Biography.

Born in Stuttgart, he was the eldest son of Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental, and Margravine Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach.  He succeeded his father as Duke of Württemberg-Winnental in 1698. As a successful army-commander in service of the Holy Roman Emperor, he had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1712. He was militarily successful under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Spanish War of Succession as well as in the war against the Turks. In 1719 he was appointed imperial governor of Belgrade.  In 1720 Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI appointed him governor of the Kingdom of Serbia in Belgrade. While in this post he married Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis (1706–56) in 1727; they had 4 children.  After 13 years of autocratically ruling over Serbia, in 1733 Charles Alexander inherited the Duchy of Württemberg from his cousin, Eberhard Louis. As Duke of Württemberg he moved the court back from Ludwigsburg to the nearby capital of Stuttgart. He ruled over the Duchy until his sudden death in 1737, and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son, Charles Eugene.  During his reign, he employed as his financier the ill-fated Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, who was executed in 1738 for abuse of office during the reign of the duke.

Family.

He married Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis (1706–56) in 1727; they had 6 children:  Queen Elizabeth II is his descendant through her grandmother Mary of Teck

In literature and film.

Although the story of Duke Karl Alexander and Joseph Süß Oppenheimer constituted a relatively obscure episode in German history, it became the subject of a number of literary and dramatic treatments over the course of more than a century; the earliest of these having been Wilhelm Hauff's 1827 novella, titled "Jud Süß". The most successful literary adaptation was Lion Feuchtwanger's 1925 novel titled "Jud Süß" based on a play that he had written in 1916 but subsequently withdrew.  Ashley Dukes and Paul Kornfeld also wrote dramatic adaptations of the Feuchtwanger novel. In 1934, Lothar Mendes directed "Jew Süss", a film adaptation of the novel.  Charles Alexander and his relationship with Oppenheimer is fictionally portrayed in Veit Harlan's 1940 Nazi propaganda film titled "Jud Süß". He is portrayed by Heinrich George.  Although inspired by the historical details of Süß's life, Hauff's novella, Feuchtwanger's novel, and Harlan's film only loosely correspond to the historical sources available at the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg.

Charles Alexander of Württemberg (24 January 1684 – 12 March 1737) was a Württemberg noble from 1698 who governed the Kingdom of Serbia as regent from 1720 until 1733, when he assumed the position of Duke of Württemberg, which he held until his death.

Charles-Alexandre de Wurtemberg, né le à Stuttgart, décédé le à Ludwigsbourg fut duc de Wurtemberg-Winnental, puis comte de Montbéliard et duc de Wurtemberg de 1733 à sa mort, sous le nom de Charles I Alexandre de Wurtemberg.


Early life and career.

Zaccardelli was born in Prezza, Italy and immigrated to Canada at age seven. He grew up in the Montreal area, mainly in Saint Leonard.  Zaccardelli joined the RCMP in 1970 and was posted to St. Paul, Alberta following recruit training. He was transferred to Toronto in 1974, and then in 1981 to Calgary. He became an officer in 1986 and served in Ottawa and New Brunswick. In 1993, he became Chief Superintendent in charge of Criminal Operations in Quebec. In 1995, he was promoted to Assistant Commissioner and he was promoted to Deputy Commissioner in 1998, responsible for National Headquarters. In 1999, he became the Deputy Commissioner, Organized Crime and Operational Policy. From 2 September 2000 to 15 December 2006 he served as the 20th Commissioner of the RCMP. He presided over the RCMP during changes made to Canada's policing, security and military apparatus after 11 September 2001. Prior to his departure he collected numerous Canadian honours and two foreign honours.

Controversy over income trust file.

In late 2005 the status of income trusts was uncertain. After the close of the markets on 23 November 2005, Finance Minister Ralph Goodale made a surprise announcement that the government would not tax the trusts, and would instead cut dividend taxes. This made trusts and dividend paying stocks even from a taxation perspective. The markets rallied in the hours leading up to the announcement by the government allegedly due to leaks. During the following days, the S&P/TSX Composite Index reached a new five-year high. The day's biggest gainers were income trusts, income-trust candidates, high dividend-paying companies, and the TSX Group itself. The minority Liberal government of Paul Martin fell to a motion of no confidence on 28 November 2005. An election campaign for a 23 January 2006 election began the next day. Near the end of December, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced a criminal investigation into the leaking of news of a federal tax change for income trusts. The announcement came in the form of a letter from Zaccardelli to New Democratic Party Member of Parliament Judy Wasylycia-Leis. The RCMP came under criticism for announcing the probe during the campaign. The matter was investigated by the CPC the external review body of RCMP members' conduct. The report of the commissioner concluded that there was no evidence to suggest Zaccardelli deliberately meddled with the electoral process. The chair of the CPC judged Zaccardelli and other RCMP members having acted in an "inappropriate" manner by not cooperating with the external investigation.

Controversy over Maher Arar file.

Zaccardelli's role in the affair of computer engineer, Maher Arar had been the subject of intense speculation and controversy. Arar, a Canadian citizen who was born in Syria, was stopped at a New York airport on his way home from a vacation in September 2002. United States officials accused him of links to al-Qaeda and deported him to Syria, where he was imprisoned and tortured for months. The decision to deport Arar was said to be based on inaccurate and misleading information provided by the RCMP that suggested Arar was linked to the militants. Members of the House of Commons Committee on Public Safety and National Security have called Zaccardelli's testimony in this matter "contradictory", with Liberal MP Mark Holland saying "We've now got Mr. Zaccardelli in my opinion perjuring himself before a parliamentary committee." The contradictions were with respect to what he knew at the time and what he told government ministers. Zaccardelli resigned from his post as Commissioner on 6 December, effective 15 December 2006. Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced in the House of Commons that Zaccardelli had resigned. "Today, Commissioner Zaccardelli submitted his resignation to me and I have accepted it," Harper said. "The commissioner has indicated to me that it would be in the best interests of the RCMP to have new leadership as this great organization faces challenges in the future." Zaccardelli became the first commissioner in the history of the RCMP to be forced to resign because of controversy.  Before Zaccardelli's resignation, on September 28, 2006, he issued an apology to Arar and his family during the House of Commons committee on public safety and national security: Mr. Arar, I wish to take this opportunity to express publicly to you and to your wife and to your children how truly sorry I am for whatever part the actions of the RCMP may have contributed to the terrible injustices that you experienced and the pain that you and your family endured.  Arar thanked Commissioner Zaccardelli for his apology but lamented the lack of concrete disciplinary action against those individuals whose actions led to his detention and subsequent torture.

Controversy over RCMP's pension and insurance plans.

In March 2007, RCMP officers testified before the Public Accounts Committee that they had grave questions about the handling of the funds and that they believed senior officers were to blame. They alleged fund misappropriation and nepotism and that senior RCMP management covered up the problems. In testimony before the Committee, Zaccardelli rejected accusations that he was involved in a cover up of alleged irregularities, fraud and abuse involving the RCMP's pension and insurance plans.

Honours.

Zaccardelli was awarded the following medals and commendations during his policing career:

Giuliano Zaccardelli, (born ) is a former Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer who was the Commissioner of the RCMP from 2 September 2000 to 15 December 2006. Zaccardelli's departure from the RCMP was linked to the force's involvement in the Maher Arar Affair. He was subsequently impugned during inquiries into irregularities in the management of the RCMP's pension and insurance fund.

Giuliano Zaccardelli était le vingtième commissaire de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada, du au. Il est né à Prezza, Italie et venu au Canada à l'âge de 7 ans.


Biography.

Hankel was born on 14 February 1839 in Halle, Germany. His father, Wilhelm Gottlieb Hankel, was a physicist. Hankel studied at Nicolai Gymnasium in Leipzig before entering Leipzig University in 1857, where he studied with Moritz Drobisch, August Ferdinand Möbius and his father. In 1960, he started studying at University of Göttingen, where he acquired an interest in function theory under the tutelage of Bernhard Riemann. Following the publication of an award winning article, he proceeded to study under Karl Weierstrass and Leopold Kronecker in Berlin. He received his doctorate in 1862 at Leipzig University. Receiving his teaching qualifications a year after, he was promoted to an associate professor at Leipzig University in 1867. At the same year, he received his full professorship in University of Erlangen–Nuremberg and spent his last four years in University of Tübingen. He died on 29 August 1873 in Schramberg, near Tübingen. He was married to Marie Hankel.  In 1867, he published "Theorie der Complexen Zahlensysteme", a treatise on complex analysis. His works on the theory of functions include 1870's "Untersuchungen über die unendlich oft oscillirenden und unstetigen functionen" and his 1871 article “Grenze” for the Ersch-Gruber Encyklopädie. His work for "Mathematische Annalen" has highlighted the importance of, which were later known as Hankel functions.  His 1867 exposition on complex numbers and quaternions is particularly memorable. For example, Fischbein notes that he solved the problem of products of negative numbers by proving the following theorem: "The only multiplication in R which may be considered as an extension of the usual multiplication in R by "respecting the law of distributivity" to the left and the right is that which conforms to the rule of signs." Furthermore, Hankel draws attention to the linear algebra that Hermann Grassmann had developed in his "Extension Theory" in two publications. This was the first of many references later made to Grassmann's early insights on the nature of space.

Hermann Hankel (14 February 1839 – 29 August 1873) was a German mathematician. Having worked on mathematical analysis during his career, he is best known for introducing the Hankel transform and the Hankel matrix.

Hermann Hankel ( - ), est un mathématicien allemand. Né à Halle en 1839, il entre à l’université de Leipzig en 1857 où il étudie les mathématiques en compagnie d'August Ferdinand Möbius. Il complète ensuite ses études en devenant élève de Bernhard Riemann à l'université de Göttingen en 1860, puis l'année suivante il travaille avec Karl Weierstrass et Leopold Kronecker à Berlin. En 1862, il soutient sa thèse de doctorat intitulée "Über eine besondere Classe der symmetrischen Determinanten" (traduction : sur une classe particulière de déterminants de symétries). Il rencontre alors Hermann Grassmann. À partir de 1866, ce dernier lui détaille ses théories algébriques. Hankel est par la suite nommé professeur à l'université de Leipzig, puis à l'université de Tübingen en 1869.


Plot.

Ms. Choksondik's fourth grade class goes on a field trip to a farm, where they discover that veal is made of baby cows. The boys, apart from Cartman, are horrified and decide to save the calves from becoming veal. Stan, Kyle, and Butters attempt to convince Cartman to help them rescue the calves and bring them to Stan's house. Cartman is forced to join the others to rescue the calves with his "" Breaking and Entering play-set. When they are discovered by their parents the next morning, the boys barricade the door until they are promised the calves will be safe. Sharon refuses to lie and say they will be safe out of fear of regretting it, and Randy can not remove the door without destroying the house.  The situation quickly escalates into a standoff between the boys, who are declared terrorists, and the police. They live off some food smuggled in by Ms. Cartman, which contains meat. While most of the group eagerly eats this food, Stan does not, as his reason for doing the deed extends far beyond just protecting the calves, so he becomes a vegetarian. Cartman makes fun of this, saying "if you don't eat meat, you become a pussy." Later, Stan comes down with a strange illness, and develops sores on his face.  An FBI negotiator proves no match for Cartman's powers of manipulation, and he negotiates for guns and ammunition in return for a calf. When the boys get the guns Cartman further manipulates the negotiator for an ICBM, but unsuccessfully tries to get North and South Dakota. He gets the FDA to change the term for veal to "tortured baby cow", and negotiates for a cattle truck driven by Michael Dorn. Furthermore, Dorn is forced into full Worf makeup and must call Cartman 'Captain'. He is to drive everyone to the airport so they can escape to Mexico, despite being reluctant to do so. All of this, without handing over a single calf. The negotiator, due to easily giving to these ludicrous demands, is eventually fired.  The FBI double-crosses the boys and the calves are saved, but are rendered useless, as there is now no market for "little tortured baby cow". Stan has to go to the hospital; it turns out Cartman was correct about the results of not eating meat when Stan's doctor explains that he has vaginitis, and the sores on his face were actually vaginas, which would have turned him into a giant vagina. The episode ends with the boys, with the possible exception of Cartman, getting grounded, but not before going out with their parents for burgers.

Production.

In the DVD commentary, the creators said they wanted to balance their message of not eating baby animals, by at the same time not advocating people abstain from meat consumption altogether. Randy Marsh compares the boys to "little John Walkers." This is meant as a reference to John Walker Lindh, an American who fought for the Taliban. Michael Dorn is famous for playing Lieutenant Commander Worf on "" and "". He is portrayed in this episode wearing a sweatshirt which bears the logo of Pasadena City College, his real-life alma mater. After this episode was broadcast, Dorn revealed that he is a fan of "South Park", and would have provided his own voice for the episode had he been asked. Dorn himself is a vegan. The negotiations over the phone, the cattle truck, and most of this episode (such as the part when Cartman was standing outside the front door ordering that the men step back) was a parody of the cult classic 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon.

Home release.

"Fun with Veal", along with the sixteen other episodes from "South Park: the Complete Sixth Season", were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on October 11, 2005. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. IGN gave the season a rating of 9/10.

"Fun with Veal" is the 4th episode of the sixth season of the animated television series "South Park", and the 83rd episode of the series overall. It originally aired in the United States on Comedy Central on March 27, 2002. This episode is rated TV-MA in the United States, except on syndicated broadcasts, where the episode is censored and is rated TV-14, instead. In the episode, Stan and the boys are horrified when they find out how veal is made, they then kidnap all the baby cows from a local ranch.

Le veau, c’est rigolo ("Fun with Veal" en version originale) est le quatrième épisode de la sixième saison de la série animée "South Park", ainsi que le de l'émission.


Plot.

The book covers several periods from the life of Lazarus Long (born Woodrow Wilson Smith), an early beneficiary of a breeding experiment designed to increase mankind's natural lifespan, known as the Howard Families, after the program's initiator. The result of more a mutation than the breeding experiment, he is the oldest living human, at more than two thousand years old.  The first half of the book takes the form of several novellas connected by Lazarus's retrospective narrative. In the framing story, Lazarus has decided that life is no longer worth living, but, in what is described as a reverse "Arabian Nights" scenario, agrees not to end his life for as long as his companion, chief executive of the Howard families and descendant Ira Weatheral, will listen to his stories.

"The Tale of the Man Who Was Too Lazy to Fail".

This story concerns a 20th-century United States Navy cadet, David Lamb, who rises in the ranks while avoiding any semblance of real work or combat by applying himself enthusiastically to the principle of "constructive laziness". Shortly after telling the story Lazarus mistakenly calls David "Donald", which is intended to make the reader think that the story is fallacious, but it actually pertains to Lazarus directly.

"The Tale of the Twins Who Weren't".

Lazarus tells of his visit as an interplanetary cargo trader to a planet, where he bought a pair of slaves, brother and sister, and immediately manumitted them. Because they had no knowledge of independent living or any education, Lazarus teaches them "how to be human" during the voyage.  The two were the result of an experiment in genetic recombination in which two parent cells were separated into complementary haploid gametes and recombined into two embryos. The resulting zygotes were implanted in a woman and gestated by her, with the result that although both have the same surrogate mother and genetic parents, they are no more closely related genetically than any two people taken at random. They have been prevented from sexual relations by a chastity belt. However, having confirmed that there is no risk of genetic disease in their offspring (described as the only valid reason against incest), Lazarus solemnizes their marriage and later establishes them as the owners and operators of a thriving business. At the end of the story, he reveals that the twins looked the same age decades later and expresses his belief that they were his own descendants, from an earlier time that he had been a slave on the same planet.

"The Tale of the Adopted Daughter".

A short scene-setter introduces a planet on which Lazarus has led a group of pioneering colonists.  Lazarus, now working as a banker and shopkeeper and keeping his true age secret, saves a young girl, Dora, from a burning building and becomes her guardian. When she grows up, he marries her, and the two become founders of a new settlement, where Lazarus' long life is less likely to be noticed. They eventually manage to build a thriving community. Because Dora is not a descendant of the Howard Families, the source of their longevity, she eventually dies of old age, leaving Lazarus to mourn.

"Boondock".

At the beginning of this story, Lazarus has regained his enthusiasm for life, and the remainder of the book is told in a conventional linear manner. Accompanied by some of his descendants, Lazarus has now moved to a new planet and established a polyamorous family, with three men, three women, and a larger number of children, two of whom are female clones of Lazarus.

"Da Capo".

In the concluding tale, Lazarus attempts to travel backward in time to 1919 to experience it as an adult, but an error in calculation places Lazarus in 1916, on the eve of America's involvement in World War I. An unintentional result is that Lazarus falls in love with his own mother. To retain her esteem and that of his grandfather, Lazarus enlists in the army. Eventually, Lazarus and his mother, Maureen, consummate their mutual attraction before Lazarus leaves for the war.  In the trenches of the Western Front in France, he is mortally wounded, but he is rescued at the last moment by his future companions from the framing story and returned to his own time.

"The Notebooks of Lazarus Long".

There are also two "Intermission" sections, each some six or eight pages long, taking the form of lists of provocative phrases and aphorisms not obviously related to the main narrative. They were later published independently, with illustrations, as "The Notebooks of Lazarus Long".

Themes.

What ties most of the stories together is that they are an examination and deconstruction of incest. In the context of his "tales" Heinlein examines the morality of a variety of possible incestuous situations: from unrelated "twins", to unrelated parent-child, to distant relatives, and finally close relatives when Lazarus sleeps with his own mother. Heinlein seems to conclude that, absent genetic risk, it is not immoral at all.

Connections to other books.

Early in the story, one of the characters presents Lazarus with a number of activities that may be new (to him), to entice him into remaining alive and being restored to youth. One of the suggestions is to have his memory and consciousness transplanted into a female clone of himself, at which point Lazarus briefly remembers hearing of the events that occurred in "I Will Fear No Evil".  Later in the book, a character reports the fate of the generation ship "Vanguard", from Heinlein's "Orphans of the Sky": it was found derelict in space, but the survivors (descendants of the characters from "Orphans") have adopted a hunter-gatherer lifestyle on another planet.  From "Methuselah's Children", Lazarus offers to recount the fate of the Jockaira, but another character cuts him off, saying, "Since that lie is already in his memoirs in four conflicting versions, why should we be burdened with a fifth?" Long also reports the fate of the descendants of the Howards who chose to stay on the planet of the Little People. Some of the Little People alive at the time he returned to the planet harbored the memories of those Howards, including Mary Sperling; but Long's ship reports that "if there is a human artifact on the surface of that planet, it is less than a half meter in diameter".  Also, at one point reference is made to the burial in space of Andrew Jackson "Slipstick" Libby, co-creator of the Libby-Sheffield para-drive. Libby is the human calculator genius who first appears in the short story "Misfit". Lazarus had promised Libby to return him to his native Ozarks, which comforted Libby as he died. One hundred years later, Lazarus returns to the planet around which Libby's coffin should be in orbit but cannot find it, despite having so equipped it that he should have. He later uses this as a 'time travel calibration' check, and we find out what happened to Libby's coffin in "The Number of the Beast".  Additionally, reference is made to Doctor Pinero, the primary character from Heinlein's short story "Life-Line"; during the novel's ending one of the characters tells Lazarus that he (Lazarus) cannot die, which aligns with the fact that Pinero (who could predict the exact time of anyone's death) was supposedly unable to foresee the time of Lazarus's demise.  The history of the Howard Families and Lazarus Long also feature prominently in "The Cat Who Walks Through Walls" and "To Sail Beyond the Sunset".

Reception.

John Leonard, writing in "The New York Times", praised "Time Enough for Love" as "a great entertainment," declaring that "it doesn't matter [that] all his characters sound and behave exactly the same; it's because the man is a master of beguilement. He pulls so hard of the dugs of sentiment that disbelief is not merely suspended; it is abolished".  Theodore Sturgeon reviewed the novel favorably, citing "the fascination of watching the mind of a man whose reach always exceeds his grasp but who will never stop reaching".

Time Enough for Love is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first published in 1973. The work was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1973 and both the Hugo and Locus Awards in 1974.

Time Enough for Love (sous titre : "The lives of Lazarus Long") est un roman, ou plus précisément une "anatomie", de Robert A. Heinlein publié en 1973, et le point de départ de son cycle du "Monde comme mythe".


Television coverage.

While the telecasts in Canada were on CBC as usual, they were not "Hockey Night in Canada" productions. The games were done as a CBC Sports production because Molson, who owned "Hockey Night in Canada"'s rights at the time, was not allowed access to Le Colisée in Quebec City. Carling O'Keefe Breweries assumed advertising rights for the telecasts and the normal host(s) for "Hockey Night in Canada" in 1987, rookie Ron MacLean and Dave Hodge (before his late-season firing) were replaced by Brian Williams. Even the ice blue blazers normally worn by "Hockey Night in Canada" commentators were replaced by the orange CBC sportcoats. Don Wittman and John Davidson called the action for CBC.  The games were shown in the United States on ESPN, with Ken Wilson and Bill Clement in the booth.

Uniforms.

The NHL introduced unique All-Star uniforms to be worn for this series only. The overall design of the white jersey took its cues from the New Jersey Devils' red uniforms, with white replacing the Devils' red, orange replacing green, and black replacing white. The NHL shield was featured on the front, with two black stars to the left and right above the shield, and three additional black stars on each shoulder. The Rendez-vous '87 patch was worn on the right sleeve in lieu of the player number.  The Soviet team wore their standard red national team uniforms with white trim, with the Cyrillic СССР on the front, and team captain Viacheslav Fetisov wearing a "К" for his captain's letter. The players' names on the back, however, were romanized.

Game One – February 11, 1987.

NHL All-Stars won the game 4–3, thanks in part to the line of Wayne Gretzky, Jari Kurri and Esa Tikkanen. Dave Poulin scored the winning goal on a deflection from Mario Lemieux, but Lemieux was initially credited with the goal. On the bench, Lemieux could be seen pointing toward Poulin as the goal was announced.

Game Two – February 13, 1987.

The Soviets won the contest 5–3. This game featured the emergence of the young Soviet forward line consisting of Valeri Kamensky, Viacheslav Bykov, and Andrei Khomutov. After the game, the players on each team exchanged hockey sweaters as part of the hockey tradition.

Rendez-vous '87 was an international ice hockey series of games between the Soviet Union national ice hockey team and a team of All-Stars from the National Hockey League, held in Quebec City. It replaced the NHL's All-Star festivities for the 1986–87 NHL season. The Soviet team was paid $80,000 for their appearance in Rendez-vous '87, while the NHLers raised $350,000 for the players' pension fund.

Rendez-vous '87 est une série de deux matchs de hockey sur glace entre l'équipe de l'URSS et une sélection de joueurs de Ligue nationale de hockey d'Amérique du Nord.


History.

Rogers was named after Captain Charles Warrington Rogers, who was vice-president and general manager of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway, also known as the Frisco. The town was established in 1881, the year the Frisco line arrived; it was at this time the area residents honored Captain Rogers by naming it for him. The community was incorporated on June 6, 1881.  The number of African Americans living in Rogers is very low. In the early twentieth century Rogers was a sundown town.  In June 2007, BusinessWeek magazine ranked Rogers as 18th in its list of the 25 best affordable suburbs in the American South. And in 2010, CNN Money ranked Rogers #10 on their list of "100 Best Places to Live".

Historic commerce.

The first retail business owned by the Stroud family was a store in Pea Ridge, Arkansas, which was co-owned by Allen Bryant Stroud (1831–1914) and his son Harlan Lafayette (H.L.) Stroud (1858–1950). That business was established prior to 1879 and Allen Stroud also served as postmaster at Pea Ridge for a time. In 1884, H.L. Stroud sold his interest in the Stroud store in Pea Ridge and purchased a dry goods store at the corner of First and Walnut Streets in Rogers which he named Stroud's Mercantile.  In 1887 he brought in his brother Evan Giesen (1868–1952) to serve as manager of his new business. In 1891 H.L. Stroud moved his business into a storefront on the north side of the 100 block of Walnut Street. Stroud's continued to prosper, and in 1899 H.L. built the brick building at 114–116 West Walnut Street. Stroud's continued to be the leading retail business in Rogers up into the 1960s, when in 1962 Sam Walton opened the first location of what would become the retail giant Walmart just seven blocks away. Walton's new store combined with the nationwide movement of retail centers from aged downtowns to malls and shopping centers slowly eroded Stroud's customer base, leading the locally beloved retailer to permanently close in 1993 after 109 years in business. In 1912 the city council formed a commission of local businessmen to facilitate the paving of downtown Rogers. Despite the constant complaints of dusty and muddy streets, and the enthusiastic support of prominent citizens such as Coin Harvey, bickering over the cost and method of paving delayed the start of the project until July 1924. The downtown area was paved with concrete and overlaid with bricks in rows, changing to a basket weave pattern at the intersections of streets. The work was completed in December 1924, and the brick pavement remains today, with renovations done to the streets in 2010.

Geography.

Rogers is located at (36.329388, −94.141372). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (0.15%) is water.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by warm, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rogers has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

Rogers had a population of 55,964. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 62.0% non-Hispanic white, 1.3% non-Hispanic black, 1.0% Native American, 2.5% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.1% non-Hispanics of some other race, 3.0% from two or more races and 31.5% Hispanic or Latino.  As of the census of 2000, there were 38,829 people, 14,005 households, and 10,209 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,158.0 people per square mile (447.1/km2). There were 14,836 housing units at an average density of 442.4 per square mile (170.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.75% White, 0.47% Black or African American, 1.05% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 9.43% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. 19.29% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 14,005 households out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.21.  In the city, the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 31.5% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $40,474, and the median income for a family was $45,876. Males had a median income of $30,911 versus $22,020 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,761. About 9.4% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Human resources.

Education.

Primary and secondary education.

Rogers is home to several public and private school districts and schools including:

Higher education.

Postsecondary education within the cities' boundaries include the campuses of the University of Phoenix, Bryan College, Harding University, and John Brown University.  Other nearby schools and campuses include the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville), Northwest Arkansas Community College (Bentonville), and John Brown University (a Christian school in Siloam Springs).

Public safety.

The Rogers Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency in the city. The Rogers Fire Department is a career fire service; the Community Risk Reduction Division within RFD reviews development plans, conducts investigations, and provides fire safety education.

Culture and contemporary life.

In addition to the Rogers Commercial Historic District, Rogers has numerous properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with the oldest being the Pea Ridge National Military Park. Rogers has two shopping malls: the Frisco Station Mall and the Pinnacle Hills Promenade.

Annual cultural events.

Since 2007, Rogers has hosted the Walmart NW Arkansas Championship, a women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour. The 54-hole event is held annually at the Pinnacle Country Club in late June.  Rogers is also host to a Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure, the most widely known, largest and best-funded breast cancer organization in the United States.

Parks and recreation.

Rogers has five large sports parks, 14 neighborhood parks, an aquatic center known as "Wet Willy's", a skateboard and splash park, 26 athletic fields, an activity center, a YMCA, two lakes, five golf courses, and a trail system totaling over. The NWA Razorback Regional Greenway is a primarily off-road shared-use trail that connects the region's trail systems to various community attractions. Forester Park is home to the largest soccer program in the state.  Other recreational attractions in the surrounding area include Beaver Lake, Hobbs State Park – Conservation Area and War Eagle Mill & Cavern to the east of Rogers, as well as historical Civil War battlefield, Pea Ridge National Military Park, about 10 miles outside of Rogers.

Media.

Rogers is served by the television market of Fort Smith and Fayetteville, Arkansas. The four major television stations are KFSM (CBS), KFTA (Fox), KHOG (ABC), and KNWA (NBC).  Radio stations in the city include:  The daily newspaper in Rogers is the "Rogers Morning News", with a special "A section" dedicated to news just for Rogers and surrounding cities. The rest of the newspaper is the Northwest Arkansas edition of the "Arkansas Democrat-Gazette" (the "B section" is the regular "Democrat-Gazette" "A section," complete with front page and masthead).

Government.

Rogers operates within the mayor-city council form of government. The mayor is elected by a citywide election to serve as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the city by presiding over all city functions, policies, and ordinances. Once elected, the mayor also allocates duties to city employees. The Rogers mayoral election takes place during the United States Presidential election. Mayors serve four-year terms and can serve unlimited terms. The city council is the unicameral legislative of the City, consisting of eight city council members. Also included in the council's duties is balancing the city's budget and passing ordinances. Two city council members are elected from each of the city's four wards. Since 2011, the mayor of Rogers has been Greg Hines.

Politics.

The previous mayor, Steve Womack, won election to the United States House of Representatives in 2010 for the seat vacated by John Boozman, now a U.S. senator.

Infrastructure.

Aviation.

Rogers Municipal Airport (ROG), also known as Carter Field, is home to Walmart's air fleet. All commercial aviation, however, goes through the Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport (XNA), located about 15 miles west of Rogers in Highfill.

Utilities.

The City of Rogers' public water distribution and sanitary sewer collection systems are owned and operated by Rogers Water Utilities (RWU), which is overseen by the Rogers Water Utilities Commission. RWU purchases treated potable water from Beaver Water District, whose source is Beaver Lake. RWU served a retail population of 70878 as of 2019, making it one of the largest water utilities in the state. Wastewater is collected and treated at the Rogers Pollution Control Facility on the west side of the city.

Rogers is a city in Benton County, Arkansas. Located in the Ozarks, it is part of the Northwest Arkansas region, one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country. Rogers was the location of the first Walmart store, whose corporate headquarters is located in neighboring Bentonville. Daisy Outdoor Products, known for its air rifles, has both its headquarters and its Airgun Museum in Rogers.

La ville de Rogers est située dans le comté de Benton, dans l’État d’Arkansas, aux États-Unis. La ville est célèbre pour avoir abrité le tout premier discount store Wal-Mart (devenu la plus grande chaîne de grande distribution), magasin ouvert le. Elle dispose d'un aéroport municipal.


Club career.

Køge BK.

Born in Køge, Sjælland, Ankergren started playing youth football with Solrød FC, before moving on to Køge BK in the Danish 1st Division, and represented Denmark at various youth levels. He made a good display in a pre-season friendly against many-times Danish champions Brøndby IF, and was rumoured to be joining that club in April 2000. He signed a contract with Brøndby in May 2000, initially sending him on loan back at Køge.

Brøndby IF.

He eventually joined Brøndby IF in the top-flight Danish Superliga championship in January 2001. He made his debut in October 2001, and therefore played only one match as Brøndby won the 2001–02 Superliga title. Ankergren got his breakthrough with Brøndby following the retirement of club legend Mogens Krogh in December 2002. He played all 15 Brøndby matches in the second half of the 2002–03 season, and helped the club win the 2003 Danish Cup.  For the 2003–04 season, Brøndby bought goalkeeper Karim Zaza who became their first choice, leaving Ankergren to spend the season as back-up keeper, playing only one match. At the start of the 2004–05 season, Zaza suffered an injury and Ankergren played the entire season as Brøndby's starting goalkeeper, even after Zaza had recovered. Ankergren finished the season setting a league record 18 clean sheets in 32 matches, and helped Brøndby win the Double of both the 2004–05 Superliga and 2005 Danish Cup titles.  He started the 2005–06 season in the Brøndby goal, but at the winter interval, Zaza was once again selected as first choice keeper. However, Zaza left the club in the summer of 2006 and Ankergren signed a new three-year contract. Brøndby had a disappointing start to the 2006–07 season, sitting in seventh place at the winter break. However, Ankergren was called up to the Denmark national team by national manager Morten Olsen in October 2006, where he served as a back-up goalkeeper for Jesper Christiansen. When Brøndby bought former Danish international goalkeeper Stephan Andersen, Ankergren announced his decision to leave the club.

Leeds United.

In January 2007, he signed a loan with English club Leeds United. who were battling relegation in the Championship. He signed for the remainder of the 2006–07 Football League season, with an option for Leeds to buy him at a fixed transfer fee at the end of the season. Ankergren established himself as a firm favourite with the Leeds fans and displaced Neil Sullivan, Tony Warner and Graham Stack, putting in a number of matchwinning saves and performances. His popularity was further increased during the 1–0 victory over Luton Town when he made his second save from a penalty kick since joining Leeds. An injury temporarily forced him out of the team with another Leeds loanee goalkeeper Graham Stack taking his place, although Ankergen reclaimed his place in the team once he regained match fitness. He soon made it publicly known that he wanted to continue his stay at Leeds past his loan spell, and Leeds' manager Dennis Wise stated he wanted to keep Ankergen at the club.  He transferred to Leeds for an undisclosed fee from Brøndby, signing a three-year contract on 6 August 2007. Ankergen was Leeds' first choice goalkeeper in the 2007–08 season. On 8 October 2007, he was named League One Player of the Month for September due to his great goalkeeping displays. In the first 18 matches of the season, he kept 10 clean sheets and retained the number one jersey for a further 23 matches. He played in Leeds' first match at the new Wembley Stadium, the 1–0 2008 League One play-off Final defeat to Doncaster Rovers. He pulled off a string of impressive one-handed saves to keep his team in the match.  He took part in Leeds' pre-season tour of Ireland for the 2008–09 season but was rested on occasions to give understudies David Lucas and Alan Martin first team goalkeeping experience. He started the first four matches of the full season but failed to keep a clean sheet as his team conceded six goals. He was dropped for the League Cup tie against Crystal Palace in favour of Lucas, which Leeds went on to win 4–0, and missed out in the subsequent 2–2 draw with Bristol Rovers. He was also dropped for the 5–2 win over Crewe Alexandra again in favour of Lucas, but returned to being first choice keeper under new manager Simon Grayson.  At the start of the 2009/10 season, Ankergren was Leeds' number two goalkeeper behind Shane Higgs. Ankergren made his first appearance of the season coming on as a substitute for Higgs who suffered an injury during the match against Milton Keynes Dons, opening the door for Ankergren to start a few matches after Higgs was ruled out with a thigh injury. Leeds signed goalkeeper Frank Fielding as backup to Ankergren whilst Higgs was injured. Ankergen made his first start of the season against Carlisle United. He started a second successive match with Higgs still out and he kept a clean sheet in the match against Charlton Athletic. He continued to deputise for the injured Higgs and played 11 matches in all competitions with six clean sheets. New loan signing David Martin came into the team for the Football League Trophy match against Accrington Stanley with Ankergren dropping to the bench, but he returned to the starting line-up against Southampton and kept another clean sheet. With Higgs' injury more serious than originally thought, Ankergren has been given an extended run of matches.  On 3 January 2010 Ankergen made several important saves for Leeds in their 1–0 FA Cup victory against Premier League champions Manchester United at Old Trafford, particularly from Wayne Rooney and Danny Welbeck shots. The following matches for Leeds saw a slump in form with Leeds drawing against Wycombe Wanderers and losing against Exeter City and Carlisle United. Ankergren had a fine match for Leeds in the FA Cup match against Tottenham Hotspur on 23 January 2010. Ankergen saved a first half penalty from Jermain Defoe, and also pulled off a string of fine saves as Leeds earned a replay with a 2–2 draw.  On 3 February 2010 Ankergren put in an impressive performance after making several impressive saves against Tottenham in the FA Cup despite Leeds losing 3–1. Ankergren was involved in a penalty shoot-out for Leeds, but was unable to save a penalty for Leeds in the Football League Trophy Northern Area final second leg against Carlisle as Leeds were knocked out of the tournament after losing 6–5 in the shootout.  After Leeds' number one goalkeeper Higgs returned from a long injury lay-off in a match against Norwich City, Ankergren dropped back to the substitutes bench. Leeds were promoted to the Championship after finishing in second place. It was announced on 14 May 2010 that Ankergren would not be offered a new deal at Leeds and that he was free to find a new club. Ankergren was replaced at Leeds by a fellow Dane Kasper Schmeichel who signed a deal two weeks after Ankergren was released.

Brighton & Hove Albion.

On 6 August 2010, Ankergren signed for his former Leeds assistant manager Gus Poyet at Brighton. Ankergren made his Brighton debut the following day, in Brighton's opening match of the season 2–1 win over Swindon Town. He started well at Brighton, winning the League One Player of the Month for September 2010. He won the award again in March 2011, keeping five clean sheets in eight matches. On 12 April 2011, he helped Brighton gain promotion to the Championship after a 4–3 win over Dagenham & Redbridge.  At the end of the 2016–17 season, he retired from playing and became the assistant first team goalkeeping coach.

International career.

While at Køge, Ankergren played his first youth football for Denmark, making his debut for the under-17s in August 1995. He played three matches for the under-21s, but found himself the reserve of Rune Pedersen and eventually Stephan Andersen. While at Brøndby, he served as sparring partner in various Danish national team training sessions around 2003. In October 2006, he received a call-up to the Denmark national team by manager Morten Olsen, as a replacement for injured Thomas Sørensen, but was an unused substitute in the match, and has not featured in a Danish squad since.  In January 2006 and January 2007, he played unofficial international matches with the Denmark League XI national football team.

Honours.

Brighton & Hove Albion  Individual

Casper Ankergren (; born 9 November 1979) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is now the 1st team assistant goalkeeping coach Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion. He played three matches for the Denmark national under-21 team.

Casper Ankergren est un footballeur danois né le 9 novembre 1979 à Høje-Taastrup. Il joue comme gardien de but pour le Brighton and Hove Albion FC (D3).


Name.

In Serbian, the town is known as "Kladovo" (Кладово), in Romanian "Cladova", in German as "Kladowo" or "Kladovo" and in Latin and Romanised Greek as "Zanes". In the time of the Roman Empire, the name of the town was "Zanes" while the fortifications was known as "Diana" and "Pontes" (from Greek "sea" -"pontos", or Roman "bridge" - "pontem"). Emperor Trajan had a number of fortications constructed in the area during the Roman times, such as the well-known Trajan's Bridge (Pontes was built on the Serbian side, Theodora was built on the Romanian side). Later, Slavs founded a settlement that was named "Novi Grad" (Нови Град), while Ottomans built a fortress here and called it "Fethülislam". The present-day name of Kladovo is first recorded in 1596 in an Austrian military document.  There are several theories about the origin of the current name of the town:  There is a settlement with the same name in Russia near Moscow and it is believed that this settlement was founded by Serbs who moved there from Serbian Kladovo in the 18th century. One of the suburbs of Berlin also has this name, which originates from the Slavic Lusatian Serbs (Sorbs) who live in eastern Germany.  The name is also found in the Arad and Timiș counties of Romania, Cladova, in Arad county, Cladova in Timiș county

Geography.

East of the town are the sandy region of "Kladovski Peščar", black locust forests and a marshy area of Kladovski Rit which used to be a large fish pond. It is home for 140 species of birds, of which 80 are nesting in the area. There are mixed colonies of pygmy cormorants and herons, while other birds include swans, white-tailed eagles, European bee-eaters, numerous ducks, etc. Surrounding area is a hunting ground for wild boars. Neighboring geographical localities, like Osojna and Lolićeva Česma, are popular local excursion areas.

History.

Early Bronze Age pottery of the Kostolac-Kocofeni culture was found in Donje Butorke, Kladovo, as well as several miniature duck-shaped vases of 14th century BC in Mala Vrbica and Korbovo. Bronze Age necropolis with rituals, pottery (decorated with meander) and other significant archaeological items were found in Korbovo.  In ancient times, a fortification near Trajan's bridge named "Zanes/Pontes" existed at this location, the area was governed by the Dacian Albocense tribe. In the Middle Ages, the Slavs founded here new town named "Novi Grad" (Нови Град), but it was razed by the Hungarians in 1502. It was rebuilt in 1524 by the Ottomans and received new name: "Fethi Islam" ("Fethülislam"). According to Ottoman traveler, Evliya Chelebi, who visited the town in 1666, most of its inhabitants spoke local Slavic language and Turkish language, while some also spoke Vlach. In 1784, the population of Kladovo numbered 140 Muslim and 50 Christian houses.  From 1929 to 1941, Kladovo was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Settlements.

Aside from the town of Kladovo, the municipality includes the following settlements:

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 20,635 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups.

The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Economy.

The main business are the hydro-electric power plants of Đerdap: Iron Gate I and Iron Gate II. Other businesses began primarily to support the building and operation of the power plant, and the local folk.  The population of the villages around Kladovo is mostly supported by the family members who work as guest-workers in the countries of western Europe, agriculture is a side activity more than an income-generating one.  The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Features.

Kladovo has one hospital, two daycare and kindergarten centers, one elementary school (grades 1 through 8), one high school and several vocational schools.  Though the river Danube is very polluted by international standards, many people still fish in it. Before the power plant was built, sturgeon caviar from this area was very popular and was exported as a delicacy to the western Europe and the United States. In the 1960s, up to 3 tons of caviar yearly was exported from Kladovo. Record catch from that period is a heavy sturgeon with of the roe in it. However, the records from the past, dated in 1793, report of the sturgeon which had. The specificity of the Kladovo's caviar was that the roe gets "ripe" enough during the long journey of the fish from the Black Sea upstream the Danube. Also, roe was turned into the caviar using the dry method.  The nearby archeological sites include the remnants of Roman Emperor Trajan's bridge, one of many Trajan's tables, remnants of Trajan's road through the Danube's Iron Gates, and the Roman fortress Diana.  The Trajan's Bridge is located 5 km downstream from Kladovo. It had 20 pillars and was 1,200 m long. Trajan's successor Hadrian partially demolished it to prevent the raids of the Dacians and the bridge was later neglected. The bridge is depicted in a relief on the Trajan's Column in Rome. Until the 16th century, it was the largest bridge ever built. The 20 pillars were still visible in 1856, when the level of the Danube hit a record low. In 1906, the Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation. In 1932, there were 16 pillars remaining underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archaeologists; the other four had probably been swept away by water. Only the entrance pillars are now visible on either bank of the Danube.  When the artificial Đerdap Lake was formed from 1967-72 as a result of the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station. The lake inundated the old Roman road along the coast and the only remaining part of the old path is the Tabula Traiana, a Roman memorial plaque, which was elevated for 25 m. The process of lifting the table (4 m x 1.75 m) lasted from 1966 to 1969, today is several meters above the lake level and is observable only from the lake.  Remains of the fortress Diana are located 2 km downstream of the Iron Gate I. Diana is one of the largest and best preserved Roman forts on this section of the Danubian Limes. It was built by the emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century BC and was destroyed by the joint attack of the Slavs and Pannonian Avars in the 6th century.  During the Ottoman occupation of the Balkan peninsula a fortress was built near the town. It was named Fetislam (originally "Feht-ul-Islam" meaning "gate of Islam") and it is located upstream of Kladovo's downtown. Construction began in 1524 and the present look of Fetislam dates from the period of Suleiman the Magnificent in the mid 16th century. The construction was supervised by Malkoçoğlu Balı Bey, while the architect was Osman Pasha. It consists of "Big Town" and "Little Town", which represent two levels of the fortress' defense. It was very important for the Ottomans as, due to its location, domineered the Iron Gate gorge. Fetislam has round, two-storeys high towers. The rectangular cannon fortification with six round bastions, Fetislam became important military structure up to the end of World War I. It was damaged in World War II and by the neglect after the war. In 1968 conversion into the sport complex slowly began and it was partially renovated in 1973, including the amphitheater. The fortress was endangered with the rise of the Danube water level with the construction of the massive Iron Gate dam. Today, it contains children's playgrounds, track and soccer fields, handball, volleyball and tennis courts.  The Đerdap national park offers scenic views, excellent hunting grounds, and many trails for hiking (most trails are not well marked or maintained, so hiking is recommended only for the experienced).  The town has two hotels: "Đerdap" and "Aquastar Danube". Nearby the city (8 km on the road to Belgrade) there is a youth camp named "Karataš" (Turkish "kara-tash" for "black stone") which can host some of the visiting tourists. Kladovo has many cafés and restaurants, some offering live music entertainment late into the night. The town's quay stretches about along the Danube river and is used for walking and cycling.  Kladovo has a beach, Đerdap Archaeology Museum, Orthodox Church of Saint George and a pedestrian zone ("Kladovo Skadarlija"). Kladovo is on the European bicycle path and in 2016 about 16,000 cyclists passed through the town. As of 2017, the bus line Belgrade-Kladovo was the only one in Serbia which had bicycle carriers on the buses. The neighboring villages of Tekija and Brza Palanka also arranged beaches on the river. Other touristic attractions include the organized visits to the Iron Gate I power plant, local cuisine and the surrounding wine region between Kladovo and Negotin, the Negotin Krajina. In the 19th century, the wine produced here was shipped to Belgrade, Novi Sad, Budapest, Vienna, etc.  The public market was open in 1586, when the Ottomans moved the seat of nahiyah to Fetislam tower. In the mid-19th century, it was recorded that the market is open on Saturdays. In the mid-20th century, the market was equipped with the concrete market stalls, receiving little maintenance until 2019, when more extensive renovation works begun.

Notable residents.

Born in Kladovo municipality: Temporary residents:

Kladovo (, ) is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of eastern Serbia. It is situated on the right bank of the Danube river. The population of the town is 8,913, while the population of the municipality is 20,635 (2011 census).

Kladovo (en serbe cyrillique : ; en roumain : Cladova) est une ville et une municipalité de Serbie situées sur la rive droite du Danube. Au recensement de 2011, la ville comptait habitants et la municipalité dont elle est le centre.


Biography.

Salem Chaker was born in 1950 in Nevers, France. In a family from Ait Iraten tribe of Kabylia. He studied at the University of Provence, then in Paris Descartes University where he received his "Doctorat de troisième cycle" in 1973 and a "Doctorat d'Etat" in 1978. After an early career in the Faculty of Letters of Algiers and CRAPE ("Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques Préhistoriques et Ethnologiques") from 1973 to 1981, he joins University of Provence serving as an associate professor of Berber Language from 1981 to 1983, and CNRS from 1984 to 1989 where he continued his research activities in the laboratory LAPMO ("Laboratoire d'anthropologie et de préhistoire de la Méditerranée occidentale") founded and directed by Gabriel Camps. From 1989 to 2008, he worked as a Berber Language Professor at "Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales" (""Langues'O"") in Paris, where he created in 1990 "Centre de Recherche Berbère" (Berber Research Center) he directed until the end of 2009. He is currently Professor of Berber language at the Aix-Marseille University where he is also a research associate at Iremam ("Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman").

Encyclopédie berbère.

His involvement in the "Encyclopédie berbère" dates back to the launching phase of the project by Gabriel Camps in 1970, when he was still a student at the University of Provence. The founding team comprising only pre-historians and ethnologists, Gabriel asked him to invest in the linguistic field. Thus appeared his first contribution to the Encyclopedie, in Fascicle 1, dated 1970, of the provisional edition with restricted diffusion. It was also his first scientific text, while he was still studying linguistics. He started publishing regularly entries in the provisional edition, then in the final edition from 1984. At the launch of the final edition, he officially became a scientific advisor for linguistics. When Camps retired in 1992, he asked him to ensure the succession of the Encyclopédie berbère in case of default. Salem Chaker has been in charge of the "Encyclopédie" since the death of G. Camps in September 2002.

Salem Chaker (born 1950 in Nevers) is an Algerian Berberologist. He's a specialist in Berber linguistics (syntax, diachrony, sociolinguistics). He is recognized as the "dean" of modern Berber studies.

Salem Chaker (né en 1950 à Nevers), est un universitaire algérien, docteur en lettres, spécialiste de linguistique berbère, professeur de langue berbère à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille.


Biography.

In 1915, Leonard Wibberley was born in Dublin, the youngest of six children. His family moved to Cork and, until the age of eight, he was educated in Irish at Ring College, Waterford, Ireland. After moving to England, he attended Abbey House, Romsey, Hampshire and then Cardinal Vaughan's Memorial School in London. His father, Thomas Wibberley, FRSA, Professor of Agricultural Research, University College, Cork (one of the three constituents of the National University of Ireland) and Queen's University Belfast, was an experimental agronomist. He wrote several books contending his methods and inventions would allow the UK, absent empire, to feed itself (see "Farming on Factory Lines: continuous cropping for the large farmer" [London, 1919]). In 1921, the elder Wibberley was made a Fellow of the Linnean Society. Leonard's second name, "Patrick", was his confirmation name; his third, which he used as one of several "noms de plume", was his matronymic, from his school-teacher mother, Shinaid O'Connor". On his father's death, Wibberley began a long career in newspapers, in London, as copy boy for the "Sunday Dispatch" (1931–32), then reporter for the "Sunday Express" (1932–34) and "Daily Mirror" (London, 1934–36), and was also assistant London editor for the "Malayan Straits Times" and the "Singapore Free Press". He then emigrated for Trinidad, where he held several jobs, first, briefly, as editor of the Trinidad "Evening News" (1936), thereafter as an oilfield worker for Trinidad Leaseholds Ltd (1936–43), before immigrating to New York City in 1943. There he was initially employed by Walsh Kaiser Shipyards, but soon found important jobs in journalism again, as Cable Dispatch Editor for the "Associated Press" (New York City) during the war years of 1943–44 and New York Correspondent and Bureau Chief for the London "Evening News" (1944–46).  In 1947 Wibberley moved permanently to California, working in newspapers, first (1947) as city editor of the "Turlock Daily Journal", then as editor of the "Independent Journal," San Rafael (1947–49), next as copy editor then reporter, for the "Los Angeles Times" (1950–54). While working for the "Times" he began his novel-writing career. At age 37, he published his first novel,"The King's Beard" (1952). Leaving the newspaper business, he settled permanently in Hermosa Beach, California, as a full-time author, publishing 100 more books, at a rate of at least one a year and averaging more than three. Many were with three publishers: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; William Morrow; Dodd, Mead and Company. The best-known of Wibberley's books, "The Mouse that Roared", was kept in print for some time by Bantam Books and then Four Walls Eight Windows.

Personal life.

Wibberley took part in plays, did local radio readings and wrote a weekly syndicated column for the "San Francisco Chronicle", 'The Wibberley Papers'. His writing activities included unpublished and uncompleted projects, such as an unfinished 1958 collaboration with his friend Rosalind Russell on a musical script adaptation from his "McGillicuddy McGotham", titled "Little Mac" (note picture above). His two marriages, in Trinidad with Olga Morton-Gittens, and in California with Hazel Holton, produced seven children, including film writer Cormac Wibberley among six by the latter.

Death.

Wibberley died of a heart attack in Santa Monica, California, aged 68, on 22 November 1983.

Legacy.

Wibberley donated manuscripts and proofs of many of his works to The Leonard Wibberley Archive of the library collections of the University of Southern California, where they are available, but not online.  In 1993, Borgo Press published a posthumous book of his last short writings.

Leonard Patrick O'Connor Wibberley (9 April 1915 – 22 November 1983), who also published under the name Patrick O'Connor, among others, was a prolific and versatile Irish author who spent most of his life in the United States. Wibberley, who published more than 100 books, is perhaps best known for five satirical novels about an imaginary country Grand Fenwick, particularly "The Mouse That Roared" (1955).

Leonard Wibberley, né le à Dublin et mort le à Santa Monica, Californie, est un romancier et un auteur irlandais de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse, ayant vécu la plus grande partie de sa vie aux États-Unis. Il a également publié d'autres ouvrages pour la jeunesse sous les signatures de Patrick O'Connor, ou encore, Christopher Webb, ainsi que des romans policiers sous le pseudonyme de Leonard Holton.


Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Biography.

Born in Weimar, he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach (Ernest Augustus II), and Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.  His father died when he was only nine months old (28 May 1758), and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, Christoph Martin Wieland was appointed his tutor. In 1774 the poet Karl Ludwig von Knebel came to Weimar as tutor to his brother, the young Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin, and in the same year the two princes set out, with Count Görtz and Knebel, for Paris. At Frankfurt, Knebel introduced Karl August to the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.  In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste, daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.  One of the first acts of the young duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar, and in 1776 he was made a member of the privy council. “People of discernment,” the duke said, “congratulate me on possessing this man. His intellect, his genius is known. It makes no difference if the world is offended because I have made Dr Goethe a member of my most important collegium without his having passed through the stages of minor official professor and councillor of state.” The, a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe and the foundation of the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School and encouraging Weimar Classicism. Critics praised his judgment in painting; biologists found in him an expert in anatomy.  His aim was to educate his people to work out their own political and social salvation, the object of education being in his view, as he explained later to the dismay of Metternich and his school, to help men to independence of judgment. To this end Herder was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system and the University of Jena attained the zenith of its fame under his rule. Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany.  Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an influence out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of the Holy Roman Empire, and began to work for the unity of Germany. The plans of Emperor Joseph II, which threatened to absorb a great part of Germany into the heterogeneous Habsburg monarchy, threw him into the arms of Prussia, and he was the prime mover in the establishment of the league of princes (") in 1785, by which, under the leadership of Frederick the Great, Joseph's intrigues were frustrated. He was, however, under no illusion as to the power of Austria, and he refused the offer of the Hungarian crown, made to him in 1787 by Prussia at the instance of the Magyar malcontents, with the dry remark that he had no desire to be another Winter King. In 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz (14 September) and Kaiserslautern (28–30 November). After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of the powers, he resigned, but rejoined on the accession of his friend King Frederick William III to the Prussian throne. The disastrous campaign of Jena (1806) followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, and Karl August, to prevent the confiscation of his territories, was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine. From this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on the French side in all Napoleon's wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition, and at the beginning of 1814 took command of a corps of 30,000 men operating in the Netherlands.  At the Congress of Vienna (1815) Karl August was present in person and protested vainly against the narrow policy of the powers in confining their debates to the rights of the princes to the exclusion of the rights of the people. His services in the war of liberation were rewarded with an extension of territory and the title of grand duke ('), but his liberal attitude had already made him suspect, and his subsequent action brought him still further into confrontation with the reactionary powers. He was the first of the German princes to grant a liberal constitution to his state under Article XIII of the Act of Confederation (5 May 1816) and his concession of liberty to the press made Weimar for a while the focus of journalistic agitation against the existing order. Metternich dubbed him contemptuously'for his patronage of the revolutionary, and the celebrated festival held at the Wartburg by his permission in 1818, though in effect the mildest of political demonstrations, brought down upon him the wrath of the great powers. The grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. The liberty of the press was again restricted in the grand duchy, but, thanks to the good understanding between the grand duke and his people, the regime of the Carlsbad Decrees pressed less heavily upon Weimar than upon other German states.  Karl August died at Graditz, near Torgau, in 1828. Karl von Dalberg, the prince-primate, who owed the co-adjutorship of Mainz to the duke's friendship, said that he had never met a prince with so much understanding, character, frankness and true-heartedness; the Milanese, when he visited their city, called him the ", and Goethe himself said of him that “he had the gift of discriminating intellects and characters and setting each one in his place. He was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine. He would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings.... Everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself.” Karl August's correspondence with Goethe was published in 2 vols. at Weimar in 1863.  He left two surviving sons: Karl Frederick, by whom he was succeeded, and Karl Bernhard, a soldier, who, after the Congress of Vienna, became colonel of a regiment in the service of the King of the Netherlands, served as commander of the Dutch troops in the Belgian campaign of 1830 (the Ten Days' Campaign), and from 1847 to 1850 held the command of the forces in the Dutch East Indies. Bernhard's son, William Augustus Edward, known as Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar (1823–1902), entered the British army and ended his career as a field marshal.  Karl August's only surviving daughter, Caroline Louise, married Frederick Ludwig, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was the mother of Helene (1814–1858), wife of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, eldest son of Louis Philippe I, King of France.

Children.

Karl August and Luise Auguste had seven children:  In addition, Karl August acknowledged five children by him born out of wedlock:

Karl August, sometimes anglicised as Charles Augustus (3 September 1757 – 14 June 1828), was the sovereign Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach (in personal union) from 1758, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from its creation (as a political union) in 1809, and grand duke from 1815 until his death. He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court.

Charles-Auguste ( Weimar, –, ) est un prince allemand de la branche ernestine de la maison de Wettin. Duc de Saxe-Weimar et de Saxe-Eisenach de 1758 à 1809, puis duc de Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach après l'unification de ces deux duchés, il a été élevé au rang de grand-duc en 1815. Il a joué un rôle majeur dans le rayonnement de la cour de Weimar, où il a accueilli Goethe et encouragé les arts en finançant notamment l'École princière de dessin de Weimar.


History.

The tug of war between armour and projectiles had been developing for a long while among naval vessels, since the advent of the Ironclad. It wasn't until soldiers met armoured vehicles that the conflict of infantry firearms and armour began. The introduction of armoured cars and tanks resulted in the development of the first anti-tank weapons, among the first of which were high-powered rifles. These had appeared in the 19th century for big-game hunting. The anti-tank rifle followed the same route: a large bullet with a high velocity and the ability to penetrate armour.

World War I.

The first tanks, beginning with the British Mark I launched against the German trenches in World War I, were nearly impregnable to ordinary rifle fire. Most armoured cars were similarly protected, but troops rarely faced armoured cars, as they could not navigate the landscape of trench warfare very well. Though tanks and armoured cars were vulnerable to artillery, mortars, and grenades, infantry was at a significant disadvantage when facing armoured fighting vehicles since they had no effective direct fire weapon, with the exception of the ubiquitous trench mortar, improvised on the spot. In the direct fire mode, this weapon was manhandled by German infantry over the front of a trench wall and fired at low angles by eye at approaching enemy vehicles. Though somewhat effective, these actions were obviously very hazardous to any desperate mortar crew as their exposure could attract enemy fire.  The first attempt at boosting penetrating power was the so-called'reversed bullet'. This used the same cartridge and bullet as the regular round, but the bullet was "reversed" and an increased propelling charge was used. The next development was a special armour-piercing bullet, the K bullet (in German "Patrone SmK Kurz 7.92 mm"), which could also be fired from the regular infantry rifle. It had an increased propelling charge and a steel core bullet. This had about a 30% chance of penetrating the 8 mm armour of contemporary tanks if it struck the armour at a perpendicular angle.  Both types had their specific advantages and disadvantages: for example, the K bullet was more expensive to produce and therefore was generally only issued to snipers and other advanced marksmen who could use it more effectively; the ordinary infantryman had to make do with reversed bullets, which were far less effective and had to be used in closer proximity to the target. In addition, both types of round damaged the rifles due to the higher propellant load and the resulting higher muzzle velocities and pressures: firstly, service life of the rifle barrel was decreased significantly because of the increased wear. Secondly, the higher pressure created in the chamber could jam the bolt, leading to the extractor claw failing to extract the cartridge and only breaking off the cartridge rim, leaving it stuck in the chamber. The strain of firing the increased charge could also burst the chamber of weaker and older rifles, at best destroying the rifle and at worst injuring or killing the rifleman. For these reasons, the K bullet and reversed bullet were not popular with the troops. Nevertheless, it gave the infantry a chance to stop a tank in an emergency, or at least injure or kill some of the crew if a bullet penetrated.  Even as the rounds were introduced, tanks were being designed and built with thicker armour rendering these rounds largely ineffective, though they remained in use against the older designs and armoured cars. Hence, a purpose-built weapon was required to counter the newer tanks.  The first purposely-designed infantry anti-tank rifle was designed by Germany. The Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr large-calibre (13.2 mm) rifle was capable of penetrating the armour of the newer generations of tanks and allowed a chance at stopping them. The high recoil of the rifle was very hard on the firer, sometimes breaking the collar bone or dislocating the shoulder. Although the rifle was unique to its role, it was a development of the Mauser rifles and high-powered British sporting rifles that had preceded it. The 13.2 x 92 mm (0.538 in) cartridge was not unusual either, as some 0.50-inch firearms have already been fielded in land warfare with the relatively new and more powerful (as compared to black powder) smokeless powders of the era.  At the same time, in the US, a half-inch high velocity round was being developed for use against aircraft. It would be used with the Browning-designed.50 calibre machine gun. This round was based on current US.30-06 calibre infantry ammunition. When word of the German anti-tank shell spread, there was some debate as to if it should be copied and used as a base for the new machine gun cartridge. However, after some analysis the German ammunition was ruled out, as its performance was inferior to the modified Springfield.30-06 round and was semi-rimmed, making it difficult to feed into an automatic weapon. The Browning M2.50 cal machine gun would, however, go on to function as an anti-armour machine gun.

World War II.

At the start of World War II, only some European nations had an anti-tank rifle based on a high-velocity, large-calibre round, such as the British Boys anti-tank Rifle. The first combat use of anti-tank rifles took place during the invasion of Poland of 1939. The Wz. 35 anti-tank rifle was extensively used by most Polish units. The Wz. 35 with 7.92 mm anti-tank rifle ammunition was a very effective weapon against all German tanks of the period (the Panzer I, II and III, as well as the Czechoslovak-made LT-35 and LT-38). At up to, it could destroy all lightly armoured vehicles. It could penetrate of armour, sloped at 30° at distance, or of armour at.  Later, as armour became thicker on newer models, the effectiveness of a man-portable rifle lessened. This was particularly true in Malaya, where the light Japanese tanks specially configured for jungle conflict rode roughshod over British forces supplied with the Boys anti-tank rifle. At first small cannons up to 20mm calibre were used, but the anti-tank role soon required more powerful weapons which were based on the application of chemical energy in the form of the shaped charge anti-tank rifle grenade. To these were added rocket launchers such as the bazooka, recoilless rifles such as the Panzerfaust, and rocket-propelled grenades — some anti-armour successes were achieved with heavy-calibre autocannon by the Luftwaffe, especially with the "Bordkanone" BK 3,7 autocannon, mounted in twin gun pods against Soviet armour on the Eastern Front. Some anti-tank rifles, like the Finnish L-39, were still used by snipers to harass the enemy, like firing phosphorus bullets at tanks' open hatches, or to smoke an enemy sniper out of his position.

Korean War.

The Soviet PTRS-41 and PTRD of World War II vintage were used by North Korean and Chinese forces during the Korean War as they lacked more modern infantry anti-tank weapons.

Cold War.

Although retaining many of the technical characteristics of the anti-tank rifles, the Cold War era weapons are only conceptual descendants of anti-tank weapons wielded by the Second World War infantry, and both large-calibre sniper rifles and anti-materiel rifles owe only some part of their design heritage to them.  Although no longer capable of penetrating even the side armour of modern main battle tanks, they are capable of causing serious damage to their external fittings such as periscopes, optics, sensors, tank treads, and machine guns. They are also useful in disabling or even destroying lesser armoured rear units and support vehicles, helicopters, low-flying UAVs and personnel.

Selected anti-tank rifles.

Some examples of anti-tank rifles include:

An anti-tank rifle is an anti-materiel rifle designed to penetrate the armour of armoured fighting vehicles, particularly tanks. The usefulness of rifles for this purpose ran from the introduction of tanks in World War I until the Korean War. While medium and heavy tank armour became too thick to be penetrated by rigid projectiles from rifles that could be carried by a single soldier, anti-tank rifles continued to be used against other "soft" targets, though recoilless rifles and rocket-propelled grenades such as the bazooka were also introduced for infantry close-layer defense against tanks.

Le fusil antichar est une arme à feu, tirant au coup par coup, assez légère pour être portée par un seul soldat, et conçue pour détruire des véhicules blindés. La haute vélocité de la balle à la sortie du canon lui permet de percer le blindage de chars légers ou d'automitrailleuses.


Cultivation.

It is a dioecious tropical tree that grows well in a diversity of soil, from the sea level to the 2,400 feet above sea level. Seed trees are normally planted 30 or 45 feet from each other; this one can be planted from 25 to 30 feet from each other. It needs a good distribution of rainfall through the year. Trees that were planted by seeds could take 6 or 7 years to give out fruit, but trees that were propagated by cuttings produce fruit in 3 or 4 years. It is a very productive tree.  The fact that fruits vary greatly – in shape, color, hairiness and taste – suggests that there is a great deal of genetic variation in the plant. Seedless cultivars exist, and are highly favored since in the normal varieties the large seeds occupy a considerable volume of the fruit.

Timber.

Kamagong timber is extremely dense and hard and is famous for its dark color. Like many other very hard woods, it is sometimes called "iron wood" because its wood is iron-like and nearly unbreakable.  Finished products from kamagong wood, such as fine furniture and decoratives can be exported provided that they are properly documented and approved by the Customs authorities. Kamagong is also popular for martial arts training implements such as bokkens and eskrima sticks.

Secondary metabolites.

The leaves of velvet apple trees have been shown to contain isoarborinol methyl ether (also called cylindrin) and fatty esters of α- and β-amyrin. Both isoarborinol methyl ether and the amyrin mixture demonstrated antimicrobial activity against "Escherichia coli", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Candida albicans", "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Trichophyton mentagrophytes". Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties have also been shown for the isolated amyrin mixture.

Governance.

It is an endangered tree species and protected by Philippine law - it is illegal to export kamagong timber from the country without special permission from the Bureau of Forestry, Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Diospyros discolor (commonly known as velvet apple, velvet persimmon, kamagong, or mabolo tree) is a tree of the genus "Diospyros" of ebony trees and persimmons. Its edible fruit has a skin covered in a fine, velvety fur which is usually reddish-brown, and soft, creamy, pink flesh, with a taste and aroma comparable to a peach. It is indigenous to the Philippines, where "kamagong" usually refers to the entire tree, and "mabolo" or "tálang" is applied to the fruit.

Le Mabolo, Caca de chat ou Butter fruit (anglais), ou de son nom scientifique Diospyros blancoi, est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des "Ebenaceae", originaire de la forêt tropicale humide des Philippines où le mot "kamagong"se réfère généralement à l'arbre tout entier, et "mabolo " à ses seuls fruits. L'arbre et/ou son fruit sont ailleurs aussi appelés camagon, mabola-tree, mabolo, ma-bo-lo, pecego-de-India, pommier velours / pomme de velours, velvet-apple, velvet persimmon, butter-fruit ou encore Yi se shi ou buah mantega pour les malais, et mambolo ou "caca-chat" à la Réunion.


Origination of material in a project to make a musical.

Thematically, the album is a marriage of the novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" by George Orwell and Bowie's own glam-tinged vision of a post-apocalyptic world.  Bowie had been developing a concept of a musical based on the George Orwell novel 1984, but this was refused by Orwell's family. Bowie then used material from this project to make Diamond Dogs.

Production and style.

"Diamond Dogs"' raw guitar style and visions of urban chaos, scavenging children and nihilistic lovers ("We'll buy some drugs and watch a band / Then jump in a river holding hands") have been credited with anticipating the punk revolution that would take place in the following years.  At the time of its release Bowie described "Diamond Dogs" as "a very political album. My protest... more me than anything I've done previously".  Bowie described the Diamond Dogs, introduced in the title song, as: "all little Johnny Rottens and Sid Viciouses really. And, in my mind, there was no means of transport, so they were all rolling around on these roller-skates with huge wheels on them, and they squeaked because they hadn't been oiled properly. So there were these gangs of squeaking, roller-skating, vicious hoods, with Bowie knives and furs on, and they were all skinny because they hadn't eaten enough, and they all had funny-coloured hair. In a way, it was a precursor to the punk thing."  Though the album was recorded and released after the'retirement' of Ziggy Stardust in mid-1973, and featured its own lead character in Halloween Jack ("a real cool cat" who lives in the decaying "Hunger City"), Ziggy was seen to be still very much alive in "Diamond Dogs", as evident from Bowie's haircut on the cover and the glam-trash style of the first single "Rebel Rebel". As was the case with some songs on "Aladdin Sane", the influence of the Rolling Stones was also evident, particularly in the chugging title-track.  Elsewhere, however, Bowie had moved on from his earlier work with the epic song suite, "Sweet Thing"/"Candidate"/"Sweet Thing (Reprise)", whilst "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" and the "Shaft"-inspired wah-wah guitar style of "1984" provided a foretaste of Bowie's next, 'plastic soul', phase.  The original vinyl album ended with a juddering refrain "Bruh/bruh/bruh/bruh/bruh", the first syllable of "(Big) Brother", repeats incessantly.  "Sweet Thing" was Bowie's first try at William S. Burroughs' cut-up style of writing, which Bowie would continue to use for the next 25 years.

Personnel.

Adapted from the "Diamond Dogs" liner notes. Production  Although "Diamond Dogs" was the first Bowie album since 1969 to not feature any of the Spiders from Mars, the backing band made famous by Ziggy Stardust, many of the arrangements were already worked out and played with Mick Ronson prior to the studio recordings, including "1984" and "Rebel Rebel". In the studio, however, Herbie Flowers played bass with drums being shared between Aynsley Dunbar and Tony Newman.  In a move that surprised some commentators, Bowie himself took on the lead guitar role previously held by Ronson, producing what "NME" critics Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray described as a "scratchy, raucous, semi-amateurish sound that gave the album much of its characteristic flavour".  "Diamond Dogs" was also a milestone in Bowie's career as it reunited him with Tony Visconti, who provided string arrangements and helped mix the album at his own studio in London. Visconti would go on to co-produce much of Bowie's work for the rest of the decade.

Track listing.

All tracks written by David Bowie, except where noted.

Packaging.

The cover artwork features Bowie as a striking half-man, half-dog grotesque painted by Belgian artist Guy Peellaert, based on photographs of Bowie by Terry O'Neill. It was controversial as the full image on the gatefold cover showed the hybrid's genitalia. The genitalia were airbrushed out from the 1974 LP's sleeve on most releases. Very few copies of this original cover made their way into circulation at the time of the album's release. According to the record-collector publication "Goldmine" price guides, these albums have been among the most expensive record collectibles of all time, as high as thousands of US dollars for a single copy. The original image was included on the Rykodisc/EMI rerelease of the album in 1990, and subsequent reissues have included the uncensored artwork (the 1990 packaging also resurrected a rejected inner gatefold image featuring Bowie in a sombrero cordobés holding onto a ravenous dog; like the cover, this artwork was a Guy Peellaert image based on a photograph captured by Terry O'Neill).

Release and aftermath.

The album made No. 1 in the UK charts and No. 5 in the US (where the song "Rebel Rebel" proved popular), Bowie's highest stateside placing to that date. In Canada, it was able to repeat its British chart-topping success, hitting No. 1 on the "RPM 100" national albums chart in July 1974 and holding it for two weeks.

Live performances.

Bowie played all of the album's songs except "We Are the Dead" on his Diamond Dogs Tour, recorded and released in two albums, "David Live" in 1974, and "Cracked Actor" in 2017. "Rebel Rebel" featured on almost every Bowie tour afterward, "Diamond Dogs" was performed for the Isolar, Outside and A Reality Tours, and "Big Brother/Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" was resurrected in 1987 for the Glass Spider Tour.

Reissues and remaster.

The album has been reissued multiple times and was remastered in 2016 as part of the "Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)" box set.

Compact disc releases.

"Diamond Dogs" was first released on CD by RCA in 1985 with censored cover art. The German (for the European market) and Japanese (for the US market) masters were sourced from different tapes and are not identical for each region.

1990 Rykodisc/EMI.

Dr. Toby Mountain at Northeastern Digital, Southborough, Massachusetts, remastered "Diamond Dogs" from the original master tapes for Rykodisc in 1990 with two bonus tracks and the original, uncensored, artwork. "Future Legend" stops at 1:01 and "Diamond Dogs" runs 6:04 in this version.

1999 EMI/Virgin.

The album was remastered by Peter Mew at Abbey Road Studios, and released without bonus material.

2004 EMI/Virgin.

The third in a series of "30th Anniversary 2CD Editions", this release included a remastered version of "Diamond Dogs" on the first disc. The second disc contains eight tracks, five of which had been previously released on the "Sound + Vision" box set in 1989 or as bonus tracks on the 1990–92 Rykodisc/EMI reissues.

2016 remaster.

In 2016, the album was remastered for the "Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)" box set. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats, both as part of this compilation and separately.

Critical reception.

It received mixed reviews from critics. Barry Walters of "Pitchfork" describes the album as "a bummer, a bad trip, "No Fun"—a sustained work of decadence and dread that transforms corrosion into celebration." He believed that it foreshadowed the Thin White Duke, Bowie's persona throughout 1976, writing, "[it embraces] Blaxploitation funk and soul, rock opera, European art song, and Broadway."  The record was Bowie's glam swan song; according to author David Buckley, "In the sort of move which would come to define his career, Bowie jumped the glam-rock ship just in time, before it drifted into a blank parody of itself".  "Disc" magazine compared the album to "The Man Who Sold the World" (1970), while "Rock" and "Sounds" both described it as his "most impressive work... since Ziggy Stardust".  Retrospectively, the album ranked number 995 in 2000 edition of "All Time Top 1000 Albums" and number 447 in "NME"s The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Diamond Dogs is the eighth studio album by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, released on 24 May 1974 by RCA Records. Produced by Bowie himself and recorded in early 1974 at Olympic and Island Studios in London and Ludolph Studios in the Netherlands, it was Bowie's first album since 1970 to not feature contributions from his backing band the Spiders from Mars – comprising Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey.

Cet album est issu de plusieurs projets abandonnés, au premier rang desquels une adaptation musicale du roman "1984" de George Orwell. Faute d'en obtenir les droits, Bowie ne conserve que l'idée d'un futur dystopique dominé par une dictature. Il développe l'univers de Hunger City, une ville post-apocalyptique hantée par les Diamond Dogs, un gang d'adolescents inspiré des "Garçons sauvages" de William S. Burroughs. Ses paroles abordent avec pessimisme des thèmes comme la violence, la drogue et la fascination pour le pouvoir.