Discovery and history.

The type remains of "Hypacrosaurus" remains were collected in 1910 by Barnum Brown for the American Museum of Natural History. The remains, a partial postcranial skeleton consisting of several vertebrae and a partial pelvis (AMNH 5204), came from along the Red Deer River near Tolman Ferry, Alberta, Canada, from rocks of what is now known as the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (early Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous). Brown described these remains, in combination with other postcranial bones, in 1913 as a new genus that he considered to be like "Saurolophus". No skull was known at this time, but two skulls were soon discovered and described.  During this period, the remains of small hollow-crested duckbills were described as their own genera and species. The first of these that figure into the history of "Hypacrosaurus" was "Cheneosaurus tolmanensis", based on a skull and assorted limb bones, vertebrae, and pelvic bones from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Not long after, Richard Swann Lull and Nelda Wright identified an American Museum of Natural History skeleton (AMNH 5461) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana as a specimen of "Procheneosaurus". These and other taxa were accepted as valid genera until the 1970s, when Peter Dodson showed that it was more likely that the "cheneosaurs" were the juveniles of other established lambeosaurines. Although he was mostly concerned with the earlier, Dinosaur Park Formation genera "Corythosaurus" and "Lambeosaurus", he suggested that "Cheneosaurus" would turn out to be composed of juvenile individuals of the contemporaneous "Hypacrosaurus altispinus". This idea has become accepted, although not formally tested. The Two Medicine "Procheneosaurus", meanwhile, was not quite like the other "Procheneosaurus" specimens studied by Dodson, and for good reason: it was much more like a species that would not be named until 1994, "H. stebingeri".

Species.

"H. altispinus", the type species, is known from 5 to 10 articulated skulls with some associated skeletal remains, from juvenile to adult individuals found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. "H. stebingeri" is known from an unknown but substantial number of individuals, with an age range of embryos to adults. The hypothesis that "H. altispinus" and "H. stebingeri" form a natural group excluding other known hadrosaur species may be incorrect, as noted in Suzuki "et al."'s 2004 redescription of "Nipponosaurus"; their phylogenetic analysis found that "Nipposaurus" was more closely related to "H. altispinus" than "H. stebingeri" was to "H. altispinus". This was rejected by Evans and Reisz (2007), though.  The new species "Hypacrosaurus stebingeri" was named for a variety of remains, including hatchlings with associated eggs and nests, found near the top of the late Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Two Medicine Formation in Glacier County, Montana, and across the border in Alberta. These represent "the largest collection of baby skeletal material of any single species of hadrosaur known".

Description.

"Hypacrosaurus" is most easily distinguished from other hollow-crested duckbills (lambeosaurines) by its tall neural spines and the form of its crest. The neural spines, which project from the top of the vertebrae, are 5 to 7 times the height of the body of their respective vertebrae in the back, which would have given it a tall back in profile. The skull's hollow crest is like that of "Corythosaurus", but is more pointed along its top, not as tall, wider side to side, and has a small bony point at the rear. Unlike other lambeosaurines, the passages for the airways do not form an S-curve in the crest (at least not in "H. altispinus"). The animal is estimated to have been around long, and to have weighed up to 4.0 tonnes (4.4 tons). As with most duckbills, its skeleton is otherwise not particularly remarkable, although some pelvic details are distinctive. Like other duckbills, it was a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore. The two known species, "H. altispinus" and "H. stebingeri", are not differentiated in the typical method, of unique characteristics, as "H. stebingeri" was described as transitional between the earlier "Lambeosaurus" and later "Hypacrosaurus". Photographs of an adult "H. stebingeri" skull show an animal that looks very similar to "H. altispinus".

Classification.

"Hypacrosaurus" was a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, and has been recognized as such since the description of its skull. Within the Lambeosaurinae, it is closest to "Lambeosaurus" and "Corythosaurus", with Jack Horner and Phil Currie (1994) suggesting that "H. stebingeri" is transitional between "Lambeosaurus" and "H. altispinus", and Michael K. Brett-Surman (1989) suggesting that "Hypacrosaurus" and "Corythosaurus" are the same genus. These genera, particularly "Corythosaurus" and "Hypacrosaurus", are regarded as the "helmeted" or "hooded" branch of the lambeosaurines, and the clade they form is sometimes informally designated Lambeosaurini. Although Suzuki "et al."'s 2004 redescription of "Nipponosaurus" found a close relationship between "Nipponosaurus" and "Hypacrosaurus stebingeri", indicating that "Hypacrosaurus" may be paraphyletic, this was rejected in a later, more comprehensive reanalysis of lambeosaurines, which found the two species of "Hypacrosaurus" to form a clade without "Nipponosaurus", with "Corythosaurus" and "Olorotitan" being the closest relatives.  The following cladogram illustrating the relationships of "Hypacrosaurus" and its close relatives was recovered in a 2012 phylogenetic analysis by Albert Prieto-Márquez, Luis M. Chiappe and Shantanu H. Joshi.

Paleobiology.

As a hadrosaurid, "Hypacrosaurus" would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about above.

Nests and growth.

"Hypacrosaurus stebingeri" laid roughly spherical eggs of, with embryos long. Hatchlings were around long. Studies of lines of growth (i.e. lines of von Ebner) in the teeth of embryonic "H. stebingeri" suggests plesiomorphically long incubation times, with a minimum incubation time of 171.4 days for "H. stebingeri". Young and embryonic individuals had deep skulls with only slight expansion in the bones that would one day form the crest. Growth was faster than that of an alligator and comparable to ratite growth, for several years, based on the amount of bone growth seen between lines of arrested growth (analogous to growth rings in trees). Research by Lisa Cooper and colleagues on "H. stebingeri" indicates that this animal may have reached reproductive maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years, and reached full size at about 10 to 12 years old. The circumference of the thigh bone at postulated reproductive maturity was about 40% that of its circumference at full size. The postulated growth rate of "H. stebingeri" outpaces those of tyrannosaurids (predators of hypacrosaurs) such as "Albertosaurus" and "Tyrannosaurus"; rapidly growing hypacrosaurs would have had a better chance to reach a size large enough to be of defensive value, and beginning reproduction at an early age would also have been advantageous to a prey animal. Secondary cartilage has been found in the skull of a hatchling specimen of "H. stebingeri".

Crest functions.

The hollow crest of "Hypacrosaurus" most likely had social functions, such as a visual signal allowing individuals to identify sex or species, and providing a resonating chamber for making noises. The crest and its associated nasal passages have also figured in the debate about dinosaur endothermy, specifically in discussions about nasal turbinates.  Turbinates are thin bones or cartilages that come in two types, with two functions. Nasal olfactory turbinates are found in all living tetrapods and function in smell. Respiratory turbinates function to prevent water loss through evaporation and are found only in birds and mammals, modern endotherms (warm-blooded animals) who could lose a great deal of water while breathing because they breathe more often than comparably sized ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) to support their higher metabolism. Ruben and others in 1996 concluded that respiratory turbinates were probably not present in "Nanotyrannus", "Ornithomimus" or "Hypacrosaurus" based on CT scanning, thus there was no evidence that those animals were warm-blooded.

Paleopathology.

The discovery of tooth marks in the fibula of a "Hypacrosaurus" specimen inflicted by a bite from the teeth of a tyrannosaurid indicated that this, and other hadrosaurids were either preyed upon or scavenged by large theropod dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous period.

Thermoregulation.

Examining the oxygen-isotope ratio from the bones from different parts of an extinct animal's body should indicate which thermoregulation mode an animal used during its lifetime. An endothermic (warm-blooded) animal should maintain a very similar body temperature throughout its entire body (which is called homeothermy) and therefore there should be little variation in the oxygen-isotope ratio when measured in different bones. Alternatively, the oxygen-isotope ratio differs considerably when measured throughout the body of an organism with an ectothermic (cold-blooded) physiology. Oxygen-isotope ratios calculated for "Hypacrosaurus" suggesting that the ratios varied little, indicating that "Hypacrosaurus" was a homeotherm, and likely was endothermic. This is in contrast to the Ruben et al. (1996) finding that "Hypacrosaurus" was not warm-blooded, which was based on the absence of nasal turbinates (see Crest functions subsection, above).

Taphonomy.

Taphonomy is the study of the processes an organism's body undergoes after it dies, which includes a study of preservation, the cause of death, and the circumstances of burial. The large, monospecific assemblage of "Hypacrosaurus stebingeri" in Montana was interpreted as a group of dinosaurs that was killed by a volcanic ashfall. This assemblage is considered autochthonous, meaning that the remains are thought to have been buried on or near the same spot where the individuals died. The variety of ages in this group supports that this was a biocoenosis- an actual life assemblage of animals. The cause of death in a volcanic ashfall is suffocation by the ash and by the gases released from volcanic eruptions. The preservation of this diverse group of dinosaurs provides researchers with a growth series, which is a sequence of growth stages from juvenile to adult.

Paleoecology.

"H. altispinus" shared the Horseshoe Canyon Formation with fellow hadrosaurids "Edmontosaurus" and "Saurolophus", hypsilophodont "Parksosaurus", ankylosaurid "Anodontosaurus", nodosaurid "Edmontonia", horned dinosaurs "Montanoceratops", "Anchiceratops", "Arrhinoceratops", and "Pachyrhinosaurus", pachycephalosaurid "Stegoceras", ostrich-mimics "Ornithomimus" and "Struthiomimus", a variety of poorly known small theropods including troodontids and dromaeosaurids, and the tyrannosaurs "Albertosaurus" and "Daspletosaurus". The dinosaurs from this formation are sometimes known as Edmontonian, after a land mammal age, and are distinct from those in the formations above and below. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway, the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous. "H. altispinus" may have preferred to stay more landward.  The slightly older Two Medicine Formation, home to "H. stebingeri", was also populated by another well-known nesting hadrosaur, "Maiasaura", as well as the troodontid "Troodon", which is also known from nesting traces. The tyrannosaurid "Daspletosaurus", caenagnathid "Chirostenotes", dromaeosaurids "Bambiraptor" and "Saurornitholestes", armored dinosaurs "Edmontonia", "Oohkotokia", and "Scolosaurus", hypsilophodont "Orodromeus", hadrosaur "Prosaurolophus", and horned dinosaurs "Achelousaurus", "Brachyceratops", "Einiosaurus", and "Rubeosaurus" were also present. This formation was more distant from the Western Interior Seaway, higher and drier, with a more terrestrial influence.

Hypacrosaurus (meaning "near the highest lizard" [Greek υπο-, "hypo-" = less + ακρος, "akros", high], because it was almost but not quite as large as "Tyrannosaurus") was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance to "Corythosaurus". Like "Corythosaurus", it had a tall, hollow rounded crest, although not as large and straight. It is known from the remains of two species that spanned 75 to 67 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, United States, and is the latest hollow-crested duckbill known from good remains in North America. It was an obscure genus until the discovery in the 1990s of nests, eggs, and hatchlings belonging to "H. stebingeri".

Hypacrosaurus est un genre éteint de dinosaures ornithopodes de la famille des hadrosauridés et de la sous-famille des lambéosaurinés. Il comprend deux espèces, décrites à partir de fossiles datant du Crétacé supérieur, entre la partie supérieure du Campanien et le début du Maastrichtien, il y a environ entre (millions d'années). Ses fossiles ont été retrouvés en Alberta, au Canada, ainsi que dans le Montana aux États-Unis.


History.

The design of the British Bull Dog revolver had been in existence since 1868, but Henry Webley registered the trademark in 1878. From that time to the present, the term has come to mean any short barrelled double-action revolver with a swing-out ejector rod and a short grip.  Intended to be carried in a coat pocket, many have survived to the present day in good condition, having seen little actual use. The design originated in 1868 for the Webley Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) model revolver and was manufactured as late as 1917.  A version made by Webley, but finished by Belfast-based gunmaker, Joseph Braddell, known as the Ulster Bull Dog, used a longer grip frame than the standard, making the revolver easier to control and shoot.  The Bulldog was popular in Britain and America. US Army general, George Armstrong Custer, was said to have carried a pair at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. British Bull Dog revolvers were issued to employees of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company until 1895.

Copies.

Numerous copies and variants of this design (authorized and unauthorized) were made in Belfast, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Pakistan, France and the United States during the late 19th century. American copies were manufactured by the firms of Forehand & Wadsworth, Iver Johnson and Harrington & Richardson. Belgian and American versions (aka: Frontier Bulldogs) were chambered for the.44 S&W American or.442 Webley cartridges. The.44 Bull Dog was a popular American cartridge that was a shorter and less powerful cartridge that could also be fired from.442 Webley caliber revolvers. In 1973 Charter Arms introduced their Bulldog revolver. It is a five shot snub nose that is designed for concealed carry or a back up gun. It was named in honour of the original but does not share a design.

Garfield assassination.

Charles J. Guiteau used a.442 Webley British Bulldog revolver to assassinate United States President James A. Garfield at the Baltimore of Potomac Railroad Station in Washington D.C. On 2 July 1881. Guiteau was a disgruntled lawyer, who was angry that Garfield had not appointed him to a federal post. Guiteau reportedly wanted a British Bulldog revolver with ivory grips instead of wooden ones, as he believed they would look nicer when the gun was displayed in a museum, but decided not to spend the extra US$1 that the ivory-gripped model would have cost. Though he could not afford the extra dollar, the store owner dropped the price for him. In all, he paid $10 for the revolver, a box of cartridges and a penknife, before spending the next day familiarising himself with the revolver's operation and firing 10 practice shots with it into trees along the banks of the Potomac River. He used the revolver to shoot Garfield a week or so later in the Sixth Street Railway Station in Washington, D.C. After Guiteau's trial, the revolver was placed in the Smithsonian Institution but disappeared some time later.

The British Bull Dog was a popular type of solid-frame pocket revolver introduced by Philip Webley & Son of Birmingham, England, in 1872, and subsequently copied by gunmakers in continental Europe and the United States. It featured a barrel and was chambered for.442 Webley or.450 Adams cartridges, with a five-round cylinder. Webley produced smaller scaled.320 Revolver and.380 calibre versions later, but did not mark them with the British Bull Dog name.

Le Webley British Bulldog (populairement raccourci en "Bulldog") est un révolver fabriqué par la compagnie. Il s'agit d'une version compacte du Webley RIC mis en vente en 1878.


Design.

Myriad is a humanist sans-serif, a relatively informal design taking influences from handwriting. Its letterforms are open rather than "folded-up" on the nineteenth-century grotesque sans-serif model, and its sloped form is a "true italic" based on handwriting. The 'g' is single-storey and the 'M' has sloped sides on the model of Roman square capitals. As a family intended for body text and influenced by traditional book printing, text figures are included as well as lining figures at cap height. Twombly described the design process as one of swapping ideas to create a "homogenous" design but said that in retrospect she found the experience "too hard" to want to repeat.  Myriad is similar to Adrian Frutiger's famous Frutiger typeface, although the italic is a true italic unlike Frutiger's oblique; Frutiger described it as "not badly done" but felt that the similarities had gone "a little too far". The later Segoe UI and Corbel are also similar.  During the 1990s, Adobe developed a release of Myriad in the multiple master format, an ambitious format intended to allow the user to fine-tune weight, width and other characteristics of the design to their preferred form. The concept was not widely-supported by third-party applications, and so most releases of Myriad have been in the form of separate font files. The concept has since been redeveloped as part of the OpenType variable fonts technology.

Variations.

Myriad (Type 1).

This PostScript Type 1 font family was released after the original Myriad MM. It initially included four fonts in two weights, with complementary italics. All these Type 1 versions supported the ISO-Adobe character set; all were discontinued in the early 2000s.

Myriad Web.

Myriad Web is a version of Myriad in TrueType font format, optimized for onscreen use. It supports Adobe CE and Adobe Western 2 character sets. Myriad Web comprises only five fonts: Myriad Web Pro Bold, Myriad Web Pro Regular, Myriad Web Pro Condensed Italic, Myriad Web Pro Condensed, Myriad Web Pro Italic. Myriad Web Pro is slightly wider than Myriad Pro, while the width of Myriad Web Pro Condensed is between Myriad Pro Condensed and Myriad Pro SemiCondensed.  The family is bundled as part of the Adobe Web Type Pro font pack.

Myriad Pro.

Myriad Pro is the OpenType version of the original Myriad font family. It first shipped in 2000, as Adobe moved towards the OpenType standard. Additional designers were Christopher Slye and Fred Brady. Compared to Myriad MM, it added support for Latin Extended, Greek, and Cyrillic characters, as well as oldstyle figures.  Myriad Pro originally included thirty fonts in three widths and five weights each, with complementary italics. A "semi-condensed" width was added in early 2002, expanding the family to forty fonts in four widths and five weights each, with complementary italics.  Myriad Pro Regular, Bold, Italic and Bold Italic are bundled with Adobe Reader 7 and 8. In Adobe Reader 9 and onwards, the fonts are included, but not installed in the system fonts directory.

Myriad Wild.

Myriad Wild is an Adobe font package comprising the Myriad Sketch and Myriad Tilt fonts in Type 1 format. Myriad Sketch is a slightly irregular outline version of Myriad, while Myriad Tilt incorporates irregular stroke weight and paths. The family supports ISO-Adobe character set.

Myriad Wild Std.

Myriad Wild Std is the OpenType version of Myriad Wild. It supports Adobe Western 2 character set.

MyriadCAD.

MyriadCAD is included in Adobe Reader 9 and is thought to be an implementation of the ANSI CAD lettering. It is also available in the current Adobe Acrobat.

Myriad Currency.

Myriad Currency is included in Adobe Reader 9 and is thought to be the company's embedded font for their currency typefaces. It can be found in the Fonts subfolder of the Resources folder under Adobe Reader 9 from the Program Files folder in the Local Hard Disk Drive.

Myriad Arabic.

Myriad Arabic was designed by Robert Slimbach, with the help of Adobe’s technical team as well as outside Arabic experts. The principal outside consultant was Dr. Mamoun Sakkal. Five weights of Myriad Arabic (which include Latin-alphabet characters) were licensed by Apple for inclusion with macOS, but must be manually enabled by the user.

Myriad Hebrew.

Myriad Hebrew is an extension of Adobe’s popular humanist sans-serif typeface Myriad, bringing the sensibility of Myriad into another language and another writing system. Myriad Hebrew is one of the most extensive families of Hebrew typefaces available today, comprising twenty different digital fonts: four weights, each with two italic complements; plus an informal cursive version, also in four weights, with both upright and slanted variants. Myriad Hebrew was designed by Robert Slimbach, with the help of Adobe’s technical team as well as outside Hebrew experts. The principal outside consultant was Scott-Martin Kosofsky.

Myriad Apple.

Myriad Apple was designed for Apple Inc. to complement the Myriad Pro typeface and allow it to be used as a system font for Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers that were non-compatible to the lettering format of the Myriad Pro typeface.

Myriad Set Pro.

The Myriad Set Pro font family was first embedded into Apple's corporate website. Myriad Set Pro is available in Bold, Medium, Thin, Text, Semibold and Ultralight weights with corresponding italics, and could be found in most of Apple's websites.

Kozuka Gothic.

Kozuka Gothic is a Japanese typeface, designed as a sans-serif companion to Kozuka Mincho family. The Japanese letters were designed by Masahiko Kozuka and Adobe’s Japanese type design team. The Latin letters in Kozuka Gothic were adapted from Myriad.

Kozuka Gothic Std.

It is an OpenType version of the Kozuka Gothic font family.

Kozuka Gothic Pro (2001).

It is a version of Kozuka Gothic with Adobe-Japan1-4 character set support.

Kozuka Gothic Pr6N (2008).

It is a version of Kozuka Gothic updated to support Adobe-Japan1-6 and JIS X 0213:2004 character sets.  Kozuka Gothic Pr6N was shipped with Adobe Creative Suite 4. Retail versions began available as of 2011.

Adobe Heiti.

Adobe Heiti is a simplified Chinese typeface that borrows its Latin glyphs from Myriad. It is included with Adobe Illustrator CS3, Adobe Reader 8 Simplified Chinese font pack, Adobe Creative Suite 4.0.

Adobe Fan Heiti.

Changes from Adobe Heiti includes uniform stroke widths for Chinese characters.

Awards.

Myriad Pro won bukva:raz! 2001 under the Greek and Cyrillic categories.  Myriad Pro Greek won TDC2 2000 (Type Directors Club Type Design Competition 2000) in the Text/display type systems category.

Myriad is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly for Adobe Systems. Myriad was intended as a neutral, general-purpose typeface that could fulfill a range of uses and have a form easily expandable by computer-aided design to a large range of weights and widths.

Myriad est une police de caractère "sans serif" créée par Robert Slimbach et Carol Twombly pour Adobe Systems. Cette police d'écriture est facilement identifiable par le jambage caractéristique de son "y", la coupure oblique de son "e" ou, dans l'ensemble, par ses courbes arrondies.


In-universe description.

Background.

The Charmed Ones' ancestor Melinda Warren began the "Book of Shadows" in the late 17th century. The year 1693 is inscribed on the book's first page, below the title, presumably to indicate when the book was created. When Melinda was burned at the stake in the Salem Witch Trials, she claimed that the magical powers of each successive generation of witches in the family would grow in strength, until the book reached three sisters known as "The Charmed Ones", who would be "the most powerful witches the world has ever known". Melinda passed the book on to her daughter, Prudence, and it continued to be handed down from mother to daughter until it came to the Halliwell sisters in 1998.  The book has grown over the years with each witch who has possessed it, and by the late 1960s, it had about 100 pages. It continued to grow as The Charmed Ones added more information to it. Penny Halliwell brags in the season five episode, "Happily Ever After", that she created most of the good potion recipes in it. Patty Halliwell added text on Barbas, the Demon of Fear.  For many years, the "Book" was kept in the Manor's attic. Normally, all witches are supposed to keep their "Book of Shadows" in a specially protected altar room. The book has a different protection mechanism against evil. In several episodes, various effects resulted from an evil magical being tried to take the book for themselves, including: jumping off the stand in ""Once Upon a Time"" and ""The Seven Year Witch"", repelling the being away from the book in ""Death Becomes Them"", projecting a spherical shield around the Book in "Death Becomes Them", burning the user's hands in ""Imaginary Fiends"", and so on. When the sisters' powers were unbound, evil beings could touch it, but they couldn't get it out of the Manor. However, by 2000, the sisters had become powerful enough that evil beings couldn't even touch it.  The Halliwell sisters occasionally wrote down their experiences after vanquishing a demon, which Billie mentions this when she studied the "Book of Shadows" in ""Run Piper Run"". The first, added by Phoebe, was a spell to banish the Woogyman. Phoebe added a detailed entry on Cole Turner, Belthazor's human form, and Prue added a spell to summon him in his demon form, as well as an animal conjuring spell. Later, at the end of the series, the sisters write in the book about their adventures and what become of their lives.  Leo Wyatt, Piper's husband, also added an entry titled "Tips for Future Whitelighters", fearing he may not live to see his sons grow up. The entry included information on whitelighter powers and advice on using them.  In the final episode, Piper tells her granddaughter that the book will one day be hers.

Appearances.

In the "Charmed" series, the "Book of Shadows" is a large, green leather-bound book with an embossed red triquetra on the cover. The triquetra symbol has been known to change, usually according to some change in the sisters' powers or emotional state. The book is somewhat worn due to its three centuries of use, but it is almost completely intact, with the exception of the page on how to relinquish one's own powers, which The Charmed Ones tore out and burned after they nearly lost their powers to a warlock in the season one episode "Wicca Envy".

Powers, abilities and uses.

Due to its link with the Halliwells:

Related Books.

The "Grimoire".

The "Book of Shadows" has an evil counterpart known as the" Grimoire." The" Grimoire" is a large brown book with an unknown demonic symbol of an upside down pentagram and skull on the cover. The "Grimoire"s pages are said to be blackened by its evil. Much like the "Book of Shadows," the "Grimoire" possesses the power to protect itself from its enemies or anything good.  The "Grimoire"s spells and incantations are written in Latin. It makes only a few appearances in the television series and Leo later orbs it, to rest under a mountain of rock in the West Andes, to prevent the coronation of another Source.  Bianca and her family of assassin witches possess a grimoire which contains their family's spells, although this is simply "a" grimoire and not "the" Grimoire. The book's cover in that episode had a symbol depicting two intertwined snakes. That book was sold on eBay in late 2007 and reached a final bid of $405.00.  In the episode "Bride and Gloom", the Charmed Ones' "Book of Shadows" began to change itself into a grimoire when the girls were turned into warlocks under the influence of evil magic. For instance, good spells were replaced with evil spells.

Gypsy books.

In the series, Gypsies and witches are sister traditions. Though never specifically stated to be so, Gypsy families also have their own versions of the "Book of Shadows" that is passed down to immediate family members. This was shown in the season five episode, "The Eyes Have It", wherein the Gypsy Eva finds her family spell book previously owned by her mother after her mother's death. Like traditional Books of Shadows, Gypsies' books contain spells and magical recipes.

Critical reception.

Pagan author Raymond Buckland said in his 2002 book, "The Witch Book", that the "Charmed Book of Shadows" gave the show an air of authenticity and showed that the producers of the show seemed to at least know a little of what they were talking about when depicting wiccan practices. Judika Illes adds that the "Charmed Book of Shadows" describes the show's witches much in the same way as the real world Italian "Benandanti" traditions. She claims the show draws deeply on wiccan terminology and ritual (such as the witches' adding information to their "Book of Shadows"), but asserts that it is still a fantasy show. In "The Book of Shadows: The Unofficial Charmed Companion", Ngaire E. Genge talks about the "Charmed Book of Shadows" in relationship to a modern wiccan Book of Shadows and the ancient grimoires of such notables as "Abra-Melen the Mage" and King Solomon. The author is more critical of "Charmed"'s use of the book compared to real-world wiccans but adds, as Buckland did, that it is still a fantasy show. While not specifically mentioning the "Charmed Book of Shadows" by name, "The Craft: A Witch’s Book of Shadows", by Dorothy Morrison, appears to have been highly influenced by the series and features the same triquetra symbol on its cover as does the Halliwells' "Book of Shadows".  Criticism has also been garnered for "Charmed"s "Book of Shadows". Author Peg Aoli, a noted Wiccan and media critic at "The Witches Voice", has been critical of mixing real world Wiccan ritual items, such as athames and the "Book of Shadows, "with "Charmed"’s "Hollywood" witchcraft. Aoli critically slammed the series' representation of witchcraft in an essay in "Totally Charmed: Demons, Whitelighters and the Power of Three". Furthermore, other critics at "The Witches Voice" argue that "Charmed"'s representation of witchcraft, including their "Book of Shadows", creates "so many misconceptions" about Wicca in the modern world.

Fandom and replica "Books of Shadows".

Following The Charmed Ones' suit, fans worldwide began creating replicas of the "Charmed Book of Shadows", when the series began in the 1990s. Like the famed book of the series, the replica versions continued to grow as fans created more and more pages. The most extensive replica source has 2,500 pages to date and is distributed digitally (see source list). Fan-made "Book of Shadows" have become an art form in itself, and many different people create these. Every artisan owns the rights to their own work, so many differences appear in each artist's re-creation of the pages. There is no one-copyright holder to this collective work, which has become a hobby, like scrapbooking.

The "Book of Shadows" Post-"Charmed".

After "Charmed" ended its run, the one prop from the series that everyone wanted was the "Book of Shadows." There was good-natured discussion over several years concerning which of the long-time crew and cast members had the best claim to the book. The candidates finally narrowed down to Brad Kern, the series' showrunner for its entire run; and Holly Marie Combs, who played Piper Halliwell and was the only cast member to appear in every episode, including the unaired pilot.  Kern and Holly Marie Combs currently share custody of the book, and agreed to alternate possession between the two of them, each getting the book for an entire year at a time. Most recently Holly Marie Combs, appearing on a Comic Con Panel, confirmed that although Kern and her did agree to share custody, Kern has not shared the book.

The Book of Shadows, or simply the Book, is a book of witchcraft from the TV series "Charmed". In the beginning, the book was created by Melinda Warren and was passed down the family to the Charmed Ones. This book contains spells, incantations, potions and information of the evil beings that their ancestors have once faced. They first find out that they were witches when Phoebe finds the "Book of Shadows" in their attic, at midnight on a full moon, and reads an incantation aloud. The "Book of Shadows" is enchanted. It can protect itself from any evil being who dares to touch it.

Dans la série "Charmed", les sœurs Halliwell ou The Charmed Ones possèdent un puissant et convoité livre de sorcellerie, le Livre des Ombres ("The Book of Shadows"), ouvrage transmis de générations en générations. Ce livre regroupe les formules, les potions, ainsi que les informations sur leurs ennemis, en majorité des démons. Le livre a été créé de tel sorte qu'il puisse s'auto-protéger en se déplaçant si n'importe quel démon tenterait de s'en emparer. Le symbole de la famille Halliwell orne la couverture du livre, le triquetra, symbole du Pouvoir des Trois.


Early years.

Noël Jacques Lefebvre was born on 19 February 1792 in Pont-Audemer, Eure, France. He was educated at the college of Pont-Audemer and then came to Paris to study law. He came to the attention of Charles-Guillaume Étienne, who presented him to the Duke of Bassano, and he obtained a job at the Ministry of the State. He became a member of the Conseil d'Etat in 1814, but was dismissed with the restoration of the monarchy.  Lefebvre became involved in the struggles of the Liberal party, was one of the founders of "Le Nain jaune" (The Yellow Dwarf) and contributed to the "Mercure de France". In 1822 he married the daughter of M. Duruflé, a wealthy manufacturer of cloth, and added his father-in-law's name to his own. They had nine children. He became a partner in the business, and introduced into its factories various manufacturing processes that had been used successfully in England and America. He left the business in 1847 to dedicate himself to politics.

Political career.

During the July Monarchy Lefebvre tried several times to be elected as deputy, running for the Pont-Audemer constituency on a platform opposing King Louis Philippe. After the February Revolution of 1848 he again failed to be elected to the Constituent Assembly. He was able to gain appointment as the general counsel of the department of Eure. On 13 May 1849 he was elected deputy for the Eure in the legislative assembly, running as a conservative. In 1850 he help passed the bill to increase the salary of the President of the Republic, the future emperor Napoleon III.  On 23 November 1851 Lefebvre was made Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. After the coup of 2 December 1851, on 25 January 1852 he was made Minister of Public Works and a member of the Consultative Commission. While he was minister a telegraph line was established between Turin and France, of railways were built, and packet boat concessions were awarded for the Mediterranean Sea. On 28 July 1853 Lefebvre-Duruflé left the ministry and was appointed to the Senate, where he remained for the remainder of the empire. On 14 August 1862 he was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Third Republic.

After the revolution of 4 September 1870 Lefebvre returned to private life. He was brought before a police court for irregular financial transactions while he was administrator of the "Société industrielle". On 2 December 1873 he was convicted of violating the Companies act and fined. A year later this led to him being removed from the list of members of the Legion of Honour. He died in Pont-Authou, Eure, on 3 November 1877.

References.

Citations  Sources

Noël Jacques Lefebvre-Duruflé (19 February 1792 – 3 November 1877) was a French politician who became Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the French Second Republic, and under the Second French Empire was Minister of Public Works. In the French Third Republic he was convicted on a corruption charge.

"Noël Jacques" Lefebvre-Duruflé est un manufacturier, homme de lettres et homme politique français, né à Rouen (paroisse Notre-Dame de la Ronde) le et mort à Pont-Authou (Eure) le.


Edgware Road tube station (Bakerloo line)

History.

Edgware Road station was opened on 15 June 1907 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (BS&WR, now the Bakerloo line) when it extended its line from the temporary northern terminus at Marylebone. In common with other early stations of the lines owned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, the station was designed by architect Leslie Green with an ox-blood red glazed terracotta façade. The BS&WR had parliamentary approval to continue the line to Paddington station, but the approved route, which curved under the main line station and ended under the junction of Sussex Gardens and Sussex Place on a south-easterly heading, was not suitable for the company's plan to extend west or north-west from Paddington. The BS&WR chose not to construct the tunnels west of Edgware Road whilst it considered alternatives.  In 1908 the BS&WR considered a joint scheme with the North West London Railway (NWLR) to build a tube line from Edgware Road station to Cricklewood via Kilburn. The NWLR had obtained permission to build a line along Edgware Road from Cricklewood to Marble Arch in 1899, and had received approval for an additional section from Marble Arch to Victoria in 1906, but it had been unable to raise the money to build the line. The permitted NWLR route passed Edgware Road station and the companies sought permission in November 1908 for a section of tunnel long linking the BS&WR and the NWLR tunnels. To make use of the BS&WR's existing permission for the line to Paddington, Edgware Road station was to be provided with a second pair of platforms to enable the operation of a shuttle service between Paddington and Edgware Road. The scheme was rejected and the line was not built.  In 1911, permission was received to construct a tightly-curved long extension to Paddington which ended heading north-west under the main line station. Work started in August 1911 and the extension opened on 1 December 1913.  When the station opened, its narrow frontage was in a row of shops, but the buildings to the south of the station were demolished in the 1960s to enable the flyover to be built, leaving the station as one of two isolated buildings. Originally, an exit from the station was provided in the adjacent Bell Street. Although this is no longer used the building provides office accommodation for the station managers.  In September 2007, there was a proposal by London Assembly member Murad Qureshi to rename this station "Church Street Market", as this would end the confusion between this station and its namesake on the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines.  Between 25 May and 21 December 2013, the station closed temporarily for lift maintenance work.

Connections.

London Buses routes 6, 16, 18, 98, 332 and 414 and night routes N16, N18 and N98 serve the station.

Edgware Road is a London Underground station on the Bakerloo line, located in the City of Westminster. It is between Paddington and Marylebone stations on the line and falls within Travelcard zone 1. The station is located on the north-east corner of the junction of Edgware Road, Harrow Road and Marylebone Road. It is adjacent to the Marylebone flyover.

Edgware Road est une station du métro de Londres située sur la Bakerloo line, entre Paddington et Marylebone. La station est située à environ au sud d'une station homonyme, qui se trouve elle aussi sur Edgware Road et fait partie de la Hammersmith & City Line, de la Circle Line et de la District Line.


Plot.

As war breaks out in Europe, young Americans Chuck S. Brewer (Robert Stack), Johnny M. Coe (Leif Erickson) and Wadislaw Borowsky (Edgar Barrier) cross the Atlantic to join the Royal Air Force. Assigned to the Eagle Squadron, made up of other American pilots, they make friends with Squadron Leader Paddy Carson (John Loder), and women flyers Anne Partridge (Diana Barrymore) and Nancy Mitchell (Evelyn Ankers). Chuck is immediately attracted to Nancy, but she already has a boyfriend, Hank Starr (Jon Hall), another pilot in the squadron.  Once they are trained as fighter pilots, on their first mission against a German air force base, Johnny and Chuck are shot down, and Johnny is killed. Chuck parachutes into the sea and is rescued, but back at the base, he learns that two other pilots trying to protect them when both Americans broke formation, were also killed.  At a military dance, Chuck and Anne arrange for a date that turns out to be a picnic with a group of evacuated children, interrupted by a German air raid. Later, Squadron Leader Carson, who also likes Anne, takes her to London, with Chuck following the pair. During the bombing of a hospital, Anne is wounded leading others out of the burning building, but finds her father, Sir James Partridge (Paul Cavanagh), a noted pacifist, who dies in her arms.  Chuck and Wadislaw, along with Carson, take part in a commando raid in France to capture a top-secret new "Leopard" German fighter. The mission ends with Carson and Wadislaw dead, but Chuck takes off and shoots his way out of enemy territory, bringing the stolen fighter aircraft back to England. At an award ceremony, both Chuck and Anne are decorated for their bravery, but the ceremony is cut short by another German air raid. Chuck, who has proposed to Anne, kisses her on the cheek before taking to the air.

Documentary version.

The film began as a documentary on real Eagle Squadron pilots, with cooperation with the British Ministry of Information which provided actual aerial combat footage.  In October 23, 1940 producer Walter Wanger announced he would make "Eagle Squadron" for United Artists and that he wanted William Wellman to direct. In November 4 20th Century Fox announced they were going to make a rival project, "The Eagles Fly Again", with Henry Fonda and Don Ameche.  In November Wagner hired William Hird Bennett to write the script.  In March 1941 Wanger announced the film would be one of three pictures he would make for United Artists, the other being "Sundown" and "So Gallantly Gleaming". In July Wanger said the film would be part of a four picture deal with UA, the others being "Sundown", "Cheyenne" and "To Be Or Not to Be". Harry Watts and Ernest Schoedsack would direct.  Wanger sent fellow producer Merian C. Cooper and directors Harry Watt and Schoedsack, to film the squadron in action. Watt and screenwriter Ian Dalrymple came from the British Crown Film Unit.  The film's producers identified six pilots who would serve as the focus of the film. In September the "New York Times" reported that they had been shooting in England for three months, and the six men were Andrew Mamedoff, Gregory Daymond, Eugene Tobin, William R. Dunn, Luke Allen and Chesley G Petersen. Schoedsack said he did not want to focus on any particular flier in case one was shot down - that happened to Tobin in September. Schoedsack was forbidden to fly on missions because if he was shot down, as a civilian he would be subject to execution because he was not one of the armed forces.  The squadron continued to fight during filming in Britain, and several pilots were killed. Technical advisor John M. Hill, on leave from the RAF due to a war injury and an actual member of the Eagle squadron, was one of only four pilots of the 17-strong squadron to survive.  The six months of pre-production filming were fraught with many problems, including the reluctance of the Eagle Squadron pilots to take part. It ended with Watt and Dalrymple resigning.  Although the original documentary project was not possible, the footage shot would prove to be recycled for a new film.

Feature film production.

In October 1941 Wagner sold his company, including sixteen properties, to United Artists, but kept the rights to "Eagle Squadron". Wagner intended to set up a new company and make "Eagle Squadron" its first film.  On November 17 Wagner announced he had signed a deal to make movies at Universal, including "Eagle Squadron". This film would no longer be a documentary but a fictional story, based on a magazine story by C.S. Forester. Norman Reilly Raine was writing the script. The film would use footage taken in England, but now the characters would be played by actors rather than real pilots.  Reportedly the fictional story had been an idea of Raine's, who sold it to Wanger, who then hired Forester to write it up as a magazine story.  In December 1941 Wanger announced the female lead would be played by Diana Barrymore who was appearing on stage in "The Land is Bright". Other key roles went to Robert Stack, Leif Ericson and Jon Hall. (Wanger liked Hall's work so much he put the actor in "Arabian Nights").  In early January Universal announced that the director would be Arthur Lubin. Lubin got the job directing on the back of his success with Abbott and Costello.  Filming started 15 January. Location shooting took place at Universal Studio's backlot outside Los Angeles. Stack remembers Barrymore as "a sad and thoroughly mixed up lady" with "an inclination to drink away her problems, a firey temper and an erratic emotional perspective. But she had neither the time nor the training to acquire the enormous technical foundation in acting that other members of her famous family had."  "Eagle Squadron" begins with the onscreen declaration, "This production was made possible through the cooperation of The British Air Ministry, The British Ministry of Information, The Royal Air Force [and] The Eagle Squadron of the R.A.F." Noted war correspondent and radio commentator Quentin Reynolds, who also documented the role of the Eagle squadrons, narrates an extended foreword.

Reception.

Box office.

Although real Eagle Squadron pilots disliked its fictionalization of their experiences, "Eagle Squadron" was a box office hit, earning a profit of $697,607. "Variety" said it earned $1.8 million in rentals in the US in 1942. Its San Francisco premiere at the Orpheum Theater, raised $200,000 in war bond sales.

Critical response.

Critically, the film did not fare well. Bosley Crowther, in his review in "The New York Times", thought the blending of fictional and real-life events was outlandish and dismissed the film as nothing more than a B film. He wrote that "Eagle Squadron" was "... far from the genuine drama about American fliers with the R. A. F. that it should be, but is rather a highfalutin war adventure film which waxes embarrassingly mawkish about English courage and American spunk."

Eagle Squadron is a 1942 American war film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Robert Stack, Diana Barrymore, John Loder and Nigel Bruce. It was based on a story by C.S. Forester that appeared in "Cosmopolitan" magazine, and inspired by media reports of the fighting in the Battle of Britain, in particular, the American pilots who volunteered before the United States entered World War II, to fly for the Royal Air Force in the actual Eagle Squadrons.

L'Escadrille des aigles (") est un film américain de 1942 réalisé par Arthur Lubin avec Robert Stack, John Loder, Diana Barrymore, Leif Erickson, Richard Fraser.


Background.

The recording session for "Beck's Bolero" was conceived of as a side project for Jeff Beck while he was a member of the Yardbirds. "It was decided that it would be a good idea for me to record some of my own stuff... partly to stop me moaning about the Yardbirds", Beck recalled. Also, the Yardbirds' management was encouraging individual band members to bring attention to the band through success in solo projects. Studio time was booked for May 1966 at the IBC Studios in London. To prepare for the session, Beck called on long-time friend and studio guitarist Jimmy Page, who had recommended Beck as Eric Clapton's replacement in the Yardbirds, to work up some ideas for songs to record.  Although there is a disagreement over credits for the composition, both Beck and Page agree that Page began by playing some chords on a twelve-string guitar using a rhythm based on "Boléro". "Boléro" is a one-movement orchestral piece composed by Maurice Ravel in 1928 and is "built on a persistent, repeating motif supported by a snare drum... re-creating the Spanish 'bolero' dance pattern for full orchestra", according to Beck biographer Martin Power. A melody line for guitar was developed along with a middle section to break up the rhythm, reminiscent of the Yardbirds' arrangements for "For Your Love" and "Shapes of Things".  With at least the outline of one song and Page on board to play guitar, Beck approached Keith Moon of the Who, whom he considered one of his favourite drummers. Moon was unhappy with the Who at the time and readily agreed to participate. To avoid a confrontation with Pete Townshend and Kit Lambert, the Who's manager, Moon wished to do so incognito. He recommended bandmate John Entwistle, who was similarly discontented with the Who, to provide the bass.

Recording.

The recording session took place at IBC Studios on 16 and 17 May 1966 (although a date after Beck left the Yardbirds in November 1966 has also been suggested). Moon arrived at the studio disguised in sunglasses and a Russian cossack hat. When Entwistle did not show, studio musicians John Paul Jones and Nicky Hopkins were brought in at the last minute to provide bass and piano. There is an unsubstantiated account that Ritchie Blackmore may have been involved at the studio, but his participation has not been acknowledged by Beck, Page, or others at the session. Napier-Bell, the Yardbirds' producer who had originally promoted the idea, was present for the recording.  For the guitar parts, Beck used a Gibson Les Paul played through a Vox AC30 amplifier and Page played a Fender Electric XII twelve-string electric guitar. Halfway through the song, Moon smashed the drum microphone with his stick – "You can actually hear him screaming as he does it", Beck remembered, "so all you can hear from then on is cymbals!" After Moon and Napier-Bell left, Beck and Page added overdubs and sound treatments to complete the track. According to Beck, two or three songs were recorded at the session, but "Beck's Bolero" was the only track released.

Composition.

"Beck's Bolero" is roughly divided into three parts. The first begins with a reworking of Ravel's two-chord progression, transposed to the key of A. Power points out that by using a 12-string guitar, Page is able to take advantage of the instrument's "rich chiming quality to emulate the distinct, orchestral 'bolero' sound". Beck then introduces the melody line on electric guitar with a fuzz-tone effect producing indefinite sustain; alternating between major and minor modes, it is described as "haunting" by Power and as a "distinctive piercing, sinister tone" by critic Richie Unterberger. In the second section, the piano, bass, and drums come in and the tension builds. Unterberger describes the third section as "suddenly set[ting] off from the main motif into a beautiful serene section highlighting slide-glissando guitars", with Beck's echo-laden slide sounding similar to a steel guitar. The fourth section returns to the main melody with overlaid drawn-out descending slide. According to Beck, "the phasing was Jimmy's idea... I played a load of waffle and he reversed it". The tension mounts as Moon adds drum flourishes, climaxing with a break.  The second part begins with Moon's simultaneous drum break and scream and launches in different, hard rock direction. "It was my idea to cut off in the middle, Yardbirds-style", Beck commented, "Keith upped the tempo and gave it an extra kick. It's like a bit of the Who, a bit of the Yardbirds and a bit of me". The amply-distorted guitar provides "a thick-toned, descending riff", according to Power. He also describes the break, inspired by the Yardbirds' rave-up technique, as "eerily presag[ing] the coming era of hard rock and heavy metal". The third part returns to the main motif with added guitar fills. The melody line is abandoned in the second section and replaced with multiple interwoven takes of guitar effects, including phasing, echo, and controlled feedback. It concludes with a few bars of hard blues rock-style lead guitar and an abrupt ending.

Releases.

The record release of "Beck's Bolero" was delayed for ten months, when Jeff Beck began his solo career after leaving the Yardbirds. It appeared as the B-side of his first single, "Hi Ho Silver Lining", which was released on 10 March 1967 in the UK (Columbia DB 8151) and 3 April 1967 in the US (Epic 5–10157). The initial UK pressing of the single listed the title as "Bolero" with Jeff Beck as the composer, while later pressings showed "Beck's Bolero" and "J. Page". The single reached number fourteen in the UK Singles Chart, and number 123 in the US "Billboard"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. "Hi Ho Silver Lining" was ignored by American underground FM radio, but "Beck's Bolero" became a staple of the new radio format.  In 1968, the instrumental gained wider exposure when it was included on the Jeff Beck Group debut album, "Truth". Released in the US in July, the album reached number 15 in the "Billboard" 200 album chart one month later. "Truth" was issued in October in the UK, but it did not appear in the album charts. On the British monaural releases, "Beck's Bolero" has a fifteen-second backwards guitar coda. This version is included as a bonus track on the 2006 remastered "Truth" CD and on the Sundazed Records reissue of the original mono vinyl album. The original album liner notes do not list the personnel for "Beck's Bolero" – Jones' and Hopkins' contributions are noted for other songs along with "Timpani by 'You Know Who'", the "Who" being Moon.  "Beck's Bolero" remains one of Beck's favourites pieces and he has performed it numerous times, often as his opening number. A live version in 2008 appears on his "Live at Ronnie Scott's" album and video. On 4 April 2009, Page formally inducted Beck into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and together they performed "Beck's Bolero" at the induction ceremony, with Page playing the original 1965 Fender XII electric twelve-string guitar which he used for the 1966 recording session.

Disagreement over credits.

Production.

Beck's later producer, Mickie Most, the Yardbirds' producer, Simon Napier-Bell, and Jimmy Page have each claimed to be the recording's producer. At the time of the release of "Beck Bolero", Beck was under contract to producer Most. Although he was not involved in the recording, under the terms of the contract, Most received a "mandated production credit" and it is his name that appears on the single and album credits. Napier-Bell, who was at least present for the recording, has claimed that his involvement was substantial:  However, according to Jimmy Page, "the track was done and then the producer, Simon Napier-Bell, just disappeared... [he] just sort of left me and Jeff to do it. Jeff was playing and I was [at the recording console]." Page asserts that he in fact was the instrumental's actual producer.

Composition.

The initial Columbia Records pressing of the single listed the title as "Bolero" and "Jeff Beck" as the composer. However, Jimmy Page filed for the composer credit for "Beck's Bolero" and it is his name that appears on the credits for all but the initial release. Nonetheless, Beck has claimed credit for his contributions to the composition. Both Beck and Page agree that Page came up with the "Boléro"-influenced chords and rhythm. However, Beck specifically claims that key features of the instrumental—the haunting melody line and the second part "hard-rock" break—are his. Beck adds that the break contains "the first heavy metal riff ever written and I wrote it". While not addressing the specifics, Page asserts "I wrote it, played on it, produced it... and I don't give a damn what [Jeff] says. That's the truth", but adds "the slide bits are his". Beck later put it behind him, "No, I didn't get a songwriting credit, but you win some and lose some down the years". Over the years, he and Page have made several appearances together in concerts and for interviews.

Legacy.

Beck, Page, Hopkins, Jones, and Moon were pleased with the outcome of the recording session and there was talk of forming a working group and additional recordings. This led to the famous quip, "Yeah, it'll go down like a lead zeppelin", which Page later used, with a slight spelling change, for his new group. Page ascribed it to Moon, while Beck's and Led Zeppelin's later manager Peter Grant claimed Moon used the phrase "go down like a lead balloon", to which Entwistle added "more like a lead zeppelin". Group biographer Keith Shadwick notes that forming an actual group at the time "was never a realistic option", due to existing contractual obligations. For all their attempts at secrecy, Townshend learned of Moon's move. Beck recalled, "I remember [Pete] Townshend looking daggers at me when he heard it... because it was a bit near the mark. He didn't want anybody meddling with that territory [his band, the Who] at all". Townshend also took to referring to Beck and Page as "flashy little guitarists of very little brain" for their perceived subterfuge (Page responded with "Townshend got into feedback because he couldn't play single notes"). In a later interview, Townshend explained  Differences with Moon were resolved and he returned to the Who shortly after the recording. One month later, Page joined the Yardbirds and together with Beck became one of the first dual-lead guitar teams in popular rock. In 1968, Hopkins became a member of the Jeff Beck Group and for performances of "Beck's Bolero" during their first US tour in June, singer Rod Stewart played the rhythm guitar part. Also in 1968, Page started Led Zeppelin with Jones. Page incorporated some of the melody line and bolero rhythm into the medley portion of "How Many More Times" for the "Led Zeppelin" debut album.  "Beck's Bolero" appears on various "best of" lists and in "Guitar Masters: Intimate Portraits", Alan di Perna describes it as "one of the great rock instrumentals, epic in scope, harmonically and rhythmically ambitious yet infused with primal energy". The May 1966 recording pre-dated other mid-1960s hard rock/psychedelic rock milestones, such as the formation of Cream, Jimi Hendrix's arrival in England, the Beatles' "Revolver" album, and the rise of the San Francisco Sound. Guitarist Mike Bloomfield recalled that "Beck's Bolero" had a "significant impact on Jimi Hendrix, who named it among his favorite tracks". Beck recalled performing a live version with Hendrix on lead guitar, but a recording has not been forthcoming.  According to Paul Hornsby, who played with Duane Allman in Hour Glass in 1967–1968 before the Allman Brothers Band, "Beck's Bolero" inspired Allman to take up slide guitar. After hearing Beck's record, Allman "loved that slide part and told me he was going to learn to play it", Hornsby recalled. In 1970, Joe Walsh adapted the slide-guitar section of "Beck's Bolero" for a James Gang song. Titled "The Bomber", the multi-part suite also includes a rendition of Ravel's "Boléro" and appears on the "James Gang Rides Again" album. Several artists have recorded renditions of "Beck's Bolero", including SRC, the Posies, Les Fradkin, Eric Johnson, and Return to Forever.

"Beck's Bolero" is a rock instrumental recorded by English guitarist Jeff Beck in 1966. It is Beck's first solo recording and has been described as "one of the great rock instrumentals, epic in scope, harmonically and rhythmically ambitious yet infused with primal energy". "Beck's Bolero" features a prominent melody with multiple guitar parts propelled by a rhythm inspired by Ravel's "Boléro".

Beck's Bolero est une courte pièce instrumentale aux accents rock fortement influencée par le "Bolero" de Maurice Ravel. La pièce a été enregistrée en par le Jeff Beck Group avec Jimmy Page à la guitare rythmique, John Paul Jones à la basse, Nicky Hopkins au piano et Keith Moon à la batterie. La pièce est considérée par plusieurs critiques comme ayant joué un rôle majeur dans le développement du heavy metal et du rock progressif. La légende raconte d'ailleurs que Jimmy Page, désirant former un supergroupe avec les musiciens ayant accompagné Jeff Beck sur ce titre, reçoit une fin de non-recevoir de Keith Moon qui lui dit « Ton projet va s'écraser au sol comme un Zeppelin de plomb! » ou "lead Zeppelin" en anglais. Deux ans plus tard, cette réponse du batteur des Who est à l'origine du nom Led Zeppelin


Early life.

He attended Castleknock College, Dublin, St Patrick's Classical School in Navan and St Munchin's College, Limerick.

Munster.

Hurley made his Munster debut against Llanelli Scarlets in May 2006, in a Celtic League fixture. He sprung to notice when he was preferred to Shaun Payne at fullback in Munster's 2007–08 Heineken Cup quarter-final clash with Gloucester. He stayed at fullback for the semi-final against Saracens, and started in the 2008 Heineken Cup Final against Toulouse, which Munster won 16–13.  Hurley was part of the Munster team that won the Celtic League in the 2009–09 season, and again in the 2010–11 season. He also started for Munster in their historic 15–6 victory against Australia on 16 November 2010.  Hurley signed a new two-year contract with Munster in March 2012. He was on the wing for Munster A in their 31–12 2011–12 British and Irish Cup Final victory against Cross Keys on 27 April 2012. Hurley signed a one-year contract extension with Munster in April 2014, which will see him remain with the province until at least June 2015. He signed a further one-year extension with Munster in January 2015. Hurley captained Munster in the 2015 Pro12 Grand Final against Glasgow Warriors on 30 May 2015. In May 2016, Hurley announced he was leaving Munster.

Ireland.

He made his Ireland debut against USA on 31 May 2009 in Santa Clara.  He was also Ireland A's right-winger when they won the 2009 Churchill Cup. He played for Ireland Wolfhounds against Scotland A in January 2011, and against England Saxons in February 2011. His performances in these two fixtures earnt him a call-up into Ireland's 2011 Six Nations Championship squad, but he did not feature in any games.  Hurley was selected in the Ireland Wolfhounds squad for their games against the England Saxons in January 2012, which again earned him a call-up to the full Irish squad, for the 2012 Six Nations Championship. Hurley was nominated for the IRUPA Unsung Hero 2015 in April 2015.

Personal life.

His father, Gerry Hurley, was on the bench for the famous Munster team that defeated the All Blacks 12–0 in October 1978.

Denis Hurley (born 15 July 1984) is a former Irish rugby union player, who represented Munster and Ireland. He played as a fullback, wing or centre.

Denis Hurley, né le, est un joueur de rugby à XV qui évolue au poste d'arrière. Il obtient une seule sélection avec l'équipe d'Irlande en 2009.


The Emblem.

The Emblem of Kivertsi - a square divided horizontally into two parts. On the upper side of the white part there's a running red squirrel, the lower side is divided into three vertical stripes of equal width - green, yellow and green.

Origin of the name.

The name ”Kivertsi” historians associate with the name of an ancient tribe called ”Tivertsi” that lived on the banks of the Dniester River at the mouth of the Danube. At the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century under the pressure of neighbour nomadic tribes Tivertsi moved north. Divided into smaller groups the tribe has spread and settled in Volyn. Over time, the name mutated into ”Kivertsi” and was assigned to the place of settlement of the tribe.

History.

Kivertsi is a relatively young city, it is a little more than 130 years. Although the first settlements in this area appeared much earlier, as evidenced by the treasure of Roman coins from II-III BC, found here in 1700.  Kivertsi town owes its appearance on the map to the development of railway construction, which intensified after the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861.  In the 1870-1873 between the cities of Rivne and Kovel a railway track was laid, and 7 km from the village Kivertsi (now Prylutske) was built a station with the same name. In 1890, the War Department of the Tsar's Russia paved the railroad through Kivertsi to Lutsk, and than - to Lviv and Radehov, a border state with Austria-Hungary at that time. The town became an important railway junction. In March 1918 residents strongly opposed the Austro-Hungarian occupation. In May 1919 Kivertsi was captured by the Poles. In July 1920 the city was occupied by the Red Army but according to the Riga Treaty of 1921 the settlement became a part of Poland. In September 1939 Kivertsi was incorporated by the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In July 1941 German troops captured Kivertsi. In February 1944 Kivertsi was liberated from the German invaders.  An inhabited locality of Kivertsi received a town status in 1951.  Numerous institutions of trade, public catering, consumer services, Kivertsi's city stadium, park, playground with artificial turf play significant role in Kivertsi's infrastructure.

Kivertsi (,, ) is a town in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Kivertsi Raion. Population: Area in total - 848,200 ha.

Kivertsi (en ; en ; en polonais : Kiwerce) est une ville de l'oblast de Volhynie, en Ukraine, et le centre administratif du raïon de Kivertsi. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2019.


Plot.

Melissa Morris desperately tries to gain more attention from her always preoccupied father, Neal, a best-selling author. Melissa lives in the shadow of Tripp Zoome, the adventurous and clever hero from her father's popular spy novels. Before a long overdue father-daughter vacation, her father gets kidnapped by obsessive fans: Wheeze with his friend, Sheldon and his brother, Andre.  However, the tables turn when she must team up with them to find and rescue him from Merv and his brothers, Maurice and Skunk. It turns out Merv is just using Skunk and Maurice as part of a plan to get Neal to write one final book and uses his daughter as a hostage. Wheeze, Andre and Sheldon get all of the Trip Zoome fans in town to gather together to rescue Melissa and Neal and they attack when Melissa manages to signal them.  The fans attack Merv, Maurice and Skunk and they try to run but are stopped by more fans. Merv sneaks out with Neil while Skunk and Maurice go after Melissa who escapes. Melissa defeats them and ties them up. Merv nearly gets away, but Sheldon, who had been trying to find where everyone went, spots him and alerts everyone else. Neil is rescued, but Merv tries to get away.  As he runs, Maurice and Skunk, still tied up, come out and see this and, regretting what they've done, use the floss they're bound in to trip Merv, knocking him down and ending his escape. The police arrest Maurice, Merv and Skunk while Neil thanks his fans. Wheeze gives his number to Melissa before she and her father leave on their long-overdue vacation.

Reception.

Its premiere attracted 4.6 million viewers, outshining Nickelodeon's movie, "Spectacular!", which premiered at the same time, by 39%.  Despite its commercial success and positive fan response, it was negatively received by critics. David Nusair called the movie (along with "Hatching Pete") "typically underwhelming Disney Channel fare."

Adaptations.

"Dadnapped: Junior Novel" is a book based on the movie, which was due to be released September 30, 2008 in the United States and October 21, 2008 in the UK, but the release date was changed to February 2009 to coincide with the movie's release.

Dadnapped is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered February 16, 2009. Starring actors from Disney Channel Original Series, the movie had 4.6 million viewers for its premiere. Although the story centers on a hostage situation, the kidnappers are inept and the film "practically oozes kid-pleasing content".

SOS Daddy ("Dadnapped") est un téléfilm américain de la collection des Disney Channel Original Movie sorti en sur Disney Channel USA. Il a été diffusé pour la première fois en France mercredi à 18h10. La distribution comprend plusieurs stars des séries Disney Channel comme Emily Osment, Jason Earles et Moises Arias de "Hannah Montana", David Henrie, Jennifer Stone et Kirsten Storms des "Sorciers de Waverly Place" et Phill Lewis ("La Vie de palace de Zack et Cody"). Disney affirme que les audiences de 4,6 millions de téléspectateurs lors de sa première diffusion aux États-Unis ont surpassé ses attentes.


"Sonderbundskrieg".

In 1847, the period of Swiss history known as Restoration ended with the breaking out of a war between the conservative Roman Catholic and the liberal Protestant cantons (the "Sonderbundskrieg"). The conflict between the Catholic and Protestant cantons had existed since the Reformation; in the 19th century the Protestant population had a majority. The "Sonderbund" (German: separate alliance) was concluded after the Radical Party had taken power in Switzerland and had, thanks to the Protestant majority of cantons, taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841. When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the Jesuits the same year, groups of armed radicals (""Freischärler"") invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism.  The "Sonderbund" was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6, which expressly forbade such separate alliances, and the Radical majority in the "Tagsatzung" decided to dissolve the "Sonderbund" on 21 October 1847. The confederate army was raised against the members of the "Sonderbund", composed of soldiers of all the other states except Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden, which had stayed neutral. Ticino, while a Catholic canton, did not join the "Sonderbund" and fought with the Protestants.  The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.  At the end of the Sonderbund War, the Diet began to debate a new federal constitution drawn up by Johann Conrad Kern (1808–1888) of Thurgau and Henri Druey (1790–1855) of Vaud. In the summer of 1848 this constitution was accepted by fifteen and a half cantons, with Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Valais, Ticino and Appenzell Innerrhoden opposing. The new constitution was declared on 12 September 1848.

Federal Constitution.

1848 Constitution.

The new constitution created, for the first time, Swiss citizenship in addition to cantonal citizenship.  A federal central government was set up to which the cantons gave up certain parts of their sovereign rights, retaining the rest. The Federal Assembly was made up of two houses- Council of States ("Ständerat"), composed of two deputies from each canton (44 members at the time) and the National Council ("Nationalrat") made up of deputies elected three years, in the proportion of one for every 20,000 citizens or fraction over 10,000 from each canton. The Federal Council or executive ("Bundesrat") consisted of seven members elected by the Federal Assembly. In the 1848 Constitution, the entire Federal Council was granted the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation". Each member of the Federal Council heads one of seven executive departments. The chairman of the Council also holds the title of President of the Swiss Confederation for a one-year term, with the position rotating among the members of the Federal Council.  The judiciary ("Bundesgericht") was made up of eleven members elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The "Bundesgericht" was chiefly confined to civil cases in which the Confederation was a party, but also took in great political crimes. All constitutional questions are however reserved for the Federal Assembly.  A federal university and a polytechnic school were to be founded. All capitulations were forbidden in the future. All cantons were required to treat Swiss citizens who belonged to one of the Christian confessions like their own citizens. Previously, citizens of one canton regarded citizens of the others as the citizens of foreign countries. All Christians were guaranteed the exercise of their religion but the Jesuits and similar religious orders were not to be received in any canton. German, French and Italian were recognized as national languages.  Although there was now a fully organized central government, Switzerland was a very decentralized federation. Most authority remained with the cantons, including all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government. One of the first acts of the Federal Assembly was to exercise the power given them of determining the home of the Federal authorities (the "de facto" capital of the newly created confederation), and on 28 November 1848 Bern was chosen. The first Federal Council sat on 16 November 1848, composed entirely of members of the Free Democratic Party.  Some of the first acts of the new Federal Assembly were to unify and standardize daily life in the country. In 1849 a uniform postal service was established. In 1850 a single currency was imposed to replace the cantonal currencies, while all customs between cantons were abolished. In 1851 the telegraph was organized, while all weights and measures were unified. In 1868 the metric system was allowed and in 1875 declared obligatory and universal. In 1854 roads and canals taken in hand were taken under federal control. The Federal Polytechnic wasn't opened until 1855 in Zurich, though the Federal university authorized by the new constitution has not yet been set up.  In 1859, "Reisläuferei" (mercenary service) was outlawed, with the exception of the Vatican guard.  In 1866 the rights granted only to Christians (free movement and freedom of religion) under the 1848 Constitution were extended to all Swiss regardless of religion.

1874 Revised Constitution.

From 1848 onwards the cantons continually revised their constitutions, with most including the introduction of the referendum, by which laws made by the cantonal legislature may (facultative referendum) or must (obligatory referendum) be submitted to the people for their approval. It was therefore only natural that attempts should be made to revise the federal constitution of 1848 in a democratic and centralizing sense, for it had been provided that the Federal Assembly, on its own initiative or on the written request of 50,000 Swiss electors, could submit the question of revision to a popular vote. The first attempt at a revision in 1872 was defeated by a small majority, owing to the efforts of the anti-centralizing party. Finally, however, another draft was preferred, and on the 19 April 1874, the new constitution was accepted by the people – 14 cantons against 7 (those of 1848 without Ticino, but with Fribourg and Lucerne).  The Constitution of 1874 further strengthened the federal power. The revised Constitution included three major points. First, a system of free elementary education was set up, under the superintendence of the Confederation, but managed by the cantons. Second, a man settling in another canton was, after three months (instead of two years in the 1848 Constitution), given all cantonal and communal rights (formerly only cantonal rights were granted). Finally, the referendum was introduced in its "facultative" form; i.e., all federal laws must be submitted to popular vote on the demand of 30,000 Swiss citizens or of eight cantons. The "Initiative" (i.e., the right of compelling the legislature to consider a certain subject or bill) was not introduced into the Federal Constitution until 1891 (when it was given to 50,000 Swiss citizens) and then only as to a partial (not a total) revision of that constitution.

Industrialisation and economic growth.

The 1847 to 1914 period saw the development of the Swiss railway network. The "Schweizerische Nordbahn" (SNB) society opened the first railway line on Swiss soil in 1847, connecting Zürich and Baden. The Gotthard Rail Tunnel was completed in 1881.  The Swiss watchmaking industry has its origins in the 18th century, but boomed during the 19th century, turning the village of La Chaux-de-Fonds into an industrial center. Rapid urban growth also enlarged Zürich, which incorporated its industrial suburb Aussersihl into the municipality in 1891.  Banking emerged as a significant factor in Swiss economy with the foundation of the Union Bank of Switzerland in 1862, the Swiss Bank Corporation in 1872.  The Golden age of alpinism in the 1850s to 1860s lay the foundation to the tourism industry.

The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on 12 September 1848, with the creation of a federal constitution in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the "Sonderbundskrieg". The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the United States Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly replaced in 1999. The constitution represents the first time that the Swiss were governed by a strong central government instead of being simply a collection of independent cantons bound by treaties.

L'État fédéral de 1848 est une des étapes de formation de la Confédération suisse, la période suivant la Confédération des XXII cantons et le début du. À la suite des luttes entre radicaux et conservateurs de la première moitié du qui se sont achevées sur la guerre du Sonderbund, une nouvelle constitution fédérale est votée le qui définit un nouvel État fédéral et centralisé où les cantons ne sont plus indépendants mais « souverains » et cèdent certains de leurs privilèges à l'État fédéral. Cette constitution définit également les nouvelles institutions politiques, monétaires et économiques et institue la ville de Berne, où est construit le Palais fédéral, comme ville fédérale.


Gameplay.

The gameplay of "Hydro Thunder" consists of racing high-tech speedboats through treacherous environments, from the cold seas of the Arctic Circle, to a post-apocalyptic, flooded version of New York City.  Scattered across the tracks are blue and red boost icons. When touched these icons allow the player who touched them to boost. Red boost icons are more scarce than blue boost icons due to the fact red boost icons give more boost fuel. When a player has boost fuel they may use the boost button to boost, which allows a player's boat to reach speeds much higher than what would normally be possible. Also by boosting a player can knock other boats into the air, a feature described by the game as the Mighty Hull. Another aspect of boosting is the Hydro Jump which is performed by braking and using the boost button. When combined with the many ramps on the tracks, players can reach short cuts and boost icons that would normally not be accessible otherwise.  The boats in "Hydro Thunder" are divided into four categories: easy, medium, hard, and bonus. The easy boats tend to be easy to control but they do not have the speed of other classes. Medium boats are in the middle, and Hard boats are usually very difficult to control but are very fast. Bonus boats are accessible by entering a combination to access the boat. The tracks in "Hydro Thunder" like the boats are divided into four classes: easy, medium, hard and bonus. The easy tracks are usually short and easy with the bonus tracks being the longest and hardest. The arcade version of the game had only two bonus tracks, New York Disaster and Nile Adventure. Hydro Speedway was present as a hidden track. The console versions add two more, Catacomb and Castle Von Dandy, making four in all.

Development and release.

The arcade version of "Hydro Thunder" utilizes the same basic cabinet as Midway's earlier "Hyperdrive". It has the same cabinet seat as Atari's "". It also has the same steering wheel on the control panel as "Cruis'n USA", minus the standard foot pedals, and adds a variable position throttle with forward, neutral and reverse directions. The game also has an unusual volume adjustment, where the regular play volume is usually set lower than the feedback volume for the subwoofer in the seat. This is intended to place the player "in the game" and make the player feel like an actual pilot of a powerful, high-tech speedboat.  In addition to the arcade, "Hydro Thunder" has been ported over to several home consoles. The PlayStation version of the game includes a career mode not found in the other versions. The Dreamcast version of the game has graphics that are more detailed and closer to the arcade version than the other console versions. The Nintendo 64 version allows up to 4-player local multiplayer (instead of just 2-player) when the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pak is present. A standalone Windows version was released exclusively through budget re-releases in Europe. The Dreamcast port became one of the few "Sega All Stars" titles. Midway Games had plans to create a double pack for "Hydro Thunder" and "San Francisco Rush 2049" under the name "Hydro Rush" for the PlayStation 2. However, the game was cancelled and the project moved to "Midway Arcade Treasures 3" (a compilation of Midway's many racing games) for Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox, and was also included in the later "Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition" for Windows - however neither of these versions were based on the arcade original, but rather the Dreamcast port.

Sequel.

Midway had plans to create a sequel for "Hydro Thunder"; however, the project was soon cancelled and never recreated - though it did result in the formation of the "Thunder" sub-series including "Offroad Thunder" and "Arctic Thunder". In January 2009, Raw Thrills announced a spiritual successor titled "H2Overdrive", developed with the assistance of the former Midway San Diego members who worked on the original arcade version of "Hydro Thunder". On March 26, 2010, a sequel titled "Hydro Thunder Hurricane" was announced for Xbox Live Arcade. Microsoft had bought the rights to the series after Midway was acquired by Warner Bros. It was released on July 28, 2010.

Reception.

"Next Generation" reviewed the arcade version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "If you've been longing for the next exciting racing game after "Rush: The Rock", it's here."  "IGN" scored the Dreamcast version of "Hydro Thunder" at 8.7 out of 10.  Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Buy it. You won't be disappointed."  Eric Bratcher reviewed the Nintendo 64 version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Even without two-player, this is still a really fun game, though still a bit, um, shallow." Bratcher reviewed "Hydro Thunder 64" in the next issue, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Looking for the next "Waverace 64"?"

Hydro Thunder is a Motorboat racing sub-series game, originally an arcade game and later released for the Sega Dreamcast as a launch title in 1999. It was also released for PlayStation and Nintendo 64 in early 2000. This game is part of Midway's "Thunder" series of racing games, which includes "Offroad Thunder", "4 Wheel Thunder", and "Arctic Thunder". "Hydro Thunder Hurricane", a sequel to "Hydro Thunder", was later released for the Xbox 360 on July 27, 2010 on Xbox Live Arcade.

Hydro Thunder est un jeu vidéo de course de bateau sorti en 1999 sur arcade et Dreamcast puis en 2000 sur Nintendo 64, PlayStation, et PC. Le jeu a été développé et édité par Midway. Le jeu a reçu le label "Sega All Stars" sur Dreamcast. Une « suite » à ce jeu est sortie en 2010 sous le nom de "Hydro Thunder Hurricane", disponible sur le Xbox Live Arcade sur Xbox 360 et rétrocompatible sur Xbox One.


Life.

Clarice and Lorenzo married 4 June 1469, with a four-day celebration. The marriage was arranged by Lorenzo's mother Lucrezia Tornabuoni, who wanted her eldest son to marry a woman from a noble family to enhance the social status of the Medicis. Clarice was a descendant of King John of England, through his daughter Eleanor, though this likely did not play a role in her betrothal. This also made her a distant cousin of Elizabeth of York, a contemporary Queen Consort of England. Their marriage was unusual for Florence at the time in that they were nearly the same age. Clarice's dowry was 6,000 florins.  The political nature of her marriage meant that she was often called upon by each side of her family to influence the other. This included Lorenzo helping her brother Rinaldo get selected as Archbishop of Florence. She was also called on by others throughout the area to support their requests to her husband. People sought her support in the easing of taxes and releasing family members from exile or prison. She would also use her network to gather information about political and military events away from where she was, including troop movements and battles.  Clarice's religious upbringing was a bit in contrast with the humanist ideals of the age popular in Florence. Nevertheless, sources and letters suggest that there was a great deal of affection and respect between her and Lorenzo. Of the ten children born to them, three died in infancy.  During the Pazzi Conspiracy, which was aimed at murdering Lorenzo and his younger brother Giuliano, Clarice and her children were sent to Pistoia. (The Pazzis succeeded in murdering Giuliano, but Lorenzo survived the attack, thus the conspirators' plan to replace the Medicis as "de facto" rulers of Florence failed).  Clarice returned to Rome several times to visit her relatives; she also visited Volterra, Colle Val d'Elsa, Passignano sul Trasimeno, and other places in the 1480s. During these visits, she was treated as a representative of her husband, an unusual role for a woman in that time and place.  On 30 July 1488 she died in Florence, and was buried two days later. Her husband was not with her when she died, nor did he attend the funeral, because he himself was very ill and was in Bad Filetta near Siena to get cured.  The fact that Lorenzo was away from home when she died, affected even more his mood. Piero da Bibbiena, private chancellor of the Magnificent, wrote the following letter to the Florentine Ambassador in Rome :  In a letter to Pope Innocent VIII he wrote that he dearly missed his late wife. The content of Lorenzo's letter to the Pope is the following:

Issue.

Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children:  Their children were taught by Angelo Poliziano for a time. In 1478, he wanted to teach the children humanism, Latin, and Greek, but Clarice insisted on their lessons being more religious, and being delivered in Italian. She had also removed the family and their teacher from Florence after the scare of the Pazzi conspiracy, and he chafed under the exile. In May 1479, she tried to dismiss the tutor over another change in the curriculum, though Lorenzo continued to pay him.

In popular culture.

She appears in the second and third seasons of, played by Synnøve Karlsen. She also appears in the Starz series Da Vinci's Demons played by Lara Pulver.

Clarice Orsini (1450–1488) was the daughter of Iacopo Orsini, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini both from the Orsini family, a great Roman noble house. She was the wife of Lorenzo de' Medici and mother of Pope Leo X.

Clarisse Orsini (née vers à Monterotondo près de Rome et morte le à Florence dans la république homonyme), fille de Jacopo Orsini et Maddalena Orsini, fut l'épouse de Laurent "le Magnifique" et la mère du pape Léon X et de Julien de Médicis.


Early career.

The son of Lieutenant General Vasileios Sapountzakis, he was born in Nafplio in 1846. He entered the Hellenic Army Academy, graduating as an artillery adjutant in 1865. He became a second lieutenant on 9 May 1867, a lieutenant in 1873, captain II class in 1878, captain I class in 1880, major in 1882, lieutenant colonel in 1890, and full colonel in 1896. In 1867 he returned to Crete and with his father fought in the ongoing Cretan uprising. Following the failure of the revolt, he was sent for studies abroad, in Germany, Britain and France.  He was appointed professor of military technology at the Army Academy, as well as tutor and aide de camp to Crown Prince Constantine. At the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, with the rank of colonel, he assumed the duties of chief of staff to the Crown Prince, who exercised the overall command of the main Greek field force, the Army of Thessaly. Badly trained and led, the Greek Army was defeated and forced to retreat. Sapountzakis was subsequently dismissed from his duties.

Chief of the General Staff and Balkan Wars.

In 1899, he was named head of the Personnel Department in the Ministry for Military Affairs, and in 1901 he was made chief of staff of the Army General Command, which became the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1904, with Sapountzakis its first head. From this position, he supervised the reorganization of the Army under the Georgios Theotokis cabinets.  Promoted to major General in 1909, in 1910–12 he was Chief of the Army Staff Service of the Ministry for Military Affairs. On 9 April 1912 he was appointed prospective commander-in-chief of the Army of Thessaly in wartime, as well as chairman of the Revisionary Military Tribunal. In the same year he was promoted to lieutenant general. With the outbreak of the First Balkan War, on 5 October 1912, he was placed in charge of the Army of Epirus, a post he held until 11 February 1913. The Army of Epirus was by far the smaller of the two field armies fielded by Greece and effectively comprised a small infantry division, with 8,197 men and 24 guns. Faced with superior Ottoman forces (some 15,000 men with 32 guns of the 23rd Regular and 23rd Reserve Divisions) as well as the strongly fortified position of Bizani, which guarded the southern approaches to Ioannina, its mission was entirely secondary to the main Army of Thessaly, led again by Crown Prince Constantine.  Nevertheless, the Greeks advanced and took Preveza on 21 October 1912, and repulsed an Ottoman counteroffensive in the Battle of Pente Pigadia on 24–30 October. Operations subsequently stalled as both sides awaited reinforcements. With the arrival of the 2nd Infantry Division, the Greeks resumed their offensive towards Ioannina on 12 December. Despite early success and the capture of Aetorrachi ridge, the Greek assault faltered against the guns of Bizani and successive Ottoman counter-offensives. The offensive was over by December 10, and operations degenerated into positional warfare. As more forces were being pulled from Macedonia towards Epirus, Crown Prince Constantine came to assume command in Epirus in January 1913, while Sapountzakis was relegated to command a detachment comprising the 6th and 8th Infantry Divisions. From this post he participated in the final capture of Bizani and Ioannina on 22 February 1913.  Following the fall of Ioannina, Sapountzakis retired from the Army. He was appointed director of the Army Pension Fund in 1926–29, and died in 1931. He was married but had no children.

Konstantinos Sapountzakis (, 1846 – 1931) was a Greek Army officer. He is notable as the first head of the Hellenic Army General Staff and as the first commander of the Army of Epirus during the First Balkan War.

Konstantínos Sapountzákis (en grec moderne : ; 1846-1931) était un général grec qui commanda l'Armée d'Épire lors des guerres balkaniques.


History.

The Commonwealth of Independent States Cup started in 1993 as an open tournament to champions from the USSR successor states (The Commonwealth of Independent States, and well as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).  Ukraine boycotted the first two competitions, but joined in 1995.  In 1995–2006 the Russia national under-21 football team participated in the tournament as the 16th team, but in 2007 and 2008 Serbia replaced it as the 17th nation sending a team to play in it, and became the first non-former Soviet Union nation participating in the tournament. Unlike the rest of the states, who send their latest champions to play in the tournament, Serbia has sent OFK Beograd to play in the tournament.  In its first years the tournament was popular in the territories of the former Soviet Union, including the most titled teams from the old Soviet Top League. Spartak Moscow from Russia, and Dynamo Kyiv from Ukraine each won the cup several times but, after less than a decade, the teams from Russia and Ukraine became hesitant to send their best players to play on the artificial turf at the Olympic Stadium, so they sent their reserve players instead or sometimes the league runners-up participated in their place. This resulted in the decrease of the tournament's popularity in those states particularly and in the international value of the tournament overall.  In 2006 a new tournament, Channel One Cup, started and caught the attention of the Russian and Ukrainian teams, which even more decreased the popularity of the Commonwealth of Independent States Cup tournament.  A big scandal occurred in 2006, when the Armenian champion FC Pyunik refused to play the Azerbaijani team, PFC Neftchi due to the collapse of diplomatic relations between the two countries' governments at that time around the Nagorno-Karabakh War. FC Pyunik defeated Ukrainian team FC Shakhtar Donetsk 3–1 in the quarter-final, earning a place in the semi-final against PFC Neftchi. However, FC Pyunik announced that they would no play against an Azerbaijani team, and flew home from Moscow the same evening. The Russian Football Union gave FC Shakhtar Donetsk a technical victory 3–0 so they could play in the semi-final instead of FC Pyunik, but FC Shakhtar Donetsk declined the offer stating that "...we would really want to play in the semi-final, but we don't want to get there by any other way than sport". Eventually, PFC Neftchi were given a bye to the final, where they defeated the Lithuanian club FBK Kaunas 4–2.  In 2007 talks began about changing the format of the cup, and uniting it with the Channel One Cup in order to bring back the interest of the Russian and Ukrainian teams, and in 2007 its games were even visited by representatives from FIFA, but nevertheless, nothing came out from those talks and efforts.  In October 2009, Bunyodkor coach Luis Felipe Scolari announced that his Uzbek side would not enter the 2010 tournament due to focusing on the Asian Champions League.

The Commonwealth of Independent States Cup () is a defunct annual regional association football tournament, recognized by FIFA. The tournament was initially established for football clubs of the former Soviet Union republics in 1993 (a year later since the collapse). On several occasions, some national football organizations of the former Soviet republics as well as individual clubs refused participation in the tournament for different reasons. Usually the invitation was sent to the best clubs of the Commonwealth of Independent States member states, as well as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, i.e. either a champion or a runner-up, while in the later editions the Cup (before 2012) saw participation of clubs from Serbia and Finland.

La Coupe de la CEI () est une compétition annuelle de football créée en 1993. De sa création à 2011, elle oppose les clubs champions de pays membres de la Communauté des États indépendants (CEI) ainsi que les clubs champions en Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie. Vers la fin des années 2000, la Coupe a vu la participation de clubs d'autres pays d'Europe tels que la Serbie et la Finlande. Depuis 2012, la Coupe oppose les sélections nationales de jeunes de la CEI.