Biography.

Early years: 1979-1987.

Cloven Hoof went through a number of early line-up changes before settling on a steady line-up that would last for their first few recordings. Theatrical from the beginning, the four band members took up pseudonyms based on the four elements: David "Water" Potter, Steve "Fire" Rounds, Lee "Air" Payne and Kevin "Earth" Poutney. This line-up recorded a successful demo tape in 1982, along with "The Opening Ritual" EP, and the debut "Cloven Hoof" album (1984).  Following the release of their self-titled debut, David Potter left the band to be replaced by Rob Kendrick, who took up the "Water" pseudonym. This line-up only managed to record the live album "Fighting Back" (1987) before splitting up, leaving Lee Payne as the sole remaining band member.

1988-1990.

Lee Payne reactivated the band in 1988, hiring vocalist Russ North and guitarist Andy Wood from Tredegar along with drummer Jon Brown.  With a whole new set of musicians in place, the band dropped the stage names and went on to record two more albums: 1988's "Dominator" and 1989's "A Sultan's Ransom". The former member of Tredegar, Lee Jones, was brought into the band as a second guitarist soon after the release of these two albums, but contractual difficulties caused the band to split up again in 1990.

2001-2007.

In the summer of 2001, Lee Payne began putting together a new line-up for the next incarnation of Cloven Hoof (following a telephone conversation with Andy Wood regarding the contractual difficulties which had caused the band's decade-long split.)  The band completed a live appearance at the Keep It True II Festival at the Tauberfrankenhalle in Lauda-Königshofen, Germany on 10 April 2004.  "Eye of the Sun" was recorded and released in 2006, with the help of musicians Matt Moreton on vocals, Andy Shortland on guitars, and Lynch Radinsky on drums. Tom Galley produced the album. Due to the work commitments of various band members it was impossible for the unit to play live, so Lee Payne was once again obliged to enlist new personnel.  Vocalist Russ North returned to England and rejoined the band, after a period of time spent living in Spain. Eventually the band's line-up was completed by Mick Powell and Ben Read on guitars, with Jon Brown on drums.

2008 onwards.

A collection of re-recorded songs - "The Definitive Part One" - was released in early 2008, with a new EP to be called "Throne of Damnation" scheduled for release in 2010.  In 2008, Cloven Hoof co-headlined the "Metal Brew" Festival in Mill Hill with Pagan Altar. Both bands also performed at the "British Steel IV" Festival at the Camden Underworld in 2009.  On 27 June 2009, Cloven Hoof appeared at the "Bang Your Head!!!" festival in Balingen, Germany. They featured on the bill alongside bands such as W.A.S.P., U.D.O., Blind Guardian and Journey, playing their set in torrential rain.  The track "Nightstalker", from the band's debut album, was used in the soundtrack for the Brütal Legend computer game.  In early 2010, following the exit of Russ North, Matt Moreton was hired to record the vocals that appeared on the "Throne of Damnation" EP. Moreton left the band due to ill health soon afterwards.  On 13 December 2010, Cloven Hoof released their first DVD, "A Sultan's Ransom - Video Archive", comprising footage of a 1989 concert at Lichfield Art Centre and also featuring two music videos for the songs "Mad, Mad World" and "Highlander", both from "A Sultan's Ransom".  2011 saw Lee Payne rebuilding the band, bringing in guitarist Joe Whelan from the band Dementia and guitarist Chris Coss from UK/DC, along with drummer Mark Gould and Ash Cooper on vocals. This line-up released a music video called "I'm Your Nemesis" and an updated version of "Nightstalker".  Russ North parted company with Cloven Hoof for a final time in July 2012, following a controversial performance in Cyprus. Mark Gould left the band in August 2012, with Jake Oseland replacing him on drums in time for a series of live dates in 2013.  The 2013 line-up of Cloven Hoof scheduled a debut UK concert appearance with Jameson Raid and Hollow Ground at Wolverhampton Civic Hall on 30 March 2013.  On 27 April 2013, Cloven Hoof played a concert at the Parkhotel Hall in Tirol, Austria. The show was recorded by producer Patrick Engel for a future live album release. A studio album, provisionally entitled "Resist or Serve", was planned for release on High Roller Records.  On 23 June 2013, Cloven Hoof played at the R-Mine Festival in Belgium, on a bill which included Hell, Tygers of Pan Tang and Tank. This was followed by an appearance at the Heavy Metal Night 6 Festival in Italy on 21 September 2013.  In 2014, Cloven Hoof were added to the bill for the Sweden Rock Festival, with Black Sabbath and Alice Cooper. An appearance at the Power and Glory Festival in Hatfield was scheduled for 23 August 2014, with further European tour dates due to take place throughout the year.

Cloven Hoof are an English heavy metal band from Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England, that was active from 1979 to 1990, and again from around 2000 onwards. The band was associated with the new wave of British heavy metal movement, alongside bands such as Iron Maiden, Saxon and Diamond Head. Enduring many line-up changes, only founding bassist Lee Payne has remained present throughout the band's career.

Cloven Hoof est un groupe de heavy metal britannique, originaire de Wolverhampton, West Midlands. Actif au cours des années 1980, le groupe est considéré au départ comme partie intégrante de la NWOBHM, mais s'en éloigne peu à peu au milieu de la décennie, pour se tourner vers le power metal.


History.

St-Viateur Bagel was established on May 21, 1957 by Myer Lewkowicz, a Holocaust survivor who moved to Canada in 1953. Lewkowicz spoke of his experience in the Holocaust influencing the opening the shop by stating "At Buchenwald, all I dreamt of was a piece of bread". He also learned the trade as an employee of Montreal Bagel Bakery, another bagel shop owned by Hyman Seligman. Named after the street it is located on, St-Viateur Street, and one of the longest-running bagel shops in Montreal. In 1985 the bagel shop suffered an extensive fire, yet the woodstove remained entirely intact.  St-Viateur Bagel has two bakeries, five bagel cafes, a food truck, the original shop and an online store. Today, the bakery is owned by Joe Morena, who worked at the shop for 15 years, and competes with the nearby Fairmount Bagel for the title of Montreal's best bagel.  In 2017, St-Viateur Bagel celebrates 60 years of baking.

Cultural significance.

St-Viateur Bagel Shop lies on the border of the Jewish Quarter and the Mile End neighborhood. In addition to St-Viateur Bagel Shop, Montreal's Jewish Quarter is also the home of Schwartz's deli, Moishes Steakhouse, Cheskie's Bakery, and Beauty's Luncheonette. All of these establishments have a large presence in the Jewish community in Montreal. A study done by Université de Montréal explains that the large influence of Jewish food in Montreal culinary culture is likely because of how inexpensive and widely accessible items such as bagels and smoked meat were in Montreal in the early 20th century. This is because there was a large Jewish immigrant population which put down roots along Boulevard St. Laurent. Professor of Theology, Oliver Bauer of Université de Montréal, explains in the study that the roundness of a bagel represents infinity and immortality. It is because of this representation that bagels are often served at a bris ceremonies—the celebration of a baby boy's circumcision—and at shiva gatherings—the house of mourning after a death has occurred.

Bagel-making process.

Since the shop opened in 1957, their process of producing the bagels has stayed true to the original recipe. According to the staff and owner Joe Morena, each bagel is hand rolled individually, boiled in honey water for 30–60 seconds, dipped in seeds, and baked on a long wooden plank in a wood-burning oven. In contrast to the New York-style bagel which contains similar ingredients, the Montreal bagel differs in size, taste, and style. The Montreal bagel tends to be sweeter, thinner, and has a larger hole. The authentic wood-burning oven creates the crispy texture that Montreal bagel lovers appreciate

Bagels.

St-Viateur sells several varieties of Montréal-style bagels including: plain, sesame, poppy, all dressed, whole wheat, cinnamon & raisin, rosemary & seasalt, multigrain, and flax. As well, the website provides nutritional information on each bagel including ingredients and allergens. Each bagel ranges between 200 and 240 calories per 2 servings (1 serving is listed as one half of a bagel). An order of two dozen bagels is priced between $9 and $12 CAD.

Services.

In addition to in store and delivery service, St-Viateur offers a catering service with 24 hours' notice. The catering menu includes various options such as smoked salmon platters, cheese platters, and salads. Additionally, a St-Viateur food truck operates exclusively throughout the spring into the fall. The truck is available for bookings for private and corporate events. The shop also offers branded merchandise including T-shirts, tote bags, aprons, pins, key chains, and bread knife. The merchandise is emblazoned with their signature bagel logo. St-Viateur ships bagels nationawide and all over North America.

In the media.

The closing of the Monkland Village location of St-Viateur has been widely reported on across Montreal news outlets. In 2019, Christopher Curtis from the "Montreal Gazette" wrote an article on the permanent closing of the St-Viateur location on Monkland Avenue. The location is reported to close in March 2019 due to a problem re-negotiating the lease with Développement Métro Montreal Corporation. CTV Montreal also discussed its closing and the disappointment of its customers.  In 2018, the "Globe and Mail" published a article detailing how wood-burning businesses that are unable to meet emission by-law requirements will be forced to switch to gas or electric. The article cited St-Viateur among other traditional bagels shops which will be directly impacted by this development.

St-Viateur Bagel is a famous Montreal-style bagel bakery located in the neighbourhood of Mile End in the borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

St-Viateur Bagel est une fabrique de bagels emblématique de la ville de Montréal, au Québec. Fondée en 1957 par Myer Lewkowicz, cette première boulangerie du nom se situe au 263, rue Saint-Viateur ouest, dans le quartier du Mile End, de l'arrondissement Le Plateau-Mont-Royal.


Background and entry list.

The Macau Grand Prix is a Formula Three race considered to be a stepping stone to higher motor racing categories such as Formula One and has been termed the territory's most prestigious international sporting event. The 2000 Macau Grand Prix was the 47th edition of the event and the 18th time the race was held to Formula Three regulations. It took place on the temporary 22-turn Guia Circuit on 18 November 2000 with three preceding days of practice and qualifying.  Thirty drivers representing sixteen nationalities were invited to participate by the Macau Grand Prix Committee. Japan had the highest number of drivers with seven; Macau, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Austria all had two or more drivers competing. Of those, 18 debuted in the race. The drivers' average age was 23.6 years. All drove a Dallara-built chassis (either the F399 and F300) from four engine manufacturers (Mugen-Honda, Opel Spiess, Renault Sodemo and Toyota TOM'S). Within the grid, two of the four major Formula Three series were represented by their respective champions. Sébastien Philippe, the Japanese series winner, was joined in Macau by French champion Jonathan Cochet. British champion Antônio Pizzonia missed the event because of a clashing Champ Car test with Mo Nunn Racing. He was replaced at Manor Motorsport by local driver Lei Kit Meng. André Couto, a International Formula 3000 racer, and Formula Nippon driver Alex Yoong were two competitors outside of Formula Three to receive invitations to compete at Macau.

Practice and qualifying.

Two practice sessions lasting half an hour were held before the race on Sunday: one on Thursday morning and one on Friday morning. Rain fell before the start of the opening practice session which intensified as it progressed but a dry racing line appeared before its conclusion. Narain Karthikeyan was the fastest driver in the session's opening minutes and more than seven seconds faster than any other driver at one stage. His teammate Takuma Sato was fastest overall with a time of 2 minutes and 32.044 seconds. Tiago Monteiro recorded his best lap time when the dry line appeared towards the session's conclusion and was second. Seiji Ara, Karthikeyan, Patrick Friesacher, Toshihiro Kaneishi, Couto, Robert Lechner, Tomas Scheckter and Pierre Kaffer rounded out the session's top ten drivers. Ben Collins' rear wing loosened because of a sheared retaining bolt and Karthikeyan stopped at the Melco hairpin for unknown reasons.  Qualifying was divided into two 45 minute sessions; the first was held on Thursday afternoon, and the second on Friday afternoon. The fastest time set by each driver from either session counted towards their final starting position for Sunday's race. The first qualifying session was held in cloudy weather conditions. Paolo Montin ran consistently within the top five and later set the provisional fastest lap time at 2 minutes and 15.374 seconds with three minutes remaining. Karthikeyan was three-tenths of a second slower in provisional second; he sustained minor damage to his car's rear with minor contact with a barrier at Moorish Hill corner. Slower traffic delayed Cochet in third and lost him seven chances at a full-speed lap on the tight circuit. Sato was fourth after an engine breakage that stopped him from improving his lap time towards the end of qualifying. Lechner was fifth and Gianmaria Bruni took sixth as he crashed into a barrier at Lisboa corner near the session's conclusion. Couto, Kaffer, Ryō Fukuda and Phillipe rounded out the top ten. Peter Sundberg was the fastest driver not to qualify in the provisional top ten because he was 2.002 seconds slower than Montin. Mathieu Zangarelli was next up ahead of Alex Yoong and Scheckter. Collins was 15th. He was followed by the Japanese trio of Ara, Haruki Kurosawa and Yuji Ide in three of the following four places; they were separated by Enrico Toccacelo in 18th. Miloš Pavlović, Andy Priaulx, Friesacher, Zsolt Baumgartner, Ying Kin Lee, Shinichi Takagi, Kaneishi, Lei, Michael Ho, Jo Merszei and Montiero were the last ten drivers on the provisional grid. Monteiro did not set a lap because he crashed at the R Bend corner and stopped the session after five minutes. The R Bend also caught out the Japanese duo of Kaneishi and Ara with the latter's accident prematurely ending the session with five minutes left because his car was on the racing line.  In the second half an hour practice session, held on a dirty track and in cloudy weather conditions, Sato and his teammate Karthikeyan exchanged the fastest lap time throughout, but it was Sato who led at the conclusion of practice with a 2 minutes and 14.087 seconds lap, that he recorded in the session's final minutes having made overnight car setup changes. Karthikeyan was two-tenths of a second slower in second despite minor contact with a barrier beside the track. Provisional pole sitter Montin ran without problems and set the third-fastest lap. Monteiro, Kaffer and Cochet were in positions four to six. Couto duplicated his first practice and qualifying results in seventh. Fukuda, Yoong and Zangarelli completed the top ten ahead of qualifying. While the session passed without the need for a red flag stoppage, Lechner made light contact with a wall at the left-hand corner after the Melco hairpin and could not return to the pit lane. Scheckter hit a barrier at Moorish Hill turn.  The second qualifying session had Priaulx set the early pace and moved past Montin to take the provisional pole position. One third of a way through, Karthikeyan bettered Priaulx's effort to top the time sheets and he held it until Fukuda took over the position. 20 minutes into the session, Karthikeyan reclaimed first with a new track record of the Guia Circuit with a time of 2 minutes and 12.887 seconds and held it to start the first leg from pole position. He was joined on the grid's front row by his teammate Sato who pushed hard to be almost four-tenths of a second slower. Fukuda improved to third as he grazed the circuit's barriers three times while pushing hard to improve his lap and ripped his racing gloves. Kaffer gained fourth places to start the first leg from fourth while Zangarelli advanced seven positions to fifth as the latter was narrowly in front of the sixth-placed Couto. Friesacher qualified in the seventh position, having moved fifteen positions from his first session result. Toccacelo was eighth, ahead of fellow Italian Montin who dropped nine positions to start from ninth and Bruni completed the top ten. Cochet fell from provisional third to eleventh while Monteiro gained the most positions of all competitors to begin from twelfth. Behind Cochet and Monteiro the rest of the grid lined up as Priaulx, Scheckter, Sundberg, Collins, Yoong, Ara, Kurosawa, Phillipe, Takagi, Kaneshi, Lechner, Pavlović, Ide, Baumgartner, Ying, Kit, Merszei and Ho.

Qualifying classification.

A driver's fastest time from the two qualifying sessions is denoted in bold and the winner of the pole position is indicated by a.

Warm-up.

A half an hour warm-up session was held on the morning of the race. A short rain shower fell earlier in the morning, making the track wet, but the surface dried out quickly. Although he spun, Kaffer reported no car problems and set the fastest lap at 2 minutes and 18.293 seconds, almost three seconds faster than Friesacher in second place. Kaneishi recorded a lap time late in warm-up to go third-quickest and Sato was fourth. Collins had his car's set-up altered with his diffuser cut for improved top speed after qualifying and placed fifth. Scheckter, Priaulx, Monteiro, Lee and Couto rounded out the top ten drivers entering the first leg.

Race.

Sunday's race was divided into two aggregate legs lasting a total of 30 laps. The first fifteen lap leg was held in the morning and the results of that leg determined the starting grid of the second leg with the winner starting from pole position. Afterwards, a five-hour interval was observed to allow for the intervening support races to occur. The second fifteen lap leg took place later in the afternoon. The overall Grand Prix winner was the driver who won the second leg provided all of the race's 30 laps were completed in the shortest amount of time.

Leg 1.

The first leg began in cloudy and dry weather conditions at 10:15 Macau Standard Time () on 19 November. Karthikeyan made a brisk getaway from his standing start on the grid to maintain his lead on the run into the Reservoir Bend corner but he lost it to his teammate Sato on the straight heading towards Lisboa turn. But Sato missed the braking point for the corner and he crashed into a tyre barrier and retired. This gave the lead back to his teammate Karthikeyan, who opened out a small but comfortable lead over the remainder of the field. That same lap, Ho had an accident leaving Mandarin Oriental Bend corner and retired. Positions changed behind him as Couto overtook Fukuda to move into second on lap two and he soon got ahead of Kaffer for second during the following lap. By the conclusion of the fifth lap, Karthikeyan led Couto by five seconds. However, on the next lap, Karthikeyan lost control of his vehicle at Paiol corner and he ran into a wall beside the circuit and became the third retirement. That prompted the safety car's deployment for two laps to allow for his car to be extricated from the track. In the meantime, Cochet drove over debris from Karthikeyan's car and he lost the opportunity to win the race.  At the lap nine restart, Kaffer began to battle Couto for the first position. He went to the outside line to attempt a pass on Couto on the approach to Lisboa corner on the next lap but the latter maintained the lead on the inside line. That lap, Bruni retired when he crashed into a wall at Lisboa turn. On the 12th lap, Kaffer got ahead of Couto entering Lisboa turn but he braked too late and ran wide entering the corner. This put him close to hitting a barrier as Couto retook the lead. Friesacher brushed a wall at R Bend on the lap 12 but he continued without any major vehicular damage. On lap 14, Couto braked too late for Lisboa turn and the lead was taken by Kaffer. He held the position for the rest of the leg to win by 3.4 seconds over Couto and began the second leg from pole position. Zangarelli and Montin were third and fourth and Fukuda took fifth. Friesacher was sixth, Scheckter finished seventh after he was delayed by a slower driver, Toccacelo took eighth, Priaulx ninth and Monteiro tenth. Kurosawa finished eleventh, having moved up eight places from his starting position of 19th. The final finishers Collins, Sundberg, Yoong, the Japanese duo of Ara and Kaneishi, Lechner, Takagi, Lee, Cochet, Pavlović, Baumgartner, Lei and Merszei.

Leg 2.

The second leg commenced later that day at 15:35 local time under cloudy and dry weather conditions. Couto made a better getaway than pole position starter Kaffer off the line and passed him going into Lisboa corner. Kaffer put Couto under heavy pressure until Montin began to challenge him for second. On the fifth lap, Montin entered Kaffer's slipstream as the two drove towards Lisboa turn and he then turned right to make a pass under braking. From that point on, Couto's lead was reduced as Montin began closing up to him and was close behind him at the beginning of the seventh lap. Montin attempted to pass Couto under braking at Lisboa corner on laps seven and eight but was unsuccessful in both tries. Kaffer was passed by the faster Fukuda for the third position on the eighth lap. Montin could not make any further attempts to get ahead of Couto because the safety car was deployed on lap thirteen as Lechner crashed into a wall beside the circuit at the R Bend and no overtaking was prohibited under these conditions.  The second leg was run behind the safety car for the final two laps in a single line, giving Couto the victory, making him the first Macanese to win the Macau Grand Prix since it adopted Formula Three regulations in 1983. Montin finished in the second position and Fukuda completed the podium placings in third. Off the podium, Kaffer took fourth and Tocacello was fifth after the latter advanced three positions from his first leg result. An engine cut out at the Melco hairpin and the main straight restricted Scheckter to sixth. Seventh place went to Collins and the second British driver competing in the event Priaulx finished eighth overall. Monteiro and Friesacher rounded out the top ten finishers. Outside the top ten, Cochet, Sundberg, Lee, Baumgartner, Takagi, Lei, Ara, Merszei, Zangarelli and Kaneishi were the final classified finishers.

The 2000 Macau Grand Prix (formally the 47th Macau Grand Prix) was a motor race for Formula Three cars that was held on the streets of Macau on 19 November 2000. Unlike other races, such as the Masters of Formula 3, the 2000 Macau Grand Prix was not a part of any Formula Three championship, but was open to entries from all Formula Three championships. The race was divided into two aggregate legs: the first leg was held in the morning and lasted fifteen laps. The second took place in the afternoon and lasted fifteen laps. The overall winner was the driver who completed all 30 laps in the shortest amount of time. The 2000 edition was the 47th running of the Macau Grand Prix and the 18th for Formula Three cars.

Le Grand Prix de Macao de Formule 3 2000 est la de l'épreuve macanaise réservée aux monoplaces de Formule 3. Elle s'est déroulée les 18 et sur le tracé urbain de Guia.


Biography.

Chantal Jolis was born in Grenoble, France. Her mother was of Italian origin and her father had Spanish lineage. She became a host on France Inter Paris public radio but felt she was only "tolerated" by her superiors. While taking part in a French-language public-radio exchange program in 1980, Jolis visited Québec for two weeks at the age of 33. She felt very welcome in Montréal, where her open-minded and lively tone was appreciated. Radio-Canada offered her a contract and she made Canada her new home.  Upon her arrival in 1980 in Québec, Jolis exhibited great passions: reading, cinema, music, and a love of people, of life, and humour, creating a soothing atmosphere on her programmes. Journalist Nathalie Petrowski called her "a breath of fresh air for our public radio [...] with spontaneity light years away from the psycho-rigidity Radio-Canada of the time." First in the afternoon, co-hosting "Bouchées doubles" with, and solo with "C'est du Jolis". Then, in "L'oreille musclée", broadcast weekdays from 1983 to 1986 at the end of the morning, she reinvented the morning box and set the way for those who succeeded her.  In 1986 Guy Fournier created a late-night talk show for Jolis, "Jolis à croquer", on Télévision Quatre-Saisons. The series did not have the expected success with an indifferent television audience that was rebuffed by Jolis' "French accent of France", her culture and style. Jolis attempted to return to radio but found Radio-Canada hesitant, unused to private sector raiding at that time. After several years, Jolis was employed to temporarily fill-in for the programmes of others. Disappointed, Jolis agreed in 1991 to co-host a noon radio programme at CKAC with Jean Cournoyer, but was released after a year. When she gained a program at Radio-Canada, it was "reduced in scope, away from prime time", with "C'est du Jolis" which ran from December 1999 through 2000.  On Société Radio-Canada (SRC, French-language CBC television), Jolis conducted numerous sessions of film criticism with René Homier-Roy on the show "À première vue", 1982–1989. She also held several memorable interviews, including with Léo Ferré, Serge Gainsbourg and (a few days before his death in the summer of 1988) Félix Leclerc.

Music and "Les îles jolies".

Starting in the summer of 2002, Jolis hosted and produced "Les îles jolies" from her home in the Magdalen Islands. This was followed by "Un petit air de samedi soir" (A little air on Saturday night), "Bachibouzouk" and "Quand le chat n'est pas là" (When the cat is away).  She also created "Espace Musique" on the world music web-radio channel of Radio-Canada. At the end of 2007, at the age of 60, Jolis was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 2009 the symptoms of this disease forced her retirement from "Espace Musique" though she hoped for a cure or treatment that could allow her to return to the microphone.  Of a family of Catholic origin, she had spent her childhood in a religious school network in France. "I believed in God, without loving religion. I was lost and revolted," Jolis said in a September 2007 interview to "Le Devoir". She had revealed on Première chaîne's "Pour la suite des choses" that she had converted to Islam on the occasion of a trip to Morocco for a festival of sacred music.  Jolis died of Parkinson's disease on 27 February 2012, in the Magdalen Islands, where she had made her home in June 2011. She was buried there on 2 March at the cemetery of Havre-Aubert. Jolis was survived by her mother Solange (died 28 March 2013), her two sons, Saddia and Alexis (the latter, from her marriage with the journalist and host Michel Désautels), and six grandchildren.

Chantal Jolis (29 April 1947, in Grenoble, France – 27 February 2012,in Îles-de-la-Madeleine) was a radio host in Québec, Canada. She was best known for her daily broadcasts "Bouchée double", "L'Oreille musclée" and "Bachibouzouk" presented on Première chaîne of Radio Canada, and for her dynamic, laid-back and accessible style.

Chantal Jolis (née le, à Grenoble, et morte le, aux Îles-de-la-Madeleine) est une animatrice de radio québécoise. Elle est surtout connue pour ses émissions radiophoniques quotidiennes "Bouchée double", "L'Oreille musclée" et "Bachibouzouk" présentées à la Première chaîne de Radio-Canada, et par son style dynamique, décontracté et accessible.


History.

The Amsterdam city council founded the "Hortus Botanicus" (initially named the "Hortus Medicus") in 1638 to serve as an herb garden for doctors and apothecaries, as botanical extracts were the primary treatments for illnesses during this time period. Physicians and pharmacists each received their training and took their exams there.  The garden's initial collection was amassed during the 17th century through plants and seeds brought back by traders from the Dutch East India Company for use as medicines and potential commercial possibilities. A single coffee plant in Hortus's collection served as the parent for the entire coffee culture in Central and South America.  Likewise, two small potted oil palms brought back from Mauritius produced seeds which were propagated throughout all of Southeast Asia, becoming a major source of revenue in the Dutch East Indies and present-day Indonesia.  In 1646, Johannes Snippendaal was appointed director of the garden. During his tenure, he determined the collection comprised 796 plant species, most of which were medicinal plants. Many of these plants are still grown at the Hortus Botanicus in its Snippendaal garden, referred to as 'the 17th century pharmacopoeia of Amsterdam’.  The hexagonal pavilion dates from the late 1600s. The entrance gate was built in the early 1700s. The Orangery dates from 1875, and the Palm House and Hugo de Vries Laboratory - both created in Amsterdam School expressionist architecture - date from 1912 and 1915.  Hugo de Vries became the director of the "Hortus Botanicus" between 1885 and 1918, bringing international attention to the garden. The garden's governing board directed the construction of the Palm House and laboratory in order to keep the professor there.  in 1987 the garden almost went bankrupt when the University of Amsterdam stopped paying its expenses, but a community of individual supporters prevented its closure. Now the "Hortus Botanicus" is supported by the Amsterdam City Council as well.

Attractions.

Hortus Botanicus is now a popular attraction for both Dutch and international visitors. The collection is famous for some of its trees and plants, some of which are endangered. Well-known plants and trees can be found there, like the Persian ironwood tree.  Recent additions to Hortus include a huge hothouse, which incorporates three different tropical climates. There are also two halls at the garden which are used for conferences and ceremonies, and a cafe, popular as a meeting point for locals.

Hortus Botanicus is a botanical garden in the Plantage district of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One of the oldest in the world, it is one of Amsterdam's major tourist attractions.

Le Jardin botanique d'Amsterdam ou l'Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam a été fondé à Amsterdam aux Pays-Bas en 1638. Il contient plus de six mille arbres et plantes, tropicales et indigènes. C'est un des plus vieux jardins botaniques au monde, il servit de plantation d'herbes médicinales aux apothicaires et aux médecins, en étant un jardin de simples.


Beautiful People (série télévisée, 2008)

Series synopses.

Series 1.

In 2008 New York City, Simon Doonan, a window-dresser at Barneys, tells his boyfriend Sacha various tales from his childhood in Reading. Most of Simon's stories center around how he came to own some of his most treasured possessions, which he finds a place for in his eccentric window displays. Over the course of the series, young Simon struggles to express his love of music, theatre, and fashion in a working class community, with local hooligans hounding him at school and a supportive but quirky family squashing his efforts at home. While it is implied, sexuality is not relevant.

Series 2.

The second series of "Beautiful People" was broadcast in 2009, when Simon returns to Reading to mend his heart after breaking up with his boyfriend Sacha. As in the first series, Simon recounts stories from his childhood in Reading, but speaks directly to the viewer instead of to Sacha. Simon and Kylie's sexuality becomes more overt in the second series as the two lads become more comfortable with themselves. In the series finale, Simon finds himself attracted to a new boy at school, prompting him to come out to his mother after being dissuaded from running away from home.

Production.

The comedy was greenlit in May 2008 by Controller of BBC Two Lucy Lumsden and Controller of Comedy Commissioning Roly Keating. The six episodes were written by Jonathan Harvey ("Gimme Gimme Gimme") and directed by Gareth Carrivick. Studio filming was done at Shepperton Studios and exterior locations at South Oxhey and Bushey, Hertfordshire, Harrow, London, Grahame Park concourse and New York City. Exterior scenes of the cul de sac where Simon lives are filmed on Crabtree Close in Bushey. Doonan grew up in Reading in the 1960s but Harvey moved the setting forward to the 1990s. Executive producer Jon Plowman hoped audiences would relate to Simon's childhood; "Every teenager thinks they're different [...] I hope the audience will think: 'That's me as a teenager being laughed at. Everyone else was in a gang together, and I was in a gang of one.' But the truth is, everyone is in a gang of one."  Olivia Colman helped the cast to bond on set by arranging a visit from a mobile blood donor unit.

Broadcast.

Series 1 of "Beautiful People " premiered on 2 October 2008. It was broadcast on Thursdays at 21:30 on BBC Two, during the channel's "Thursdays Are Funny" strand, and at 22:00 on BBC HD.  The second series debuted on 13 November 2009 at 22:00 on BBC Two. The flashbacks in the second series are set in 1998. In the present-day scenes, Sacha and Simon have split up and Simon has returned to Reading. An ongoing storyline in 1998 concerns the unplanned pregnancy of Simon's sister Ashlene.

Reception.

Critical reaction.

The series was previewed by "The Guardian"s Grace Dent as "a sort of camp, working-class British "Arrested Development"". Dent wrote that it "made [her] laugh more than anything [she had] seen so far on TV this year". Tim Teeman, the entertainment editor for "The Times", rated "How I Got My Vase" three out of five stars. Teeman complimented Ward-Wilkinson's and Williams's acting but did not believe the 1990s were long ago enough to feel nostalgia for. Hermione Eyre for "The Independent" praised Williams and Colman, and compared the show to "The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole".

Ratings.

Series 1 of "Beautiful People " was broadcast on Thursdays at 21:30 on BBC Two. Series 2 was broadcast at 22:00 on Fridays on BBC Two.

Awards.

In 2010, "Beautiful People" was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Comedy Series" during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.

Beautiful People is a British comedy drama television series based on the memoirs of Barneys creative director Simon Doonan. The series takes place in Reading, Berkshire, in 1997, where thirteen-year-old Simon Doonan and his best friend Kylie dream of escaping their dreary suburban surroundings and moving to cosmopolitan London "to live amongst the beautiful people". The first episode aired on BBC Two on 2 October 2008 and recorded overnight ratings of 1.5 million viewers and positive critical reaction. Episodes are self-contained, but do follow a loose story arc throughout the course of each series. The second and final series finished airing on 18 December 2009.

Beautiful People est une série télévisée britannique en 12 épisodes de 26 minutes, créée par Jonathan Harvey d'après les mémoires de Simon Doonan et diffusée entre le et le sur BBC Two. En France, la série est diffusée depuis le sur Série Club.


Playing career.

On 27 June 2009, Silfverberg was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the second round of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft, 39th overall. On 30 May 2011, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with Ottawa, though he elected to return to Sweden and continue to play for Brynäs IF for the 2011–12 season rather than to make the move to North America.  Silfverberg was named the winner of the Guldhjälmen award as the most valuable player (MVP), as voted by the players in the Elitserien, for the 2011–12 regular season, as well as the Guldpucken as player of the year. He finished the regular season with 24 goals and 54 points in 49 games, ranking second in the Elitserien scoring race behind Robert Rosén of AIK IF, who scored 21 goals and 39 assists for 60 points. Silfverberg's point totals represented a 20-point jump from his totals in the 2010–11 campaign, in which he registered 34 points (18 goals and 16 assists).  Silfverberg's offensive success continued in the Elitserien playoffs, and his production was a large factor in Brynäs' eventual Swedish championship title, scoring 13 goals and seven assists for 20 points. His 13 goals set a new record for total goals scored by a single player in the playoffs, surpassing Daniel Alfredsson's previous record of 12 goals set in the 2004–05 season. Ultimately, Silfverberg was also awarded the Stefan Liv Memorial Trophy as the MVP of the playoffs. During the semi-finals, Silfverberg took over the role as the captain of Brynäs, following Andreas Dackell's retirement. He also wore the number 100 on his jersey during the second half of the season, in honor of Brynäs' 100th anniversary (the club was founded in 1912).  After the Elitserien playoffs concluded, Silfverberg joined the Ottawa Senators for their run in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs. He made his NHL, as well as his Stanley Cup playoff, debut on 23 April 2012, in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Quarter-final series against the New York Rangers. Registering nine minutes of ice time, Silfverberg recorded one shot on goal in the Senators' 3–2 loss. The Senators were eliminated from the playoffs in Game 7 of the series.  In the second Senators game after the resolution of the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Silfverberg scored his first career NHL goal on 21 January 2013, against José Théodore of the Florida Panthers. On 5 July 2013, Silfverberg was traded to the Anaheim Ducks, along with forward Stefan Noesen and a first-round draft pick in 2014, in exchange for forward Bobby Ryan.  On 15 August 2014, the Ducks announced they had re-signed Silfverberg as a restricted free agent to a one-year, $850,000 contract.  On 7 August 2015, the Ducks signed Silfverberg a four-year contract extending until the 2018–19 season with an annual salary cap of $3.75 million.

International play.

Silfverberg represented Sweden at the 2010 World Junior Championships held in Saskatchewan, Canada. He also played for the Sweden squad for the 2011 IIHF World Championship, earning a silver medal.  Silfverberg represented his country again at the 2012 World Championship, scoring two goals in eight games.

Personal life.

Silfverberg's father, Jan-Erik, played defence with Brynäs IF for 11 seasons, winning four Swedish championships (in 1972, 1977, 1978 and 1980), as well as a World Championship silver medal in 1977. Jakob's uncle Conny also played for Brynäs for several seasons, also winning a Swedish championship in 1980 and scoring the most points in the 1984–85 Elitserien season.

Jakob Erik Silfverberg (born 13 October 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey winger and alternate captain for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

<dfn>Jakob Silfverberg</dfn> (né le à Gävle en Suède) est un joueur professionnel suédois de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant. Il est le fils du joueur Jan-Erik Silfverberg.


Textual history.

In a work called the "Pañca-siddhāntikā" composed in the sixth century by Varāhamihira, five astronomical treatises are named and summarised: "Paulīśa-siddhānta", "Romaka-siddhānta", "Vasiṣṭha-siddhānta", Sūrya-siddhānta, and "Paitāmaha-siddhānta". The surviving version of the text is dated to about the 6th-century BCE by Markandaya and Srivastava. Most scholars, however, had placed the text variously from the 4th-century to 5th-century CE. But this was the period when latest update to Surya Siddhanta was made with one of the earliest update being made in 8th millennium BCE.  According to John Bowman, another version of the text existed wherein it referenced sexagesimal fractions and trigonometric functions, but the text was a living document and revised through about the 10th-century. One of the evidence for the "Surya Siddhanta" being a living text is the work of Indian scholar Utpala, who cites and then quotes ten verses from a version of "Surya Siddhanta", but these ten verses are not found in any surviving manuscripts of the text. According to Kim Plofker, large portions of the more ancient "Sūrya-siddhānta" was incorporated into the "Panca siddhantika" text. Some scholars refer to "Panca siddhantika" as the old "Surya Siddhanta".

Vedic influence.

The "Surya Siddhanta" is a text on astronomy and time keeping, an idea that appears much earlier as the field of Jyotisha (Vedanga) of the Vedic period. The field of Jyotisha deals with ascertaining time, particularly forecasting auspicious day and time for Vedic rituals. Max Muller, quoting passages by Garga and others, states that the ancient Vedic texts describe four measures of time – savana, solar, lunar and sidereal, as well as twenty seven constellations using "Taras" (stars). According to Pingree, the idea of twenty eight constellations and movement of astronomical bodies already appears in the Hindu text "Atharvaveda".

Similarities with Greek astronomy.

It is hypothesized that there were cultural contacts between the Indian and Greek astronomers via cultural contact with Hellenistic Greece, specifically regarding the work of Hipparchus (2nd-century BCE). There were some similarities between "Suryasiddhanta" and Greek astronomy in Hellenistic period. For example, "Suryasiddhanta" provides table of sines function which parallel the Hipparchus table of chords, though the Indian calculations are more accurate and detailed. According to Alan Cromer, the knowledge share with Greeks may have occurred by about 100 BCE. The influence of Greek ideas on early medieval era Indian astronomical theories, particularly zodiac symbols (astrology), is broadly accepted by scholars. According to Jayant Narlikar, the Vedic literature lacks astrology, the idea of nine planets and any theory that stars or constellation may affect an individual's destiny. One of the manuscripts of the "Surya Siddhanta" mentions deva Surya telling asura Maya to go to Rome with this knowledge I give you in the form of Yavana (Greek), states Narlikar. The astrology field likely developed in the centuries after the arrival of Greek astrology with Alexander the Great, their zodiac signs being nearly identical.  According to Pingree, the 2nd-century CE cave inscriptions of Nasik mention sun, moon and five planets in the same order as found in Babylon, but "there is no hint, however, that the Indian had learned a method of computing planetary positions in this period". In the 2nd-century CE, a scholar named Yavanesvara translated a Greek astrological text, and another unknown individual translated a second Greek text into Sanskrit. Thereafter started the diffusion of Greek and Babylonian ideas on astronomy and astrology into India, states Pingree. The other evidence of European influential on the Indian thought is "Romaka Siddhanta", a title of one of the Siddhanta texts contemporary to "Surya Siddhanta", a name that betrays its origin and probably was derived from a translation of a European text by Indian scholars in Ujjain, then the capital of an influential central Indian large kingdom.  According to John Roche – a professor of Mathematics with publications on the history of measurement, the astronomical and mathematical methods developed by Greeks related arcs to chords of spherical trigonometry. The Indian mathematical astronomers, in their texts such as "Surya Siddhanta" developed other linear measures of angles, made their calculations differently, "introduced the versine, which is the difference between the radius and cosine, and discovered various trigonometrical identities". For instance, states Roche, "where the Greeks had adopted 60 relative units for the radius, and 360 for circumference", the Indians chose 3,438 units and 60x360 for the circumference thereby calculating the "ratio of circumference to diameter [pi, π] of about 3.1414".  The tradition of Hellenistic astronomy ended in the West after Late Antiquity. According to Cromer, the "Surya Siddhanta" and other Indian texts reflect the primitive state of Greek science, nevertheless played an important part in the history of science, through its translation in Arabic and stimulating the Arabic sciences. According to a study by Dennis Duke that compares Greek models with Indian models based on the oldest Indian manuscripts such as the "Surya Siddhanta" with fully described models, the Greek influence on Indian astronomy is strongly likely to be pre-Ptolemaic.  The "Surya Siddhanta" was one of the two books in Sanskrit translated into Arabic in the later half of the eighth century during the reign of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur. According to Muzaffar Iqbal, this translation and that of Aryabhatta was of considerable influence on geographic, astronomy and related Islamic scholarship.

Contents.

The contents of the "Surya Siddhanta" is written in classical Indian poetry tradition, where complex ideas are expressed lyrically with a rhyming meter in the form of a terse "shloka". This method of expressing and sharing knowledge made it easier to remember, recall, transmit and preserve knowledge. However, this method also meant secondary rules of interpretation, because numbers don't have rhyming synonyms. The creative approach adopted in the "Surya Siddhanta" was to use symbolic language with double meanings. For example, instead of one, the text uses a word that means moon because there is one moon. To the skilled reader, the word moon means the number one. The entire table of trigonometric functions, sine tables, steps to calculate complex orbits, predict eclipses and keep time are thus provided by the text in a poetic form. This cryptic approach offers greater flexibility for poetic construction.  The "Surya Siddhanta" thus consists of cryptic rules in Sanskrit verse. It is a compendium of astronomy that is easier to remember, transmit and use as reference or aid for the experienced, but does not aim to offer commentary, explanation or proof. The text has 14 chapters and 500 shlokas. It is one of the eighteen astronomical siddhanta (treatises), but thirteen of the eighteen are believed to be lost to history. The Surya Siddhanta text has survived since the ancient times, has been the best known and the most referred astronomical text in the Indian tradition.  The fourteen chapters of the "Surya Siddhanta" are as follows, per the much cited Burgess translation: The methods for computing time using the shadow cast by a gnomon are discussed in both Chapters 3 and 13.

North pole star and South pole star.

One of the most interesting observation made in "Surya Siddhanta" is the observation of two pole stars, one each at north and south celestial pole. "Surya Siddhanta" chapter 12 verse 42 description is as following:  मेरोरुभयतो मध्ये ध्रुवतारे नभ:स्थिते।  निरक्षदेशसंस्थानामुभये क्षितिजाश्रिये॥१२:४३॥  This translates as "There are two pole stars, one each, near North celestial pole and South celestial pole. From equatorial regions, these stars are seen along the horizon". Currently our North Pole star is Polaris. It is subject to investigation about when this instance occurred in the past to date when this update was made to "Surya Siddhanta".

Calculation of Earth's Obliquity.

In "Surya Siddhanta" chapter 2 and verse 28, it calculated the obliquity of the Earth's axis. The verse says ""The sine of greatest declination(obliquity) is 1397..."," which means that R-sine is 1397 where R is 3438. To obtain the obliquity in degree, we have take the inverse of Sine of the ratio (1397/3438), which gives us 23.975182 and this tilt indicates a period of 3000BCE. It can be noted that this update was made during 3000BCE to the "Surya Siddhanta."

Planets and their characteristics.

The text treats earth as a stationary globe around which sun, moon and five planets orbit. It makes no mention of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. It presents mathematical formulae to calculate the orbits, diameters, predict their future locations and cautions that the minor corrections are necessary over time to the formulae for the various astronomical bodies. However, unlike modern heliocentric model for the solar system, the "Surya Siddhanta" relies on a geocentric point of view.  The text describes some of its formulae with the use of very large numbers for "divya yuga", stating that at the end of this "yuga" earth and all astronomical bodies return to the same starting point and the cycle of existence repeats again. These very large numbers based on "divya-yuga", when divided and converted into decimal numbers for each planet give reasonably accurate sidereal periods when compared to modern era western calculations. For example, the "Surya Siddhanta" states that the sidereal period of moon is 27.322 which compares to 27.32166 in modern calculations. For Mercury it states the period to be 87.97 (modern W: 87.969), Venus 224.7 (W: 224.701), Mars as 687 (W: 686.98), Jupiter as 4,332.3 (W: 4,332.587) and Saturn to be 10,765.77 days (W: 10,759.202).

Calendar.

The solar part of the luni-solar Hindu calendar is based on the "Surya Siddhanta". The various old and new versions of "Surya Siddhanta" manuscripts yield the same solar calendar. According to J. Gordon Melton, both the Hindu and Buddhist calendars in use in South and Southeast Asia are rooted in this text, but the regional calendars adapted and modified them over time.  The "Surya Siddhanta" calculates the solar year to be 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes and 36.56 seconds. On average, according to the text, the lunar month equals 27 days 7 hours 39 minutes 12.63 seconds. It states that the lunar month varies over time, and this needs to be factored in for accurate time keeping.  According to Whitney, the Surya Siddhanta calculations were tolerably accurate and achieved predictive usefulness. In Chapter 1 of "Surya Siddhanta", states Whitney, "the Hindu year is too long by nearly three minutes and a half; but the moon's revolution is right within a second; those of Mercury, Venus and Mars within a few minutes; that of Jupiter within six or seven hours; that of Saturn within six days and a half".

The Surya Siddhanta is the name of a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy. The text has been updated several times in the past and the earliest update was found to be made in 8th millennium BCE. Using computer simulation, a match for the "Surya Siddhanta" latitudinal data was obtained in the time frame of 7300-7800 BCE. The last update took place in the vicinity of 580 AD when Nakshatra data appears to have been updated by adding a fixed precessional increment to all longitudes. As per the second verse of the chapter 1 of "Surya Siddhanta," Maya Asura is the original author of the text. It has fourteen chapters.

Le Surya Siddhanta est un traité d’astronomie traditionnel indien, vieux de plus de ans et attribué au Mahamuni Mayan. Il forme la base des calendriers hindou et bouddhiste. Les mathématiciens et astronomes postérieurs comme Aryabhata et Varahamihira y firent souvent référence : ainsi dans son ouvrage "Pancha siddhantika", Varahamihira l’oppose à quatre autres traités : il s'agit, outre les Paitamaha Siddhantas (plus ou moins identiques au « classique » Védanga Jyotisha), des "siddhantas" Paulisha et Romaka (directement inspirés par l'astronomie hellénistique) et du Vasishta Siddhanta.


Ministère fédéral de l'Économie (Autriche)

History.

The Ministry of Economy was first established in the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire as the Ministry for Commerce and Public Works ("Ministerium für Handel und öffentliche Arbeiten"). Over the course of the next several decades, its list of responsibilities gradually grew longer; its name changed several time to reflect the new reality. In 1918, following the collapse of the Austrian Empire in the final days of World War I, the ministry was briefly divided into a commerce department ("Staatsamt für Gewerbe, Industrie und Handel") and a reconstruction department ("Staatsamt für Kriegs- und Übergangswirtschaft"). The two halves were reunited within the year. The Ministry went back to gradually acquiring new areas of responsibility and occasionally changing its name.  In 1967, the Ministry was split into a Ministry of Commerce and Industry ("Ministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie") and a Ministry of Civil Engineering ("Ministerium für Bauten und Technik"); the latter assumed responsibility for managing public real estate and structures, roadworks, waterways, hydraulic engineering, water supply, sewerage, the promotion of housing construction, and engineering standardization, among other things. The split was undone in 1987.  In 2000, the Schüssel cabinet merged the Ministry of Economy with the Ministry of Labor. Road construction and maintenance and a number of minor matters were assigned to the Ministry of Traffic; waterways and hydraulic engineering went to the Ministry of Agriculture. The Ministry of Environment took over family affairs, becoming the Ministry of Social Affairs in the process. The merger was undone in 2008. The Ministry's current name and portfolio dates to 2018.

Structure.

As of May 2018, the ministry consists of the Minister and his personal staff ("Kabinett"), the office of the director general, and nine departments:  The Minister and his staff are political appointees; the general secretary and the section heads are career civil servants.

In Austrian politics, the Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs (German: "Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort") is the ministry in charge of promoting commerce and industry, overseeing public works, and maintaining the public infrastructure. In some recent cabinets, it has also been responsible for employment; in others, for family affairs and science.

Le ministère fédéral du Numérique et des Entreprises ("Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort", BMDW) est le département ministériel chargé de la politique économique, de la politique familiale et de la jeunesse en Autriche.


Early years.

Hutchinson was born in Seattle, Washington. Her mother, Leona Roberts, was an actress best known for her role as Mrs. Meade in "Gone with the Wind".

Career.

Film.

Through her mother's connections, Hutchinson made her film debut at the age of 13 in "The Little Princess" (1917), starring Mary Pickford. She later attended the Cornish School—now Cornish College of the Arts—in Seattle, receiving a diploma in 1929. She moved to New York City, where she began acting in theater. By the late 1920s, she was one of the actors able to make the transition from silent movies to talkies.  Under contract with Warner Bros., Hutchinson went to Hollywood in 1934, debuting in "Happiness Ahead". She was featured on the cover of "Film Weekly" on August 23, 1935 and appeared in "The Story of Louis Pasteur" in 1936.  At Universal, she played Elsa von Frankenstein in one of her more memorable roles alongside actor Basil Rathbone and Boris Karloff in "Son of Frankenstein" (1939). She later played Mrs. Townsend in "North by Northwest" (1959) andMrs. Macaboy in "Love Is Better Than Ever", starring Elizabeth Taylor.

Stage.

Hutchinson's Broadway debut came in "The Bird Cage" (1925). Her other Broadway credits included "The Cherry Orchard" (1933), "Alice in Wonderland" (1932), "Dear Jane" (1932), "Alison's House" (1931), "Camille" (1931), "Alison's House" (1930), "The Women Have Their Way" (1930), "The Living Corpse" (1929), "Mademoiselle Bourrat" (1929), "The Cherry Orchard" (1929), "The Seagull" (1929), "Peter Pan" (1928), "The Cherry Orchard" (1928), "Hedda Gabler" (1928), "Improvisations in June" (1928), "The First Stone" (1928), "2 x 2 = 5" (1927), "The Good Hope" (1927), "Inheritors" (1927), "The Cradle Song" (1927), "Twelfth Night" (1926), "The Unchastened Woman" (1926), and "A Man's Man" (1925).

Television.

On television, she made four guest appearances on "Perry Mason". In 1958, she played Leona Walsh in "The Case of the Screaming Woman". In 1959, she played murderer Miriam Baker in "The Case of the Spanish Cross". In 1961, she played Miss Sarah McKay in "The Case of the Barefaced Witness", and in 1962, she played Amelia Corning in "The Case of the Mystified Miner".  In "The Rifleman" episode "The Prodigal" in 1960, she played Christine, outlaw Billy St. John's mother.  In "Little House on the Prairie" Season 1, Episode 6, "If I Should Wake Before I Die", she played Amy Hearn.  Hutchinson continued to work steadily through the 1970s in film, radio, and television, establishing a solid career in supporting roles. She appeared on "Rawhide" in 1962 in the episode "Grandma's Money", "The Twilight Zone" in the episode "I Sing the Body Electric", and "Gunsmoke". Hutchinson appeared in "The Walton's" movie "The Homecoming: A Christmas Story" in 1971 in which she played one half of a sister duo who made moonshine whiskey, a process handed down to sisters from their jurist father, they referred to as "the recipe".

Personal life.

On August 12, 1924, Hutchinson married Robert W. Bell, a stage director, in Washington, D.C. In 1926, she met the actress Eva Le Gallienne, and became a member of Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Theatre company. By 1927, the two women were involved in an affair and Hutchinson and Bell, who separated in 1928, were divorced in 1930. The press quickly dubbed her Le Gallienne's "shadow", a term which at the time meant lesbian. Both actresses survived the scandal and carried on with their respective careers.  Hutchinson and Le Gallienne were intimately involved for a number of years. Although Hutchinson was married three times, Le Gallienne never married. Hutchinson married James F. Townsend in 1935; they later divorced. Her final marriage was to actor Staats Cotsworth in 1972; he died in 1979.

Death.

She died, aged 94, on June 4, 1998 at the Florence Nightingale Nursing Home in Manhattan. Her ashes were scattered near her niece’s home at Springfield, Oregon.

Josephine Hutchinson (October 12, 1903 – June 4, 1998) was an American actress. She acted in several theater plays and films.

Josephine Hutchinson est une actrice américaine, née à Seattle (État de Washington, États-Unis) le, décédée à New York (État de New York, États-Unis) le.


Youth and early career.

Montagu was the third son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury, and a younger brother of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker."  John Neville's upbringing and career was entwined with that of the north of England and specifically, the marcher areas, the eastern and western borders between Scotland and England, controlled from Berwick and Carlisle respectively. His Early activity there consisted of diplomatic meetings with the Scots, at which he acted as a witness, between 1449 and 1451. He was also one of three men who were instructed, in a letter of 3 February 1449, to not attend the forthcoming parliament and remain in the north guarding the border. He was knighted by King Henry VI at Greenwich on 5 January 1453, alongside Edmund and Jasper Tudor, his brother Thomas Neville, William Herbert, Roger Lewknor, and William Catesby.

Feud with the Percys.

Sir John Neville was from the branch of the Neville family based at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire, rather than that of Westmorland. It has been claimed that he, as a "landless younger son" was partially to blame for his family's long-running feud with the Lancastrian Percy family of Northumberland. The first outburst of violence that took place was a result of the 1 May 1453 royal licence for John Neville's brother, Thomas Neville to marry Maud Stanhope being issued. News of this must have reached the north within the fortnight, for by the twelfth, one of the Earl of Northumberland's younger sons, Thomas Percy, Lord Egremont, began recruiting men. In August 1453, John Neville raided the Percy castle of Topcliffe, possibly with the intention of seizing Egremont. Failing to find him, Neville resorted to threatening the Percy tenantry who were in residence. He and Egremont were subsequently summoned to

Marriage.

John Neville married Isabel Ingoldsthorpe (c.1441 – 20 May 1476), of Burrough Green and Sawston, Cambridgeshire, on 25 April 1457; Archbishop Thomas Bourchier officiated the marriage at Canterbury Cathedral. Isabel was not only the heiress of her father, Sir Edmund Ingaldsthorpe (who had died on 2 September 1456), but also the heiress of her maternal uncle, John Tiptoft and his Earldom of Worcester. It may have been that Earl of Worcester had engineered the match. A letter to John Paston on 1

Wars of the Roses.

The king had become incapacitated in August 1453, which had led to the Duke of York being appointed protector and controlling the government. By Christmas of 1454, however, King Henry had recovered from his illness, which removed the basis for York's authority. Having reconvened the court at Westminster by mid-April 1455, Henry and a select council of nobles decided to hold a great council at Leicester. York and the Nevilles anticipated that Somerset would bring charges against them at this assembly. John Neville included, they gathered an armed retinue and marched to stop the royal party from reaching Leicester, intercepting them at St Albans.  Although only a small affray, it resulted in the deaths of some important people; viz. the Duke of Somerset, the Earl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford. It has been suggested that, whilst Somerset might have been targeted by York, the latter too might have been intentionally slain by the Neville brothers. It was John who, after the battle, appears to have been responsible for the victorious Duke of York removing Sir William Skipwith from the household offices the latter held of the Duke. Neville was said to have achieved this by pointing out how Skipwith failed to join York in battle; John Neville subsequently shared in the profits of York's redistribution of Skipwith's ex-offices.  In December 1456, the new Duke of Somerset tried to attack John Neville in London's Cheapside; Somerset had already attempted something similar to John's brother Warwick the previous month. John's encounter, reported contemporary chroniclers, would have become a "skirmish" if the mayor had not intervened. As it had been John who had "spearheaded" the Neville retaliation to the Percies during their feud, Salisbury entered into a bond for Thomas and John's behaviour on

Elevation to the peerage and war in the north.

According to Benet's "Chronicle", John Neville was elevated to the peerage as Lord Montagu in the January 1461 parliament. It was also at this parliament that he presented a petition, regarding his wife, in which he reiterated that in common law women receive livery of their lands at fourteen years of age, and he requested parliament to reaffirm this. In February he was elected to the Order of the Garter. He was installed on 21 March 1462, when he took his father's choir stall in Windsor Castle's St. George's Chapel.  By February 1461 Queen Margaret's army was marching south. Warwick and John, with their "frantically raised" army, collected the King and marched north to confront the Queen's army on the Great North Road. The two armies met on 17 February at the Second Battle of St Albans – this time, just outside the town. In the resulting encounter, Warwick was "outflanked and now outmatched," whereas John seems to have kept his army together up until the point the King's person was regained by the Lancastrians. Montagu commanded the left flank of the Yorkist army, which itself was subdivided into a group of archers in the town itself, with the majority posted on Bernards Heath, stretching eastwards towards Warwick's vanguard. This "bloody and bitter encounter" saw Warwick and John's army defeated. The Earl escaped; Montagu was captured and sent to York Castle. It seems probable that he escaped execution after the battle because, as the Milanese Ambassador wrote, "a brother of my lord of Somerset is a prisoner [of Warwick's] at Calais." As a result of his capture and imprisonment in York, Montagu escaped participation in the biggest and probably bloodiest battle of the Wars of the Roses which took place on 29 March 1461 at Towton in Yorkshire. This decisive Yorkist victory led to Montagu being released the next day, when the son of the Duke of York – and England's "de facto" new king – Edward IV entered York in triumph. Montagu and Warwick then missed the King's coronation in April, as they stayed in the north to attempt the recapture of northern castles still in Lancastrian hands; as John Gillingham has put it, "the unfinished military business would have to be left to the Nevilles." And on 10 May 1461 Montagu was commissioned to raise troops against both the Lancastrian remnants and the king of Scotland. One of Montagu's first actions was to successfully raise the siege of Carlisle, "with prompt action." Carlisle had had its suburbs burnt and been under siege from June by a Scottish-Lancastrian force, but was easily relieved by him, apparently killing 6,000 Scots and Lord Clifford's brother in the process, before Warwick had even arrived.  The military campaign that followed was focussed on the recapture of strategically vital castles on the Northumbrian border. Alnwick Castle was commanded by a shell keep, to which extra towers had been added, as well as to the curtain wall, with a solid barbican and gatehouse. Bamburgh Castle was on a high spur ridge with three baileys, a large keep, and fortified gateways. Dunstanburgh Castle stood on a dolerite spur which had the sheer drop of a cliff on one side. Montagu besieged Bamburgh, the most important of these northern bulwarks, due to its distance from London and proximity to Scotland. By 26 December 1462, when the garrison surrendered, they "had been reduced to eating their horses."  Montagu joined Warwick in escorting the chariot of six horses in the funeral cortege conveying the mortal remains of their father and brother from Pontefract Castle to the family mausoleum at Bisham Abbey, on 14–15 February 1463. On 6 May he was appointed Warden of the Eastern March; Warwick was his counterpart on the western marches. Later that year, he led an expedition to Norham Castle, which had been besieged by the Scots for the previous eighteen days, and relieved it on 26 July; this was followed by a Chevauchée into Scotland which only ceased when Montagu's force ran out of supplies.

Hexham and Hedgeley Moor.

In spite of Montagu's and Warwick's northern successes in the years following Towton, a not-insubstantial Lancastrian army was still active in the area; it had been slowly been re-taking castles, like Bamburgh, Hexham, Langley, Norham, and Prudhoe Castles, between February and March 1464. This threatened Newcastle, a major Yorkist supply centre. Local Lancastrians were returning to their estates, such as the Cliffords, who regained their castle at Skipton Craven with no royal response, military or otherwise. They "virtually controlled most of the country immediately south of the Scottish border", wrote Charles Ross, although very few local gentry directly supported them. The situation was severe enough that in April 1464 he was too occupied with the northern situation to travel to London, and was exempted from attending the Order of the Garter Chapter meeting on the 29th of the month. He has been described as the king's'resident commander' in the north and a "confident and aggressive commander."  In early 1464, the Lancastrians having coalesced in the East March, the ongoing peace negotiations with the Scots were moved from Newcastle to York. Montagu was sent to escort their embassy through now-unfriendly territory. On his way to pick them up at Norham, he only avoided an ambush near Newcastle, by a small force of eighty spear and bowmen under Sir Humphrey Neville, by changing his route.  The Scottish embassy he eventually collected at Norham had been delayed, and it was on the return journey that the Duke of Somerset with Lords Roos and Hungerford, Sir Richard Turnstall, and Sir Thomas Findern and the bulk of the Lancastrian army (approximately 5,000 men) ambushed Montagu at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on 25 April 1464. The assault failed, and left Sir Ralph Percy dead on the field.  Montagu, having delivered the Scottish embassy to Newcastle, left there on 14 May, either with Lords Greystoke and Willoughby or picking them up "en route" with other supporters, to seek out the Lancastrians. The next day, at Hexham – having crossed the Tyne "either at Bulwell or Corbridge" – he attacked the rebels in their camp which was on the south side of Devil's Water river. Montagu, his army swelled with new recruits from Newcastle, and men raised by Montagu's brother, the Archbishop of York, may have had up to 10,000 men. Leading his army "forward at the charge," Montagu's attack soon became a rout, with the Lancastrian army dissolving and attempting escape over the bridge. Lords Roos, Hungerford, Findern, and Tallboys survived the battle only to be executed, on Montagu's order – and probably in his presence – with the Duke of Somerset in Newcastle. Following Hexham, Montagu ordered the largest number of beheadings the civil wars had yet seen.

Later years.

Following the final crushing of the Lancastrian resistance, Montagu's role focussed on diplomacy and peace keeping. In June 1465 he was commissioned to contract marriages "between English and Scottish subjects" as well as to treat for a perpetual peace with Scotland, as a result of which, Montagu returned the captured Duke of Albany to Scotland, for which he was paid fifty marks. It was during this time (Hicks has suggested around January 1465) that Montagu and Lord Scales were requested by the Duke of Brittany to accompany a force of 3,000 Breton archers supplied by him, for the League of the Public Weal against Louis XI of France. However, due to commitments in the north with Warwick, Montagu ended up taking no part in this campaign.  In 1465 Montagu received the main grant of the Percy Earldom of Northumberland estates, and on 25 March the following year he was granted the constableships and honours of Knaresborough and Pontefract Castles, which Warwick and before him their father had previously held, and also the castles of Tickhill, Snaith, and Dunstanburgh. This was to repay his arrears in back wages from his Wardenship of the East March, from an indenture of 1 June 1463. On the same day he was made Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster (north of the Trent), and it was from the profits of the duchy that his wages were coming from, amounting to approximately £1,000.

Warden of the Marches.

The Wardens were the military guardians of the border from the late fourteenth-century, and their salaries made them the highest-paid among Crown officers, but this was inclusive of the cost of raising troops and maintaining defence. This has also been described as controlling "private armies raised at the Crown's expense." By the mid-fifteenth century, the Wardenship of the

Warwick's rebellion.

In 1467, as part of his brother's plan for a closer relationship with the French, John and Isabelle accompanied Warwick in escorting the French King's envoys to Canterbury. However, by this time, it was being rumoured that Warwick was moving towards supporting the House of Lancaster, as a result of dissatisfaction over the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville and his pursuit of an anti-French foreign policy. In 1469, Warwick organised Robin of Redesdale's rebellion against Edward IV in Yorkshire and in July that year the king's brother George, Duke of Clarence married Warwick's daughter Isabelle whilst anchored off Calais; this was in direct defiance of the king's own wishes. It seems that Montagu, however, reacted strongly against his brother's machinations, and, unlike him, was satisfied with his current position.  On 27 October 1469, Henry Percy had taken his oath of fealty to the King, and had been released from the Tower. The following year saw the return of Robin of Redesdale and another rebellion on behalf of Warwick. Montagu was forced to come down from the Scottish border to suppress it;

Rebellion and death.

Montagu, though, was not happy with the new arrangements, and King Edward has been held responsible for turning Montagu from a friend to an enemy. Warkworth's Chronicle describes him as condemning these grants to him as "a [mag]pyes] nest." Montagu had been on the Scottish border since at least January 1470. Following unrest in Lincolnshire and the subsequent Lincolnshire rebellion, the king marched from London to crush the rising. This he did at the Battle of Empingham. Following the battle, Edward headed north where he was met by Montagu and Northumberland at Doncaster. Warwick and Clarence's involvement in the Lincolnshire uprising had by now been established, and they fled to Calais. Further trouble broke out in the summer of 1470 in the north, with friends and relatives of Warwick in open rebellion. The new Earl of Northumberland was unable to put down these risings, so the king, once again marched north to deal with it personally. Modern historians generally consider that these rebellions were a deliberate trap, instigated by Warwick and Clarence from Calais. On 24 June 1470 the Wardenship of the East March was stripped from Montagu and given to Percy. Edward was still in the north with Percy when he received word that the Warwick and Clarence had landed in Dartmouth.  At Doncaster, the king awaited Montagu, who was in the north raising a substantial force in Edward's name. Edward waited; but on 29 September 1470, marching to the King, Montagu declared for Warwick. His last-minute, surprise defection from the king has been called "decisive". The king was trapped; disbanding his army, and with a few followers, he escaped to Bishop's Lynn, sailing for Burgundy on 2 October.

Readeption of Henry VI.

On 3 October, with Edward IV in exile, Henry VI was released from the Tower and returned to the throne by Warwick. Almost immediately, Montagu was granted the wardship of the executed Earl of Worcester's heir and estates, as well as of the young Lord Clifford. He was reappointed to the Wardenship of the East March, with its salary, on 22 October 1470.  However, Montagu did not profit from the new regime as he probably expected to. He did not regain the Earldom of Northumberland. Further, he lost some of the Courtney lands that had come with his Marquessate to the newly returned Earl of Devon. Montagu had no active role in government, and does not seem to have sat in Council, although he was appointed Chamberlain to the King's Household. Although he was confirmed in command of the new King's forces in the north and in possession of the manor of Wressle on 21 March 1471, he did not regain any other Percy estates.

Battle of Barnet Heath.

By 12 April 1471, Montagu, with his brother Warwick and the Duke of Exeter, the Earl of Oxford, and Viscount Beaumont were approaching London with their army.  Edward, having arrived in London on 11 April and been reunited with his queen, met Montagu and Warwick a few miles north of London, outside the village of Barnet. It is possible that he commanded a smaller army, perhaps of only 9,000 men, and probably no more than 14,000.  The battle on 14 April was a "confused affair" and fought in fog. It has been suggested that it was Montagu who persuaded Warwick to fight on foot at Barnet, leaving the horses tethered at the rear, in order to demonstrate their commitment to the cause by taking the same risks as the common soldier. Montagu probably controlled the centre battle of Warwick's army, facing Edward's own section, on the Great North Road from Barnet to St. Albans. Warkworth's Chronicle states that Warwick had an army of 20,000 men and that the battle beginning

Aftermath.

The bodies of Warwick and Montagu were laid out "on the morrow after" and "openly shewed and naked" in St. Paul's, to prevent rumour starting that they had in fact survived the battle; Warkworth too said that

Family.

With Isabelle Ingaldsthorpe, John Neville had a son and five daughters. The eldest was George Neville, Duke of Bedford (c. 1461–1483). It appears that Montagu had wanted to marry George to Anne, heiress of the Duke of Exeter; however, she had married the Earl of Dorset by 1466. George eventually died without issue, having been stripped of his dukedom in 1478. His first daughter was Anne, who married Sir William Stonor of Stonor in Pyrton, Oxfordshire, a grandson of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Elizabeth married firstly Thomas Scrope, 6th Baron Scrope of Masham, who was a dedicated Yorkist for his whole career, and secondly Sir Henry Wentworth of Nettlestead, while Margaret Neville married firstly Sir John Mortimer (who died before 12 November 1504), only son of Sir Hugh Mortimer and Eleanor Cornwall, secondly Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and thirdly Robert Downes, gentleman. Lucy married firstly Sir Thomas FitzWilliam of Aldwark, North Yorkshire, and secondly Sir Anthony Browne. Finally, Isabel, who married firstly Sir Thomas Huddleston of Millom, Cumberland (the Huddlestons of Millom were an important regional family and old allies of the Nevilles), and secondly Sir William Smythe of Elford in Staffordshire. Neville's widow remarried, on 25 April 1472, as his second wife, Sir William Norreys of Yattendon.

Arms.

Montagu took for his crest "a griffin issuing from a ducal crown". His coat of arms was the Neville "Gules

John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (c. 1431 – 14 April 1471) was a major magnate of fifteenth-century England. He was a younger son of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and the younger brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the "Kingmaker".

John Neville (vers 1431 – ), Montagu, fut l'un des chefs de la faction de la Maison d'York durant la guerre des Deux-Roses, issue de la querelle Percy-Neville. Il est surtout connu pour avoir éliminé la résistance des Lancastre dans le nord de l'Angleterre durant la première partie du règne d'Édouard IV.


Gameplay.

"Wipeout 3" is a racing game that retains the same basic elements of its predecessors, and introduces players to the F7200 Anti-Gravity Race League. Set in 2116, players control futuristic anti-gravity ships owned by racing corporations and pilot them on eight circuits (plus four hidden prototype tracks). Each craft is equipped with an energy shield that absorbs damage sustained on the track; if the shield is disabled, the player's craft can be knocked out of the race. Shields are regenerated in a pit lane set apart from the main course. The less time is spent in the pit lane, the less the shield will regenerate.  In addition to shields, each racing craft contains airbrakes for navigating tight corners, as well as a "Hyperthrust" option. Players can activate Hyperthrust to increase their speed, but using Hyperthrust drains energy from the shields, making the craft more vulnerable.  Scattered across each raceway are weapon grids that bestow random power-ups or items. "Wipeout 3" adds new weapons in addition to the five retained from previous games. Several weapons are defensive: for example, the gravity shield protects the craft from attacks and collisions for a time period. Offensive weapons are also available: crafts can use rockets, Multi-Missiles and mines to disable competitors. Players can use an autopilot to coast through difficult turns safely.  The single race mode awards medals to the top three finishing hovercraft. Each contestant must reach checkpoints on the course within a certain amount of time, or be ejected from the race. Winning consecutive gold medals unlocks new tracks and crafts. "Wipeout 3" features several other game modes, including challenges to complete courses in a set time. In the "Eliminator" mode, players gain points for destroying competitors and finishing laps. The "Tournament" mode has players competing on several tracks, with points being awarded for placement in each race. Players can engage in two-player racing via a split-screen option.

Development.

In developing the next entry in the "Wipeout" series, developer Psygnosis retained many of the developers of the original game to preserve the distinctive racing experience of earlier games. At the same time, Psygnosis sought to make the game more accessible to new players of the fast-paced racer, and kept early courses easier for these players; the difficulty was adjusted for later courses so that experts would still experience a challenge. "Wipeout 3" was the first "Wipeout" game to take advantage of PlayStation controllers with analogue sticks, used to offer smoother control of the player's craft.  Psygnosis turned to the graphic design studio The Designers Republic to assist in development. The Designers Republic, known for its underground techno album covers, provided "visual candy" to "Wipeout 3"s graphics, designing the game's icons, billboards, colour schemes, and custom typefaces. The look and feel of the futuristic courses was bounded by the desire to remain believable: "Wipeout 3" lead artist Nicky Westcott said that "[Psygnosis] tried to make it look like a believable future, instead of making the sky toxic orange with 10 moons flying around and the world gone mad. It's very low-key [and] a lot more refined."  A special edition of "Wipeout 3" was released exclusively in Europe on 14 July 2000. "Wipeout 3 Special Edition" featured many minor changes to gameplay, such as different craft physics, auto-loading of saves and AI bug fixes. In addition, eight courses from previous "Wipeout" titles (three from "Wipeout" and five from "Wipeout XL"), plus two hidden prototype circuits previously only available in the Japanese version of "Wipeout 3", were added giving a total of 22 tracks. The "Special Edition" also allowed for four-person multiplayer, using two televisions and two PlayStation consoles. "Wipeout 3" was the last game in the series made for PlayStation. The next entry in the "Wipeout" series, entitled "Wipeout Fusion", was released in 2002 exclusively for PlayStation 2. The game introduced new courses, crafts, and weaponry, as well as enhanced artificial intelligence.

Music.

Continuing the tradition set by the first game, "Wipeout 3" contains electronica offerings from various artists, including The Chemical Brothers, Orbital, and the Propellerheads. Psygnosis' development manager, Enda Carey, focused on bringing together music early in the game's development cycle, instead of as an afterthought or last-minute addition to the game. Unlike previous soundtracks, Psygnosis selected a single music director, DJ Sasha, who worked with artists to create a cohesive soundtrack. Sasha included several of his own tracks made specifically for the game. The game disc is a Mixed Mode CD that allows "Wipeout 3"s soundtrack to be played in a standard compact disc player. To promote "Wipeout 3" and its game music, Psygnosis sponsored a Global Underground tour for Sasha. Game pods featuring "Wipeout 3" were placed at parties and venues, accompanied by a tie-in marketing campaign.

Reception.

Overall, critical reception of "Wipeout 3" was positive; the game holds an 89/100 at Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews". IGN named "Wipeout 3" the most accessible game of the series, and in 2007 the title was named the 92nd best game by the site. Despite generally positive reviews of the game, "Wipeout 3" was not a commercial success.  The fast-paced gameplay and graphics were singled out as strong features of the game. Jack Schofield of "The Guardian" was surprised by the level of detail, stating that the "graphics are better than you'd expect the [PlayStation] to deliver". Both "GamePro" and Game Revolution reviewers praised the new game features, specifically the new weapons and ability to challenge friends via splitscreen. The Designer Republic's style was consistently praised as helping to make the racing locales seem real, though David Goldfarb of the magazine "International Design" stated that the "techno-meets-Nihonpop-art visuals" had been executed better in previous entries of the series. "Wipeout 3"s soundtrack and sound effects were also lauded.  A major fault reviewers found with "Wipeout 3" was the steep learning curve of the game. David Canter of "The San Diego Union-Tribune" described the difficulty progression as "ludicrous", with the tournament game mode going from "easy as pie to tough as nails". Though the use of the analogue stick was positively noted as helping to increase control over the onscreen craft, "GamePro" found that proper handling required large amounts of patience and practice.  Reviewers who gave "Wipeout 3" lower marks noted a sense of disappointment that the series broke little new ground. Stuart Miles of "The Times" admitted "Wipeout 3" was a good game, but felt that he had been expecting much more from the sequel: "It's as if the programmers have concerned themselves more with the overall look and feel, rather than further developing the existing gameplay." Alistair Wallace of Gamasutra, in a retrospective on "Wipeout 2097", remembered that "I enjoyed ["Wipeout 3"] because it was more of the same and I loved it, but I think the series ran out of its innovation. Doing loop the loops isn't a big deal really." GameSpot summed up its review of the game by judging "Wipeout 3" an excellent racer, but not able to beat "Wipeout 2097" as the best futuristic racing game of all time.  Jeff Lundrigan reviewed the PlayStation version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "It's not terrible, but for a series known for its 'gee whiz' level of quality, this is a serious misstep."

Wipeout 3 is a futuristic racing video game developed by Psygnosis and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for PlayStation. The title is the fourth game in the "Wipeout" series, and was released in Europe and North America in September 1999. Players control extremely fast anti-gravity ships and use weapons to force other contenders out of the race.

Wipeout 3 (stylisé "wip3out") est un jeu vidéo de course futuriste développé et édité par Psygnosis sur PlayStation. Il s'agit du troisième épisode de la série "Wipeout" sur cette console, le quatrième toutes machines confondues, sorti le en Amérique du Nord, le en Europe et le au Japon. Le, une réédition du jeu, "Wipeout 3: Special Edition", est sortie exclusivement en Europe. Le joueur contrôle un vaisseau armé à grande vitesse dans le but d'éliminer ses adversaires de la course.


History.

The old bridge in Muse, dubbed the "Gun Bridge" by locals in reference to the frequency of illegal armaments trafficking through the bridge, was closed in 2005, replaced by a wider bridge parallel to it.  Since 2014 the governments of Myanmar and China have been seeking to resolve a border dispute in the area of Namkham and Muse.

Transport.

Muse is today connected to Mandalay via Lashio by the National Highway 3 450 km Asian Highway route 14 (AH14), The old Burma Road links the new road to Bhamo in Kachin State which links to the Ledo Road. Mandalay-Lashio-Muse Road included part of the Burma Road and was rebuilt and upgraded for heavy traffic in 1998 on a Build-Operate-Transfer basis (BOT) by the Asia World Company headed by the son of the former opium warlord Lo Hsing Han. It has cut the journey time from 2 days, even a week in the rainy season, to just 12–16 hours. Muse is also connected to central Burma via the Mandalay-Lashio Northern Shan State Railway.

Economy.

Cross-border trade was banned by Ne Win after the military came to power in Burma in 1962 but the ban was lifted following negotiations in 1988. Bilateral trade has risen steadily since, increasing by 60% in the fiscal year ending 31 March 2008, and constitutes 24% of Burma's trade ranking China as a major trading partner second only to Thailand.  Burma exports mainly raw materials such as agricultural produce, fish, timber, gems and minerals, and imports consumer goods, electronics, machinery and processed food. Muse's '105th mile Trade Zone', a border zone of 150 hectares, opened in April 2006, the first and largest border trade camp of its kind in Burma, handling as much as 70% of cross border trade with China. A trade fair has been held annually every December since 2001 alternating between the two border towns each year with India, Bangladesh and Thailand as well as China taking part.  In 2007 the local militia, under orders of the military authorities, seized of land in the area, mainly tea and orange plantations as well as small farms, with little or no compensation, in a drive to cultivate physic nuts for biodiesel as an alternative fuel.  On 8 May 2008, the military seized 20 truck loads of biscuits and other goods at Muse allegedly for the relief of Cyclone Nargis victims.  A joint enterprise between Burma and China to construct oil and gas pipelines from the Bay of Bengal via Mandalay through Muse to Kunming in Yunnan Province starts operations in 2009.

Narcotics.

Recently China built a 4 km long fence on the border near Ruili in order to stop drug trafficking and two more are under construction.Drug addiction is a major problem in the area. The opium poppy harvest had increased since Lo Hsing Han managed to rebuild his drug empire after becoming the intermediary for cease-fire agreements between the military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt and the Kokang and Wa insurgents who had rebelled against and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989. The World Food Program carried out emergency food assistance to former poppy farmers in 2004-2005 as pressure mounted to stop cultivation of the poppy.  Gambling, drugs and prostitution flourished in Ruili, but Muse's own efforts to share in the Las Vegas style business atmosphere met with much less success. The Chinese authorities cracked down on heroin entering - but not the chemical ingredients for the amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) called "yaba" leaving - and also on Chinese men enjoying the same pleasures on the Burmese side of the border. Besides the UNODC, a number of groups and organisations such as the Asian Harm Reduction Network (AHRN) and Buddhist monks are also involved in the amelioration of the HIV/AIDS problem among drug users.

Muse (; ; is the capital town of Mu Se Township (also spelled as Muse Township) in northern Shan State, Myanmar. It is situated on the Shweli River (Nam Mao), and is connected by a bridge and road to Ruili (Shweli,, in Burmese) in Yunnan Province, China.

Muse est une ville de Birmanie située dans le nord de l'État Shan, sur la Shweli, à la frontière chinoise. Elle est reliée par un pont à Ruili, dans la province chinoise du Yunnan (Ruili porte aussi le nom de "Shweli" en birman).