Plot.

"The Peach Blossom Spring" was written during a time of political instability and national disunity; and, according to the story, set in the same (the Taiyuan era of the Jin dynasty (266–420). "Peach Blossom Spring" describes how a fisherman haphazardly sailed into a river in a forest made up entirely of blossoming peach trees, where even the ground was covered by peach petals. When he reached the end of the river (or spring in some translations), the source turned out to be a [grotto]]. Though narrow at first, he was able to squeeze through and the passage eventually reached a village with animals and people of all ages.  The villagers were surprised to see him, but were kind and friendly. They explained that their ancestors escaped to this place during the civil unrest of the Qin dynasty and they themselves had not left since or had contact with anyone from the outside. As a result, they had heard nothing of subsequent changes in political regimes.  The fisherman was warmly received by the hospitable villagers and stayed for over a week. Upon leaving, he was informed that it was worthless to reveal this experience to the world. However, he marked his route on his way out with signs and later divulged the existence of this idyllic haven to others. They tried to find it repeatedly but in vain.

Influences.

Li Bai referenced Peach Blossom Spring in his poem "A Gift to Wang Lun" (赠汪伦, Zeng Wanglun, circa 750 AD). The expression "shìwaì taóyuán" ( "the Peach Spring beyond this world") has become a popular four-character idiom ("chengyu"), meaning an unexpectedly fantastic place off the beaten path, usually an unspoiled wilderness of great beauty.  The text inspired many later poems, some music compositions, art and a modern Taiwanese play-turned-movie, "Secret Love for the Peach Blossom Spring". In some of the poems, the inhabitants of the villages were xian (immortals).  Taohuayuan Scenic Area is a national park based on "The Peach Blossom Spring" located in Taoyuan County, Hunan, China.  The Mu Lung Gardens in "MapleStory" are named after the land in the text (). Mu Lung Garden is one of the Asian-themed areas in the game, even with several pandas training to become monks.  The modern sculpture by Yuanxing Liang called "Chunmang Peach Blossom Island" was inspired by the tale, it presents a woman with her hair forming into nature imitating the utopian world which is presented in the fable.

The Peach Blossom Spring (, also translated as “(The Record of) the Peach Blossom”), or Peach Blossom Spring Story or The Peach Blossom Land, was a fable written by Tao Yuanming in 421 CE about a chance discovery of an ethereal utopia where the people lead an ideal existence in harmony with nature, unaware of the outside world for centuries.

La Source aux fleurs de pêcher () est une histoire émanant du poème de Tao Yuanming (, 365-427, Jin et Song du Sud), poème de la source aux fleurs de pêcher (), préface des "Mémoires de la source des fleurs de pêcher" ().


Life and career.

At the age of 18? Mézéray appeared with the Théâtre Lyrique at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Paris as Rosine in the "Barber of Seville" in April 1877, and later that season as Violetta Tiepolo in "Bravo" by Salvayre.  Mézéray made her Paris Opéra-Comique debut on 27 May 1878 as Isabelle in "Le Pré aux clercs", having spent the previous winter season in Lyon. A good actress and musician, her salary at that time was 3,000 francs per month. Later in 1878 she sang Marie in a revival of "La Fille du régiment", and she continued to sing at the Opéra-Comique for ten years. In 1881 she sang Angèle in "Le Domino noir", and the title role in "Haydée" in 1882.  She was billed at the Théâtre de la Monnaie in "Jean de Nivelle" during the 1882-83 season and appeared during the 1885-86 season as Catherine de Médicis in the premiere of "Saint-Mégrin", when she was praised for her “impeccable talent”.  She sang Rosine in the 100th performance of "Le Barbier de Séville" at the Opéra-Comique on 25 February 1887, alongside Louis Delaquerrière as Almaviva and Gabriel Soulacroix as Figaro, and Philine in the 500th performance of Mignon in 1878. Other roles with the company included Cherubino in 1882, the Queen of the Night in 1883, and Camille in "Zampa" in 1883.  She created a role in "Dianora" by Samiel Rousseau (1879), and sang Laurette in a revival of "Richard Cœur de Lion" in December 1880.  In the preparation for Chabrier's "Le roi malgré lui" Mézeray came into dispute with Carvalho over the importance of her role. A replacement was found (Merguillier) but in April 1887 she had returned to rehearsals and created the part of Alexina that May.  Mézéray appeared as Catherine Glover in the first revival in Paris of Bizet's "La jolie fille de Perth", on 3 November 1890 at the Éden-Théâtre.

Cécile Mézéray was a French soprano active in France and Belgium in the mid nineteenth century. Born around 1859, she was one of the daughters of the musician Charles Mézeray (né Costard, born in Brunswick in 1810 and sometime conductor of the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux). Her sisters Caroline and Reine were also professional singers. As well as singing, Cécile also played the harp.

Cécile Mézéray est une soprano française qui s'est produite en France et en Belgique au milieu du. Née vers 1859, elle est la seconde filles du musicien Louis Charles Lazare Costard de Mézeray (1810–1887), chef d'orchestre du Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. Ses sœurs Caroline, Henriette et Reine Mézeray étaient aussi des chanteuses professionnelles. Elle a également joué de la harpe.


Early life.

McCarthy, born Carolyn Cook in Brooklyn, was raised in Mineola, a suburban area on Long Island about twenty miles outside New York City. Her father was a boilermaker and her mother worked at Woolworth. In her youth, she was an athlete and wanted to become a physical education teacher but found reading challenging and later was diagnosed with dyslexia. After caring for a boyfriend who was injured in a car accident, McCarthy decided to work as a Licensed Practical Nurse. Later she married and she and her family lived in Mineola.  On December 7, 1993, her husband, Dennis, was killed, and her son, Kevin, was severely injured on a Long Island Rail Road commuter train at the Merillon Avenue station in the village of Garden City, when 35-year-old Colin Ferguson opened fire on passengers. Ferguson killed six and wounded 19 others. McCarthy responded to the crime by launching a campaign for more stringent gun control that eventually propelled her to Congress in 1996 on the Democratic ticket. She defeated freshman Republican Dan Frisa by a large margin. In the biographical 1998 television movie "The Long Island Incident", which portrayed these events, she was played by actress Laurie Metcalf.

U.S. House of Representatives.

During her time in Congress, McCarthy was described as "the doyenne of anti-gun advocates in the House" and "the fiercest gun-control advocate in Congress". She made attempts to broaden her policy portfolio, but was never able to entirely shed the label of being a one-issue congresswoman. She acknowledged this, saying in 2009 that although she is also known for her education and district work, she is still the "gun lady". McCarthy was a registered Republican before her first run for Congress, although she ran for office as a Democrat and "evolved" over the years into a reliable Democratic vote. She voted with her party 98.1 percent of the time during the 111th Congress.

Political positions.

Gun control.

McCarthy's husband Dennis was murdered in the 1993 Long Island Rail Road shooting, which first prompted her to run for Congress.  McCarthy was one of the nation's most vocal gun control advocates. In 1997, she sponsored a bill requiring trigger locks on guns. After the 1997 Empire State Building shooting, she introduced legislation to ban the sale of guns to tourists visiting the United States; afterwards, she received "threats serious enough to require police protection during most public appearances". Later that year, McCarthy unsuccessfully opposed a Treasury bill provision that allowed the importation of weapons that had been modified in order to be compliant with the federal assault weapons ban. In the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre, McCarthy proposed a bill that would require firearms to be child-resistant, would make it more difficult for young adults to purchase guns, and would regulate gun shows.  After the Federal Assault Weapons Ban expired in September 2004, McCarthy introduced the Assault Weapons Ban and Law Enforcement Protection Act of 2007 to reauthorize it in February 2007.  On April 16, 2007, after the Virginia Tech shootings, McCarthy issued a press release calling for "legislation to prevent further acts of gun violence". Shooter Seung-Hui Cho had passed a background check despite his mental health issues owing to an inconsistent sharing of records between the federal and state governments. McCarthy introduced (H.R. 2640, the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007) to remedy this problem. The bill, with the support of the National Rifle Association, was passed by the House and signed by President Bush. McCarthy said her next priority was closing the gun show loophole.  In January 2012, McCarthy along with Senator Dianne Feinstein from California proposed a bill which would "ban the sale, transfer, manufacturing of importation of 150 specific firearms including semiautomatic rifles or pistols that can be used with a detachable or fixed ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds and have specific military-style features, including pistol grips, grenade launchers or rocket launchers." McCarthy spoke on the bill saying, "The American people are on our side this time, and we do outnumber some of the people who are fighting against us this time."  On a 2007 episode of MSNBC's program Tucker, Tucker Carlson interviewed McCarthy about the Virginia Tech massacre and her proposed reauthorization of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. She said that the legislation would ban large capacity "clips" of the type used in the Virginia Tech massacre and that the class of guns chosen prohibited by the law were those used by gangs and killers of police officers.

War in Iraq.

McCarthy voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution in 2002. In 2006, she voted in support of a Republican resolution in support of the war.

Death penalty.

In her 1996 race, McCarthy said she was against the death penalty but added that she wouldn't support repeal because her district supported it.

Hearing loss.

McCarthy is one of the strongest advocates of hearing loss detection, prevention, and treatment. A former nurse, she has repeatedly championed the Hearing Aid Tax Credit Act, which is designed to help those with hearing loss to afford hearing aids.

Abortion.

McCarthy consistently supported a pro-choice abortion platform. In 1997, McCarthy voted against a ban on late-term partial-birth abortions. In 2003 she was rated 100% by NARAL, and in 2006 she was rated 0% by the NRLC; both scores indicate a strongly pro-choice stance.

Age discrimination.

In 2003, McCarthy introduced legislation prohibiting companies from compelling the retirement of older employees and denying them pension and benefits.

Special education.

McCarthy, who has dyslexia, testified in support of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and co-sponsored an act to fund early detection of dyslexia.

Children's health insurance program.

In September 2007, McCarthy supported an increase of $35 billion for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the national program to provide health care for children from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. She said, "No child in the 4th Congressional District, Long Island, or anywhere throughout our nation should ever go without medical care." The increase passed but was later vetoed by President Bush.

Stem cell research.

McCarthy was a supporter of federally funded stem cell research but restricted to the use of embryos that would be discarded. In 2007, she supported the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act which did just that. It passed both the House and Senate but was later vetoed by President Bush.

Financial reform.

On November 4, 1999, McCarthy voted in favor of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.

Tea party.

In a 2011 press release, McCarthy expressed her sentiments on the Tea Party, saying "It's time to stop letting the Tea Party hold the House of Representatives hostage."

Political campaigns.

The Fourth District and its predecessors had been in Republican hands since 1953, even though Nassau County as a whole has supported Democrats for President since 1992. In 1996, the district's first-term Republican incumbent Dan Frisa was running for re-election at the time that McCarthy testified at a congressional hearing against an ultimately unsuccessful Republican attempt to repeal the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in a congressional hearing.  After Frisa voted for the repeal, McCarthy, a lifelong Republican, announced she would run against him in the primary. However, local Republican officials showed no support for her candidacy. So, with the support of the local and national Democratic parties, and the endorsement of "Newsday", the local daily newspaper, McCarthy ran as a Democrat and defeated Frisa by seventeen points. Afterwards, some Republicans tried unsuccessfully to persuade her to run as a Republican in 1998.  She faced a close fight for reelection in 1998 against state assemblyman Gregory Becker, but did not face serious opposition again until 2004. That year, she faced Hempstead mayor James Garner. The race was expected to be competitive, but McCarthy won easily, taking 63% of the vote.  Although McCarthy has always served as a Democrat, she did not change her voter registration from Republican until 2003.

2010.

Before the election, it was reported that Democrats were concerned that McCarthy was in danger of losing her seat. In the end, however, McCarthy defeated Republican challenger Francis X. Becker, Jr, by a margin of 54% to 46%.  Earlier in 2010, it was widely reported that McCarthy was considering entering the 2010 special senatorial election to challenge Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, owing to the latter's support for gun rights. Gillibrand had been appointed to the seat on January 23, 2009 by Governor David Paterson to succeed Hillary Clinton, who had left the Senate to become Secretary of State in the new Obama Administration. McCarthy commented, saying: "I've spent 15 years trying to prevent gun violence in this country, and if he [Paterson] does pick her [Gillibrand] and if no one goes and primaries her, I will primary her." She said she would not let New York be represented by someone with a 100% rating of the NRA. On Hardball, McCarthy said that she thought Gillibrand was working for the NRA. On June 4, 2009, however, McCarthy announced that she would not mount a primary challenge to Gillibrand.

2012.

In early 2012 there was a question as to whether redistricting might eliminate McCarthy's district. In the end, her district was left essentially intact.

Electoral history.

Third party candidates omitted, so percentages may not add up to 100%.

Personal life.

McCarthy announced on June 3, 2013, that she has a treatable form of lung cancer. On November 8, 2013, it was reported that McCarthy, who had smoked cigarettes for 40 years, was suing more than 70 companies claiming that she had developed lung cancer from asbestos. Her father and brother, whose clothes she washed, worked with asbestos. This was challenged by New York Times columnist Joe Nocera, who claimed McCarthy was part of a growing trend of cigarette smokers suing companies that once used asbestos, citing her nearly lifelong "pack-a-day" habit as evidence that she was knowingly bringing a bogus case and partaking in a widespread "asbestos scam."

Carolyn McCarthy (born January 5, 1944) is an American nurse and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for from 1997 to 2015. She is a Democrat.

, née Carolyn Cook le à Brooklyn, est une femme politique américaine. Membre du Parti démocrate, elle siège pour l'État de New York à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 1997 à 2015, s'engageant notamment pour la régulation des armes à feu.


Early life.

Julia Michaels was born in Davenport, Iowa but moved to Santa Clarita, California, about 35 miles northwest of Los Angeles, with her family including her older sister Jaden who is also a songwriter. Her father is Mexican-Puerto Rican and changed his name from Juan Manuel Cavazos to John Michaels to pursue an acting career. Michaels began singing at age 12. When she was 14, she met songwriter Joleen Belle, with whom she wrote the theme song to "Austin & Ally" and many other songs for TV and film. At 19, she met Lindy Robbins, with whom she wrote "Fire Starter" for Demi Lovato and "Miss Movin' On" for Fifth Harmony.  Michaels has said her inspirations include Fiona Apple, Lisa Mitchell, Laura Marling, Missy Higgins, Paramore, Juliet Simms, Sarah Blasko, and The Fray. Michaels had been writing in the Hollywood Pop Circuits since she was 16. When she was 20, she met her songwriting partner Justin Tranter with whom she frequently collaborates. She is credited with writing hits for artists including Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez, and Fifth Harmony. Together with the Norwegian musician Kygo she performed "Carry Me" at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Career.

In January 2017, Michaels released her first solo single, "Issues". "It was the first time I'd written a song that sounded so much like myself that I couldn't picture anyone else singing it," Michaels said. According to Michaels, many big-name artists fought for the song, but Michaels kept the song for herself. For the song she gained much notoriety and fame, and became a standout new star of 2017. In April 2017, her new song "How Do We Get Back to Love" was premiered on the HBO series "Girls". Michaels's EP "Nervous System" was released on July 28, 2017. Her second single "Uh Huh" was released on June 2, 2017. From November 25 to December 6, 2017, Michaels was the opening act for Shawn Mendes's Illuminate World Tour on the Oceania Leg.  At the 2018 Grammy Awards, she was nominated for 2 awards, Best New Artist and Song of the Year for "Issues". On February 8, 2018, "Heaven" was released which was included in the soundtrack for the film "Fifty Shades Freed". On May 4, 2018, "Jump" was released featuring Trippie Redd.  From March 12 to May 12 2018, Julia was the opening act for the European dates of Niall Horan’s Flicker World Tour.  From May 30 to October 15, 2018, Michaels was the opening act for Maroon 5's Red Pill Blues Tour on the North American leg. She collaborated with Lauv on the single "There's No Way", released September 27, 2018.  From January 23 to February 5 2019, Michaels opened for Keith Urban on the Australian leg of his Graffiti U World Tour. On January 24, 2019, Michaels released her EP, "Inner Monologue Part 1". In June 2019, she began teasing songs from "Inner Monologue Part 2", including "17" and "Falling for Boys". "Inner Monologue Part 3" has yet to be released.  On May 11, 2020, Michaels appeared in the second season episode of "Songland" and released the song "Give It to You".

Personal life.

After a series of Instagram posts featuring each other and collaborating on "There's No Way", Michaels and fellow artist Lauv confirmed on October 2018 that they were dating. After a couple of months, Michaels hinted that they broke up after posting to Instagram with the caption "No more dating narcissists". Lauv references his relationship with Michaels in his song "Julia", where he apologizes for how he mistreated her.  In the beginning of 2020, Michaels started dating Canadian musician JP Saxe. This relationship arose from their collaboration on the duet, "If the World Was Ending".

Awards and nominations.

American Music Awards.

Created by Dick Clark in 1973, the American Music Awards is an annual music awards ceremony and one of several major annual American music awards shows. Michaels has received one nomination.

ASCAP Pop Music Awards.

ASCAP honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in pop music categories. Michaels has received one award.

"Billboard" Music Award.

The "Billboard" Music Awards are held to honor artists for commercial performance in the US, based on record charts published by "Billboard" magazine. Michaels has received one nomination.

BMI Awards.

The BMI Awards are annual award ceremonies for songwriters in various genres organized by Broadcast Music, Inc.  BMI London Awards BMI Pop Awards

Julia Carin Cavazos (born November 13, 1993), known professionally as Julia Michaels, is an American singer and songwriter. Born in Iowa and raised in California, Michaels began her career writing for others artists. Following her success as writer, Michaels released her debut single with Republic Records in 2017, "Issues", which peaked at number 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States and was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Her major-label debut extended play, "Nervous System" (2017), peaked at number 48 on the "Billboard" 200 chart in the United States. She has since toured alongside Maroon 5, Keith Urban, and Niall Horan and has appeared on the UK top 20 hits "If the World Was Ending" with JP Saxe and "I Miss You" with Clean Bandit.

Julia Carin Cavazos (née le ), connue sous son nom de scène Julia Michaels, est une chanteuse et auteure-compositrice américaine originaire de Davenport dans l'Iowa.


France.

Rumours of a plot broke out in the spring of 1321 and terrified the people of southern France. Torture of lepers ensued, and eventually confessions were forced out. These initially blamed lepers only but later, in June 1321, stated that the lepers were acting on the orders of Jews, who in turn had been bribed by the Muslims of Spain, in an attempt to "poison the Christian population of Europe". In the confession of the leper Johan de Bosco on 16 May 1321 to the officials of Regale Ville, he says that Geraldus, leper and proctor of the leprosarium of Alterque, had brought bags of powder and ordered him to put them in fountains and rivers so that anyone who drank from them would die or become leprous.  Jacques Fournier's (Bishop of Parmiers 1318-25) inquisitorial records contain the depositions of Guillaume Agasse, the head of the leper house in Parmiers. In a statement on the 9 June 1321 Agasse said that fifty or sixty representatives, leaders and ministers of leper houses from across France, met in one place and conspired to poison the populace with the aid of the Muslim King of Granada. The heads of the houses, it was claimed, were required to deny ‘Christ’s faith and his law’ and in return were to become the masters of the localities their houses served.  The alleged plot flourished in the wake of the previous year's Shepherds' Crusade, which saw young rural men and women form a mob and attack Jews in France and the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, despite being ordered to stop by Pope John XXII, King Philip V of France and King James II of Aragon. Already in 1320, some of the apprehended and later hanged "crusaders" claimed to have found barrels filled with rotten bread while pillaging a leper colony (possibly near Le Mas-d'Agenais), and made a strikingly uncommon accusation, alleging that the lepers had intended to use the bread to prepare poisons for contaminating well water. The rumours that sparked the violence in 1321 may have started here. While the Shepherds' Crusade was led by rioters, the persecution of lepers was orchestrated by municipal authorities, making it judicial though extralegal (judicial power being royal prerogative).  King Philip was on a tour of the region when the stories started circulating. He found himself in a difficult position; he could openly neither condone nor condemn the unstoppable persecution, as the former would have led to more violence, while the latter would have undermined his authority. The Dominican inquisitor Bernard Gui was instructed to conduct extensive investigation. On 21 June, Philip ordered by edict that all lepers be imprisoned and examined under torture. Those found guilty were to be burnt at the stake. Since their crimes were declared lèse-majesté, the lepers' property was to be confiscated by the Crown. Unfortunately for Philip many local lords had already executed lepers and confiscated their goods. He was persuaded by the barons, prelates and nobles, who said they had by ancient custom the right to administer leproseries and take immediate steps against the plotters, to give way and accept their actions through a second ordinance on August 18.

Aragon.

News of the uncovered plot spread rapidly to the neighbouring countries. King James of Aragon learned of the supposed conspiracy and associated violence almost immediately. James's cousin, King Sancho of Majorca, informed him of the situation in France by a letter dated 2 June, but James deliberated for nearly a week. The French lepers fleeing the "lash of justice", as James put it in a letter to his officials, were already seeking shelter in his realm. He cautiously commanded the arrest and expulsion of all leprous foreigners, while Jews were not mentioned. By 27 June, James had changed his mind in favour of a harsher approach. He ordered not only the seizure of the diseased, destruction of their powders, and questioning under torture, but also the arrest and expulsion of non-leprous foreigners, "since it is difficult, truly even impossible, to recognize such and identify them". Local inquisitions were set up in Manresa, Ejea de los Caballeros, Huesca, Montblanc, Tarazona and Barcelona. Those who confessed were burnt. Leper colonies were attacked and their goods seized, including the ancient leprosarium attached to the Church of Santa Maria de Cervera.  A suspected leper was most likely examined and diagnosed with the disease by frightened lay people rather than experienced physicians. A year after the scare, a physician called Amonant decided to move from Gascony to Aragon, only to be apprehended in Huesca and accused of being a leper intending to poison the water. The physician appealed to King James's son Alfons and was granted examination by local physicians, who confirmed that he was not infected. Frightened, he chose to nevertheless leave Aragon. The incident was probably one of many that helped promote medical diagnosis of leprosy.

Aftermath.

Doubts about whether the lepers' plot' was real or not emerged soon after the persecution of lepers in France of June, July and August 1321. Those lepers of Limoges who were branded and locked up on 27 August in response to the royal edict were released only a month later, despite the original intention that confinement should be permanent. The original accusations were already being questioned. Jews continued to be persecuted but references to poisoning of the water supply by lepers were progressively treated with more scepticism and the phrase ‘it is said that’ appears more often in official records. In 1338, Pope Benedict XII issued a Bull that was in response to pleas from the lepers of Toulouse for support in recovering goods, including property and lands, confiscated during the plot. The Pope pointed out that the lepers had already been recognised in court as ‘innocent and guiltless’ of the crimes of which they had been accused and were therefore due formal restitution. The Pope was the same Jacques Fournier who twenty years before had been one of the interrogators of Agassa.

The 1321 lepers' plot was an alleged conspiracy of French lepers to spread their disease by contaminating water supplies, including well water, with their powders and poisons. According to the American historian Solomon Grayzel, lepers were the most abused group of people during the Middle Ages: they were thrown out of settlements and treated as wild animals due to the widespread belief that their disease was highly contagious. However, other historians have contested such a view, pointing out that lepers often lived within communities in leper houses ("leprosaria") and were supported by charitable donations.

La peur des lépreux de 1321 est un prétendu complot de lépreux français dans le but de propager leur maladie, en contaminant l'eau des puits des chrétiens avec l'aide de poudres et de poisons.


Early life.

Lewis Nixon was born to Stanhope Wood Nixon and Doris Ryer Nixon on September 30, 1918 in New York City. He was a grandson of shipbuilder Lewis Nixon I (1861–1940) and Sally Wood Nixon (died 1937). At age seven, Lewis took third place in the model yacht regatta at Conservatory Lake in Central Park on May 22, 1926, earning a gold and bronze medal in the boat class. As a youth, Nixon lived in New York City and Montecito, California; he traveled the world extensively, including Germany, France, and England. Nixon graduated from Cate School in Santa Barbara, before attending Yale University for two years.

Military service.

Nixon served during World War II. He was selected (inducted) into the United States Army on January 14, 1941, in Trenton, New Jersey. After graduating from Army Officer Candidate School in 1941 as an infantry second lieutenant, he volunteered for the parachute infantry, part of the U.S. Army's fledgling airborne forces. He was assigned to E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR), commanded by Colonel Robert Sink. The 506th was an independent regiment until June 1943, when it became part of the 101st Airborne Division. He went through the regimental unit training and pre-airborne training at Camp Toccoa, Georgia, and Airborne School at Fort Benning, eventually training at many locations throughout the United States. In September 1943, he was sent with the 506th to Aldbourne, Wiltshire, England, in preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy.  Nixon was appointed as the 2nd Battalion intelligence officer (S2). He and the 506th parachuted into Normandy on June 6, 1944. Shortly after Easy Company fought in the Battle of Carentan on June 12, 1944, he was moved up to the regimental level as the 506th S2. He served in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. In the Netherlands he was hit by a bullet from a German MG 42 machine gun. The bullet went through his helmet, grazed his forehead, and left a small burn mark. He developed a drinking problem, and was eventually removed and assigned back down to the 2nd Battalion as the operations officer (S3), where he continued to display his skill at planning and operations, but did not have to deal with the politics and high visibility at the regimental level. In Berchtesgaden, he had first choice of a captured, extensive wine collection originally assembled at Hermann Göring's orders, comprising bottles which were stolen from wineries across France and other European occupied territories.  Nixon was one of the few men of the 101st Airborne to jump with another division or regiment. On March 24, 1945, Nixon was assigned by Major General Maxwell Taylor, the Commanding General (CG) of the 101st, to be an observer with Major General William Miley's 17th Airborne Division during Operation Varsity, the airborne crossing of the river Rhine. Nixon's plane took a direct hit and only he and three others got out. He is also one of very few men in the 101st to earn three Combat Jump Stars on his Jump Wings.  Nixon saw the defeat of Germany and ended World War II with the rank of captain. Nixon never fired a shot in combat, though he spent much time on the front lines during intense close fighting. He returned home in September 1945.  Nixon was remembered as always having a source of whisky no matter where the company was, and in particular for his love of the blended whisky Vat 69, as noted in the book "Band of Brothers" by Stephen E. Ambrose and the miniseries made from it.

Family.

On December 20, 1941, Nixon married Katharine Page of Phoenix, Arizona. That marriage failed, as did the next. He married his third wife, Grace Umezawa, in 1956. She had been a student in California in the spring of 1942 when the President ordered the internment of Japanese Americans. Richard Winters served as the best man at the wedding. Nixon got his life back together and overcame his alcoholism during their marriage. They had no children.

Later years.

After the war, Nixon worked at his family's Nixon Nitration Works in Edison (then Raritan Township), New Jersey, alongside his father, Stanhope, and longtime friend, Dick Winters. Lewis Nixon died of complications from diabetes in Los Angeles, California, on January 11, 1995. Dick Winters gave the eulogy at Grace's request.

Captain Lewis Nixon III (September 30, 1918 – January 11, 1995) was a United States Army officer who, during World War II, served at the company, battalion, and regimental level with the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Nixon was portrayed in the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" by Ron Livingston.

Lewis Nixon III ( à New-York - à Los Angeles) est un officier de l'US Army. Membre de la aéroportée, il participe aux côtés de la célèbre Easy Company à la bataille de Normandie puis aux combats aux Pays-Bas, en Allemagne et en Autriche.


History.

Leachville was established in 1896 by land developers Joshua Gilbert Leach, James Wiseman Honnoll, and Sam McNamee, who afterward formed the Leach-McNamee Land Development Company. The city was named in honor of Joshua Gilbert Leach. The Jonesboro, Lake City and Eastern Railroad completed a rail line to Leachville in 1899, and the Blytheville, Leachville and Arkansas Southern Railroad completed a second line in 1908.  One of the largest cotton gins in Arkansas, the Adams Land Company gin, was completed in Leachville in the early 1990s.

Geography.

Leachville is located in the Arkansas Delta region at (35.931381, -90.254433). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. The city lies just south of the Arkansas-Missouri state line in northwestern Mississippi County. Arkansas Highway 77 connects the city with Manila to the southeast and the state line to north (where the road continues as Missouri Route 108 in the direction of Arbyrd, Missouri). Arkansas Highway 119 connects the city with the east-west oriented Arkansas Highway 18 to the south.  Ecologically, Leachville is located within the St. Francis Lowlands ecoregion within the larger Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The St. Francis Lowlands are a flat region mostly covered with row crop agriculture today, though also containing sand blows and sunken lands remaining from the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Waterways have mostly been channelized, causing loss of aquatic and riparian wildlife habitat. The Big Lake National Wildlife Refuge, which preserves some of the bottomland hardwood forest typical of this ecoregion prior to development for row agriculture lies east of Leachville.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,993 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 85.6% White, 0.3% Black, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian and 1.3% from two or more races. 12.6% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  As of the census of 2000, there were 1,981 people, 788 households, and 549 families living in the city. The population density was 1,069.6 people per square mile (413.4/km2). There were 866 housing units at an average density of 467.6 per square mile (180.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.88% White, 1.41% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 4.04% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. 9.54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 788 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07.  In the city, the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $25,789, and the median income for a family was $32,574. Males had a median income of $26,792 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,360. About 12.4% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

The Buffalo Island Central School District, which operates Buffalo Island Central High School, serves Leachville. The school's mascot is the mustang.  The Buffalo Island Central School District was established on July 1, 1984. Until that point the Leachville School District served the community; on that day it merged with the Monette School District to form the current school district.

Leachville is a city in Mississippi County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,993 at the 2010 census. Leachville was incorporated in 1916.

Leachville est une ville de l'État américain de l'Arkansas, située dans le comté de Mississippi. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de habitants.


History.

The town began during the Victorian Gold Rush. It is located on the traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung people, who called the area "Lea Kuribur".  One of the very first accounts of the Dunolly Gold Rush was recorded by the Bendigo Advertiser on 3 July 1857 that estimated the population at 12,000. Confirmation of a rush followed on 10 July.  The exact date that Dunolly was founded is unknown. The location of the township itself moved four times before the 1856 rush, further adding to the confusion of its early history. The modern town is the 5th location, and was founded in July 1856 with the previous resettlements driven by further discoveries of gold leads. Technically, even at this time Dunolly was not a town. It was held as a Municipality from 1858 to 1863, and wasn't officially declared a borough until 1 October 1863.  Goldborough Post Office opened on 1 March 1856 and was renamed Dunolly in 1859.  One of the largest natural gold nuggets ever found, the legendary "Welcome Stranger", was discovered in nearby Moliagul township.  Rail came to Dunolly with the opening of the Mildura railway line in 1875. Another branch line that connected to Inglewood in 1888.  The Dunolly Magistrates' Court closed on 1 August 1981.

Attractions.

Centred on the main street, Broadway, Dunolly features a rural transaction centre, SES, CFA, a pre-school and a primary school, and many businesses. Dunolly hosts a monthly market for vendors from all over Victoria and other states.  Although Dunolly is located on a major rail line, no passenger services are available, but regular bus services offer travel to and from Dunolly.  There is a local museum on Broadway which has a large collection of historic photographs, goldfields implements, replicas of gold nuggets, ladies fashions, needlework, and guns. It also offers a family research facility and regular history tours.  Dunolly has become a favorite location for gold fossicking using metal detectors. In 2016–2017, gold nuggets of and were found near Dunolly. The nuggets have been valued at around $300,000.  The town's Australian Rules football team, the Dunolly Eagles, competes in the Maryborough Castlemaine District Football League. Star recruits, Shannon Motlop and Robbie Ahmat, have played on the team.

Dunolly is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on the Dunolly - Maryborough Road, in the Shire of Central Goldfields. At the 2016 census, Dunolly had a population of 893, down from 969 in 2006.

Dunolly est une ville du Comté des Central Goldfields dans l'état de Victoria en Australie. La ville a été créée lors de la ruée vers l'or au Victoria.


Plot.

The Great Patriotic War is nearing the end. In a train two youths, Volodya (Boris Tokarev) and Valya (Natalia Bogunova) returning from evacuation to Leningrad cross paths for a few minutes. The plot carries them to their first random encounter that takes place in the summer of 1941 at a crowded refugee station. The period of growing adolescents, their "introduction" to adult life occurs in the arduous years of war. During the bombing of the evacuation train near the Mga station, dies the mother (Lyubov Sokolova) of Valya and her younger sister Lucy (Lida Volkova). After long wanderings in orphanages, the girls are found by their own aunt and they find shelter in her house.  The fate of Volodya Jakubowski develops in a difficult way; mother (Nina Urgant) is divorced from his own father (Yuri Volkov), who has long had another wife and son Oleg (Nikolai Burlyayev), a half-brother of Volodya. In evacuation the mother is trying to arrange her personal life, and gets close to the army captain (Stanislav Checkan). Not wanting to burden her, the teenager takes a job at a defensive aircraft factory and moves to a hostel. There he finds a good friend - Romka (Valery Nosik). Learning that the woman is pregnant, the captain breaks up with Volodya's mother. The unfavorable reputation of a "loose" woman, a baby girl born without a father, make her unable to rent decent accommodation. The teen takes has a difficult time coping with his mother's unhappy personal life, and goes to Leningrad to his father, so that he would issue a due summons to the city from which the blockade was only recently lifted. Jakubowski Sr. initially refuses to help (facts about the mothers infidelity are discovered) but matured Volodya is insistent and gets what he wants. The father objects to communication between Volodya and Oleg however the teenagers are introduced and become friends.

Introduction to Life () is a 1963 Soviet drama film about World War II seen through the eyes of a young boy from Leningrad. It won a Special Jury Prize at the 24th Venice International Film Festival.

Entrée dans la vie (, "") est un film dramatique soviétique réalisé par Igor Talankine et sorti en 1963. Le film a obtenu le prix du jury à la Mostra de Venise 1963.


History.

Founded in 1982 by Françoise Kourilsky, Ubu Rep serves as a forum for cross-cultural exchange in New York, NY. The company encourages the collaboration of translators, directors, actors, playwrights, and theater professionals as a way to foster international cooperation.

The Theater.

Ubu originally performed in a small, second-floor theater in Chelsea, Manhattan, on Mercer Street. The company relocated in 1989 on West 28th Street in a 99-seat theater. In 1999, Ubu Rep moved into new offices located at 95 Wall Street (at the bottom of Wall Street) and shared its floor office with FIAF. The new space however did not include its own theater. The company worked on a number of larger Off-Broadway productions such as the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club's Annex Theater and the Alliance Française French Institute's Florence Gould Hall to accommodate its growing popularity. Ubu Rep also provided a large selection of francophone plays year round through its reading series..  Past key-staff members include French-Australian director, Morgan Dowsett, and French-American writer-director-producer, Frederic Colier.

Ubu Bilingual Company.

Still under Kourilsky's leadership, Ubu Rep also founded the Ubu Bilingual Company. The troupe has performed bilingual productions including Jean-Paul Sartre's "Huis Clos/No Exit" (1985) and Albert Camus's "Le Malentendu/The Misunderstanding" and "Les Justes/The Just Assassins" (1998), Jean Anouilh's, "Antigone," (2000), Denise Bonal's "In Transit", and Xavier Durringer's "Murder in Mind," (2001), and many others.

Ubu Repertory Theater Publications.

Translations and publications are an important step of Ubu Rep's mission. Many authors have been commissioned to have their play translated, performed, and then published: Aimé Césaire, Jean Tardieu, Jean-Claude Grumberg, Simone Schwarz-Bart, Sony Labou Tansi and Bernard-Marie Koltès and, Kateb Yanice, Maryse Condé, Koffi Kwahulé, and Michel Tremblay to name a few of its vast catalogue of individual and anthologized published plays. As of 2002, Theater Communications Group (TCG) handles all the distribution of Ubu Rep's catalogue.

End of the First Chapter.

The 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center took a heavy toll on the company given its offices close proximity. On-going fire at the site of the attack, aggravated by dangerous air contamination, prohibited access to the downtown area for weeks on end. Françoise Kourilsky decided to retire and dissolved the company at the beginning of the summer 2002, though not before running a final celebration: "Bravo Ubu" celebrating the 20 Years of the company presence in New York, with Ellen Stewart and Tom Bishop as the masters of the ceremonies. The celebration took place at the Florence Gould Hall in May 2002. Françoise Kourilsky died in Paris in 2012.

New Chapter.

Since the summer 2017, a group of ex-staffers, actors and playwrights, are working towards bringing Ubu Rep back to the New York theater scene.

The Ubu Repertory Theater is the only US theater dedicated to presenting French-language plays both in English and French productions. The Ubu Repertory Theater provides Americans with a unique perspective into the world of Francophone cultures: the French-speaking European countries, as well as the ones located in North America, Africa, and the Caribbean islands.

Le Ubu Repertory Theater est le seul théâtre américain consacré à la présentation de pièces de langue française avec des productions anglaises et françaises.


Career.

Born in London he began as a student of his uncle, the notable painter Louis Goupy. Along with his uncle, he was one of the original subscribers to the Great Queen Street academy started by Godfrey Kneller and developed a reputation for reproducing old masters. He was especially known for reproducing the works of Salvator Rosa and his influence can be seen in his own compositions.  After painting copies of the Raphael Cartoons on commission for Baron von Kielmansegg, the husband of Sophia von Kielmansegg, half-sister to George I he made use of his connections to the royal family to begin work painting snuff boxes for the king. He worked consistently for 20 years for John Hedges, treasurer to Frederick, Prince of Wales whom Goupy went on to paint another set of Raphael Cartoons. On Hedges’ death, his brother brought a lawsuit against Goupy by his brother Charles Hedges for failing to repay debts. Goupy claimed the money was for work for Hedges that he delivered. Numerous witnesses were called to testify on the good character of Goupy, incluing John Wootton and Michael Dahl. It is in this deposition of 1738 that Dahl describes Goupy as ‘esteemed the best hand in England at his trade’. Like his uncle Charles and his cousin William, Joseph Goupy is also known to have been 'the most eminent of fan painters'. From 1724 he worked intermittently designing scenery for the theatre. He counted among his numerous artistic friends the sculptor Joseph Nollekens.  In 1726 he was paid £170 to restore elements of the Triumphs of Caesar, Mantegna in the Royal Collection. From 1736 he worked as cabinet painter to the Prince of Wales and regularly supplied new pictures and restored paintings to Leicester House up until the prince’s death in 1751.  As well as being a subscriber to the Great Queen Street Academy he went on to join the Virtuosi of St. Luke and the later Rose and Crown Club. It was here that he mixed with fellow artists, musicians and collectors including William Hogarth with whom he campaigned successfully for the granting of copyright to the designers of prints in 1735.  Goupy features in Gawen Hamilton’s group portrait of a ‘club of artists’ at the King’s Arms. Goupy himself won the portrait in a raffle of April 1735. Shortly before Prince Frederick’s death in 1751, Goupy submitted several designs for buildings at Kew Gardens that were subsequently realized.  Following the prince’s death Goupy seems to have retired or severely reduced his artistic output. There are no extant paintings that can be dated after 1751 with limited references to works.  In 1755 his copperplates were sold and in 1765 he sold his collection of paintings in ninety-three lots. In 1765 he exhibited 2 watercolours at the Society of Artists of Great Britain and was elected a fellow although he appears as a non-exhibitor for the next several years.

Teaching.

He was also a teacher to an illustrious clientele including Dorothy Boyle, Countess of Burlington, Matthew Robinson, 2nd Baron Rokeby, and Augusta, Princess of Wales. He also had the famous architect Athenian Stuart as a student. It has been suggested his connections to the art world whilst teaching the Mark Catesby could have afforded the naturalist the connections and skills he needed to begin his ‘Natural History’. He also gave lessons to his landlady, a Mrs. Dorothy Chambery with whom he lodged for 17 years. He was also appointed drawing master to Prince Frederick himself in 1733.

Friendship with Handel.

Goupy was heavily immersed in the artistic world of 18th century London. From 1724 he worked as designing sets with Peter Tillemans at the Haymarket Theatre and went on to work on the scenery for Handel’s Riccardo I three years later. Their careers ran close together for many years overlapping regularly. On the death of their mutual patron, George I, their paths seem to have diverged with Handel falling under the patronage of George II whilst Goupy moves closer to the Frederick, Prince of Wales. After the closure of the Royal Academy of Music and Handel’s split with other members of the company, especially Paolo Rolli, Goupy went to speak to Rolli’s brother to try and unsuccessfully mend fences.  They seem to have remained on good terms for some years with Goupy painting a portrait of Handel in 1742 for the prince. In 1743 however, Goupy was chosen to present a commission to Handel on behalf of the Prince of Wales’ circle of friends but was supposedly rudely rebuffed. This may be the incident that led to Goupy’s insulting caricature of Handel as a hog surrounded by symbols of gluttony, the original painting is now in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Goupy also aligned with Handel’s operatic rivals under the patronage of the Prince of Wales could be another reason for the rift between the two. At the time of his death, Handel still owned a considerable number of Goupy’s paintings and prints.

Death.

Goupy died sometime in 1769 ‘in very indigent circumstances’ owing to his care of an old mistress of his, Sarah Wright, ‘who became mad [and whom he took] to his own house’. Goupy left an estate in trust to her sister Elizabeth Williams. Additionally he left to different people a ‘book of nudities’, four flutes, and his painting materials. Posthumous sales of his collection fetched a total of £296 3s 6d.

Joseph Goupy (c.1689–1769) was an English engraver, painter, set designer and watercolourist. He was of French descent living and working in London from at least 1711.

Joseph Goupy (1689-1769) est un peintre, aquarelliste, scénographe et graveur d'origine française ayant effectué toute sa carrière en Angleterre, et un temps le proche collaborateur de Georg Friedrich Haendel. Après une ascension fulgurante, il connaît une fin relativement misérable.


Early life.

Rau was born in Paris and is of Algerian descent. Assigned as male at birth, Rau transitioned and underwent sex reassignment surgery at the age of 16, after being inspired by the life story of English trans model Caroline "Tula" Cossey. Afterwards, she lived as a woman but did not divulge her transgender identity until she was 24.

Career.

After turning 18, Rau started dancing for DJs in Ibiza, during which she became friends with David Guetta. In 2013, at age 24, she first posed nude with Tyson Beckford for a spread in "OOB", a French luxury magazine, shortly after coming out as transgender. In May 2014, she first appeared in "Playboy's" "A-Z issue" in a spread titled "Evolution" that aimed to depict the growing acceptance of gender identities beyond the male-female binary. She became the second transgender woman to be featured in "Playboy" after Cossey in 1981, and the first who came out voluntarily (Cossey was outed against her will and reappeared in the magazine in 1991).  Following her magazine appearances, Rau worked as a model for Nicole Miller, Alexis Bittar and Barneys New York. She also appeared in "Vogue Italia" and in a campaign for Balmain.  In October 2017, Cooper Hefner, son of "Playboy" founder Hugh Hefner, announced that Rau would appear as "Playmate of the Month" in the magazine's November/December 2017 issue, making her the first openly transgender woman to be featured this way. Hefner likened the choice to feature Rau to his father's decision to feature Jennifer Jackson as the first African-American model to appear in "Playboy" as a Playmate in 1965.

Activism.

Following her coming-out, Rau became more active campaigning for transgender rights. In 2016, she appeared on the TF1 news format "Sept à Huit" on an episode focused on her life.

Ines-Loan Rau (born 1990) is a French model. She was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for November 2017, and the first openly transgender Playmate.

Inès Rau (parfois écrit Ines Rau ou Ines-Loan Rau) est le pseudonyme d'une femme mannequin française dont l'identité véritable n'est pas connue, née le à Nancy.


Life and career.

Bovie was born in Brussels and studied drawing first under Frans-Karel Deweirdt (1799–1855) before becoming part of the painting atelier of Antoine Wiertz (1806–1865), whose "megalomanic conceptions" she is said to have picked up. From 1850 forward, she regularly exhibited her works at the annual salons of Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent. These were historical and allegorical scenes, portraits or genre pieces. By the time she was 30, Bovie had executed two large-scale paintings for her parish church.  She began a tour of Italy in 1855 with her older sister, Louise Bovie, a writer whose collected stories were published posthumously in 1870. Of the 300 Belgian painters, sculptors, engravers, and architects who traveled to Italy to study during the period 1830–1914, only five are thought to have been women; Bovie is one of three whose presence there is attested with certainty. She visited Rome, Florence, Naples, and Venice, obtaining permission to copy paintings in the galleries of Florence as she did later in Paris at the Louvre, where in 1858 she reproduced "The Raft of the Medusa" by Théodore Géricault. Bovie painted several works on canvas drawing on Italian subject matter, including "Neapolitan Woman with Child" (1857), and exhibited some of these at the 1866 salon in Brussels and the 1879 salon in Antwerp.  Her father was a rentier capitalist, and Bovie was able to remain financially independent and unmarried throughout her life. She lived in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and Ixelles, suburbs of Brussels that were favored by artists. She built a "grand maison" at 208 rue de Trône, Ixelles, and had "Musée Bovie" carved into one of the foundation stones. She lived there for many years with Louise, who also never married, and used the house as exhibition space. Her cousin Félix Bovie, a painter, and the sculptor Antoine-Félix Bouré also showed their works there. In an 1873 English-language guide describing a six-day walking tour of Brussels, the Musée Bovie was noted as near the Musée Wiertz.  Bovie persisted with history painting at a time when it had become unfashionable, but her subject matter shows great variety. Her economic and personal independence enabled her to focus her energies on her career as a painter. The art historian Anne-Marie ten Bokum has conjectured that Bovie was a lesbian.  Virginie and Louise had a third sister, Hortence or Hortense, who married François-Joachim-Alexandre Rouen and appears to have outlived him and both her sisters.  Upon Bovie's death, the state declined the bequest of her "musée" and allowed its contents to be auctioned off. A catalogue for the auction, held in February 1889, was compiled by Jules de Brauwere.

Work.

The auction catalogue for the estate lists 170 works of art by Bovie, in addition to 71 she had collected. She is thought to have produced at least 204 works, an unusually high figure for a woman at the time, but as of 2005, only seven could be located. In addition to her grand historical and religious paintings, some of which were official commissions, her diverse oeuvre includes scenes of contemporary life, floral arrangements, and portraits. Unlike the large-scale paintings, the genre works appeal to a bourgeois sensibility and permit a female perspective.  In the first decade of the 21st century, "The Crucifixion" and "Descent from the Cross" were still on view at the at Schaerbeek in Brussels. These early paintings show the influence of Wiertz and masters of the Flemish Baroque such as Rubens and de Crayer.  Bovie exhibited "The Visitation" and "The Iconoclasts at the Cathedral of Antwerp" at the Antwerp salon of 1861. A reviewer remarked: They show evidence of substantial studies, a good grasp of composition, great feeling for color—all qualities which are grounds for astonishment in a woman and in a century when painting shines with more grace than power. Through her observation of Venetian masterworks, her use of color gained warmth and luminosity. During the last decade of her life, she gradually renounced the academic tradition of painting and her style became freer.  Other known works are the "Neapolitan Woman with Child" (1857), among those inspired by her travels in Italy; "L'affranchissement de l'Escaut" (1863), a drawing in black chalk "()" and sanguine that came to auction in Belgium in 2009; and a self portrait (1872).

Virginie Bovie (1821–1888), full name Joséphine-Louise-Virginie Bovie, was a Belgian painter and arts patron. In 1870, she was described as "well known", but she has fallen into neglect in the 20th and early 21st centuries and only seven of her more than 200 works have been located.

Joséphine-Louise-Virginie Bovie, née en 1821 et morte en 1888, est une peintre belge et une mécène. En 1870, on l'a décrite comme « bien connue », mais elle est tombée dans l'oubli au et début du et seulement sept de ses plus de 200 œuvres ont été localisées.


History.

Paraje de Robledo.

For centuries the site of Fort Selden had been the Paraje de Robledo, a camp site along the course of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro on the east bank of the Rio Grande. The campground or paraje was named for an old Spanish soldier, Pedro Robledo, who died and was buried there on the 1598 expedition of Juan de Oñate. It became known as La Cruz de Robledo because of the cross originally marking his grave there. Later the name was shortened to Paraje Robledo.  Paraje Robledo was the last stop along the Rio Grande before the route of the Camino Real left the river to enter the Jornada del Muerto on the way north toward Santa Fe. By the time of the American Civil War the Mesilla Valley, around Las Cruces had developed a population base who valued the fertile land along the Rio Grande and were suffering from attacks by the Apache. Also travelers along Camino Real, that passed through the area, were uneasy about moving further north on the Jornada del Muerto for the same reason.

Camp Robledo.

In 1861, the Confederate Army established a post, Camp Robledo, at the Paraje de Robledo to guard the approaches from the north to the Mesilla Valley of Confederate Arizona along the Rio Grande and across the Jornada del Muerto on the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. It was used as a base for cavalry patrols and operations against Fort Craig and other places in Union held New Mexico Territory.

Fort Selden.

Fort Selden was located in Doña Ana County, 12 miles north of Las Cruces, New Mexico. It was established in 1865 at the Paraje de Robledo in an effort to bring peace among the varied inhabitants in the south central region of present-day New Mexico. It was named in honor of Col. Henry Raymond Selden who had served many years in New Mexico Territory before and during the American Civil War and had died of illness in Doña Ana County, and buried at Fort Union on February 2, 1865. The primary intent of the fort was to protect settlers and travelers in the Mesilla Valley from attacks by desperados and Mescalero Apache Indians. Built near the banks of the Rio Grande, the adobe fort housed units of the California Volunteer Cavalry, U.S. Army Infantry and Cavalry.  The first troops to occupy the fort were Company M 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers from 31 July 1865 to 31 August 1866, and subsequently companies of the 125th US Colored Infantry Regiment, a group of African-American enlisted soldiers from Kentucky who had been mustered into the Union Army near the close of the American Civil War. Several of the units assigned later, including the 38th Infantry Regiment, 9th US Cavalry and 10th US Cavalry, all composed of black troopers, sometimes referred to as Buffalo Soldiers. As a testament to their bravery, nine Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor while serving in New Mexico Territory. In 1884, Captain Arthur MacArthur, Jr., 13th Infantry, was assigned as post commander. With him was his wife and two young sons, Arthur MacArthur III, age 7, and Douglas MacArthur, age 4. In his memoirs, Douglas MacArthur wrote that it was at Fort Selden that he and his brother "learned to ride and shoot, even before we learned to read and write." The MacArthurs spent two years at Fort Selden before Captain MacArthur was transferred to Fort Wingate.  By late 1886, the frontier had rapidly changed. Geronimo's surrender to Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona ended the nation's long Indian Wars.  As a result, Army commander-in-chief, Lt. General William Tecumseh Sherman, ordered a consolidation of six military posts in southern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. He favored a giant, one-square-mile installation large enough to accommodate six troops of cavalry and six companies of infantry. Sherman further ordered that the permanent post be located near the junction of the Santa Fe Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad in southern New Mexico. For a time, Fort Selden was the leading candidate for the site of the new post, but because the railroads had brought spectacular growth to the El Paso, Texas area, Fort Bliss, was selected.  By 1890, criminals and raiding parties were no longer considered a threat as hostilities eventually lessened and the fort was no longer needed. Like many small forts in the American Southwest, the government decommissioned the fort and it was abandoned for the last time in 1891. On 20 January 1891, Lt. James Brett, commanding a small caretaker force, filed the final post return, which reported:  "All public property from this post having been disposed of, it was abandoned on this date."

Fort Selden Historic Site.

For decades, the ruins of Fort Selden were consumed by the ravages of rain, snow and wind. Vandals, souvenir hunters and treasure-seekers added to its demise. In 1963, the land encompassing Fort Selden was donated to the state by Harry N. Bailey, a longtime resident of the area. In 1970, the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and in 1974, the fort was declared a New Mexico State Monument. It is overseen by the New Mexico Historic Sites (formerly State Monuments) Division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs.  The present day ruins are available for viewing via an interpretive trail. A visitor center offers exhibits on frontier and military life. Fort Selden Historic Site is located north of Las Cruces, New Mexico, off Exit 19 of Interstate 25, near Radium Springs, New Mexico.

Fort Selden was a United States Army post, occupying the area in what is now Radium Springs, New Mexico. The site was long a campground along the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. It was the site of a Confederate Army camp in 1861. The U. S. Army established Fort Selden in 1865 for the purpose of protecting westward settlers from Native American raids, the post fell into disrepair after the American Civil War. It was ultimately abandoned in 1891, due in large part to the decision to expand Fort Bliss and the lack of any expenditures for repair of the facility.

Le fort Selden est un poste de l'armée des États-Unis, situé dans la région qui est maintenant. Le site est un long terrain de campement le long du Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. C'est le site d'un camp de l'armée confédérée en 1861. L'armée des États-Unis crée le fort Selden en 1865 afin de protéger les pionniers de l'ouest contre les raids amérindiens, le poste tombe dans un état de délabrement après la guerre de Sécession. Il est finalement abandonné en 1891, en grande partie à cause de la décision d'étendre le fort Bliss et du manque de moyens pour réparer les installations.


History.

Spanish Colonial Era.

A lighthouse on Batag Island was on the first approved group of 42 lights in the Spanish Maritime Lighting Plan of the Philippine Archipelago. A first-order light was planned for the location but the project was terminated early on.

American Colonial Period.

Building the station.

In 1906, the Director of Navigation, J. M. Helm proposed the construction of two third-class lights, one on Batag Island and the other on Isabel Island in Romblon province. A temporary landing pier was constructed on the island to facilitate the landing of materials for the construction of the station. At the end of the year, there was practically no money available for the construction of new lights after adopting the permanent improvement policy wherein all timber structures were rebuilt with permanent materials like reinforced concrete as fast as they reach the limit of economical repair. The policy has resulted in the installation of fewer lights per annum, but which has rapidly reduced the cost of maintaining the system.

Act no. 1662.

On January 11, 1907, the Philippine Commission approved Act no. 1662 which authorized funding for several public works, permanent improvements and other purposes of the Insular Government, of which the building of several lights by the Bureau of Navigation was included. A budget of ₱100,000 was appropriated for the Bureau of Navigation to which ₱85,000 was set for the construction of a third-order light on Batag and ₱15,000, to be expended in the construction of minor light stations at San Miguel Island, Isabel Island, and Punta Pata.  With the third-order light on Batag Island, and when the lights on San Miguel and Isabel islands are in operation, a vessel "picking up" Batag light 26 miles at sea and passing through San Bernardino Strait will not lose sight of a light during the passage to Manila.

Temporary light.

A sixth-order port light was temporarily installed and lit during the construction of the light station. At the same time, the Bureau of Navigation contracted Barbier, Benard & Turenne of Paris for the third-order lighting apparatus.

Lighthouse design.

The American engineers used the same tower design as the Cape Bolinao Lighthouse which was finished the year before. The tower is cylindrical in shape and made with reinforced concrete which was used extensively throughout including the keeper's dwellings and roofing. The tower measuring 101 feet from base to focal plane is situated on top of Culipapa Hill at an elevation 218 feet above mean low water and with a focal height of 313 ft (95.4 m).  For stability against typhoon which is frequently occurring this side of the archipelago, the American engineers designed the Philippine lighthouse towers to withstand wind velocity of 120 miles per hour. The design of tower selected, consisting essentially of a long, hollow, concrete cylinder resting on a spreading base, each face of which was a plane surface, required comparatively few forms, and of such a simple character as to give little excuse for mistakes of any kind. The cornices, the door and window openings, and the bracketed balcony of the lantern room are the only features that relieve the simplicity of the design.  The heavy tower base serves the double purpose of increasing the arm about which the tower would tend to rotate, and of keeping the center of gravity of the entire structure as low as possible for stability during earthquakes. As an additional guard, all factors of safety were made large, and the quantities of concrete and of metal reinforcement were both increased beyond what would be required in ordinary construction.  The light station was in operation by January, 1908 at a completed cost is ₱91,579.07.

Original lighting apparatus.

The original illuminating apparatus of the Batag lighthouse was of Barbier, Benard & Turenne (Paris) manufacture, with incandescent lighting system of 3,000 candlepower. The third-order dioptric prismatic lenses revolving on mercury floats, which by the refraction and reflection of rays from the incandescent oil vapor lamps produce white flashes of approximately 100,000 candlepower which are clearly visible under ordinary conditions at the limit of their geographical ranges of 25 nautical miles (40.2 km).

Present condition.

A new solar-powered white tower was installed by the Philippine Coast Guard adjacent to the old lighthouse in the early 2000. When the region was hit by the Typhoon Milenyo on September 28, 2006, the modern lighthouse tower was toppled and destroyed rendering that part of the coast in the dark ever since.  Based on recent pictures, the old lighting apparatus on the original tower is gone and the structure was dilapidated and deteriorating. It was one of the lighthouses listed by the Philippine Coast Guard that are available for adoption for corporate or individuals, allowing the use of the property in exchange for the maintenance of the lighthouse.

Batag Island Lighthouse is a historic lighthouse on Batag Island off the coast of the town of Laoang in the province of Northern Samar in the Philippines. The light marks the northeastern point of Samar Island and lead international ships to the entrance of the San Bernardino Strait marked by the San Bernardino Light. One of the most traveled waterways in the archipelago, together with the Capul Island Light, these stations are invaluable to vessels coming from the Pacific Ocean and entering the country through the San Bernardino Strait on its way to Manila or any other ports of the Philippines.

Le phare de Batag est un phare situé sur Batag Island au large de la ville de, dans la province du Samar du Nord, aux Philippines.


Life.

She is originally from in the El Quiché region, the western territories of Guatemala. She is a member of the Council of K'iche Peoples for the Defense of Life, Mother Nature, Land and Territory (CPK) of the Quiché people founded in 2007 to face the effects of the Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement. The organization is defined as "a set of communities that have organized themselves to defend their territories, their right to self-determination and also the rights to life as the indigenous peoples desire it". Milita also campaigns against violence directed to women.  On July 4, 2012, she attended a peaceful demonstration against the mayor of Santa Cruz del Quiché, a member of the Patriot Party. On the way back, her bus was ambushed by a group of men armed with machetes, knives and canes. Four women were injured. On 7 June 2017,a group of gunmen attacked her and some other members of CPK and made them to flee. she received a death threat. Between 1960 and 1996 during the civil war in Guatemala the Quinche people experienced genocidal attacks.  She is threatened with death in her country, which is why she has been living in the Basque Country in Spain since 2017.  In October 2017, the European Parliament included Chávez among the three finalists of the Sakharov Human Rights Prize.  She received the Ignacio Ellacuría Award from the Lehendakari of the Basque government Iñigo Urkullu in January 2018 for her work in defending the land of the K'iche people against exploitation.

Aura Lolita Chávez Ixcaquic (born 1972), known as Lolita, is a women's rights activist and Guatemalan indigenous leader, an international leader in the struggle to preserve natural resources. She was a finalist of the Sakharov Human Rights Prize in 2017 when she was living in the Basque Country in Spain because of death threats in her own country.

Aura Lolita Chavez Ixcaquic, surnommée "Lolita", est originaire des territoires de l’ouest du Guatemala. Elle est membre du Conseil du peuple quiché,. Elle milite également contre les violences faites aux femmes.


Administration.

The Rason Special Economic Zone is administered by the Committee of External Economic Cooperation (CEEC). Foreign companies must be invited by the CPEEC to participate in the special zone.  The first joint North-South company, called Chilbosanmeri Joint Company, has been formally established in Rason Special Economic Zone.  Sources conflict over the date the zone was founded, either 1991 or 1993. Since its creation, laws governing the zone's status have been amended six times, the most recent revision being approved by the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly on 3 December 2011.  When Jang Sung-taek was purged in late 2013, the accusations against him included the charge that he had "made no scruple of committing such act of treachery in May last as selling off the land of the Rason economic and trade zone to a foreign country."

Geography.

The 746 km Rason Special Economic Zone is on the western side of the Tumen River in North Korea. It is between 42 08'-42 38'N and 130 07'-130 42'E. This location is in the easternmost end of the country, bordering Russia and China.  According to "North Korean Economy Watch", the area is surrounded by a long electrified fence.

Economy.

In 1996, 51 foreign businesses invested USD $37.3259 million into the Rason Zone. The UNIDO estimates the investment will increase to $150 million in the future.  In August 2012, an international trade fair was held, offering foreign investors and journalists a look at the work-in-progress. The zone is slated to be a manufacturing, tourism, and transportation hub. However, some analysts think the special zone is more of a project for North Korea to experiment with the capitalist economy rather than use it as basis of transforming North Korea's economy.

History of foreign business legislation.

From 1993 to 2012, there was one single law titled ‘Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on the Rason Economic and Trade Zone’, which did not mention specific details of business environment, leaving foreign investors with many questions. The first Rason SEZ Law launched in 1993 contained chapters of Fundamentals, Duties and Rights of Operation Committee, Guarantee of Economy Activities, Customs Duties, Currency and Finance, Guarantee and Preferential Treatment and Settlement of Disputes. The basic framework was continued until 2011, when it made modifications on Development and Management of the Zone, Establishment of Enterprises, Economic and Trade Activities and Incentives and Preferential Treatment, providing more details of the environment for foreign-invested companies. However it still did not cover all basically required details for foreign-invest companies such as regulations of labor, tax, or financial management.  From 2014 on, NK started to acknowledge the necessity of a more complex and comprehensive legal framework. North Korea adopted more specific regulations regarding certain legal fields such as Labor Regulations for Foreign-invested Businesses and Regulations of Financial Management of Foreign-invested Businesses. Furthermore, bylaws for Taxation and Establishment and Operation of Businesses appeared. According to the latest Rason SEZ law published in 2016, there are total 16 regulations included in the collection of laws, with at least 3 additional regulations enacted.

Transport.

Chinese investors have renovated a road from Rason to China, and Russian railway workers have renovated the railway from Rason (which is on the Pyongra Line) to Russia, from where it continues onto the Trans-Siberian Railway.  There are three ports in the area: the Rajin Port (handling capacity of 3 million tons), the Sonbong Port (handling capacity of 2-3 million tons), and the Chongjin Port (handling capacity of 8 million tons).  Chinese companies operate two piers at the port, for coal export and for containers. A Russian company operates a third pier.

The Rason Special Economic Zone, earlier called the Rajin-Sonbong Economic Special Zone, was established in 1992 by the North Korean government near Rason to promote economic growth through foreign investment. It is similar to the Special Economic Zones set up by the People's Republic of China and elsewhere to pilot market economics in a designated controlled area. It is near the border with China and Russia and is a warm-water port for both countries.

La Zone Économique Spéciale de Rason (ou "Zone Économique Spéciale de Rajin-Songbong") est une zone administrative spéciale de Corée du Nord créée en 1992, située à la zone frontalière chinoise (province de Jilin) et russe (kraï du Primorie) entre le Tumen et la mer du Japon.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town had a total area of 41.419 square miles (107.274 km), including 40.887 square miles (105.897 km) of land and 0.532 square miles (1.377 km) of water (1.28%).  The town borders Folsom borough, to the southwest, and both Hamilton and Mullica townships to the southeast in Atlantic County; Shamong Township and Washington Township in Burlington County to the northeast; and Waterford Township and Winslow Township in Camden County to the northwest. It is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, so is largely flat, though the highest point in Atlantic County is located along the Pennsylvania Railroad within the borders of Hammonton. The town is located almost exactly halfway between Philadelphia and Atlantic City.  Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located completely or partially within the town include Barnard, Bellhurst, Caldwell Crossing, Dacosta, Dutchtown, Great Swamp, Murphy, Rockford, Rockwood, Rosedale and West Mills.

Pine Barrens.

The town is one of 56 South Jersey municipalities that are included within the New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve, a protected natural area of unique ecology covering, that has been classified as a United States Biosphere Reserve and established by Congress in 1978 as the nation's first National Reserve. All of the town is included in the state-designated Pinelands Area, which includes portions of Atlantic County, along with areas in Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester and Ocean counties.  Due to its location in the Pine Barrens, the soil is largely sandy, making it ideal for growing blueberries. Low, marshy areas, often within the Pine Barrens are also used for cranberry cultivation.

Climate.

Hammonton lies in the northern reaches of the humid subtropical climate zone, and, similar to inland southern New Jersey, is characterized by brisk winters, hot summers, and plentiful precipitation spread evenly throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hammonton's climate is abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 Census.

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $59,085 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,242) and the median family income was $62,354 (+/- $3,893). Males had a median income of $47,110 (+/- $4,411) versus $36,615 (+/- $3,549) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,292 (+/- $1,528). About 8.4% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

2000 Census.

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 12,604 people, 4,619 households, and 3,270 families residing in the town. The population density was 305.5 people per square mile (117.9/km). There were 4,843 housing units at an average density of 117.4 per square mile (45.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 87.85% White, 1.74% African American, 0.14% Native American, 1.14% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 7.83% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.88% of the population.  As of the 2000 Census, 45.9% of town residents were of Italian ancestry, the second-highest percentage of any municipality in the United States (behind Johnston, Rhode Island, at 46.7%), and highest in New Jersey, among all places with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry. News reports have said Hammonton leads the nation in Italian-Americans per capita.  There were 4,619 households out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.14.  In the town, the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $43,137, and the median income for a family was $52,205. Males had a median income of $36,219 versus $27,900 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,889. About 5.7% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.

Sports.

In 1997, Gabriel Donio (founder and publisher of "The Hammonton Gazette") proposed a minor-league baseball team called the Hammonton Blueberries, going so far as to create a team logo and a prototype uniform, as well as purchasing a 20-acre tract of land for $200,000. Donio planned to build on the site a 3,500-seat, six-million-dollar ballpark, which he described as "a rough miniature of the Brooklyn Dodgers' Ebbets Field". In 1999, the Northern League announced that they would form a six-team developmental circuit and include Hammonton as one of the clubs; however, this did not happen, and Donio was unable to secure the financing for the proposed ballpark, putting an end to the Blueberries. (Since Hammonton is less than 75 miles from Philadelphia, any pro baseball team there would either need permission from the Phillies or play in an independent league, outside of MLB's jurisdiction.)

Government.

Local government.

Hammonton is governed under the Town form of New Jersey municipal government. The government consists of a Mayor and a Town Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The Mayor is elected to a four-year term. The Town Council consists of six members elected to serve two-year terms on a staggered basis, with three seats coming up for election each year. , the Mayor of Hammonton is Independent Steve DiDonato, whose term of office ends December 31, 2021. Members of the Hammonton Town Council are Deputy Mayor Tom Gribbin (I, 2021), Steve Furgione (R, 2020), Joe Giralo (R, 2021), Jonathan Oliva (I, 2021), Sam Rodio (I, 2020), and Mike Torrissi (R, 2020).  The mayor and some council members are affiliated with Hammonton First, an independent political organization that was established in 2005 and swept that November's elections, winning the mayoral seat and all three council seats.

Federal, state and county representation.

Hammonton is located in the 2nd Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 8th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Hammonton had been in the 9th state legislative district.

Politics.

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 8,556 registered voters in Hammonton, of which 1,851 (21.6% vs. 30.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 2,627 (30.7% vs. 25.2%) were registered as Republicans and 4,076 (47.6% vs. 44.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered to other parties. Among the town's 2010 Census population, 57.8% (vs. 58.8% in Atlantic County) were registered to vote, including 75.5% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 76.6% countywide).  In the 2016 presidential election, Republican Donald Trump received 3,859 votes (60.08% vs 44.64% countywide), ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton with 2,366 votes (36.84% vs 51.61%) and other candidates with 198 votes (3.08% vs 3.76%). A total of 6,423 ballots were cast. In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 3,420 votes here (54.4% vs. 41.1% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,777 votes (44.1% vs. 57.9%) and other candidates with 57 votes (0.9% vs. 0.9%), among the 6,290 ballots cast by the town's 8,951 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.3% (vs. 65.8% in Atlantic County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 3,509 votes here (54.0% vs. 41.6% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 2,894 votes (44.5% vs. 56.5%) and other candidates with 89 votes (1.4% vs. 1.1%), among the 6,502 ballots cast by the town's 9,090 registered voters, for a turnout of 71.5% (vs. 68.1% in Atlantic County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 3,218 votes here (54.1% vs. 46.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 2,600 votes (43.7% vs. 52.0%) and other candidates with 47 votes (0.8% vs. 0.8%), among the 5,947 ballots cast by the town's 7,913 registered voters, for a turnout of 75.2% (vs. 69.8% in the whole county).  In the 2017 gubernatorial election, Republican Kim Guadagno received 2,425 votes (56.38% vs 42.46% countywide) ahead of Democrat Phillip Murphy with 1,726 votes (40.13% vs 55.14%), and other candidates with 150 votes (3.49% vs 2.41%). There were a total of 4,301 votes cast. In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 3,234 votes here (68.7% vs. 60.0% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 1,229 votes (26.1% vs. 34.9%) and other candidates with 60 votes (1.3% vs. 1.3%), among the 4,709 ballots cast by the town's 9,033 registered voters, yielding a 52.1% turnout (vs. 41.5% in the county). In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 2,588 votes here (53.7% vs. 47.7% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 1,773 votes (36.8% vs. 44.5%), Independent Chris Daggett with 204 votes (4.2% vs. 4.8%) and other candidates with 93 votes (1.9% vs. 1.2%), among the 4,822 ballots cast by the town's 8,724 registered voters, yielding a 55.3% turnout (vs. 44.9% in the county).

Education.

Students in kindergarten through twelfth grade attend the Hammonton Public Schools. As of the 2014–15 school year, the district and its four schools had an enrollment of 2,830 students and 250.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. Schools in the district (with 2014-15 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Early Childhood Education Center (K-1st grade; 386 students), Warren E. Sooy Elementary School (2-5; 962), Hammonton Middle School (6-8; 868) and Hammonton High School (9-12; 1,384).  Students from Folsom Borough (grades 9-12) and Waterford Township in Camden County (7-12) attend the Hammonton schools as part of sending/receiving relationships with the Folsom Borough School District and the Waterford Township School District.  In the wake of the dissolution of the Lower Camden County Regional School District, the Hammonton board of education voted in 1999 to begin accepting an estimated 800 students from Waterford Township for grades 7-12 starting as of 2002, with the tuition paid by students from Waterford helping to lower overall costs to Hammonton taxpayers.  Borough public school students are also eligible to attend the Atlantic County Institute of Technology in the Mays Landing section of Hamilton Township or the Charter-Tech High School for the Performing Arts, located in Somers Point.  Hammonton is home of the Catholic schools St. Joseph Regional Elementary School (for PreK-8) and St. Joseph High School (for grades 9-12) which operate under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Camden. On April 17, 2020, the Diocese of Camden announced that despite its status as a football powerhouse, St. Joseph was one of five Catholic schools in New Jersey which would close permanently at the end of the school year on June 30, 2020. St. Joseph Regional Elementary will permanently close at the end of the school year as well.

Media.

Newspapers.

Hammonton is served by other newspapers.

Transportation.

Roads and highways.

, the town had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Atlantic County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the South Jersey Transportation Authority.  The Atlantic City Expressway, U.S. Route 30, U.S. Route 206 and Route 54 all pass through Hammonton, as do County Route 536, County Route 542, County Route 559 and County Route 561.

Public transportation.

The Hammonton station of NJ Transit provides passenger rail service between the Atlantic City Rail Terminal in Atlantic City and 30th Street Station in Philadelphia and intermediate points on the Atlantic City Line.  NJ Transit provides bus service in Hammonton on the 554 route between Lindenwold station and Atlantic City.

Airport.

Hammonton Municipal Airport is located northeast of the central business district.

Community.

Blueberry capital.

Hammonton is known as the "Blueberry Capital of the World."  Since the 1980s, the Red, White and Blueberry Festival has celebrated Hammonton's status as the nation's blueberry capital.

Presidential visits.

Ronald Reagan visited Hammonton during his 1984 re-election campaign. Reagan's speech highlighted Hammonton's status as "Blueberry Capital of the World" and then extolled the virtues of New Jersey native Bruce Springsteen.  Hammonton has also been visited by Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt, who made whistle stops in the town.

Festivals.

Every year Hammonton hosts the Red, White and Blueberry festival, Our Lady of Mount Carmel festival and the Hammonton wine festival. Mount Carmel's Italian Festival dates back to 1875 and is considered the oldest such continuously run festival in the United States. Other festivals include; Hammonton Fall Beer Festival, Teen Arts Festival, Hammonton Food Truck Festival, Hammonton Green Day Festival, and Crusin Main Street.

Downtown.

Hammonton's downtown district has been growing for the past 20 years. The downtown area includes Bellevue Avenue, Central Avenue, Vine street, Second Street, Third Street, Twelfth Street, Egg Harbor Road, Front Street, West End Avenue, Railroad Avenue and Washington Street. The downtown includes art galleries, restaurants, wine and sports bars, banks, clothing stores, offices, a theatre, a park, and a college satellite campus, attracting shoppers from South Jersey.  Every year the downtown has three parades. The Halloween and Christmas parades are the two major parades that happen in downtown. In May, there is a smaller Memorial Day parade. The Downtown also hosts the annual Christmas Tree Lighting, which is a large celebration that includes the lighting of a large tree on the corner of Bellevue and Central Avenue, Christmas carolers, a music show, carriage rides, a live nativity and the arrival of Santa. During these events the downtown stores are open late.  On the third Thursday of every month, the downtown host the "Third Thursday Events", with a different theme each month. Stores offer discounts, and people perform on the street.  The downtown was one of the finalist for the Great American Main Street Award in 2013. The award recognizes three communities each year for their successful revitalization efforts, based on documented economic impact, small-business development, historic preservation, volunteer involvement, public/private cooperation and success over time.

Events.

In 1949, Hammonton was the winner of the Little League World Series, after finishing third in the tournament in both 1947 and 1948. The Hammonton team was the first official team located outside of Pennsylvania. On July 24, 2011, Ricca's Italian Bakery set a Guinness World Record for the Longest Line of Cakes topped with fresh blueberries donated by local farmers. This received recognition from the Mayor Steve DiDonato and all members of the Hammonton Town Council. The Hammonton Town Council Deputy Mayor Tom Gribbin announced the recognition during a town council meeting on local TV in 2011 August.  In November 2014, in a study conducted by CreditDonkey.com, Hammonton was ranked second-happiest city in New Jersey. The ranking was based on restaurants, crime rate, commute, departure time, income, divorce rate, and housing.

Wineries and alcohol consumption.

Hammonton has three active wineries - DiMatteo Vineyards, Plagido's Winery, and Tomasello Winery.  On June 7, 2013, the Eagle Theatre in Hammonton became the first theater in New Jersey to sell alcoholic beverages and allow spectators to drink wine during the show. Under an arrangement reached under the authority of the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control, Sharrott Winery will be able to sell patrons bottles of wine that can be consumed during shows at the theater.  Hammonton has also seen a growth in the craft beer industry. Since 2015, three breweries have opened in town, Tomfoolery Brewing Company, Three 3's Brewing Company, and Vinyl Brewing.

Popular culture.

The 2002 direct-to-video horror film "13th Child", about the hunt for the Jersey Devil, was filmed in Hammonton.  A 2011 episode of "Supernatural", "How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters" about the Jersey Devil, is set in Hammonton, though it wasn't filmed there.  Hammonton made a cameo appearance in the first two episodes of the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire", with a scene towards the end of both episodes showing the town sign "Welcome to Hammonton, The Blueberry Capital of the World".  The Fox TV show "American Idol" aired its first episode of its 12th season in January 2013 with a performance by Sarah Restuccio, a seventeen-year-old girl from Hammonton. The judges enjoyed her rendition of "Mama's Song" by Carrie Underwood, but she impressed them when they asked her to sing something else and she rapped "Super Bass" by Nicki Minaj. The show featured a short clip about Sarah's life, which included showing her everyday life in Hammonton.  In October 2013 the MTV reality show "True Life", featured the episode "True Life Presents: My Dad Is A Bro" about a girl in her twenties and her father in his fifties, who both party. The episode takes place throughout Hammonton.  In the summer of 2013, scenes from the independent film "The Honour" were filmed in Hammonton.  In May 2015, a commercial for the male clothing brand, Chubbies Shorts, was filmed on South Second Street in Hammonton.

Notable people.

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Hammonton include:

Hammonton is a town in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States, known as the "Blueberry Capital of the World." As of the 2010 United States Census, the town's population was 14,791, reflecting an increase of 2,187 (+17.4%) from the 12,604 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 396 (+3.2%) from the 12,208 counted in the 1990 Census.

Hammonton est une ville de l'État américain du New Jersey, située dans le comté d'Atlantic. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population est de. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de, dont d'étendues d'eau.


Background.

The album was Humble Pie's first following the departure of guitarist Peter Frampton, which placed singer and co-founder Steve Marriott as the band's de facto leader. "Smokin"' is the band's best-selling album, due in large part to the success of the single "30 Days in the Hole".  "Smokin"' includes dramatically slowed down versions of Eddie Cochran's "C'mon Everybody", Junior Walker's "Road Runner", and the wah-wah laden slow blues "I Wonder". "You're So Good for Me", which begins as a delicate acoustic number, ultimately mutates into a full-bore gospel music rave-up, an element that would later influence bands like The Black Crowes.  Alexis Korner guests on the track "Old Time Feelin'", Marriott's vocals take a back seat as the main vocals are provided by Greg Ridley and Korner who also plays a Martin Tiple, mandolin-type guitar. Its sound is reminiscent of the song "Alabama '69" on their first album.  Stephen Stills guests on "Road Runner 'G' Jam" (the title is a nod to the band's habit of developing songs out of jam sessions), playing Hammond organ, and his backing vocals were over-dubbed on "Hot 'n' Nasty" a slow-burning and then dynamic R&B song, after he strolled in after recording his own sessions next door.  Marriott insisted on producing the album himself for the challenge of creating a compact R&B sound with a high-tech 24-track mixing board. Marriott collapsed with exhaustion in February. New Musical Express (NME) reported at the time: "Following intense recording sessions with Humble Pie, Steve Marriott collapsed with nervous exhaustion and doctors told him to rest".  With this album the group were seen as leaders of the boogie movement in the early 1970s.  Guests : Production :

Smokin' is the fifth studio album by the English group Humble Pie, released in 1972. The album peaked at #6 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 album chart, and hit the UK Top 30.

Smokin' est le cinquième album studio du groupe de rock anglais Humble Pie. Il est sorti en sur le label A&M Records et a été produit par le groupe.