Early life.

James Dunlop was born in Dalry, Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of John Dunlop, a weaver, and his wife Janet, "née" Boyle. Dunlop was educated at a primary school in Dalry and went to work at a thread factory in Beith when he was 14. He also attended a night-school in Beith kept by a man named Gardiner. He became interested in astronomy at an early age and was constructing telescopes in 1810. By fortune in 1820, he made the acquaintance of the astronomically inclined Sir Thomas Brisbane. In the same year, Brisbane was appointed as the new Governor of New South Wales, who then decided to set up an astronomical observatory in the new Colony. Prior to leaving Britain, Dunlop was then appointed as his second scientific assistant, and both travelled to Sydney in 1821.

Career in Australia.

Soon after arriving, Brisbane almost immediately started building his observatory at Paramatta (original spelling), now named Parramatta, and it was Dunlop who was employed to do the astrometric observations for a new accurate southern star catalogue. Also employed was the German born Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (or sometimes as Charles Karl Ludwig Rümker) (28 May 1788 – 21 December 1862), or simply Karl Rümker, who had been recruited by Brisbane as first astronomical assistant. Rümker soon left the observatory in protest of his treatment during 1823, leaving Dunlop in charge of the astrometric measures and general maintenance of the astronomical instruments and the Observatory. Dunlop was not a professionally trained astronomer, so he importantly lacked the necessary mathematical skills to do astrometric reductions. He had soon learned the necessary observational skills from the more able Rümker and his employer.  Between June 1823 and February 1826 Dunlop then made 40,000 observations and catalogued some 7,385 stars, of which included 166 double stars and references to several bright deep-sky objects near the bright stars he catalogued. By the beginning of March 1826, he left the Paramatta Observatory and continued working at his own home in Hunter Street, Paramatta. For there he began organising his own observations of double stars and deep-sky objects for the next 18 months, in which he constructed telescopes and other equipment for his dedicated southern sky survey. Sir Thomas Brisbane, before finally departing Sydney for the last time in December 1825, arranged to sell all of his instruments to the Government so the observatory could continue to function. Some of the equipment he gave to Dunlop, which he used at his home, especially the useful small equatorial mounted refracting telescope that Rümker, and later Dunlop, both used for doing the important double stars measures as their own personal projects. By May 1826, Rümker returned to the observatory, and seven months later he was appointed as the first New South Wales Government Astronomer, though this officially did not happen until a few years later, much to Rümker's disgust, due to delays from his employers in Britain.

Back to Scotland.

Dunlop left Sydney for Scotland in February 1827 and was employed for four years at the observatory of Sir Thomas Brisbane. He had done very good work as an observer in New South Wales, and was associated with Rümker in the recovery of Comet Encke at Parramatta in June 1822. He was later to be the first in Great Britain to rediscover this comet on 26 October 1829. He had been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London on 8 February 1828. Sir John Herschel, when making the presentation, spoke in the highest terms of the value of the work done by Dunlop in New South Wales. On arrival, he also reduced his southern double stars and deep-sky observations for publication, which was believed to have taken about one month, and these were published also in the first half of 1828.  These two detailed astronomical papers were received with many accolades from his peers, which lasted until about 1834, when his observations were able to be scrutinised by John Herschel and Thomas Maclear in South Africa. Only then were the various flaws of his observations revealed, and the time spent in the zenith of popularly, then dwindled to fierce criticism and personal rejection especially from the British astronomical community.

Return to Australia.

In April 1831, Dunlop was appointed superintendent of the Government observatory at Parramatta. He was selected mainly from his good knowledge of Colony and the observatory site, but the real reason for his selection was more because even though such an astronomical position was formally advertised, nobody applied for the astronomical tenure. Here he was to succeed Rümker with the reasonable good salary of £300 a year. He arrived at Sydney on 6 November 1831 and found the observatory in a deplorable condition; rain had entered the building, roofing plaster had fallen down, and many important records were destroyed. Dunlop succeeded in getting the building repaired and started on his work with energy, but around 1835 his health began to fail; he had no assistant, and the building, having been attacked by white ants, fell gradually into decay. In August 1847, he resigned his position, and went to live on his farm on Brisbane Waters, an arm of Broken Bay. He died on 22 September 1848. In 1816 Dunlop married his cousin Jean Service, who survived him. In addition to the medal of the Royal Astronomical Society Dunlop was awarded medals for his work by the King of Denmark in 1833, and the Institut Royal de France in 1835. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1832, his proposer being Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane.  Papers on, and references to, the work of Dunlop may be found in the " Monthly Notices" of the Royal Astronomical Society, in the "Edinburgh Journal of Science", and in the "Transactions" of the Royal Society between the years 1823 and 1839.

Observations and discoveries in Australia.

Dunlop made several noteworthy discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere sky and in 1828 published "A Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars in the Southern Hemisphere observed in New South Wales", which contains 629 objects. A little more than half the objects he discovered proved to be real, most being small nebulous objects being probably artificially created from the handmade reflecting telescope he had constructed himself. He found many new open star clusters, globular clusters, bright nebulae and planetary nebulae, most previously unknown to visual observers. His most famous discovery is likely the radio galaxy NGC 5128 or Centaurus A, a well-known starburst galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus.  Dunlop's other major observational work was of 256 southern double stars or "pairs" below the declination of about 30° South. These were listed in "Approximate Places of Double Stars in the Southern Hemisphere, observed at Paramatta in New South Wales", published in 1829. Many of these pairs were actual new discoveries, though the most northerly of them had been earlier discoveries made by other observers.

Death.

Dunlop died on 22 September 1848 at Boora Boora near Gosford in New South Wales.  He is buried within the grounds of St. Paul's Anglican Church in Kincumber, New South Wales.

James Dunlop FRSE (31 October 1793 – 22 September 1848) was a Scottish astronomer, noted for his work in Australia. He served as astronomer's assistant who was hired by Sir Thomas Brisbane to work at his private observatory, once located at Paramatta (now named Parramatta), New South Wales, about west of Sydney during the 1820s and 1830s. Dunlop was mostly a visual observer, doing stellar astrometry work for Brisbane, and after its completion, then independently discovered and catalogued many new telescopic southern double stars and deep-sky objects. He later became the Superintendent of Paramatta Observatory when it was finally sold to the New South Wales Government.

James Dunlop (), est un astronome écossais reconnu pour son travail en Australie. Durant les années 1820 et 1830, il a été l'assistant-astronome de Thomas Brisbane pour son observatoire privé de Parramatta (« Paramatta » à l'époque), en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Dunlop a été surtout un observateur visuel, fait un travail d'astrométrie stellaire pour Brisbane. Par la suite, il a découvert et catalogué de nombreuses étoiles-doubles et des objets du ciel profond.


Calendar.

On 17 June 2011, the FFF announced the calendar for the 95th Coupe de France season.

News.

Coupe de France final date change.

In February 2011, it was reported by the French media that the French Football Federation had scheduled the 2011–12 edition of the Coupe de France final to be played on 5 May 2012. The date is significant because it would mark the 20th anniversary of the Furiani disaster, which occurred when a tribune at the Stade Armand Cesari in Furiani collapse during a Coupe de France semi-final match between SC Bastia and Marseille. The tragedy resulted in the death of 18 individuals and injuries to over 2,000. The resulting outcry and criticism of the decision to schedule the final on that date led to the Federation issuing a statement declaring that the official calendar for the competition had not been released, so the reports were only rumors. On 31 March 2011, the schedule was released and the date for the final was set for 28 April 2012.

Tourcoing and Viry-Châtillon ruling.

In the 2010–11 Coupe de France, a seventh round match between Tourcoing and Viry-Châtillon was abandoned after 30 minutes following an altercation between two opposing players, which resulted in a brawl breaking out and dozens of spectators invading the field of play. The brawl led to a player losing consciousness and an assistant referee suffering a back injury after being hit with debris. The incident required police and firefighter intervention and, despite handing out four red cards as a result of the altercation, the referee called the match off after repeated failed attempts to restore calm. On 3 December 2010, the French Football Federation ruled that, due to the incidents that occurred in the match, both clubs would be disbarred from this year's competition, effective immediately. Both clubs will also be ineligible to appear in the 2011–12 competition, as well.

Regional qualifying rounds.

All of the teams that enter the competition, but are not members of Ligue 1 or Ligue 2, have to compete in the regional qualifying rounds. The regional qualifying rounds determine the number of regional clubs that will earn spots in the 7th round and normally lasts six rounds.

Seventh Round.

The draw for the seventh round of the Coupe de France was held on 3 November 2011 at the headquarters of the Comité National Olympique et Sportif Français (CNOSF), the national sporting committee of France, and was conducted by former French internationals Grégory Coupet, Willy Sagnol, Olivier Dacourt, and Xavier Gravelaine as well as current French women's international Élise Bussaglia. The overseas regional draw was held the previous day on 2 November at the headquarters of the French Football Federation. The matches were played on 18–20 November.

Eighth Round.

The draw for the eighth round of the Coupe de France was held on 23 November 2011 at the headquarters of the French Football Federation (FFF), and was conducted by former French internationals Luis Fernández and Laurent Robert. The round featured the 88 winners of the seventh round. The matches was played through 9–12 December.

Round of 64.

The draw for the Round of 64 of the Coupe de France was held on 12 December 2011 at the headquarters of Crédit Agricole, a main sponsor of the competition, in Amiens. The round featured the 44 winners of the eighth round, as well as the 20 clubs who play in Ligue 1. The matches was played through 6–9 January 2012.  Following the announcement of the draw, several amateur clubs who were hosting high-profile matches against Ligue 1 clubs announced that they would be re-locating their matches to more suitable venues. After initially scheduling its match against Montpellier to be played at the Stade Louis Dugauguez in Sedan, on 15 December, Prix-lès-Mézières confirmed that the two clubs had agreed to play the match at the Stade du Petit-Bois in nearby Charleville-Mézières. On the same day, it was announced that the Red Star Saint-Ouen–Marseille match would be played at the Stade de France, while the Saint-Colomban Locminé–Paris Saint-Germain match would be played at Stade du Moustoir in Lorient. In the former match, the country's national stadium was reconfigured to accommodate 45,000 individuals.

Round of 32.

The draw for the Round of 32 of the Coupe de France was held on 8 January 2012 at the headquarters of Eurosport. The round featured the 32 winners of the Round of 64. The draw was conducted by current French women's international Gaëtane Thiney and former tennis player Amélie Mauresmo. The matches were played through 21–23 January 2012.  Similar to the previous round, following the draw, several amateur clubs announced that they would be hosting their matches at larger venues. On 11 January, Vendée Luçon officials announced that the club's match against Lyon would be contested at the Stade de la Beaujoire in nearby Nantes. Hours later, it was confirmed that the match between Sablé-sur-Sarthe and Paris Saint-Germain would be played at the MMArena in Le Mans.

Round of 16.

The draw for the Round of 16 of the Coupe de France was held on 22 January 2012 at the headquarters of Eurosport. The round featured the 16 winners of the Round of 32. The draw was conducted by current French international Hatem Ben Arfa and former French rugby union international player Xavier Garbajosa. The matches will be played through 7–8 February 2012.  On 6 February, the French Football Federation announced that three matches would be rescheduled due to inclement weather. The Dijon–Paris Saint-Germain and Bourg-Péronnas–Marseille match was rescheduled for 15 February, while the Quevilly–Orléans will be played on 21 February.

Quarter-finals.

The draw for the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France was held on 19 February 2012 during a television broadcast of "Stade 2". The draw was conducted by French rugby union international player Julien Malzieu. The matches were contested on 20–21 March 2012.

Semi-finals.

The draw for the semi-finals of the Coupe de France was held on 21 March 2012. The draw was conducted by figure skater Philippe Candeloro. The matches were contested on 10–11 April 2012.

Media coverage.

For the fourth consecutive season in France, France Télévisions were the free to air broadcasters while Eurosport were the subscription broadcasters.  These matches were broadcast live on French television:

competition of France. The competition was organized by the French Football Federation (FFF) and open to all clubs in French football, as well as clubs from the overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and Réunion). The final was contested on 28 April 2012 at the Stade de France. The defending champions were Lille, who defeated Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 in the final of the 2010–11 season. The winner of the competition qualified for the group stage of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

La Coupe de France de football 2011-2012 est la de la Coupe de France, compétition à élimination directe mettant aux prises des clubs de football amateurs et professionnels affiliés à la Fédération française de football, qui l'organise conjointement avec les ligues régionales.


History.

Let "F" be the empirical distribution function of the sequence of i.i.d. random variables formula_1 with distribution function "F." Define the centered and scaled version of "F" by  indexed by "x" ∈ R. By the classical central limit theorem, for fixed "x", the random variable "G"("x") converges in distribution to a Gaussian (normal) random variable "G"("x") with zero mean and variance "F"("x")(1 − "F"("x")) as the sample size "n" grows.  Theorem (Donsker, Skorokhod, Kolmogorov) The sequence of "G"("x"), as random elements of the Skorokhod space formula_15, converges in distribution to a Gaussian process "G" with zero mean and covariance given by  The process "G"("x") can be written as "B"("F"("x")) where "B" is a standard Brownian bridge on the unit interval.  Kolmogorov (1933) showed that when "F" is continuous, the supremum formula_17 and supremum of absolute value, formula_18 converges in distribution to the laws of the same functionals of the Brownian bridge "B"("t"), see the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. In 1949 Doob asked whether the convergence in distribution held for more general functionals, thus formulating a problem of weak convergence of random functions in a suitable function space.  In 1952 Donsker stated and proved (not quite correctly) a general extension for the Doob-Kolmogorov heuristic approach. In the original paper, Donsker proved that the convergence in law of "G" to the Brownian bridge holds for Uniform[0,1] distributions with respect to uniform convergence in "t" over the interval [0,1].  However Donsker's formulation was not quite correct because of the problem of measurability of the functionals of discontinuous processes. In 1956 Skorokhod and Kolmogorov defined a separable metric "d", called the "Skorokhod metric", on the space of càdlàg functions on [0,1], such that convergence for "d" to a continuous function is equivalent to convergence for the sup norm, and showed that "G" converges in law in formula_9 to the Brownian bridge.  Later Dudley reformulated Donsker's result to avoid the problem of measurability and the need of the Skorokhod metric. One can prove that there exist "X", iid uniform in [0,1] and a sequence of sample-continuous Brownian bridges "B", such that is measurable and converges in probability to 0. An improved version of this result, providing more detail on the rate of convergence, is the Komlós–Major–Tusnády approximation.

In probability theory, Donsker's theorem (also known as Donsker's invariance principle, or the functional central limit theorem), named after Monroe D. Donsker, is a functional extension of the central limit theorem.

En théorie des probabilités, le théorème de Donsker établit la convergence en loi d'une marche aléatoire vers un processus stochastique gaussien. Il est parfois appelé le théorème central limite fonctionnel.


Plot.

The film features József Pelikán as a single father who previously participated in the WW2 communist movement of Hungary, but is now working as a dike-reeve. He meets an old friend from the underground communist movement, Zoltán Dániel, now a government official who fishes at the Danube, near the dike. Dániel falls in the river, and Pelikán rescues him and invites him to his home. While the two reminisce old times at Pelikán's home, the ÁVH suddenly appears. They received a "serious anonymous report" stating Pelikán committed an illegal act of slaughtering a pig for food. Dániel tries to save him by demonstrating to the ÁVH thugs how the loyal Pelikán hid him during the purgings years before, but he unknowingly reveals the basement, where all the pork had been hidden. Pelikán is taken to prison though later released, on "higher command". Comrade Virág, being unnecessarily benevolent, gives various assignments to Pelikán such as being the CEO of a swimming pool, an amusement park, and an orange research institute. Pelikán, being "ideologically under-educated", fails magnificently in all his assignments, visiting the prison regularly, until they ultimately succeed with the orange research institute and are awarded. As it turns out, all this was arranged to force Pelikán to be the witness in a show trial against his old friend, Zoltán Dániel, who fell out of the favour of the communist regime. Pelikán is meticulously reshaped to fit the expected image of the archetypical "Hungarian worker, 1950" to be the perfect witness. Before the trial they present Pelikán with a pre-written testimony he must memorize, but at the end, before the judge, accused, Comrade Virág, and top communist leaders, Pelikán decides to tell the truth instead. He is thrown back in prison as a reprisal. While awaiting hanging, the political climate changes due to Stalin's death and he is released and he meets once again with Comrade Virág on the tram who has lost all his former power and influence.

The Witness (, also known as Without A Trace), is a 1969 Hungarian satire film, directed by Péter Bacsó. The film was created in a tense political climate at a time when talking about the early 1950s and the 1956 Revolution was still taboo. Although it was financed and allowed to be made by the communist authorities, it was subsequently banned from release and grew a cult film following among the population. As a result of its screening in foreign countries, the communist authorities eventually relented and allowed it to be released in Hungary. It was screened at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section. A sequel was made in 1994 named "Megint tanú" (English: Witness Again).

Le Témoin (titre original "A tanú") est un film hongrois réalisé en 1969 par Péter Bacsó. Bloqué à sa sortie par les autorités hongroises de l'époque, le film n'a été distribué en salles qu'en 1979.


Life.

Shortly after his birth, his parents, originally from Messenia, moved to the Saint Ierotheos region of Peristeri, near Athens. Poulopoulos liked singing from an early age. Prompted by friends, he unsuccessfully sought an audition with Columbia Records, while also working as a builder, playing football in Saint Ierotheos for the Courageous team, and producing oil paintings.  Aged 19, Poulopoulos secured auditions with Mikis Theodorakis, Apostolos Kaldaras, Vassilis Tsitsanis, and Giannis Papaioannou, and sang two songs, "Mana mou kai panagia" ("My Mother and the Madonna") and "Parapono" ("Complaint").  Poulopoulos impressed Theodorakis at his first audition, and Theodorakis arranged for Poulopoulos to sing three songs in a theatrical production by Nikos Kourkoulos and Tzeni Karezi of Iakovos Kambanellis's play, "The Neighbourhood of Angels". Grigoris Bithikotsis later performed cover versions of the first three songs ("Set a table for two," "Glory to God" and "Bread is on the Table") that Poulopoulos recorded.  Poulopoulos sang regularly in a music hall in Plaka. He recorded four or five 45rpm disks for Columbia Records, which are now difficult to find as he soon agreed to record for Lyra, for whom he recorded three songs by Mikis Theodorakis. In 1965 he was the first performer of four songs written by Manos Loïzos. Around the same time he also had a successful hit with "Mi mu thymonis matia mou" (Don't be angry with me, my love) composed by Stavros Koujioumtzis.  By 1966, his records were being distributed more widely, and his songs were featured in movies. In "Oi Stigmatismenoi" ("The Stigmatized"), which starred Giorgos Foundas and Maro Kodou, he sang "Very late" and "I love you" with Helen Kladi. In "O Tetraperatos" ("The Cunning") with Kostas Chatzichristos he sang "In Piraeus, in Piraeus" by Giorgos Katsaros, and in the romantic comedy "Tzeni-Tzeni" he and Tzeni Karezi performed a song by Giannis Markopoulos.

Giannis Poulopoulos (Greek: Γιάννης Πουλόπουλος, a.k.a. John Poulopoulos; born 29 June 1941 in Mani, Greece) is a Greek singer-songwriter, who had several hits in Greece during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In terms of total album sales, he is the fourth biggest-selling Greek singer of all time.

Yánnis Poulópoulos (en grec : Γιάννης Πουλόπουλος), né en 1941 dans le Magne, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète grec ayant rencontré un grand succès en Grèce de la fin des années 1960 jusqu'aux années 1980. derrière Georges Dalaras, et Kháris Alexíou.


Uruguayan Civil War.

Blanco–Colorado strife.

The Oriental Republic of Uruguay in South America had been, since its independence in 1828, troubled by strife between the Blanco Party and the Colorado Party. They were not political parties in the modern sense, but factions that engaged in internecine rebellion whenever the other dominated the government. The nation was deeply divided into Colorado and Blanco camps. These partisan groups formed in the 1830s and arose out of patron–client relationships fostered by local "caudillos" in the cities and countryside. Rather than a unity based upon common nationalistic sentiments, each had differing aims and loyalties informed by their respective, insular political frameworks.  Uruguay had a very low population density and a weak government. Ordinary citizens were compelled by circumstances to seek the protection of local "caudillos"—landlords who were either Colorados or Blancos and who used their workers, mostly "gaucho" horsemen, as private armies. The civil wars between the two factions were brutal. Harsh tactics produced ever-increasing alienation between the groups, and included seizure of land, confiscation of livestock and executions. The antagonism caused by atrocities, along with family loyalties and political ties, made reconciliation unthinkable. European immigrants, who came in great numbers during the latter half of the nineteenth century, were drawn into one party or the other; both parties had liberal and conservative wings, so the social and political views of newcomers could be reconciled with either. The feuding blocs impeded development of a broadly supported central national administration.

Liberating Crusade of 1863.

In the latter half of the 1850s, leading members of the Colorados and Blancos attempted a reconciliation. With the approval of many from both parties efforts were made to implement "fusionist" policies, which began to show results in cooperation in government and military spheres. The attempt at healing the schism was dealt a setback in 1858 when reactionaries in the Colorado Party rejected the scheme. The revolt was put down by Gabriel Pereira, a former Colorado and Uruguayan president under the fusionist government. The rebellious leaders were executed at Paso de Quinteros along the Río Negro, sparking renewed conflict. The Colorados suspected fusionism of promoting Blanco aims to their own detriment and called for the "martyrs of Quinteros" to be avenged.  With the internal weaknesses of fusionism now exposed, the Colorados moved to oust its supporters from the government. Their leader, Brigadier General Venancio Flores, a "caudillo" and an early proponent of fusionism, found himself without sufficient military resources to mount a sustained revolt and resorted to asking for intervention by Argentina.  Argentina was a fragmented nation (since the 1852 downfall of Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas), with the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires each vying for supremacy. Flores approached the Buenos Aires Minister of War, Bartolomé Mitre, agreeing to throw the support of the Colorados behind Buenos Aires in exchange for subsequent Argentine assistance in their fight against the fusionist government in Montevideo (the Uruguayan capital). Flores and his Colorado units served Buenos Aires with fierce determination. They played a decisive role in the Battle of Pavón on 17 September 1861, in which the Confederation was defeated and all Argentina was reunited under the government in Buenos Aires.  In fulfillment of his commitment, Mitre arranged for the Colorado militia, Argentine volunteer units and supplies to be carried aboard Argentine vessels to Uruguay in May and June 1863. Ships of the Argentine navy kept Uruguayan gunships away from the operation. Back on his native soil, Flores called for the ouster of the constitutional government, by that time headed by Bernardo Berro. Flores accused the Montevideo government of Blanco sympathies and framed his "Liberating Crusade" (as he called his rebellion) in the familiar terms of a Colorado vs. Blanco struggle. Colorados from rural areas joined defectors from the military in responding to his call.

International crisis.

Paraguayan–Blanco ties.

Although the Colorados had defected to the Flores insurgency, the national guard continued to support the fusionist government. Blanco partisans filled its depleted ranks. They also replaced army officers who had deserted to Flores. The Blancos received aid from several Argentine Federalists who joined their cause. As in Uruguay, Argentina had long been a battleground of rival parties, and Bartolomé Mitre's victory at Pavón in 1861 had signaled the triumph of his Unitarian Party over the Federal Party led by Justo José de Urquiza. Mitre denied any involvement in the Flores rebellion, even though his complicity was widely known and taken for granted.  Relations between Argentina and Uruguay worsened, and both nations came close to declaring war on each other, although neither could afford a direct military conflict. Argentina had only recently emerged from a long civil war, and was still struggling to suppress a Federalist rebellion in its western province of La Rioja. Uruguay was too weak militarily to engage in a fight unaided.  Since 1862, the Blancos had made repeated overtures to Paraguay, governed by dictator Carlos Antonio López, in an attempt to forge an alliance that might advance both their interests in the Platine region. Upon the death of López, his son, Francisco Solano López, succeeded him as Paraguayan dictator. Unlike the elder López, who strove to avoid encumbering alliances, Solano greeted the Blancos' proposal with enthusiasm. He believed Argentina was working towards the annexation of both Uruguay and Paraguay, with the goal of recreating the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the former Spanish colony that once encompassed the territories of all three nations. Solano López had, as far back as 1855, expressed this concern, commenting to the Uruguayan Andrés Lamas that "the idea of reconstructing [the old viceroyalty] is in the soul of the Argentines; and as a result, it isn't just Paraguay that needs to stand guard: your country, the Oriental Republic [of Uruguay], needs to get along with my own in order to prepare for any eventualities." In late 1863, Solano López was mobilizing his army and was in talks with Urquiza, the leader of the dissident Argentine Federalists, to convince him to join the proposed Paraguayan–Uruguayan alliance.

Brazil and the civil war.

The developments in Uruguay were closely watched by the Empire of Brazil, which had vital interests in the Río de la Plata Basin. After Rosas fell in 1852, Brazil became the dominant regional power. Its foreign policy included the covert underwriting of opposition parties in Uruguay and Argentina, preventing strong governments that might threaten Brazil's strategic position in the area. Brazilian banking and commercial firms also had ventures in the area, furthering ties within the region. In Uruguay, the bank run by Irineu Evangelista de Sousa (Baron and later Viscount of Mauá) became so heavily involved in commercial enterprises that the economy depended on this source of continued capital flow.  About 18 percent (40,000) of the Uruguayan population (220,000) spoke Portuguese and regarded themselves as Brazilian rather than Uruguayan. Many within Flores' ranks were Brazilians, some hailing from the nearby Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul. Life along the frontier between Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay was often chaotic, with hostilities erupting between partisans of various cattle barons, cattle-rustling and random killings. Large landowners on both sides of the border had long been antagonistic toward Berro's policies. The Uruguayan president attempted to tax the cattle coming from Rio Grande do Sul and to impose curbs on the use of Brazilian slaves within Uruguayan territory; slavery had been outlawed years before in Uruguay.  Among the Brazilian land barons were David Canabarro and Antônio de Sousa Neto, both allies of Flores and former separatist rebels during the Ragamuffin War that had ravaged Rio Grande do Sul from 1835 until 1845. Canabarro, a frontier military commander, misled Brazil's government by denying that Brazilians were crossing the border to join Flores. Sousa Neto went to the Brazilian capital to request immediate government intervention in Uruguay, claiming that Brazilians were being murdered and their ranches robbed. The "fact that Uruguayan citizens had just as valid claims against Brazil as Brazilians had against Uruguay was ignored", said historian Philip Raine. Although Sousa Neto had ties with the governing political party, his claims, including that he could amass a force of 40,000 to invade Uruguay, were not taken seriously by all. The Uruguayan crisis arrived at a difficult moment for Brazil, which was on the verge of a full-blown war with the British Empire for unrelated reasons. Brazil's government decided to intervene in Uruguay, fearful of showing any weakness in the face of an impending conflict with Britain, and believing that it would be better for the central government to take the lead rather than allow the Brazilian ranchers on the frontier to decide the course of events.

Early engagements.

Brazilian ultimatum.

On 1 March 1864, Berro's term of office ended. The ongoing civil war prevented elections; therefore Atanasio Aguirre, president of the Uruguayan senate and a member of the Amapolas (the radical wing of the Blanco Party) replaced Berro, on an interim basis. In April, José Antônio Saraiva was appointed minister plenipotentiary by the Brazilian government and charged with quickly reaching an accord that would settle Brazil's claims and ensure the safety of Brazilian citizens. His focus soon shifted from satisfying Brazil's terms to a more immediate goal of hammering out a deal between the antagonists in the civil war, with the expectation that only a more stable regime would be able to reach a settlement with Brazil.  The government in Montevideo was at first reluctant to consider Saraiva's proposals. With backing from Paraguay, it saw little advantage in negotiating a close to the civil war or in seeking to comply with Brazil's demands. The main factor, as historian Jeffrey D. Needell summarized, was that the "Uruguayan president had been unwilling to resolve these, particularly because the Brazilians whose grievances were at issue were allies of Venancio Flores, a client of the Argentines, and a man who was seeking his overthrow." A mutual enmity between Brazil and its Hispanic-American neighbors compounded the difficulties, the result of a long-standing distrust and rivalry between Spain and Portugal that had been carried over to their former American colonies. Brazil and Uruguay exhibited loathing for one another; as Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham put it: "the Brazilians holding the Uruguayans as bloodthirsty savages, and the Uruguayans returning their contempt for the unwarlike ways of the Brazilians, whom they called monkeys, and looked down upon, for their mixed blood."  Eventually, in July 1864, Saraiva's persistent diplomacy moved the Uruguayan government to agree to mediated talks including Edward Thornton (the British resident minister in Buenos Aires), Argentine foreign minister Rufino de Elizalde and Saraiva himself. Initially, the negotiations seemed promising, but soon bogged down. On 4 August, convinced that the government in Montevideo was unwilling to work toward a settlement, a frustrated Saraiva delivered an ultimatum, which the Uruguayans rebuffed. On 10 August, Saraiva informed Aguirre that the Brazilian military commanders would receive orders to begin retaliation, marking the beginning of the war.

Alliance with rebel Colorados.

Under the orders of Vice-Admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa (Baron of Tamandaré), a Brazilian fleet was stationed in Uruguayan territorial waters. The naval force comprised twelve steamships: one frigate, six corvettes and five gunboats. On 11 August 1864, Tamandaré, as the commander-in-chief of Brazilian naval and land forces in the war, received orders from Saraiva to begin retaliatory operations. Brazilian warships were deployed to the Uruguayan towns of Salto, Paysandú and Maldonado, ostensibly to "protect Brazilian subjects", while Uruguay's only warships, the small steamers "Villa del Salto" and "General Artigas", were to be neutralized. When Tamandaré demanded these steamships remain at their docks, only the crew of "General Artigas" complied.  Tamandaré created a naval command assigned to Captain of Sea and War Francisco Pereira Pinto (later Baron of Ivinhema). Consisting of two corvettes and one gunboat, the division was sent to patrol the Uruguay River, a tributary of the Río de la Plata and part of the Platine region. On 24 August, Pereira Pinto sighted the "Villa del Salto", which was conveying troops to fight the Colorados. The "Villa del Salto" ignored warning shots and a demand to surrender; after a desperate run from the Brazilian warships, it escaped to Argentine waters. This first skirmish of the war prompted the Uruguayan government to sever all diplomatic ties with Brazil on 30 August. On 7 September, Pereira Pinto again encountered the "Villa del Salto" sailing from Salto to Paysandú. The two Brazilian corvettes attacked the Uruguayan ship as it again tried to escape to Argentina. The battle ended when the "Villa del Salto" ran aground near Paysandú, where its crew set it on fire to prevent it falling into Brazilian hands. Meanwhile, the "General Artigas" had been sold to prevent its capture by the Brazilians.  To Flores, Brazil's military operations against the Blanco government represented a priceless opportunity, since he had been unable to achieve any lasting results during the rebellion. He entered talks with Saraiva, winning the Brazilian government over, after promising to settle their claims refused by the Blanco government. The Brazilian plenipotentiary minister gave instructions to Tamandaré to form a joint offensive with the Colorado leader and overthrow the Blancos. On 20 October, after a swift exchange of letters, Flores and the Brazilian vice-admiral formed a secret alliance.

Colorado–Brazil joint offensive.

Sieges of Uruguayan towns.

The Brazilian naval fleet in Uruguay was supposed to work in conjunction with a Brazilian land force. But months passed, and the "Army of the South" (called the "Division of Observation" until the ultimatum) stationed in Piraí Grande (in Rio Grande do Sul) was still not ready to cross into Uruguayan territory. Its main objectives were to occupy the Uruguayan towns of Paysandú, Salto and Melo; once taken, they were to be handed over to Flores and his Colorados.  On 12 October, a brigade led by Brigadier José Luís Mena Barreto detached from the main army. Two days later, near the Brazilian town of Jaguarão, the force invaded Uruguay's Cerro Largo Department. After skirmishes failed to halt their march, the Blancos abandoned Melo, and the brigade entered this capital of Cerro Largo unopposed, on 16 October. After handing over control of Melo to the Uruguayan Colorados, the Brazilians withdrew on 24 October, to rejoin their Army of the South. The next Brazilian target was Salto. Pereira Pinto sent two gunboats under First Lieutenant Joaquim José Pinto to blockade the town. On 24 November, Flores arrived with his troops and began the siege. Colonel José Palomeque, commander of the Uruguayan garrison, surrendered almost without firing a shot, on the afternoon of 28 November. Flores' army captured and incorporated four artillery pieces and 250 men; 300 Colorados and 150 Brazilians were left behind to occupy Salto.  Paysandú, the last Brazilian target, was already under blockade by Pereira Pinto. Tamandaré, who had been in Buenos Aires until this point, took charge of the blockade on 3 December. It was enforced by one corvette and four gunboats. Paysandú was garrisoned by 1,274 men and 15 cannons, under the command of Colonel Leandro Gómez. Flores, who had come from Salto, headed a force of 3,000 men, mostly cavalry. He invested Paysandú, deploying 800 infantrymen, 7 cannons (3 of which were rifled), and detachments of an additional 660 Brazilians. Gómez declined the offer to surrender. From 6 December until 8 December, the Brazilians and Colorados made attempts to storm the town, advancing through the streets, but were unable to take it. Tamandaré and Flores opted to wait for the arrival of the Army of the South. Meanwhile, Aguirre had sent General Juan Sáa with 3,000 men and four cannons to relieve the besieged town, forcing the Brazilians and Colorados to briefly lift the siege while dealing with this new threat. Sáa abandoned his advance before encountering the enemy force, and fled north of the Río Negro.

Army of the South in Paysandú.

Rather than the show of force that had been intended by the Brazilian government, the war revealed the Empire's lack of military readiness. The Army of the South, stationed in Piraí Grande, was commanded by Field Marshal João Propício Mena Barreto (later Baron of São Gabriel) with two divisions. The 1st Division, under Brigadier Manuel Luís Osório (later Marquis of Erval), was formed by regular army units. The 2nd Division, under Brigadier José Luís Mena Barreto (who had since returned from his attack on Melo), was composed entirely of national guardsmen. Altogether, it numbered only 5,711 men—all (except some officers) native to Rio Grande do Sul. The army was poorly equipped for siege operations: it brought along no engineers (who could direct the construction of trenches); it was under-equipped, lacking even hatchets (necessary to cut fences, break through doors and scale walls); and its 12 cannons (a mix of La Hitte and Paixhans) were of small calibers ill-suited to attacking fortifications.  On 1 December, almost four months after Saraiva presented the ultimatum, the Army of the South invaded Uruguay. Its troops were accompanied by a semi-independent militia unit, consisting of no more than 1,300 Brazilian "gaucho" cavalrymen, under the former Ragamuffin Antônio de Sousa Neto. The 7,011-strong force (with 200 supply carts) marched through Uruguayan territory unopposed, heading toward Paysandú in the southwest. The disorganized and undisciplined bands of "gauchos", who formed the armies of both Blancos and Colorados, were no match for the Brazilian troops. The Uruguayan "gauchos" "had combat experience but no training and were poorly armed save for the usual muskets, "boleadoras", and "facón" knives", remarked historian Thomas L. Whigham. "Fire arms he [the Uruguayan gaucho] rarely possessed", said Cunninghame Graham, "or if by chance he owned a pair of long brass-mounted pistols or a flintlock blunderbuss, they were in general out of order and unserviceable. Upon the other hand, a little training made him a formidable adversary with the sabre and the lance."  Field Marshal João Propício Mena Barreto reached Paysandú on 29 December with two infantry brigades and one artillery regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Émile Louis Mallet (later Baron of Itapevi). The Army of the South's cavalry established its camp a few kilometers away. Meanwhile, Gómez beheaded forty Colorados and fifteen Brazilian prisoners and "hung their still-dripping heads above his trenches in full view of their compatriots." On 31 December, the Brazilians and Colorados recommenced their attack and overran the city's defenses, after a bitter struggle, on 2 January 1865. The Brazilians captured Gómez and handed him over to the Colorados. Colonel Gregorio "Goyo" Suárez shot Gómez and three of his officers. According to Whigham, "Suárez's actions were not really unexpected, as several members of his immediate family had fallen victim to Gómez's wrath against the Colorados."

Blanco capitulation.

Further operations.

On 12 November 1864, before the siege of Paysandú, the Paraguayan dictator Solano López seized the Brazilian steamer "Marquês de Olinda", beginning the Paraguayan War. While the Army of the South crossed Uruguay heading toward Paysandú, Brazil's government sent José Maria da Silva Paranhos (later Viscount of Rio Branco) to replace Saraiva. He arrived in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires on 2 December and a few days later sought a formal alliance with Mitre against the Blancos. The Argentine president refused, insisting that neither he nor his government had any role in Flores' rebellion, and that Argentina would remain neutral. On 26 December, the Paraguayans invaded the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso, laying waste to towns and the countryside.  As the situation deteriorated, the Brazilian government mobilized army units from other regions of the Empire. On 1 January 1865, one brigade (composed of two infantry battalions and one artillery battalion) with 1,700 men from the Brazilian province of Rio de Janeiro disembarked and occupied the Uruguayan town of Fray Bentos. Paranhos, along with Tamandaré, met Flores in Fray Bentos and decided to launch a combined attack against Montevideo. It was apparent that the Paraguayans would take too long to reach Uruguay and no help would come from Urquiza and his Argentine Federalists. Increasingly isolated, Aguirre hoped that the foreign powers could intervene, but when, on 11 January, he asked the diplomatic corps in Montevideo whether they would provide military assistance to him and his government, none responded positively. João Propício Mena Barreto sailed from Fray Bentos on 14 January with the Brazilian infantry, bound for a landing near the mouth of the Santa Lucía River near Montevideo. On the way, he occupied the Uruguayan town of Colonia del Sacramento, garrisoning it with 50 soldiers.  The cavalry and artillery were placed under Osório and went overland. They met João Propício Mena Barreto and the infantry at their landing place. From there, the reunited Army of the South marched on Montevideo. On 31 January, Brazil and the Colorados besieged the Uruguayan capital. In the meantime, on 19 January, Paranhos attempted to clarify the nature of the Brazilian operations against the Blancos. He issued notes to the foreign diplomatic corps in Buenos Aires declaring that a state of war existed between Brazil and Uruguay. Until then, there had been no formal declaration of war, and the Empire's military operations in Uruguay since August 1864 had been mere "reprisals"—the vague term used by Brazilian diplomacy since the ultimatum.

Armistice.

In an attempt to divert the attention of Brazil from the siege of the capital, the Blanco government ordered the "Vanguard Army of the Republic of Uruguay", composed of 1,500 men under General Basilio Muñoz, to invade Brazilian soil. On 27 January 1865, Muñoz crossed the border and exchanged fire with 500 cavalrymen from Brazil's National Guard units. The Brazilians retreated to the town of Jaguarão, where they were joined by 90 infantrymen also from the National Guard, and hurriedly constructed trenches. There were also two small steamers and one other large vessel, each equipped with one artillery piece, to protect Jaguarão. The Blanco army attacked the town in the Battle of Jaguarão, but were repelled. Muñoz established a brief siege and asked Colonel Manuel Pereira Vargas (the commander of the Brazilian garrison) to surrender, but to no effect. In the early hours of 28 January, Muñoz retreated with his men toward Uruguay, ransacking property and taking all the slaves they could find.  On 2 February, Tamandaré declared to foreign diplomats that Montevideo was under siege and blockade. The Uruguayan capital was defended by between 3,500 and 4,000 armed men with little to no combat experience and 40 artillery pieces of various calibers. On 16 February, the Army of the South was further reinforced by 1,228 men from the 8th Battalion of "Caçadores" (Sharpshooters) arriving from the Brazilian province of Bahia, raising its numbers to 8,116. Sousa Neto and his gauchos had detached from the main force weeks before to pursue Muñoz and his army. British and French nationals were evacuated to Buenos Aires. The "general exodus of foreigners that followed caused those who remained in Montevideo to feel terror for the first time. All agreed that a full-scale assault against the city could not be postponed." However, neither Paranhos nor his government were willing to risk the destruction of Montevideo and face the inevitable outcry from other nations that would follow it.  On 15 February, Aguirre's term of office expired. Against the wishes of the "Amapolas", the moderate Tomás Villalba was elected by the Senate to replace Aguirre. French, Italian and Spanish troops landed in Montevideo at Villalba's request to dissuade the radical Blancos from attempting a coup to retake power. Villalba entered into talks with Flores and Paranhos. With the Italian resident minister Raffaele Ulisse Barbolani serving as intermediary, an agreement was reached. Flores and Manuel Herrera y Obes (representing Villalba's government) signed a peace accord on 20 February at the Villa de la Unión. A general amnesty was granted to both Blancos and Colorados, and Villalba handed over the presidency to Flores on an interim basis until elections could be held.

Aftermath.

In early March, Flores assembled a cabinet composed entirely of Colorados, among them a brother of the Blanco Leandro Gómez. The new Uruguayan president purged government departments of employees with Fusionist or Blanco associations. All Blanco officers and enlisted men were eliminated from the army and replaced by those Colorado and Brazilian loyalists who had remained with Flores throughout the conflict. Public commemorations glorified the Colorados, and a monument dedicated to the "Martyrs of Quinteros" was erected. The costs of the Liberating Crusade are unknown. Flores' losses amounted to around 450 dead and wounded; there are no estimates of the number of civilians who died of famine and disease, nor is it known how much damage was sustained by the national economy. The effects of the Uruguayan War have received little attention from historians, who have been drawn to focus on the dramatic devastation suffered by Paraguay in the subsequent Paraguayan War.  News of the war's end was brought by Pereira Pinto and met with joy in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II found himself waylaid by a crowd of thousands in the streets amid acclamations. But public opinion quickly changed for the worse, when newspapers began running stories painting the accord of 20 February as harmful to Brazilian interests, for which the cabinet was blamed. The newly raised Viscount of Tamandaré and Mena Barreto (now Baron of São Gabriel) had supported the peace accord. Tamandaré changed his mind soon afterward and played along with the allegations. Paranhos (a member of the opposition party) was used as a scapegoat by the Emperor and the government, and was recalled in disgrace to the imperial capital. Subsequent events show the accusation was unfounded. Not only had Paranhos managed to settle all Brazilian claims, but by avoiding the death of thousands, he gained a willing and grateful Uruguayan ally, not a dubious and resentful one—who provided Brazil an important base of operations during the war with Paraguay that followed.  Victory brought mixed results for Brazil and Argentina. As the Brazilian government had expected, the conflict was a short-lived and relatively easy affair that led to the installation of a friendly government in Uruguay. The official estimates included 549 battlefield casualties (109 dead, 439 wounded and 1 missing) from the navy and army and an unknown number who died from disease. Historian José Bernardino Bormann put the total at 616 (204 dead, 411 wounded and 1 missing). The war would have been deemed an outstanding success for Brazil, had it not been for its terrible consequences. Instead of demonstrating strength, Brazil revealed military weakness that an emboldened Paraguay sought to exploit. From the Argentine viewpoint, most of Bartolomé Mitre's expectations were frustrated by the war's outcome. He had succeeded in bringing to power his friend and ally, but the minimal risk and cost to Argentina he had envisioned at the outset proved to be illusory. The resulting attack by Paraguay on Brazilian and Argentine provinces sparked the long and devastating Paraguayan War.

The Uruguayan War (10 August 1864 – 20 February 1865) was fought between Uruguay's governing Blanco Party and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil and the Uruguayan Colorado Party, covertly supported by Argentina. Since its independence, Uruguay had been ravaged by intermittent struggles between the Colorado and Blanco factions, each attempting to seize and maintain power in turn. The Colorado leader Venancio Flores launched the Liberating Crusade in 1863, an insurrection aimed at toppling Bernardo Berro, who presided over a Colorado–Blanco coalition (fusionist) government. Flores was aided by Argentina, whose president Bartolomé Mitre provided him with supplies, Argentine volunteers and river transport for troops.

La Guerre uruguayenne, également connue, en Uruguay, sous le nom d’invasion brésilienne de 1864 et, au Brésil, sous celui de guerre contre Aguirre, est un conflit survenu, en 1864-1865, entre l'Empire du Brésil et la République Uruguayenne. Plus qu'une véritable guerre, il s'agit d'une intervention militaire organisée par le Brésil sur le territoire uruguayen, qui est alors en proie à une grave guerre civile opposant le Parti "blanco" et le Parti "colorado". La victoire des troupes brésiliennes sur le gouvernement d'Atanasio Cruz Aguirre permet au parti "colorado" de s'affirmer sur la scène politique uruguayenne et au "caudillo" Venancio Flores d'imposer sa dictature sur le pays. Peu après la fin de la Guerre uruguayenne, un nouveau conflit secoue la région du Rio de la Plata : c'est la guerre de la Triple-Alliance (1865-1870).


Life and career.

Karl Johan Schuster was born and raised in Karlshamn, Sweden. He started as a drummer in local indie rock bands in Karlshamn, as well as recording all instruments on the 2003 Meriah demo "...Turn Him Your Other Cheek" (a strictly black metal recording), before joining the hardcore-metal scene as a vocalist in 2004 for Blinded Colony, with whom he recorded 2005's "Promo Demo" and 2006's "Bedtime Prayers", drawing comparisons to fellow Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames, before leaving in 2007. In 2005 he also performed as a guest musician on the Faith album "Sorg".  At the age of 16, Schuster met Max Martin through their mutual friend Julius. By that time, according to an interview in the Swedish music magazine "Stim-magasinet", Schuster's taste in music was "too cool for school" and he had no interest in pop music whatsoever. Julius kept sending Schuster's indie rock-death metal demos to Martin, who became curious about what it would sound like if Schuster would make pop music. So in 2006 Martin invited Schuster to his studio in Stockholm to record a demo with him, and since 2007 Schuster has been signed to Martin's production company Maratone.  Among the first songs Schuster co-wrote with Martin are Pink's 2008 single "So What" and Britney Spears' 2008 single "If U Seek Amy". In 2012 Schuster won the STIM Platinum guitar prize. In 2014, Schuster produced "Problem" alongside Martin and Ilya. In 2015, Shellback collaborated with Swedish hardcore punk band Refused, as he is both a fan of the band's music and friends with the band's drummer David Sandstrom. Sandstrom sent him the versions of the songs "Elektra" and "366" that Refused had recorded with producer Nick Launay, and Shellback replied with his own arrangements of the two songs. Refused frontman Dennis Lyxzen explained in June 2015 that Shellback's versions were "far more Refused than our versions" and "were better" than the Launay-produced versions. The two songs appear on Refused's comeback album "Freedom"—"Elektra" was released as a single on 27 April 2015—which was released on the label Epitaph Records on 26 June 2015.

Production discography.

Billboard Hot 100.

The following singles peaked inside the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100.

Awards.

Grammy Awards

Karl Johan Schuster (; born 1 February 1985), known professionally as Shellback, is a Swedish songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. Shellback was listed as the No. 1 producer of 2012 on "Billboard" magazine's year end chart, and he also topped the list of their "Top 10 Songwriters Airplay Chart" the same year; he has won four Grammy Awards.

Karl Johan Schuster plus connu sous le pseudonyme Shellback, né le, est un auteur, producteur de musique et musicien suédois. Avec Max Martin, il a coécrit des chansons pour la chanteuse américaine Pink ("So What" et "Raise Your Glass"), pour Britney Spears ("If U Seek Amy" et "3"), pour le chanteur Usher ("DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love"), pour Adam Lambert ("Whataya Want from Me"), pour Avril Lavigne ("What the Hell"), pour Taylor Swift ("We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"),Christina Aguilera ("Your Body") ou encore pour le groupe britannique Muse en 2018 avec le morceau "Get Up and Fight".


Plot.

Set in Hamburg, West Germany, several criminals take advantage of the West German bank privacy laws to use safe deposit boxes in a West German bank to store large amounts of illicit cash. These include a Las Vegas mobster as well as a ruthless drug smuggler known as the Candy Man and a crooked overbearing U.S. Army sergeant and his meek-mannered partner the Major, who conspire on a big heroin and LSD smuggling score. Joe Collins (Warren Beatty), an American bank security consultant, has been spying on them and makes mysterious and elaborate preparations to steal their money (totaling more than $1.5 million) with the help of Dawn Divine (Goldie Hawn), a hooker with a heart of gold.  Joe has Dawn phone in a bomb threat to the bank president, Mr. Kessel (Gert Fröbe), to create a diversion. Joe locks himself inside the bank vault with a gold bar normally displayed in the lobby to supposedly save it. The bank is closed and evacuated while Joe uses duplicate keys to empty the criminals' three safe deposit boxes into Dawn's large-size deposit box. (It is implied that Joe had obtained the necessary bank information and secretly copied the criminals' keys while they were engaged in sexual trysts with Dawn.) Despite the fact that Kessel insists on burning through the wall to rescue Joe instead of waiting for the time lock to open, Joe succeeds in the heist and is hailed as a hero for "preventing" the robbery of the gold bar.  The next day, the three criminals, one by one, discover that their boxes are empty, and thus they cannot complete their illegal schemes, nor do they dare to go to the police to report the thefts, since they would then risk revealing their own dishonest pasts. The Las Vegas mobster flees the country while the Sarge, his partner the Major, and the Candy Man search Dawn Divine's apartment, as she was their common link, and find clues that connect her to Joe. Sarge calls Kessel to get Joe's home address, but Joe is quickly tipped off by Kessel and he hurriedly sends Dawn to the train station with a suitcase packed with her take — $765,000 — promising to meet her later someplace out of the country.  A long climactic chase begins as Dawn gives the Major the slip at the train station while the Candy Man and the Sarge chase Joe across a rail yard and through the Elbe Tunnel. Joe escapes on a car carrier truck, lugging his suitcase, but the Candy Man and the Sarge follow and catch up in the morning at a frozen lake in the countryside, where the Candy Man crashes his car through the ice and drowns.  Joe escapes again by hopping a train, but during the night the Sarge catches up to him, only to find that Joe's suitcase contains nothing but a bottle of champagne and wads of newspaper. They conclude that Dawn double-crossed Joe by repacking the suitcases while he was getting the car, and the Sarge proposes a plan to Joe to go after Dawn together. However, upon swallowing a mouthful of the champagne, the Sarge instantly goes into violent convulsions and falls down dead. The bottle was one of three that the Candy Man had filled with a solution of concentrated LSD to sneak through customs earlier in the film.  An epilogue shows Dawn staying at the Hotel del Coronado, joyfully driving a gleaming new yellow Corvette, and cuddling in bed with an unseen someone. The other suitcase is sitting near the bed, and Joe's bomber jacket hangs on the coat rack. Dawn smugly explains to Joe that she was certain the criminals wouldn't kill him and leave themselves with no way to get the money.

Production.

Principal photography for "$" took place at Bendestorf Studio is Hamburg, West Germany from early January to early May 1971, and location shooting took place in that city as well. The building depicted as the exterior of the bank was actually the "Kunsthalle", Hamburg's principal museum of art. The route followed in the chase scenes realistically takes the viewer through many of the city's locales. Other locations in Hamburg include the Reeperbahn — the city's red-light district — and the Salambo Cabaret nightclub.  Other filming locations included Munich, Norway, the Pacific Coast Highway and the Hotel Del Coronado in San Diego, California.  Warren Beatty was injured while filming the train sequence, which caused him to miss at least two days of shooting.

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack to the film was composed and produced by Quincy Jones, with performances by Little Richard, Roberta Flack and Doug Kershaw, in addition to featuring the Don Elliot Voices throughout the score. Among Jones' bouncy, funky instrumental songs, his track "Snow Creatures" has been heavily sampled by numerous hip hop artists, including Gang Star and Common Sense.  Little Richard sings "Money Is" and "Do It to It", both with music and lyrics by Quincy Jones, while Roberta Flack sings "When You're Smiling (The Whole World Smiles with You)", with music and lyrics by Mark Fisher, Joe Goodwin and Larry Shay.

Release and reception.

The premiere of the film took place in New York City on December 15, 1971, and it was released in theaters across the United States on December 17, 1971. The Los Angeles premiere was on December 22.  Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and praised it as a "slick and breakneck caper movie that runs like a well-oiled thrill." He praised the performance of Beatty, describing him as "the best con man in movies, certainly since Clark Gable died. He is filled with deals, angles, things he has to pull you over in a corner to whisper. He can make you rich tomorrow, and himself, too, one of these days. And he has an unusual kind narcissism — unusual for an actor. He isn't narcissistic about himself, but about his style; he's in love with conning people." Roger Greenspun of "The New York Times" wrote that the film boasts "an attractive cast, some clever dialogue (also by Brooks), and lots of suspense — at least, until the chase begins and never seems to end, and you wish that everyone would go home and get some rest... '$' is actually a decent short film that has been made long by the most predictable and least ingenious of means." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" found the film "[f]ar too leisurely in plot and pacing," suggesting that "Brooks maybe is too serious a filmmaker for this sort of thing. He wants his characters to have depth and motivation, but the principle does not work well herein." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" called it a "crackling good crime-chase-suspense story. Its considerable pleasure is that it sets us up solidly in a colorful, unfamiliar but unquestionably real place — Hamburg, Germany — and plays its ingenious charades absolutely as if they were part of the teeming life of that city." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that it has a "clever premise" and that Beatty and Hawn were "pleasant performers," but "Brooks' script continually interrupts its mood of a slick caper film with slapstick humor. '$' tries to be both a comedy and a caper, and manages to be neither."  A Channel 4 review of the film in the UK gave it a 4 out of 5 rating, and, like Ebert, noted the pace of the directing and script by Brooks, describing it as "cutting more rapidly than usual, he kept the action moving fairly entertainingly for most of the movie, with includes a long and spectacular car chase". However, unlike Ebert, critic Christopher Null believed the following of the film tired after the first hour, remarking that, "Beatty and Hawn carry this fun little heist/comedy picture for the first hour, but then the whole affair gets a little tiring". He did, however, rate the film 3.5 out of 5.

Home video.

The film was released on DVD in 2008, concurrently with the CD re-release of the film's soundtrack, which had previously been released on CD in 2001.

$, also known as Dollar$, Dollars or $ (Dollars), and in the UK as The Heist, is a 1971 American caper film starring Warren Beatty and Goldie Hawn, written and directed by Richard Brooks and produced by M.J. Frankovich. The supporting cast includes Gert Fröbe, Robert Webber and Scott Brady. The film is about a bank security consultant (Beatty) who develops a scheme with a prostitute, Dawn Divine (Hawn), to steal several criminals' money from a bank vault.

Dollars est un film américain de Richard Brooks avec Warren Beatty et Goldie Hawn dans les rôles principaux. Il est sorti en salles aux États-Unis le en 1971.


Club career.

Trabzonspor.

Due to the goal scorer Fatih Tekke leaving the club, and the team and having difficulties, Trabzonspor signed Bulut. The transfer fee was €1.8 million for a four-year contract. He was given the number 10 jersey which was previously worn by Hami Mandıralı. His first match was on 5 August 2006, against Kayserispor. The following week he scored his first goal for the team in a 1–1 draw against Manisaspor. He scored 88 goals in 197 official games for Trabzonspor, where he won the 2010 Turkish Super Cup as well as the 2009–10 Turkish Cup, scoring in the final against rivals Fenerbahçe in a 3-1 win.

Toulouse.

On 28 June 2011, he signed with Toulouse FC for €4.8 million. Bulut made his Ligue 1 Debut against Ajaccio. One week later, on 13 August 2011, scored he his first goal against Dijon FCO and second goal against Nancy which was also the only goal of the game as Toulouse won 1–0. In the 17th week of the season, he scored a winning goal against Evian in a 2–1 win. The other 2 goals were against Lyon and one of them was an outstanding long range shot. After his first season his brilliant performance caught the eye of many teams.

Galatasaray.

On 26 June 2012, Bulut joined Galatasaray on loan until the end of the season. He scored two goals on his début for Galatasaray against their rivals Fenerbahçe during the game for the 2012 Turkish Super Cup Final. Galatasaray won the game 3–2, where he became the Man of the Match.  On 20 August 2012, Bulut made his debut in the 2012–13 Süper Lig game against Kasımpaşa in the starting 11, where he scored the 2 Goals for Galatasaray as the game finished 2–1. Bulut scored in the second game in an equalizing goal against Beşiktaş as the game finished 3–3. On 2 September 2012 he scored again in the opening goal of the match against Bursaspor as the game ended 3–2, making Galatasaray's 1000th League win in history. His next goal came on 15 September 2012, when he scored a late goal in the 90th minute as Galatasary won the game 4–0 against Antalyaspor. He made a brilliant start in the 2012–13 Süper Lig season scoring 5 league goals in the first 4 weeks and eliminated Saša Ilić's record. On 19 October scored he an important goal for Galatasaray when they were trailing 3–2 against Gençlerbirliği right before his teammate Hakan Balta scored the last goal and the game ended 3–3. After disappointing matches both in the Süper Lig and Champions League during the month of October. Bulut returned with another excellent performance and scored the opener against Kayserispor in a 3–0 win. The following week he again scored the opener from teammate Burak Yılmaz's assist against İstanbul BB as the game ended 3–1, his 10th goal of the season.  Following his successful loan spell, Galatasaray officially signed Bulut from Toulouse on a 3+1 year deal for €2.7 million.

International career.

Bulut made his debut against Brazil on 5 June 2007, in a match that ended in a draw. He scored his first 2 international goals on 2 June 2012 against Portugal in a friendly match as the game finished 3–1. He then scored a hat-trick for Turkey against Andorra in a 5–0 victory in World Cup qualifiers on 6 September 2013.

Personal life.

On 14 March 2016, it was revealed that Umut Bulut's father Kemal Bulut was killed in the Ankara Car bombing on 13 March 2016, after watching the game Gençlerbirliği vs Galatasaray.

Career statistics.

International goals.

"Scores and results table. Turkey's goal tally first:"

Honours.

Club.

Trabzonspor  Galatasaray

Umut Bulut (, born 15 March 1983) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays for Yeni Malatyaspor. Between 2007 and 2018, he made 39 appearances scoring 11 goals for the Turkey national team.

Umut Bulut, né le à Yeşilhisar (Kayseri) est un footballeur international turc, jouant pour le club du Yeni Malatyaspor en Turquie.


Early life.

Bentivenga de Bentivengis was born in Aquasparta, in Umbria. He had at least two siblings, a brother named Angelerius and a sister named Clara. He entered the Order of Franciscans at a young age, and took a degree in Theology; he held the title Magister. He became famous as a theologian and preacher.  In 1264 he was personal chaplain of Cardinal Stephen Báncsa, Bishop of Palestrina. Cardinal Báncsa died in 1270, during the Conclave of 1268–1271. He had also been chaplain and confessor of Cardinal Giovanni Caetano Orsini, probably between 1271 and 1276. Cardinal Orsini became Pope Nicholas III on 25 November 1277. One may assume, therefore, that Bentivenga was present for the three conclaves that took place in 1276. He may even have accompanied Cardinal Orsini to the Second Ecumenical Council at Lyons in 1273–1275; it is certain that Cardinal Orsini was there along with all of the other cardinals. In 1276 Fr. Bentivenga was elected bishop of Todi (1276–1278) and confirmed by Pope John XXI. He held the bishopric until he was named a cardinal, a matter of some fifteen months; his successor was Angelerius de Bentevengis, his own brother.  In the consistory of 12 March 1278, Pope Nicholas III created him Cardinal-Bishop of Albano. In a papal bull of 12 September 1278, Cardinal Bentivenga is mentioned as having been an examiner into the election of a new abbot for the Monastery of Nonantola. In January 1279 he sat on a cardinalatial committee that examined and approved the election of John Peckham as Archbishop of Canterbury. On 25 September 1279 Pope Nicholas named him to assist in the office of the Penitentiaries up to the next Easter Sunday. Cardinal Bentivenga is claimed as an Auditor of the Rota under Nicholas III. He was involved in the redaction of the Constitution "Exiit qui seminat", of Nicholas III, which was issued on 14 August 1279. In the Spring of 1280, Cardinal Bentivenga advised Pope Nicholas on the appointment of a new bishop for the diocese of Troia, and the Pope was pleased to follow his recommendation. Pope Nicholas died of an apoplectic stroke on 22 August 1280, at Castro Soriano in the diocese of Viterbo. The election of his successor would therefore take place in Viterbo, which had seen two other conclaves in the previous five years—both of them violent.

Papal election, 1280–81.

Cardinal Bentivenga participated in the Conclave which followed the Pope's death. It had been clear for some time that it would be a difficult business. Nicholas III had created a total of nine cardinals, and had taken care to diminish greatly the number of adherents of the Angevin King Charles I of Sicily, who had had a strong hand in the previous four conclaves. Charles nonetheless intended to have a pope to suit his needs. At the time of the Pope's death there were thirteen cardinals, three of whom were Orsini who would never vote to accommodate King Charles. Two or three more opponents could (and did) produce a deadlock. The city of Viterbo was in the hands of enemies of the Orsini, who had led the people of Viterbo in expelling the late Pope's nephew, Orso Orsini, replacing him with a regime favorable to King Charles. Charles himself was in Viterbo. Worried about the functioning of necessary organs of the Church in the spiritual realm, the Cardinals on 28 August 1280 elected Bentivenga to the office of penitentiary and put him in charge of the other penitentiaries and their staff. With these powers, on 25 September, Cardinal Bentivenga dispensed a priest who, against the rules of his diocesan synod, had taken longer than a year to be ordained after obtaining a parish, and thereby occurred the penalty of excommunication.  The worries of the cardinals about a deadlocked Conclave were justified, for the Conclave continued through the rest of 1280 with no resolution. January 1281 passed, and still there was no pope. Then Riccardo Annibaldi, the hereditary enemy of the Orsini intervened. Stirring up the people of Viterbo, he led an attack on the Conclave which resulted in the kidnapping of two of the Orsini cardinals, Matteo Rosso Orsini and Giordano Orsini (the late pope's brother). Cardinal Giordano was released after three days, apparently having given some guarantees, while Cardinal Matteo was held until after the new pope was chosen. On 22 February the Cardinals, thoroughly intimidated, elected the man who had negotiated King Charles' entry into Italy and coronation as King of Sicily, Cardinal Simon de Brion, who became Pope Martin IV.  Nine days after his election and twenty days before his Coronation, on Monday 3 March, Pope Martin IV granted Cardinal Bentivenga a number of penitential powers, individually denominated, which belonged to the Pope, including the right of absolving from ecclesiastical censures and excommunications, including those imposed by diocesan bishops and by the University of Paris; this extended to persons travelling to the Holy Land on penitential pilgrimages. On 12 August the Cardinal was granted the power of absolving the Romans who had participated in the forbidden election of King Charles to the office of Senator of Rome. He sometimes notes that his decisions are given after oral instructions from the Pope.

Papal election, 1285.

Cardinal Bentivenga participated in the Papal election, 1285—a one-day Conclave that produced a pope on the first ballot, the Roman aristocrat, Giacomo Savelli, who took the name Honorius IV; and the Papal election, 1287-1288—a long drawn out affair, due to illnesses and the plague, that caused all the cardinals but one to leave the Conclave to convalesce or die in their own homes. Five cardinals died. Cardinal Bentivenga continued to function as penitentiary during the Sede Vacante of 1287–1288. He was still at the papal residence at Santa Sabina on 14 May 1287. He is sometimes said to have been Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals from December 1285, though there is no positive evidence of the fact or the title. On 4 May 1288 he was assigned the "commenda" of the title Church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo on the Caelian Hill. He is mentioned as the author of a sermon collection and a "Veritatis Theologicae Volumen", both disappeared.

Later life.

Far in anticipation of the need, Cardinal Bentivenga obtained from Pope Martin IV the right to make his own Last Will and Testament. The date on the grant is 5 August 1281. The "Annales Minorum" state that Cardinal Bentivenga died at Todi on 16 March (xvii kal. Apr.) 1289, and that he was buried in the Franciscan church of S. Fortunato. Ferdinando Ughelli agrees as to the place, but puts Bentivenga's death on March 26 (vii kal. Apr.). An alternative scenario places his death in Rome and his burial in S. Maria in Aracoeli. It has been pointed out that one of the codicils of his Last Will and Testament was signed at Rome on 25 March 1289, making it unlikely that he died in Todi on the 16th.

Bentivenga de Bentivengis, O. Min. (ca. 1230 – 25 or 26 March 1289), also written Bentivegna de Bentivegni, or de Bentivenghi or Bentivegnawas, was an Italian Franciscan and cardinal.

Bentivenga da Bentivengi est un cardinal italien né vers 1230 à Acquasparta, en Ombrie et décédé le 25 mars 1289 à Todi. Il est un frère (?) du cardinal Matteo d'Acquasparta (1288) et est membre de l'ordre des franciscains.


Description.

Salto de Roldán includes two main rocky outcrops: Peña San Miguel (sometimes "Sen"; English: 'St Michael's Rock' or 'Crag'; or ) to the west and Peña Amán (sometimes "Men"; etymology uncertain; or ) to the east. Their exterior sides are sloped, and their facing sides are steep and stepped. They rise or over from the surrounding landscape. The distance from peak to peak is about. There is a smaller isolated outcrop, El Fraile or Mallo d'o Fraile ('The Friar'; ), about northeast of Peña San Miguel. The flows from north to south between El Fraile and Peña San Miguel to the west and Peña Amán to the east.  Salto de Roldán is what remains of a syncline (a U-shaped fold) of multiple strata of conglomerate limestone rock laid down in the Tertiary period which has been selectively eroded by riverwater. In northern Spain, this type of formation is called a. Salto de Roldán was formed in two distinct phases. In the first, an ancient tributary of the cut a canyon about wide and deep through the rock. In the second, the Flumen cut into that canyon a gorge about wide and up to deep, called Palomeras del Flumen.  French Pyrenean explorer, photographer and writer (1860-1921) was in 1907 an early visitor to Salto de Roldán. The scene excited his imagination. Among other things, it suggested to him a temple to some pagan deity; perhaps Hercules, with the two "Peñas" representing the Pillars of Hercules. He said that the illustrations of French engraver Gustave Doré (1832-1883) to Dante's "Inferno" would have been better had they copied this landscape rather than being works of imagination. He thought that the post-"Reconquista" Christian sanctuary on Peña de San Miguel must have been built on the site of an earlier pagan temple.  Salto de Roldán is a visitor attraction, with foot access from a nearby road. It is possible to climb to the top of Peña San Miguel; though this involves negotiating two ladders made of metal staples driven into the rock, which are not for the faint of heart. On top, there are the ruins of a mediaeval fortress, of a cistern, and of a Romanesque-style hermitage of St Michael. The site is a protected monument. The view is spectacular.  Vegetation around Salto de Roldán includes flowers such as Pyrenean-violet,, St. Anthony's turnip, "farolito", and "abejeta", aromatic herbs such as rosemary and thyme, trees such as box and kermes oak, and various orchids including yellow-fringed orchid and sombre bee-orchid.  A wide variety of bird species can be seen on and around Salto de Roldán. Insectivores include black redstart, African stonechat, leaf warbler and red-billed chough; swift, crag martin, house martin, wallcreeper, goldfinch, robin and blue tit. Birds of prey include griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, short-toed eagle and booted eagle; and golden eagle, Bonelli's eagle, peregrine falcon and kestrel; and, as a rare visitor, bearded vulture (lammergeier or ossifrage). The eagles and vultures will use the thermals above the crags to gain height to sight prey; and in the case of the bearded vulture, to drop large animal bones onto rocks to break them open so that they can feed on the marrow.

History.

There is evidence of prehistoric occupation close by. Near the village of Santa Eulalia de la Peña is the cave shelter of La Raja (which is not easily accessible because the path is heavily overgrown). It contains a cave painting which depicts a figure of Levantine type surrounded by bovids, deer and goats, which several experts consider the westernmost outpost of Levantine art. It has been suggested that prehistoric man made summer hunting camps near the Salto de Roldán. Also close by, there is a dolmen (megalithic tomb) at Belsué.  There was a Roman settlement (known as Bajo Cuesta) by the modern village of. There is evidence of Visigothic presence from a belt plate discovered at the village of. After the Muslim conquest of Spain, Huesca became part of the Caliphate of Cordoba, and Salto de Roldán was fortified under the name "Tan Wa Man". It was a strategic site, because it controlled access to the valley and plains of the River Ebro to the south. In 941, García Sánchez I of Pamplona captured the Fortress of Sen (, ). In 942, Muhammad ibn Mashim al Tuyibi, lord of Zaragoza, retook it; a victory which was celebrated in the Mosque of Córdoba. In 1086, Christian forces finally took and retained it.

Legends.

There are several legends associated with the site.  In the main legend, Roland (), the foremost of Charlemagne's paladins, was being hotly pursued by Saracens, the Muslim Arab occupiers of Spain. Cornered at Salto de Roldán, he escaped by leaping on horseback from one of the crags to the other. There are, however, differences in detail. The leap was in an unspecified direction; or was from Peña de Amán to Peña de San Miguel; or was from Peña de San Miguel to Peña de Amán. In some accounts, the horse landed with such force that it left the imprints of its hooves in the rock. The horse sometimes died as a result; or, was slain in mid-leap by a sorcerer. In some accounts, Roland continued northward on foot, and smote the Pyrenees with his sword to create Roland's Breach, so that he could see France one last time before he died.  There are several other legends, which do not involve Roland at all. In one of those, St Martin leapt from one of the rocks to the nearby to escape persecution. In another, St Martin and St Michael were on the top of Peña de San Miguel, mounted on a horse and an ox respectively. Only St Martin was able to make the leap; which is why that crag is named after St Michael, who had had to stay behind. In another, the Devil himself, riding an infernal horse, leapt the chasm. A legend of a different kind altogether has a gigantic spider squatting to span the crags and spinning her silk down into the abyss.  In more recent times, Salto de Roldán was said to have been a meeting-place for witches called "almetas". During winter nights, especially on Fridays, or on Easter Day, they would fly to Peña de San Miguel to prepare their misdeeds; and men would try to shoot them out of the air using shotguns loaded with wax pellets which had been blessed by a priest. In still another legend, "Patetas" (a local name for the Devil) would pass by on stormy nights, leaving smouldering footprints behind him.  Both the modern Coat of Arms of Huesca () (which date from the 16th century) and its mediaeval predecessor (from the 13th) include at their top the device of a block having a V-shaped notch. It is commonly said that it symbolises Salto de Roldán. Some writers have suggested that the official Spanish name of Huesca () derives from a Latin, Basque and Catalan word "osca", meaning notch or indentation, referring to the Salto de Roldán.

Salto de Roldán (English: 'Roland's Leap') is a rock formation about north of Huesca in High Aragon, northern Spain, in the foothills of the central Pyrenees. It lies in the westernmost part of Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park. It consists of several large outcrops of almost bare rock standing clear of the surrounding landscape.

Le Salto de Roldán (« saut de Roland ») est une formation rocheuse située dans les Pyrénées espagnoles, près de Huesca, dans le Haut-Aragon.


History.

Littlejohn Coliseum was first opened in 1968. It was named for James Corcoran Littlejohn, class of 1908, the school's first business manager, who was instrumental in many of the school's early building projects, including the building it replaced, Clemson Field House, and Memorial Stadium. He was an avid supporter of Clemson athletics.  The Tigers played their home games in the coliseum, at times giving the ACC powers Duke and North Carolina close games. The record for attendance was 13,863 when Clemson won over first place Duke in overtime on January 9, 1980. Until the 1998 completion of the Bi-Lo Center in Greenville, it was the largest arena in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson market.  Littlejohn Coliseum has been the scene of 43 Clemson wins over ranked teams, including a victory over #1 Duke in 1980, a 75–65 victory over #1 North Carolina in 2001, and a 74–47 victory over #3 Duke in 2009.  Both the men's and women's basketball teams have won roughly 75% of their games played in Littlejohn. In January 2010, it hosted ESPN's College Gameday for a game against Duke.  Littlejohn Coliseum was renovated and reopened on January 5, 2003. The overall building square footage was increased from 95,000 to 167,500. The square footage for both the training room and weight room was increased eightfold, while the media facility was increased by 3.5 times. Over of curtain wall as well as a new 700-ton roof were added. Fan amenities were also renovated, as restrooms were tripled and concessions areas were doubled. The renovations included all new purple cushion seats with orange tiger paws and a new playing floor. The cost of the renovation – $31 million – was approximately ten times that of the original building cost.  As well as sports, in its 50 year history, Littlejohn Coliseum has hosted many concerts by musical groups, including Allman Brothers Band in '71, Chicago, R.E.M. in '87, Def Leppard, Huey Lewis and the News, Fleetwood Mac, David Lee Roth, Rod Stewart, Ozzy Osbourne, Alice in Chains in '92, 311 in '03, Fall Out Boy with Plain White T's and Young Wild Things Tour in '07, Evanescence on tour in 2012, and former Clemson football player Lee Brice in 15. It annually hosted FM 93.3 The Planet's "Birthday Bash."  In 2011, Clemson announced a $50 million athletic building plan. As a part of this plan, Littlejohn Coliseum was renovated. An additional practice facility was built at the southwest corner of Littlejohn Coliseum. Cost for the project was estimated at $5 million. The renovation was completed with an opening ceremony on October 14, 2016. The construction project cost a total of $63.5 million. The renovated studio included the new Swann Pavilion, which includes a practice gym, team suites, a film room, weight room and lounges. The renovation also upgraded the stadium entrance, exterior, and added two new LED boards. To fit in the new facilities, the basketball floor was rotated 90 degrees, and the stadium capacity was reduced to 9,000 seats.

The Littlejohn Coliseum, is a 9,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Clemson, South Carolina, United States. It is home to the Clemson University Tigers men's and women's basketball teams. It is also the site of Clemson graduations and the Clemson Career Fair. It is owned and operated by Clemson University and hosts more than 150 events per year including concerts, trade shows, galas, and sporting events.

Le J.C. Littlejohn Coliseum, plus communément appelé Littlejohn Coliseum, est une salle multi-usage de 10 325 places située à Clemson en Caroline du Sud. Les équipes de basket-ball de l'université de Clemson jouent dans cette enceinte.


Biography.

"DisBAND" and "Stereos".

The band formed roughly two years prior to its 2008 appearance on disBAND under the name Stand By Me. After meeting disBAND Guru Greig Nori, Stand By Me was advised to change their name due to copyright issues. Turn It Up was chosen. Later, in order to perform several shows in Toronto, Ontario, Universal Music Canada A&R rep Mark Spicoluk advised the band to change their name again, and the band chose the name Stereos. After receiving the thumbs up from the judges from disBand, Stereos went to a large gig to receive a contract from the President of Universal Music Canada and judged by Kiss member Gene Simmons.  On June 4 their music video for "Summer Girl" debuted on the MuchMusic Countdown. The single also debuted at #2 on the Canadian Hot 100 based on the large number of downloads in the first week and in June 2009, Stereos' debut single, "Summer Girl" sold over 120,000 units in Canada and has been certified CRIA double platinum in digital downloads. The band released their self-titled debut album "Stereos" on October 20, 2009 and was certified gold by the CRIA in January 2010 with sales of over 40,000 copies. The band started their first ever Cross-Canada tour on November 7, 2009 in Windsor, Ontario.

"The Show Must Go...On The Road Tour".

Stereos went across Canada in March and April 2010 on Hedley's The Show Must Go...On The Road Tour. Hedley announced the tour in support of their new album "The Show Must Go" which was released November 17, 2009. "Fefe Dobson and Stereos were along for the whole trek, while Faber Drive and Boys Like Girls joined on select dates."  In March 2010, the band received two Juno Award nominations which were for Best New Artist, and Best Pop Album. They released two other singles that charted moderately,"Turn It Up" peaked at #31, and "Butterflies" at #51. The song "She Only Likes Me When She's Drunk" failed to chart.

"Uncontrollable".

Stereos' second album, titled ""Uncontrollable"" was released on December 14, 2010. The first single from the album, ""Uncontrollable"" was released on October 25, 2010 and peaked at #42 on the Canadian Hot 100. The second single,"Body Move" was released in February 2011, just before their cross Canada tour. In mid April the band's drummer, Aaron, sustained a broken hand, leaving him unable to perform, causing the band to cancel their remaining shows.

10-Year Reunion and Return.

On March 10, 2019, Stereos announced a 10-year reunion show to take place on May 11, 2019, at Toronto's Rec Room during Canadian Music Week on their Facebook page, which ended up selling out.A second 10-year reunion show in the band's hometown of Edmonton took place on August 16, 2019 and also sold out.  On October 20, 2019, the band announced they were officially back in the studio recording new material, to be released in February 2020.  On February 3, 2020, the band announced via their social media pages that they would be releasing a brand new single, titled "Sunset Gold" on February 28, 2020.

Discography.

Music videos.

"Summer Girl" — 2009 "Throw Ya Hands Up" — 2009 "Turn It Up" — 2009 "Butterflies" — 2010 "Wingin' It Theme" — 2010 "She Only Likes Me When She's Drunk" — 2010 "Uncontrollable" — 2010 "Body Move" — 2011

Stereos are a Juno-nominated pop band from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, formed in 2008. Their musical style fuses aspects of electronic music, rock, and pop. Their breakout came from appearing on the MuchMusic original series, "disBAND". In October 2009, they released their debut self-titled album, "Stereos".

Stereos est un groupe de pop rock canadien, originaire d'Edmonton, en Alberta. Ils signent avec Universal Music Canada, et se séparent en 2012.