History.

In 1945, former Royal Air Force pilot Captain T.W. "Sammy" Morton founded Morton Air Services. Prior to Morton's inception, "Sammy" Morton had flown scheduled services from London's old Croydon Airport to Paris Le Bourget with Amy Johnson in the 1930s  By the early 1950s, Captain Morton had built up a fleet of Airspeed Consul (see heading image) and De Havilland Dragon Rapide aircraft and these were soon supplemented by more modern de Havilland Dove piston airliners to operate regular charter flights. These included general charter work, air ambulance services and racecourse charters. The latter's regularity was such that it amounted to a "quasi-scheduled" operation. Morton subsequently won traffic rights to operate fully fledged scheduled services from Croydon to the Channel Islands, Deauville, Le Touquet and Rotterdam.  Morton sold a minority stake of about 20% to rival independent airline Skyways. When that airline was taken over by the Lancashire Aircraft Corporation (LAC), another contemporary independent airline, LAC acquired ownership of Skyways's minority holding in Morton Air Services as well.  In 1953, Morton Air Services gained control of its independent rival Olley Air Service. Following the takeover of Olley Air Service, that airline's operations were wholly integrated into Morton's but the Olley name would survive for certain services until 1963.  In 1958, Morton sold out to Airwork. The same year, Airwork started the process of merging with Hunting-Clan to form BUA.  On 30 September 1959, a Morton Air Services de Havilland Heron (G-AOXL) operated the last scheduled passenger flight to depart Croydon. The aircraft was headed for Rotterdam. Another Heron, repainted to represent that aircraft currently (2011) guards the entrance to Croydon's Aerodrome Hotel.) By the following morning, the airline's entire operation — including its headquarters — had been relocated to Gatwick.  Although Morton's scheduled services were integrated into BUA's regional operations following the creation of that airline in July 1960, the Morton name survived until the completion of the BUA group's 1967/8 reorganisation. It finally disappeared on 1 November 1968. This was the day Morton was absorbed into BUIA, BUA's new regional affiliate.

Olley Air Service.

In January 1934, Gordon Olley, a former pilot with Handley Page Transport and Imperial Airways, founded Olley Air Service.  Olley Air Service was primarily a charter airline. It headed a group of airlines that included Blackpool & West Coast Air Services, Channel Air Ferries and Isle of Man Air Services. These airlines were taken over in 1935 and 1936. Channel Air Ferries assumed Olley's scheduled air services to and from the Channel Islands, while Blackpool & West Coast Air Services operated scheduled flights between the UK and Ireland as well as to/from the Isle of Man. The former were jointly operated with Aer Lingus using the "Irish Sea Airways" brand name. The latter transferred to Isle of Man Air Services, following which Blackpool & West Coast Air Services shortened its name to West Coast Air Services.  In 1938, the Olley group formed a new joint venture airline with two contemporary railway companies under the name Great Western & Southern Air Lines.  In 1939, Great Western & Southern Air Lines took over the scheduled routes of Channel Air Ferries.  Following the end of World War II, Olley Air Service resumed operations as a charter airline. It subsequently re-entered the scheduled services market as well.  In 1953, Olley Air Service was sold to Morton Air Services, as a result of which the former was absorbed into the latter. Despite Olley's complete integration into Morton, the Olley name was still used for specific services until 1963.

Fleet details.

Morton Air Services and Olley Air Service operated the following aircraft types:

Fleet in 1958.

In April 1958, the combined fleet of Morton Air Services and Olley Air Service comprised 14 aircraft.

Accidents and incidents.

There are two recorded fatal accidents involving Morton Air Services aircraft.  The first accident occurred on 8 May 1950. It involved an Airspeed Consul (registration: G-AHJX). The aircraft was destroyed in a crash off Guernsey killing all four occupants.  On 14 June 1952, Consul "G-AHFT" on a charter from Croydon to Le Mans ditched off Brighton following engine problems, all 6 on board killed, including pilot Lawrence Page.

Morton Air Services was one of the earliest post-World War II private, independent British airlines formed in 1945. It mainly operated regional short-haul scheduled services within the British Isles and between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe. In 1953, Morton took over rival independent UK airline Olley Air Service. In 1958, Morton became part of the Airwork group. Morton retained its identity following the 1960 Airwork — Hunting-Clan merger that led to the creation of British United Airways (BUA). The reorganisation of the BUA group of companies during 1967/8 resulted in Morton being absorbed into British United Island Airways (BUIA) in 1968.

Morton Air Services est l'une des premières compagnies aériennes britanniques privées et indépendantes créée après la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1945. Elle exploite principalement des services réguliers régionaux sur de courtes distances dans les îles Britanniques et entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Europe continentale.


Education and training.

Ratcliffe was born in Lancashire on 14 May 1954, to William Ratcliffe and Alice Margaret Ratcliffe. He attended Lancaster Royal Grammar School from 1965 to 1972.  He won an open scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1972 to study Medicine at the University of Cambridge and then completed his MB BChir medical degree with distinction at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College in 1978.  Ratcliffe then trained in renal medicine at Oxford University, focusing on renal oxygenation. He earned a higher MD degree from University of Cambridge in 1987.

Career.

In 1990, Ratcliffe received a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship to study cellular responses to hypoxia from low oxygen levels in the blood. From 1992 to 2004 he was Senior Research Fellow in Clinical Medicine at Jesus College, Oxford. In 2002, Ratcliffe was accepted into the Academy of Medical Sciences and was appointed the following year the Nuffield Professor and Head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at Oxford.

Research.

In 1989, Ratcliffe established a laboratory in Oxford University's Nuffield Department of Medicine to explore the regulation of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone released by the kidneys and responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells. EPO was known to be produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, and Ratcliffe's work looked to understand the mechanisms of how the kidneys detected hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the blood) to trigger EPO production. From his studies, Ratcliffe discovered that the mRNA from kidneys that were part of the EPO production pathway that were capable of detecting hypoxia was also present in several other organs, both human and animal, including the spleen, brain, and testes. His group found that cells from these organs could switch on EPO production when deprived of oxygen. Further, Ratcliffe was able to modify other cells using the identified mRNA to give these cells oxygen-sensing capabilities.  Building on these discoveries, the Ratcliffe group, along with joint studies with William Kaelin and Gregg Semenza, helped to uncover a detailed molecular chain of events that cells use to sense oxygen. A specific step identified was the binding of proteins expressed by the Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) to hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), a transcription factor which trans-activates the EPO gene. Ratcliffe found that the VHL protein can bind a hydroxylated residues of HIF when oxygen is present at acceptable levels; the VHL protein then ubiquitylates the HIF protein which ultimately leads to the HIF protein's destruction. When oxygen levels fall, oxygen-requiring HIF hydroxylase enzymes, PHD1, 2 and 3 no longer act and VHL does not bind HIF, allowing HIF to remain and activate the EPO gene. This is a process that takes minutes to complete allowing the body to react quickly to hypoxia.  This same pathway is also switched on in many cancer tumours, allowing them to create new blood vessels to sustain their growth. Much of the current understanding of hypoxia has emerged from the laboratory of Ratcliffe. The understanding of the molecular pathway of EPO production from hypoxia has led to the development of drugs that block VHL from binding with HIF to help treat patients with anaemia and kidney failure.

Personal life.

Ratcliffe married Fiona Mary MacDougall in 1983.

Selected honours and awards.

Ratcliffe has received a number of awards, accolades, and honours for his seminal work on hypoxia.  He was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to clinical medicine.

Sir Peter John Ratcliffe, FRS, FMedSci (born 14 May 1954) is a British Nobel Laureate physician-scientist who is trained as a nephrologist. He was a practising clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford from 2004 to 2016. He has been a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford since 2004. In 2016 he became Clinical Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute, retaining a position at Oxford as member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research and Director of the Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford.

Peter John Ratcliffe est un médecin et professeur d'université britannique né le à Morecambe (Lancashire, Angleterre). Il est lauréat du prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine 2019 avec Gregg L. Semenza et William Kaelin Jr. pour leurs travaux sur le contrôle de l'oxygénation des cellules.


Military career.

Hopetoun was the only son of John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun, by his second wife Jane or Jean Oliphant. His mother died when he was only one year old. He was commissioned into the 10th Light Dragoons in 1784. He sat as Member of Parliament for Linlithgowshire from 1790 to 1800.  He took part in the capture of the French West Indies and Spanish West Indies in 1796 and 1797. In 1799 he was sent to Den Helder as Deputy Adjutant-General and was present at the Battle of Bergen and the Battle of Castricum. In 1801 he was sent to Cairo and then to Alexandria to take the surrender of the French garrisons there. He became Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and General Officer Commanding South-West District in June 1805.  He commanded a Division during the advance into Spain and commanded the British left at the Battle of Corunna in 1809, succeeding to overall command when Sir John Moore was killed. Later that year he commanded the reserve army during the Walcheren Campaign. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Ireland and was admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1812. He then commanded the First Division under The Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Nivelle and at the Battle of the Nive in 1813. He was captured fighting the French sortie at the Battle of Bayonne in 1814.  He served as Lord-Lieutenant of Linlithgowshire from 1816 to 1823. On 17 May 1814, two years before he succeeded in the earldom, he was raised to the peerage in his own right as Baron Niddry, of Niddry Castle in the County of Linlithgow, with remainder to the male issue of his father. In 1816 he succeeded his elder half-brother as fourth Earl of Hopetoun. He died in Paris, France on 27 August 1823.

Family.

In 1798 Lord Hopetoun married firstly Elizabeth Hope Vere (or Weir) of Craigiehall, daughter of Charles Hope-Weir. After her death he married secondly Louisa Dorothea Wedderburn, daughter of John Wedderburn of Ballendean, and granddaughter of Sir John Wedderburn, 5th Baronet of Blackness.  On his death he was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son from his second marriage, John. Lady Hopetoun died in 1836.

Monuments.

Following Lord Hopetoun's death, the Hopetoun Monument was erected on Byres Hill, East Lothian, in 1824. This was followed in 1826 by a similar monument on Mount Hill in Fife. In 1824 the city of Edinburgh commissioned a bronze statue of Lord Hopetoun, by Thomas Campbell, and originally designed as a centrepiece for Charlotte Square in 1829, but which was eventually placed in St Andrew Square in 1834, in front of Dundas House where he had acted as vice governor of the bank. The text on the latter is by Sir Walter Scott. In June 2020, it was announced that an addition of a plaque had been granted from it's owners to reflect and highlight the continuation of slave trade that Hope had been responsible for whilst serving in the British forces in the West Indies.  A boarding house at Wellington College, Berkshire, has been named after him. It has recently been turned into a girls house.

General John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun PC KB FRSE (17 August 1765 – 27 August 1823), known as the Honourable John Hope from 1781 to 1814 and as the Lord Niddry from 1814 to 1816, was a Scottish politician and British Army officer.

Le général John Hope, comte de Hopetoun PC KB FRSE ( - ), connu sous le nom de l'honorable John Hope de 1781 à 1814 et de Lord Niddry de 1814 à 1816, était un homme politique écossais et un officier de l'armée britannique.


Location.

The Pentateuch gives two accounts of Aaron's death. The Book of Numbers (Chapter 20) gives a detailed statement to the effect that, soon after the incident at Meribah (Kadesh), when Moses and Aaron showed impatience by bringing water out of a rock to quench the thirst of the people after God commanded them to speak to the rock, Aaron, his son Eleazar, and Moses ascended Mount Hor, on the edge of the borders of Edom. There, Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and gave them to Eleazar. Aaron died and was buried on the summit of the mountain, and the people mourned for him thirty days.  Mount Hor is usually associated with the mountain near Petra in Jordan, known in Arabic as Jabal Hārūn (Aaron's Mountain), upon the summit of which a mosque was built in the 14th century. Indeed, Josephus and Eusebius both describe its location above the city of Petra.  The other account is found in the Book of Deuteronomy, where Moses is reported as saying that Aaron died at Moseroth (Mosera) and was buried there. Mosera has been identified with el-Tayibeh, a small fountain at the bottom of the pass leading to the ascent of Mount Hor. However others are of the opinion that the location of Mosera cannot be here, since the itinerary in Numbers 33:31-37 records seven stages between Mosera and Mount Hor. For similar reasons, others still doubt that Mount Hor can in reality be identified with Jabal Hārūn.  The site at Jabal Hārūn (Aaron's Mountain) is occasionally visited by Jewish pilgrims as well as Muslims.

Religious status.

Jordanian authorities regard the Tomb of Aaron as a mosque and forbid Jewish prayer services at the site. In August 2019, a group of Israeli tourists shared a video of themselves dancing with a Torah scroll at the site. Authorities then confiscated religious items from the group and closed the summit to foreign tour groups that do not have permission to visit from the Awqaf Ministry.

The Tomb of Aaron is the name of the supposed burial place of Aaron, the brother of Moses. There are two descriptions of its location in the Pentateuch, and different interpretations of its location. Although in Jewish tradition, the location of Aaron's grave, like that of Moses, is shrouded in mystery, the Islamic tradition places it on Mount Hor, near Petra in Jordan.

La tombe d'Aaron (en arabe : قبر هارون ; en hébreu : קבר אהרון) est le nom du lieu de sépulture supposé d'Aaron, frère de Moïse. Il existe deux descriptions de son emplacement dans le Pentateuque et différentes interprétations de son emplacement. La tradition islamique la situe sur le djebel Haroun (« montagne d'Aaron »), près de Pétra, en Jordanie.


History.

In the 17th century Ulster ports began to rise in prominence. In 1625 William Pitt was appointed as Customer of the ports of Newcastle, Dundrum, Killough, Portaferry, Donaghadee, Bangor and Holywood.

Demography.

2001 Census.

Portaferry is classified as an intermediate settlement by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 2,250 and 4,500 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 2,467 people living in Portaferry. Of these:

Environment.

The Portaferry area is popular with local and foreign tourists for its beauty, history, wildlife and other visitor attractions. Strangford Lough is the largest sea inlet in the British Isles.  It is Northern Ireland's first Marine Nature Reserve and is renowned as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Special Scientific Interest, with six National Nature Reserves within its reaches. Over 2000 species of marine animals have been found in the Lough and internationally important flocks of wildfowl and wading birds converge there in winter. The Lough is also the most important site in Ireland for breeding common seals.

Sport.

GAA sports, particularly hurling are popular in the area and Portaferry GAC were Ulster Club Hurling Champions in 2014. There are two other GAA clubs nearby, Ballygalget and Ballycran, and there is intense rivalry between the three.  Other pursuits are sailing, coastal rowing, angling, wildfowling and birdwatching. The town has the Lough's longest established sailing club.

Industry.

Portaferry industrial activities include agriculture, fishing, tourism. 'Suki Tea' announced as of 2014 that experimental tea growing will commence in the area, utilizing the relatively warm and dry climate, with frost protection from Strangford lough. The Lough is a centre for experimental marine current turbine technology development. In 2008 a twin rotor 1.2 MW SeaGen was installed and successfully demonstrated this technology until its decommissioning which began in 2017. Tidal energy, unlike wind or wave, is a renewable energy resource which can be predicted.[www.marineturbines.com]. Swedish company Minesto are currently trialling their "sea kite" technology.  Portaferry played a part in the linen industry. Many of the women in the town were employed to embroider handkerchiefs for Thomas Somerset and Co. one of the major linen companies in Ireland. The company realised that the women were more productive in the summer due to the light, so installed the first electric light outside of Belfast in Ulster. Each house with a working woman was given one light fitting and bulb. There was also a bus service introduced to bring more women from the Ards Peninsula to Portaferry to work in the factory that Somersets built.

Portaferry () is a small town in County Down, Northern Ireland, at the southern end of the Ards Peninsula, near the Narrows at the entrance to Strangford Lough. It is home to the Exploris aquarium and is well known for the annual Gala Week Float Parade. It hosts its own small Marina, the Portaferry Marina. The Portaferry - Strangford Ferry service operates daily at 15-minute intervals (8am to 11pm) between the villages of Portaferry and Strangford, less than a mile apart, conveying about 500,000 passengers per annum. It had a population of 2,514 people in the 2011 Census.

Portaferry est une ville du comté de Down en Irlande du Nord, à l'extrémité sud de la péninsule d'Ards, à proximité du détroit de Strangford Lough. Le port possède sa propre marina, abritant le service de ferry entre Portaferry et Strangford (distants de moins de ), transportant environ par an. La ville avait une population de au recensement de 2011.


Artisanat traditionnel du cuivre au Mexique

Pre Hispanic copper working.

Copper working has been done in central Mexico since the pre Hispanic period. However, it is not the first area in the Americas to begin working with the metal. The first evidence of copper work is in what is now the Midwest of the United States as the metal was found here fairly easily on the surface without mining. The next location was in the west coastal areas of South America into some areas of Central America, where it wasn't often mixed with gold. Copper working developed later in Mesoamerica because of the lack of surface copper and little to no contact with the copper cultures to the north or south.  The one area in Mesoamerica which had developed copper work before the arrival of the Spanish was in west Mexico in what are now the states of Jalisco and Michoacán, mostly in the Purépecha Empire. Most pre Hispanic copper work occurred in what are now the municipalities of Churumuco, La Huacana, Nuevo Urecho, Tacámbaro and Turicato, with a percentage of this production paid as tribute to the capital at Tzintzuntzan. There is evidence that at least some of this copper and other minerals were extracted from shallow pits or tunnel mines. The Purépecha developed some techniques for extracting copper from rock as well as techniques for shaping it. The working of the metal had advanced enough that it was used for utilitarian objects as well as ornamental and religious ones. The Purépecha made a number of objects from the metal including axes, boxes, fish hooks, knives, small bells, necklaces, bracelets and earrings. Copper was first worked by cold hammering but as copper loses elasticity as it is worked this way, heating was soon discovered to recondition it. The creation of objects by casting was not common for copper but was used to make small delicate objects such as bells.

Colonial period.

During and after the Conquest, the working of the metal by the indigenous was disrupted. Many of the villages of the Pátzcuaro area were abandoned in large part due to the abuses by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán. The Spanish were soon aware of the copper deposits of this region and the indigenous’ ability to work it. Since they were necessary to exploit this wealth, the Spanish worked to bring them back into the area into settled communities under their control. Vasco de Quiroga brought various kinds of craftsmen from Spain to the Pátzcuaro area to develop the region’s economy. Santa Clara founded by friar Francisco de Villafuerte and put under the direct protection of the Spanish Crown. Its foundation would later be attributed to Vasco de Quiroga, probably due to his work establishing copper smithing. The Spanish introduced European smelting techniques and organized the work by family owned workshops, passed down from generation to generation, which remains in effect to this day. Uses for copper during the colonial period was mostly for arms and for cooking utensils. It is not known when Santa Clara began to specialize in copper work as much of its records have been lost due to various fires over its history. The earliest surviving record is from 1748 and notes the working of the metal to be well-developed.  During the colonial period, copper mining was most extensive in Michoacán, continuing the development of the metal started by the Purépecha. Main extraction areas included Tlalpujahua, Tzintzutzan, Charo, Santa Clara del Cobre and Ozumatlán. The copper which was worked in the early colonial period came from mine within a 50 km radius, in ore which was purified in the town. At first this was in Santa Clara itself but later records state that the copper being worked here was coming from Inguarán and Opopeo. The smelting of copper in the area ended by the mid 17th century as the mines gave out.  When mining in Mexico waned during and just after the Mexican War of Independence, copper working survived here. Its prominence ebbed and waned during Mexico’s tumultuous history in the 19th century, with the very last of copper mining ending at the end of this same century. Mexico still has large reserves of copper, mostly in the form of sulphides, which have not been mined because of cost.

Copper work in Santa Clara today.

Santa Clara del Cobre is where traditional copper working in Mexico survives. There are at least 2,000 copper smiths working in over 300 workshops in the municipality. Most of the workshops in the town operate much as they did in the past, receiving various exemption from federal labor laws and tax breaks designed to preserve the craft. The workshops are still independent and family owned with different members in charge of the various tasks such as finance, production and sales. Workshops are roofed areas with few or no walls. This allows protection from rain but allows for ventilation, especially around the forge. These workshops contain a wide variety of tools, many of which are created by the artisans themselves.  After the Mexican Revolution, all residual mining and smelting activities in the area ceased, leaving only the working of already-extracted copper or scrap copper. The copper comes from industrial scrap, including old electrical motors and cables from junkyards and telephone and electrical companies. The process begins by removing the impurities from the scrap metal then placing the pure copper pieces into the center of the forge to be melted together. The material is covered with pine briquettes to produce a fire of an intense and even temperature. The temperature of the fire is raised with the use of bellows, which may still be hand operated. The melted metal is not poured into molds but is molded by the bed of ash which is surrounded by rocks. The use of wood fired forges have diminished the surrounding forests by up to seventy percent.  The quantity of copper needed for any given piece is carefully calculated before any working begins. The basic process is hammering, thinning out, shaping, trimming, bleaching, polishing and decoration, especially by embossing. To begin work, the block or pieces is heated to red-hot. The first round of hammering is usually to flatten the piece into a circle which is usually done by a group of man wielding sledgehammers. Smaller hammers are used as the piece thins out and to make the sides curve up to form a vessel. The work needs to be precise as it is almost impossible to correct errors in the shaping without starting over. This is particularly true for very small pieces. Sometimes the basic shape includes animal heads or feet to function as handles or stabilizers for the pot. Many different types of tools are used, many of which are made in the same workshop as the copper pieces. They include chisels, pliers, tongs, scissors, shears, punches, mallets, various anvils and hammers which are used to shape and emboss the pieces. Modern techniques can diminish the efforts of thinning out the metal by seventy percent, but most workshops still do it the old fashioned way. After the basic shape is obtained, the decorative and finishing work begins. The embossing, also called repoussé, is a form of decorating the basic shape of a vessel or other piece. It consists of hammering the piece from the inside to push the shape outwards. After this shape is made, details are added by chiseling and engraving. Etching may be done with acid or with a chisel. To give pieces an added shine, they are treated with sulfuric acid, soap, water and steel wool.  Most of the work is the making casseroles, pots, plates, jars, vases, ashtrays, bells, mugs, stills, braziers and hearths. Some jewelry is made but it is not the main focus. Almost all of the objects are hammered into shape from a single piece or block of copper, including details like handles and decorative figures which are shaped along with the main body. This eliminates the need for soldering.

Noted copper artisans.

The Punzo Ángel family are well known in Santa Clara del Cobre for their copper work. Two of the most active smiths in the family, Abdón and Ignacio maintain large active workshops and have trained their children in the techniques that they have learned from their father. They create mostly large pieces with innovative designs with are often detailed. They also work in silver. Both have received a large number of acknowledgements and awards for their work.  Jesús Pérez Ornelas is considered to be the master of engraving and sgraffito in copper because of his designs and the quality of the finishes. He has worked abroad and spends much of his time teaching his techniques of hammering copper. His works are generally covered with engraved designs which include frets, animals, rhombus shapes, flowers and more.

Feria del Cobre.

The first Feria del Cobre was held in Santa Clara in 1946 held in August to coincide with the feast day of the patron saint of Saint Claire. The Feria del Cobre exhibits hundreds of pieces of hammered copper from about 250 artisans, demonstrations of copper working techniques and more. The main event is the Concurso Nacional de Cobre Martilado (National Hammered Copper Contest). The contest has four categories: Maestros (Masters), Jóvenes (Youth), Nuevos talentos (New talents) and Infantiles (Children) with over 84 prizes. The event drew over 6,000 people in 2010. The fair has been held each year since 1965.

Traditional copper work in Mexico has its origins in the pre Hispanic period, mostly limited to the former Purépecha Empire in what are now the states of Michoacán and Jalisco. The reason for this was that this was the only area where copper could be found on the surface. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Spanish took control of copper production, introducing European techniques but still needed indigenous labor. Copper work, like other crafts, was principally organized in Michoacán under Vasco de Quiroga. It is not known when the town of Santa Clara del Cobre came to specialize in the production of copper items, but it was well established by the mid 18th century. Copper extraction remained centered on Michoacán during the colonial period but most of the production gave out by the 19th century. After the Mexican Revolution, copper smiths of Santa Clara were limited to working with scrap metal making pots, plates, casseroles and other containers. Today, it remains home to hundreds of copper smiths which work in ways little changed from the colonial period and is home to the annual Feria del Cobre (Copper Fair) in August.

L'artisanat traditionnel du cuivre au Mexique remonte à la période préhispanique, essentiellement limitée à l'ancien empire Purépecha, dans les actuels états de Michoacán et de Jalisco. La raison en est que c'est le seul endroit où du cuivre peut être trouvé à la surface. Après la conquête espagnole de l'empire aztèque, les Espagnols prennent le contrôle de la production de cuivre, introduisant des techniques européennes mais nécessitant encore une main-d'œuvre autochtone. Le travail du cuivre, comme d'autres métiers, est principalement organisé à Michoacán sous Vasco de Quiroga. On ne sait pas quand la ville de Santa Clara del Cobre commence à se spécialiser dans la production d’articles en cuivre, mais elle est bien établie au milieu du. L'extraction du cuivre reste centrée sur le Michoacán pendant la période coloniale, mais l'essentiel de la production est abandonné au. Après la révolution mexicaine, les forgerons de Santa Clara se contentent de travailler avec de la ferraille, fabriquant des pots, des assiettes, des casseroles et d’autres récipients. Aujourd'hui, le village abrite des centaines de forgerons, qui travaillent de manière peu différente de celle de la période coloniale, et accueille chaque année la (foire du cuivre) en août.


Personal.

De Rozario has transverse myelitis, a neurological disease which inflames the spinal cord resulting in her using a wheelchair.

Athletics.

At the age of 14, de Rozario competed at the 2008 Beijing Paralympics and won a silver medal in the Women's 4x100 m T53/54 event as part of the Australian team. She also competed in the individual women's T54 100 m and 400 m events. She was coached by former Paralympic athlete Frank Ponta and is currently coached by Louise Sauvage. She did not win a medal at the 2012 London Paralympics. In 2012 and 2013, she won the Oz Day 10K Wheelchair Road Race.  At the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships, in Lyon, France, de Rozario won a bronze medal in the Women's 800 m T53.  At the 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships in Doha, de Rozario won the gold medal in the Women's 800m T54 in 1:53.86. It was her first gold medal at a major international competition. She also won a bronze medal in the Women's 1500m T54 in a time of 3:42.03.  At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, de Rozario won two silver medals. De Rozario won her first individual medal at the Paralympics by winning the silver medal in the Women's 800m T53. In addition, she was a member of the team that won the silver medal in the Women's 4×400 m Relay T53/54.  In November 2016, de Rozario was awarded the Wheelchair Sports WA Sport Star of the Year.  At the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships in London, de Rozario won the gold medal in the Women's 5000m T54, silver medal in the Women's 800m T54 and bronze medal in the Women's 1500m T54.  At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Queensland, she won gold medals in the Women's 1500m T54 and Women's Marathon T54.  On 22 April 2018, she made a dramatic last dash sprint and won the 2018 London Marathon women's wheelchair title in a time of 1:42.58. She became the first Australian to win the women's wheelchair title.  At the 2019 London Marathon which was also the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships marathon event, she won the bronze medal in the Women's T46. At the 2019 Championships track events held in Dubai, she won the gold medal in the Women's 800m T54 and two silver medals - Women's 1500m and 5000m T54.  De Rozario has won the Oz Day 10K Wheelchair Road Race six times – 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

Madison de Rozario (born 24 November 1993) is an Australian Paralympic athlete. At the 2016 Rio Paralympics, she won two silver medals. She has won three gold medals at the World Para Athletics Championships.

Madison de Rozario, née le à Perth (Australie), est une athlète handisport australienne, spécialiste du demi-fond dans la catégorie T53 pour les athlètes en fauteuil roulant.


Design and development.

The Norélic was a prototype two-seat, single rotor helicopter with an unusual anti-torque system, without a manual cyclic pitch control. Its two crew sat side by side with large, single curvature transparencies in front of them but with open cockpit sides. The Mathis G.7R seven-cylinder radial engine was immediately behind them, with its crankshaft vertical; the Norélic was the first French helicopter with its engine in this orientation. The driveshaft rose through the fuselage to the rotor hub, which was slightly offset forwards on a two side-by-side pillar, faired support. The Norélic had a two-blade articulated rotor with undamped flapping hinges; the blades had the same chord and aerofoil from hub to tip and were each built around a single solid spar with ribs and a thin metal skin, all clamped together. Blade pitch was automatically controlled by small servo or pilot airfoils mounted on rods at right-angles to the rotors. Though reminiscent of the servos on the Hiller 360, those on the Norélic were themselves flappable and were intended to control both cyclic pitch and the flapping amplitude of the main rotors. Thus the cockpit cyclic pitch control was absent, and instead roll was produced by sideways motion of the hub via its parallel support pillars, which separated the centres of lift and gravity. Effects due to variations in the position of the centre of gravity could be trimmed out by longitudinal movements of the hub. The servo blades also served as rotor speed governors; restrained by springs, they could slide outward as the rotor speed began to increase, increasing the pitch and the associated drag to decrease the speed. Collective pitch was thus primarily determined by throttle setting, though there was a collective pitch override lever.  Behind the engine the fuselage was conical, tapering to the tail. Instead of a side-mounted anti-torque tail rotor the Nord used a system patented by its designer where an axially driven pusher propeller, rotating within a circular shroud, forced air through four rotatable, vertical airfoils mounted on the shroud trailing edge. The shroud was intended to protect the propeller from the rotor downwash, to guard the propeller from objects on the ground and protect ground staff from the propeller. Air deflected from the blades balanced rotor torque automatically, using information from an hydraulic torque sensor, and also controlled yaw. Two horizontal surfaces controlled fore and aft motion (pitch). In addition the propeller provided thrust for forward propulsion.  Its landing gear had mainwheels on cantilever legs and a tailheel mounted on the propeller shroud.  The Norélic made its first flight on 17 November 1947. "Flight" suggests the helicopter continued to be tested through 1949 and that its control system worked well, though it was damaged in two accidents, after which development ended. Thus the intended production machines, with more refined cockpit glazing, faired rotor gear and incorporating lessons learned from the prototype, never appeared. Instead Bruel designed a smaller, lighter, less powerful, single seat machine, the Nord 1710 which shared a similar control system, though horizontal surfaces were added within the shroud for pitch control. This first flew in July 1950 but just a year later was itself abandoned after accidents.

The Nord 1700 Norélic or SNCAN N.1700 Norélic was a French helicopter with several novel control features. Only one prototype was built, though it was intended to lead to series production.

Le Nord 1700 Norélic était un hélicoptère français doté de plusieurs fonctions de contrôle novatrices. Bien qu'une production en série ait été planifiée, seul un prototype a été construit.


Early life.

Coventry was the son of Walter Coventry and his wife Anne (née Holcombe), daughter of Humphrey Holcombe, merchant, of St. Andrew's Holborn. He succeeded his father in 1692. He was admitted at Pembroke College, Cambridge on 13 April 1693, aged 16. His grandfather Walter Coventry was the youngest brother of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry.

Career.

Coventry was returned unopposed as Whig [[Member of Parliament for [[Bridport (UK Parliament constituency)|Bridport]] at the [[1708 British general election]]. He voted for naturalizing the Palatines in 1709 and for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. At the [[1710 British general election]] he was again returned unopposed. He voted for the amendment to the South Sea bill on 25 May 1711 and for the motion for ‘No Peace without Spain’ on 7 December. He also voted against the French commerce bill on 18 June 13. At the [[1713 British general election]] he was returned again unopposed for Bridport. He voted against the expulsion of Richard Steele on 18 March 1713.  Coventry was returned again as MP for Bridport at the [[1715 British general election]]. He voted for the Administration in all recorded divisions. Early in the parliament, he applied for the office of clerk of the Parliaments, but Sir Robert Walpole kept upping the price to him until he angrily refused. He was appointed Keeper, bailiwick of Frisham, New Forest by 1717 and was appointed Joint [[Clerk of the Green Cloth|Clerk Comptroller of the Board of Green Cloth]] in 1717. His only known speech was in December 1717, when he supported a motion to maintain. In 1719, he accompanied the King to Hanover and he succeeded his second cousin once removed as fifth Earl of Coventry on 27 October 1719. He vacated his seat in the [[House of Commons]] and entered the [[House of Lords]] where he became a ‘malcontent’, and signed many protests. He was appointed to the [[Privy Council]] on 22 March 1720 and was appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire]] in the same year. In the House of Lords.

Later life and legacy.

Lord Coventry married Elizabeth Allen, daughter of John Allen of Westminster, in 1720. In 1724 he was successfully sued by [[Anne Coventry, Countess of Coventry (1691–1788)|Anne Coventry]], the widow of Gilbert Coventry who was the previous earl, for her inheritance. He became High Steward of Bridport in 1727.  Coventry's wife died in 1738. He survived her by thirteen years and died in March 1751. He had three sons and as his eldest son [[Thomas Henry Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst]], predeceased him so he was succeeded by his second son [[George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry|George]], who extensively redeveloped Croome Court. His third son was [[John Bulkeley Coventry]], who succeeded George as MP for [[Worcestershire (UK Parliament constituency)|Worcestershire]].

References.

[[Category:1670s births]] [[Category:1751 deaths]] [[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Worcestershire]] [[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies]] [[Category:British MPs 1708–1710]] [[Category:British MPs 1710–1713]] [[Category:British MPs 1713–1715]] [[Category:British MPs 1715–1722]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain]] [[Category:Earls of Coventry]]

William Coventry, 5th Earl of Coventry (c.1676 – 18 March 1751), of London and later Croome Court, Worcestershire, was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1719.

William Coventry, comte de Coventry PC (vers 1666 - ), de Londres, puis de Croome Court, Worcestershire, était un homme politique britannique whig qui siégea à la Chambre des communes de 1708 à 1719.


Algorithm.

The algorithm reduces the problem of finding the GCD by repeatedly applying these identities:  The algorithm requires O(n) worst-case time, where n is the number of bits in the larger of the two numbers. Although each step reduces at least one of the operands by at least a factor of 2, the subtract and shift operations take linear time for very large integers (although they're still quite fast in practice, requiring about one operation per word of the representation).  An extended binary GCD, analogous to the extended Euclidean algorithm, is given by Knuth along with pointers to other versions.

Implementation.

Recursive version in C.

Following is a recursive implementation of the algorithm in C. The implementation is similar to the description of the algorithm given above. It uses two arguments "u" and "v". All but one of the recursive calls are tail recursive. unsigned int gcd(unsigned int u, unsigned int v)

Iterative version in C.

Following is an implementation of the algorithm in C, taking two (non-negative) integer arguments "u" and "v". It first removes all common factors of 2 using identity 2, then computes the GCD of the remaining numbers using identities 3 and 4, and combines these to form the final answer. unsigned int gcd(unsigned int u, unsigned int v)

Efficiency.

Akhavi and Vallée proved that, in theory, binary GCD can be about 60% more efficient (in terms of the number of bit operations) on average than the Euclidean algorithm. However, although this algorithm modestly outperforms the traditional Euclidean algorithm in real implementations (see next paragraph), its asymptotic performance is the same, and binary GCD is considerably more complex to code given the widespread availability of a division instruction in all modern microprocessors. (But on some processors the division instruction may be a lot slower than many other machine instructions.)  Real computers operate on more than one bit at a time, and even assembly language implementations of binary GCD have to compete against carefully designed hardware circuits for integer division. Overall, reports a 20% gain over Euclidean GCD, on a version of MIX (Knuth's abstract model of a machine architecture) extended with binary shift and test operations.  For arbitrary-precision arithmetic, neither the Euclidean algorithm nor the binary GCD algorithm are fastest, as they both take time that is a quadratic function of the number of input digits. Instead, recursive methods that combine ideas from the binary GCD algorithm with the Schönhage–Strassen algorithm for fast integer multiplication can find GCDs in near-linear time.

Historical description.

An algorithm for computing the GCD of two numbers was described in the ancient Chinese mathematics book "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art". The original algorithm was used to reduce a fraction. The description reads:  "If possible halve it; otherwise, take the denominator and the numerator, subtract the lesser from the greater, and do that alternately to make them the same. Reduce by the same number."  This description looks like a normal Euclidean algorithm, but there is ambiguity in the phrase "if possible halve it". The traditional interpretation is that this only applies when 'both' numbers are even, implying the algorithm is just slightly inferior to the Euclidean algorithm (for using subtraction instead of division). But the phrase may mean dividing by 2 should 'either' of the numbers become even, in which case it is the binary GCD algorithm.

The binary GCD algorithm, also known as Stein's algorithm, is an algorithm that computes the greatest common divisor of two nonnegative integers. Stein's algorithm uses simpler arithmetic operations than the conventional Euclidean algorithm; it replaces division with arithmetic shifts, comparisons, and subtraction. Although the algorithm was first published by the Israeli physicist and programmer Josef Stein in 1967, it may have been known in 1st-century China.

En informatique, en mathématiques, l'algorithme du PGCD binaire est un algorithme pour calculer le plus grand commun diviseur (PGCD) de deux nombres écrits en binaire (voir Problème 31.1, p. 902 dans ). L'algorithme a été publié par Josef Stein en 1967, bien qu'il semble avoir été connu en Chine dès le 1er siècle.


Élasticité de substitution intertemporelle

Mathematical definition.

The definition depends on whether one is working in discrete or continuous time. We will see that for CRRA utility, the two approaches yield the same answer. The below functional forms assume that utility from consumption is time additively separable.

Discrete time.

Total lifetime utility is given by In this setting, the real interest rate will be given by the following condition: A quantity of money formula_3 invested today costs formula_4 units of utility, and so must yield exactly that number of units of utility in the future when saved at the prevailing gross interest rate formula_5. (If it yielded more, then the agent could make himself better off by saving more.)  Solving for the real interest rate, we see that In logs, we have Logs are very close to percentage changes, so we can interpret formula_8 as a net interest rate like 5%, whereas formula_5 is the corresponding gross interest rate like 1.05.  The elasticity of intertemporal substitution is defined as the percent change in consumption growth per percent increase in the net interest rate: By substituting in our log equation above, we can see that this definition is equivalent to the elasticity of consumption growth with respect to marginal utility growth: Either definition is correct, however, assuming that the agent is optimizing and has time separable utility.

Example.

Let utility of consumption in period formula_12 be given by Since this utility function belongs to the family of CRRA utility functions we have formula_14 Thus, This can be rewritten as Hence, applying the above derived formula

Continuous time.

Let total lifetime utility be given by  formula_18  where formula_19 is shorthand for formula_20, formula_21 is the utility of consumption in (instant) time t, and formula_22 is the time discount rate. First define the measure of relative risk aversion (this is useful even if the model has no uncertainty or risk) as, then the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is defined as  formula_24  If the utility function formula_25 is of the CRRA type:  formula_26 (with special case of formula_27 being formula_28)  then the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is given by formula_29. In general, a low value of theta (high intertemporal elasticity) means that consumption growth is very sensitive to changes in the real interest rate. For theta equal to 1, the growth rate of consumption responds one for one to changes in the real interest rate. A high theta implies an insensitive consumption growth.

Ramsey Growth model.

In the Ramsey growth model, the elasticity of intertemporal substitution determines the speed of adjustment to the steady state and the behavior of the saving rate during the transition. If the elasticity is high then large changes in consumption are not very costly to consumers and as a result if the real interest rate is high they will save a large portion of their income. If the elasticity is low the consumption smoothing motive is very strong and because of this consumers will save a little and consume a lot if the real interest rate is high.

Estimates.

Empirical estimates of the elasticity vary. Part of the difficulty stems from the fact that microeconomic studies come to different conclusions than macroeconomic studies which use aggregate data. A meta-analysis of 169 published studies reports a mean elasticity of 0.5, but also substantial differences across countries.

Elasticity of intertemporal substitution (or intertemporal elasticity of substitution) is a measure of responsiveness of the growth rate of consumption to the real interest rate. If the real rate rises, current consumption may decrease due to increased return on savings; but current consumption may also increase as the household decides to consume more immediately, as it is feeling richer. The net effect on current consumption is the elasticity of intertemporal substitution.

Lélasticité de substitution intertemporelle (souvent abrégé EIS) mesure la sensibilité du taux de croissance de la consommation aux variations du taux d'intérêt réel. Il existe deux effets sur la consommation de la variation du taux d'intérêt réel. Un effet de revenu car on peut augmenter la consommation d'aujourd'hui en maintenant la consommation future et un effet de substitution puisque le prix de consommer aujourd'hui augmente (il serait plus intéressant d'épargner). L'effet total est caractérisé par l'EIS.


History.

Leigh S. J. Hunt, a resident of nearby Yarrow Point, purchased the yet-to-be-named property of Hunts Point on March 13, 1890. He wanted the property so that he could cut down the tall evergreen trees that grew out at the end, obstructing his view of Lake Washington. Around 1900, the property was taken over by Puget Sound National Bank and sold to a group of Seattle men who used it as a family retreat for Sunday picnics and summer camping.  Before the creation of the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge and Interstate 90 floating bridges across Lake Washington, residents commuted to Seattle via the "Gazelle", one of several ferries on Lake Washington. The "Gazelle" arrived at Cozy Cove (between Hunts Point and Yarrow Points) each morning at 7:15 a.m.  A clubhouse was built in 1913 at what is now 3655 Hunts Point Road. It became the center of Hunts Point's social activity through the 1920s. That same year, the women of Hunts Point formed the charitable organization The Eastside Circle of the Seattle Fruit and Flower Mission (later called The Overlake Service League), which continues to this day.  Hunts Point was incorporated as a city on August 22, 1955. The Fairweather Basin was developed from marshland into residential property in 1957. The city's first sewers were installed in 1960. The original Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, connecting Hunts Point to Seattle, was opened on August 28, 1963. The Wetherill Nature Preserve was created by a donation of land in 1988.  In the 1950s, Stan Sayres, owner of the famous Slo Mo unlimited hydroplane, housed the boat at the end of Hunts Point Road.

Geography.

Hunts Point is located at (47.636754, -122.230598).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, is land and is water.

Government and politics.

Hunts Point is part of the 48th Legislative District of Washington. The district's legislators are:  Hunts Point is part of Washington's 1st congressional district, represented by Suzan DelBene, Democrat.  George W. Bush made a fund-raising stop in the town during each of his presidential campaigns. The August 22, 2003 visit cost the town $23,000 for police security.  The town of Hunts Point, along with neighboring Yarrow Point, has no agreement to participate in the King County Library System, which precludes residents from holding library cards or using library services.  In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton defeated Donald Trump 161 votes to 116 in Hunts Point.

Demographics.

2010 census.

At the 2010 census there were 394 people, 151 households, and 124 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 181 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 80.2% White, 1.3% African American, 0.5% Native American, 10.9% Asian, and 7.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5%.  Of the 151 households 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.8% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 17.9% were non-families. 16.6% of households were one person and 10.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.90.  The median age in the town was 49.5 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.2% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 24.4% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 53.8% male and 46.2% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census, there were 443 people, 165 households, and 131 families living in the town. The population density was 1,516.6 people per square mile (589.8/km2). There were 186 housing units at an average density of 636.8 per square mile (247.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.81% White, 0.45% African American, 2.71% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.26% of the population. 21.4% were of English, 11.5% German, 10.9% European, 5.9% Swedish and 5.0% Dutch ancestry according to Census 2000.  Of the 165 households 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% were married couples living together, 3.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 15.2% of households were one person and 7.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 2.98.  The age distribution was 26.0% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 34.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.  The median household income was $179,898 and the median family income was $200,000. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $40,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $113,816. None of the families and 1.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.6% of those over 64.

Hunts Point is a town in the Eastside, a region of King County, Washington, United States, and part of the Seattle metropolitan area. The town is on a small peninsula surrounded by Lake Washington, and is near the suburbs of Medina (to the southwest), Clyde Hill (to the south), Yarrow Point (on another peninsula to the east), and Kirkland (to the northeast), as well as the city of Bellevue (to the east). As of the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 394.

La ville de Hunts Point est située dans le comté de King, dans l’État de Washington, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Life.

Cornelius Loos was born in 1546 in Gouda. He was from a patrician family and studied Philosophy and Theology at what is today known as the Catholic University of Leuven. In 1574, Loos and his family were forced to leave for political reasons (primarily the capture of the city by Protestant/nationalist rebels during the Dutch Revolt). After he was ordained as a priest, he was awarded a Doctor of Theology degree in 1578 at the University of Mainz, where he became a Professor of Theology and a vigorous campaigner against Protestant beliefs.  In the 1580s, Loos published a number of works: a prayer book, polemical theological writings against Protestantism, a political work (by subscription) about the Netherlands rebellion, a survey of German Catholic authors, and a pocket Latin grammar book.  In 1585, he moved to Trier, where he observed the witch trials taking place there. Loos first wrote letters to the city authorities, and, failing in that effort, he sought in 1592 to publish a book protesting against the hunts and questioning some of the beliefs of the witch hunters. The attempted publication of "De vera et falsa magia" ("True and False Magic") offended Petrus Binsfeld, the Suffragan Bishop of Trier and deputy to Johann VI von Schonenberg, one of the highest-ranking officials in the Holy Roman Empire.  Before the book could be printed, the manuscript copy was seized and Loos imprisoned. He was forced to make a public recantation of his errors on his knees before an assembly of church officials, including the Papal Nuncio, in Brussels on March 25, 1593. The manuscript was believed destroyed by the Inquisition and was lost for 300 years.

"De vera et falsa magia" discovered.

In 1886, American George Lincoln Burr discovered the manuscript of "True and False Magic" in the Jesuit Library in Trier (a remnant of the University, which was dissolved in 1798). Although the title page was missing and no author was listed, Burr was able to authenticate the document by comparing the points made in the text with the points recanted in Loos’s confession to the Inquisition. A copy can be found in the rare manuscript collection at Cornell University; the original is held by the Trier Municipal Library.  In the manuscript, Loos argues against the existence of witchcraft and especially against the validity of confessions obtained under torture. (Binsfeld had in 1589 published his own book on witchcraft, in which he supported confessions and denunciations obtained through torture.) In his work, Loos is believed to have been influenced by the arguments of Johann Weyer, a Protestant Dutch physician, who in 1563 put forth a book attacking the persecution of witches while also categorizing kinds of magical demons. After recanting, Loos was under constant watch by religious officials, and was briefly imprisoned several more times, under the accusation that he had relapsed into theological error. This continued persecution was conducted by his nemesis, a priest in the Jesuit order named Martin Del Rio. Loos died February 3, 1595, in Brussels, succumbing to the Plague; Del Rio lamented that Loos had died before Del Rio could have him executed.

Contributions.

Although, as noted above, Loos was not the first to write against the witch hunts, he was the first Catholic priest and theologian to do so, and the first to specifically question the validity of confessions obtained under torture. Even though his work was lost for 300 years, his opponent Martin Del Rio ensured his continuing fame by publishing a book denouncing him, and by summarizing each of his arguments in the recantation he forced Loos to sign.

Cornelius Loos (1546 – February 3, 1595), also known as Cornelius Losaeus Callidius, was a Roman Catholic priest, theologian, and professor of theology. He was the first Catholic official to write publicly against the witch trials raging throughout Europe from the 1580s to the 1590s. For this, he was imprisoned and forced to recant; his work was confiscated and suppressed by church officials. His manuscript was lost for almost 300 years. It was discovered in the Jesuit Library of Trier in 1886 by an American historian, George Lincoln Burr.

Cornelius Loos (1546 - ), également connu sous le nom de Cornelius Losaeus Callidius, est un prêtre catholique, théologien et professeur de théologie. Il fut le premier clerc catholique à publier des positions opposées aux procès et aux exécutions de sorcières pratiqués dans toute l'Europe dans les années 1580 et 1590. Il fut emprisonné en raison de cette prise de position et forcé de se rétracter. On croyait son manuscrit détruit par l’Église catholique, mais il a été redécouvert 300 ans plus tard (en 1886) dans la bibliothèque jésuite de Trèves par l'historien américain George Lincoln Burr.


Rise to the throne.

Faelan is first mentioned in the annals when he defeated and slew Crundmáel Bolg Luatha of the Uí Cheinnselaig at the Battle of Duma Aichir in 628. The annals seem to give him the title of king of Leinster by anticipation. Then in alliance with Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib (died 637), the king of Munster and Conall Guthbinn mac Suibni (died 635) of the Clann Cholmáin he defeated and slew Crimthann mac Áedo (died 633), the Uí Máil king of Leinster, at the Battle of Áth Goan in western Liffey. From this date he becomes king of Leinster. The "Book of Leinster" gives him a reign of 30 years and his death obit of 666 in the annals appears to be an interpolation based on the king lists. It is more probable that he died before 656 when Crundmáel Erbuilc mac Rónáin is called king of Leinster at his death obit.

Church relations.

The traditions of Saint Kevin of Glendalough assert that Faelan was fostered by Kevin when rejected by his stepmother. Ui Dunlainge patronage of Glendalough kept this tradition alive. Faelans brother Áed Dub was abbot and bishop of Kildare and his nephew Óengus mac Áedo Find was also bishop of Kildare. The possession of Kildare by family members was important to his hold on power. One of his wives was Sárnat ingen Echach of the Fotharta Fea, a tribe with connections to Saint Brigid of Kildare.

Relations with the Uí Néill.

The rise of the Ui Dunlainge to power appears to have been assisted by the Clann Cholmain who were looking to neutralize the border situation with the Ui Failgi so as to carry out their rivalry with the Síl nÁedo Sláine. One of his wives was Uasal ingen Suibni (died 643), sister of Conall mac Suibni who had assisted him at Ath Goan.  The Irish saga "Bóroma" ("The Cattle Tribute") claims that the high king Sechnassach mac Blathmaic(died 671) of the Síl nÁedo Sláine led a large army to claim the cattle tribute from Laigin but was defeated by Faelan mac Colmain but this doesn't fit chronologically with Faelan's reign.

Family.

His son by Sarnat was Conall mac Fáelán, who was father, by Conandil ingen Crundmáel of the Ui Dunlainge, of Bran Mut mac Conaill (died 693), a king of Leinster.

Fáelán mac Colmáin (died 666) was a King of Leinster from the Uí Dúnlainge branch of the Laigin. He was the son of Colmán Már mac Coirpri, a previous king. Faelan was the founder of the true fortunes of the Ui Dunlainge dynasty.

Fáelán mac Colmáin (mort avant 666?) est un roi de Leinster issu des Uí Dúnlainge une lignée du Laigin. Il est le fils de Colmán Már mac Coirpri, un précédent souverain. Fáelán est le véritable fondateur de la fortune de la lignée des Uí Dúnlainge


Plot.

"The Transformers: The Movie" was initially released only in the Western market. The movie details the final epic battle between Optimus Prime and Megatron, during which Optimus sustained fatal injuries. As a result, he passes the Autobot Matrix of Leadership on to Ultra Magnus before dying. The third season of the animated series picked up where the movie left off, and was aired in both the United States and Japan (where it was retitled "Transformers 2010"). However, since the movie was not yet released in Japan, the Japanese audience was left to wonder about the fate of Optimus Prime. This is the premise of the game, in which Ultra Magnus goes on a solo mission through various Decepticon strongholds to find out exactly what happened to Optimus.

Gameplay.

The player controls Ultra Magnus, who must shoot his way through 10 horizontally and vertically scrolling levels consisting of various Decepticon enemies, with a boss fight at the end of each level. He can transform into a car carrier, which makes it easier for him to avoid enemy attacks, drive through narrow entrances and shoot enemies that are flying above him. Along the way, he can also pick up various power-ups which can give him wider ranging firepower or even the ability to fly. There are two Warp Zones within the game; they can be found by rescuing Bumblebee from the Decepticons.  The bosses for each level consist of mostly large Decepticon symbols in different color palettes. The only Deceptions Ultra Magnus actually fights are Megatron, who for unexplained reasons is the penultimate boss, and Trypticon (known in Japan as Dinosaurer), the final boss.  Another playable character in the game is Rodimus Prime, who can be unlocked by collecting the letters that spell Rodimus. One is hidden, sequentially, in levels 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9. However, though his vehicle mode has its own graphics, his robot-mode sprite is Ultra Magnus in Rodimus's palette.

Other media.

Anime.

In collaboration with the 30th anniversary of "Transfomers", as well as the 35th anniversary of "Choro-Q", a flash anime adaptation of the game, produced by DLE, titled, began airing in Japan on January 6, 2015.

Smartphone app.

The studio DLE also produced a smartphone app, titled, which was released for iOS and Android devices in August 2014. This was a remake of the original game using Q Transformers Optimus Prime and Bumblebee as playable characters instead of Ultra Magnus and Rodimus Prime. Like the original, it is quite difficult but serves as an endless runner game instead of the platformer style of the original. This was a Japanese app store exclusive, but the servers have been shut down since its release.

Reception.

In a retrospective, 1UP.com called it the "perfect example of a shameless tie-in." They criticized the game for its high level of difficulty, the game's implementation of the transforming ability and how the ninth stage loops infinitely unless a specific pattern is followed.

The game stars Autobot protagonist Ultra Magnus. The titular "Mystery" is the identity of Optimus Prime's (referred to in the title as "Convoy") killer, as the did not see a Japanese release for another four years. Thus, Optimus Prime's death was not adequately explained to the Japanese audience; this game was intended to capitalize on that gap.

The Transformers: Mystery of Convoy (戦え! 超ロボット生命体トランスフォーマー コンボイの謎(ナゾ), "Tatakae! Chō Robotto Seimeitai Toransufōmā: Konboi no Nazo") est un jeu vidéo de type "run and gun" développé par ISCO et édité par Takara, sorti en 1986 sur NES.


History.

The first Idaho legislature convened in December 1890.

Elections and composition.

Members of the Idaho Legislature were originally elected by county, but in recent times districts apportioned by population have replaced representation by county.  Today members of the Idaho Legislature are elected from 35 districts throughout the state. Some districts include several counties, while others are located entirely within a single county. Ada County, the state's largest by population, currently has nine legislative districts within its boundaries (as of the 2010 redistricting, Ada County has Legislative Districts 14, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22.)  All 105 members are elected simultaneously every two years on the same day as the federal election day in early November.

Districts.

Each district is represented by one senator and two representatives. Idaho has fourteen committees in the House of Representatives and ten committees in the Senate. Currently, there are thirty-five members in the Senate with twenty-six men and nine women. The House of Representatives also currently holds seventy members with forty-six men and twenty-four women.  Districts are reapportioned every 10 years. The next reapportionment is expected to occur after the 2020 census and take effect as of the 2022 election.  In the 1980s voters elected legislators from two districts, a smaller local district and a larger "floterial" district which often encompassed an entire region of the state. Legislative seats in floterial districts were last contested in 1990. Today floterial districts are prohibited by the Idaho Constitution.

Responsibilities.

The Idaho Legislature is responsible for managing and carrying out constituent needs through public satisfaction and domain. The Idaho Legislation is mainly concerned for carrying out the public's interests and turning it into policies. The committee structure is 24 people total, divided by 10 in the Senate and 14 in the House of Representatives. The responsibilities are ideally divided throughout the day. Normally, the sessions begin in the morning and last until the job is done. In the afternoon and early in the morning meetings are scheduled so it doesn’t interfere with daily sessions.

2017 Idaho Legislature.

Currently both houses of the Idaho Legislature are controlled by the Republican Party with large majorities. In the 2017 64th Legislature the Senate is composed of 6 Democrats and 29 Republicans. The House is composed of 11 Democrats and 59 Republicans.  In terms of single party strength the Idaho Senate is tied with South Dakota for the third most Republican controlled senate in the nation behind Wyoming (27–3) and Utah (24–5). The Idaho House is tied with Utah as the second most Republican controlled lower house in the nation only trailing Wyoming (52–8).

Current Sessions.

The 2020 legislative session will begin January 9th. The 2019 legislative session started January 7th and was later adjourned after 95 days of being in session. Which is 15 more than the previous year in 2018. During the 2019 legislative session there were 353 bills enacted into laws, 522 bills introduced, and 761 legislations drafted. While the legislature is in between sessions legislators work from their home.

Location and time of operation.

The Idaho Legislature normally convenes at the Idaho State Capitol in downtown Boise. The Legislature meets annually from January until mid-March, although sessions have been known to last into May. The Governor of Idaho may also call special sessions at any time.  The Idaho State Capitol Commission was created by Governor Phil Batt in 1998. The Commission undertook the leading role of extensively remodeling the capitol building starting in 2007. The 2008 and 2009 sessions of the Idaho Legislature met in converted courtrooms in the old Ada County Courthouse. The capitol building was official re-opened and re-dedicated on January 9, 2010.

The Idaho Legislature consists of the upper Idaho Senate and the lower Idaho House of Representatives. Idaho is divided into 35 legislative districts, which each elect one senator and two representatives. There are no term limits for either chamber.

La Législature de l'Idaho () est l'organe législatif du gouvernement de l'État américain de l'Idaho. Parlement bicaméral, l'Assemblée générale est composée de la Chambre des représentants de l'Idaho () et du Sénat de l'Idaho (). Elle se réunit dans le Capitole de l'État de l'Idaho à Boise.


Early life.

Cornelia Peacock was born in Philadelphia and raised a Presbyterian by her father, Ralph William Peacock Sr. and mother, Mary Swope. With her father passing in 1818 and her mother passing in 1823, Peacock was left orphaned at the age of 14. She went to live with her half sister Isabella and her husband, Austin Montgomery. In 1831 she was baptized into the Protestant Episcopal Church and, despite her family's protests, married the Reverend Pierce Connelly, an Episcopal priest. Cornelia had been well educated by tutors at home. Pierce was five years her senior, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. The two moved to Natchez, Mississippi, where Pierce had accepted the rectorship of the Holy Trinity Episcopal church. By all accounts they were an immensely happy couple and welcomed by their parishioners. Pierce profited from land investments, and in 1835 was appointed chairman of the Episcopal Convention of the Southwest, which augured well for a future bishopric. At the time the couple had a son, Mercer, and a daughter, Adeline.

Family life.

Before marrying Cornelia's father, Cornelia's mother married John Bowen Sr., a Jamaican plantation owner. Together they had four children, however, only two, a daughter named Isabella and a son named John Jr., made it to adulthood. When John Sr. died in 1794, the children assumed control of the plantation and Swope received an annual annuity of $1,655.  In 1835 a wave of anti-Catholic resentment struck the US due to massive Catholic immigration from Europe. Consequently, the Connellys delved into a study of Catholic beliefs and practices. Soon Pierce had become so uncertain in his own beliefs that he resigned his parish and went to St. Louis to consult with Bishop Joseph Rosati about conversion. In doing so, Pierce sacrificed a promising career as well as the financial security of his family. His wife however supported him fully: ""I am ready to submit to whatever he believes to be the path of duty."" Pierce now took his family to Rome before committing himself. Cornelia however was already received into the Catholic Church while waiting in New Orleans for passage to Italy. In Rome, Pierce petitioned for admittance to the church so compellingly that, after meeting Pierce in a personal audience, Pope Gregory XVI was moved to tears. Two months later he was received into the church. Ordination was a different matter. Celibacy being required of priests in the church's Latin rite, Vatican officials suggested that he consider the Eastern rite instead, which ordains married men – particularly as Cornelia was pregnant again. Being an ambitious man, Pierce ignored the advice. There were no Eastern-rite parishes in the US for him to serve, and only celibates can become Eastern-rite bishops. The family were otherwise happy in Rome, where they stayed in the "palazzo" of the English Catholic John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury. The Connellys moved on to Vienna, where their 3rd child John Henry was born. But in July, a bank crisis in the US forced Pierce to return to Natchez to find employment. Offered a position at a Jesuit college in Grand Coteau, Louisiana, Pierce taught English, while 29-year-old Cornelia taught music at an academy for girls. For the first time the couple were poor, but by all accounts quite content.  But soon tragedy came to the Connellys. In the summer of 1839, their 4th child, Mary Magdalen, died six weeks after birth. In early 1840, still grieving the baby's death, Cornelia made her first retreat of three days. In February, her two-year-old son John Henry was playing with his Newfoundland dog, when the dog accidentally pushed him into a vat of boiling sugar. There was no doctor available, and so he died of severe burns in Cornelia's arms after 43 hours. Eight months later, while making a retreat himself, Pierce informed her that he was now certain of his vocation as a priest in the Catholic Church. Cornelia was aware that this would mean their separation for life and a breakup of the family. She urged him to consider his wish deeply and twice over. The couple agreed to a period of celibacy. Cornelia was in any case already pregnant with their fifth child, Frank, born in the spring of 1841. In 1842, Pierce broke up the family. Against the advice of the family's friend, Bishop Antoine Blanc of New Orleans, he sold their home and went to England, where he placed 9-year-old Mercer in a boarding school and applied unsuccessfully to enter the Jesuits. Cornelia stayed with the two younger children in a small cottage on the convent grounds at Grand Coteau, leading a nun-like life of work and prayer. In 1843, Pierce arrived in Rome, where Pope Gregory instructed him to bring his family so that officials could discuss the matter with Cornelia as well. Pierce returned to the US, taking his family with him back to Rome, where they settled into a large apartment near the Palazzo Borghese. After receiving Cornelia's personal consent to her husband's ordination, the pope arranged a swift permission, and within three months the couple were formally separated. Cornelia moved with the baby and his nurse into a retreat house at the convent at the top of the Spanish Steps, living as a laywoman for as long as her youngest child needed her. Adeline went to the convent school, where her mother taught English and music. Pierce received the tonsure and took up theological studies, hoping to become a Jesuit. However the Vatican had arranged that once a week he could visit his wife and children; and the Jesuits disapproved of such frequent contact. In May 1844, Pope Gregory showed his appreciation of this "big catch" for the church by sending a very large fish, freshly pulled from the Tiber.

Society of the Holy Child Jesus.

Cornelia had one final talk with Pierce before he took major orders, pleading him to consider the breakup of the family, and to return to a normal family life. But he insisted on taking Holy Orders. In keeping with the requirements of canon law, Cornelia pronounced a vow of perpetual chastity, releasing her husband for ordination. In June, Pierce was ordained and said his first Mass, giving his daughter her first holy communion, while Cornelia sang in the choir. She was 36 and now had to work out her own future. The Cardinal Vicar of Rome assured her that her first duty was to care for 10-year-old Adeline and 5-year-old Frank, and that she was under no obligation to become a nun. She was however invited to England to educate Catholic girls and the poor. With the help of Pierce, who was headed for England himself as chaplain to Lord Shrewsbury, she drew up a set of rules for a new religious congregation, which she wanted to call Society of the Holy Child Jesus. To avoid scandalizing English Protestants, Bishop Nicholas Wiseman put an end to the visitation permission that the couple had had in Rome. Correspondence would be their only contact in the future. To Cornelia's anguish, Wiseman also insisted that she send Adeline and Frank away to boarding school.  Cornelia was sent to a large convent at St. Mary's Church in Derby. Soon she was running a day school for 200 pupils, an evening school for factory women and a crowded Sunday school program, as well as training novices to her "Society of the Holy Child Jesus". The institute, whose constitution is based on that of the Jesuits, remains devoted to teaching young women, and operates schools primarily in the United States.  After a year of total separation, Pierce arrived unannounced at the convent to see his wife. Cornelia was upset and told him not to repeat his visit. He wrote her a letter of reproach, and she replied with bitterness, acknowledging his continued physical attraction for her and her own difficulties in overcoming it. In December 1847 she took her perpetual vows as a nun and was formally installed as superior general of the society. Pierce did not attend the ceremony, being jealous of Bishop Wiseman's jurisdiction over his wife. In January 1848 he removed the children from their schools without informing their mother. He put 6-year-old Frank in a secret home, while taking Mercer and Adeline with him to Europe, hoping that Cornelia would follow. Instead she vowed to remain faithful to her obligations as Superior of the new community. Pierce went to Rome, posing as founder of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, presenting to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith his own version of the society, in the hope that this would help him gain control over his wife. His efforts were thwarted when Cornelia heard of them; but he remained registered as the society's cofounder, which was to cause considerable confusion in the future. Upon his return, Pierce called on Cornelia, bringing her a gift from Pope Pius IX; but she refused to see him unless he agreed to return Adeline to her care. His was livid when Bishop Wiseman, unable to meet expenses in connection with the schools, had Cornelia move her nuns to his district at St. Leonard's-on-Sea in Sussex. Pierce was convinced that this was a ploy by the bishop to gain greater control over her.  He even pressed a lawsuit against her that gained notoriety in England. "Connelly v. Connelly" was a major scandal which, Pierce claimed, Cornelia could avoid only by returning to live with him. Lord Shrewsbury asked her to leave England to avoid embarrassing the entire Catholic Church in England. She refused, believing this would betray both her vows and her institute. Bishop Wiseman supported her decision and provided lawyers for her defense. The court was Protestant though, and the statement signed by Pierce entirely omitted his conversion to the Catholic Church as well as the separation and his ordination as a Catholic priest. It petitioned that Cornelia be ""compelled by law to return and render him conjugal rights"". Cornelia's lawyers gave the omitted facts, but after a year the judge pronounced against accepting her allegation, since Roman law is not binding in England. Cornelia had two options: Forcible return to Pierce, or prison. To spare her this, her lawyers immediately appealed the case to the Privy Council. Popular opinion favoured Pierce, and on Guy Fawkes Day, marchers carried effigies of Wiseman and Cornelia through Chelsea. She and the bishop were denounced from Protestant pulpits. Finally, the Privy Council suspended the judgment favouring Pierce, ordering him to pay the costs to date of both parties as a precondition for a second hearing. Cornelia had to pay these costs, which she could not afford; she was in effect the winner and could not be forced to return to him. But she could not regain custody of her children, since under British law, a man's wife and children were his property. Mercer was shipped off to an uncle in the US, and Frank was placed in a school. Pierce himself earned a living from writing tracts against Jesuits, the pope, Catholic morals and Cardinal Wiseman, which all served to keep Cornelia in the public eye to an extent where she had to take precautions against abduction by her husband. When the case finally was dismissed in 1857, Pierce took Adeline and Frank abroad. He kept Adeline with him, dressing her in little girl's outfits, while Frank settled in Rome, becoming an acclaimed painter. Devoted to his mother, he hated the Catholic Church for having destroyed his childhood home and his parents' lives. Cornelia never saw Mercer again; he died of yellow fever in New Orleans, aged 20.  The alienation of her children was the greatest suffering she endured. Cornelia Connelly herself stated that the Society of the Holy Child was ""founded on a breaking heart"".

Death and legacy.

Cornelia Connelly died on 18 April 1879, at St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, where she had established a school. Today, the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus are active in fourteen countries, striving to live the apostolic life as Cornelia did, seeking to meet the wants of the age through works of spiritual mercy. They are engaged in education and related spiritual and pastoral ministries.  Despite the strained economy of her Sussex school, Cornelia Connelly insisted on maintaining day schools for those who could afford tuition, as well as free schools for those who could not. For her brightest female pupils she introduced Greek and Latin writers in translation – courses that were otherwise reserved for male pupils. Amidst the Darwinian revolution, she had her pupils learn geology. She encouraged them to dabble in art, music and drama; even to dance waltz and polka, as well as playing whist. Her attitude towards discipline was unusual in that a school to her was meant to be a home, with the nuns as mothers who should love, trust and respect their pupils. Disliking the customary convent rules of constant surveillance, she encouraged mutual trust and respect for different talents.  In 1992, the Catholic Church proclaimed Cornelia as Venerable.  Mother Marie Thérèse. "Cornelia Connelly: A Study in Fidelity" (London : Burns & Oates, 1963)

Cornelia Connelly (née Peacock; January 15, 1809 – April 18, 1879) was the American-born foundress of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious institute. In 1846, she founded the first of many Holy Child schools, in England.

Cornelia Connelly, née le, morte le, est une religieuse et pédagogue américaine, fondatrice d'une congrégation religieuse catholique enseignante féminine et des écoles ".


Biography.

Soames was born in London into a Jewish family, the only daughter of Fay and Leonard Winkleman. She had two brothers. Her father was a businessman, art connoisseur and a member of the Communist Party. She was educated at King Alfred School in Golders Green, and St Martin’s College of Art, both in London.  Soames won an "Evening Standard" photography competition, winning five guineas, for her photograph of a youth in Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve, 1960. "My first photograph was my best photograph. What I was doing was fearless; in latter years I was more professional, a bit institutionalised", she told Barbara Hodgson in 2010.  Her first regular work as a photographer was for "The Observer" in 1963. After a period as a freelance, during which time her work also appeared in also appeared in "The Guardian", "Newsweek" and "The New York Times", Soames joined the staff of "The Sunday Times" in 1968, remaining with the newspaper until 2000. She photographed world leaders, including Menachem Begin and several British prime ministers.  She did not restrict herself to portraits of the prominent, which Soames described as being "photographs of people", but worked in war zones as well. Working as a photojournalist, she documented the 1973 Arab–Israeli War with "Sunday Times" reporter Nicholas Tomalin who wrote in his last dispatch, while bombs around them were exploding, that Soames was "the first Englishwoman photographer to stand bolt upright throughout (an air attack) snapping pictures as if she were covering a golf tournament". Soames suffered Posttraumatic stress disorder after witnessing Tomalin's death during the conflict. Her experience of PTSD did not stop her from returning to the middle east on many occasions and she developed as affection for Israel. Out of personal interest, rather than for professional or financial reasons, she lived in Auschwitz for several days in autumn 1979. In commemoration of Yom HaShoah, the international day of remembrance for the Holocaust, Soames photographs were exhibited at the Jewish Museum on Fifth Avenue and 92nd Street in Manhattan from May to August 1982.  Soames worked exclusively in black and white, almost always using available natural light. She refused to work in colour, which she considered a form of "vulgarity", although newspapers had by then switched to colour printing. Soames had a strong preference for the Nikon FM2 camera and, in the early 1990s, searched London for examples in the belief is was about to be discontinued. Her work was used by numerous television and film companies in the UK and the US. She engaged with her subjects to be able to photograph them as convivially as possible. In 1967, it was possible for her to spend half a day with director Orson Welles, but the encroaching publicly machine meant she was able to spend only three and a half minutes to photograph Sean Connery some years later, but used the first two minutes to talk with Connery.

Personal life and death.

Soames lived in London her whole life. In 1956, she married Leonard Soames, owner of the Snob high street clothing chain, while still a student at St Martins. The couple had a son three years later, but divorced in 1966. Trevor Soames is a barrister and photographer. Physical mobility problems from having to move heavy equipment around brought her career to an end in 2000. Her nieces are Claudia and Sophie Winkleman, respectively a television presenter and actress.  Soames died on 5 October 2019 aged 82, at her home in North London. Her portraits are held in two London collections, the National Portrait Gallery (Edward Heath and Salman Rushdie) and Victoria and Albert Museum (Rudolf Nureyev and Lord Denning). She donated her personal collection of photographs and documents to the Scott Trust Foundation.

Collections.

Soames' work is held in the following permanent public collections:

Sally Soames (née Winkleman; 21 January 1937 – 5 October 2019) was a British newspaper photographer. She worked for "The Observer" for a period from 1963, and after a spell as a freelance, for "The Sunday Times" (1968–2000).

Sally Soames (née Winkleman) (née le à Londres et morte le à Londres) est une photographe britannique connue pour ses portraits en noir et blanc de personnalités, attachée au journal The Observer puis comme pigiste pour le Sunday Times.


History.

The origins of barro negro pottery extend over centuries, with examples of it found at archeological sites, fashioned mostly into jars and other utilitarian items. It has remained a traditional crafts of the Zapotecs and Mixtecs of the Central Valleys area to the present day. Originally barro negro pottery was matte and grayish. In this form, the pottery is very sturdy, allowing it to be hit without breaking.  In the 1950s, Doña Rosa Real discovered that she could change the color and shine of the pieces by polishing the clay pieces and firing them at a slightly lower temperature. Just before the formed clay piece is completely dry, it is polished with a quartz stone to compress the surface. After firing, the piece emerges a shiny black instead of a dull gray. This innovation makes the pieces more breakable, but it has made the pottery far more popular with Mexican folk art collectors, including Nelson Rockefeller, who promoted it in the United States. The popularity stems from the look, rather than wearability, so many pieces are produced now for decorative purposes rather than utility. Doña Rosa died in 1980, but the tradition of making the pottery is being carried on by her daughter and grandchildren who stage demonstrations for tourists in their local potters' workshop. The workshop is still in the family home, where shelves and shelves of shiny black pieces for sale line the inner courtyard. Despite being the origin of black polished clay, pieces at this workshop are much cheaper than in other parts of Mexico.  Another important person in the development and promotion of barro negro is Carlomagno Pedro Martinez. He was born in San Bartolo Coyotepec into a pottery-making family. He was named after Charlemagne by his grandmother, who was an admirer of the king. From a young age, he showed talent in fashioning figures in clay. When he was grown, he attended the Fine Arts Workshop of Rufino Tamayo in Oaxaca city. He has become the first potter/sculptor in the medium, winning his first recognition in 1985 for his work. His fame increased with his development of human skulls made of barro negro in the years that followed. Each piece Carlomagno makes is unique, but themes such as oral histories, indigenous legends, Christianity and death, called "our grandmother," recur. In Mexico, he has exhibited his work in dozens of expositions and has won three national-level awards. His work has been featured in five books. Martinez’s work has been exhibited in the United States, Colombia, Argentina, Lebanon, Germany, Spain, and Japan, with one of his latest exhibits in New York in 2008. In that same year, he created a mural in barro negro at the Baseball Academy in San Bartolo Coyotepec sponsored by the Alfredo Harp Helú Foundation.

San Bartolo Coyotepec.

The craft is made in San Bartolo Coyotepec and a large number of small communities in the surrounding valley, where the clay that gives it its color is found. This community is located south of the city of Oaxaca, with about 600 families in the area dedicated to the craft. In addition to a number of family workshops, including Doña Rosa's, the Mercado de Artesanias in an important attraction which brings visitors from many parts of Mexico and other countries. A group of fourteen people exhibit and sell barro negro objects. Some of these products include vases, animal figures and jars. Demonstrations of pottery making are held as well. In 2005, the Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca(State Museum of Popular Art) was opened here. It has one of its three halls dedicated to barro negro, with pieces from the Monte Alban era to the present day. In 2009, San Bartolo Coyotepec held its first Feria Artesanal de Barro Negro (Crafts Fair of Barro Negro) with the participation of over 150 artisans.

Objects made with barro negro.

Many different kinds of objects are made of barro negro including pots, whistles, flutes, bells, masks, lamps, animal figures with most being of a decorative nature and not for the storage of food and water. One exception to this is the use of cantaros from San Bartolo Coyotepec to age and store mezcal at many distilleries. These large jars are not polished and retain the ancient gray matte, which allows them to be resistant to liquid. Another quality the gray matte version has is that it can be struck similar to a bell, and the cantaros are also used as musical instruments. The sound produced is crystalline.  Another famous barro negro object is the "mezcal monkey" (chango mezcalero). This is a vessel created for the alcoholic liquor mezcal in the shape of a monkey. It is made to hold between 700 ml and 1 liter of the liquid with a cork or corncob stopper. It is either painted in bright colors or left grayish with detailed etchings. Valente Nieto, the sole surviving progeny of Doña Rosa states that his family created the mezcal monkey and no one else. He claims that his father was a gifted sculptor, and mezcal owners came to their property requesting novelty bottles for the alcoholic beverage. The monkey as well as other animal shapes were created. However, another family, that of Marcelo Simon Galan, also claim to have created the container. His surviving granddaughter says that he made the shape at the request of a customer. An example of Galan’s work is on display at the Museo de Arte Popular de Oaxaca in San Bartolo Coyotepec.

Process.

The color of barro negro is due to the properties of the clay, and is not colored. The earth used to extract the clay is cleaned to remove impurities, which can take a month of soaking and settling out the clay from the rest of the soil. After this process, each piece takes about twenty days to complete.  Traditionally, the clay is molded on plates balanced on rocks to that they can be spun by hand. Modern potters’ tools are not used. Large pieces, such as cantaros are fashioned from the bottom up adding clay as the piece grows. After it is shaped, the pieces are set to dry in a well-insulated room to protect them from sudden changes in temperature. Drying can take up to three weeks. If the piece is to be polished so that it turns out shiny black when finished, it is polished when the piece is almost dry. The surface of the piece is lightly moistened and then rubbed with a curved quartz stone. This compacts the surface of the clay and creates the metallic sheen and dark color during firing. This is also the stage when decorative accents such as clay flowers or small handles are added. The designs of barro negro objects are unique to this area.  The pieces are then fired in underground pits or above ground kilns, using wood fires that heat the objects to between 700 and 800 °C. When they emerge, the polished pieces are a shiny black and the unpolished ones have a grey matte finish.

Barro negro pottery ("black clay") is a style of pottery from Oaxaca, Mexico, distinguished by its color, sheen and unique designs. Oaxaca is one of few Mexican states which is characterized by the continuance of its ancestral crafts, which are still used in everyday life. Barro negro is one of several pottery traditions in the state, which also include the glazed green pieces of Santa María Atzompa; however, barro negro is one of the best known and most identified with the state. It is also one of the most popular and appreciated styles of pottery in Mexico. The origins of this pottery style extends as far back as the Monte Alban period and for almost all of this pottery's history, had been available only in a grayish matte finish. In the 1950s, a potter named Doña Rosa devised a way to put a black metallic like sheen onto the pottery by polishing it before firing. This look has made the pottery far more popular. From the 1980s to the present, an artisan named Carlomagno Pedro Martínez has promoted items made this way with barro negro sculptures which have been exhibited in a number of countries.

La poterie barro negro (argile noire) est un style de poterie d'Oaxaca, au Mexique, qui se distingue par sa couleur, son éclat et ses motifs uniques. Oaxaca est l'un des rares États mexicains qui se caractérise par la continuité de son artisanat ancestral, encore utilisé dans la vie quotidienne. Le Barro negro est l'une des traditions de poterie de l'état, qui comprend également les poteries émaillées d'Atzompa, cependant, le barro negro est un des plus connus et identifiés avec cet État. C'est aussi l'un des styles de poterie les plus populaires et les plus appréciés au Mexique. Les origines de ce style de poterie remontent à l'époque du Monte Albán et pendant presque toute l'histoire de cette poterie, il n'est disponible que dans un fini gris mat. Dans les années 1950, une potière du nom de Doña Rosa trouve un moyen de donner à la poterie un éclat métallique noir semblable à celui du métal en la polissant avant la cuisson. Ce look la rend beaucoup plus populaire. Depuis les années 1980 jusqu'à nos jours, un artisan du nom de Carlomagno Pedro Martínez fait la promotion d'objets fabriqués de cette façon avec des sculptures de barro negro qui sont exposées dans un certain nombre de pays.