History.

The distillery was officially established in 1775, but had previously been under the control of illicit distillers, who sought to avoid paying taxes to England, since 1717. This early history has led to claims that Glenturret is the oldest distillery in Scotland, a title contested by other establishments such as Littlemill, Strathisla, Bowmore and Glen Garioch.  The distillery was originally known as “Hosh” and was originally owned by the Drummond family. "Hosh" comes from the Gaelic "cois", meaning foot. It was taken over by John McCallum in 1845, until 1875 when Thomas Stewart took it over and renamed it Glenturret in its centenary year.  The First World War saw the closure of the distillery, but following the war it reopened under the Mitchell Brothers until 1921, when the great depression and prohibition in America saw it closed again. The buildings during this period were kept as storage by the Murrays of Ochtertyre. It did not reopen again to production until 1957 when it was revitalised by James Fairlie. Fairlie was a whisky enthusiast and his intention was to make a malt whisky created in traditional fashion and to preserve the craft of distilling. The distillery was bought by Cointreau in 1981 and from there passed to Highland Distillers in 1990. It was taken over by The Edrington Group in 1999. It then became the home of “The Famous Grouse Experience”, which was nominated for an Interactive Entertainment Award at BAFTA in 2002. The distillery was put on the market in end 2018 and acquired by The Lalique Group and one of its major shareholders.

Production and character.

The water supply for the Glenturret comes via its own pipeline from Loch Turret which has its origin in Ben Chonzie. As the water used contributes much of the taste and character of the whisky, the purity and quality of the water is essential in the whisky making process. Ben Chonzie is part of the Grampian Mountain Range and is a granitic intrusion, with a diorite composition. This geology has resulted in the extreme softness of the water of Loch Turret making it a suitable source for the whisky.  Barley is soaked in water from the source for two to three days then spread over the floor of the malting house. The green malt is then dried in a kiln over peat smoke, before being milled into grist, which is then mixed with hot water in the mash tun at about 70 °C for an hour. This is drained off and the second water, which is hotter, is added and allowed to run straight through. The third water is even hotter and is used as the first water for the next batch. The sugary wort is collected, cooled and then fermented in large pine vessels called wash backs. Yeast is added and after 48 hours of fermentation the wash is made. The wash is then pre-heated in a wash-charger and from there goes to the wash still. This is a traditional pot still made of copper and is of a shape unchanged in the history of Scotch whisky making. The wash is heated in the pot still so the alcohol vapour rises up and cools and condenses in the low wines receiver. The low wines then passes through to the spirit still where it is distilled again. The spirit running through the pot and spirit stills is subject to Her Majesty's Customs and Excise Duty and so is kept under lock and key. It can be sampled and tested by the stillman via the spirit sample safe. The spirit from the spirit still is divided in three parts, but only the middle cut or “Heart of the Run” is suitable to be made into malt whisky. The other two parts are fed back into the low wines receiver to be re-distilled. The middle cut then goes to an oak spirit receiver and from there to the filling vats in the spirit store.  At this stage more water is added to reduce the concentration of alcohol from 75% to 64%. Each oak cask is handmade and therefore unique, so each must be weighed before and after filling to determine how much spirit is in each. Each cask is stencilled with the name, year, cask number and number of litres. The casks are then laid aside in the warehouse for a minimum of three years when it can be used for blending. But for the malt whisky range it is matured for 8, 10, 12, 15 or 21 years or longer for very special bottlings.  Philip Hills has described Glenturret with the words:- “Its nose has the floweriness which is characteristic of such [bourbon cask]; it opens up with water and yields scents of elderflower and liebfraumilch. It is entirely honest, not appearing to be anything it isn’t, but what it is, is sufficient; an entirely pleasing and agreeable whisky.”

Towser the mouser.

Towser, a female long-haired tortoiseshell cat, the resident feline pest control expert at Glenturret from 1963 till 1987, was an officially recognised record breaker. Her record-breaking victim count was estimated as 28,899 mice, which were laid out on the Still House floor each morning to be inspected by the stillman. The auditors for the Guinness book of records observed Towser's prowess over a number of days, and her total kill count was estimated statistically. She was commemorated by a bronze statue at the visitor's centre at Glenturret and her story was featured on BBC Television's "Blue Peter". Her paw prints also decorate the label on a bottle of Fairlie's light Highland Liqueur. Her immediate successors were Dylan and Brooke, who were chosen for their friendliness and photogenic looks rather than for their mousing skills. The distillery currently "employs" Glen, an orange tabby, and Turret, a gray tabby for mousing duties.

Illicit distilling.

Excise duty was introduced in Scotland in 1660. The taxation laws were very complex and it was unclear how much tax should be paid. Duties also continued to rise gradually and Robert Burns wrote the poem "Earnest Cry and Prayer" in 1785 about the problems these high duties caused. Burns himself was an exciseman between 1789 and 1796. He was reported to be "not a bustling active gauger" and was allegedly too impatient for the lengthy stake-outs required in his investigations. But the job paid very well and there were often sizeable rewards paid and the job had very good security.  In 1814 the act banning the use of stills of less than 500 gallons was introduced. This limited whisky production to commercial concerns and from then on farmers had no way of raising enough money to pay their rents, as distilling allowed them to use their excess grain for whisky which could be sold at a profit greater than that of the grain itself. This drove many honest people to smuggling as a way to survive. Many widespread difficulties were caused by farmers moving off the land, that agriculture in the Highlands was in danger of dying out. The law was changed in 1816 to allow stills of more than 40 gallons to be legal to encourage small distillers. However this still meant that stills under 40 gallons were determined to be portable and hence illegal which eradicated a lot of domestic distilling.  Smuggling gangs set up stills in secret places. The stills themselves were small so that if the exciseman was spotted they could be removed and hidden. Smuggling chiefs were often men of high standing in the community. When one of their men was arrested the chief's name would be kept secret. This was partly due to the fact that the excise duties were seen as a tax by a foreign power, i.e. England, and so denying this revenue was their patriotic duty.  There are many tales of the deviousness of the whisky smuggler in outwitting the gaugers (an itinerant exciseman who measured containers and their content), and the excisemen. In one such story the gaugers confiscated a large cask of spirit and transported it to a nearby inn where they were staying. They took the cask to their room on the second floor for safe keeping. The smugglers came to the inn and employed the serving girl to locate where the cask sat on the floor above and, using an auger bore into the bottom of the cask, removed all the spirit so that there was none left for the gaugers to sample.  The only way to tackle the illegal distilling entirely was to decrease the duty so that it was no longer profitable and increase policing so that the military and gaugers were increased. Revenue cutters were employed up and down the coast and the numbers excisemen was increased as they were often outnumbered by smuggling gangs. Further tariff reforms and generous rewards for informers were introduced and these measures became known as "the burning and starving act".  Illicit distilling has died out from lack of profitability, but rumours still persist in remote places of homemade moonshine like "Melvaig Mist" and in Shropshire.

The Glenturret Distillery is located on the banks of the Turret River two miles north west of Crieff in Perthshire, Scotland. The distillery is hidden in the glen and its secluded location may have contributed to its early history as the site of several illicit bothy stills. The high hills to either side of the distillery were thought to act as lookout points for the smugglers. When Alfred Barnard visited the distillery he described the glen as “a perfect paradise to artists, who come in great numbers to transfer some of its transcendent beauties to canvas.” The distillery is located in the parish of Monzievaird and Strowan.

Glenturret est une distillerie de whisky située sur les bords de la rivière Turret au nord ouest de la petite ville de Crieff dans le Perthshire en Écosse. La distillerie est construite au creux d’une vallée, sur le site d’anciennes distilleries clandestines. Les sommets des collines environnantes offraient aux premiers distillateurs de beaux points de vue pour surveiller les allées et venues des excisemens.


History.

Livestream was founded as Mogulus in 2007 by Max Haot, Dayananda Nanjundappa, Phil Worthington, and Mark Kornfilt, and has offices in New York, Los Angeles, London, Zaporizhia and Bangalore. It launched with a free streaming service, and introduced its white label “pro” service in April 2008 with Gannett as its first customer. In July 2008, Gannett invested in Mogulus with $10 million in funding.  In May 2009, Mogulus re-branded as Livestream. In May 2014, the company moved its headquarters from Chelsea to Brooklyn, New York. Jesse Hertzberg was appointed CEO in April 2015, with all four founders remaining with the company in senior roles. In 2017, Livestream appointed cofounder Mark Kornfilt as the new CEO.  On September 26, 2017, Livestream was acquired by IAC via subsidiary Vimeo. The service expects to incorporate Livestream staff and technology into a newly-launched video streaming service.

Events.

Concerts.

In September 2009, Livestream started providing custom channel pages to stream events like concerts from Kina Grannis, Pixie Lott, Eric Gales, David Gray, and Foo Fighters. These pages integrated live chat, Twitter, and Facebook. On October 30, 2009, the Foo Fighters played their first internet-only live concert from their studio space Studio 606 in Los Angeles. Viewers were able to interact directly with the band, ask questions, and requests songs through a custom Facebook page with an integrated chat feature. The band played 2 hours and 45 minutes of greatest hits to more than 150,000 viewers around the world.  Rock band Saosin performed an exclusive acoustic performance inside Livestream's offices followed by a live chat. On September 16, 2009, Boys Like Girls also played an interactive performance on Facebook and Livestream. The following month, American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars, composed of actor Jared Leto and brother Shannon Leto streamed a live interview with their fans, which was also available for viewing on the iPhone. An in-store performance by rock band Motion City Soundtrack was streamed live from New Jersey record store Vintage Vinyl on January 20, 2010.

Other events.

Livestream claims to serve over 10,000 paying customers and to have streamed several million events in 2014. Customers include The New York Times, Spotify, BBC, several professional and college sports leagues around the world, Associated Press, and Tesla. Livestream has broadcast major events including the European Space Agency's Rosetta comet landing and the Times Square New Year's Eve celebration.  Livestream also broadcast a panel discussion between renowned hip-hop and reggae artists. Rapper Nas and reggae star Damian Marley discussed "Distant Relatives", their album and documentary about the shared African roots of hip-hop and reggae. DJs Kool Herc and Red Alert and dancehall legend U-Roy and dub-producer King Jammy were also on-hand to discuss the historical and cultural connections between the two genres of music.

Products.

In 2007 Mogulus introduced 'Studio', an online interface that simulated a tv studio. Users could mix camera feeds, video, YouTube, tickers, overlays to create a "netcast". A Mac/PC desktop client 'Procaster' could be used to combine a camera feed with screen capture. Procaster was later renamed Livestream Producer.  On October 29, 2011 Livestream introduced a new online platform. This dispensed with the channel approach of Studio in favor of an event based one. Multiple video posts, images, or text items could be added to an event. The platform also included an adaptive bitrate player.

Vimeo Livestream is an American video live streaming platform that allows customers to broadcast live video content using a camera and a computer through the Internet, and viewers to play the content via the web, iOS, Android, Roku, and the Apple TV. Livestream requires a paid subscription for content providers to use; it formerly offered a free ad-supported service but no longer does so as of 2016.

, anciennement Mogulus, est une plate-forme de diffusion en direct sur Internet de vidéos filmées par webcam. Elle offre des services gratuits sponsorisés et en premium. En, la plateforme démarre des pages de diffusion en streaming d'événements comme des concerts de Kina Grannis, Pixie Lott, Eric Gales, David Gray, et Foo Fighters. Ces pages intègrent des conversations en live, et les réseaux sociaux Facebook et Twitter.


Biography.

Jointly duke of Bavaria with his five brothers in 1347, he and his brothers Louis V and Louis VI became joint dukes of Upper Bavaria after the partition of Bavaria in 1349. In 1351, he and Louis VI gave up their rights in Bavaria to Louis V in return for the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In 1356 Louis VI and Otto were invested with the electoral dignity.  Otto, still a minor, grew up in his mother's lands in the Netherlands under tutelage of his brother Louis V. In 1360 Otto came to age. With the death of Louis VI in 1365, Otto became sole Elector of Brandenburg.  On 19 March 1366, Otto married Katharine of Bohemia (1342–86), daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV and widow of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria. The childless dukes Louis VI and Otto had already promised Charles the succession in Brandenburg in 1364. These arrangements were considered revenge for a conflict with their brother Stephen II concerning the Bavarian succession after the death of Meinhard III of Gorizia-Tyrol, son of Louis V.  Charles IV invaded Brandenburg in 1371, however, since Otto neglected his government. Two years later Otto officially resigned in consideration of a huge financial compensation and retired in Bavaria. This was the end of the Wittelsbach rule in Brandenburg. Otto kept the electoral dignity for the rest of his life. He was accepted as nominal co-regent by his brother Stephen II, also as Otto also had been compensated by Charles with land in the former Bavarian Nordgau he now contributed. Otto then spent his time in Wolfstein castle in Landshut with amusements.

Otto V ("c." 1346 – 15 November 1379), was a Duke of Bavaria and Elector of Brandenburg as Otto VII. Otto was the fourth son of Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV by his second wife Margaret II of Avesnes, Countess of Hainaut and Holland.

Othon V de Wittelsbach (1346-1379), surnommé « le Paresseux » "()", fut duc de Haute-Bavière (1347-1350), puis margrave de Brandebourg (1351-1361) et enfin électeur de Brandebourg (1361-1379). Il règne aux côtés de son frère Louis VI le Romain jusqu'à la mort de ce dernier, en 1365.


Version.

, there are five versions of Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-RE) and four versions of Blu-ray Disc Recordable (BD-R). Each version includes three "Parts" (a.k.a. "Books"): Basic Format Specifications, File System Specifications, Audio Visual Basic Specifications. Each part has sub-versions (e.g. R2 Format Specification includes "Part 3: Audio Visual Basic Specifications Ver.3.02", "Part 2: File System Specifications Ver. 1.11", "Part 1: Basic Format Specifications Ver. 1.3").

Speed.

, the following speeds are seen in Blu-Ray specifications for R/RE discs: 2× speeds are mandatory for all formats, with 4× and 6× being optional for non-XL BD-R media. Since BD-RE 5.0/BD-R 4.0, a read speed of 4× is mandatory for UHD support.  Note: Add extra time for disc verification phase and time for erasing the disc in the case of BD-RE.

Pricing.

(approximate pricing):

Recording mechanisms.

Instead of the pits and lands found on prepressed/prerecorded/replicated discs, BD-R and RE discs contain grooves which contain a wobble frequency that is used to locate the position of the reading or writing laser on the disc. BD-R has an Optimum Power Calibrations (OPC) / Test Zone, which is used to calibrate (finely adjust) the power of the writing laser before and during writing, and it also has a Drive Calibration Zone (DCZ) at the outer edge of the disc, for optional high speed calibration. The calibration is necessary to allow for slight manufacturing defects, greately reducing or completely eliminating rejected discs and drives, reducing costs and eliminating potential waste. The information below describes the different types of recording layers that may be used on BD-R and BD-RE discs.

HTL (high to low).

"Normal" BD-R discs use a composite (or, in the case of BD-RE, a phase-changing alloy) that decreases its reflectivity on recording, i.e. "High To Low". Sony, for example, uses an inorganic composite that splits into two laminar components with low reflectivity. Composites used may include BiN, GeN, and Pd-doped tellurium suboxide. A pair of layers with copper alloy and silicon that combines on recording may alternatively be used. Similar to CD-RW and DVD-RW, a phase transition alloy (often GeSbTe or InAgTeSb, Copper silicate (CuSi) or other alloys can also be used, like Verbatim's proprietary MABL) is used for BD-RE discs. Melting the material with a very high power beam turns it into an amorphous state with low reflectivity, while heating at a lower power erases it back to a crystalline state with high reflectivity.  In BD-RE discs, the data layers are surrounded by a pair of dielectric Zinc Sulfur-Silicon Dioxide layers. An adhesive spacer layer and a semi-reflective layer are used for multi-layer discs. The recording and dielectric layers are all deposited using Sputtering. On multi-layer BD-RE discs, each GeSbTe recording layer is progressively thinner. So the first layer (L0) is 10nm thick, L1 is 7.5nm thick, L2 is 6nm thick, and so on. The silver alloy reflective layers that are behind each recording layer also become progressively thinner, so the L0 silver layer is 100nm thick, the L1 layer is 9nm thick, the L2 layer is 7nm thick, and so on. The separation layers that separate the recording layers from one another also progressively become thinner.

BD-R LTH (low to high).

BD-R LTH is a write-once Blu-ray Disc format that features an organic dye recording layer. "Low To High" refers to the reflectivity changing from low to high during the burning process, which is the opposite of normal Blu-rays, whose reflectivity changes from high to low during writing. The advantage of BD-R LTH is it can protect a manufacturer's investment in DVD-R/CD-R manufacturing equipment because it does not require investing in new production lines and manufacturing equipment. Instead, the manufacturer only needs to modify current equipment. This is expected to lower the cost of disc manufacturing.  Old Blu-ray players and recorders cannot utilize BD-R LTH; however, a firmware upgrade can enable devices to access BD-R LTH. Panasonic released such a firmware update in November 2007 for its DMR-BW200, DMR-BR100 and MR-BW900/BW800/BW700 models. Pioneer was expected to ship the first LTH BD drives in Spring 2008. Sony upgraded the PlayStation 3 firmware enabling BD-R LTH reading in March, 2008.  In 2011, France's Ministry of Culture and Communication conducted a study on the suitability of data archival of LTH (low to high) discs compared to HTL (high to low) discs. The data they collected indicated that the overall quality of LTH discs is worse than HTL discs.

Blu-ray Disc Recordable (BD-R) refers to two direct to disc optical disc recording technologies that can be recorded on to an optical disc with an optical disc recorder. BD-R discs can be written to once, whereas Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-RE) can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. Disc capacities are 25 GB for single-layer discs, 50 GB for double-layer discs, 100 GB ("XL") for triple-layer, and 128 GB for quadruple-layer (in BD-R only).

Disque Blu-ray enregistrable, en anglais "Blu-ray Disc recordable" (abrégé en BD-R), comprend les deux formats de disques optiques Blu-ray enregistrable avec un graveur de Blu-ray : Les disques BD-R qui sont enregistrable ("recordable") une unique fois et les disques BD-RE qui sont réinscriptibles ("re-recordable") et peuvent être effacés et enregistrés plusieurs fois. Leurs capacités de stockage est de pour un disque simple couche et pour un double couche.


History.

The former parish church was mentioned for the first time in documents of 893. In a document by Pope Innocent II in the year 1140 the patronage of St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier was laid down.  Except for its Romanesque tower with pairings of two arched windows, dating from around 1240, the present building dates from the decades around 1280 until the 1330. In the 17th and 18th century, the church was renovated and redesigned in Baroque architecture.  Peter Canisius joined the Society of Jesus effective on 8 May 1543 as the eighth person and placed his vow in the rectory of St. Christopher. In 1762 the church was renovated.  During World War II it was razed except for the external walls. During the great air raid on Mainz on 12 and 13 August 1942 St. Christopher burned down, whereas a renewed bombing on 27 February 1945 with tactical demolition bombs brought the vaults to collapse. The outer walls have been restored and protected on the north side by concrete columns. The new buttresses have been provided with a relief by the Mainz sculptor Heinz Hemrich carrying symbolic representations of the city's history. The church now is designed as a war memorial. A commemorative plaque in the floor tells the embedded text ′′Den Toten zum Gedenken/ Den Lebenden zur Mahnung′′ ′′In memory of the dead / as a reminder for the Living".  Right next to the church stands the most modern Gutenberg statue of the city. It was created to celebrate the year 2000 Gutenberg celebrations of Mainz by sculptor Karl Heinz Oswald. The iron sculpture displays the Gutenberg printing press. Gutenberg used for printing a wooden press, reminiscent of construction, mechanics and operation of a wine press. The windows in the chancel and the glass wall in the chancel were designed by Alois Plum.

Decorations and furnishings.

Occasionally changing design elements of the Roman Catholic City Chaplaincy appear, located in the rebuilt east choir in the basement of the Romanesque tower. In this chapel, which is used by the International Orthodox parish, windows of the Mainz glass artist Alois Plum can be seen. St. Christoph provides room for their predominantly German church services - with simple decor for the Byzantine Rite.

The church of St. Christoph in Mainz, known in German as St. Christoph zu Mainz, is an example of early gothic architecture. St. Christoph was originally built between 1240 and 1330. The church is known as the Parish Church and Baptistry of Johannes Gutenberg.

L'église Saint-Christophe (), de style gothique, est l’église du baptême de Gutenberg. Elle se trouve dans le centre historique de Mayence à la Karmeliterplatz. Elle est aujourd'hui en ruine, et sert de mémorial entre autres des bombardements du et de point de repère architectural.


Professional career.

Thomas signed as an undrafted free agent in 1995 by the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers released him on 9 May 1997, due to visa issues with the government, and three days later, he signed with the Minnesota Twins. Thomas became the No. 1 pitching prospect with the Twins from 1998 to 2004. Thomas was a 4-time All-Star in the minor leagues and a World All-Star (2001 Futures Game). Thomas played in the majors with the Twins between 2001 and 2004 appearing in 101 games. Thomas was traded to the World Champion Boston Red Sox in 2004. In 2005, Thomas signed with the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters of Japan. Thomas played for them from 2005–2006, appearing in 119 games as a relief pitcher. Compiling a 2.9 ERA over 2 seasons. Thomas was a member of the 2006 Japan Series and 2006 Asia Series Champions.  Thomas signed with the Seattle Mariners for the 2007 season.  In 2008, Thomas signed with the Hanwha Eagles in the Korea Baseball Organization. During his two years in the KBO league, he had 44 saves with a 5–1 record and a 2.06 ERA as the closer for the Eagles. He owns the KBO single season (120 Games) record for Saves, with 33 in 2008.  Thomas signed a major league contract with the Detroit Tigers on 7 December 2009. He spent the entire 2010 season pitching out of the Tigers bullpen, compiling a 6–2 record with a 3.89 ERA in 69-1/3 innings. He made 2 spot starts for Detroit vs Texas Rangers and New York Yankees.  In 2011, Thomas started the season once again as a regular in Detroit Tigers strong Bullpen. After coming off a great spring training, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list on 11 May, with minor left elbow inflammation. On 25 July 2011, Thomas was placed on the 60-day disabled list, where he finished the season with the American League runners-up.  In 2012, Thomas signed with Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan, where he became their closer and had a dominant season. He had a 3–0 record, 23 saves and 66 strikeouts in 48 innings over 41 games with a 0.75 only ERA less than 1.  In 2013, Thomas started the 2013 CPBL season as the closer and the pitching coach but stood down to concentrate on pitching. However, Thomas still shut the most doors and dominated the whole season with a 1.00 ERA and 26 saves. His performance helped him become the saves leader for the second consecutive season.  In July 2014, Thomas agreed to rejoin the Brothers for the month. Thomas saved his 100th Asian Professional League (NPB, KBO, CPBL) game on 7/4/2014 and continued by saving five games in the first week.

International career.

Thomas was a member of the Australian National Team, having competed in the 2000 Sydney Olympics and also Baseball World Cups. At the 2009 World Baseball Classic, and 2013 World Baseball Classic. Thomas was the closing pitcher for Team Australia.

9/11 incident.

Thomas was a member of the Minnesota Twins Double-A Affiliate, competing in the 2001 playoffs. He had originally scheduled a flight to Australia for 11 September 2001. His original flight, via Los Angeles, was American Airlines Flight 11 that hit the World Trade Center. Michael Cuddyer hit a walk-off home run to send the team to the second round of the playoffs, forcing Thomas to change his flight plans.

External links.

, or Retrosheet, or Baseball Reference (Minor, Japanese, Korean, Australian and Venezuelan Leagues)

Bradley Richard Thomas (born 22 October 1977) is an Australian professional baseball pitcher. He has previously played in MLB for the Minnesota Twins, Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers, in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters and in the Korea Baseball Organization for the Hanwha Eagles and Chinese Professional Baseball League for the Brother Elephants and Chinatrust Brothers. He bats and throws left-handed

Bradley Richard Thomas dit Brad Thomas, né le 22 octobre 1977 à Sydney en Australie, est un joueur australien de baseball évoluant en Ligue majeure de baseball. International australien, Thomas compte une sélection au match des étoiles de la Ligue coréenne (2008), un titre de champion du Japon (2006) et une Série d'Asie (2006).


History.

In 1183, two brothers, Berengar and Konrad von Schussenried, unmarried members of the House of Hohenstaufen, donated their holdings – a castle, two nearby mills, a parish church, and even their family coat of arms – to the Premonstratensian Order. The brothers also joined the Order, and were themselves joined in the latter half of the year by 12 canons and a provost sent from Weissenau Abbey to establish a new monastery. Construction began around 1185, as the provost and Berengar were both laid to rest in the nave of the church of St. Magnus in 1188. Konrad was also laid to rest in the church three years later.  A dispute began at this time with the that resulted in Schussenried's monks fleeing to Weissenau Abbey, where they sought the legal aid of Pope Celestine III. With the help of the Bishop of Constance, an agreement was reached in 1205 that allowed the monks of Schussenried Abbey to return. Further security for the abbey was achieved when Pope Innocent III granted Schussenried his protection on 13 February 1211 and when it was made an imperial abbey by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1227. The general chapter of the Premonstratensian Order itself officially raised Schussenried to the status of abbey in 1440. In 1240, Schussenfried was freed from having to recognize a "vogt", though it still received, in 1452, the protection of the knight Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg. This was replaced by the 15th century with that of the Holy Roman Emperor himself. Schussenried's abbot was allowed to attend Reichstags by 1497, and the abbey would in 1538 join the of Imperial abbeys.  With the abbey's existence secure by the 1220s, Schussenried's monks sought to make it economically independent as well. From 1224 to 1253, Schussenried Abbey purchased estates in the nearby villages of Hopferbach,, Laimbach, Schwaigfurt,,,, Sattenbeuren, and Eggatsweiler. Further expansion took place over the 14th and 15th centuries via the acquisition of patronage rights in, Reichenbach,, Steinhausen-Muttensweiler, Oggelshausen,, Eggatsweiler,, Otterswang, Attenweiler, and Eberhardzell, all of which were eventually annexed by the monastery. Control of customs inside Schussenried's territory was given over to the abbey in 1227. It was freed from the jurisdiction of other states' courts as early as 1487, a freedom followed in 1512 with jurisdiction over high and blood courts in its territories. All cases in Schussenried's territory thereafter would be tried by a local judiciary, for whom a courthouse was built on the abbey's grounds in 1513.

New Monastery.

Plans for expansion of the abbey were first suggested by Austrian architect. This was to replace the monastery as it was rebuilt after the Thirty Years' War.  On 20 March 1748, famed Baroque architect Dominikus Zimmermann submitted a plan for the New Monastery. With that plan came a scale model with an area of by and removable floors and roofs. His workshop made another model in 1760 of the outer area and its two complexes of workshops. Zimmerman and his brother, Johann Baptist, had already worked for Schussenried Abbey at from 1727 to 1733. Zimmermman's plans were accepted, but a local, Jakob Emele, was charged with their execution in 1749. Only about a third of Zimmerman's designs were made reality before the monastery ran out of funds in 1763, and the abbot dismissed.  The 16th century courthouse was replaced with a prison built in 1758.

Secularization.

In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte annexed the Left Bank of the Rhine, and compensated disadvantaged German princes with the territories of smaller states in the former Holy Roman Empire. Among the former were the Counts of Sternberg-Manderscheid, who received the Imperial Abbeys of Schussenried and Ochsenhausen. Schussenried Abbey was awarded to the County on 25 February 1803, and it became a residence for the Counts of Sternberg-Manderscheid. The Counts kept 18 of the 30 monks to look after its grounds, but sold much of the Abbeys' inventory and demolished its eastern portion. Three years later, Sternberg-Manderscheid was mediatized into the newly-raised Kingdom of Württemberg, to whom the Counts sold the Abbey on 1 April 1835.  In 1840, King William I established a foundry to employ impoverished locals. 30 years later, in 1875, the royal government also established a nursing home on the grounds of the former monastery. As such, major renovations took place that removed and replaced many of the abbey buildings. This became the State Psychiatric Hospital of Bad Schussenried, later known as the Center for Psychiatry, where Gustav Mesmer was held until 1949. The hospital moved out of the New Monastery in 1997, and the foundry ceased operation in 1998.

Grounds and architecture.

Schussenried Abbey is one of the main sights of the Upper Swabian Baroque Route.  Originally, the monastery was divided into an inner area only for monks who had taken their vows, and a generally-accessible outer area. Both were enclosed by a wall and towers. Of those, only the Törle, the tower gate into the outer area, remains.  Plans were made in the 18th century to expand and remodel the monastery in the Baroque style. The abbots of Schussenried Abbey regularly visited other Swabian monasteries for ideas for those buildings.  "Old Monastery" refers to the pre-18th century structures (west and south wings, lower gate), and "New Monastery" to the Baroque buildings. Many more buildings were planned for the new monastery, but were not built because of deficient finances. One of those unbuilt buildings was to be a new church, to which the New Monastery would be centered around.  The founding relic of Schussenried Abbey is a piece of the staff of Saint Magnus of Füssen. It is housed in a reliquary designed and produced by Georg Ignaz Baur.  Premonstratensians from other Swabian monasteries who worked at Schussenried included, who crafted choir stalls for the abbey.

Library Hall.

The Library Hall is two stories tall, with walls lined with largely decorative bookcases, some containing fold-out desks. The ceiling fresco, by Franz Georg Hermann, depicts in 14 scenes the advance of wisdom and the sciences from the time of the Old Testament to 1757, when the fresco was completed. Examples are Hermann of Reichenau with a globe, beneath, a Premonstratensian monk and polymath who tried to fly, and the meeting of Louis XIV of France and Nikolaus Wierith, the abbot of Marchtal Abbey, whom Louis dubbed "Solomon II". The sculptures were finished in 1766 by.  After the secularization of the abbey, the Library Hall became a church and concert hall. An organ was installed in the hall at the end of the 19th century.  One of the rooms in the Library Hall is a gallery, the Four Elements, which depict the four elements via four scientific tools and eight techniques of the 18th century. Earth is represented by a globe, water by buckets, wheels, and pulleys, and mills, fire by the use of a mirror and sunlight to burn wood, and air by Neptune wielding a trident.

Abbey church.

The is the parish church for Bad Schussenried. It was built in 1229 in the Romanesque style, with three aisles but no transept. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, but St. Magnus was added to the dedication in 1366. From 1493 to 1498, the church was reconstructed in the Gothic fashion. Seven chapels and winged altarpieces by Bernhard Strigel were added, as was a porch, in 1482, and new a choir with pointed arches in 1494. The bell tower had also been modified with a tall steeple, replaced with an onion dome in 1692. The church was once again remodeled in the 18th century in Baroque style. The original, flat ceiling was replaced with a vaulted one, round windows installed, and the preceding Romanesque and Gothic embellishments covered with stucco. This work revealed that bricks had been used in the previous renovation, making it some of the oldest brickwork in Upper Swabia.  The ceiling fresco was painted in 1745–46 by Johannes Zick and depicts the life of Saint Norbert of Xanten, founder of the Premonstratensian Order, in 14 scenes. The choir stalls are similarly decorated with images of the 24 saints revered by the Premonstratensians and the Passion of Christ. They were created from 1715 to 1717 by Georg Anton Macheln from linden, for the images, and walnut, for the seats.

Museum and exhibits.

The primary museum, the Klostermuseum, is divided into three parts. The first section documents the worldly role played by Schussenried Abbey during its monastic operation. Part of this exhibit are the models of the planned New Monastery constructed by architects Zimmerman and Emele. The second focuses on three aspects of monastic life – pilgrimage, Mariology, and popular piety, all demonstrated with the abbey's sponsoring of a. Finally, the third section documents the role of education and the sciences at Schussenried and other Swabian monasteries in the 18th century.

Schussenried Abbey ("Kloster Schussenried", "Reichsabtei Schussenried") is a former Catholic monastery in Bad Schussenried, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is famed for its Baroque library hall. The abbey was established in the 12th century by the Premonstratensian Order and made an Imperial Abbey in the 15th century. The monastery sustained immense damage in the Thirty Years' War. In the 18th century, the abbey began expansions in the Baroque style, but was unable to complete them. The abbey was secularized in 1803 and twice awarded during the process of German Mediatization, eventually becoming a possession of the Kingdom of Württemberg. Its second king, William I, opened a foundry on its grounds, which was followed by a nursing home. These ceased operation or moved out of the monastery in the 1990s.

L'abbaye de Schussenried ("Kloster Schussenried", "Reichsabtei Schussenried") était une abbaye de l'ordre des Prémontrés située à Bad Schussenried, en Haute Souabe, Bade-Wurtemberg, Allemagne.


Life and career.

Early life.

Dexter was born in Goldfield, Nevada, the second of three children (all males) born to Marko and Ljubica Šošo (later known as Marko and Violet Soso), who were ethnic Serb immigrants from Bosnia-Herzegovina. Serbian was Dexter's first language.  The family soon decamped for Los Angeles, where he attended Belmont High School. Tall, burly and handsome with bright blue eyes, Dexter was usually given supporting roles as a rugged character. After a stint as an amateur boxer, Dexter attended the Pasadena Playhouse, where he studied acting. He had a small role in "The Mortal Storm" (1940). During World War II he enlisted for military service with the U.S. Army Air Corps, where he met and befriended Karl Malden, a fellow Serbian-American, and appeared uncredited in the Corps play and film "Winged Victory" (1944).

As Barry Mitchell.

After the war, Dexter had a role in "Heldorado" (1946), a Roy Rogers western, as "Barry Mitchell". He was also credited under this name in "Sinbad, the Sailor" (1947). He appeared on Broadway in "Magnolia Alley" (1949).

As Brad Dexter.

He eventually changed his name to Brad Dexter and landed roles in "The Asphalt Jungle" (1950) and "Fourteen Hours" (1951). Dexter's breakthrough role was as a villain in RKO's "The Las Vegas Story" (1951), starring Victor Mature and Jane Russell. RKO cast him in a similar part in "Macao" (1952), also with Russell. RKO signed him to a contract.  From January to November 1953, he was married to singer Peggy Lee. The union ended in divorce. She claimed that during their marriage he hardly worked.  Dexter was villainous to John Payne in "99 River Street" (1953). He then signed a contract with 20th Century Fox, for whom he made "Untamed" (1955), "Violent Saturday" (1955) for director Richard Fleischer, "House of Bamboo" (1955) for director Samuel Fuller, "The Bottom of the Bottle" (1956), and "Between Heaven and Hell" (1956) again with Fleischer.  Dexter was villainous to Joel McCrea in "The Oklahoman" (1957), produced by Walter Mirisch, and also appeared in "Run Silent Run Deep" (1958), again as a villain. He largely focused on television, however, appearing in episodes of "Climax!", "The Gale Storm Show", "How to Marry a Millionaire", "Pursuit", "Studio One in Hollywood", "Wagon Train", "Have Gun - Will Travel", "Zane Grey Theatre", "Behind Closed Doors", "Cimarron City", "Yancy Derringer", "This Man Dawson", "77 Sunset Strip", "Colt 45", "The Man from Blackhawk", "Tightrope", "Mr. Lucky", "Bat Masterton", and "Wanted: Dead or Alive", starring Steve McQueen. He made the occasional feature film, such as "Last Train from Gun Hill" (1959), directed by John Sturges, and "Vice Raid" (1959), and was second billed in "13 Fighting Men" (1960).

"The Magnificent Seven".

Dexter was then cast as a gunslinger in "The Magnificent Seven" (1960), directed by John Sturges for Walter Mirisch's production firm The Mirisch Company. Both Sturges and Mirisch had worked with Dexter before. It became his best-known role and most famous film. Characterizing him as a "tough guy at his best in "The Magnificent Seven"", Dexter's obituary in "The Guardian" singled out his portrayal of Harry Luck and claimed he was "overshadowed" by his contemporaries:A question that comes up regularly in film trivia quizzes is to name the Magnificent Seven of the 1960 John Sturges western. Easy to start with: Yul Brynner, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, and Horst Buchholz. But if Brad Dexter... is usually the last to be mentioned, it is mainly because of the fame of the others; actually, he was rather good as the most mercenary of the septet.... the cool and taciturn Harry Luck...

Return to television.

The success of "The Magnificent Seven" did not immediately benefit Dexter's career: he returned to television, guest starring in "The Aquanauts", "Hawaiian Eye", "General Electric Theatre", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Surfside 6", "The Investigators", and "Alcoa Premiere". He could be seen in "It Started in Tokyo" (1961), "The George Raft Story" (1961) (playing Bugsy Siegel), "X-15" (1962) with Charles Bronson and "Johnny Cool" (1963). Dexter supported Yul Brynner again in "Taras Bulba" (1962), "Kings of the Sun" (1963) (from the producers of "Magnificent Seven"), and "Invitation to a Gunfighter" (1964).  In 1963, Dexter was cast as California Supreme Court Justice David S. Terry in "A Gun Is Not a Gentleman" on the syndicated anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews. Carroll O'Connor portrayed U.S. Senator David C. Broderick of California, who mortally wounded Justice Terry in an 1859 duel. Though past allies in the Democratic Party, Terry, a slavery advocate, challenged the anti-slavery Broderick.

Frank Sinatra.

Dexter's friendship with Frank Sinatra began when Dexter saved Sinatra from drowning on May 10, 1964, during production of the World War II film "None but the Brave" (1965) on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Sinatra and Ruth Koch, the wife of producer Howard Koch, were swimming when they were swept out to sea by the outgoing tide and nearly drowned. Sinatra's co-star Dexter and two surfers swam out and rescued them. Dexter was later awarded a Red Cross medal for his bravery. Grateful, Sinatra made him vice president of Sinatra Enterprises.  After Dexter appeared in "Bus Riley's Back in Town" (1965), he made another film with Sinatra, "Von Ryan's Express" (1965). That year, Dexter complained that acting made him "frustrated as hell. As an actor you don't have control over the medium you're in... you have no control over your destiny."  Dexter produced "The Naked Runner" (1967), which starred Sinatra and was filmed in London. Dexter and director Sidney J. Furie clashed with Sinatra over the latter's unwillingness to finish the film, and, after it was completed, Dexter resigned. "I was the only guy who dropped Sinatra... I couldn't put up with his nonsense", Dexter said at the time. Publicly, Dexter denied any falling out with Sinatra. He claimed to have left Sinatra's company to make a film with Furie based on the Sam Sheppard case.  The project eventually became "The Lawyer" (1970) starring Barry Newman as Petrocelli. He produced two more films for Furie: "Little Fauss and Big Halsy" (1970) starring Robert Redford, and "Lady Sings the Blues" (1972) starring Diana Ross as Billie Holiday.

Later career.

Dexter returned to acting with roles in "Jory" (1973), "Shampoo" (1975), "Vigilante Force" (1976), "The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover" (1977), "House Calls" (1978) and "Winter Kills" (1979), and guest parts on "McCloud", "Kojak", "S.W.A.T.", "Project U.F.O.", and "The Incredible Hulk". Dexter produced the TV series "Skag" (1980) starring Karl Malden. His last role was in "Cognac" (1988).

Family.

He was married to Star-Kist tuna heiress Mary Bogdanovich from January 27, 1971, until her death on June 12, 1994. Later in 1994, he married June Deyer and remained with her until his death.

Death.

Dexter died in Rancho Mirage, California, from emphysema, on December 11, 2002, at age 85, and is interred at Desert Memorial Park.

Brad Dexter (born Boris Michel Soso; April 9, 1917 – December 12, 2002) was an American actor and film producer. He is known for tough-guy and western roles, including the 1960 film "The Magnificent Seven" (1960), and producing several films for Sidney J. Furie such as "Lady Sings the Blues". He is also known for a short marriage to Peggy Lee, a friendship with Marilyn Monroe and for saving Frank Sinatra from drowning. Dexter's tough-guy roles contrasted with his easygoing and friendly real-life personality.

Boris Milanovich dit Brad Dexter est un acteur américain d'origine serbe, né à Goldfield (Nevada) le, et mort à Rancho Mirage (Californie) le.


History.

Formation and initial years (1992–1994).

Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb north of San Diego, in August 1992. Guitarist Tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for being inebriated at a basketball game, and was forced to attend another school for one semester. At Rancho Bernardo High School, DeLonge performed at a Battle of the Bands competition, where he was introduced to drummer Scott Raynor. He also befriended Kerry Key, who was also interested in punk rock music. Key was dating Anne Hoppus, sister of bassist Mark Hoppus, who had recently moved from Ridgecrest to work at a record store and attend college. Both Hoppus and DeLonge grew up listening to punk rock music, with both particularly enamored by the Descendents. Southern California had a large punk population in the early 1990s, aided by an avid surfing, skating, and snowboarding scene. In contrast to East Coast punk music, the West Coast wave of groups, Blink included, typically introduced more melodic aspects to the group's music. "New York is gloomy, dark and cold. It makes different music. The Californian middle-class suburbs have nothing to be that bummed about," said DeLonge.  Anne introduced her brother to DeLonge on August 1, 1992. The pair instantly connected and played for hours in DeLonge's garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became fan favorite "Carousel". Hoppus, hoping to impress DeLonge, managed to fall from a lamppost in front of DeLonge's home and crack his ankles, an injury that put him in crutches for three weeks. The trio began to practice together in Raynor's bedroom, spending time writing music, seeing movies and punk concerts, and playing practical jokes. The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band "Blink". Hoppus' girlfriend of the time was annoyed by his constant attention to the band, and demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band not long after its formation. Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, with Jones on bass. Hoppus promptly broke up with his girlfriend and returned to the band. "Flyswatter"—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom in May 1993. The band began booking shows, and were on stage nearly every weekend, even at Elks Lodges and YMCA centers. DeLonge called clubs constantly in San Diego asking for a spot to play, as well as local high schools, convincing them that Blink was a "motivational band with a strong antidrug message" in hopes to play at an assembly or lunch. San Diego at this time was "hardly a hotbed of [musical] activity", according to journalist Joe Shooman, but the band's popularity grew as did punk rock concurrently in the mainstream. They quickly became part of a circuit that also included bands such as Ten Foot Pole and Unwritten Law, and Blink soon found its way onto the bill as the opening band for acts performing at Soma, a local all-ages venue. "The biggest dreams we ever had when we started was to [headline] a show at Soma," Hoppus said later. Meanwhile, Hoppus' manager at the record store, Patrick Secor, fronted the group money to properly record another demo at a local studio Doubletime. The result was "Buddha" (1994), which the members of the band viewed as the band's first legitimate release. That year, however, Raynor's family relocated to Reno, Nevada, and he was briefly replaced by musician Mike Krull. The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows, and he eventually moved back and in with Hoppus in mid-1995. During that time, the band would record its first album, first music video, and develop a larger following.

Early releases and touring (1995–1998).

The heart of the local independent music scene was Cargo Records, which offered to sign the band on a "trial basis," with help from O, guitarist for local punk band Fluf, and Brahm Goodis, a friend of the band whose father was president of the label. Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. The band recorded its debut album—"Cheshire Cat", released in February 1995—in three days at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, fueled by both new songs and re-recordings of songs from previous demos. "M+M's", the band's first single, garnered local radio airplay from 91X, and Cargo offered the band a small budget to film a music video for it. Meanwhile, the record also drew the attention of Irish band Blink. Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change its name. Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward. Eventually, Cargo called the trio, demanding that they "change the name or [we'll] change it for you," after which the band decided on a random number, 182.  The band soon hired a manager, Rick DeVoe, who had worked with larger bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and the Offspring. In addition, the group drew the attention of Rick and Jean Bonde of the Tahoe booking agency, who were responsible for "spreading the name of the band far and wide." In late 1995, the trio embarked on their first national tour, promoting the surf video "GoodTimes" with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds. "GoodTimes" was directed by filmmaker Taylor Steele, who was a friend of DeVoe. In preparation for the trek, the band members purchased their own tour van, which they nicknamed the "Millennium Falcon". The "GoodTimes" tour extended outside the States with a leg in Australia; the trio were financially unable to go, but Pennywise's members paid for their plane tickets. Fletcher Dragge, guitarist of Pennywise, believed in the band strongly. He demanded that Kevin Lyman, founder of the traveling rock-based Warped Tour, sign the band for its 1996 iteration, predicting they would become "gigantic." That year, the band toured heavily, with several domestic shows on and off the Warped Tour, trips to Canada and Japan, and more Australian dates. Australia were particularly receptive to the band and its humorous stage antics, which gained the band a reputation but also made them ostracized and considered a joke.  By March 1996, the trio began to accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, resulting in a bidding war between Interscope, MCA and Epitaph. MCA promised the group complete artistic freedom and ultimately signed the band, but Raynor held a great affinity for Epitaph and began to feel half-invested in the band when it chose MCA. The group, discouraged by Cargo's lack of distribution and faith in the group, held no qualms about signing to a major label but were fiercely criticized in the punk community. After nonstop touring, the trio began recording their follow-up LP, "Dude Ranch", over the period of a month in late 1996 with producer Mark Trombino. The record saw release the following June, and the band headed out on the 1997 Warped Tour. "Dammit", the album's lead single, received heavy airplay on modern rock stations. "Dude Ranch" shipped gold by 1998, but an exhaustive touring schedule brought tensions among the trio. Raynor had been drinking heavily to offset personal issues, and he was fired by DeLonge and Hoppus in mid-1998 despite agreeing to attend rehab and quit drinking. Travis Barker, drummer for tour-mate The Aquabats, filled in for Raynor, learning the 20-song setlist in 45 minutes before the first show. By July, he joined the band full-time and later that year, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Finn to begin work on their third album.

Mainstream breakthrough and continued success (1999–2004).

With the release of the group's third album "Enema of the State" in June 1999, Blink-182 was catapulted to stardom and became the biggest pop punk act of the era. Three singles were released from the record—"What's My Age Again?", "All the Small Things", and "Adam's Song"—which became major radio hits. "All the Small Things" became a number-one hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also became a crossover hit, peaking at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The band's relationship with MTV cemented their status as video stars; all three singles became staples on the network and "TRL" mainstays. "Enema of the State" was an enormous commercial success, although the band was criticized as synthesized, manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk, and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of its singles and associating music videos. The album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide and had a considerable effect on pop punk music, inspiring a "second wave" of the genre and numerous acolytes.  Following that success, as well as their first arena tour and cameo appearances in film and TV ("American Pie"), the band recorded their fourth album, the comically-titled "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket" (2001). It became their first number one album in the U.S., Canada, and Germany, and spawned the singles "The Rock Show", "Stay Together for the Kids" and "First Date". Jerry Finn returned to produce the record and was a key architect of the "polished" pop punk sound; according to journalist James Montgomery, writing for MTV News, the veteran engineer "served as an invaluable member of the Blink team: part adviser, part impartial observer, he helped smooth out tensions and hone their multiplatinum sound." Recording sessions were sometimes contentious, as DeLonge strove for heavier-sounding guitar riffs. With time off from touring, he felt a desire to broaden his musical palette, and channeled his chronic back pain and resulting frustration into "Box Car Racer" (2002), an LP that emulates his post-hardcore influences, such as Fugazi and Refused. He invited Barker to record drums for the project, in order to refrain from hiring a studio musician. Box Car Racer rapidly evolved into a side project for the duo, launching the singles "I Feel So" and "There Is", in addition to two national tours throughout 2002. Though DeLonge claimed Hoppus was not intentionally left out, Hoppus felt betrayed, and the event created great division within the trio for some time and was an unresolved tension at the forefront of the band's later hiatus. In the meantime, Barker also parlayed his love of hip-hop into the rap rock outfit Transplants, a collaboration with Rancid's Tim Armstrong.  The band regrouped in 2003 to record its fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into its usual pop punk sound, inspired by lifestyle changes (the band members all became fathers before the album was released) and side projects. "Blink-182" was released in November 2003 through Geffen Records, which absorbed sister label MCA earlier that year. The worldwide touring schedule, which saw the band travel to Japan and Australia, also found the three performing for troops stationed in the Persian Gulf during the first year of the Iraq War. Critics generally complimented the new, more "mature" direction taken for the album and its lead singles "Feeling This" and "I Miss You" charted high, with the latter becoming the group's second number one hit on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. Fans, however, were split by the new direction, and tensions within the band—stemming from the grueling schedule and DeLonge's desire to spend more time with his family—started to become evident.

Hiatus, side projects, and Barker's plane crash (2005–2008).

In February 2005, Geffen issued a press statement announcing the band's "indefinite hiatus." The band had broken up after members' arguments regarding their future and recording process. DeLonge felt increasingly conflicted both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring was taking on his family life. He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family. Hoppus and Barker were dismayed by his decision, which they felt was an overly long break. Rehearsals for a benefit concert grew contentious, rooted in the trio's increasing bitterness toward one another. DeLonge considered his bandmates' priorities "mad, mad different," coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grown apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame. The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group.  DeLonge briefly disappeared from public eye, making no appearances, granting no interviews and remaining silent until September 2005, when he announced his new project, Angels & Airwaves, promising "the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation." He later revealed he was addicted to painkillers at the time for his chronic back pain, noting that his grandiose statements seemed outlandish. The group released two albums in 2006 and 2007: the RIAA gold-certified "We Don't Need to Whisper" and "I-Empire". In the interim, Hoppus and Barker also continued playing music together in +44. +44's debut, "When Your Heart Stops Beating", was released in 2006 but stalled commercially and received mixed reviews. Meanwhile, Barker starred in the MTV reality series "Meet the Barkers" with his then-wife, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler. The couple's later split, reconciliation and subsequent breakup made them tabloid favorites. Barker also launched a shoe line and worked on hip-hop remixs, as well as with the Transplants and TRV$DJAM, a collaboration with friend Adam Goldstein (DJ AM). During the hiatus, Hoppus shifted his attention hosting a podcast and producing albums (most notably "Commit This to Memory" by former tour-mate Motion City Soundtrack).  The band members did not speak from their breakup until 2008. That August, former producer Jerry Finn suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died. The following month, Barker and Goldstein were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving the two the only survivors. Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed posttraumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and 48-hour blood transfusions. Goldstein's injuries were less severe, but the following year, he died from a drug overdose. Hoppus was alerted about Barker's accident by a phone call in the middle of the night and jumped on the next flight to the burn center. DeLonge quickly reached out to his former bandmate, mailing him a letter and photograph. The trio eventually met up in the hospital, laying the grounds for what was going to be the band's reunion. Eventually, an arrangement was made for the trio to meet up at Hoppus and Barker's Los Angeles studio in October 2008. The three opened up, discussing the events of the hiatus and their break-up, and DeLonge was the first to approach the subject of reuniting. Hoppus remembered: "I remember [Tom] said, 'So, what do you guys think? Where are your heads at?' And I said, 'I think we should continue with what we've been doing for the past 17 years. I think we should get back on the road and back in the studio and do what we love doing.

Reunion years (2009–2014).

Eventually, the band appeared for the first time on stage together in nearly five years as presenters at the February 2009 Grammy Awards, announcing their reunion. The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following from August to September 2010. Barker, suffering from a fear of flying after his accident, traveled via bus domestically and by an ocean liner for overseas dates. The recording process for "Neighborhoods", the band's sixth studio album, was stalled by its studio autonomy, tours, managers, and personal projects. DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles—an extension of their strained communication. The self-produced album—their first without Jerry Finn since "Enema of the State"—was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the "Billboard" 200. Its singles—"Up All Night" and "After Midnight"—only attracted modest chart success, and label Interscope was reportedly disappointed with album sales.  The band continued to tour in the early 2010s, "despite growing evidence of remaining friction" between the members, according to AllMusic biographer John Bush. They headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America from in 2011 with My Chemical Romance, and launched a 20th Anniversary Tour the next year. For that tour, the band played in Europe twice, North America, and Australia; drummer Brooks Wackerman filled-in for Barker, as he was not yet ready to fly. Additionally, the trio pursued a tenth anniversary celebration of "Blink-182" with a series of shows, and played the Reading and Leeds Festivals; it was the band's fourth appearance at the festival and second headlining slot. The band also parted ways with longtime label Interscope, self-releasing their next project, "Dogs Eating Dogs", an EP. DeLonge's final performance with the group was at the Wine Amplified Festival in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 11, 2014.  The reunion of the band has been characterized as dysfunctional by both Barker and DeLonge. Hoppus commented on this era of the band in a later interview: "Everything was always very contentious. There was always just a strange vibe. [...] I knew there was something wrong." In his memoir, "Can I Say", Barker claims DeLonge's behavior on tour was "introverted" until "money started coming in," after which "he'd get excited about Blink." He states DeLonge abruptly quit sometime in mid-2014, and rejoined the following day. The group planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, which had continually seen delays. "I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it," Barker later said. A record deal was finalized and sessions were booked before DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on "non-musical activities" and indefinitely depart the group. In his own statement, DeLonge remarked that he "Never planned on quitting, [I] just find it hard as hell to commit." After these events, Barker summarized the band's reunion: "Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable."

Lineup change and California (2015–2018).

Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to "fill in" for three shows in March 2015. Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years, so he was the first and only person considered for the role. After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music. The resulting album, "California", was produced by John Feldmann. He was the group's first new producer since longtime collaborator Jerry Finn. "California" was recorded between January and March 2016. The band, as well as Feldmann, would regularly spend "18 hours" in the studio a day, aiming to start and complete multiple songs in that timeframe. "We all wanted to write the best record that we could [...] It does feel like a new beginning. It feels like when we used to tour and sleep in the van because that's all we wanted to do is play rock music," said Hoppus.  Upon its July 2016 release, "California" became the band's second number-one album on the "Billboard" 200, and first in 15 years; it also reached the top for the first time in the United Kingdom. Its lead single, "Bored to Death", became the group's first number one single in 12 years. The band supported the album with a large headlining tour across North America between July and October 2016, and a European leg in June and July 2017. A deluxe edition of "California"—essentially a double album including songs left off the original album—was issued in 2017. "California" earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards. Critical reviews of the album, however, were mixed; many considered Feldmann's input and the throwback nature of the songs as formulaic.

"Nine" and collaborations (2019-present).

In 2019 the trio moved from independent service BMG to major-label Columbia for their eighth studio effort, "Nine" (2019). While "Nine" builds upon their partnership with Feldmann, it also utilizes additional outside producers and songwriters. Musically, the LP augments the band's pop punk sound with hip hop-inspired programming, as well as electronics. In the interim, the trio embarked on a celebratory tour marking the twentieth anniversary of their breakthrough effort, "Enema of the State". In recent years, each member has explored side projects as well. Skiba returned to Alkaline Trio for their ninth album, "Is This Thing Cursed?" (2018), while Hoppus formed Simple Creatures, an electropop outfit with All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth, with whom he released two EPs throughout 2019. Lastly, Barker has focused his energies in collaborating with rappers Lil Nas X, Machine Gun Kelly, and XXXTentacion, among others. Blink have also worked with several artists, jointly issuing singles with XXXTentacion, Lil Wayne, Goody Grace, Steve Aoki, and the Chainsmokers.  In April 2020, Hoppus confirmed that Miley Cyrus was on an unreleased version of "I Really Wish I Hated You".  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Blink-182 among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Musical style, lyrical themes, and influences.

Blink-182's musical style is mainly considered pop punk, a genre that combines influences of pop music with traditional punk rock. Throughout the band's career, though their sound has diversified, a large component of the band's music favors fast tempos, catchy melodies, prominent electric guitar with distortion, and power chord changes. Earlier albums by the band have also been tagged with the label skate punk, owing to the skater subculture that was important to their youth. In addition, the band has also been classified under the umbrella of alternative rock as a whole. The band have claimed punk rock group the Descendents to be their greatest influence on a number of occasions. They have also named the Beatles, the Ramones, the Beach Boys, the Cure, U2, Stiff Little Fingers, All, Dinosaur Jr., NOFX, Bad Religion, Refused, Fugazi, Screeching Weasel, The Vandals, The Queers, and Jimmy Eat World as inspirations.  Common lyrical themes for the band involve relationships, suburbia, toilet humor, and teen angst. Hoppus and DeLonge, and later Skiba, split songwriting duty, and much of their lyrics tend toward autobiography. According to Nitsuh Abebe, of "New York", the band's biggest recurring topic is maturity—"more specifically, their lack of it, their attitude toward their lack of it, or their eventual wide-eyed exploration of it". One of the band's biggest singles, "What's My Age Again?", specifically addresses the Peter Pan syndrome, while "Dammit", the band's first mainstream hit single, contains the hook "Well, I guess this is growing up." Albums such as "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket" near-exclusively deal in toilet humor and teen-centered lyrics, leading "Rolling Stone" to dub it a concept album chronicling adolescence. For Hoppus, these themes were not exclusively adolescent: "The things that happen to you in high school are the same things that happen your entire life. You can fall in love at sixty; you can get rejected at eighty." Mid-career albums, such as "Neighborhoods" (2011), explore darker territory, such as depression and loss. More recent efforts, like "California" (2016), aim for universality but also focus on miscommunication and loss of identity.  Musically, the band's sound has progressed throughout their 25-year career. Tom DeLonge's guitar style, which trades solos for riffs, is often down-stroked and power-chord heavy, with large amounts of palm muting. His later work guitar work heavily delves into effects, exploring ambience and delay prominently. Many Blink songs center on the I–V–vi–IV progression. As a bassist, Hoppus is known for his well-defined midrange tone. Since the band is a trio, he approaches his role as a combination of being a rhythm guitarist and bassist. Early albums, such as "Cheshire Cat" (1995) and "Dude Ranch" (1997), were recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor, and consist of fast-paced, double-time songs. Drummer Travis Barker diversified the band's sound rhythmically when he joined in 1998. Throughout their discography, Barker's drumming references a myriad of musical genres, including Afro-Cuban music, bossa nova, reggae, and hip hop. Barker grew up playing in marching band, and it still influences his drum fills and kit setup.  Blink-182 was key in the development of pop punk in that they were considered more radio-friendly than their predecessors. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" writes that the band "[took] punk's already playful core and [gave] it a shiny, accessible polish." Luke Lewis, writing for "Total Guitar" in 2003, summarized it aptly: "They wrote catchy songs, radio stations played them." The band's biggest hit, "All the Small Things", was written partially because DeLonge figured the label might want a song for radio. "It was obvious from the beginning it would fit that format," he told Lewis. "There's nothing wrong with that. We don't want obstacles between us and our audience." However, the band's conventional appeal, as well as partnerships with MTV, boardsport companies, and clothing brands, led to accusations that they were betraying the independent spirit of punk rock. DeLonge commented on the band's mainstream appeal in an interview in 2014:

Legacy.

Blink-182 was one of the most popular rock bands at the turn of the millennium, and spearheaded the second wave of pop punk and its journey into the mainstream. The glossy production instantly set Blink-182 apart from the other crossover punk acts of the era, such as Green Day. Its third LP "Enema of the State" catapulted the band to stardom, creating what "New York" Abebe described as a "blanket immersion among America's twenty-some million teenagers." At the band's commercial peak, albums such as "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket" and "Enema " sold over 14 and 15 million copies worldwide, respectively. According to Kelefa Sanneh of "The New Yorker", Blink-182 gradually "emerged as a touchstone, spawning more imitators than any American rock band since Nirvana. Their seeming ordinariness convinced a generation of goofy punks that maybe they, too, could turn out deceptively simple songs as well constructed as anything on the pop chart. And their prankish camaraderie made fans feel like members of their extended social circle." Most Blink-182 songs are fairly straightforward and easy to play on guitar, making them perfect practice for beginner musicians. Lewis of "Total Guitar" notes that this was key in influencing a generation of kids to "pick up the guitar and form bands of their own."  Despite this, the band never received particularly glowing reviews, with many reviewers dismissing them as a joke. British publication "NME" was particularly critical of the trio, with reviewer Steven Wells begging them to "fuck right off," comparing them to "that sanitised, castrated, shrink-wrapped 'new wave' crap that the major US record companies pumped out circa 1981 in their belated attempt to jump on the 'punk' bandwagon." Nevertheless, subsequent reviews of the band's discography have been more positive. Andy Greenwald of "Blender" wrote, "the quick transformation from nudists to near geniuses is down-right astonishing." James Montgomery of MTV said that "despite their maturation, Blink never took themselves particularly "seriously", which was another reason they were so accessible." A new generation of rock fans found the Blink sound "hugely influential," according to Nicole Frehsée of "Rolling Stone".  In 2011, Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" asserted that "no punk band of the 1990s has been more influential than Blink-182," stating that even as the band receded after its initial 2005 split, "its sound and style could be heard in the muscular pop punk of Fall Out Boy or in the current wave of high-gloss Warped Tour punk bands, like All Time Low and The Maine." Montgomery concurs: "...without them, there'd be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records." Maria Sherman of "The Village Voice" took this a step further, writing "Apart from the sound, Blink's ideology has been popularized [...] their presence is everywhere." "When it comes to having inestimable influence, Blink-182 might well be contemporary punk's version of the Beatles", wrote Scott Heisel in a 2009 "Alternative Press" cover story on the band. The same magazine later ranked Blink the fourth of the "30 Most Influential Bands of the Past 30 Years," just behind Radiohead, Fugazi, and Nirvana. Bands such as Panic! at the Disco and All Time Low originated covering Blink-182 songs, while You Me at Six, and 5 Seconds of Summer have also named the band as influences."Anyone in our genre would be lying if they said they weren't influenced by Blink-182," said Joel Madden of Good Charlotte. The band's influence extends beyond pop punk groups as well: the band has been cited as an influence by Avril Lavigne, Best Coast, DIIV, FIDLAR, Grimes, Male Bonding, Neck Deep, Mumford & Sons, A Day To Remember, Owl City, Charly Bliss, Tucker Beathard, Joyce Manor, Wavves, and the Chainsmokers; the latter even mentioned the band in the lyrics of their number-one hit song "Closer".

Members.

Former  Former touring and session members

Blink-182 (sometimes written as Blink 182; often stylized in all lowercase as blink-182) is an American rock band formed in Poway, California in 1992. Since 2015, the lineup of the band has consisted of bass guitarist and vocalist Mark Hoppus, drummer Travis Barker, and guitarist and vocalist Matt Skiba. Founded by Hoppus, guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge, and drummer Scott Raynor, the band emerged from the Southern California punk scene of the early 1990s and first gained notoriety for high-energy live shows and irreverent lyrical toilet humor. Hoppus is the only constant band member.

Blink-182, également stylisé blink-182, est un groupe de pop punk américain, originaire de Poway, en Californie. Formé en 1992, le groupe se compose du chanteur et guitariste Matt Skiba, du chanteur et bassiste Mark Hoppus et du batteur Travis Barker.


Crest and colours.

Sligo's team colours are black and white. Sligo's jerseys have alternated between black and white over the years. In the 1990s, Sligo opted for predominantly white shirts with black shorts with exceptions in 1995 and 1996 when they wore an all-black strip. In 2001, Sligo was fined by the GAA for not wearing their registered county colours and after a win over Kildare decided to make the all-black kit their first choice.  Sligo's crest features Benbulbin in the background, one of the iconic landmarks of County Sligo.

Football.

Clubs.

Tubbercurry are the most successful team in the history of the Club Championships in Sligo, with 20 senior titles to their name. The last of these was won in 2014.  St Mary's are Sligo's most successful club team in the Provincial and All-Ireland club series with three Connacht Senior Club Football Championship titles to their name (1977, 1980 and 1983). They also won the All-Ireland sevens title in 1980. They, along with Tubbercurry, dominated the club scene in Sligo over a fifteen-year period (1976–1991), with St. Mary's claiming eight championships to Tubber's three. The pairing contested the final on eight occasions, including five in succession (1983–1987), and these finals were tense and heated encounters. In recent years Tourlestrane have dominated Sligo club football.  St Mary's and Tubbercurry also jointly lead the roll of honour for the Under-21 Championships with Tubbercurry, having both won on 6 occasions as of 2015.  St Mary's lead the roll of honour for the Minor Championship, with 11 titles as of 2015, having won the previous 5 championships in succession (2011-2015).  Despite being one of the most celebrated clubs in the county, St Mary's remain one of the worst supported sides due to the dominance of soccer in Sligo town.  In the years since the dominance of St Mary's and Tubbercurry, there have been various winners of the county championship with Bunninadden, Coolera/Strandhill, Curry, Eastern Harps, Shamrock Gaels and Tourlestrane all claiming the Owen B. Hunt Cup during the past two decades. Other senior teams that have come close to winning the championship in the past few years include St John's and Easkey.  In 2005, Coolera/Strandhill won its first senior title in 98 years, having narrowly lost the 2000 final to Bunninadden, who at that time had not won a title in 109 years.  Much of the minor and underage successes within the county have seen Tubbercurry and St Mary's teams dominate this grade in recent years with many of the titles being won by either of Sligo town's two main club's in the past decade.  Sligo's club football scene is not dominated by any single team; there were no back-to-back winners since the St Patrick's team of 1988 and 1989, the longest out of any county in history, until Tourlestrane did the two in a row in 2016 and 2017.  In club football, no Sligo team has ever appeared in an All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship final. St Mary's is the only Sligo team to have ever won the Connacht Senior Club Football Championship, having won it three times in 1977, 1980 and 1983. Eastern Harps, Curry and Tourlestrane have all appeared in Connacht finals.

County team.

Due to its much smaller population than both County Galway and County Mayo, the two dominant forces in the province of Connacht, and competition from professional League of Ireland soccer team Sligo Rovers in the county's capital town. The Sligo county football team have never been able to break from the shackles inherent in the provincial championship format. They have won only three Connacht championships, with about 50 years between each win. These championships came in 1928, 1975 and 2007.  Sligo have never appeared in an All-Ireland final. The 1922 Championship is the closest they have come, defeating Roscommon, Mayo and Galway to win the Connacht title, and beating Tipperary in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final that followed. However an objection from Galway on what is described as "a flimsy technicality" led to the Connacht decider being brought to a replay, which Sligo went on to lose. Sligo met the same fate in the inaugural National Football League campaign of 1926, beating Laois to reach the final, only for Laois to object on the grounds of a Sligo player's name being misspelled; Sligo lost the replay. This gives Sligo the unique position of having qualified for an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final and a National Football League Final, without ever having contested either.  In 1954, Sligo reached the Connacht final against Galway, only for an equalising goal in the final minute to be disallowed. In 1962, Sligo reached the Connacht final against Roscommon, and led for much of the match only to be blighted by a sudden string of injuries, miss a 50 while two points ahead in the final minute, and then gift soon-to-be All-Ireland finalists Roscommon a goal in what is considered "one of the great football tragedies in Connacht". In 1965, Sligo reached the Connacht final against Galway and gained a seven-point lead, only for one of their players to be "mysteriously sent to the full-forward spot", causing "the entire team [to lose] momentum" and the match.  Since the 2001 introduction to the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship of a qualifier system for teams eliminated from their provincial championship, Sligo, despite historically having a poor record, has enjoyed some modest, though noteworthy, success. The new format together with a prolonged period of competing in Division 1 of the National Football League helped bring about an upward turn in the county's fortunes. In 2002, having narrowly lost the Connacht Senior Football Final to Galway, the defending All-Ireland champions, Sligo went on to defeat Tyrone in Croke Park, turning over a seven-point deficit in the process. A similar comeback against the eventual All-Ireland champions Armagh two weeks later led to a replay, but Sligo's run was halted when they had claims for a penalty in injury time of the second game turned down.  On 8 July 2007, Sligo claimed their first Connacht title since 1975 with a one-point victory over Galway. The following year they were trashed by Mayo and ended up in the Tommy Murphy Cup, after a league campaign that had seen them relegated to Division 4. Star player Eamonn O'Hara said he was embarrassed by the team's rapid decline back into mediocrity. On 27 June 2010, Sligo hosted Galway and led 1–8 to 0–2 at halftime but were shocked by an undeserved draw ending 1–10 each. The replay saw Sligo defeat the Tribesmen on the scoreline 1–14 to 0–16 to advance to the Connacht Senior Football Final. Once there, after all their hard work and continued misfortune, Roscommon defeated them by 0–14 to 0–13.  Sligo football descended to a new depth on 26 May 2013 when they were dumped out of the Connacht Championship by London in their first game. The scoreline was 1-12 to 0-14. This was London's first victory in the Connacht Championship since 1977. Lorcan Mulvey scored the vital London goal.  The county Vocational Schools team reached two All-Ireland finals in 1962 and 1963, losing both to Dublin City.

Ladies' football.

Sligo ladies' football team have won one All-Ireland Junior title in 2006. managed at the time by Paddy Henry.  They are currently competing in the Intermediate Championship.  They have had a number of club provincial Junior titles as both St Nathy's and Drumcliffe have won and both have reached the All-Ireland Finals. St Nathy's are the strongest club side in the county at present, followed by Geevagh and St Michael's.

Hurling.

Clubs.

The Sligo Senior Hurling Championship is the main competition in the county.

County team.

Sligo's county team would have not been considered a traditionally strong team in senior hurling, yet they have attained considerably more success than their football counterparts, with the county's most notable early achievements being an appearance in the All-Ireland Junior final in 1968, and the National League Division 3 title in 2005. From 2009 onwards however, Sligo's Hurling legacy was cemented in GAA history books with 3 All Ireland titles in just over a decade, back to back All Ireland victories amongst them.  In 2008, Sligo finally tasted All-Ireland success, albeit at the Third Tier level, when they claimed the Nicky Rackard Cup, the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship for Tier Three (developing) hurling counties. Sligo have done extremely well but did not get promoted due to losing playoff with Roscommon. Paul Seevers was most likely the county's greatest hurling playing for more the 20 years, he won 3 Railway Cups with Connacht as well as a Nicky Rackard Cup in 2008, he also represented Ireland in the Shinty International against Scotland in 2003. Sligo won the All-Ireland Minor 'C' Hurling Championship in August 1986, defeating Tyrone by 4 points in Croke Park. They won the U16 All-Ireland 'C' hurling title after they beat Tyrone in the Monaghan Centre of Excellence in 2012.  2018 was a signature year for Sligo hurling when both senior and minor teams brought national silverware back to the Land of the Shells. The Sligo senior hurlers achieved All-Ireland glory for the first time since 2008, then under Michael Galvin. Darragh Cox and Daithí Hand's men beat Lancashire in a Lory Meagher All-Ireland Final with a late last-minute goal to seal the winning points. Benny Kenny's under-17 squad, a few weeks later, beat Donegal in a convincing win to become All-Ireland Celtic Challenge Cup Champions in the Michael Feery Cup, beating Mayo, Roscommon and others along the way.  2019 brought more success in back to back All-Ireland Senior titles. Having been promoted to the Nicky Rackard Championship, they topped Group 2 eliminating favourites, Mayo, in a drawn game after beating Tyrone and Louth in previous games. Following on from a 2-21 to 2-17 victory over Warwickshire in Celtic Park, Sligo advanced to an All-Ireland Final in GAA HQ. Facing a heavily tipped Armagh side, Sligo became champions with an injury time goal by Gerard O'Kelly Lynch and a 'Roy of Rovers' point by young substitute Kieran Prior to turn around a three-point deficit in extra-time. James Weir, at 19 years of age and the youngest ever All-Ireland winning Captain, lifted aloft the Nicky Rackard Cup thus giving Sligo offivial recognition as a dual county.  The hurlers are scheduled to play in the 2020 Christy Ring Cup as a result.

Honours.

All Irelands (3)  Provincials (2)  Leagues (2)

Current hurling squad (2019).

Squad as per Sligo v Armagh, 2019 Nicky Rackard Cup Final, 22 June 2019

Camogie.

Sligo camogie official Nuala Kavanagh refereed the 1965 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final.  Under Camogie's National Development Plan 2010–2015, “Our Game, Our Passion,” three new camogie clubs are to be established in Sligo and a county board formed by 2015.

The Sligo County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) () or Sligo GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Sligo. The county board is also responsible for the Sligo county teams.

Le Sligo County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association ou plus simplement Sligo GAA est une sélection de sports gaéliques basée dans la province du Connacht. Elle est responsable de l’organisation des sports gaéliques dans le Comté de Sligo et des équipes qui le représente dans les rencontres inter-comtés.


Plot summary.

"Cyborg" is the story of an astronaut and test pilot, Steve Austin, who experiences a catastrophic crash during a flight, leaving him with all but one limb destroyed, blind in one eye, and with other major injuries.  At the same time, a secret part of the American government, the Office of Strategic Operations (OSO) has taken an interest in the work of Dr. Rudy Wells concerning bionics - the replacement of human body parts with mechanical prosthetics that (in the context of this novel) are more powerful than the original limbs. Wells also happens to be a good friend of Austin's, so when OSO chief Oscar Goldman "invites" (or rather, orders) Wells to rebuild Austin with bionics limbs, Wells agrees.  Steve Austin is outfitted with two new legs capable of propelling him at great speed, and a bionic left arm with almost human dexterity and the strength of a battering ram. One of the fingers of the hand incorporates a poison dart gun. His left eye is replaced with a false, removable eye that is used (in this first novel) to house a miniature camera. Other physical alterations include the installation of a steel skull plate to replace bone smashed by the crash, and a radio transmitter built into a rib. This mixture of man and machine is known as a cyborg, from which the novel gets its title.  The first half of the novel details Austin's operation and both his reaction to his original injuries—he attempts to commit suicide—and his initially resentful reaction to being rebuilt with bionic prosthetic hardware. The operation has a price: Austin is committed to working for the OSO as a reluctant agent. The second half of the novel describes Austin being teamed with an already experienced female operative, and his mission to the Middle East as both spy and weapon. Austin, already coming to appreciate his bionic implants, relies heavily on his augmentation during the mission and by the end accepts his role.

Steve Austin series.

Caidin's book was written as the first of a series, and during the next few years, he wrote three more books that were, for the most part, independent of the continuity of the television series (upon which additional novels were written by other authors):  None of the sequels to "Cyborg" were adapted for the television series.

Adaptations.

Television.

During 1973, "Cyborg" was adapted as a 90-minute, made-for-television movie titled "The Six Million Dollar Man." The movie begins with a computerized text scroll explaining the term "cyborg" and since the word "CYBORG" is the first word seen on screen, some sources, including the ABC network's own promotions for the movie and later Discovision home video release, give the full title as "Cyborg: The Six Million Dollar Man."  The movie starred Lee Majors as Austin alongside Martin Balsam as Rudy Wells. The name of the OSO (Office of Scientific Operations) officer backing Austin's "rebuilding" was changed from Oscar Goldman to Oliver Spencer (played by Darren McGavin). Spencer is portrayed as having a limp and constant pain. (The OSO chief is still named McKay as in the novel, though now a middle-aged woman) Real-life footage of the Northrop M2-F2 test-plane crash was incorporated into the movie to depict Austin's accident.  The first half of the movie follows "Cyborg" fairly well, including Austin's initial suicide attempt and Wells's reluctance to operate on his friend. The second half of the movie differs from the novel, with Austin dropped into a remote part of Saudi Arabia on a solo mission and ordered to rescue a prisoner from a group of extremists, a mission later revealed to be a test of Austin's abilities.  The movie was a ratings success. A second movie, titled "Wine, Women and War," was commissioned, but this was not based upon any of Caidin's works. For this second movie, Oscar Goldman was reinstated, with Richard Anderson signed as Goldman, but the agency was renamed the Office of Scientific Intelligence, or OSI. Alan Oppenheimer replaced Martin Balsam as Dr. Wells. A third TV movie, "The Solid Gold Kidnapping," followed, after which "The Six Million Dollar Man" was begun as a weekly television series during 1974, running until 1978 for a total of five seasons. The original pilot movie was re-edited with new footage to make it a "flashback episode" and syndicated as the two-part "The Moon and the Desert". Author Martin Caidin, according to "The Bionic Book" by Herbie Pilato, served as an uncredited consultant for the series throughout its run, and ultimately made a brief appearance in one of its final-season episodes; in addition, author Jay Barbree, who collaborated with Caidin on a number of nonfiction book projects, also wrote a novel based upon the series.  During 1976, a spin-off, "The Bionic Woman," was begun, playing also until 1978, or three seasons. During 1987, 1989, and 1994, three made-for-television movies reunited the casts of both series. Due to his licensing agreement with Universal Studios, Caidin received credit on all these productions, though "The Bionic Woman" did not originate from his books. "The Bionic Woman" was remade in 2007 as "Bionic Woman," though few elements from the 1976-78 series were retained; elements from "Cyborg," however, were incorporated, such as the imagined Jaime Sommers possessing a bionic eye - a feature invented by Caidin for Austin - and organizational similarities between the OSO of Caidin's novel and the movie, and the Berkut Group organization featured in the remake. Only nine episodes of the remake were produced.

Changes for television.

A number of changes to Austin's bionic abilities and his demeanor were made as Caidin's original novel and its concepts were modified.  To increase the science-fiction appeal, Austin's bionics were made more powerful, and he had abilities his literary counterpart lacked. Most notably, the first movie revealed that Austin's replacement bionic eye had a telescopic feature (later expanded to include night vision), whereas Caidin originally had Austin's eye be little more than a minicamera, and Austin himself remained blinded in the eye itself. Although his bionic eye is shown before implantation and Austin is later shown using both of his eyes for normal vision, the movie otherwise omits any demonstration of the eye's special abilities. (The comic book adaptation of "The Six Million Dollar Man" added even more functions to the eye; in the first issue, Austin shoots a laser out of the eye, while in a later issue, its telescopic function is so advanced, he is able to see a man standing on a street corner from dozens of miles away.)  Austin was made to be less unemotional in the television series. In his original novel and those that followed, Caidin depicts Austin as being prepared to kill without pause during his missions - for example, he kills a truck driver to prevent the man from identifying Austin to the enemy. The television version, however, is shown stating outright that he has no desire to kill people, even though he still did so on occasion, and tools such as the poison dart gun in the bionic arm were omitted. Also, since actor Majors was right-handed, it was decided that Austin's bionic arm would be his right, not his left as depicted in the novels. (This discrepancy resulted in the cover art of some editions of the novels showing a bionic left arm and others a right; see, as one example, the 1978 cover art depicted above the infobox.) In Caidin's novel, the bionics arm was essentially a bludgeon and battering ram, and Austin is frequently described crushing skulls with it during fight sequences; but in the televised version, the arm is more sophisticated, and Austin is shown bending bars and throwing objects great distances with it.  In the novel, Austin is described as having a military and astronaut background. In the movie adaptation, he is explicitly described as a civilian test pilot (although also a former astronaut). For the television series, Austin's career was changed to match that of the books, and he was given the rank of colonel in the US Air Force.

Other novels.

Despite the changes made to the character for television, when authors such as Mike Jahn and Evan Richards were commissioned to write novelizations based upon "Six Million Dollar Man" episodes, they chose to follow Caidin's original model of the character, which on at least one occasion (the adaptation of "Love Song For Tanya" contained within Jahn's book, "International Incidents") resulted in the ending of an episode being changed (in the episode, the villain is apprehended by Austin and arrested; in the book, Austin simply fires his poison dart gun at him and kills him).

Comic books.

"The Six Million Dollar Man" produced two comic book adaptations beginning during 1976, both from Charlton Comics - a color monthly comic and a black and white illustrated magazine. Both included condensed adaptations of the "Cyborg" origin story in their first issues; Power Records also retold the story of "Cyborg" for one of its illustrated book-and-record sets also during 1976. More recently, the original novel - as well as the television series - informed a new adaptation of "Cyborg" titled "The Bionic Man," published by Dynamite Comics during 2011-2012, based upon an unproduced screenplay by Kevin Smith; during 2012, the comic began featuring original stories. During 2014, Dynamite replaced this series with "The Six Million Dollar Man Season Six," a limited-run series that chronicled the adventures of Steve Austin after the TV series. In 2016, this was succeeded by a mini-series, ostensibly also set after the TV series, titled "Fall of Man."

Other references.

During the 1990s, Caidin wrote the novel "" based upon the Buck Rogers comic strip of the 1930s. In this book, Caidin pays tribute to "Cyborg" by having Buck Rogers receive bionics transplants after his 500-year coma, including several direct references to Steve Austin himself.  "Cyborg" was not Caidin's first reference to bionics, as the concept is also discussed in his 1968 novel, "The God Machine." Caidin also revisited the concept in his 1982 novel "Manfac,",, which even included dialog that derisively referred to the "Six Million Dollar Man" series.

Cyborg is the title of a science fiction/secret agent novel, written by Martin Caidin, which was first published in 1972. The novel also included elements of speculative fiction, and was adapted as the television movie "The Six Million Dollar Man," which was followed by a weekly series of the same title, both of which starred Lee Majors, and also inspired a spin-off, "The Bionic Woman."

Cyborg est un roman de science-fiction de Martin Caidin publié par les éditions Denoël en aux États-Unis, où il représente le premier roman de la tétralogie "Cyborg", et au 1975 en France. Ceci inspira en 1973 pour la télévision américaine "L'Homme qui valait trois milliards" avec Lee Majors dans le rôle de Steve Austin.