Early life.

Brookshaw grew up on a pig and chicken farm in St. Marys, Ontario. In 2000, she won the "Toronto Sunshine Millennium Calendar" contest which led to her being named "Miss June 2000" and interviewed in the "Toronto Sun". Brookshaw went on to engage in promotional modeling work with the Molson, Labatt and Budweiser beverage brewers.  In her interview, Brookshaw said that she aspired to be "the next WWF Superstar". This led to her being introduced to Ron Hutchison, a professional wrestler who operated the Sully's Gym professional wrestling school out of Toronto, Ontario. Brookshaw began training under Hutchinson in March 2000 and debuted in January 2001 as "Tracy Brooks".

Professional wrestling career.

Independent circuit.

Brooks appeared with numerous independent promotions, including Border City Wrestling and the Apocalypse Wrestling Federation (AWF). During her time in AWF, she worked a program feuding with La Felina and was managed for a short time by Canadian hip-hop artist, Dan-e-o. On August 30, 2001, Brookshaw (as Miss Apocalypse) defeated Joey Knight to win the AWF heavyweight title. To this day, she continues to do work for independent promotions, including Blood Sweat and Ears in her home region in Southern Ontario and, most prominently, NWA Cyberspace where she contends for the NWA Cyberspace Women's Championship.  Traci even wrestled in independent custom wrestling matches against wrestlers like Amber O'Neal and Christie Ricci.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.

Early appearances (2003).

Brooks debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling on April 30, 2003 in Catholic schoolgirl apparel, attacking Lollipop, a dancer who entertained the live audience during intermissions. The following week, Brooks demanded to be entered in a gauntlet match in which the winner would receive a shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, threatening to sue National Wrestling Alliance official Bill Behrens for sexual discrimination if he did not comply. When her threats failed, Brooks instead attempted to charm Behrens into allowing her into the match. Behrens then placed Brooks in a triple threat match with fellow female wrestlers Desire and Trinity, with the winner gaining entry into the gauntlet match. After Kid Kash ambushed Trinity and David Young accidentally punched Desire, Brooks won the match. Later that evening, she was attacked by Lollipop as she approached the ring to enter the gauntlet match. After she entered the ring, Brooks was quickly pinned and eliminated by Kid Kash.  On May 21, Brooks was paired with David Young in an "Anarchy Alliance" tag team tournament to determine the number one contenders to the NWA World Tag Team Championship. They defeated Kid Kash and Trinity on May 21 and Ron Killings (whose partner, Don Harris, had refused to team with him) on June 4. During the match, Brooks was injured by Killings. Nurse Veronica (who had recently debuted in an on-air role as TNA's backstage clinician) rushed to the ring to aid Brooks. During this time, Brooks was also involved in catfights with Young's valet, Desire. Brooks and Young then faced America's Most Wanted in the tournament final, but lost. After the match, Young threatened Brooks, but she was again saved by Veronica. During an interview with Goldy Locks, Brooks and Veronica announced that TNA officials would no longer allow women to compete against men; however, they would continue to work together as a stable named "Bitchslap". The duo then issued an open challenge to any women in attendance. TNA cage dancers April Pennington and Lollipop (who was attacked by Brooks several weeks earlier) accepted the challenge. They tried attacking Brooks and Veronica but were stopped by TNA security guards. The following week, Lollipop challenged Bitchslap to a match. Veronica (without Brooks present) accepted, but was attacked by both Lollipop and Pennington until TNA security again stopped the catfight. Veronica then replaced Brooks with a new partner, Cheerleader Valentina (who had earlier competed as JV Love on "TNA Xplosion" in a match against Brooks). The reason for the replacement is because Brooks was unable to travel from Canada to the TNA taping. The storyline with Bitchslap was eventually dropped because TNA didn't have enough female wrestlers to compete against the group, and Veronica turned down a two-year contract with TNA, instead attempting to sign with either WWE or a company in Japan. Brooks was removed from television for repackaging, Trinity was placed into other storylines, and TNA stopped booking Valentina.

Relationship with Michael Shane (2003–2006).

Brooks returned to TNA on November 5, 2003, helping Shane Douglas defeat The Sandman. On November 26, Douglas and Brooks, known now simply as "Traci", helped Michael Shane defeat Sonjay Dutt. Following the match, the trio celebrated, and Douglas announced that they were to be called "The New Franchise". The New Franchise began feuding with Triple X (Christopher Daniels, Low Ki and Elix Skipper). The feud lasted until April 21, 2004, when Shane lost to Daniels after he passed up on a pinfall opportunity in order to try to hit his finisher. After Douglas admonished Shane, Shane began pushing and slapping his erstwhile mentor. Traci eventually grabbed Douglas from behind, enabling Shane to superkick Douglas. The following week, Traci helped Shane defeat Douglas in a singles match.  Traci continued to manage Shane, who was by now pursuing the X Division Championship. Shane proved unable to defeat the incumbent champion, A.J. Styles, so he and Traci recruited Frankie Kazarian in order to maximize their numbers advantage. The result was a new stable/tag team that was known by fans as Shazarian. After several weeks of confrontations, Styles defended his title against Shane and Kazarian in a three way Ultimate X match on July 28, 2004. Though he was able to nullify the interference of Traci by giving her a Styles Clash, he was eventually knocked unconscious by the combined efforts of Shane and Kazarian. Shane and Kazarian then climbed for the X Division Championship, and simultaneously retrieved the belt, thus becoming co-champions. They lost the titles to Petey Williams in a Gauntlet Match on August 11.  In late 2004, Traci turned into a fan favorite by leaving Shane and Kazarian and becoming the assistant of the TNA Director of Authority, Dusty Rhodes. Trinity also wanted to be Rhodes' assistant, however, so he told each woman to recruit a new tag team. The teams faced one another at Destination X on March 13, 2005, with the winning team's manager becoming Rhodes' sole assistant. Traci's team (Don and Ron Harris, the Disciples of Destruction) defeated Trinity's team (Big Tilly and Bruno Sassi - Phi Delta Slam), making her Rhodes' assistant. Traci eventually left Rhodes' side and began managing Chris Sabin, who was feuding with Michael Shane and Trinity. At Lockdown on April 24, she tried to prevent Trinity from interfering in a four way X Division Xscape elimination match between Sabin, Sonjay Dutt, Shocker and Shane, but failed. The feud continued until Hard Justice on May 15, when Sabin and Traci lost to Shane and Trinity. In the course of the match, Traci turned on Sabin and Shane turned on Trinity, with Traci aligning herself with Shane once again and Trinity siding with Sabin.  Traci began managing Shane once again and stayed with him when he changed his name to his real name, Matt Bentley. When Bentley sat out during contract renegotiations in August 2005, she did some interview work for TNA. At Unbreakable on September 11, Traci acted as a backstage interviewer throughout the event. She returned to Bentley's side after his return at Unbreakable. In February 2006, Bentley turned heel and began a dispute with longtime tag partner Lance Hoyt. Following the feud, Bentley was sidelined with an injury. Traci did promotional work for the company during the downtime.  On the May 15 taping of "Impact!", she wrestled Gail Kim in the first woman's match in over a year. The match was taped purely for the forthcoming TNA Knockouts DVD, not for the Spike TV program. Kim gained the pin after interference from America's Most Wanted. At Hardcore War she defeated Kim with Christy Hemme as referee.

Managing Robert Roode (2006–2008).

Traci was announced as Robert Roode's manager at Bound for Glory 2006 and changed her name to "Ms. Brooks," thus becoming a villain. She managed him during the Fight for the Right Tournament at the October 28 "Impact!". She lost to Eric Young in a bikini contest at Turning Point. After this, she was told to sign Young to a contract- no matter what it took to do it. In the storyline, Ms. Brooks began to pressure him into having sex with her. Finally, at Against All Odds Ms. Brooks successfully seduced Young into signing a contract with "Robert Roode Inc.". After sometime without a storyline, she entered a rivalry with Gail Kim and was defeated at an "Impact!" taping. At Slammiversary, she was taken out by Kim once again.  On the August 23, 2007 episode of "Impact!", Roode wrestled Gail Kim, with Kim pinning Roode after a low blow leg drop. Following the match, Roode, unhappy at his loss, continued to attack Kim until Kaz came out to counter Roode. On the September 27 edition of "Impact". Tracy competed in 5-way match in losing effort to Roxxi Laveau. On the October 4 edition of "Impact!", it was revealed that Brooks and Roode were not romantically linked, and that the only reason she continued to take Roode's abuse was to help her sick mother. Subsequently, on "Impact!" and at Genesis a female fan held up signs asking Roode to replace Ms. Brooks with her. Roode then joined the Angle Alliance with Ms. Brooks begrudgingly by his side. At the Genesis pay-per-view on November 11, 2007, Traci fainted due to heat exhaustion, but appeared to be doing fine following help from medics. However, news reports have arisen that claim that her fainting was staged, as Brooks was asked to do so by Vince Russo. At the January 10 "Impact!" tapings, Roode fired Ms. Brooks and replaced her with the female fan, identified by Roode as Ms. Payton Banks. Shortly thereafter, Brookshaw reverted to a crowd favorite and to her "'Traci Brooks" ring name and began feuding with Banks. She defeated Banks at the annual pay-per-view, Against All Odds. On the April 3 edition of "Impact!", Traci defeated Payton Banks after a facebuster from the top turnbuckle. At Lockdown, She participated in the first ever "Queen of the Cage" match which was won by Roxxi Laveaux. At Sacrifice, Traci participated in the first ever TNA Knockout Makeover Battle Royal, which was won by Gail Kim.

Knockout Law (2008).

During the July 17 edition of "Impact!" a backstage segment revealed that Brooks was in talks with Jim Cornette about something concerning the Knockouts. Soon after on the August 7 episode of "Impact!", Brooks was the special guest referee for a match between Roxxi and Jacqueline, which Roxxi won. In August 2008, Cornette announced that Traci officially is in charge of the Knockouts Division, known as the "Knockout Law". In January 2009, Traci stopped appearing in TNA and Jim Cornette resumed control over the Knockout division. She returned on the March 12, 2009, edition of "Impact!" as a referee.

Return as a wrestler (2009–2010).

Traci returned to television on the July 23, 2009 episode of "Impact!". During an interview with Lauren, she announced that had taken time off TNA to work on some projects in Hollywood and she was returning as the referee for a Knockout battle royal later that evening. The winner of the battle royal would receive $50,000 and spot in The Main Event Mafia. As the match wound down to Tara and Awesome Kong as the final two participants, Brooks revealed that she was actually a participant in the match and tossed both women out of the ring. Upon winning the match, Traci turned villainous and became a member of the Main Event Mafia. On the following Impact, Traci cemented herself as a villainess during an interview with Lauren in which she denounced TNA for not giving her a spot on television, explaining her absence. On August 27 episode of "Impact", Traci competed in the TNA Knockout Tag Title tournament teaming with Sharmell to represent The Main Event Mafia, but they lost in the first round of the tournament to Awesome Kong and Raisha Saeed. On the October 1 edition of "Impact!", Traci was defeated by Christy Hemme in a "Battle of the Playboy Models" match. After the match, the villainous Traci attacked Christy. The following episode of "Impact", Brooks teamed up with Alissa Flash and The Beautiful People (Velvet Sky and Madison Rayne) to defeat Taylor Wilde, Sarita, Hemme and Hamada in an elimination match.  On the October 22 edition of "Impact!" the Main Event Mafia disbanded. On the November 12 episode of "Impact", Traci began a rivalry with the villainous Alissa Flash when she attacked Flash after losing to her in a singles match. On the November 19 episode of "Impact", Traci attacked Flash after she lost to Sarita, In the process, Traci cemented herself as a face. On the November 26 edition of "Impact!", Traci competed in a number 1 contenders battle royal to face ODB for the Knockouts Championship at Final Resolution but failed to win after being eliminated by Wilde and Sarita. On March 4, 2010, Brookshaw was released from her contract.

Various feuds and departure (2011–2012).

On February 14, 2011, at the tapings of the February 17 edition of "Impact!", Brooks made a one night return to TNA, saving her real life husband Kazarian from Robbie E and Cookie. On April 7, Brooks wrestled at TNA house show in Erie, Pennsylvania, unsuccessfully challenging Madison Rayne for the TNA Women's Knockout Championship. Two days later Brooks defeated Rayne in a non-title match at a house show in Cleveland Ohio. On the July 21 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooks made her return to TNA, saving Velvet Sky and Mickie James from ODB and Jacqueline. On the August 18 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooks re-applied for the job of "Knockout Law". However, on the September 1 edition of "Impact Wrestling", the job was given to Karen Jarrett, who then hired Brooks as her executive assistant. On the December 8 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooks returned to the ring to face Jarrett's ally Gail Kim. Despite being told to lay down, Brooks decided to fight back, but eventually lost following interference from Madison Rayne. After Karen Jarrett was fired from TNA on the December 15 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooks began wrestling more regularly, feuding with Madison Rayne. On the January 5, 2012, edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooks and Mickie James failed to capture the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship from Rayne and Gail Kim. This turned out to be Brooks's Final match in TNA. After months of inactivity, Brooks announced on April 17, that she had been released from TNA.

Return to independent circuit (2010–2011).

Brooks made her debut for Women Superstars Uncensored, on November 28, 2008, defeating Annie Social in singles competition. On the March 6, 2010, where she lost to April Hunter, following the match, Traci saved Hunter from an attack from The Boston Shore. On the April 10 episode of "WSU", Traci unsuccessfully challenged Brittany Savage for WSU Spirit Championship.

Retirement (2015).

On July 18, 2015, Brooks made her final professional wrestling appearance for House of Hardcore (HOH), managing Frankie Kazarian and Christopher Daniels to a win over The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett).

"Playboy".

On July 26, 2009, it was revealed that TNA had signed a deal with "Playboy" making Brooks the first TNA Knockout to ever pose for "Playboy". On September 2 it was reported that "Playboy" had decided not to publish Brooks' photo shoot in the magazine. The photo shoot was instead released through their Cyber Club on September 17, 2009.

Personal life.

Brookshaw married fellow TNA wrestler Frank Gerdelman, better known as Frankie Kazarian, on January 7, 2010; they started dating in 2006 when she acted as his manager. In October/November 2012, Brookshaw and Gerdelman welcomed their first child, a son, which she confirmed on Twitter in early July 2013.  In an October 2008 interview with the "Chicago Sun-Times", Brookshaw revealed that she suffered from Erb's palsy as an infant as a side-effect of her birth. While she recovered for the most part, due to aggressive treatment, she noted that she has impaired function in her right arm which affected her in the ring. She has said that "I don't have a biceps or a triceps. I have a uniceps."

Tracy Brookshaw (born May 22, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, professional wrestling valet and professional wrestling referee, better known by her ring name Traci Brooks. She is best known for her work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where she spent most of her career.

Tracy Brookshaw (née le à St. Marys, plus connue sous le pseudonyme de Traci Brooks, est une catcheuse, valet et arbitre canadienne anciennement employée à la TNA.


Life.

Langley was born in Middleton, Lancashire, the third son of Alice and William Langley. In 1375 he was sent to St Mary's Abbey, Thetford, a feeder for Corpus Christi in Cambridge. Langley attended this college until it was ransacked and destroyed by poll tax rioters on 15 June 1381.  Langley returned to Middleton and in 1385 he was appointed rector of Radcliffe and collated as Archdeacon of Norfolk in 1399. In 1401 he was appointed Dean of York, but the appointment was blocked by Pope Boniface IX because of Langley's part in the deposition and murder of Richard II. In 1401 he was given custody of the privy seal, which office he held until 1405.  In October 1404, Langley was elected Bishop of London but the new Pope, Innocent VII, refused to allow his installation and on 2 March 1405 he was appointed Chancellor for the first time. From then on until his semi-retirement in 1430, Langley spent 5,670 days in the service of the crown. He now lived in an inn in Holborn in the City of London. Within 20 days Archbishop Scrope of York rebelled, was captured and executed after a show trial. Langley was elected in August 1405 as Archbishop, which the Pope again disapproved of and excommunicated Langley and King Henry IV. The election was quashed in May 1406.  The excommunication was lifted the following year and Langley was installed as Bishop of Durham in St Paul's Cathedral in 1406. In 1407 he resigned his Chancellorship.  Langley was created a pseudocardinal in the consistory of 6 June 1411 by Antipope John XXIII, an honour Langley refused. In 1412, in his first visit to his birthplace since 1385, he completed an early rebuilding of Middleton Parish Church, adding a new wooden tower and a chantry for use as a school for local children, and reconsecrating and rededicated it to St Leonard, in 1412. The same year he also founded a school related to the church (later known as Middleton Grammar School and Queen Elizabeth's Senior High School). He also founded Durham School.  In 1413, Henry IV died in Westminster Abbey, his executor Langley at his side. During the reign of his successor Henry V, he spent three-quarters of his time in the service of the crown – a politician first and churchman second – and at Windsor on 28 September 1422, as Chancellor, he delivered up the gold seal of England in a purse of white leather to his infant sovereign Henry VI. (Rymer's 'Foedera,' vol. x. fol. 253). He returned to Middleton for the last time in 1424.  From 1430 until his death Langley attended to his diocese, something he had, by his own admission, neglected, continuing with various diplomatic work when called upon by the government. He made major alterations to the west end of Durham Cathedral, blocking the Great West Door with an altar and his own tomb, thus necessitating the construction of the two later doors to north and south, and the great buttresses on the outside of the west walls, which prevent the building from slipping into the river (for Hugh de Puiset's architect could not be bothered with foundations and sank the base of his pillars hardly more than a foot or two below the ground).

Thomas Langley (c. 1363 – 20 November 1437) was an English prelate who held high ecclesiastical and political offices in the early to mid-15th century. He was Dean of York, Bishop of Durham, twice Lord Chancellor of England to three kings, and a Pseudocardinal. In turn Keeper of the King's signet and Keeper of the Privy Seal before becoming de facto England's first Foreign Secretary. He was the second longest serving Chancellor of the Middle Ages.

Thomas Langley, né à Middleton en 1363 et mort à Durham le, est un ecclésiastique et homme politique anglais.


Orbit and classification.

"Margot" is a member the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family of the outer asteroid belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.  The body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory in August 1906, when it was first identified as, almost 30 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.

Physical characteristics.

In the Tholen classification, "Margot" is a common S-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey also characterizes it as a stony S-type, while the overall spectral type for Eoan asteroids is that of a K-type.

Rotation period.

In June 1984, a rotational lightcurve of "Margot" was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.17 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude, indicative of a somewhat elongated shape ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Margot" measures between 27.178 and 30.84 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.117 and 0.1353.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.1106 and a diameter of 29.49 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.66.

Naming.

This minor planet was named by German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese after Gertrud Margot Zottmann (1915–1990; née Görsdorf), his friend and schoolfellow for several years at Berlin. Gliese, after whom the asteroid is named, is best known for the "Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars", which is itself the source of name for many discovered exoplanets. The discovery circumstances and naming were researched by Lutz Schmadel, the author of the "Dictionary of Minor Planet Names".

1434 Margot, provisional designation, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1936, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Gertrud Margot Görsdorf, a friend of German astronomer of Wilhelm Gliese.

(1434) Margot est un astéroïde évoluant dans la ceinture principale, découvert le par l'astronome russe Grigori Néouïmine depuis l'observatoire de Simeiz.


Pharmacology and clinical applications.

Mecamylamine has been used as an orally-active ganglionic blocker in treating autonomic dysreflexia and hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, it is more often used now as a research tool.  Mecamylamine is also sometimes used as an antiaddictive drug to help people stop smoking tobacco, and is now more widely used for this application than it is for lowering blood pressure. This effect is thought to be due to its blocking α3β4 nicotinic receptors in the brain. It has also been reported to bring about sustained relief from tics in Tourette syndrome when a series of more usually used agents had failed.  In a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II trial in Indian patients with major depression, ("S")-mecamylamine (TC-5214) appeared to have efficacy as an augmentation therapy. This is the first substantive evidence that shows that compounds where the primary pharmacology is antagonism to neuronal nicotinic receptors will have antidepressant properties. TC-5214 is currently in Phase III of clinical development as an add-on treatment and on stage II as a monotherapy treatment for major depression. The first results reported from the Phase III trials showed that TC-5214 failed to meet the primary goal and the trial did not replicate the effects that had been encouraging in the Phase II trial. Development is funded by Targacept and AstraZeneca. It did not produce meaningful, beneficial results on patients as measured by changes on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale after eight weeks of treatment as compared with placebo.  ("S")-(+)-Mecamylamine dissociates more slowly from α4β2 and α3β4 receptors than does the ("R")-(−)-enantiomer.  A large SAR study of mecamylamine and its analogs was reported by a group from Merck in 1962. Another, more recent SAR study was undertaken by Suchocki et al.  A comprehensive review of the pharmacology of mecamylamine was published in 2001.

Toxicology.

The for the HCl salt in mice: 21 mg/kg (i.v.); 37 mg/kg (i.p.); 96 mg/kg (p.o.).

History.

Mecamylamine was brought to market by Merck & Co. in the 1950s; in 1996 Merck sold the asset to Layton Bioscience. In 2002, Targacept acquired it from Layton, intending to repurpose it for CNS conditions. Targacept voluntarily withdrew mecamylamine from the market in 2009 for reasons not related to safety or efficacy. Manchester Pharmaceuticals brought the drug back to market in 2013. Retrophin acquired Manchester in 2014 and after Martin Shkreli was forced out of Retrophin, in 2014 his new company, Turing Pharmaceuticals, acquired the rights to mecamylamine from Retrophin.

Mecamylamine (INN, BAN; or mecamylamine hydrochloride (USAN); brand names Inversine, Vecamyl) is a non-selective, non-competitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that was introduced in the 1950s as an antihypertensive drug. In the United States, it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in 2009 but was brought to market in 2013 as Vecamyl and eventually was marketed by Turing Pharmaceuticals.

La mécamylamine est une amine bicyclique. Un de ses stéréoisomères est un antagoniste partiel des récepteurs nicotiniques d'acétylcholine, développé comme antidépresseur par AstraZeneca et Targacept sous le nom d'Amplixa (TC-5214).


Biography.

Godson Chikama Onyekwere was born in Nigeria to an Igbo family from Umuahia, Abia State. He moved to Poland in 1993, and in 2001 became a Polish citizen. In 2008, he became a member of the Łódź City Council. In 2007, he unsuccessfully ran in the Polish parliamentary election. In 2010, he was re-elected for the City Council with 4736 votes, the second best result out of almost 800 candidates. As former MP Hanna Zdanowska was elected Mayor of Łódź in the same election, Godson replaced her as a member of the Sejm. He was sworn in on 14 December 2010. The ""Obama bump"" is considered by many the reason for the many votes he received during the Sejm campaign. His supporters were known to cheer ""Wiwat! Wiwat polski Obama!"" (""Long live the Polish Obama!""). John Godson was re-elected as a member of the Polish parliament on 9 October 2011 with 29,832 votes  Godson often emphasizes the importance of education and he is the holder of numerous academic degrees. He has a bachelor of science degree in agronomy from Abia State University in Nigeria (1987–92). He also holds master's degrees in Human Resource Management and Development from Trinity College and Seminary in Newburgh, Indiana (2000–03) and International relations from the Łódź Academy of International Studies (2006–08). He finished two doctorate studies at the University of Warsaw (political Science- 2011) and University of Łódź (Management- 2012). He also holds a joint MBA/MSPC (Master of Business Administration/Master of Science in Professional Communication) run by Clark University and the Łódź Academy of Management.  He was a senior lecturer at the Technical University of Szczecin (1993–97) and at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań. He is a guest lecturer in various institutions of higher learning in Poland and abroad. He the founder of GODSON GROUP- a conglomerate of five companies and four foundations including the African Institute in Poland and John Godson Foundation. The New African magazine named him as being amongst 100 of the most influential people in Africa in 2015. On 14 November 2016, The Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs decorated him with Bene Merito honorary distinction for promoting Polish-Africa relations.

Religious views.

Godson is a former minister of Polish Charismatic "Church of God in Christ". He is known for his strong religious beliefs. He calls himself "[...]a slave of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the Gospel of God."

Views on racism in Poland.

Godson has stated that there is "no racism" in Poland. Talking to Biuletyn Migracyjny, he said: "I've always said and still underline, that in my opinion there is no racism in Poland. There is, however, something that I call low inter-cultural competences. And this can be changed by more contact between different cultures and societal groups. No law can change the mentality of people".  Godson has said that the word "Murzyn", the Polish word most commonly used to refer to black people, is not offensive and that he is proud to be called a 'Murzyn'. Mamadou Diouf, a black Polish musician and representative of the Committee for the African Community (Komitet Społeczności Afrykańskiej), has criticised Godson for his use of the word, saying that it has only had "negative connotations" and that Godson does not know the origin of the word.

John Abraham Godson (né Godson Chikama Onyekwere; born 25 November 1970) is a Polish politician of Nigerian descent, a university teacher and a former Charismatic minister. He served as a Member of the Sejm between 2010-2015, most recently as a member of the PSL.

John Abraham Godson, né le à Umuahia au Nigeria, est un homme politique polonais, initialement membre de la Plate-forme civique (jusqu'en 2013), puis de La Pologne ensemble qui en est une scission (2013-2014) et enfin du PSL (depuis 2015). Il a été député à la Diète du au.


Description.

"Enchophora sanguinea" are approximately in length, with males being slightly smaller than females (22–23 mm verses 24–25 mm). Their colour varies, but is predominantly greenish to reddish. Their tegmina (leathery fore-wings) are also greenish to reddish, but can be darker, and are mottled with orange or red spots but these can fuse to form large areas, the veins are yellow. The tegmina are covered in a white wax, which is thought to help to protect against predators and parasites. Like many lantern flies, their head has a scimitar-shaped process attached to it, but the function of it is unknown. Their wings are red at the base and brown in the posterior. Their abdominal tergites are bright red. They can be distinguished from other "Enchophora" species with red wings, by the lack of distinctive bands and spots on the pronotum.

Distribution.

"Enchophora sanguinea" is found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama and Guatemala, Ecuador and Colombia. It is very common at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, feeding on trees, between six and nine metres (20–30 feet) above the ground. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama and at La Selva, they are most commonly found feeding on "Simarouba amara", but are also found on "Terminalia oblonga" and less frequently on "Castilla elastica" and "Ocotea cernua".

Taxonomy.

"Enchophora sanguinea" was first described in 1887 by the English entomologist William Lucas Distant. The type specimen can be found at the Natural History Museum in London. In 1991, Lois O'Brien included two other species that Distant described, "E. florens" and "E. longirostris" as being synonymous with "E. sanguinea". They have the same male genitalia, and differ only in the patterning of their abdomen.

Feeding and ecology.

Like all lantern bugs, "E. sanguinea" feeds on the sap in the phloem of plants and excretes honeydew, a liquid containing excess water and carbohydrates. They must eliminate honeydew so as to avoid fungal contamination and attracting predators. They eject honeydew through their anal tube in drops at per second for between three and five seconds, every thirty to sixty seconds. They have been observed to feed both at night and during the day, unlike most lantern bugs which only feed at night. As honeydew still contains nutrients, other animals are attracted to "E. sanguinea", intercepting drops of honeydew as they are ejected and feeding on them. Naskrecki and Nishida have observed cockroaches, moths, butterflies, ants and a land snail that have intercepted this honeydew, and which therefore have a trophobiotic relationship with "E. sanguinea".  Unidentified species of "Eurycotis" and "Macrophyllodromia" cockroaches approach "E. sanguinea" from behind or the side and position their mouthparts above the tip of their abdomen. They often make physical contact with the bug by touching the bug's wings with their mouthparts or by resting their legs on the wings, but this does not appear to make the bug change its behaviour. "Macrophyllodromia" species have also been observed feeding on the wax on the bugs tegmina. Along with a similar report of cockroaches feeding on the wax of another lantern bug, "Copidocephala guttata", this was the first observed trophobiotic interaction involving cockroaches. Moths tend to approach the bug from the side and position their proboscis so that they can catch flying drops of honeydew. Normally, moths do not make contact with the bug, but "Elaeognatha argyritis" has been observed to tap the wings of the bug with its antennae, resulting in immediate production of honeydew which it feeds on for 30–60 seconds, before tapping the wings again. Other species of moth observed to feed on the honeydew include "Euclystis proba" and unidentified species of "Platynota", Noctuidae and Tortricidae. The butterfly species, "Tigridia acesta" has been observed to visit the bug during the day while it is feeding, but no observations of honeydew interception were possible.  The land snail "Pittieria aurantiaca" (previously known as "Euglandina aurantiaca") is a common visitor to "E. sanguinea"; it positions its foot above the bug's abdomen so that it can intercept honeydew. No physical contact between the snail and the bug has been observed. If the bug moves or changes the direction of the stream of honeydew, the snail is able to reposition itself quickly. It is not known how the snails find the bugs, but the bugs are able to produce vibrational signals, which Naskrecki and Nishida suggested the snails could use as an aid.  An undescribed species of carpenter ant, genus "Camponotus" (JTL-005) also visits the bug, but is only able to feed when the snail is present, presumably because the ants are too small to be able to feed on the honeydew stream by themselves. The ants climb onto the head of the snail, and then eat some of the honeydew that the snail is attempting to eat, a feeding relationship which can be described as kleptotrophobiosis. The snails appear not to be disturbed by the ants behavior, and continue feeding at a bug for up to four hours. The interaction between the lantern bug and the snail is thought to be the first documented case of a trophobiotic interaction between an insect and a gastropod. It is thought this relationship could have evolved by the snail first feeding on honeydew that collected on leaves beneath the feeding bug, and then following the trail up to find the bug feeding, a similar mechanism to that proposed to explain the formation of similar interactions between ants and homopterans.

Enchophora sanguinea is a species of lantern bug, a type of hemipteran, found in Central and South America. It was first described by William Lucas Distant in 1887. They are long. Their colour varies, but is normally red to green; they have a scimitar-shaped process on their heads. They feed on the sap of trees, most commonly "Simarouba amara", and they excrete honeydew out of their anuses.

Enchophora sanguinea est une espèce d'insecte de la famille des Fulgoridae, un type d'hémiptère vivant en Amérique centrale et du Sud. Il a d'abord été décrit par William Lucas Distant en 1887. Il mesure environ 25 millimètres de longueur. Sa couleur est variable, mais elle est normalement rouge ou verte, il a un processus en forme de sabre sur la tête. Il se nourrit de la sève des arbres, le plus souvent "Simarouba amara" et il excrète du miellat de son anus.


History.

Tomohon has been written of in several historical records. One of them was found in the ethnographic works of Reverend Nicolaas Graafland, written on Queen Elizabeth Ships on January 14, 1864. He described a heart-capturing country on the Minahasa highland in Northern Celebes (Sulawesi) called Tomohon that he had visited in 1850. The development of civilization and the dynamics of development and social implementation from year to year made Tomohon one of the capital districts in the Minahasa regency. In the beginning, Tomohon was a district of the Toumbulu people located in northwestern Minahasa, which consists of Talete, Kamasi, Paslaten, Kolongan, and Matani. In 1880, the Sarongsong district were united into Tomohon, and Kakaskasen district combined in 1908. In 1927, Tomohon was integrated into Manado as a subdistrct, and in 1935, Tombariri district combined with Tomohon subdistrict under the Manado district. In 1945, Tomohon was separated from Manado and again became the Tomohon district with two subdistrict: Tomohon and Tombariri. During the "Permesta" between March 1956 and October 1961, some of the Tombariri combined to Tomohon. In 1974–2003, Tomohon was a district under the Minahasa Regency.  In the early decades of the 2000s, people in some parts of the Minahasa regency bore inspiration and aspirations of the strategic environmental trends both internally and externally for regional expansion. Efforts at reformation and the implementation of regional autonomy had been accelerating the process of accommodation people's aspirations for the expansion of the region. Through a long legal process and mature consideration in order to accelerate national development for the welfare of society, then the Minahasa regency government along with the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah - "DPRD") of Minahasa Regency recommended the aspirations for the establishment of South Minahasa Regency, Tomohon and North Minahasa Regency; which was also supported by The Provincial Government of North Sulawesi. The formation of South Minahasa Regency and Tomohon was established by the Central Government by issuing the Act No. 10 of 2003 and the establishment of the North Minahasa Regency through Act No. 33 of 2003.  The establishment of the legislative institution of Tomohon came as election results of 2004, resulting in Tomohon Regional Regulation Number 22 Year 2005 about Regional Symbol and Regulations of Tomohon and No. 29 of 2005 about the Anniversary of Tomohon. Tomohon inaugurated the Minister of Home Affairs "Hari Sabarno" on behalf of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on August 4, 2003.

Geography.

Tomohon locates in 1°15' North and 124°50' East. Tomohon broad based decision-Law No. 10 of 2003 is approximately with population of 87,719 inhabitants. In general, Tomohon is located on the main circulation route connecting Manado as the provincial capital and other cities in North Sulawesi. Tomohon is surrounded by Minahasa Regency, with the borders of the area are:  The geography of Tomohon is located in the Asian portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire, flanked by two active volcanoes, those are Mount Lokon () and Mount Mahawu (). The area is mostly made of young volcanic rock, with a composition of andesitic and basaltic tuff, and is of a brittle nature and easily eroded. The material component of the volcanic eruption with a cool temperature increase the fertile soil, and for the people taking advantage to produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers. In the southern, there's a Lake Linow, a naturally formed crater from volcanic eruption. Around the lake, there are various geothermal manifestation such as hot springs, fumarole, and also mud pool.

Climate.

Tomohon has a cooler temperature than Manado (Tomohon's neighbor city) which is at a lower land nearby the sea. Tomohon is situated at an altitude of about above sea level (asl), Temperatures in Tomohon in the daytime are between and at night. Tomohon has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification "Af"), with a significant amount of rainfall during the year even for the driest month.

Administration.

The city area based on the Village Potential Data 2014 was 147.21 square kilometres. The city administration is divided into 5 districts ("kecamatan") and 44 villages ("kelurahan"). The mayor (walikota) leads the city administration. The first mayor of Tomohon is Boy Simon Tangkawarouw. Since 2005, city residents have directly voted for a mayor, and Jefferson SM Rumajar elected as the first definitive mayor.

Administrative districts.

The city is divided into five districts ("kecamatan") with 91,553 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. The table below lists population as at 2010.

Community based ecotourism.

In general, Community Based Eco-Tourism (CBET) is tourism that is managed by the community for the tourist destinations. With general tourism, tourist visits are often marketed and organised by private travel companies and government-protected areas where the bulk of the profits go to the private companies and government enterprises. In contrast, CBET is managed and run by the community itself, management decisions are made by local people and profits directly go to the community. CBET itself, is a part of sustainable tourism development, because it is meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems(World Tourism Organisation in Bhoj Raj K Hanal, 2007)In order for community based ecotourism to be successful (sustainable), there are many questions that need to be asked and answered in the planning process through implementation stages. One problem of participatory approaches must be pointed out - what defines “community” and “local” in terms of participation? Communities are not free of conflict, nor they are homogeneous. This fact can complicate any development plans for local communities — communities must agree on representatives for decision-making. According to the Quebec Declaration on ecotourism, ecotourism embraces the principles of sustainable tourism. The following principles distinguish it from the wider concept of sustainable tourism:

Distinctive features.

There are several colorful parks in the center of the city with various flowers. The local government of Tomohon City routinely holds an annual flower festival which is able to attract many tourists to come to Tomohon. Other tourism destinations include Lake Linow, waruga (sarcophagus), Tinoor waterfall, Doahill, agritourism in Rurukan, wooden house craft center in Woloan, and amphitheater in Woloan.  Some other tourism destinations nearby Tomohon City are Bunaken sea park, Lake Tondano, Mount Klabat, Mount Soputan, and Kali Waterfall. The 'Visit Tomohon 2008' campaign promoted tourist visits Tomohon. Some of the agendas on Visit Tomohon 2008 were a cultural and music festival, flower exhibition, photography competition, fashion style, and a seminar on flower cultivation.  The city is also known for its infamous meat market, called the Tomohon Extreme Market, where mammals such as monkeys, dogs, cats and bats are beaten and torched alive for food ""It was the most horrific cruelty I have witnessed so far [in] 10 years... and it was all done in full view of very young children,"" said Lola Webber, director of Change for Animals Foundation. This market has been described as a "cafeteria for animal pathogens" and a "time bomb", because of the risk of Zoonosis, similar to the way that the Coronavirus disease 2019 arose at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan.

Art and culture.

Tombulu language is spoken in and around Kota Tomohon.

Economy.

Tomohon has classified as medium city (based on the total population) and classified as polis city (based on the level of city development) is an area that developed into a city that still has the nature of agrarian. It is called agrarian because most of its inhabitants are farmers' livelihood. In 2016, Tomohon economy activity ranged on 6.22% with gross domesctic local product through 2.6 trillion. The local budget is about 645 billion, which are dynamic and passionate as the stimulus of various large-scale events that generate growth impacts. Life expectancy reached 72.95 years, this shows a good health status indicator with a clean and healthy lifestyle. In the road infrastructure that has been on the asphalt until the year 2015 reached 355.21 kilometers and farm roads that have been built in 2015 along the 3.8 kilometers.

Tourism.

Such tourism attractions in Tomohon are suitable to visit, like the volcanoes Mount Lokon and Mount Empung, which were both active volcanoes until now. Also once a year, Tomohon commences a parade with the Tomohon Flower Festival, and Cap Gomeh, which is a Buddhist Chinese ritual also done in the parade. The parade commences from the northern part of Tomohon which is Kakaskasen through the main city road, until the end of the parade, which usually stops at the "Tololiu Statue" at the center of the city. For better tourism atmosphere through Tomohon, using a traditional horse cart or locally called "Bendi", "Andong", or "Delman" runs through the city streets and roads.

Education.

Tomohon itself is usually called "Kota Siswa" which means "City of Students" after then it was changed to "Kota Bunga" meaning "City of Flowers" after upgrading the status of their residence into an autonomous city. Tomohon itself provides schools starting from Kindergarten to University education centres; there are also many educational centres in Tomohon for student and school needs. In May 2017, Tomohon has 327 kindergartens, 68 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, and 10 high schools. Tomohon also has several universities such as:

Observatories.

Located inside the Lokon St. Nikolaus campus, there is a Mount Lokon Observatory (MLO). In the observatory's dome which is five meters in diameter there are a Meade LX-200 GPS automatic telescope and a Hunter manual telescope. A special feature of the MLO was that was connected to NASA`s space telescopes. This observatory established since October 2011, and was inaugurated by the North Sulawesi governor Sinyo Sarundajang.

Transportation.

Tomohon has a public transportation called "bendi", a traditional horse cart. Public transportation is often used is "mikrolet". Tomohon Terminal is a transportation hub in Tomohon city, serves the "mikrolet" transportation to various places inside and outside the city, and also serve bus transportation to Manado.

Tomohon is a city in North Sulawesi Province ("Sulawesi Utara"), in central Indonesia. It covers an area of 114.2 km, and had a population of 91,553 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (as at 1 July 2019) is 107,600..Tomohon was formerly a part of the Minahasa Regency in North Sulawesi, but it officially became a city separated from the Regency, inaugurated on August 4, 2003.

Tomohon est une ville d'Indonésie dans l'île de Sulawesi, province de Sulawesi du Nord, qui à le rang de Kota. Elle est située dans une région montagneuse volcanique à environ 25 km au sud de la capitale régionale Manado.


History.

The area was originally called Cannibal Creek, but was renamed to Garfield in memory of the U.S. President James A. Garfield.  The Post Office opened as Cannibal Creek on 1 May 1886 and was renamed Garfield in 1887.

Garfield filmed.

In the late 1980s the appearance of the town was transformed for the cameras to look like the 1960s in a television miniseries on aboriginal boxer, Lionel Rose, who was raised in the region in Jacksons Track, near Drouin. Some shop fronts were restored and the main street of the town was filled with old cars to recreate the era.

Garfield today.

Since the beginnings as a railway and timber town, and later a dairy and potato farming and orchard area, Garfield has always been a close community, with almost everybody knowing everyone else, and in some cases four generations of family staying in the (mainly), farming area. Recent growth has seen a doubling of residential building and the (2006), upgrading of the railway line from Melbourne to Traralgon with increases in frequency of services by upgraded modern trains, is an attraction to new residents. A housing development, nearing completion in 2007, is for over-55s in a secure environment. Previously derelict shops on the main street are now reoccupied.  Garfield has a small primary school with approximately 190 students. There is a church at the top end of the schoolgrounds. Local businesses include a milk bar, a newsagency, ANZ bank, pub, gift shops, and a bed and breakfast.  The town has an Australian Rules football team playing in the Ellinbank and District Football League. Garfield has an undulating golf course on Thirteen Mile Road run by the Garfield Golf Club. A community swimming pool operates in the summer months within the recreation precinct where there is also the lawn bowling club, netball and tennis courts, skateboarding site, along with the newly regenerated football oval beside which is the community hall and children's playground which local groups use for a variety of functions. Garfield's picture theatre, although long closed, is being restored for future multi-entertainment uses, and stands as a landmark in the town. A newsagency and a post office operating six days a week, a bakery outlet, a milkbar and take-away shop, a combined-churches charity shop, an Equestrian outfitters, a pet shop, a gift shop, a chemist, butcher, and a full-time ANZ Bank branch operating out of the newsagency, a unisex hairdresser, plus the "Iona Hotel" (now known as the "Garfield Hotel") make up the occupants on the main street which runs parallel with the railway that dissects the town with the station at its centre. A local architectural engineering firm has been operational since the 1950s. The farming land nearby has an influx of horse owners in recent years and the Pakenham Racecourse will soon begin construction on a $35 million racing complex in the area.

Garfield is a town in Cardinia, Victoria, Australia, 69 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Cardinia local government area. Garfield recorded a population of 1,786 at the 2016 Census.

Garfield ( habitants) est une localité australienne du sud de l'État du Victoria, située dans le Gippsland à 69 kilomètres au sud-est de Melbourne, dans sa grande banlieue.


Background.

The native Itu ceremonies were banned by the Spanish in the 17th century, during their rule over Upper Peru. However, the Uru continued to observe the festival in the form of a Catholic ritual on Candlemas, in the first week of each February. Christian icons were used to conceal portrayals of Andean gods, and the Christian saints stood in for other minor Andean divinities. The ceremony began forty days before Easter.  Legend also has it that in 1756, a mural of the Virgin Mary miraculously appeared in a mineshaft of the richest silver mine in Oruro. Ever since, the Carnival has been observed in honour of the "Virgen de la Candelaria" (Virgin of the Candlemas) or "Virgen del Socavon" (Virgin of the Mineshaft). The most important elements of the Carnival now occur in and around the "Sanctuaria del Socavon" (Church of the Mineshaft).

Pre-Hispanic period.

Called Jururu (Uru Uru) in ancient times, the area that is now Oruro was a religious pilgrimage center of the Andean world. Pilgrims would trek to the "Sacred mountain of the Urus", where they could call protective deities: "wak'as", "achachilas" and "apus". These deities included Jamp'atu Qullu (hill toad), Argentillo Arankani (hill lizard), Quwak (viper), the condor and Wakallusta, among others. After the Incan Empire took over the region, the Incans tried to introduce their religion by adding an evil demigod, WariDesam, and a sacred demigod, Apus waka.  Spanish colonization brought about a unique religious syncretism of Catholicism and Wari religion. The Virgin and the Devil from Catholic teachings were absorbed into local ideas of Pachamama and Tio Supay, a blending of religious symbolism that can still be seen during the Carnival.

Modern carnival.

The modern festival demonstrates the ongoing pagan-Catholic blend of religious practice in the region. The carnival starts with a ceremony dedicated to the Virgen del Socavon. Marching bands compete simultaneously in the grotto of Pie de Gallo on Sunday, which is the greeting to the Virgin. The highlight of the festival is the three-day-and-three-night parade of 48 groups of folk dancers over a four kilometer route to the sanctuary of the tunnel. Three days prior to this Saturday pilgrimage, people visit the symbolic pagan condor. A week after the pilgrimage, they visit the snake south of the city, the toad to the north and the ants to the east.  The pilgrimage culminates in the enactment of two medieval-style didactic or mystery plays. The first is about the Spanish conquest and the other revolves around the classical battle between good and evil, with the Archangel Michael ultimately triumphing over the Devil and the Seven Deadly Sins. The latter play was introduced by Catholic clergy in 1818.  In all, there are over 28,000 dancers, about 10,000 musicians in 150 bands, 400,000 visitors stretching over four miles. The bands themselves have a national festival on the Monday before Carnival weekend, that is aired on Bolivian television and its attended by the President of Bolivia and government authorities.

UNESCO designation.

An international jury of public figures chaired by writer Juan Goitisilo and convened by UNESCO proclaimed the Carnival one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on May 18, 2001. The proclamation was broadcast from Paris, France. Other members of the jury included the President of the Republic of Mali, Alpha Oumar Konare, the Kabaka of Uganda, His Majesty Ronald Muwenda Mutebi il, Princess Basma Bint Talal of Jordan, the Bolivian singer Zulma Yugar and Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes.

Dance Specialties.

Oruro's historical importance, as well as its cultural and religious influence, make its carnival a natural setting for demonstrating the multiculturalism of Bolivia and especially its variety of folk dances. The dance groups participating represent various indigenous dance styles, and are accompanied by several bands. Areas represented by the dancers include:

The Carnival of Oruro is a religious and cultural festival in Oruro, Bolivia. It has been celebrated since the 18th century. Originally an indigenous festival, the celebration later was transformed to incorporate a Christian ritual around the Virgin of Candelaria (Virgin of Socavón). The carnival is one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Le carnaval d'Oruro est le plus grand événement culturel annuel de Bolivie. Carnaval célébré dans la ville de Oruro, la capitale du folklore du pays, il fait partie du festival "Ito" en l'honneur du peuple "Uru".


Early life and military career.

Hermann Thomsen was born on 10 March 1867 in Flensburg which had recently been lost by the Kingdom of Denmark and incorporated into Prussia. Lieth-Thomsen joined the Prussian Army in 1887, serving first as a pioneer officer.  In January 1908 the German General Staff established a technical staff to monitor foreign and domestic progress in aviation, motorized transport and telegraphy. Captain Thomsen was appointed as its head, serving under Erich Ludendorff. Thomsen served on the General Staff until February 1914 when he was transferred to the staff of the 2nd Railway Regiment. However, he was soon transferred again and at the start of August Thomsen took up post as the Investigation Officer for Airship Guidance at Posen.

World War I.

In March 1915 von der Lieth-Thomsen was appointed Chief of Field Air Forces () for the German Army. At this stage he held the rank of Major which was far more junior than the rank of his opposite numbers in the Royal Flying Corps. In October the following year, with the reorganization of the German Army Air Services into the "Luftstreitkräfte", Thomsen, by now a lieutenant-colonel, was named Chief of Staff to Ernst von Hoeppner, the newly appointed Commanding General of the Air Service. He served as Air Force Chief of Staff until after the end of World War I. In 1917 von der Lieth-Thomsen was awarded the Pour le Mérite even though as a senior commander he was not directly involved in air combat. The award was resented by some of his junior officers. His son, Joachim von der Lieth-Thomsen, was hit by anti-aircraft fire from a ship while he was flying over the Thames Estuary in July 1917 and died a few days before the armistice as a POW.

Inter-war years.

After the end of World War I, Germany was required to disestablish her Air Services. Lieth-Thomsen served in the Aviation Department of the Prussian War Ministry during January and February 1919 and was then assigned to other duties at the War Ministry. However, he resigned his position and retired from military service as a colonel in August 1919.  In the 1920s Lieth-Thomsen actively participated in the German efforts to build a secret Air Force in the Soviet Union. In 1923 he first made contact with the Soviets and in 1925 he was instrumental in establishing the German military mission in the Soviet Union.  During the 1920s he developed serious eye problems which eventually led to his blindness. In 1928 he moved back to the island of Sylt in his native Schleswig-Holstein.

Luftwaffe service.

Despite his blindness, when the "Luftwaffe" was established in 1935 under Hermann Göring, Lieth-Thomsen re-entered military service as Head of the Military Science at the Reich Air Ministry. He was granted the rank of major general. He held this post until his death in 1942, receiving promotions to lieutenant general and "General der Flieger" before the outbreak of World War II.  Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen died on 5 May 1942 in Sylt and was buried in the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin.

General Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen, born Hermann Thomsen, (10 March 1867 – 5 May 1942) was a German military aviation pioneer, a senior air commander in the Imperial German Army Air Service during World War I and a founding father of the German military aviation.

Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen ( à Flensburg ; † à Sylt) était un général allemand durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


History.

Early years.

The first air field in Florence was created in the Campo di Marte area in 1910, when military authorities allowed a field to be used for "experiments in air navigation". Campo di Marte thus became Florence's first airport, and remained so throughout the 1920s. However, the field was soon surrounded by houses and was inadequate for the new aircraft that were then replacing the first canvas-covered craft. In 1928, a location on the plain between Florence and Sesto Fiorentino was chosen. Peretola Airport opened there in the early 1930s.  At first, Peretola was a large field where airplanes took off and landed with no formal direction, but eventually, the Ministry of Aeronautics decided to enlarge and upgrade it. The airport was extended toward Castello, and in 1938–39, an asphalt runway 60 metres wide and 1,000 metres long, facing northeast, was built.  In the Second World War, Peretola was used both by the Royal Italian Air Force and the Luftwaffe and from 1944 by Allied air forces. Then later in the 1940s it welcomed its first passenger flights, operated by Aerea Teseo with Douglas DC-3 aircraft. In 1948, Aerea Teseo went out of business. In the late '50s and early '60s, Alitalia, also using the DC-3, offered two routes: Rome–Florence–Venice and Rome–Florence–Milan. ATI then offered several domestic flights with the Fokker F27.  In the early 1980s, plans were made to upgrade the airport's facilities. In 1984, Saf (now AdF, the company that manages the airport) was founded, and restructuring work was completed: lengthening (from 1,000 to 1,400 metres) and lighting the runway, installing a VOR/DME navigation system, and rebuilding the airport terminal. In September 1986, regular flights resumed. Since then, the number of airplanes and passengers has steadily increased.

Development since the 1990s.

In 1990, the airport was renamed after Florence native Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian merchant and cartographer.  In 1992, the building now dedicated to arrivals, constructed by AdF, was inaugurated. Two years later, a departures building opened, and the City of Florence opened a car park at the entrance to the airport. In 1996, the runway was extended by 250 metres, and AdF funded further enlargement of the departure area. Today, the new area has 15 check-in desks and covers a total of 1,200 square metres, 770 of which are for public use.  Since 9 April 1998, AdF has had a global concession to managing the airport's infrastructure, and it has assumed responsibility for maintenance and development.  On 5 December 2012, Vueling announced the opening of a base of operations in Florence, with flights to several destinations in Europe.

Facilities.

In late 1999, a renovation and expansion of the terminals, aircraft parking areas, and other facilities began. In July 2000, AdF made its debut on the stock market, and in 2001, the airport was among the first in Europe to obtain UNI EN ISO 9001/2000 certification for the quality of its services.  Florence Airport has a single runway, and the main taxiway is situated at the end of Runway 5, with an overshoot/holding area at the end of Runway 23. As is common at smaller airports, after landing, planes turn around at the end of the runway, then taxi back down to reach the parking area and terminal. Because of the close proximity of Monte Morello, planes normally take off from Runway 23, thus forcing aircraft to taxi down the runway again to depart.  The Polizia di Stato stations police helicopters at the airport.

Airlines and destinations.

Following airlines offers scheduled services from/to Florence Airport:

Ground transportation.

The second line of the Florence light-rail network has a terminal at the airport. The airport is also connected with the city of Florence by a bus line that runs to and from the central railway station every half-hour, operated by the local bus company ATAF. Taxis are available to downtown Florence.

Florence Airport, Peretola, and formally Amerigo Vespucci Airport, is the international airport of Florence, the capital of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is the second-busiest Tuscan airport in terms of passengers after Pisa International Airport.

L'aéroport de Florence-Peretola est situé à au nord-ouest du centre de la ville de Florence sur la commune de Sesto Fiorentino, en Toscane (Italie).


Recording.

The songs "Grounded," "Flux = Rad," "Pueblo," and "Kennel District" were originally written at the same time as the songs that became "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain", and rough versions appear on "" disc 2.  The album was recorded at Easley Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, with the exception of some tracks recorded at Random Falls, a recording studio in New York.

Title and cover art.

Title.

The album's title is an homage to former drummer Gary Young, who would frequently yell "Wowee zowee!" when excited. The phrase also notably dates to Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention's 1966 album "Freak Out!", which also displayed the album title in a cartoon speech balloon and featured a track titled "Wowie Zowie".  "Dick-Sucking Fool at Pussy-Licking School" (conceived by Bob Nastanovich) was briefly considered as a potential album title, but discarded after being considered too risque by the rest of the band. Nevertheless, the phrase is included in the album's booklet art. The would-be title was a nod to the Rolling Stones' "Cocksucker Blues".

Artwork.

The cover art was painted by New York-based artist Steve Keene. The painting is a copy of a photograph originally found in "Life" magazines 1972 World Library title "The Arab World", which depicted two sitting women, dressed in dark robes. To their right stands a dark colored goat with curled horns. Omitted from Keene's copy of the photograph is a girl in a tan dress holding a baby, stationed between the two sitting women. The caption below the original photo reads, "A midday rest is enjoyed by three Arab women and a goat on an arbor-shaded porch. Fellahin women often wear black robes over their other clothing."  Malkmus picked the artwork from a stack of 50 or more works that Keene produced during a live painting session at one of his exhibitions. Malkmus chose the piece due to its resemblance to the front cover of Guru Guru's 1972 album "Känguru", a cover that he had always admired.

Reception.

"Wowee Zowee" was released to middling reviews from critics. "Rolling Stone"s Mark Kemp found the album "scattered and sloppy" and felt that Pavement had "turned in a handful of half-baked performances". "Los Angeles Times" critic Lorraine Ali likewise criticized it as "a sloppy effort, even in Pavement terms. It comes off lazy and unfinished, never attempting to reach out or connect as previous albums did". Kevin McKeough of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote that the album "teeters between material that solidly focuses the band's strengths and mannered, indie-rock indulgences". "Spin" writer Eric Weisbard reacted with muted praise, noting its "impressively distinct range of sounds and moods" while nonetheless stating that only certain tracks ranked "with Pavement's hallowed best". Caroline Sullivan of "The Guardian" was especially critical, quipping that it "probably helps to be a 15-year-old boy to appreciate Pavement" and that the band does not "release albums so much as in-jokes and their fourth continues the tradition." Sullivan concluded that Malkmus' "monotone occasionally gives way to a pained little yips" and Spiral Stairs "sometimes hits on a lifting melody, but mostly he sounds as confused as his colleagues."  Among more positive reviews, "Select"s Roy Wilkinson remarked that "there's plenty of Pavement's lazy elegance, particularly when the elegiac sweeps of 'We Dance' recall "Hunky Dory"". In his glowing assessment of the album, "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau wrote: "It's rarely hard or fast or chaotic, and if it was their sacred mission to humanize guitar noise, they've betrayed it like the reprobates they no doubt are. But if their vocation is beguiling song-music that doesn't sound like anything else or create its own rut, this reinforces one's gut feeling that they can do it forever."

Legacy.

In the years following its release, "Wowee Zowee" has been reappraised in highly positive terms. According to "Rolling Stone" writer Rob Sheffield, the album had come to be widely viewed as a "masterpiece", and even, among many "diehard" Pavement fans, the band's best album. In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that repeated listening reveals the album to be "a dense collage of '90s rock & roll that recasts the past and present into one rich, kaleidoscopic, and blissfully cryptic world view".  In 2002, "Rolling Stone" voted "Wowee Zowee" the 12th Coolest Album of all time.  In 2010, author Bryan Charles wrote a book about the album as part of the 331⁄3 book series, in which he interviews all members of Pavement, as well as Matador Records founders Gerard Cosloy and Chris Lombardi.  The indie rock band Boat parodied the album's cover art, among several others, on its 2011 release "Dress Like Your Idols".  Jason Lytle included Pavement's "Motion Suggests" when he compiled "Artist's Choice—Below the Radio", a various artists collection. That song's actual title, "Motion Suggests Itself", was incorrectly listed on "Wowee Zowee" due to a transcription error and was not corrected until the expanded reissue eleven years later.  As of 2010, the original version of "Wowee Zowee" had sold 129,000 copies, and the reissue had sold 32,000 copies. These numbers are a notable drop-off from their previous release, "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain", which sold 246,000 of the original and 75,000 of the reissue.

Track listing.

All songs written by Stephen Malkmus, otherwise noted.

Personnel.

Adapted from the album liner notes.

"Wowee Zowee: Sordid Sentinels Edition".

"Wowee Zowee: Sordid Sentinels Edition" is a two-CD compilation album by Pavement released on November 7, 2006. It contains "Wowee Zowee" in its entirety, as well as 32 of the band's other songs from that era, 18 of which were previously unreleased.  Matador Records offered extra items to people who pre-ordered the reissue. Those who chose to pre-order the album received a code redeemable on the "Wowee Zowee: Sordid Sentinels Edition" website for a rare recording of a live Pavement show at the Palace in Los Angeles on April 21, 1994. Also included in the pre-order deal was a free 7" record which included previously unreleased studio versions of the songs "Black Out" and "Extradition" and a poster based on a painting that artist Steve Keene originally contributed for the original release of "Wowee Zowee" in 1995.  The track "Motion Suggests Itself" was mistitled on the original release by the omission of its title's final word due to a transcription error. The Sordid Sentinels Edition finally rectified this mistake.  A different version of "Easily Fooled" appeared on "" as "The Sutcliffe Catering Song". Also, an early version of "Brink of the Clouds" with an intro and outro appeared on the same album.

Disc one.

Wowee Zowee  "Wowee Zowee" session outtake  "Rattled by la Rush" EP  "Father to a Sister of Thought" single  Pacific Trim EP  "Wowee Zowee" session outtake

Disc two.

"I Shot Andy Warhol" soundtrack "Wowee Zowee" session outtake Recorded March 3, 1994 at Hilversum, Netherlands "Wowee Zowee" session with Doug Easley on piano "Homage to Descendents" tribute album Steve Lamacq Evening Session (March 15, 1995) Medusa Cyclone/Pavement split 7" Recorded live at Wireless JJJ Radio in Australia (July 7, 1994) "Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks" compilation "" soundtrack "Wowee Zowee" session outtake

Wowee Zowee is the third studio album by American indie rock band Pavement. It was released on April 11, 1995 by Matador Records. The album showcased a more experimental and spontaneous side of the group, returning them to the clatter and unpredictability of their early recordings after the more traditional rock sound of 1994's "Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain".

Le groupe de rock indépendant et lo-fi américain Pavement sort son troisième album studio, Wowee Zowee, le. Il est enregistré à Memphis,Tn, et contient 18 pistes s'inspirant légèrement de country, de ballades, ou encore de jazz.


Early life.

Radin worked as a concert violinist for five years, later switching to engineering after earning an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, as well as both a master's degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in educational psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. After his graduation, Radin worked at Bell Labs, and then conducted research at Princeton University, GTE Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, SRI International, Interval Research Corporation, and was a faculty member at University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Parapsychology.

Radin was elected President of the Parapsychological Association in 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2005 and has published a number of articles and parapsychological papers supporting the existence of paranormal phenomena, as well as two books directed to a popular audience: "The Conscious Universe" and "Entangled Minds". Radin believes that parapsychology is as repeatable as any science but that it is also, as paraphrased by sociologist Erich Goode, "elusive, subtle and complex", a field of study that is "difficult to replicate" and for which "our understanding of it is incomplete".  Radin's paranormal claims have been roundly rejected by those in the skeptical and mainstream scientific communities, some of whom have suggested that he has embraced pseudoscience and that he misunderstands the nature of science. The physicist Robert L. Park wrote "No proof of psychic phenomena is ever found. In spite of all the tests devised by parapsychologists like Jahn and Radin, and huge amounts of data collected over a period of many years, the results are no more convincing today than when they began their experiments."  Chris French criticized Radin for his selective historical overview of parapsychology and ignoring evidence of fraud. French recounts that the medium Florence Cook was caught in acts of trickery and two of the Fox sisters confessed to fraud, but that Radin did not mention this fact. Radin has claimed the results from psi research are as consistent by the same standards as any other scientific discipline but Ray Hyman wrote that many parapsychologists disagree with that opinion and openly admit the evidence for psi is "inconsistent, irreproducible, and fails to meet acceptable scientific standards".  Radin and his colleagues have suggested that small-scale studies have produced a "genuine psychokinetic effect" but critics have asserted that Radin has not shown evidence that the null hypothesis of no such effect can be confidently rejected. Further, psychologists David B. Wilson and William R. Shadish writing in "Psychological Bulletin" criticized claims made by Radin and his associates that human minds can psychically influence random number generators, saying that parapsychologists "need to go beyond statistics and explain how the mind might influence a computer, then test that prediction". Radin has appealed to quantum mechanics as a mechanism, claiming that it can explain the non-locality and backward causality associated with psi phenomena, though such ideas are harshly criticized by physicists who study quantum mechanics as being pseudoscientific. Radin has written that not all people experience paranormal phenomena (or see ghosts) because they block such signals due to the process of latent inhibition.

Books.

While Radin's books have been reviewed favorably by groups that give general reviews such as "Publishers Weekly" and "Kirkus Reviews", reviews from scientists and skeptics have been generally negative.

"The Conscious Universe".

A critical review of "The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena" (1997) was published by the British mathematician I. J. Good in "Nature". Good wrote about flaws in Radin's method for evaluating the file-drawer effect. He stated that the book avoided mentioning the evidence of fraud in parapsychology. Radin replied to Good in a follow-up letter in the correspondence pages of "Nature", saying that Good in his review had misinterpreted a reference to a probability value. Good replied, saying that most readers would not arrive at the same interpretation of what Radin had written noting that readers would be surprised to learn that by "more than a billion trillion", Radin meant more than 10". Further, Good noted that the file drawer effect does not account for intentional fraud, as was very probably the case with prominent ESP proponents such as Samuel Soal, nor is there any real means of estimating such "intellectual, observational or ethical lapses" within ESP. In 2002, Victor J. Stenger gave a criticism of "The Conscious Universe" that aligned with Good's arguments that Radin did not perform the file-drawer analysis correctly, made fundamental errors in his calculations, and ignored non-paranormal explanations for the data.  The book was reviewed by the philosopher and skeptic Robert Todd Carroll in a thirteen-page chapter-by-chapter critique which noted how Radin had not cited the skeptical literature on the subject of parapsychology. Carroll stated that Radin had ignored "the many hoaxes and frauds that dot the landscape in the history of psi research."

"Supernormal".

Radin's book "Supernormal: Science, Yoga, and the Evidence for Extraordinary Psychic Abilities" (2013), published by the New-age inspired author and medical doctor, Deepak Chopra, argues support for psychic phenomena, linking them to the siddhis from yoga-related legends. Publishers Weekly has reviewed it, saying of the book, that it is "unfocused and opaque at times" but "nevertheless an admirable attempt to bridge the gap between the scientific and the spiritual realm". The anonymous review by "Kirkus Reviews" gave it a positive review saying "certainly not for everyone, but a smart reminder that we haven’t got the whole scene covered".  Dale DeBakcsy, writing for the "Skeptical Inquirer", reviewed "Supernormal" and commented that the work is "misrepresenting report data, lowering success criteria, and playing a somewhat loose game with how rigorously confidence information is presented". The first claim in relation to evidence is that Psi effects are present above chance to a probability of 10 to 1, from a meta-analysis of Forced choice recognition in the parapsychological literature. The study reported that the results varied wildly with an extremely unusual standard deviation, such that they dropped 10% of the most extreme variations which reduced the effect size. Inexplicably, to DeBakcsy, Radin kept the more suspect figure. Further in the book, Radin picks a test made at Princeton which claimed that: "A rather strange yet persistent image of [the agent] inside a large bowl—a hemispheric indentation in the ground of some smooth man-made materials like concrete or cement. No color. Possibly covered with a glass dome. Unusual sense of inside/outside simultaneity. That’s all. It’s a large bowl. If it was full of soup [the agent] would be the size of a large dumpling!" matched the location of "the radio telescope at Kitt Peak". This is despite there being several radio telescopes at Kitt Peak, such as the Very Long Baseline Array, but that telescope does not match the description as given. DeBakcsy contends that the ARO 12m Radio Telescope perhaps fits the best, but it was also different in several aspects to the described object. DeBakcsy further commented that, considering this is the best example out of 653 possible other tests made at Princeton, it is quite poor. Noting the spread of meta-analyses of the same studies (where the individual studies are weighted differently), have wildly varying odds returned (from trillions to one, to indistinguishable from chance), DeBakcsy argues that this undermines the reliance on meta-analysis in the work since they lack standardization.

Dean Radin (; born February 29, 1952) is a parapsychologist. He has been Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), in Petaluma, California, USA. Radin served on dissertation committees at Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, and former President of the Parapsychological Association. He is also co-editor-in-chief of the journal "".

Dean Radin (né le 29 février 1952) est un chercheur et auteur dans le domaine de parapsychologie. Il est chercheur principal à l'Institute of Noetic Sciences, à Petaluma, en Californie, depuis 2001, et est professeur adjoint au Département de psychologie du Sonoma State University, pour le "Distinguished Consulting Faculty" au "Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center" et ancien président de la Parapsychological Association. Il est également corédacteur en chef du journal d'Elsevier "Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing".


Biography.

Amateur career.

Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, McNab spent his early childhood in British Columbia before moving to San Diego, California at age 14, where his father was head coach of the minor-league San Diego Gulls. Peter initially excelled as a baseball player; he entered the University of Denver (DU) on a baseball scholarship and later made the hockey team, becoming an all-WCHA selection in 1973. In the early 1970s NCAA players rarely made it to the National Hockey League, but McNab was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres while playing forward for the DU Pioneers in 1972.

Professional career.

McNab led the Cincinnati Swords of the American Hockey League (AHL) in scoring in 1973–74, despite just playing in 49 of 76 games, and debuted with Buffalo that same season. While with Buffalo, he scored his first NHL goal on December 15, 1973, against the Minnesota North Stars.  After a trip to the 1975 Stanley Cup Finals, McNab was traded to the Boston Bruins. He enjoyed the best years of his NHL career in Boston, scoring at least 35 goals and 75 points six seasons in a row and playing in the 1977 NHL All-Star Game. He twice scored a playoff overtime winning goal. On December 23, 1979, during a game at Madison Square Garden in New York, McNab, teammate Mike Milbury, and several other Bruins climbed into the stands to confront fans. McNab engaged in a physical confrontation with one fan, and was soon joined by Milbury, who removed the fan's shoe and proceeded to strike the fan with it. On April 9, 1981, North Stars goaltender Don Beaupre stopped a McNab penalty shot, the first penalty shot ever taken by a member of the Bruins in a playoff game. Today, McNab is among Boston's top ten career leaders in goals, points and playoff scoring.  The Bruins traded McNab to the Vancouver Canucks in 1984; he played in Vancouver for two seasons before signing with the New Jersey Devils, for whom his father Max was the general manager at the time. He also made his international debut for Team USA at the 1986 Ice Hockey World Championship tournament in Moscow. He retired from professional hockey at the end of the 1986–87 season after playing two seasons in New Jersey.

Post playing career.

After retiring, McNab began his broadcasting career as a color analyst for the Devils starting in the 1987–88 season. After eight years broadcasting on SportsChannel for the Devils, he moved to Colorado for the inaugural season of the Colorado Avalanche. He was also a TV announcer on NBC as an analyst on "NHL on NBC" during the 2006 Winter Olympic games in Torino, Italy, and as a color analyst on TNT for the Olympic games in Nagano, Japan. He also served as TSN’s studio analyst and host for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah.  On June 8, 2009, McNab signed a multi-year deal with Altitude, where he started his 14th season as color commentator for the Colorado Avalanche at the beginning of the 2009-2010 NHL season.

Personal life.

McNab belongs to one of ice hockey's most prominent families. His father Max McNab was a journeyman center who won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 1950. Max's long career as a player and coach was honored by his hometown of Watson, Saskatchewan, where a recreational park is named after him. Peter's brother David was an NHL scout and is now Assistant G.M. of the Anaheim Ducks.

Peter Maxwell McNab (born May 8, 1952) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey player who appeared in 954 National Hockey League (NHL) regular season games between 1973 and 1987. He has served as the color commentator for the Colorado Avalanche since the inaugural 1995-1996 season.

<dfn>Peter Maxwell McNab</dfn> (né le à Vancouver, en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace qui évoluait au poste d'attaquant.


Fort Hare University.

Began early in 1847 as a fort built to house British troops. The same fort was converted in 1916 into a black university institution. Many of the current political leaders in South Africa were educated at the University of Fort Hare, also the alma mater of former President Nelson Mandela. The university is also the repository of the archives of the African National Congress documents and houses one of the most significant collections of African art.

Victoria Hospital.

One of the oldest sites in Alice, it still graces the town with its old charm of yesterday. Victoria Hospital is a large district hospital on the outskirts of Alice, recently (2006–2011) fully reconstructed and upgraded by the Eastern Cape Provincial Government.

History.

The location was named Lovedale by European missionaries who settled there in 1824. It was named after Dr. John Love of the Glasgow Missionary Society. During the Frontier War it was abandoned and the mission resettled on the west bank of the Tyhume River. On the east bank a fort was built, called Fort Hare, after Major-General John Hare, who was Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Cape and acting Governor of the Cape Colony. Later the name of the town was changed to Alice. Alice was the administrative and magisterial capital of the old district of Victoria East.In 1847 it was named Alice by Sir Peregrine Maitland after Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria. Municipal status was attained in 1852.

Notable people.

Cecilia Makiwane  Naledi Pandor  Ngconde Balfour  Makhenkesi Stofile  Dr James Stewart  ZK Matthews  Tiyo Soga  Festile Soga  Tengo Jabavu  King Sandile  John Knox Bokwe  Looksmart Ngudle

Suburbs.

KuNtselamanzi, Happy Rest, Hillcrest, Golf Course, Mavuso, Gaga

Alice is a small town in South Africa that is named after The Princess Alice, daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Settled in 1824 by British colonists adjacent to the Tyhume River.

Alice est une ville de la province du Cap-Oriental en Afrique du Sud. On y trouve l'université de Fort Hare, qui héberge une collection significative d'Art africain.


Text.

Hebrew Bible version.

Following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 23:

Interpretation of themes.

The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Israel and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well-being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice." This imagery and language was well known to the community that created the Psalm, and was easily imported into its worship.  Psalm 23 portrays God as a good shepherd, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his flock. The "rod and staff" (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name, thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its Shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.  J. Douglas MacMillan argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me") refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice" of using little raised tables to feed sheep. Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil" may refer to an ancient form of backliner – the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me") reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock.  John Ellinwood argues that in verses 4 and 5 King David acknowledges God's protection in expeditions and in battles. "Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies" refers to the sober raucous dinner before major battles. These were raucous in order to demoralize hostiles camped within earshot, and (only) the king ate from a table. "Thou anointest my head with oil" because tomorrow this ceremony might be impossible. After each victory there was no longer a need for sobriety, so "my cup runneth over." The king's lyricist wisely shortened these military verses for balance. Also in Psalm 18 David mentions God's protection in battle.  The first verse of the Psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, some scholars do not agree with this attributed authorship, and hypothesize various other possibilities, commonly dating it to the post-exilic period.  Taken together, Psalm 22, 23 and 24, is seen by some as shepherd psalms, where the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep as suffering servant and king.

Uses in Judaism.

Psalm 23 is traditionally sung during the third Shabbat meal as well as before first and second in some of the Jewish communities. It is also commonly recited in the presence of a deceased person, such as by those keeping watch over the body before burial, and at the funeral service itself.

Uses in Christian tradition.

For Christians the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with Jesus, described as "Good Shepherd" in the Gospel of John. The phrase about "the valley of the shadow of death" is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.  Orthodox Christians typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist.  The Reformation inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the Geneva Bible (1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611).  In the Roman Catholic Church, this psalm is sung as a responsorial in Masses for the dead.  The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons.

Use in funerals.

In the twentieth century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English-speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm. Official liturgies of English-speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice, though. The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its order for the burial of the dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the United States, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.

Musical settings.

Metrical versions.

In Christianity, a number of paraphrased versions of Psalm 23 emerged after the Protestant Reformation in the form of Metrical psalms — poetic versions that could be set to hymn tunes. An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other notable metrical versions to emerge from this period include those from "The Bay Psalm Book" (1640), the "Sidney Psalms" by Philip Sidney, and settings by George Herbert and Isaac Watts.  One of the best known metrical versions of Psalm 23 is the Christian hymn, "The Lord's my Shepherd", a translation first published in the 1650 Scottish Psalter. Although widely attributed to the English Parliamentarian Francis Rous, the text was the result of significant editing by a translating committee in the 1640s before publication. The hymn is one of the most popular hymns amongst English-speaking congregations today, and it is traditionally sung to the hymn tune "Crimond", generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine. Other melodies, such as "Brother James' Air" or "Amazing Grace", "Belmont", "Evan", "Martyrdom", "Orlington", and "Wiltshire" may also used.  Another popular Christian hymn to be based on Psalm 23 is "The King of Love My Shepherd Is" by Henry Baker (1868).

Psalm 23 is the 23rd psalm of the Book of Psalms, generally known in English by its first verse, in the King James Version, "The Lord is my Shepherd". The Book of Psalms is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and in its Latin translation in the Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 22 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known by the incipit, ""

Le psaume 23 (22 dans la numérotation grecque) est un psaume de la Bible hébraïque, donc de l'Ancien Testament, attribué au Roi David, qui décrit Dieu comme le Berger. Il est appelé en latin "Dominus pascit",