Rise to power.

Khangchenné (the one from Khangchen), often known by the title Dai-ching Batur in Tibetan sources, did not stem from any of the older noble houses of Tibet. He was able to make a career thanks to the Khoshut protector-king Lhabzang Khan who appointed him governor of West Tibet (Ngari) in 1715. Simultaneously he was the chief minister of the ruler. It is possible that he reached this position since he was married to a daughter of Lhabzang Khan. The Dzungar people unexpectedly invaded Tibet from the north-west in 1717 as a part of their strategy to dominate Inner Asia and to keep the Qing dynasty out. Khangchenné was the first to warn Lhabzang Khan for the impending danger. However, he was not able to assist the king in the defensive struggle from his distant base in West Tibet. Lhabzang Khan was killed in action in Lhasa in November and the Dzungar took over Tibet and led a harsh regime. As a marionett ruler they appointed the nobleman Tagtsepa.  After the Dzungar conquest, Khangchenné stayed in Ngari and began to interrupt the lines of communication between the Dzungars stationed in Tibet and their home base in Dzungaria. In 1719 he successfully attacked a troop of mounted Dzungar warriors who were about to bring some of Lhabzang Khan's old officers to Dzungaria. Together with the nobleman Pholhané he organized military resistance against the Dzungar. After almost three years, the unpopular Dzungar rule came to an end through a 1720 expedition launched by the Qing Kangxi Emperor. The puppet regent Tagtsepa was executed, the 7th Dalai Lama was brought to Lhasa, and a provisional government was formed by the occupants. Thanks to his great services against the Dzungars, Khangchenné was appointed head of a Tibetan cabinet or Kashag in 1721 on the orders of Kangxi. He thereby kept his own basis of power in Ngari. The old office of "desi" (regent) was abolished as it gathered too much power in one hand. Instead Khangchenné received the titles "Dai-ching Batur" and chairman of the cabinet. He was granted the Yardrokling estate for his personal support.

Leader of the cabinet.

The new Tibetan government had to cope with several difficulties from the beginning. Apart from an enormous inflation, there was a problem of providing for the 3,000 men in the Chinese garrison. As a consequence the Tibetan population was burdened with a substantial tax increase. This problem was solved in 1723 when the Qing troops withdrew, leaving the administration entirely in Tibetan hands without any military support. At the same time, however, a rebellion took place in Kokonor in present-day Qinghai. A Khoshut prince called Chingwang Lozang Tenzin rebelled against the imperial government. After the revolt had been suppressed, Kokonor (Qinghai) was integrated into the Qing Empire in early 1724 and thus separated from Central Tibet.  It was also problematic for the running of government affairs that Khangchenné was often absent from Lhasa. He preferred to stay in Ngari. In 1723 he interfered successfully in a war in Nepal between the kingdoms of Mustang and Jumla. He dispatched 100 Mongolian horsemen to southern Mustang in order to besiege the fortress Kagbeni together with troops from Mustang and Ladakh. In 1725 the Yongzheng Emperor ordered him to reside permanently in Lhasa. The jurisdiction over Ngari was entrusted Khangchenné's elder brother Gashipa Tseten Tashi.

Hostility between the ministers.

Khangchenné possessed great competence but was perceived as arrogant and ill-suited to cooperate with the others in the Kashag. His impopularity further increased due to an edict issued by Yongzheng which stipulated the persecution of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism, which the Dalai Lama considered heretic. All the other members of the Kashag including Pholhané were against the implementation of the edict. Nevertheless Khangchenné tried to follow the emperor's will. As a consequence his standing among the Tibetan population shrank more and more.  From the very beginning, the Kashag was split into two hostile camps. On one side stood Khangchenné and Pholhané, both representatives of a new layer of nobles and adherents of the Chinese emperor. Both had their main bases in West Tibet and Tsang (West Central Tibet). The other side, supported by the father of the Seventh Dalai Lama, consisted of Ngaphöpa Dorje Gyalpo, Lumpané Tashi Gyalpo and Jarané who represented the old Tibetan nobility and had vested interests in Ü. From a regional point of view they represented the nobles of Central and South Tibet.

The murder of Khangchenné and its consequences.

The open hostility between the two parties impeded a smooth government from the start. Finally the representatives of the old nobility decided to eliminate Khangchenné and Pholhané. The assault was obviously planned during a long time. Pholhané had left Lhasa since his wife was seriously ill and stayed at their residence in Pholha. There he received a letter from the teacher of the Seventh Dalai Lama that warned him of staying in Lhasa in July–August 1727. He should also take care that his eldest son did not stay in Lhasa in this period. Pholhane immediately sent a word of warning to Khangchenné via friends, but he did not take much notice of it. The conspirators heard that the Yongzheng Emperor had sent two envoys to Khangcenné to offer praise and resolved to strike quickly before they had arrived.  On 5 August 1727 a routine meeting of the Kashag took place in an upper room of the Jokhang temple. Khangchenné took part of it in a good mood, joking and fraternizing. A letter was handed to him by a subordinate official. As Khangchenné began to read, he was unexpectedly seized from behind by some officials. All the present ministers now drew their daggers and stabbed Khangchenné to death. His guards, who waited outside the office, were killed as well, while all present followers of the murdered minister were apprehended and taken away. On the next day the murderers sent people to arrest and kill Khangchenné's wife and her sister, together with his secretary and a steward. The conspirators dispatched a troop to Pholha with orders to eliminate Pholhané. The latter, however, had arranged for his escape to West Tibet, and the troop had to turn back without carrying out the deed. The consequence was a civil war that raged for a year, where Pholhané eventually triumphed.  The noble house Gashi, more known under the name Doring (), survived this assault on its main representative. His relatives served the various Tibetan governments until the 1950s.

Khangchenné Sonam Gyalpo () (died 5 August 1727) was the first important representative of the noble house Gashi () in Tibet. Between 1721 and 1727 he led the Tibetan cabinet (Kashag, ) that governed the country during the period of Qing rule of Tibet. He was eventually murdered by his peers in the cabinet, which triggered a bloody but brief civil war. The nobleman Polhané Sönam Topgyé came out as the victor and became the new ruling prince of Tibet under the Chinese protectorate.

Khangchenné Sönam Gyalpo (? - ) est un homme politique tibétain. Il est "kalön tripa" (premier ministre) du Kashag de 1721 à 1727.


History.

During the Edo period, fabrics made from fine silk and cotton fabrics were reserved for a select portion of the upper classes, either through official edicts of dress or simple cost.  Due to the economic nature of repairing and re-weaving old textiles into new and usable garments, "boro" therefore came to predominantly signify the clothing of the peasant farming classes, who would often have no choice but to grow and weave their own clothing, repairing their garments with spare fabric scraps out of sheer necessity. In many cases, the usage of repaired clothing would span several generations, with clothing and textiles eventually coming to resemble a patchwork spanning decades of mending.  The use of indigo dyes () and indigo dyeing techniques () was common, indigo often being the only type of dyestuff available to the peasant classes due to its easy-to-grow and moth-repellant nature. Dyeing fabrics with indigo was also incredibly economic, as a dyebath could be used repeatedly to dye a number of garments, cutting down on the waste of a dyebath being used just once.

Preservation.

Following the Meiji period and the general increase in living standards amongst the entire Japanese populace, most "boro" pieces were discarded and replaced by newer clothing. To the working class Japanese, these "boro" garments were an embarrassing reminder of their former poverty, and little effort was expended by government or cultural institutions at the time to preserve such artifacts.  Over time, "boro" textiles came to exemplify the Japanese aesthetic of "wabi-sabi", in that the beauty of the fabric comes from its reflection of natural wear and use. Many extant examples were only preserved due to the efforts of folklorists such as Chuzaburo Tanaka, who personally collected over 20,000 pieces during his lifetime, including 786 items now designated as Important Tangible Cultural Properties. 1,500 of these items are on permanent exhibition at Amuse Museum in Asakusa, Tokyo.

Boro () are a class of Japanese textiles that have been mended or patched together. The term is derived from Japanese, meaning something tattered or repaired. "Boro" textiles could be stitched or re-woven together, with many layers often added for warmth. Hemp was commonly used, with cotton – a warmer fibre – being less commonly available, making the use of layering a necessity.

Le boro (japonais: ろ) est une catégorie de textile japonais qui ont été raccommodés ou cousus ensemble. Le terme est dérivé du japonais Boroboro, ce qui signifie "quelque chose en lambeaux ou réparé. Comme le chanvre était plus largement disponible au Japon que le coton, ils étaient souvent tissés ensemble pour se réchauffer. L'utilisation du chanvre était rendue nécessaire par le fait que le coton, une plante tropicale, ne pouvait pas être cultivé dans des régions froides telles que la région de Tohoku, en particulier la région la plus septentrionale de la préfecture d'Aomori. De plus, pendant l'époque d'Edo, les tissus en soie et en coton n'étaient réservés qu'à une partie choisie de la classe supérieure. Boro en est ainsi venu à désigner de manière prédominante les vêtements portés par les paysans, qui les réparaient avec des chutes de tissu de rechange par nécessité économique. Dans de nombreux cas, l'utilisation d'un tel vêtement boro serait transmise de génération en génération, pour finalement ressembler à un patchwork après des décennies de réparation. L'utilisation de colorants indigo (japonais: aizome) était courante. Boro illustre également l’esthétique japonaise du wabi-sabi, en ce sens que le tissu reflète la beauté de l’usure et de l’utilisation naturelles.


Location.

Mong Kok Station is located in the centre of Mong Kok in Kowloon, along Nathan Road at the intersection with Argyle Street. Major nearby places include MOKO, Langham Place, T.O.P. and the Pioneer Centre. Mong Kok East Station is about 500 metres to the northeast.

History.

Mong Kok Station opened on 31 December 1979, originally as part of the Kwun Tong Line. When the Tsuen Wan Line opened in 1982, the station became an interchange station between the two lines.  The station was originally named "Argyle" after Argyle Street, a major thoroughfare crossing over the station, during the planning stage and the first few years of operation. The name was changed to "Mong Kok" on May 31, 1985, when the Island Line was opened.

Station layout.

Mong Kok Station serves as a cross-platform interchange for passengers changing between the Tsuen Wan Line and Kwun Tong Line for stations in the same direction. Opposite-direction interchange of the same two lines takes place at Prince Edward and Yau Ma Tei.

Entrances and exits.

Mong Kok station has 15 entrances, tied with East Tsim Sha Tsui station as stations with most exits in MTR. The exits are located within one block north and south of the intersection of Nathan Road and Argyle Street, connecting buildings, shopping malls, main roads and ground transport facilities nearby.

Transport connections.

MTR East Rail Line.

Mong Kok East Station and Mong Kok Station are considerably far apart. To reach Mong Kok East from Mong Kok, use exit B3, walk up the Mong Kok Road Footbridge System, and go via MOKO to reach Mong Kok East.

Mong Kok Station () is a MTR station in Mong Kok, Hong Kong. The station is one of the first MTR stations established in the city, serving Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan Line. It is now used by more than 200,000 passengers daily. The colour scheme for Mong Kok Station is dim red. The station was initially named after Argyle Street as Argyle Station.

Mong Kok, 旺角 en chinois traditionnel, anciennement Argyle est une station du métro de Hong Kong. Elle est desservie par la Tsuen Wan Ligne et par la Kwun Tong Ligne. Contrairement à certaines stations, Mong Kok n'est pas reliée à la station de la East Rail Line, Mong Kok East.


Early life and education.

Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. was born on June 10, 1935, the firstborn child of Eduardo C. Cojuangco Sr., and Josephine B. Murphy. He studied both at Lafayette College in Pennsylvania and De La Salle University.

Life during the Marcos administration.

Cojuangco's close relationship with Philippine president Ferdinand E. Marcos earned him a reputation as the late dictator's most powerful "cronies."

Role during Martial Law.

Cojuangco was the only civilian among the "Rolex 12", a group of 12 men who planned and enforced the 1972 imposition of Martial Law.  He became an honorary member of PMA Class 1951.  Cojuangco was accused of being the mastermind behind Benigno Aquino Jr.'s assassination by one of the military men convicted in the Aquino-Galman murder case, although Aquino' daughter Kris has stated that whomever she believes killed her father she could "categorically say not Danding Cojuangco."

Coco Levy Fund controversy.

Cojuangco was implicated in the Coco Levy Fund controversy, a decades-long dispute over funds acquired by the Philippine Government when the Marcos administration levied a tax on copra sold by the Philippines' coconut farmers from 1973 to 1982.  The stated intent of the plan, spearheaded by Cojuangco, was to develop the Philippine coconut industry. But the amount, consolidated in the United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB), was alleged to have instead been channelled to the private financial interests of the Marcos family and their close associates.  The government alleged Cojuangco to have used the coconut levy funds to gain control of a 72.2% stake in United Coconut Planters Bank in 1975; and a total stake of about 47% San Miguel Corporation in 1983, in two blocks of about 20% and 27%, respectively. The coco funds were also used to acquire six oil mills.  In 1975, funds from the coco levy were used by the government to acquire a 72.2% stake in United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB, then still known as First United Bank).  In 1983, Cojuangco acquired a 20% stake in San Miguel Corporation, which the Presidential Commission on Good Government later said he did using the windfalls from the coconut levy fund and United Coconut Planters Bank. Another 27% was placed under the name of the Coconut Industry Investment Fund Oil Mills Group (CIIF), funded through the coco levy.  In 1986, all of these assets were sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government after the Marcos Administration had been ousted.  In April 2011, the Philippines' Supreme court affirmed Cojuangco to be the owner of the 20% shares in SMC (reduced to about 17% by then because of SMC's expansion since 1983) which he had purchased through the loan from UCPB.  In September 2012, the Supreme court affirmed that the 27% block of San Miguel Corporation shares under the name of the CIIF - reduced to 24% because of SMC's expansion since 1983 - were government-owned. The court also ruled that the funds from these shares could only be used by government for the benefit of the coconut farmers. Later that year, San Miguel Corporation bought back the government's stake for P57.6 billion, ending a 26-year period in which the Philippine government was a major voting block in the corporation.  In November of the same year, the court ruled that a 72.2% stake in UCPB was owned by the state, because they were bought using coco levy funds. This included a 7.22% stake registered under Cojuangco, which he claimed had been his compensation for brokering the bank's purchase in 1975, and the sale of the remaining 64.98% stake in UCPB to the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)

Political roles after 1986.

When Ferdinand Marcos was ousted by the People Power revolution in February 1986, Cojuangco was flown out of the country and into exile along with the Marcos family and Fabian Ver, departing in the early morning of February 25, 1986. Cojuangco was allowed to return in 1989, having spent most of his exile breeding and racing horses in Australia.  In 1992, Cojuangco founded the Nationalist People's Coalition to serve as his vehicle to further his aspirations in the 1992 presidential elections. He was a candidate for the Philippine presidency in 1992, ultimately losing in a tight election to Fidel V. Ramos. Ramos received 23.6% of the vote. Miriam Defensor Santiago came in second with 19.7% and Cojuangco came in third with 18.2%.  He further tested the political waters in 2003, intending to run in the 2004 presidential election, but soon withdrew. He eventually became chairman emeritus of the NPC, wielding influence that earned him a reputation as a "kingmaker" in Phillippine politics.

Involvement in sports.

Cojuangco advocated sports in the country, notably basketball, having supported it since the 1980s as a basketball godfather with his Northern Consolidated team. Through San Miguel Corporation, he was able to own three teams in the Philippine Basketball Association: the flagship San Miguel Beermen, Barangay Ginebra San Miguel, and Star Hotshots. He was also a key benefactor of the De La Salle Green Archers men's basketball team.

Personal life.

Cojuangco was the eldest child of Eduardo C. Cojuangco Sr. and Josephine B. Murphy. His mother, the daughter of an Irish-Canadian U.S. Army volunteer who married a Filipina woman, was born and raised in Baguio. His father Eduardo Sr., the son of Melecio Cojuangco, was of Chinese descent.  Cojuangco was educated at Lafayette College. Besides English and standard Tagalog (Filipino) (national and official languages), he also spoke Ilocano and Kapampangan, the native languages of Tarlac province.  He was married to Soledad "Gretchen" Oppen-Cojuangco of Negros Occidental. They had four children: Margarita "Tina" Cojuangco Barrera, Luisa "Lisa" Cojuangco-Cruz, Carlos "Charlie" Cojuangco and Marcos "Mark" Cojuangco. , he lived with his partner, 1996 Binibining Pilipinas Universe winner Aileen Damiles. They had two daughters.  On June 17, 2020, he died due to heart failure and pneumonia at the St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City.

Eduardo "Danding" Murphy Cojuangco Jr. (June 10, 1935 – June 16, 2020) was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman and CEO of San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He served as Philippine ambassador and governor of Tarlac. In 2016, his personal wealth was estimated at US$1.1 billion. It was estimated that, at one time, his business empire accounted for 25% of the gross national product of the Philippines. As of July 2017, his personal wealth was estimated at US$1.16 billion. He was called "one of the country's leading businessmen".

Eduardo Murphy Cojuangco Jr., dit Danding (né le à Paniqui et mort le à Taguig), est un homme d'affaires et un homme politique philippin.


Geography.

Fults is located at (38.165688, -90.214395).  According to the 2010 census, the village has a total area of, all land.

History.

The village was named after Jacob Fults, born in Pennsylvania in 1793, to German immigrants. Fults, after leaving the service of the United States during the War of 1812 in 1817, settled on Moredock Lake. He then moved to the Renault precinct, first up Braun's Hollow, then in 1829 to the settlement known at the time as Braunsberg, which would eventually take his name, until his death in 1841.  A site on the bluffs just north of Fults, overlooking the Bottoms is known as Saltpetre Cave and took its name from the quantities of bat guano mined there for potassium nitrate which was used in the local manufacture of black powder by the French at Fort de Chartres and later inhabitants. This cave, cut into the side of the bluffs, and an excellent defensive position, was one of the last refuges for Native Americans in the region. It was a popular site in the area for rappelling and hiking, until access to it was restricted in the aftermath of the Great Flood of 1993 and several accidents at the site.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 28 people, 9 households, and 8 families residing in the village. The population density was 411.2 people per square mile (154.4/km2). There were 10 housing units at an average density of 146.9 per square mile (55.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.  There were 9 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.9% were married couples living together, and 11.1% were non-families. No households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.25.  In the village, the population was spread out with 21.4% under the age of 18, 21.4% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $47,813, and the median income for a family was $48,438. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,389. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

Fults is a village in the Renault precinct of Monroe County, Illinois, United States. The population was 44 at the 2010 census. It is located entirely within the American Bottom floodplain.

Fults est un village situé au sud du comté de Monroe dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Il est fondé en 1937 et baptisé en référence à Jacob Fults, un pionnier. Il est incorporé le.


History.

After the Great Flood of 1993 the residents of Valmeyer decided to relocate the town two miles to the east, on higher ground. The town was rebuilt with financial assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Geography.

Valmeyer is located at.  According to the 2010 census, Valmeyer has a total area of, of which (or 98.51%) is land and (or 1.49%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 608 people, 222 households, and 166 families residing in the village. The population density was 182.7 people per square mile (70.5/km2). There were 241 housing units at an average density of 72.4 per square mile (27.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.68% White, 0.33% African American, 0.33% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.  There were 222 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.0% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.29.  In the village, the age distribution of the population shows 27.8% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.9 males.  The median income for a household in the village was, and the median income for a family was. Males had a median income of $38,500 versus $26,838 for females. The per capita income for the village was. None of the families and 3.0% of the population were living below the poverty threshold, including no under eighteens and 10.2% of those over 64.

Valmeyer is a village in Monroe County, Illinois, on the Mississippi River. The population was 1,263 at the 2010 United States Census.

Valmeyer est un village situé au sud du comté de Monroe dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Il est incorporé le.


Unforgettable (chanson de French Montana)

Background.

French Montana leaked the song in November 2016 which featured Swae Lee and added Jeremih. The song was later re-mixed and mastered and was released as an official single on April 7, 2017 alongside "No Pressure" featuring Future. The song has been certified Diamond and Multi Platinum in over sixteen countries and 6x platinum in the US alone by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Composition.

"Unforgettable" is a dancehall and hip hop song. According to the sheet music published at musicnotes.com, the song is written in the key of G♯ minor with a tempo of 98 beats per minute.

Music video.

The song's accompanying music video premiered on April 13, 2017 on French Montana's Vevo account on YouTube. The video was shot in Kampala, Uganda. It was directed by French Montana and Spiff TV and includes Ugandan young dance group known as the Triplets Ghetto Kids., the video has over 1 billion views on YouTube.

Remixes and cover versions.

A version featuring Swae Lee with an additional verse by Slim Jxmmi, the other member of Rae Sremmurd, was released on May 26, 2017.  On June 26, 2017, a Spanish version performed by Colombian singer J Balvin was released.  There is also a remix (as well as an acoustic version) featuring American singer Mariah Carey.

Use in media.

The song is featured in an episode of "Grown-ish".  The song was performed by 16-year-old Zhavia on Season 1 Episode 1 on Fox's new TV show, The Four: Battle For Stardom, winning against Elanese, and dethroning her from one of the four seats.

Certifications.

! scope="row"| Portugal (AFP)

"Unforgettable" is a song by American rapper French Montana featuring the hip-hop duo Rae Sremmurd's Swae Lee. It was released through Epic Records and Bad Boy Records on April 7, 2017 as one of the lead singles from his second studio album "Jungle Rules", along with "No Pressure". Produced by Jaegen and 1Mind, the song peaked at number 3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making it French Montana's first song as a lead artist to reach the top 10 of that chart and Swae Lee's first as a solo artist. The official music video for "Unforgettable" has received over 1 billion views on YouTube.

Unforgettable est une chanson du rappeur marocain French Montana. Elle a été publiée par Epic Records et Bad Boy Records le en tant que single principal de son deuxième album studio "Jungle Rules" en même temps que "No Pressure". La chanson est interprétée par Swae Lee et a été produite par Jaegen and 1Mind. En France, la chanson s'est placée à la 9 place des classement. Aux États-Unis, elle s'est classée 3 du "Billboard" Hot 100, en faisant la première chanson de French Montana, en tant qu'artiste principal, à se classer dans le top 10, mais également la première de Swae Lee en tant qu'artiste solo.


Creation chant.

In the "Kumulipo" the world was created over a cosmic night. This is not just one night, but many nights over time. The ancient Hawaiian "kahunas" and priests of the Hawaiian religion would recite the "Kumulipo" during the "makahiki" season, honoring the god Lono. In 1779, Captain James Cook arrived in Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawaii during the season and was greeted by the Hawaiians reciting the "Kumulipo". Some stories say Cook was mistaken for Lono, because of the type of sails on his ship and his pale skintone. In 1889, King Kalākaua printed a sixty-page pamphlet of the "Kumulipo". Attached to the pamphlet was a 2-page paper on how the chant was originally composed and recited.  Years later Queen Liliuokalani described the chant as a prayer of the development of the universe and the ancestry of the Hawaiians. Liliuokalani translated the chant under house arrest in Iolani Palace. The translation was published in 1897, then republished by Pueo Press in 1978.  The "Kumulipo" is a total of 2,102 lines long, in honor of Kalaninuiamamao, who created peace for all when he was born. There was a lot of fighting between his ʻI and Keawe family, who were cousins so his birth stopped the two from feuding. The "Kumulipo" is a cosmogonic genealogy, which means that it relates to the stars and the moon. Out of the 2102 lines, it has 16 "wā" which means era or age. In each "wā", something is born whether it is a human, plant, or creature.

Divisions.

The "Kumulipo" is divided into sixteen "wā", sections. The first seven "wā" fall under the section of "pō" (darkness), the age of spirit. The Earth may or may not exist, but the events described do not take place in a physical universe. The words show the development of life as it goes through similar stages as a human child. All plants and animals of sea and land, earth and sky, male and female are created. Eventually, it leads to early mammals.  These are the first twelve lines of the "Kumulipo", in Hawaiian, in Liliuokalani's English translation and in Bastian's German translation. Two other significant English translations - Rock's translation of Bastian and Beckwith's translation - appear in Beckwith's 1951 book "The Kumulipo".  The second section, containing the remaining nine wā, is "ao" and is signaled by the arrival of light and the gods, who watch over the changing of animals into the first humans. After that is the complex genealogy of Kalaninuiamamao that goes all the way to the late 18th century.

Births in each "wā".

The births in each age include:  In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists Adolf Bastian and Roland Burrage Dixon interpreted a recurring verse of the Kumulipo as describing the octopus as the sole survivor of a previous age of existence. In her 1951 translation of the Kumulipo, ethnographer Martha Warren Beckwith provided a different translation of the verse, although she does discuss the possibility that "octopus" is the correct translation and describes the god Kanaloa.

Comparative literature.

Comparisons may be made between marital partners (husband and wife often have synonymous names), between genealogical and flora-fauna names, and in other Polynesian genealogies.

Cultural impact.

The supermassive black hole captured by the Event Horizon Telescope was given the Hawai'ian name "Powehi", a poetic description of generative darkness or the spirit world taken from the "Kumulipo".

In the Hawaiian religion, the Kumulipo is a chant in the Hawaiian language, first recorded by Westerners in the 18th century, and telling a creation story. It also includes a genealogy of the members of Hawaiian royalty and was created in honor of Kalaninuiamamao and passed down orally to his daughter Alapaiwahine.

Dans la religion hawaïenne, le Kumulipo est un chant du XVIIIe siècle en langue hawaïenne racontant une histoire de la création. Il comprend également une généalogie des membres de la royauté hawaïenne et a été créé en l'honneur de Kalaninuiamamao et transmis oralement à sa fille Alapaiwahine.


Early life.

Michael Patrick Keogh was born in 1891, the son of a local Royal Irish Constabulary policeman Laurence Keogh, in Tullow, County Carlow. Some of Keogh's ancestors had been involved in the 1798 Rebellion in County Wexford, and his grandfather Mathew Keogh was the leader of the 1887 resistance against the Coolgreany Evictions also in County Wexford. His great uncle was Myles Keogh, the second in command to Colonel Custer, and who died at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Keogh lived in Tullow as a child and at age 14 won a County Council scholarship to attend the seminary school, St Patrick's Monastery, Mountrath, County Laois. He was a member of the O'Growney Branch of the Gaelic League in Tullow from 1903 to 1906, and entered singing and dancing competitions.  Keogh emigrated to New York City in 1907 to live with his aunt Mary Keogh, and once there he joined the National Guard. He became a member of Clan na Gael in New York, through which he developed a friendship with Roger Casement. In 1909 Keogh claims to have obtained an engineering degree from Columbia University, though this remains unsubstantiated. Keogh spent 10 months fighting against Mexican guerrillas on the Texan frontier in 1910, but was forced to retire from the army due to an abdominal gunshot wound. He worked on the Panama Canal, possibly as an engineer, until 1913 when he returned to Ireland. Once there, he joined the Royal Irish Regiment, although he later claimed to have done this to enlist fellow Irish soldiers to the Republican Army. Private Keogh was convicted of sedition in 1914, following an incident at the Curragh Camp involving British officers refusing to fight against Ulster Unionists, and served 28 days in the cells.

World War I.

Keogh was deployed with the Royal Irish Regiment to France upon the outbreak of World War I. Due to his service during the retreat from Mons, he was awarded the 1914 Star, and following this he was captured and sent as a prisoner of war to Sennelager Camp, Westphalia. Keogh resumed contact with Casement at this point, who was also in Germany attempting to build an Irish Brigade of Irish POWs to fight on the German side. Keogh led the recruitment drive, which intended to enlist 1,500 Irish POWs. In early 1915, the now Sergeant Major Keogh had successfully recruited only 56 men for the Brigade. These men were moved to the more comfortable Zossen Camp, south of Berlin, on Casement's suggestion, although due to the lack of success of the Irish Brigade the Irish POWs did not receive much preferential treatment. All plans for the Brigade ended with the arrest and execution of Casement in 1916.  Keogh was in charge of some Irishmen in 1916, who were installing a new gas tank in Dirschau, West Prussia. It has been assumed that these men were the remnants of the Irish Brigade. Keogh had joined the Imperial German Army by 1918, and for his service during the Spring Offensive, was awarded the Hindenburg Cross. He was placed in command of the machine gun company with the 16th Bavarian Infantry Division at Ligny. Whilst serving here Field-Lieutenant Keogh first met Lance Corporal Adolf Hitler briefly. Keogh stated that he met him whilst Hitler was recovering on a stretcher from a groin wound that Keogh suggests would have "made it impossible for him to become a father."  Keogh contracted the Spanish Flu towards the end of the war, but recovered in time to join the right-wing militia group Freikorps which operated out of Munich. Around this time, Keogh met and married Annamarie Von Seuffert. Keogh was part of the 30,000 Freikorps which quashed the Bolshevik-inspired Marxist revolution in Munich in February 1919. During the battle, he operated a machine gun and was awarded the Siegfried Dagger of Honour, with a personal dedication from the deputy commanding officer Ernst Röhm. During his service in German Army, Keogh was also awarded a German Wound Badge.  It was in the weeks following this battle, that Keogh was the officer on duty at the Turken Strasse barracks. News reached him that a riot had broken out in the barrack's gymnasium after an address from two local right-wing political agents. 200 soldiers had set upon the agents and some soldiers who supported them. Keogh broke up the attack with the aid of a sergeant and six soldiers. Keogh recalled in his memoir recognising one of the attacked soldiers: "The fellow with the moustache gave his name promptly: Adolf Hitler. It was the Lance Corporal of Ligny. I would not have recognized him. He had been five months in hospital, in Passewalk, Pomerania. He was thin and emaciated from his wounds."  Keogh was discharged from the German army in September 1919, and returned to Ireland. He was involved in the smuggling of Mauser guns from Hamburg to Ireland, and met with Michael Collins, Arthur Griffith and Erskine Childers. He was involved in Republican training activity, and was part of a group attacked by a group of Black and Tans on Mount Leinster. Once the Truce was signed ending the Irish Civil War, Keogh returned to Germany to bring his wife and children to Ireland, going on to serve as an engineer in the Free State army.

Later life.

The Keoghs returned to live in Berlin from 1930 to 1936, with Keogh employed as an engineering operative on the Underground. Keogh attended one of the Nuremberg rallies in August 1930 and reflected that Hitler was "no longer in need of a guardroom for his safety". He worked as an interpreter at the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936, as he was fluent in German and English. During the Nazi Party's rise to power, Keogh increasingly feared that he could be targeted as he had known many of those killed during the Night of the Long Knives, and the family returned in Ireland.  Upon his return to Ireland, Keogh was employed at the Poolbeg Generating Station in Dublin and the sugar-beet factory in Carlow. Keogh died in Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown in September 1964, survived by his wife.

Memoirs.

Keogh's story came to light after the rediscovery of his memoirs, which he was working on at the time of death. He brought the papers with him to the hospital, keeping them under his pillow. His son states that he found his father in a distressed state, claiming that his papers had vanished. A nurse stated that the only other visitor had been a "priest", and Keogh assumed that it was this man who had removed his papers. Keogh died two days after the incident. The papers were rediscovered by Keogh's grandson in 2005, finding a reference to the papers in the University College Dublin Archives. The papers were found bound with those donated by Moss Twomey, former Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army. It is still unknown how the papers came to be in Twomey's possession, and some of Keogh's writing from 1920 to 1964 is missing.  Some have been more critical of the account Keogh made about his role in the Irish Brigade, and have questioned some of his claims. The Director of the Bureau of Military History, prefaced Keogh's Witness Statement with: " his claims to importance, which he parades on every occasion, are regarded by those who have come into official contact with him as grossly exaggerated and completely unreliable. Representing himself in the beginning to have been an NCO in the Brigade, his most recent letters to the press indicate that he now claims to have been a Captain and ADC to Roger Casement."

Michael Keogh was an Irish soldier who served on both sides of World War I, and has become known as "the man who saved Hitler."

Michael Keogh est un soldat irlandais qui a servi a combattu du côté britannique et du côté allemand durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Il est connu comme « l’homme qui a sauvé Hitler ».


History.

The military of Belize dates back to 1817, when the Prince Regent Royal Honduras Militia, a volunteer organization, was founded. Between 1817 and 1978, the military force in Belize has had ten different names:  The BDF was founded in 1978 following the disbanding of the Belize Volunteer Guard and the Police Special Force the year before.  After Belize achieved independence in 1981 the United Kingdom maintained the deterrent British Forces Belize in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala. During the 1980s this included a battalion and No. 1417 Flight RAF of Harriers. The main British force left in 1994, three years after Guatemala recognised Belizean independence, but the United Kingdom maintained a training presence via the British Army Training and Support Unit Belize (BATSUB) and 25 Flight AAC until 2011 when the last British Forces left Ladyville Barracks, with the exception of seconded advisers. The BDF Maritime Wing became part of the Belize Coast Guard Service in November 2005.  In October 2015, due to rising tensions between Belize and Guatemala and the British cutback on military bases worldwide to focus on the War On Terror in 2011, Belize asked the UK to bring BATSUB back; the British Government brought BATSUB to Belize once again.

Organization.

The BDF consists of:  The Belize Police Department is staffed by 1200 sworn officers and 700 civilian staff (2008). The Belize Police Department and National Forensic Science Service report to the Minister of National Security.  As of 2012, there are also 40 British Army personnel stationed in Belize.

The Belize Defence Force (BDF) is the military of Belize, and is responsible for protecting the sovereignty of the country. The BDF is under the Ministry of Defence, which is currently headed by Hon. Michael Peyrefitte; the BDF itself is commanded by Brigadier General Steven Ortega. In 2012, the Belizean government spent about $17 million on the military, constituting 1.08% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).

Les Forces armées du Belize, appelées localement Belize Defence Force, sont chargées de la défense du Belize. Placées sous l'autorité du ministère de la défense, elles comprennent un peu moins d'un millier d'hommes pour un budget représentant un peu plus d'1 % du produit intérieur brut en 2012.


Biography.

Knud Børge Martinsen was born in Sandved in 1905, son of tailor Hans Kristian Martinsen and wife Ottilia Marie Poulsen. He became a soldier in 1928. After only ten years of service he was an officer with a rank of Captain Lieutenant. In 1940 he was attending the general staff course on Frederiksberg Palace and was looking forward to a promising career.  The Occupation of Denmark on 9 April 1940 was a big shock to him, but on 26 April 1940 he joined the Danish National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark (DNSAP) and took part of several demonstrations in his uniform which ended up in his military papers and prevented further career advances. Martinsen therefore resigned and joined the Waffen-SS and commanded Frikorps Danmark's 2nd company under Christian Peder Kryssing and the 4th company under Christian Frederik von Schalburg. Actually Martinsen was temporarily commander of Frikorps Danmark between Kryssing's resignation and von Schalburg's appointment.  Martinsen was again temporarily commander between von Schalburg's death and Hans Albert von Lettow-Vorbeck's appointment. When von Lettow-Vorbeck was killed only two days after his appointment, Martinsen took over as commander and remained as commander until the disbandment of Frikorps Danmark on 20 May 1943. Together with most of Frikorps Danmark he was transferred to SS-Panzergrenadier Regiment 24 Danmark under 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland.  On 28 July 1943 Martinsen left his command and returned to Denmark to establish and command the Schalburg Corps as a recruitment unit for the Waffen-SS. In October 1944 Martinsen was relieved from his position and then arrested and imprisoned in Gestapo's prison in Berlin. Later he was transferred to the "Sicherheitsdienst" (SD) where he escaped and returned to Denmark.  On 5 May 1945 Martinsen was arrested in his home for his involvement in the Schalburg Corps and for two murders. One of the murders was the shooting in March 1944 in the headquarters of the Schalburg Corps of a fellow member, Fritz Henning Tonnies von Eggers, which Martinsen believed had committed adultery with his wife.  He was sentenced to death and on 25 June 1949 at 01:00 executed by firing squad in Copenhagen.

Dates of rank.

Dates of ranks:

Knud Børge Martinsen (30 November 1905 – 25 June 1949) was a Danish officer and the third commander of Frikorps Danmark.

Knud Børge Martinsen ( - ) est un officier danois, collaborateur de l'Allemagne nazie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il a été le quatrième commandant du Corps franc danois.


History.

The traditional Hawaiian poke consists of fish that has been gutted, skinned, and deboned. It is served with traditional condiments such as sea salt, candlenut, seaweed, and limu.  According to the food historian Rachel Laudan, the present form of poke became popular around the 1970s. It used skinned, deboned, and filleted raw fish served with Hawaiian salt, seaweed, and roasted, ground candlenut meat. This form of poke is still common in the Hawaiian islands.  Beginning around 2012, poke became increasingly popular in North America.  There is a three-day "I Love Poke" festival to celebrate the dish and its many variations.

Ingredients.

Poke began with fishermen seasoning the cut-offs from their catch to serve as a snack. While poke is a regional American-based cuisine from Hawaii, traditional poke seasonings have been heavily influenced by Japanese and other Asian cuisines. These include soy sauce, green onions, and sesame oil. Others include furikake (mix of dried fish, sesame seeds, and dried seaweed), chopped dried or fresh chili pepper, limu (seaweed), sea salt, inamona (roasted crushed candlenut), fish eggs, wasabi, and Maui onions. Other variations of poke may include cured "hee" (octopus), other types of raw tuna, raw salmon and various kinds of shellfish.  Traditional Hawaiian poke may consist of cubed raw fish, maui onions, Inamona (a condiment made of roasted, salted candlenut), Limu, soy sauce, green onions, or sesame oil.

Similar dishes.

Poke comes from the same culinary and linguistic origins as other Polynesian fish salads such as oka in Samoa, ika mata in the Cook Islands, and kokoda in Fiji.  A very similar dish is the "kinilaw" of the Philippines, known as the "Philippine ceviche". "Kinilaw" is usually raw diced fish marinated in citrus juice, sour fruits, or vinegar with extracts from mangrove bark or fruits (and sometimes coconut milk). It is indigenous to the islands, with traces recovered from archaeological sites dated to the 10th to 13th centuries AD. This process can also be applied to other seafood and lightly blanched or grilled meat (the latter being generally differentiated as "kilawin"). The dish was introduced to Guam during the Spanish colonial period, resulting in the derivative Chamorro dish of "kelaguen".  The Ilocano dish poqui poqui of the Philippines also likely derived its name from poke, after the influx of Ilocano sugarcane workers to Hawaii during the American colonization of the Philippines. However, they are very different dishes, with poqui poqui being a scrambled egg dish with grilled eggplants and tomatoes.  Raw fish dishes similar to poke that are often served in Europe are fish carpaccio and fish tartare. Also similar to poke are Korean hoedeopbap, marinated raw tuna served over rice, and Peruvian ceviche. Japanese sashimi also consists of raw seafood; other similar Japanese dishes are zuke don, a donburi dish topped with cured fish (usually tuna or salmon) along with avocado topped with furikake, and kaisendon, a more elaborate version served with additional non-fish toppings.

Poke (Hawaiian for "to slice" or "cut crosswise into pieces"; sometimes stylized Poké to aid pronunciation, also called Poké Bowl) is diced raw fish served either as an appetizer or as a main course and is one of the main dishes of Native Hawaiian cuisine. Traditional forms are "aku" (skipjack tuna) and "heʻe" (octopus). Heʻe (octopus) poke is usually called by its Japanese name tako poke, except in places like the island of Niʻihau where the Hawaiian language is spoken. Increasingly popular ahi poke is made with yellowfin tuna. Adaptations may feature raw salmon or various shellfish as a main ingredient served raw with the common poke seasonings.

Le poke (en hawaïen, "po.ke" signifie « morceau » ou « couper ») est un des plats principaux de la cuisine traditionnelle hawaïenne. Il est composé de poisson cru coupé en dés, servi comme entrée ou en plat principal.


Passage.

The Children Bill was announced as part of the Queen's Speech on 22 November 1988 and formally introduced to the House of Lords the following day by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern. The Bill was given its second reading in the Lords on 6 December, and was passed to the committee stage on 13 December. Committee debates were held on 19 and 20 December and 23 January 1989. It reached the report stage on 2 February, with debates on 6, 7 and 16 February. On 16 March the Bill was given its third reading in the Lords before being passed to the House of Commons.  The Bill was given its second reading in the Commons on 27 April. It was granted Royal Assent on 16 November 1989 and became an Act.

Contents.

Part I: Introductory.

Welfare of the child.

The Children Act 1989 states that children's welfare should be the paramount concern of the courts. It also specifies that any delays in the system processes will have a detrimental impact on a child's welfare. The court should take into account the child's wishes; physical, emotional and educational needs; age; sex; background circumstances; the likely effect of change on the child; the harm the child has suffered or is likely to suffer; parent's ability to meet the child's needs and the powers available to the court.

Parental responsibility.

Parental responsibility is defined in the Act as "all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property". If the child's parents are married both have parental responsibility; if they are unmarried, the father does not automatically have parental responsibility however. A father of a child, who was not married to the mother at the time of birth may apply to the courts for parental responsibility, or this may be done through mutual agreement between the mother (or child) and father. The Act specifies that more than one person can have parental responsibility, although they can act alone in decision making for the child. If a child does not have anyone to care for them with parental responsibility a guardian can be appointed by the court. That appointment can be overturned on application of the parent with parental responsibility, by the child or in family proceedings.

Section 7 reports.

Under Section 7 of the Act, the court can request CAFCASS or local authorities to provide reports to the court in respect of the welfare of the child.

Part II: Orders with respect to children in family proceedings.

Residence, contact, prohibited steps, and specific issue orders.

Section 8 of the Children Act 1989 outlines the orders which can issued by the court. A "contact order" (now termed a Child Arrangements Order) outlines the requirements, of the person the child resides with, to allow contact with another person. A ‘prohibited steps order’ prevents a parent from exercising their full parental responsibility without consent of the court. A ‘residence order’ (now termed a Child Arrangements Order) puts in place the arrangements for whom a child should live with. A ‘specific issue order’ relates to directions given from the court to address a query that has arisen regarding parental responsibility for a child. Section 8 orders cannot be made in regards to children who are looked after; with the exception of the residence order. When an application is made to the court for a section 8 order the court takes into account: the nature of the proposed application; the connection the person has to the child; the disruption that could be caused to the child and, if the child is being looked after by the local authority: the local authorities plans for the child's future and the wishes of the child's parents. A person who gains a residence order for a child will hold parental responsibility for the time the order is in place. Despite this, the Act forbids anyone to change the child's surname or remove them from the United Kingdom without permission from all those with parental responsibility or with express permission from the court. Under section 63(3) of the [1980 c. 43.] Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 the court has powers to punish those who do not abide by the ruling set out in the residence order.  Applications for section 8 orders are now regulated by the Child Arrangements Programme.

Family assistance orders.

The court has the power to issue a family assistance order in which a probation officer or local authority officer should be available to "advise, assist and (where appropriate) befriend any person named in the order".

Part III: Local authority support for children and families.

Children in need.

Each local authority has a duty to "safeguard and promote the welfare" of children who are assessed as being in need. A child is deemed as "in need" if they are disabled or unlikely to achieve a reasonable standard of health or development unless services are provided. The local authority has a duty to provide or facilitate others to provide services for children in need. The local authority must provide day care for children in need who are under the age of five and not attending school if appropriate. There should also be provisions for out-of-school hours activities.

Accommodation and looking after children.

Under section 20 of the Act local authorities must provide accommodation for any child in need who has no-one with parental responsibility to care for them. This may also be extended to children that have a parent available if it is deemed that by staying with them it would put the child at risk.  A community home placement may be deemed necessary for persons between the ages of 16 to 18 to promote their welfare and safety.  The Act specifies the need to give consideration to children's views when deciding where to accommodate them. Persons with parental responsibility should also be consulted, and if they object the child (unless they are over 16 years old) cannot be accommodated under Section 20 of this Act. The parent can also remove the child from the accommodation provided at any time.  Accommodation must also be provided when requested in the case of police protection orders or for children on remand or supervision orders that require them to be accommodated.  The local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of the children in its care. The child, parents and other relevant people should be consulted in the decision-making process regarding a child being taken into care and during their time under local authority care. Consideration should also be given to the child's age, understanding, religion, race, culture and linguistic background.  Sibling groups should be placed together and should be accommodated near their home if possible.  Looked after children should not be placed in accommodation that restricts their liberty (‘secure accommodation’) unless they have a history or are likely to abscond and are at risk of suffering significant harm or are likely to cause harm to themselves or others. For a court to make a decision regarding placing a child in secure accommodation it must be satisfied that the child has legal representation or has been fully informed about how to access legal aid.

Children leaving care.

Children leaving care should be given advice and assistance from the local authority; this may involve giving assistance in kind or in exceptional circumstances in cash. They may also contribute to the expenses incurred by the young person regarding employment, training or education.

Reviewing cases.

Section 26 of the Act outlines the obligation of the local authority to review cases regularly and they should have a complaints procedure available to the children they are caring for.

Multi-agency working.

Local authorities also have a duty to communicate and share information with other agencies if it complies with their own statutory obligations. The local authority must consult with educational authorities when a child becomes looked after and ensure they are informed of the educational arrangements for the child.

Payment for services.

A fee may apply to services provided under Sections 17 and 18 of the Act ("other than advice, guidance or counselling") to the parents of the child, the young person if over the age of 16, or to a family member (if they receive the service). But the local authority should only charge them if it is reasonable to assume they can pay for the service.

Part IV: Care and supervision.

Care and supervision orders.

A care or supervision order may be granted by the court if a child is or is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not placed into local authority care. This also includes children who are ‘beyond parental control’. The court may grant a care order in place of a supervision order if they believe it is more appropriate or vice versa. If, during family court the court has concerns for a child's welfare, they can direct the local authority to investigate. The local authority can then decide if they are going to apply for a care order or supervision order. If they decided not to take any legal action, they must explain to the court their reasons for doing so.  Applications for care and supervision orders are regulated by the Public Law Outline.

Care orders.

When a care order is issued the local authority must take the child into care and accommodate them for the period of time the order is in force. The local authority will have parental responsibility for the child. Parents and guardians should be given reasonable amounts of contact with the child during the time they are in care unless otherwise directed by the court. However, in urgent situations to protect the child the local authority may refuse contact for up to seven days. Local authorities may apply to the court to prevent contact to safeguard or promote the child's welfare.

Supervision orders.

A supervision order makes it the duty of the supervisor to "advise, assist and befriend" the child and to consider applying to the court for a variation on the order if it is not being fully complied with. An education supervision order may be granted if it is deemed that a child is not being properly educated. Before an application for an order is made, the education authority must consult with the "social service committee".

Interim orders.

An interim order may be made if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the subject child has suffered, or is likely to suffer, significant harm. An interim care or supervision order is commonly drafted so as to last until the conclusion of the proceedings or further order. A care order, full or interim will confer parental responsibility ("PR") upon the applicant local authority. This does not extinguish the PR held previously by members of the child's family and thus their PR is shared with the local authority. A supervision order, interim or final, does not confer PR upon the local authority.

Guardians.

A guardian shall be appointed by the court to safeguard the child's interests unless this is deemed not be required by the court. The court can also appoint a solicitor to represent the child. A guardian has access to and may take copies of any local authority records relating to the child concerned. The Guardian is under an obligation to represent and safeguard the interests of the child during the currency of the legal proceedings. A Guardian will invariably be represented by a solicitor. Older children may, if they disagree with the view of their Guardian, instruct their own solicitor to act on their behalf. Guardians have social work expertise but are independent of social services.

Part V: Protection of children.

Child assessment orders.

A child assessment order can be requested by the local authority if they believe it would not be possible to complete a proper assessment without an order. It must only be requested if the applicant has reason to believe that the child is likely to suffer significant harm or that an assessment is required to determine if the child is likely to suffer significant harm. The child should not be removed from home for the assessment to be completed; though the courts may deem this necessary for the period of assessment.

Emergency protection orders.

An application can be made to the court for an emergency protection order (EPO) if it is believed a child is likely to suffer significant harm if they are not taken to, or remain in, a place of safety. The name and a description of the child should be provided to court upon application if possible. The order gives the local authority parental responsibly for the child though this should only be exercised as required to safeguard or promote the welfare of the child. As part of the order, the court can direct contact conditions and medical examinations of the child. The local authority has the power to return the child if it is assessed it is safe for the child to return home. It is an offense to obstruct someone who is carrying out the directions of the court in the case of an emergency protection order.  An emergency protection order lasts up to 8 days (unless the last day is a public holiday, and the court may direct that it is extended until noon on the next non-holiday day). This may be extended only once for a period up to 7 days. During this period the local authority may apply for a care order. The child, parent or care-giver may apply for the order to be discharged. An appeal cannot be made in relation to the making or refusal to make an emergency protection order.  An emergency protection order may also include an exclusion requirement which can stipulate that a person must leave or not enter the home of the child or must stay away from the area the child lives. This requirement can only be ordered if it is believed that the child will not suffer significant harm if this person no-longer lives at the property. The parent or care-giver who will remain at the home must agree to this requirement. If the child is removed from the home, the exclusion requirement ceases to be in effect.  In the circumstances in which a child's whereabouts cannot be established although it is believed a person knows where the child is, the court can order that this person provides the relevant authority with the information they hold. The court can also authorise entry into a property to search for a child; a police warrant may be issued to assist with gaining entry.

Police protection provisions.

If there are concerns of a child suffering significant harm the police have the power to ensure that child is removed to, or remains in, a place of safety for up to 72 hours. They do not require a court order, but they must ensure that the local authority is informed and the child is accommodated appropriately.

Section 47 investigations.

A local authority must investigate if they are informed that a child in their area is subject of an emergency protection order, is in police protection or is suffering or likely to be suffering significant harm. They must then take any steps, as reasonably practicable, to ensure that the child is safeguarded. If any concerns arise regarding a child's education, the relevant local education authority should be consulted. If as part of the enquiries they are unable to gain access to the child, and they still have significant concerns, the local authority can apply for an emergency protection order, a child assessment order, a care order or a supervision order. If it is deemed an order is not required they may establish a date to review the case.

Abduction of children in care.

A person is committing an offence if they knowingly take a child, who is in care, away from the responsible person as ordered by the court. It is also an offence to encourage or assist a child to run away from the responsible person; this can be punishable by imprisonment up to 6 months or a fine. A recovery order can be made by the court to retrieve a child who is believed to have been abducted.

Part VI: Community homes.

All local authorities must ensure they have community homes available to utilise for children looked after. This may be a home which is controlled by the local authority or a voluntary organisation working on behalf of local authority. A community home may cease to be used by the local authority if it is deemed unsatisfactory by the Secretary of State. If a controlled or assisted community home wishes to discontinue offering a service to local authorities they must give two years notice to the Secretary of State and the local authority. If a local authority wishes to cease using a voluntary owned community home, they must also give 2 years notice in writing.

References.

Footnotes  Bibliography

The Children Act 1989 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which allocates duties to local authorities, courts, parents, and other agencies in the United Kingdom, to ensure children are safeguarded and their welfare is promoted. It centres on the idea that children are best cared for within their own families; however, it also makes provisions for instances when parents and families do not co-operate with statutory bodies.

The Children Act 1989 est une loi en vigueur au Royaume-Uni depuis 1989 dont l’objectif est de protéger les enfants et d'assurer leur bien-être, y compris en dehors de leur famille s’il y a le moindre risque qui pourrait aller à l’encontre de leurs intérêts.


Development.

The third book was initially titled "Stones Unhallowed" with Szeth-son-son-Vallano as its focus, then "Skybreaker", and eventually "Oathbringer" with the focus on Dalinar Kholin.  Prior to the release of "Oathbringer", several chapters and interludes have been posted in blog posts, read in conventions and published in an anthology. Sanderson has provided numerous updates on Reddit about his progress on the book. On December 9, 2016, three weeks after his fifth update, Tor announced that Sanderson had completed his first draft, coming in at 461,223 words. On March 15, 2017, Sanderson completed the third of five planned drafts, which totaled 514,000 words. On June 15, 2017, Sanderson completed the fifth and final draft and managed to cut it down to 450,000 words. On June 27, 2017, Tor posted a blog post detailing the process of beta reading for "Oathbringer" in which beta readers give their immediate reactions to any given point in the story and look for continuity. Due to the length of the book, Tor had to use a different press and bindery from the one that printed "Words of Radiance".  After realizing the book took more time to work on than originally planned, Sanderson wrote a novella titled "Edgedancer", following Lift; first published in "", an anthology of Cosmere short fiction, on November 22, 2016.  On March 16, 2017, Tor Books revealed the cover art for "Oathbringer", painted by Michael Whelan. It shows Jasnah Kholin defending a city against an invasion. She reaches for a Shardblade while simultaneously soulcasting a large hole in the city wall made by a thunderclast. Three days later, Tor posted a blog post that discussed details of the cover and how it may relate to the book's plot. On July 14, 2017, Sanderson revealed the UK cover of "Oathbringer" on Twitter.  The hardcover version of the novel was published with endpapers which depict 4 of the ten heralds, two created by each artist Howard Lyon and Dan dos Santos. Reviewer Frannie Jackson described the art as "gorgeous."  On August 2, 2017, Tor Books revealed the dates and locations for the "Oathbringer" book tour. Tor.com released the prologue on August 22; and the first 32 chapters, three weekly, from August 29 to November 7.

Audiobook.

The audiobook version of the book was released on the same day as the hardcover version, and is read by narrator team Michael Kramer and Kate Reading, who also read "The Way of Kings" and "Words of Radiance", and several other books written by Sanderson.

Sequel.

The fourth book in "The Stormlight Archive" series is titled Rhythm of War and its publication date is November 17, 2020. It takes place a year after the events of "Oathbringer".

Reception.

Reception of the series was mostly positive. The A.V. Club reviewer Samantha Nelson describes the novel as both weighed down by its ambition and less complex than its predecessors. While reviews on Tor find the novel engaging, with Martin Cahill writing that "It is a triumph of a novel, and if you’ve enjoyed the first two, you’ll certainly enjoy "Oathbringer"." "Publishers Weekly" also described the novel in light of its relationship to other books in the series, writing, "Sanderson successfully balances introducing new elements and satisfactorily resolving some threads, leaving fans to eagerly await the next in the series." The review in "Paste" by Frannie Jackson compares the novel to the long-arc storytelling of Robert Jordan, describing the novel as "brimming with more than enough magic and mystery to tide readers over until the [fourth novel is published]."

Oathbringer is an epic fantasy novel written by American author Brandon Sanderson and the third book in "The Stormlight Archive" series. It was published by Tor Books on November 14, 2017. "Oathbringer" consists of one prologue, 122 chapters, 14 interludes and an epilogue. It is preceded by "Words of Radiance".

Justicière (titre original : "") est un roman de fantasy de Brandon Sanderson, paru en 2017 aux États-Unis puis en 2019 en français. C’est le troisième tome d’une série prévue pour compter dix livres consacrés au monde de Roshar et intitulée "Les Archives de Roshar".


Early life and background.

Al-Misri (or al-Masri) was born in Cairo of Circassian (Ubykh and Bzedugs) ancestry. His father, Zakariya, and previous relatives on his father’s side of the family were Circassian, with the original family name before having moved to Irak and then Egypt: "Shkhaplhy" (, pronounced and written in English "Shapli" as did his son Omar in the USA). He was conscious of this fact throughout his lifetime. His half sister Aziza (1872-1936), from their common mother Chafika Siouk Mukbel, was the wife of Aly Pasha Youssef Ramzy Zulficar a governor of Cairo.  Al-Misri trained at the Ottoman Military Academy, where he graduated in 1901, and moved onto the Staff College of the Ottoman Army. He appreciated 19th century German military school. Shortly after, he became an officer in the Ottoman army. His first assignment as a member of the military was in Ottoman Vardar Macedonia. During his stay in the Balkans, al-Misri joined the ranks of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), at first a secret organization, more commonly known as the Young Turks. It later became a political group that would eventually take control of the country in 1908.

Political career.

Early years.

In the formative constitutional years of the Ottoman Empire, al-Misri remained an advocate for Ottoman unity. He was a political moderate who wanted the three main political groups, Ottomanist, pan-Islamic, and Egyptian and Arab nationalist, to exist in cooperation. "He had come to the conclusion that in so composite a society as the Ottoman Empire the best way to maintain its integrity was not by attempting to suppress nationalities but by recognizing them, each as an autonomous unit within the Ottoman superstructure." In 1911, Al-Masri helped mediate a treaty between the Imam Yahya of Yemen and Izzat Pasha, the commander of the Ottoman campaign.

Fallout with the Committee of Union and Progress.

Al-Misri's mixed ethnic background, combined with his sense of political moderation made him an easy target for the CUP. It also made him a popular hero among the Arab political groups and he was labeled as sympathetic to the cause of Arab nationalists. During the Italian invasion and occupation (1911-1912) of Tripolitana and Cyrenaica (modern Libya) he took a leading part in organising resistance in Benghazi with Suleiman al-Askary as his deputy. He developed the system of using tribal tactics with regular combat tactics; a system he later recommended in the Arab Revolt (1916-1918) cf. below and reference n°9. The staff under the orders of general Enver Bey (to become pasha) also included Mustafa Kemal. Probably the greatest reason for his falling out with the CUP was a clash with Enver Pasha. The roots of this quarrel seem to be a mutual dislike for one another, in particular as Aziz opposed the oppressive attitude of the CUP towards minorities. Arab revolutionaries joined in on al-Misri's admonition of Enver Pasha. "There is no doubt that Aziz Ali Bey has been one of the leading spirits in a group of young Arabs". His personality was abrasive and unyielding, and both the CUP and Arab political groups played on this to their advantage.  In April 1914, al-Misri was arrested and removed from Istanbul by the CUP. Although this was not the direct doing of Enver Pasha, it gave him the impetus to "denounce al-Misri as an Arab revolutionary leader who sough an Arab rebellion, and much to al-Misri’s dismay, it put him in a somewhat different light in the eyes of those working for Turko-Arab collaboration." Al-Misri's arrest coincided with a massive purge of Arab officers in the Turkish army. His trial caused effervescence in Egypt and Syria and the British Ambassador in Constantinople (Sir L. Mallet) intervened with the Porte in his favour. Aziz al-Misri went back to Egypt.

Role in the Arab Revolt.

In 1914 he begun working under Sharif Husayn, the Sharif of Mecca. In his "Seven Pillars of Wisdom" (Chapter viii), T.E. Lawrence recorded that on board ship, en route for Jiddah, Ronald Storrs "turned twice around the decks, sniffed, ‘No one worth talking to’, and sat down in one of the two comfortable armchairs, to begin a discussion of Debussy with Aziz el Masri (in the other). Aziz, the Arab-Circassian ex-colonel in the Turkish Army, now general in the Sherifian Army, was on his way to discuss with the Emir of Mecca the equipment and standing of the Arab regulars he was forming at Rabegh. A few minutes later they had left Debussy, and were depreciating Wagner: Aziz in fluent German, and Storrs in German, French and Arabic."  Aziz al-Misri played a prominent role in the early stages of the Arab Revolt. This was an attempt by Sharif Husayn, with British support suggested among others by Aziz al-Misri, to create an independent Arab state, free from Ottoman control. Using a mix of Bedouin volunteers, Arab officers and Arab Ottoman deserters who wanted to join the Revolt, Al-Masry created, out of this total force of 6,000, three infantry brigades, a mounted brigade, engineering unit, and three different artillery groups made up of a patchwork of varying cannon and heavy caliber machine guns. British and French officers also provided technical military advice, among whom T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia).  Having understood that France and Great Britain were in fact negotiating spheres of influence in the region, Aziz al-Misri encouraged the Sharif to be more independent. He fell out of touch with Sharif Husayn, came back to Egypt in February 1917 and then travelled to Spain and Germany.

Later military career in Egypt.

Back to Egypt, Aziz al-Misri married Frances (born Smith) an American and they had a son Omar (Cairo 1930 - Williamstown, USA 2010). From 1927 to 1935, he directed the Cairo Police Academy. By decision of his father King Fouad, the crown prince Farouk, attended (from September 1935 to May 1936) the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich under the guardianship of Aziz Pacha el-Masry and Ahmed Hassanein Pacha. Aziz el-Misry was then a member of the regency council assisting Farouk until the latter became officially King of Egypt in July 1937. In 1938, Aziz al-Misry became inspector general of the Egyptian army. In 1939, Premier Ali Mahir named him chief of staff, but he was dismissed from that post in 1940 at Britain's insistence. He deserted the Egyptian army and tried to reach the Axis forces in the Libyan desert but was caught and put into trial in 1941. Anwar Sadat had a part in this attempt. Aziz al-Misry was released in 1942 among others as he revealed having informed Colonel Cudbert Thornhill (British Special Operations Executive officer) of his flight to reach Irak. In the cosmopolitan society of Cairo and with his wide culture and religious tolerance, Aziz al-Misri had, in all communities, many acquaintances and some friends.

Post-1952 Revolution and death.

After al-Misri had helped the Free Officers prepare for the revolution of 1952, they named him ambassador to Moscow in 1953 and considered making him president in place of Muhammad Naguib, but he retired in 1954.  He died the 15th of June 1965 in Cairo. Egypt honored him with State funeral.

Legacy.

One of the longest streets in Greater Cairo was named after him.

Aziz Ali al-Misri (1879 – 15 June 1965) was an Egyptian chief of staff and politician. He co-founded of al-Qahtaniyya and al-‘Ahd (The Covenant).

Aziz Ali al-Misri (né au Caire en 1879 et mort le ) était un homme politique et chef d'état-major égyptien. Il est le co-fondateur de Al Qahtaniyya et Al Ahd (L'Alliance).


Nascent years.

Early on, however, vice-president Arce's pro-Chile stance clashed with those of the patriotic President and retired General, who favored rearmament and a sustained diplomatic offensive against Chile, perhaps leading to a mediation of the conflict and if not, to a reinsertions of Bolivian troops in Peru's aid. Arce, as explained, favored a "realistic" policy of recognition that Bolivia had indeed lost its access to the Pacific, and that the best that could be done was to reach a modus vivendi with Santiago (which had the upper hand), even if this meant abandoning the hitherto sacrosanct alliance with Lima. President Campero took this to be a sign of treason and in 1881 expelled Arce, his own vice-president until then, to exile.  Eventually, Arce's name was cleared and he was allowed to return to the country. He promptly entered his name as Conservative Party candidate in the May, 1884 Presidential elections, the first under the new charter and since 1873. Arce was widely expected to win too, but very narrowly lost to the "dark-horse" candidate Gregorio Pacheco, a man even wealthier than Arce and the country's chief philanthropist, who ran on a platform of apolitical "efficient administration." Being privileged silver miners from the South who shared a conservative, pro-business philosophy, the 2 reached an understanding, with Pacheco agreeing to become president in exchange for making Arce his vice-president and pledging himself to support the Conservative party candidate in the 1884 elections.

Political life.

As had been agreed upon, President Pacheco supported Arce in the 1888 elections. It is thus that Arce, the Conservative Party caudillo, at long last became president in August 1888, at the age of 64. Even more so than Pacheco, Arce ruled repressively, but also consolidated many advances, including the completion of the first intra-Bolivian railway (leading from the Chilean border to Oruro) and the electrification of a number of Bolivian cities. He also promulgated a modern new set of banking and investment laws. Unabashedly pro-capitalist, devoted to practically unrestricted free entrepreneurship in the English tradition, and pro-insertion into the international economy under the aegis of foreign investment, he faced many pro-Liberal rebellions but somehow managed to hold on to power by the force of his assertive personality. He completed his term and in 1892 passed the baton to another Conservative, his understudy and vice-president Mariano Baptista.  Aniceto Arce at that point ostensibly retired from politics (he was 68 years old), although he served as an unofficial but very important adviser to the Conservative Presidents Baptista (1882–86) and Fernandez-Alonso (1896–99). He was forcefully returned to the political limelight at the turn of the century when he suffered political prosecution at the hands of the hated Liberal Party, which had at long last seized power in the so-called Civil War of 1899. Surprisingly, the elderly Arce was nonetheless allowed to present himself as candidate for president in the 1904 elections, presumably because he was 80 years old, unpopular, and therefore quite beatable. Finding the party he founded demoralized, vilified, and acephalous, the combative Arce accepted the difficult challenge of running against the officially supported, popular Liberal candidate Ismael Montes. He was trounced, losing by a wide margin—the largest in Bolivian electoral history up to that point. The former president then returned to retirement in his vast rural estate, where he died 2 years later in 1906, at the age of 82. He is best remembered for his assertive temperament and firm stance in favor of a civilian democratic (although oligarchic) order and for having laid the foundation for the functioning of a modern party system in the country.

Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza (15 April, 1824, Tarija – 14 August, 1906) was President of Bolivia from 1888 until 1892. The Aniceto Arce Province is named after him. Arce was a native of Tarija but was educated as a lawyer and resided most of his life in Sucre, where he became one of the country's foremost silver-mining tycoons. A supporter of Linares and Constitutionalist government, he later served in Congress during the 1870s until the time of the Daza dictatorship. Unlike other capable leaders of his day, Arce did not enlist to serve when the War of the Pacific developed in 1879. Indeed, his became one of the most accommodationist voices in the political spectrum, perhaps as a result of his extensive business connections to Chile, where he sold much of his silver, invested his profits, and sought financing for his projects. His position was that the Litoral was, for various lamentable reasons, largely indefensible. Thus, the country should cut its losses and seek an alliance with Chile rather than with Peru. Despite this minority position, what rang more clearly in the ears of most Bolivians was Arce's steadfast call for the establishment of a conservative democratic order, with the primacy of law, regular elections, and rule by enlightened pro-business elites such as himself. To this end, he founded the Conservative Party, participated as one of the principals in the 1880 Congress that toppled Hilarión Daza, and had a role in the drafting of the country's new Constitution. Moreover, he agreed to become Narciso Campero's vice-president for the crucial, nation-building 1880-84 period.

Aniceto Arce Ruiz de Mendoza, né le à Tarija (Bolivie) et mort le à Sucre (Bolivie), est un homme politique bolivien qui fut président de la Bolivie de 1888 à 1892.


Plot.

Alice Woodard (Emily Beecham) is a plant breeder who works in a lab that focuses on creating new strains of flowers. While her colleague Bella (Kerry Fox) is failing at creating a hardy plant that will survive even weeks of undernourishment and neglect, Alice and her team have successfully created a flower that requires more care than an ordinary plant but which makes their owners happy.  Alice decides to name the plants "Little Joe" in honour of her son and smuggles out one of the plants for him.  The Little Joes begin to aggressively pollinate which Alice theorizes is because she has made them sterile. The same day Bella's dog, Bello, goes missing. Chris (Ben Whishaw) goes looking for him and accidentally inhales some of the pollen. Later on he takes Alice out and despite her obvious reluctance attempts to kiss her twice.  The following day Bella finds Bello in the lab. He attacks her and she insists that he has changed. Chris later tells Alice that Bella is mentally ill and had previously attempted suicide before being forced on a year long sabbatical, returning only shortly before Alice began working at the lab. Alice later learns that Bella had Bello put down. Bella tells Alice that the changes to Bello were due to the plant.  Alice's son is accidentally pollinated by the plant and begins to act strangely, sneaking his classmate Selma, into the lab and stealing a Little Joe. He later tells Alice that he is considering moving in with his father, Ivan.  Bothered by her son's behaviour Alice begins to examine test footage of subjects who have been exposed to the pollen. In every case their family members report that they are acting strangely and have seemed to change since the pollen test. However just as Alice begins to believe Bella's suspicions, Bella is exposed to the pollen herself and dismisses her previous beliefs as paranoia due to her mental issues.  Joe reveals that he and Selma stole the plant in order to pollinate Ivan confirming Alice's suspicions her plant carries a virus, especially as she has used unorthodox methods to create Little Joe. However this turns out to be a joke as Chris previously talked to Joe about Alice's concerns. At work Bella reveals that she never inhaled the pollen and was only pretending to be happy in order to blend in with the others; she later tries to commit suicide.  After Alice's boss dismisses her concerns she takes matters into her own hands and decides to kill the Little Joes before they are commercialized, lowering the temperature in the lab. She is stopped by Chris who, in trying to prevent her from harming the plant knocks her out on the floor of the lab, exposing her to the plant pollen.  Later Alice learns that Little Joe has been nominated for an award meaning that the plant will be sold worldwide. When Chris apologizes for hitting her she kisses him, and later dismisses her concerns as paranoia. She allows Joe to move in with his father and starts a new, happier life with her own Little Joe.

Release.

The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2019. Shortly after, Magnolia Pictures and BFI Distribution acquired U.S. and U.K. distribution right to the film. It is scheduled to be released in Austria on 1 November 2019, by Filmladen. in the United States on 6 December 2019, Germany on 9 January 2020, by X Verleih AG, and the United Kingdom on 21 February 2020.

Reception.

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 66% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 104 reviews, with an average rating of 6.23/10. The site's critics consensus reads: ""Little Joe"s unorthodox approach may baffle horror fans lured in by its premise – but like its title character, the end result exerts a creepy thrall." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Little Joe is a 2019 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Jessica Hausner. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival. At Cannes, Emily Beecham won the award for Best Actress. Beecham stars as Alice Woodard, a plant breeder and single mother who creates "Little Joe", a plant that gives its caretakers joy.

Little Joe est un film austro-germano-britannique réalisé par Jessica Hausner, sorti en 2019. Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle au Festival de Cannes 2019.


History (19th century-1965).

In the mid-19th century, Jewish merchants from Cape Town named the De Pass brothers became the first Jews in what is now Namibia when they established a trading post on the Nawaqualand Coast. The De Pass brothers began the Pomona Copper Company in Pomona, Namibia in 1861. After Namibia became a German colony in the late 19th century, more Jews established connections (such as business ventures) in Namibia. However, under German rule, only about 100 Jews lived in Namibia, most of whom lived in Swakopmund. After the German defeat in World War I, the newly created League of Nations gave South Africa a mandate over Namibia. The Jewish population of Namibia (which had close relations with the Jews in South Africa) began increasing after this point, and there were 400 to 500 Jews living in Namibia (mostly in Windhoek) in 1965 (Jews were still less than one percent of the total White population in Namibia during this time, though).

History (1965–present).

Because the League of Nations mandate for Namibia was cancelled by the United Nations and the fact that Namibia became independent, the Jewish population in Namibia dramatically declined since 1965, with only 60 to 100 Jews living in Namibia today. Despite this extremely low number of Jews, Windhoek "has a Hebrew congregation dating from 1917, a synagogue built in 1925, a Talmud Torah, a communal hall, an active Zionist movement supported by generous contributions, and the only Jewish minister in the territory." Other than at Windhoek, the only other place in Namibia today where Jews live in is Keetmanshoop, where about twelve Jewish families currently live.

The history of the Jews in Namibia goes back a little more than one and a half centuries. Non-existent in Namibia before the 19th century, Jews played an important if minor role in the history of Namibia since that point in time, despite their continuous small population. The most famous Namibian Jew was "businessman, philanthropist and Jewish communal leader" Harold Pupkewitz (1915–2012).

L'histoire des Juifs en Namibie débute à partir du siècle. Inexistants en Namibie auparavant, les Juifs ont joué un rôle important dans l'histoire du pays, malgré une population qui ne cesse de se réduire. Certains Juifs de Namibie ont connu une certaine notoriété, à l'image de l'homme d'affaires et philanthrope (1915–2012).


Early life.

Hung was born in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China in 1965. He was placed in a martial arts school at age 12 after he was taken away from school. Hung trained for 12 years and won multiple championships.

Film career.

After training, he went to Hong Kong and was discovered by famous filmmaker Lau Kar-leung, who was at that time filming "Martial Arts of Shaolin" starring Jet Li, and hired Hung as Li's stunt double. He then moved to Hong Kong in 1988. There, Hung became a stuntman, later an actor and action director. He had small roles as an actor.  Later, Hung was Jet Li's stunt double in "Once Upon a Time in China". Some of the action scenes were too dangerous for Li because of an ankle injury. Hung was then Li's stunt double again in the sequel, "Once Upon a Time in China II". He was also featured a role as the leader of the White Lotus Sect, Kau-kung "Priest" Gao.  He featured in "Once Upon a Time in China III" as Kwai Geuk-Chat known as "Clubfoot Seven" Chiu-Tsat. He was so nicknamed due to his disability, being the seventh member of wealthy rival martial artist, Chiu Tin-bak's gang. A fighting enforcer, he fights Wong Fei-hung (Li), loses and is terribly injured after Leung Foon (Max Mok) accidentally releases a stampede of horses from a stable. Clubfoot Seven is then kicked out and abandoned by his former master, Chiu Tin-bak when he called his student Clubfoot a "useless cripple", and becomes discipled to Wong instead. Despite his clubfoot, he showcases his skills which includes his electrifying acrobats and moves. Hung reprised his role as Clubfoot in the next two sequels which do not feature Li, instead it featured Vincent Zhao, who was much younger than Li and more physical so Hung was not much featured as a stunt double. He reprised his role again in the "Once Upon a Time in China" TV series and in "Once Upon a Time in China and America" which again features Jet Li and is the last of the "Once Upon a Time in China" series.  He was the main villain, Prince Twelve, in Yuen Wo Ping's "Hero Among Heroes" starring Donnie Yen. His role was first a friend of Yen's character, who turns him into a drug addict and later betrays him.  Hung also followed Tsui Hark to Hollywood in 1998, making a brief performance in "Double Team".  After working briefly in Hollywood, he returned to Hong Kong. Hung was action director in Chin Siu-tung's "Blacksheep Affair" and again in Tsui Hark's 2000 film, "Time and Tide" starring Nicholas Tse.  He later returned to Hollywood as stunt choreographer for "The Musketeer".

Personal life.

Hung is married to Carrie Choi, a former actress, and they have one child. He learned English by reading books.

Hung Yan-yan (born 25 February 1965) is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, stuntman and action director originally from Liuzhou, Guangxi, China. He was the stunt double for martial arts superstar Jet Li.

Xiong Xin-xin () aussi connu sous la prononciation en cantonais de Hung Yan-yan, né le à Liuzhou, dans la région autonome Zhuang du Guangxi, en Chine, est un acteur et chorégraphe d'action chinois.


Location.

The site used to be home to the Steel, Peech and Tozer steel works (also known as Steelos). In 50 AD it was the site of the Templeborough Roman fort.  The principal exhibits are divided into four "pavilions": Earth, Air, Fire, and Water. There is also an outdoor play area Sci-Tek and water play area called Aqua-Tek.  The site, often used for staging events, conferences and gigs, is over 1/3 of a mile long and won the Enjoy England Gold Award for Business Tourism in 2006 and has received other awards as well.

Development.

The development, funding and building process was led by Stephen Feber, who selected the design team, led by architects WilkinsonEyre and exhibition designers Event Communications. Tim Caulton directed exhibition development. Magna's exhibitions won the Best Exhibition category at the 2002 Design Week Awards. The Centre won the 2001 RIBA Stirling Prize for its architects Wilkinson Eyre Architects, Mott MacDonald and Buro Happold's use of space in the old steelworks.

"The Big Melt".

Every hour, Magna holds a display called "The Big Melt". Its purpose is to demonstrate how steel was made in an electric arc furnace until the steelworks closed in 1993. A furnace is imitated with fog, spark, flame and smoke machines, loudspeakers, lights, and blasts of rapidly burning propane which are ignited at appropriate points in the show. The show can be repeated up to four times an hour, but, in practice, it is usually run once an hour or twice an hour if visitor numbers are very high.

Real Ale Festival.

Since 2011 the centre has been home to the annual Rotherham Real Ale and Music Festival. The festival was previously held at Oakwood Technology College. Money raised from the festival is donated to local charities.

Magna Science Adventure Centre is an educational visitor attraction, appealing primarily to children, located in a disused steel mill in the Templeborough district of Rotherham, England.

Le Magna Science Adventure Centre est un musée pédagogique principalement destiné aux enfants, situé dans le district de à Rotherham, en Angleterre. Il ouvre en avril 2001 dans les locaux de l'ancienne aciérie de.