roads to Addis Ababa and Aksum, and has an airport, "Ras" Alula Aba Nega International Airport (ICAO code HAMK, IATA MQX). Intercity bus service is provided by the Selam Bus Line Share Company, and its city bus service is provided by Amora buses.  Mekelle is the terminal station of the electric Weldiya-Mekelle railway (under construction), connecting Mekelle with Addis Ababa and Djibouti.

Education.

Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and junior high schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public high schools in Mekelle are run by the Tigray Education Bureau. Mekelle also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school.  Mekelle has several universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Ethiopia's most prestigious universities are in Mekelle, including Mekelle University and Mekelle Institute of Technology. Nejashi Ethio-Turkish International Schools and Closys College are private schools in the city.

International relations.

Mekelle is a member of the Millennium Cities Initiative.

Sister cities, sister states, and friendship agreements.

As of 2018, Mekelle has twinning or friendship agreements with the following three cities and states:

Mekelle (, "mäqälle",, "mek’elē", ), or Mekele formerly the capital of Enderta awraja in Tigray, is today the capital city of Tigray National Regional state. It is located around north of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, with an elevation of above sea level. Administratively, Mekelle is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into seven sub-cities. Mekelle is the economic, cultural, and political hub of northern Ethiopia.

Mekele, parfois orthographié Meqelé (ou "Mekelé" ; Ge'ez: መቀሌ ) est la capitale de la région du Tigré, au nord de l'Éthiopie. Elle est également un woreda. La ville comptait habitants en 2005.


History.

Montezuma County has been settled since approximately AD 600, and had an estimated population of approximately 100,000, four times its current population, in the 12th century. However, a series of events caused virtually all permanent settlements to be abandoned between 1200 and 1300, and the area was contested between nomadic Ute and Navajo bands until resettlement occurred in the 1870s. Montezuma County was created out of the western portion of La Plata County by the Colorado Legislature in April 1889. It was named in honor of Moctezuma II, a famous chief of the Aztec Indians in Mexico. The building ruins in Mesa Verde National Park were thought to be of Aztec origin at the time.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.5%) is water.  A large county, roughly 1/3 of its area is tribal land, 1/3 is federal land (administered by the National Park Service, the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management), and 1/3 private or state/county land. It is also varied topographically, ranging in elevation from about to more than, and from high Colorado Plateau desert to alpine tundra. The county has the second largest reservoir in Colorado, McPhee Reservoir, many other large reservoirs, and hundreds of private lakes and ponds. Much of the county is irrigated cropland, and it produces fruit, large numbers of cattle and sheep, and beans. It is served by U.S. Highways 160 and 491 (formerly US 666), and by Cortez Municipal Airport. It has no rail service, although both Mancos and Dolores were established as railroad towns in the 1890s.

Adjacent counties.

Montezuma County is the only county in the United States to border three counties with the same name in three different states (San Juan County in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah). The "border" with San Juan County, Colorado, is, however, only a point of zero length.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 23,830 people, 9,201 households, and 6,514 families residing in the county. The population density was 12 people per square mile (5/km2). There were 10,497 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 81.72% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 11.23% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.26% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. 9.50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 9,201 households out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.40% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.04.  In the county, the population was spread out with 27.50% under the age of 18, 7.10% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 25.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $32,083, and the median income for a family was $38,071. Males had a median income of $30,666 versus $21,181 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,003. About 13.10% of families and 16.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.20% of those under age 18 and 14.40% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

In its early history Montezuma County favored the Democratic Party. It was one of the few counties in the West to be won by Alton B. Parker in 1904, and along with neighboring La Plata County was one of only two Colorado counties to give a plurality to John W. Davis in the three-way 1924 election. However, since the 1940s Montezuma has been a strongly Republican county: no Democrat since 1968 has won forty percent of the county's vote in a Presidential election.  In gubernatorial elections, Montezuma County is also Republican-leaning: in 2010 it was along with neighboring Dolores County one of only two counties to give a plurality to Dan Maes. The last Democratic gubernatorial nominee to win Montezuma County was Roy Romer in 1990 when he carried all but four counties statewide. The last Democratic senatorial candidate to carry Montezuma County was Ben “Nighthorse” Campbell – later to switch to the Republican Party – in 1992.

Montezuma County is the southwesternmost of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,535. The county seat is Cortez.

Le comté de Montezuma (en anglais : "Montezuma County") est un des 64 comtés de l'État du Colorado aux États-Unis.


History.

Membership.

The group was founded by Paul Hillier, Errol Girdlestone, Paul Elliott, and David James, although the membership was flexible until Hillier left in 1990. After that, the core members were David James (counter-tenor), Rogers Covey-Crump (tenor/high tenor), John Potter (tenor), and Gordon Jones (bass), except that in 1998 John Potter was replaced by Steven Harrold.

Recordings.

The Hilliard Ensemble, under Paul Hillier, had an extensive discography with EMI's Reflexe early music series during the 1980s. The ensemble then recorded mainly for the ECM label. In 1994, when popular interest in Gregorian chant was at its height, the ensemble released the CD "Officium", an unprecedented collaboration with the Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek. The disc became one of ECM's biggest-selling releases, reaching the pop charts in several European countries and receiving five gold discs in sales. "Officium's" sequel, the 2-CD set "Mnemosyne", followed in 1999. The third album, "Officium Novum", was released in 2010. Their recordings have also been included in Craig Wright's "Listening to Music" textbook for music students and music appreciation.

Performances.

In 2005 the ensemble took part in the Rheingau Musik Festival's composer's portrait of Arvo Pärt, together with the Rostock Motet Choir. In 2008 the Hilliard Ensemble premiered Heiner Goebbels' avant-garde staged concert "I went to the house but did not enter" at the 2008 Edinburgh International Festival, repeated at the Berliner Festspiele.

New music.

In 2009 the ensemble premiered five new works: Guido Morini's "Una Iliade", Fabio Vacchi's "Memoria Italiana", Steffen Schleiermacher's "Die Beschwörung der Trunkenen Oase", Simon Bainbridge's "Tenebrae" and Wolfgang Rihm's "Et Lux". In September 2010 the Hilliard Ensemble joined the London Philharmonic Choir and Orchestra for the world premiere of Matteo D'Amico's "Flight from Byzantium" at the Royal Festival Hall, London.

Miscellaneous.

They also performed three pieces by Guillaume Dufay: "Moribus et genere", "Vergene bella" and "Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae".  On 15 November 2010 the group appeared at Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York to perform Kjartan Sveinsson's "Cage a Swallow Can’t You but You Can’t Swallow a Cage".

Disbanding.

The Hilliard Ensemble decided to disband after 41 years and gave their final concert on 20 December 2014 at the Wigmore Hall, London.

The Hilliard Ensemble was a British male vocal quartet originally devoted to the performance of early music. The group was named after the Elizabethan miniaturist painter Nicholas Hilliard. Founded in 1974, the group disbanded in 2014.

The Hilliard Ensemble est un quatuor vocal britannique spécialisé dans l'interprétation de la musique ancienne et contemporaine fondé en 1973 par Paul Hillier, Paul Elliott, et David James. Le nom du quatuor est un hommage à Nicholas Hilliard, un peintre miniaturiste de l'époque élisabéthaine.


Planar Couette flow.

Couette flow is frequently used in undergraduate physics and engineering courses to illustrate shear-driven fluid motion. The simplest conceptual configuration finds two infinite, parallel plates separated by a distance formula_1. One plate, say the top one, translates with a constant velocity formula_2 in its own plane. Neglecting pressure gradients, the Navier–Stokes equations simplify to  where formula_4 is a spatial coordinate normal to the plates and formula_5 is the velocity distribution. This equation reflects the assumption that the flow is "uni-directional". That is, only one of the three velocity components formula_6 is non-trivial. If y originates at the lower plate, the boundary conditions are formula_7 and formula_8. The exact solution  can be found by integrating twice and solving for the constants using the boundary conditions. A notable aspect of the flow is that shear stress is constant throughout the flow domain. In particular, the first derivative of the velocity, formula_10, is constant. (This is implied by the straight-line profile in the figure.) According to Newton's Law of Viscosity (Newtonian fluid), the shear stress is the product of this expression and the (constant) fluid viscosity.

Startup of Couette flow.

In reality, the Couette solution cannot be reached instantaneously. The startup problem is given by  subject to the initial condition  with boundary conditions (same as Couette flow)  The problem can be converted to a homogeneous problem by subtracting steady solution and using separation of variables, the solution is given by  As formula_15, the steady Couette solution is recovered. At times formula_16, steady Couette solution will be almost reached as shown in the figure. The time required to reach the steady solution depends only on the spacing between the plates formula_1 and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, but not on how fast the top plate is moved formula_2.

Couette flow with pressure gradient.

A more general Couette flow situation arises when a constant pressure gradient formula_19 is imposed in a direction parallel to the plates. This problem was studied by H. S. Rowell and U. D. Finlayson. The Navier–Stokes equations, in this case, simplify to  where formula_21 is fluid viscosity. Integrating the above equation twice and applying the boundary conditions (same as in the case of Couette flow without pressure gradient) to yield the following exact solution  The pressure gradient can be positive (adverse pressure gradient) or negative (favorable pressure gradient). It may be noted that in the limiting case of stationary plates(formula_23), the flow is referred to as Plane Poiseuille flow with a symmetric (with reference to the horizontal mid-plane) parabolic velocity profile.

Compressible plane Couette flow.

This problem was first addressed by C.R. Illingworth in 1950. In incompressible flow, the velocity profile is linear because the fluid temperature is constant. When the upper and lower walls are maintained at different temperatures, the velocity profile is complicated, but it turns out it has an exact implicit solution.  Consider the plane Couette flow with lower wall at rest and fluid properties being denoted with subscript formula_24 and let the upper wall move with constant velocity formula_2 with properties denoted with subscript formula_26. The properties and the pressure at the upper wall are prescribed and taken as reference quantities. Let formula_27 be the distance between the two walls. The boundary conditions are  where formula_1 is the specific enthalpy and formula_31 is the specific heat. Conservation of mass and formula_4 momentum reveals that formula_33 everywhere in the flow domain. Conservation of formula_34 momentum and energy reduce to  where formula_37 is the wall shear stress, but the whole flow domain takes the same shear stress similar to the incompressible Couette flow. The flow do not depend on the Reynolds number formula_38, but rather on the Prandtl number formula_39 and the Mach number formula_40, where formula_41 is the thermal conductivity, formula_42 is the Speed of sound and formula_43 is the Specific heat ratio. It turns out that the said problem can be solved implicitly. Introduce the non-dimensional variables  Therefore, the solutions are  formula_47 is the heat transferred per unit time per unit area from the lower wall. Thus formula_48 are implicit functions of formula_4. It is useful to write the solution in terms of recovery temperature formula_50 and recovery enthalpy formula_51 as the temperature of an insulated wall i.e., the value of formula_52 for which formula_53. Then the solution is  If specific heat is assumed constant, then formula_56. When formula_57 and formula_58, then formula_59 and formula_21 are constant everywhere, thus recovering the incompressible Couette flow solution. Except this case, one should know formula_61 to solve the problem. When formula_57 and formula_63, the recovery quantities become unity formula_64. There are number of laws to predict formula_65 for example Sutherland's formula, power law etc. For air, the values of formula_66 are commonly used and the results for this case is shown in figure.  Liepmann studied the effects of dissociation and ionization (i.e. formula_31 is not constant) and showed that the recovery temperature is reduced by the dissociation of molecules and also he studied the hydromagnetics effects on this compressible Couette flow.

Couette flow in rectangular channel.

One-dimensional flow formula_5 is valid when both plates are infinitely long in streamwise formula_34 and spanwise formula_70 direction. When the spanwise length is made finite, the flow becomes two-dimensional formula_71. The infinitely long length in streamwise direction still needs to be held to ensure the "uni-directional" nature of the flow. The below problem is due to Rowell and Finlayson (1928). Consider an infinitely long rectangular channel with transverse height formula_1 and spanwise width formula_27, subjected to the condition that the top wall moves with a constant velocity formula_2. Without any imposed pressure gradient, the Navier–Stokes equations reduce to  with boundary conditions  Using separation of variables, the solution is given by  When formula_79, the classical plane Couette is recovered as shown in the figure.

Couette flow between coaxial cylinders.

Couette flow between coaxial cylinders also known as Taylor–Couette flow is a flow created between two rotating infinitely long co-axial cylinders. The original problem was solved by Stokes in 1845, but Geoffrey Ingram Taylor's name was attached to the flow because he studied the stability of the flow in his famous paper in 1923. If the inner cylinder with radius formula_80 is rotating at a constant angular velocity formula_81 and the outer cylinder with radius formula_82 is rotating at a constant angular velocity formula_83, then the velocity in formula_84 direction is given by  (Note that "r" has replaced "y" in this result to reflect cylindrical rather than rectangular coordinates). It is clear from this equation that curvature effects no longer allow for constant shear in the flow domain, as shown above.

Couette flow between coaxial cylinders of finite length.

The classical Taylor–Couette flow problem assumes infinitely long cylinders, but the finite-length effects which are encountered in real life are more pronounced in cylindrical geometry. The flow is still unidirectional and the solution for formula_86 with cylinder length formula_27 using separation of variables or using integral transforms is given by  where formula_89 are Modified Bessel function of the first kind and Modified Bessel function of the second kind respectively.

In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of which is moving tangentially relative to the other. The configuration often takes the form of two parallel plates or the gap between two concentric cylinders. The flow is driven by virtue of viscous drag force acting on the fluid, but may additionally be motivated by an applied pressure gradient in the flow direction. The Couette configuration models certain practical problems, like flow in lightly loaded journal bearings, and is often employed in viscometry and to demonstrate approximations of reversibility. This type of flow is named in honor of Maurice Couette, a Professor of Physics at the French University of Angers in the late 19th century.

En mécanique des fluides, un écoulement de Couette désigne l'écoulement d'un fluide visqueux entre deux surfaces dont l'une est en mouvement par rapport à l'autre. L'écoulement est dû à la force d'entraînement visqueuse qui agit sur le fluide. Le nom de cet écoulement se réfère au physicien français du Maurice Couette, qui a inventé le premier viscosimètre à rotation.


History.

In ancient times, this area was called "the middle of the world" (), since it was the center of government for Yu province and lay at the heart of the Nine Provinces. The Duke of Zhou (), the most influential statesman of the early Zhou dynasty, visited Runan many times and termed it as the center of the land. During the Han dynasty, it contributed the most officials to the central government of any commandery, and was ancestral home to the immensely influential Ru'nan Yuan clan. In former times Runan County was at various times called Ancheng County () and Ruyang County (), and Caizhou ()., amongst others. During the Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC), the vassal State of Dao fell within the borders of the county.  The town was the site of a major battle, the siege of Caizhou, in the war between the Mongol Empire and Jurchen Jin dynasty. Emperor Aizong, the Jurchen ruler, had fled to Caizhou after the Jin capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Mongols. He committed suicide in Caizhou and his successor, Emperor Mo, was killed in the besieged town. The Jin dynasty ended in Runan in 1234.

Administration.

Today Runan County falls under the jurisdiction of the prefecture level city of Zhumadian. With a land area of 1306 square kilometres, the county is home to some 770,000 people (2002 figure). The county government is based in the town of Runing (Juning) (). The county of Runan was far larger in Chinese history, but had to surrender a lot of its territories to the nearby city of Zhumadian and counties in the recent centuries. This means that today's Runan is much smaller than it was.  Since Runan was famous in Chinese history, many historical relics still could be found in the county seat and within its county boundary. Notably, the Nanhai Chan Temple is famous in the Buddhist world. The site where the Duke of Zhou visited became a historical site as well.

Runan County () is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhumadian, in the southeast of Henan province, China.

Le "xian" de Runan () est un district administratif de la province du Henan en Chine. Il est placé sous la juridiction de la ville-préfecture de Zhumadian.


Biography.

He started life in a merchants office at Antwerp. In 1831 he made a journey to Sweden, described in two volumes, which appeared at Amsterdam in 1836–1840. Soon afterwards he settled in Amsterdam, engaged in commercial pursuits on his own account, but with more and more inclination towards literature. With Heije, the popular poet of Holland in those days, and Bakhuizen van den Brink, the rising historian (see also Groen van Prinsterer), Potgieter founded De Muzen ( The Muses, 1834-1836), a literary review, which was, however, soon superseded by "De Gids" ("The Guide"), a monthly, which became the leading magazine of Holland. In it he wrote, mostly under the initials of W. Dg, a great number of articles and poems.  The first collected edition of his poems (1832–1868) appeared in 2 volumes (Haarlem, 1868-1875), preceded by some of his contributions to "De Gids", in 2 volumes also (Haarlem, 1864), and followed by 3 volumes of his "Studien en Schetsen" ("Studies and Sketches," Haarlem, 1879). Soon after his death a more comprehensive edition of Potgieter's "Verspreide en Nagelaten Werken" ("Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works") was published in 8 volumes by his friend and literary executor, Johan C Zimmerman (Haarlem, 1875-1877), who likewise supervised a more complete edition of Potgieter's writings which appeared at Haarlem in 1885 1890 in 19 volumes.  Of Potgieter's "Het Noorden in Omtrekken en Tafreelen" ("The North in Outlines and Pictures") the third edition was issued in 1882, and an edition de luxe of his poems followed at Haarlem in 1893. Under the title of "Personen en Onderwerpen" ("Persons and Subjects") many of Potgieter's criticisms had collectively appeared in 3 volumes at Haarlem in 1885, with an introduction by Conrad Busken-Huet.  Potgieter's favourite master among the Dutch classics was Hooft, whose peculiarities in style and language he admired and imitated. The same vein of altruistic, if often exaggerated and biased, abhorrence of the wonted conventionalities of literary life runs through all his writings, even through his private correspondence with Huet, parts of which have been published.  Potgieter remained to his death the irreconcilable enemy of the Dutch Jan Salie, as the Dutchman is nicknamed who does not believe in the regeneration of the Dutch people. Potgieter held up the Netherlanders of the golden age of the 16th and 17th centuries as models to be emulated. In these views he essentially differed from Huet. Yet the two friends worked harmoniously together; and when Potgieter reluctantly gave up "De Gids" in 1865, it was Huet whom he chose as his successor.  Both then proceeded to Italy, and were present at the Dante festivities at Florence, which in Potgieter's case resulted in a poem in twenty stanzas, "Florence" (Haarlem, 1868). According to a criticism in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition, Potgieter's influence in Holland was very marked and beneficial; but his own style, that of ultra-purist, was at times somewhat forced, stilted and not always easily understood.

Everhardus Johannes Potgieter (June 27, 1808February 3, 1875) was a Dutch prose writer and poet, who was born at Zwolle in Overijssel.

Everhardus Johannes Potgieter, né à Zwolle le et mort à Amsterdam le était un écrivain néerlandais. En 1835, il a fondé la revue littéraire "De Gids", de tendance libérale-progressiste.


Early life.

Wicks was born in Los Angeles, on September 19, 1949. According to the California Birth Index, however, Wicks was born in Contra Costa County, California. He attended Alexander Hamilton High School in Los Angeles, but because of non-qualifying grades in high school, he had to attend Santa Monica College for a year until he could go to his preferred university, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Wicks later earned Academic All-America honors at UCLA in 1971. He earned a degree in sociology from the school.  A 6'8" power forward/center, Wicks was a phenom at UCLA, playing on three straight NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championships from 1969 to 1971, the Bruins' star player on the latter two, being named the Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four in 1970, Helms National Co-Player of the Year (1970) USBWA and Sporting News Player of the Year (1971) and two-time consensus All-American in 1970 and 1971. On February 1, 1996, his jersey #35 was retired in a halftime ceremony at UCLA's home court, Pauley Pavilion. Wicks was a 1985 inductee into the UCLA Athletic Hall of Fame and in 2010, was selected to the College Basketball Hall of Fame.

Professional career.

The Portland Trail Blazers selected Wicks with the second pick of the 1971 NBA draft after paying the Cleveland Cavaliers $250,000 not to select him, and the Dallas Chaparrals chose him in the 1971 ABA draft. After averaging 24.5 points and 11.5 rebounds, Wicks was named NBA Rookie of the Year. He also played in the NBA All-Star Game that season.  Wicks played for the Trail Blazers from 1971 to 1976, earning a total of four selections as an All-Star (1972–1975) and averaging over 20 points per game each of his first four seasons. He holds the Blazers' franchise record for rebounds in a game with 27, and averaged 22.3 points per game and 10.3 rebounds a game in his five years with the team.  In October 1976 he was sold to the Boston Celtics, while Portland went on to win its only NBA championship the next season. Wicks played for the Celtics from 1976 to 1978. Wicks then went to the San Diego Clippers and played there until 1981. Overall, Wicks averaged 16.8 points per game and 8.7 rebounds per game over ten seasons and 760 games. He had four seasons averaging over 20 points per game, and four seasons averaging over 10 rebounds per game, accomplishing both of those feats in the same season three times (1971–72, 1972–73, and 1974–75). His scoring average dropped every year after his rookie season. Following his NBA career he played one season in Italy.

Later years and family.

Following his playing career, he lived for a year in Italy before returning to the United States. He served as an assistant coach at UCLA during Walt Hazzard's four years as head coach. Following coaching he entered the real estate field, living in Atlanta, Florida, and Los Angeles.  At 9 a.m. on May 5, 1989, in Mira Mesa, San Diego, California, Wicks was seriously injured in a car accident. He had been driving a 1974 Cadillac and making a left turn through an intersection when a loaded cement truck, which was approaching the intersection at a perpendicular angle, failed to stop at a red light and struck the driver's side door. Wicks had his ruptured spleen removed at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, California. He also had facial lacerations and minor head injuries. Jeffrey Neal Brown, a 34-year-old Poway resident, was a passenger in Wicks' car, and suffered a mild concussion and facial injuries. He was also treated at Scripps Memorial Hospital. The cement truck was being driven by 30-year-old Harry Arthur Auman, who was not injured in the crash.  Wicks was married from 1973 to 1979 and has one daughter, Sibahn Epps. As of 2006, he lived in North Carolina and Los Angeles.

Sidney Wicks (born September 19, 1949) is an American former professional basketball player. A native of California, he played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins and played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1971 to 1981. In the NBA he played for the Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics, and San Diego Clippers, earning NBA Rookie of the Year in 1972 as well as four all-star selections. He played for the Trail Blazers from 1971 to 1976 and had a total of four selections as an All-Star from 1972 to 1975.

Sidney Wicks, né le à Los Angeles, Californie, est un ancien joueur américain professionnel de basket-ball. Il évolua en NBA de 1971 à 1981.


History.

Johnstown, settled in 1770, has experienced three major floods in its history. The "Great Flood" of May 31, 1889, occurred after the South Fork Dam collapsed upstream from the city during heavy rains. At least 2,209 people died as a result of the flood and subsequent fire that raged through the debris. Another major flood occurred in 1936. Despite a pledge by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to make the city flood free, and subsequent work to do so, another major flood occurred in 1977. The 1977 flood—in what was to have been a "flood free" city—may have contributed to Johnstown's subsequent population decline and inability to attract new residents and businesses.  Before becoming an independent town, Windber, Pennsylvania was considered a part of the city.  The city is home to five national historic districts: the Downtown Johnstown Historic District, Cambria City Historic District, Minersville Historic District, Moxham Historic District, and Old Conemaugh Borough Historic District. Individual listings on the National Register of Historic Places are the Grand Army of the Republic Hall, Cambria Iron Company, Cambria Public Library Building, Bridge in Johnstown City, Nathan's Department Store, and Johnstown Inclined Railway.

Pre–history.

Archaeological evidence shows that the area was inhabited for some 10,000 years. Penn's Woods saw much Native American activity as well as the Quemahoming area. Three distinct tribes (Shawnee, Delaware and Monogahela) migrated, hunted

1800–1900.

Johnstown was formally platted as Conemaugh Old Town in 1800 by the Swiss German immigrant Joseph Johns (born Josef Schantz). The settlement was initially known as "Schantzstadt", but was soon anglicized to Johnstown. The community incorporated as Conemaugh borough January 12, 1831, but renamed Johnstown on April 14, 1834. From 1834 to 1854, the city was a port and key transfer point along the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal. Johnstown was at the head of the canal's western branch, with canal boats having been transported over the mountains via the Allegheny Portage Railroad and

20th century.

In the early 20th century, the population reached 67,000 people. The city's first commercial radio station, WJAC, began broadcasts in 1925. The downtown boasted at least five major department stores, including Glosser Brothers, which in the 1950s gave birth to the Gee Bee chain of department stores. However, the St Patrick's Day flood of 1936 combined with the gnawing effects of the Great Depression left Johnstown struggling again, but only temporarily. Johnstown's citizens mobilized to achieve a permanent solution to the flooding problem and

2000s.

In 2003, U.S. Census data showed that Johnstown was the least likely city in the United States to attract newcomers; however, what were previously relatively weak opportunities provided by the local manufacturing and service economies have more recently begun to burgeon, attracting outsiders. Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica, a Spanish wind energy company, opened its first U.S. wind turbine blade manufacturing facility near here in 2006 which subsequently closed in 2014. Several wind turbines are sited on Babcock Ridge, the "Eastern Continental Divide", along the eastern edge of Cambria and Somerset counties. Lockheed Martin relocated a facility from Greenville, South Carolina, to Johnstown in 2008. Höganäs AB, a Swedish powdered metals manufacturer operates two plants in the region, one in the Moxham section of the city and also in nearby Hollsopple in Somerset County. Companies like Concurrent Technologies Corporation, DRS Laurel Technologies, ITSI Biosciences, Kongsberg Defense and more throughout the region

2015 Kraft Hockeyville USA contest winner.

On May 2, 2015, Johnstown was announced as the winner of the 2015 Kraft Hockeyville USA contest and was awarded $150,000 toward improvements of the Cambria County War Memorial Arena. The contest

Geography.

Johnstown is located in southwestern Cambria County at (40.325174, -78.920954).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 20,978 people, 9,917 households, and 5,086 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,555.6 people per square mile (1,371.1/km2). There were 11,978 housing units at an average density of 2,030.2 per square mile (782.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.0% White, 14.6% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.7% some other race, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.1% of the population. In the three-year period ending in 2010, it was estimated that 22.3% of the population were of German, 15.8% Irish, 12.9% Italian, 7.7% Slovak, 6.7% English, 5.6% Polish, and 6.1% American ancestry.  At the 2010 census there were 9,917 households, of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% were headed by

Neighborhoods.

The city of Johnstown is divided into many neighborhoods, each with its own unique, ethnic feel. These include the Downtown Business District, Kernville, Hornerstown, Roxbury, Old Conemaugh Borough, Prospect, Woodvale, Minersville, Cambria City, Morrellville (West End), Oakhurst, Coopersdale, Walnut Grove, Moxham and the 8th Ward. Previous to 1900, the town of Windber, Pennsylvania was a suburb of Johnstown, until its incorporation.

Suburbs.

Dale Borough is an enclave located within the city of

In the arts and literature.

The Bruce Springsteen song "The River" mentions the Johnstown Company: "I got a job working construction, for the Johnstown Company, but lately there ain't been much work, on account of the economy." "Highway Patrolman", another Springsteen song, has the lyrics "as the band played 'Night of the Johnstown Flood.'"  The 1977 film "Slap Shot", directed by George Roy Hill and starring Paul Newman, was a parody loosely based on the real-life Johnstown Jets ice hockey team and its North American Hockey League championship in 1976. In the movie, Johnstown was rechristened "Charlestown" and the Jets as the Charlestown Chiefs. The film's premiere engendered some local controversy, as some thought Johnstown was portrayed in a less than flattering light. "Slap Shot" has since become the iconic movie about hockey and its foibles. Screenwriter Nancy Dowd would revive the fake town of "Charlestown" in her screenplay for the 1981 punk rock satire "Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains", but the film itself was shot in Canada.  "All the Right Moves", a high school football drama set in the fictional town of Ampipe and featuring Tom Cruise, Lea Thompson and Craig T. Nelson, was filmed in the area. Locations seen in the movie are the old Johnstown High School in the Kernville neighborhood, torn down shortly afterwards; the Carpatho-Russian Citizen's Club in East Conemaugh; the Franklin works of Bethlehem Steel; the Point Stadium; the Johnstown "Cochran" Junior High football practice field and the Johnstown Vo-Tech football locker room.  "The Johnstown Flood", written and directed by Charles Guggenheim, won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, Short Subject in 1989. The film was commissioned by the Johnstown Flood Museum Association, which later reorganized as the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and is shown every hour at the Johnstown Flood Museum.  Mystery novel writer K. C. Constantine fictionalized many elements

Education.

Colleges:

Economy.

A reduction in steel production also reduced coal mining in Pennsylvania, which was important to the Johnstown economy. In 1982, Johnstown's longest-serving mayor, Herbert Pfuhl Jr., said that, as a result of the decline, city revenues had fallen approximately 35

Media.

Radio.

The Johnstown radio market

Television.

Johnstown's television market is part of the Johnstown/Altoona/State College market. NBC affiliate WJAC-TV 6 (which also operates the market's CW affiliate through The CW Plus on its DT4 subchannel) and Fox affiliate WWCP-TV 8 are licensed in the city. Johnstown is also served by CBS affiliate WTAJ-TV 10 and ABC affiliate WATM-TV 23,

Transportation.

Highways.

The main highway connecting Johnstown to the Pennsylvania Turnpike is U.S. Route 219. There is also State Route 56, which

Airport.

The local airport is the John

Rail.

Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak's daily "Pennsylvanian". The city is located on the

Mass transit.

CamTran operates the local bus service and the Johnstown Inclined Plane. Until 1976, local transit service

Sports.

Johnstown has been home to a long succession of minor league hockey franchises dating back to 1940. One of the more recent manifestations, the Johnstown Chiefs, were named for their "Slap Shot" counterparts. The team made their ECHL debut in 1988. The team announced in February 2010 that they would be leaving Johnstown for a location in South Carolina. In April 2010 it was announced that the Wheeling Nailers of the ECHL would call Johnstown home for 10 games during the regular season and for one of their preseason games. They returned once again for the 2011–12 season. After the 2011-2012 NAHL hockey season, the Alaska Avalanche relocated to Johnstown and became the Johnstown Tomahawks and have remained in Johnstown ever since.

Events.

Johnstown hosts a number of events that draw people to the town each year. One event being "Thunder in the Valley". This event is a motorcycle rally that draws people from all over. The event has serval vendors that sell food and merchandise. There are several bands that perform during the rally as well. Another event is the AAABA amateur baseball tournament. It brings in the top teams in the AAABA league to compete in a tournament held at the Point Stadium. The Point Stadium is located in

Crime.

Johnstown PA ranks as safer to live in than 11 percent of small cities in the United States. There are a total of 771 crimes committed in Johnstown annually, including

Fire.

The Johnstown Fire Department is located at 401 Washington street Floor 2. The Fire Chief of the department is Robert Statler. the Johnstown fire department has available response teams for Hazardous Materials and a boat in which they are able

Police.

The Johnstown Police Department (JPD) is located at 401 Washington Street. The department has 35 full-time officers with a range of different jobs. The chief of police is Robert Johnson. There are two captains, six patrol sergeants, four detectives,

City Council.

The Johnstown City Hall is on 401 Main Street. The Mayor of Johnstown is Frank Janakovic, and the Deputy Mayor is Marie Mock. Frank Janakovic attended the Indiana University of Pennsylvania and the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. He acquired a minor in business/ accounting and a degree in Sociology. Janakovic was also a Co-Founder of ACRP (Alternative Community Resource Program). ARCP is an organization the help underprivileged families.

Johnstown is a city in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States, west-southwest of Altoona and east of Pittsburgh. The population was 20,978 at the 2010 census and estimated to be 19,195 in 2019. It is the principal city of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Cambria County.

Johnstown est une ville américaine du comté de Cambria, dans le Commonwealth de Pennsylvanie. Elle est située dans le nord-est des États-Unis, à à l'est de Pittsburgh et à au sud-ouest d'Altoona. Avec une population de, il s'agit de la principale ville de la métropole de Johnstown, qui inclut tout le comté de Cambria et compte. Elle est surtout connue pour les trois inondations qu'elle a subies, dont celle de 1889 qui a détruit la localité.


Origins.

Early years.

Paceville traces its origins in the 1910s and 1920s when prominent lawyer and developer Dr Giuseppe Pace (1890–1971) built a few seaside residence in the area of St. Julian's known as 'il-Qaliet', the small bay between the Dragonara Peninsula and Portomaso. Some of these residencies are still there today, although they are now surrounded by the multi-storey apartments and hotels in the area.  Pace's houses were initially rented out to a number of British servicemen who were stationed in the nearby St. Andrew's and St. George's barracks. In the period between the two World Wars, some of these early Paceville residence started to be rented to the Maltese as well. With the arrival of locals in the area of St. Julian's, Dr Pace decided to finance building of a chapel run by the Augustinian fathers. In Dec. 2000 an adoration chapel. known as the "Millennium Chapel" was inaugurated and two years later an adjoining complex known as WOW ("Wishing Others Well"). This serves the needs of various voluntary groups that offer free community services to callers from all over Malta; the WOW chapel is all day and night. Prior to the construction of the chapel in Paceville, the Augustinian order in Malta had already built another chapel as well as a convent in St. George's Bay, dedicated to St Rita. These buildings too are still standing and are located just behind Bay Street.

Redevelopment.

The areas around Paceville after the war were mostly farming communities surrounded with fields, and Paceville itself only had a few restaurants. Unlike today, parking in Paceville was relatively straightforward as people used to park their cars in fields, one of them being the field on which the St. George's Park hotel was built.  Paceville's slow transition into a tourist hub commenced in the 1960s, when two major hotel corporations, the Sheraton and the Hilton, developed five-star hotel properties in the area.  The Sheraton opened its hotel in the Dragonara Peninsula. Prior to its transformation, the Dragonara Hotel served other purposes. Originally it was the summer residence of Malta's wealthiest banker, Marquis Emanuel Scicluna, known as "ic-Cisk". In times of war, the palace was converted into a military hospital and headquarters of voluntary services. It was redeveloped as a casino, and has now since been redeveloped again in the 1990s by Westin Hotels.  At around the same time, a number of bars and clubs started to open in the area in view of the increasing number of British servicemen and tourists living in St. Julian's, St. Andrew's and Pembroke. Throughout the years, bars, clubs, discotheques and additional hotels were developed. Nowadays Paceville is full of nightclubs, strip-clubs, bars and restaurants.  Nowadays many youths from 13 years old upwards go to Paceville frequently. Fights and violent incidents happen frequently.  On 15 November 2015, a glass banister collapsed in the +1 Club injuring 71 young people, with 2 being critically injured. The incident triggered concerns about children going to Paceville, and both Prime Minister Joseph Muscat and Leader of the Opposition Simon Busuttil have called for better safety measures.

Paceville (sometimes abbreviated "PV") is a district in St Julian's which is the main nightlife hub in Malta, being heavily populated with nightclubs, bars, stripclubs, pubs and restaurants. Paceville is located between Spinola Point and Dragonara Point, delimiting Spinola Bay and St. George's Bay respectively. Paceville is seen as a party destination in Europe and is a popular place for locals and tourists alike.

Située à l'est de San Ġiljan (Malte), Paceville est le nom donné à un quartier (et pas une commune officielle) située entre Spinola Bay et St George's Bay, contenant un nombre très important de bars, pubs, restaurants et boites de nuits, hôtels et est considérée comme la capitale de la vie nocturne maltaise. Il y a au moins 20 nightclubs à Paceville.


Critical reception.

"Up All Night" received positive reviews but music critics were divided by the overall musicianship resembling that of bands both classic and contemporary. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 65 based on 16 reviews.  Tim Jonze of "NME" gave the album high praise for Johnny Borrell's sharp street poetry and the band's instrumentation for giving Borrell the right amount of strength and control to sing them, saying that "For all its flaws, "Up All Night" bristles with passion, energy and, most importantly, amazing songs." Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" praised Borrell for backing up his bravado with tracks that exude tight lyrics and optimism, saying that ""Up All Night" is a brilliant mod explosion of scruffy pub punk, in the mode of his old friends the Libertines." Dorian Lynskey of "The Guardian" said the album's various influence-filled tracks get by on Borrell being able to deliver them with gusto and conviction, concluding that "Originality may not be Razorlight's strong point, but Borrell's raw charisma carries the day." Richard Banks of BBC praised the band's commitment to delivering upbeat three-chord punk tracks while still being to able to make it wholly original, concluding that "With a debut this good, Razorlight are a band that deserve to do very, very well."  Mark Edwards of Stylus Magazine was mixed about the album, saying that the band utilize the basic rock 'n' roll formula to craft catchy tracks but then they sputter out in terms of inspiration to create nondescript material. He concluded with, "This is a good debut album—no more, no less. The second album could very well be as good as they think this one is. But they’re going to have to wait a while before they get what they so desire." Alex Reicherter of "PopMatters" said that a majority of the album's tracks that utilize the hedonistic party tale formula work and that any diversions from it fall flat, saying that "though they lack the rapid-fire consistency of their predecessors, they've put together a likable, if completely unoriginal rock record that's sure to get even the dullest of parties onto the police blotter." Nick Sylvester of "Pitchfork" found the album's instrumentation and lyrics derivative of The Strokes and Television, and criticized Borrell's vocal delivery for impersonating said bands' frontmen with no passion, concluding that "Razorlight refuse to meet their influences with anything more than half hugs and limp handshakes, butchering the bits they brazenly borrow, and taking rock 'n' roll apathy to formerly unbelievable lengths."

Up All Night is the debut album by English indie rock band Razorlight, released on 28 June 2004. The album was mainly recorded at Sawmills Studio and mixed at Sphere Studios by John Cornfield.

Up All Night est le premier album du groupe de rock indépendant Anglo - Suédois Razorlight, sortie pour la première fois le.L album a atteint la des charts britannique quelque peu après sa sortie. La majorité de l'album a été produite et mixée au "Sphere Studios" par John Cornfield.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.08%) is water. It is the smallest county in Missouri by area. Iowa is located to the north of Worth County.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,382 people, 1,009 households, and 677 families residing in the county. The population density was 9 people per square mile (3/km2). There were 1,245 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 98.99% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.08% Asian, and 0.42% from two or more races. Approximately 0.29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 1,009 households out of which 28.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.40% were married couples living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.90% were non-families. 30.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the county, the population was spread out with 24.30% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 23.50% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 22.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.60 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $27,471, and the median income for a family was $34,044. Males had a median income of $24,138 versus $17,300 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,367. About 10.90% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.80% of those under age 18 and 11.50% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Local.

The Republican Party controls politics at the local level in Worth County. Republicans hold all but six of the elected positions in the county.

State.

Worth County is part of the 1st district in the Missouri House of Representatives, currently held by Allen Andrews (R-Grant City.  Worth County is part of the 12th District in the Missouri Senate, currently held by Dan Hegeman (R-Cosby).

Federal.

Worth County is included in Missouri’s 6th Congressional District and is currently represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Missouri presidential preference primary (2008).

Former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes, a total of 171, than any candidate from either party in Worth County during the 2008 presidential primary.

Worth County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,171. It is the smallest county in the state in population and, excepting the independent city of St. Louis, the smallest in total area. Its county seat is Grant City. The county was organized February 8, 1861 and named for General William J. Worth, who served in the Mexican–American War. Worth County is the youngest county in the state.

Le comté de Worth ("Worth County") est un comté du Missouri aux États-Unis. Le siège du comté se situe à Grant City. Le comté fut créé en 1861 et nommé en hommage au général William J. Worth qui participa à la guerre américano-mexicaine. Au recensement de 2000, la population était constituée de.


Etymology.

The etymology of the name is disputed. The common suffix "-gin" ("actor", from "egin": "to do") is the only agreement.

Most common references to sorginak.

"Sorginak" are often said to recite the following spell to travel to and back from the "akelarre": "Under the clouds and over the brambles", or variants of it. In many legends a failed witch (normally a man) says the spell inverted ("Under the brambles and over the clouds") and arrives to the akelarre quite bruised.  "Sorginak" also chant the following:  "We aren't, we are indeed," "Fourteen thousand here we are"  Other variants of this song are also known.  "Sorginak" often are said to transform themselves into animals, most commonly cats. These cats are sometimes said to bother pious women that do not wish to go the akelarre. It has also been recorded that they collected monetary fines from the people that did not wish to go to their ecstatic gatherings or those witches that absented themselves from them.  Inquisitorial documents describe horrific practices of witches, like eating children or poisonings. But popular legends do not speak of these practices, instead mentioning kissing "the devil's arse" or an animal's genitals, occasional poisoning of crops, bothering modest women (in the shape of cats or other animals) and anointing their bodies with flying ointment (containing entheogenic, Solanaceous plants) to "fly" to and from the akelarre and perform other supposed feats.

Major persecutions against Basque witches.

While in the late Middle Ages there are a handful of references to witchery, they are mostly fines for accusing someone of being one.  This changes in the 16th and 17th centuries with the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and the pan-European witch panic that plagued the Early Modern Age. Since being conquered by Castile in 1512–21, Navarre (and to a lesser extent areas of the Basque Country) suffered numerous inquisitorial processes, mainly against Jews and Muslims, but occasionally also against Basque "sorginak". Particularly important was the 1610 process of Logroño that focused on the akelarre of Zugarramurdi. The previous year, in 1609, French judge Pierre de Lancre had initiated a massive process in Labourd, focusing mainly on Basque women and priests. He was eventually displaced but not without causing many deaths and much suffering. The witch panic extended beyond the frontier and accusations of witchcraft proliferated among the local population until the Spanish Inquisition intervened. The Logroño process ended with 12 women burnt at the stake (five of them symbolically, as they had died under the tortures inflicted in the process) and shattered Pyrennean Navarre and led also to a serious reconsideration of the Inquisition's attitude towards accusations of witchcraft. The Spanish and Italian Inquisition generally approached accusations of sorcery and witchcraft with skepticism and similar processes were rare in comparison to other European countries where no such centralised institution existed.

Places associated with sorginak.

Throughout the Basque Country there are many places associated with sorginak, often also associated with Mari or other mythological characters. This is an incomplete list of the most famous ones:

Labourd.

Lapurdi was particularly shaken by the large-scale trials of 1609 led by Pierre de Lancre, who was convinced that most people in the country were witches.

Navarre.

Large portions of Navarre were severely affected by an inquisitorial process in 1610, focused in the akelarre of Zurgarramurdi.

Sorginak (root form: "sorgin", absolutive case (singular): "sorgina") are the assistants of the goddess Mari in Basque mythology. It is also the Basque name for witches or pagan priestesses (though they could also be male), it being difficult to distinguish between the mythological and real ones.

Sorgina est le mot basque désignant le sorcier ou plus spécifiquement la sorcière. Les légendes en font les assistantes (ce sont très fréquemment des femmes) de la déesse mère Mari dans sa lutte pour donner un visage au mensonge. Les sorciers et sorcières se réunissent la nuit du vendredi dans un lieu souvent appelé Akelarre, dans un "Sorginzelaia" (terrain de sorcière), "Eperlanda" (pré de la perdrix) pour célébrer des rites magico-érotiques. Ces « orgies » sont restées dans l'histoire à cause de la persécution de l'Inquisition catholique à l'égard des participants (voir le très fameux procès des sorcières de Zugarramurdi à Logroño en 1610).


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.7%) is water.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 39,500 people, 15,138 households, and 11,020 families living in the county. The population density was 96 people per square mile (37/km2). There were 16,040 housing units at an average density of 39 per square mile (15/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.59% White, 1.75% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. 7.23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 45.6% were of German, 13.5% American, 6.8% Irish and 5.1% English ancestry according to Census 2000.  There were 15,138 households out of which 34.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.90% were married couples living together, 9.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the county, the population was spread out with 26.50% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 27.40% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 97.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $44,938, and the median income for a family was $50,876. Males had a median income of $37,936 versus $23,530 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,667. About 4.50% of families and 5.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.40% of those under age 18 and 5.30% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,037 people, 15,268 households, and 10,792 families living in the county. The population density was. There were 16,729 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 92.8% white, 1.9% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 2.8% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 8.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 42.3% were German, 12.5% were Irish, 9.6% were English, and 7.7% were American.  Of the 15,268 households, 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 29.3% were non-families, and 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age was 39.4 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $44,480 and the median income for a family was $54,472. Males had a median income of $44,354 versus $30,610 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,139. About 11.2% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

Based on how closely the county came to matching the nationwide vote for the winning Presidential candidate, Defiance deviated the least of any county from 1980 to 2004. In 2004, the difference between the points swing vs. the national trend was just 0.05%. All the other elections since 1980 have been tight margins: 4.6% in 2000, 0.4% in 1996, 0.04% (exactly) in 1992, 0.6% in 1988, 0.03 in 1984, and 2.1% in 1980.  In 2008, it lost its bellwether status, voting for John McCain with 54% of the vote in the year that Barack Obama won the presidency.

Communities.

Townships.

In popular culture.

The closeness of elections in Defiance County has also been referenced in fiction; the ABC political drama "Scandal" in its second season had as the center of the ongoing plot of the first half of that season, a vote manipulation conspiracy which bent the presidential election towards Republican candidate Fitzgerald Grant based on tampering of the voting machines in Defiance County.

Defiance County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,037. Its county seat is Defiance. The county was named after an early Army fortification, Fort Defiance, which was so named by Mad Anthony Wayne to signify the settlers' "defiance" of the Indians.

Le comté de Defiance – en anglais : – est un des 88 comtés de l'État de l'Ohio, aux États-Unis. Son siège est Defiance.


Characteristics.

In general, uplifting trance is a style much lighter in tone than other trance genres (such as Goa). Instead of the darker tone of Goa, uplifting trance uses similar chord progressions as progressive trance, but tracks' chord progressions usually rest on a major chord, and the balance between major and minor chords in a progression will determine how "happy" or "sad" the progression sounds.  The genre features longer major chord progressions in all elements (lead synth, bass, and treble). It also contains extended breakdowns and relegation of arpeggiation (the melodic part of the song, usually consisting of "Saw Synths/Square Lead" type sounds) to the background while bringing wash effects to the fore (the harmonic element of the music, or "background fill", usually consisting of synth choir/voice/string chord progressions). There is a close relation between uplifting trance and uplifting house.  As a rule of thumb, trance beats in the range of 128–140 BPM. Uplifting trance very commonly employs side-chain compression, a modern production technique. It is commonly referred to as "ducking the kick", where the background strings/synths have their volume automated, creating a pulsing effect on the off-beat.

Etymology.

The term has been used to describe what most other people call "epic trance" in the UK's trance scene, to describe some non UK-based commercial trance acts, like Brooklyn Bounce or Darude, which has created some confusion in terminology and classification. Many UK fans call those acts "uplifting house". The term is also used on the psychedelic trance/Goa trance scene, although these styles are not really meant to sound uplifting (there is the possibility some people may be thinking of the term "uplifting" in this case to mean "euphoric").

Current status.

Beginning in the latter part of the 2000s, uplifting trance saw an eruption in interest amongst new and old fans and re-established itself within the trance scene, played by such leading trance artists as 4 Strings, ATB, Ferry Corsten, Armin van Buuren, Dash Berlin, RAM, Jorn van Deynhoven, Tiësto and Above & Beyond. (A decade earlier Paul Oakenfold, Sasha & Digweed, and Paul van Dyk had sparked interest.) Today, uplifting has emerged as a widely popular electronic dance music subgenre with DJs and producers such as John O'Callaghan, Daniel Kandi, Bryan Kearney, Andy Blueman, Aly & Fila, Sean Tyas and Super8 & Tab focusing particularly on uplifting trance as their overriding genre, and others, such as Jason van Wyk, Above & Beyond, who include uplifting trance as part of their broader repertoire. In addition, online radio stations such as Paris One and Afterhours.FM are significantly devoted to uplifting trance. In September 2009, AfterHours hosted "Uplift Day" that was exclusively dedicated to uplifting trance.  In recent years, a subgenre of uplifting trance—dubbed "orchestral uplifting" or "uplifting trance with symphonic orchestra" and pioneered by Andy Blueman, Ciro Visone, SoundLift, Arctic Moon, Ralph Barendse, Simon O'Shine, Ahmed Romel and others—has developed, wherein the timbres and instruments used in the track are those used in symphonic orchestras, including flutes, non-lyrical choral voices, violins, pianos, horns, orchestral drums, and others, and often includes even-longer-than-usual emotional orchestral breakdowns, while still preserving the other aspects of uplifting trance, therefore differing from the subgenre that was called "orchestral trance" a decade earlier. This new style has noticeably influenced the work of many artists outside the uplifting scene, including the Black Pearl project of Ralph Fritsch and Roger Shah, who ordinarily identifies with Balearic trance rather than uplifting.

Uplifting trance (often synonymous with epic trance, energetic trance, anthem trance, emotional trance, or euphoric trance) is a broad subgenre of trance music. The name, which emerged in the wake of progressive trance in 1996, is derived from the feeling which listeners claim to get (often described as a "rush"). The genre, which originated in Germany, is massively popular in the trance scene, and is one of the dominant forms of dance music worldwide. Historically it is related to the emergence of psychedelic trance and the two styles influenced each other. Classical music strongly influenced the development of uplifting trance both in the 1990s and in the 2000s, with film music also considered influential.

L'uplifting trance, parfois appelée epic trance, emotional trance, trance euphorique ou trance mélodique, est un sous-genre désignant la musique trance contemporaine. Cependant, le terme remonte à la fin des années 1990. Les morceaux sont facilement reconnaissables par leur long break mélodique et planant mais aussi un beat très énergique et rapide (136-142 BPM généralement) rappelant l'influence et l'émergence de la goa/psytrance quelques années auparavant. Le but premier de cette musique est de faire monter au plus haut l'état émotionnel et sentimental de l'auditeur.