Round details.

"*Toulouse Olympique did not participate in the competition."

First round.

The draw for the first round was made on 12 December 2017 at Media City and streamed live on the BBC Sport website. The draw was made by recently retired Hull F.C. captain, Gareth Ellis, and former Lance Todd Trophy winner, Paul Wellens. The 48 teams in the draw comprised 39 English amateur teams, the winners of the Scottish, Welsh and Irish leagues, two teams from the Universities rugby league and representative teams for the three armed services and the police.  Ties were played over the weekend of 27–28 January 2018 with the exception of one game postponed to the following weekend.

Second round.

The draw for the second round was made on 31 January 2018 at Warrington's Halliwell Jones Stadium and streamed live on the BBC Sport website. The draw was made by Warrington Wolves former prop forward and Swinton Lions coach, Gary Chambers, and current Warrington forward Sitaleki Akauola. The 24 teams in the draw comprised the winners from the first round.  Ties were played on 10 February 2018. Batley Boys won their tie with a drop goal in golden point extra time, having won their first round tie in the same fashion.

Third round.

The draw for the third round was made on 13 February live on the BBC Sport website. The draw was made by Super League players Alex Walmsley and Kriss Brining. Ties were played over the weekend of 24–25 February.

Fourth Round.

The draw was conducted by former player (and Challenge Cup winner) Rob Parker and former Scottish international Andrew Henderson.

Fifth Round.

The draw was made on 20 March 2018 by two Women's Super League players, Faye Gaskin of St. Helens and Gemma Walsh of Wigan Warriors.

Sixth Round.

The draw for the Sixth Round was made on 25 April 2018, live on Chris Evans' Breakfast Show on BBC Radio Two, alongside Leeds Rhinos veteran forward Jamie Jones-Buchanan, and Warrington Wolves winger Josh Charnley.

Quarter-finals.

The draw for the quarter-finals was made live on BBC Two directly after the conclusion of the Toronto v Warrington game. The draw was made by former players Nathan McAvoy and Robbie Hunter-Paul. Ties were played 31 May – 3 June with all four ties being televised either on Sky Sports or the BBC.

Semi-final.

On 30 May 2018 the RFL announced that the semi-finals would be played as a double header at the University of Bolton Stadium in Bolton on Sunday 5 August 2018. The draw was made live on BBC Two, directly after the end of the St Helens v Hull FC match. The draw was made by Sophie Rohan and Emily Burnette (the members of Belle Voci), who would sing "Abide with Me" before the final on 25 August.

Broadcasts.

The primary broadcast organisation for the competition is BBC Sport. As in 2017 the BBC streamed one tie from each of the first five rounds live on the BBC Sport website with two games from the 6th, 7th and 8th rounds being broadcast live on BBC TV.

The 2018 Challenge Cup, also known as the Ladbrokes Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 117th staging of the Challenge Cup, the main rugby league knockout tournament for teams in the Super League, the British National Leagues and a number of invited amateur clubs.

La Coupe d'Angleterre de rugby à XIII 2018 (dite Ladbrokes Challenge Cup pour des raisons commerciales) est la de la Coupe d'Angleterre, compétition à élimination directe mettant aux prises des clubs de rugby à XIII amateurs et professionnels affiliés à la Rugby Football League. Des clubs anglais, gallois, écossais, français et canadiens y participent donc. La compétition se déroule du au. La finale est prévue après neuf tours à élimination directe mettant aux prises les clubs amateurs et professionnels et est programmée le au Stade de Wembley de Wembley. Les rencontres sont diffusées en direct au Royaume-Uni sur BBC Sport et Sky Sports. En France, la finale est retransmise en direct sur beIN Sports.


Early life and education.

Haynes is originally from St. Louis. She attended Florida A&M University, graduating in 1999 with a bachelor's degree in biology. She then attended Washington University in St. Louis for her postgraduate studies, working with Sarah Elgin on DNA and gene expression. In 2006 she received her Ph.D in molecular genetics from the University. She spent her summers working at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Research and career.

Haynes completed postdoctoral fellowships at Davidson College, in 2008, and Harvard Medical School in 2011. While at Davidson College as a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Fellow, Haynes won "publication of the year" from the Journal of Biological Engineering for her article on modifying E. coli bacteria to perform a computational calculation. At Davidson College, Haynes redesigned the undergraduate bioinformatics teaching course. At Harvard Medical School Haynes worked in the laboratory of Pamela Silver, combining chromatin dynamics and synthetic biology.  In 2011 Haynes was appointed to Arizona State University. Since joining Arizona State University, Haynes has been the faculty advisor for the International Genetically Engineered Machines Competition. She was awarded a K01 grant in 2015, to study the use of modular peptide motifs to build synthetic chromatin proteins that activate dormant therapeutic genes. She hopes to increase the use of technology in therapeutics, working on tissue regeneration and customisable protein-based drugs. By engineering genes and proteins, the Haynes group create epigenetic machinery that can regulate DNA. The proteins themselves are fusion transcription factors, which can target particular genes.  In 2018, Haynes moved to the W.H. Coulter Biomedical Engineering Department at Georgia Tech/Emory University.  Haynes has appeared on PBS, talking about biotechnology and disease. Alongside research, Haynes is an accomplished artist. In 2011 she painted her poster presentation for the annual Synthetic biology conference. Her artwork is still on the walls at Harvard University. She is a member of the Building with Biology public engagement project. She has been featured twice on Science Friday.

Karmella Ann Haynes is a biomedical engineer and Associate Professor at Emory University. She researches how chromatin is used to control cell development in biological tissue.

Karmella Ann Haynes est un ingénieur biomédical et professeur assistant à l'université d'État de l'Arizona. Elle fait des recherches sur la façon dont la chromatine est utilisée pour contrôler le développement des cellules dans les tissus biologiques.


Demographics.

According to the Government of Pakistan's National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), there were 6,146 Sikhs registered in Pakistan in 2012. It increased to 50,000 Sikhs. Most are settled in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa followed by Sindh and Punjab. Other sources, including the US Department of State, claim the Sikh population in Pakistan to be as high as 20,000.

Pakistani Sikh diaspora.

Many Pakistani Sikhs have emigrated to countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada. According to the UK's 2001 census, there were 346 Pakistani Sikhs in the UK. There is also a growing Pakistani Sikh expatriate community in the United Arab Emirates.

Before the partition of colonial India.

Prior to independence in 1947, 2 million Sikhs resided in the present day Pakistan and were spread all across Northern Pakistan, specifically the Punjab region and played an important role in its economy as farmers, businessmen, and traders. Significant populations of Sikhs inhabited the largest cities in the Punjab such as Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad (Lyallpur).  Lahore, the capital of Punjab, was then and still is today the location of many important Sikh religious and historical sites, including the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh. The nearby town of Nankana Sahib has nine gurdwaras, and is the birthplace of Sikhism's founder, Guru Nanak Sahib. Each of Nankana Sahib's gurdwaras are associated with different events in Guru Nanak Sahib's life. The town remains an important site of pilgrimage for Sikhs worldwide.  Sikh organizations, including the Chief Khalsa Dewan and Shiromani Akali Dal led by Master Tara Singh, condemned the Lahore Resolution and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as welcoming possible persecution; the Sikhs largely thus strongly opposed the partition of India.

Independence of Pakistan (1947).

The largest Sikh population in Pakistan is found in Peshawar, in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, where the Pashtun law of "nanawati" (protection) spared the scale of violence which had raged across the Indus River in Punjab. Despite the longstanding tensions between the Sikh and Muslim communities in South Asia, the Pashtuns were tolerant towards the religious minority of Sikhs.  There has been an influx of Sikhs refugees from Afghanistan to Pakistan due to the turbulent civil war and conflicts that have ravaged neighboring Afghanistan, and many of these Sikhs have settled in Peshawar.

The Pakistani Sikh community in modern times.

They have mainly kept a low profile within the monolithic Muslim population of Pakistan. Though, Pakistan maintains the title of Islamic state, the articles twenty, twenty-one and twenty-two in chapter two of its constitution guarantees religious freedom to the non-Muslim residents. Since independence in 1947, relations between Pakistan's minorities and the Muslim majority have remained fairly and politically stable. From 1984 to 2002, Pakistan held a system of separate electorates for all its national legislative assemblies, with only a handful of parliamentary seats reserved for minority members. Minorities were legally only permitted to vote for designated minority candidates in general elections. The regime of former President General Pervez Musharraf had professed an agenda of equality for minorities and promotion and protection of minority rights, however, the implementation of corrective measures has been slow. Considerable amount of Sikhs are found in neighbourhood called "Narayanpura" of Karachi's Ranchore Lines.  The historical and holy sites of Sikhs are maintained by a Pakistani governmental body, the Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, which is responsible for their upkeep and preservation.

The emergence of the Sikh community within Pakistan.

After the independence of Pakistan and the migration of nearly all Sikhs to India the Sikh community's rights were diminished as their population decreased. The Pakistani Constitution states that Sikhism is a monotheistic religion. Recently the Sikh community within Pakistan has been making every effort possible to progress in Pakistan. For example, Hercharn Singh became the first Sikh to join the Pakistan Army. For the first time in the 58-year history of Pakistan there has a Sikh been selected into Pakistan's army. Prior to Harcharan Singh's selection in the Pakistani army no individual person who was a member of the Hindu or the Sikh community were ever enrolled in the army, however; the Pakistani Christian community has prominently served in the Pakistan Armed Forces and some had even reached the ranks of Major Generals in the army, Air Vice Marshals in the Pakistan Air force and rear Admiral in the Pakistan Navy. It has received various awards for gallantry and valor. Moreover, members of the tiny Parsi community have some representation in the Armed Forces. First time in the history of Pakistan as well as in the history of Lahore a Sikh person has been appointed as a traffic Sub Inspector. Dr. Gulab Singh who is just 25 years old, is a practising homeopathic doctor and he is from the same place as Harcharan Singh (Nankana Sahib). Gulab Singh is fluent in Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Saraiki, Sindhi, and little bit of English. Other prominent Sikhs are Inspector Amarjeet Singh of Pakistan Rangers and Lance-naik Behram Singh of Pakistan Coast Guard. In yet another contribution to the Pakistani Sikh community, Pakistan Government enacted the Sikh marriage act, Anand Marriage act, in November 2007. This Sikh marriage act allows not only the Sikhs in Pakistan, but also Sikhs living in anywhere in the world to register in Pakistan with the Sikh marriage act. Many pilgrim Sikhs couples from abroad have reaffirmed their marriage vows in Pakistan under the Sikh marriage act.

Notable Sikh.

Politics.

Ramesh Singh Arora became the first Sikh member of Provincial Assembly of the Punjab of Pakistan after he was nominated by the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)). Another Sikh, Dr. Suran Singh has been nominated to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly by the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf following the 2013 elections.

Music.

The first Pakistani Sikh musician also emerged on the music industry in 2009, Jassi Lailpuria, launched his first song on independence day entitled, Sohna Pakistan. A Sikh named Taranjeet Singh is an VJ, anchor and host on PTV channel.  Rupinder Singh Magon (Rup Magon), from the band Josh, is also a superstar in Pakistan and is popular among the youth of the country. Although he lives in Canada but travels to Pakistan for concerts and television engagements. He, along with his bandmate Qurram Hussain, was also part of Coke Studio.

Sikhism in Pakistan has an extensive heritage and history, although Sikhs form a small community in Pakistan today. Most Sikhs live in the province of Punjab, a part of the larger Punjab region where the religion originated in the Middle Ages, with some also residing in Peshawar in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Sahib Ji, the founder of Sikhism, is located in Pakistan's Punjab province.

Le sikhisme au Pakistan est une religion très largement minoritaire au sein de cette république islamique. Le pays est pourtant le lieu de nombreux sites sacré du sikhisme étant donné l'implantation historique de la religion dans cette région. Une vaste majorité des sikhs du Pakistan ont émigré en Inde lors de la partition des Indes en 1947.


History.

Hindu and Buddhist rule.

The Hindu caste system of the Kashmir region was influenced by the influx of Buddhism from the time of Asoka, around the third century BCE, and a consequence of this was that the traditional lines of varna were blurred, with the exception of that for the Brahmins, who remained aloof from the changes. Another notable feature of early Kashmiri society was the relative high regard in which women were held when compared to their position in other communities of the period.  A historically contested region, Northern India was subject to attack from Turkic and Arab regimes from the eighth century onwards, but they generally ignored the mountain-circled Kashmir Valley in favour of easier pickings elsewhere. It was not until the fourteenth century that Muslim rule was finally established in the Valley and when this happened it did not occur primarily as a consequence of invasion so much as because of internal problems resulting from the weak rule and corruption endemic in the Hindu Lohara dynasty. Mohibbul Hasan describes this collapse as  The Brahmins had something to be particularly unhappy about during the reign of the last Lohara king, for Sūhadeva chose to include them in his system of onerous taxation, whereas previously they appear to have been exempted.  The Persian scholar Al-Biruni wrote in his famous chronicle "India" on the relative seclusion of Kashmir and its people during the 11th century CE, describing that:The inhabitants of Kashmir... are particularly anxious about the natural strength of their country, and therefore take always much care to keep a strong hold upon the entrances and roads leading into it. In consequence it is difficult to have any commerce with them. In former times they used to allow one or two foreigners to enter their country, particularly Jews, but at present time they do not allow any Hindu who they do not know personally to enter, much less other people.

Arrival of Islam and Shah Mir Dynasty (1320–1580s).

Islam arrived in Kashmir starting with the conversion in 1320 of Kashmir's Buddhist ruler, Rinchan, at the hands of the saint, Sayyid Bilal Shah (also known as Bulbul Shah). After conversion to Islam he called himself Malik Sadur-ud-Din and became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir. In 1339, Shah Mir established the Shah Mir dynasty in Kashmir. Islam grew in the 14th century under the Shah Mir dynasty and numerous Muslim ulama from Central Asia came to preach in Kashmir. Some of the famous ulama who propagated Islam in Kashmir included Sayyid Jalaluddin, Sayyid Tajuddin, Sayyid Ḥusayn Simani, Sayyid Ali Ḥamadani, Mir Muḥammad Hamadani, and Shaykh Nuruddin. Sayyid Ali Hamadani (also known as Shah-yi Hamadan), alongside hundreds of his followers, converted thousands of Kashmiris to Islam and also imparted Persian influences on the local Kashmiri culture. His son, Sayyid Muḥammad Hamadani, encouraged Kashmir's Muslim ruler Sikandar Butshikan (who reigned from 1389–1413) to enforce Islamic law and establish the office of "Shaykh al-Islam" i.e. the chief religious authority. By the late 1400s the majority of the population had embraced Islam. During the rule of Sultan Sikandar Butshikan (1389–1413), who has been referred as an iconoclast, there were mass migrations of Kashmiri Pandits to other parts of India.

Chak rule.

In 1540, the Mughal governor of Kashgar and a cousin of Emperor Babur by the name of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat conquered Kashmir. He ruled until 1551, when he was killed in an outbreak of revolt by Chaks, who became the main force by this time. The Chaks are believed to have been naturalised Kashmiris of Dardic ancestry from Chilas. Today their tribe is based in trehgram and other parts northern Kashmir valley. In 1557 they overthrew the Shah Miri dynasty and came to power. The Chak rulers, being Shias, persecuted their Sunni subjects, causing Sunni scholars to flee to safer environs. Some disenchanted Sunnis, such as notable Sunni scholar, Sheikh Yaqub Sarfi, went to the court of Akbar and invited the Mughals to conquer Kashmir and overthrow Chak rule on certain conditions. These conditions included a guarantee of Kashmiri rights such as freedom of religion for all of Kashmir's population. Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi also forbade Sunnis from carrying out any reprisal against Shias and he devoted his life to restoring peace and communal harmony between the Sunnis and Shias of Kashmir. Initially after being defeated by kashmiri forces twice, In 1586 the Mughal imperial army finally entered the valley of Kashmir taking advantage of the disunity among Kashmiris (Shia-Sunni sectarian violence).

Mughal rule (1580s–1750s).

Kashmiri historians see Mughal rule as the beginning of the end of Kashmiri independence. The Mughal Emperor Akbar succeeded in invading the Kashmir Valley, despite tough Kashmiri resistance, due to internal Sunni–Shia divisions amongst Kashmiris.  The anti-Shia policies of Mirza Haidar Dughlat and the anti-Sunni policies of the Chaks had broken Kashmiri unity, thus paving the way for the Mughal occupation of Kashmir. Akbar's victory brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule.

The Kashmiris () are an ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley, in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, who speak Kashmiri, an Indo-Aryan Dardic language. The bulk of Kashmiri people predominantly live in the Kashmir Valley–which is the 'actual' Kashmir and does not include the other territories of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (i.e. Jammu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and Ladakh). Other ethnic groups living in the former Jammu and Kashmir state include Gujjars, Dogras, Paharis, Baltis and Ladakhis.

Les Cachemiris (en cachemiri : کٲشُر لوٗکھ / कॉशुर लूख) sont un groupe ethnolinguistique originaire de la région de la vallée du Cachemire, dans l'État indien du Jammu-et-Cachemire. La langue des Cachemiris est le cachemiri, une langue indo-aryenne issu des langues dardes. La majorité des Cachemiris vivent dans la vallée du Cachemire


Background.

The discovery of this inscription is to be related to that of several other inscriptions in Aramaic or Greek (or both sets), written by Asoka. The most famous are the Kandahar Bilingual Inscription, written in Greek and Aramaic, or the Greek Edicts of Ashoka, also found in Kandahar. Previously, in 1915, Sir John Marshall discovered the Aramaic Inscription of Taxila, and in 1932 another inscription in Aramaic was discovered in the Laghman Valley in Pul-i-Darunteh, the Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription. Finally, another inscription, the Aramaic inscription of Laghman was also discovered in 1970.  The Aramaic inscription of Kandahar is an inscription in "Indo-Aramaic" alternating Indian language and Aramaic language, but using only the Aramaic script, the Aramaic parts translating the Indian parts transcribed in the Aramaic alphabet. It does not explicitly refer to Ashoka in the fragment that was found, but the place of discovery, the style of writing, the vocabulary used, allows to link the inscription to the other Ashoka inscriptions known in the region.

Content of the inscription.

This inscription is usually interpreted as a version of a passage from Major Pillar Edict n°7.  The word SHYTY which appears several times corresponds to the Middle Indian word "Sahite" (Sanskrit "Sahitam"), meaning "in agreement with", "according to...", and which allows to introduce a quote, in this case here Indian words found in the Ashoka Edits. Many of these Indian words, transcribed here phonetically in Aramaic, are indeed identifiable, and otherwise exist only in Major Pillar Edict n°7 of Ashoka, in the same order of use : 'NWPTYPTY' corresponds to the Indian word "anuppatipatiya" (without order, in disorder), and 'NWPTYP...' to "anuppatipamme". Y'NYHYK'NY... corresponds to "yani hi kanici" and is the first word of this edict.  There are also several words in the Aramaic language, the role of which would be to explain the meaning of the Indian words and phrases mentioned: the word WK'N "and now", WYHWTRYWN "they have grown, and they will grow", PTYSTY "obedience"...  This inscription, in spite of its partial and often obscure character, seems to be a translation or a line-by-line commentary of elements of Major Pillar Edict n°7. A more extensive analysis with photographs was published in the "Asian Journal".

The Aramaic inscription of Kandahar is an inscription on a fragment of a block of limestone (24x18 cm) discovered in the ruins of Old Kandahar, Afghanistan in 1963, and published in 1966 by André Dupont-Sommer. It was discovered practically at the same time as the Greek Edicts of Ashoka, which suggests that the two inscriptions were more or less conjoined. The inscription was written in Aramaic, probably by the Indian emperor Ashoka about 260 BCE. Since Aramaic was the official language of the Achaemenid Empire, which disappeared in 320 BCE with the conquests of Alexander the Great, it seems that this inscription was addressed directly to the populations of this ancient empire still present in northwestern India, or to border populations for whom Aramaic remained the language of use.

L'inscription araméenne de Kandahar est une inscription sur un fragment de bloc de calcaire (24 x 18 cm) découverte dans la vieille ville de Kandahar (Afghanistan) en 1963 et publiée en 1966 par André Dupont-Sommer. Elle a été découverte pratiquement au même lieu et au même moment que les Édits grecs d'Ashoka, ce qui permet de supposer que les deux inscriptions étaient plus ou moins conjointes. L'inscription fut écrite en langue araméenne, probablement par l'empereur indien Ashoka aux environs de 260 av. J-C. L'araméen ayant été la langue officielle de l'empire achéménide, disparu en 320 av. J-C avec les conquêtes d'Alexandre le Grand, il semble que cette inscription s'adressait directement aux populations de cet ancien empire encore présentes dans le nord-ouest de l'Inde, ou bien aux populations frontalières dont l'araméen restait la langue d'usage.


Development.

Inspired by the use of gliders by Germany, the United States Navy and USMC initiated a glider program in May 1941. Two glider types were envisioned, a 12-seat and a 24 seat-type. The Naval Aircraft Factory was requested to undertake preliminary design of the gliders, which were to be constructed of wood or composite materials. The idea was to have enough gliders to transport one battalion of Marines (715 men) with equipment. Consolidated PBYs should be used to tow the gliders. The Marines requested a glider capable of landing and take off from both land and water, be capable of static line parachute jumping and have exterior machine guns.  In 1942, the USMC established Marine Glider Group 71 at Page Field, Parris Island, South Carolina (USA), using the Schweizer LNS-1 and Pratt-Read LNE-1, later also Aeronca LNR-1 gliders for training. For towing the unit used N3N Canary biplane trainers and J2F Duck amphibians.

Design.

For the 12-seat type the beach assault role in mind, the U.S. Navy ordered prototypes, the Allied Aviation Corporation XLRA-1 and the Bristol Aeronautical Corporation XLRQ-1. Technically, the gliders were successful designs, and 100 of each were ordered. Also a licence production by the Naval Aircraft Factory as the LRN-1 was envisioned.  Although the U.S. Navy ordered four XLRQ-1 prototypes, only two were built (BuNos 11561 and 11562). The glider had a retractable landing gear and the wing roots provided lateral stability on the water.  However, glider assault was not tactically feasible against small, heavily defended islands in the Pacific, not enough gliders were arriving from factories and too many pilots were being assigned to the glider program. Therefore, the program was scrapped in 1943.

The Bristol XLRQ-1 was a 12-seat amphibious glider of the Bristol Aeronautical Corporation, New Haven, Connecticut (USA), developed for the United States Marine Corps in 1942-43. Only two prototypes were built before the USMC scrapped the idea of glider use in 1943.

Le Bristol était un planeur militaire amphibie à douze places américain, développé pour l' (USMC) par la'de New Haven, dans le Connecticut, entre 1942 et 1943.


Origins of the song.

As a teenager Richman saw the Velvet Underground perform many times, and the format of "Roadrunner" is derived directly from the Velvets' song "Sister Ray". "Roadrunner" mainly uses two chords (D and A, and only two brief uses of E) rather than "Sister Ray"'s three (which are G, F, and C), but they share the same persistent throbbing rhythm, and lyrics which in performance were largely improvised around a central theme.  However, in contrast to Lou Reed's morally detached saga of debauchery and decay, Richman's lyrics are passionate and candid, dealing with the freedom of driving alone and the beauty of the modern suburban environment, specifically the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The introductory countoff, ""one - two - three - four - five - six!"", and lyrics about ""going faster miles an hour"" with the ""radio on"" have endeared the song to many critics and listeners since it was first released.  Richman wrote the song by 1970, when he began performing it in public, aged 19. Former bandmate John Felice recalled that as teenagers he and Richman "used to get in the car and just drive up and down Route 128 and the Turnpike. We'd come up over a hill and he’d see the radio towers, the beacons flashing, and he would get almost teary-eyed. He'd see all this beauty in things where other people just wouldn’t see it."

Recordings by Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers.

Richman's band the Modern Lovers first recorded "Roadrunner" with producer John Cale (previously of the Velvet Underground) in 1972. This version was first released as a single and in 1976 on the Modern Lovers' long-delayed but highly acclaimed self-titled debut album (originally Home of the Hits HH019). Being a rock and roll standard, the song is also regarded as a garage band classic and proto-punk anthem.  Later in 1972, the group recorded two more versions with Kim Fowley, which were released in 1981 on the album, "The Original Modern Lovers" (Bomp BLP 4021). A live version from 1973 was also later officially released on the album "Live At Longbranch Saloon".  The most commercially successful version of the song, credited to Richman as a solo artist, was recorded for Beserkley Records in late 1974, produced by label boss Matthew King Kaufman, featured Jonathan backed by The Greg Kihn Band and released at the time on a single (Beserkley B-34701) with a B-side by the band Earth Quake. Kaufman stated: "To record "Roadrunner" took the 3 minutes 35 seconds for the performance, about another 30 minutes to dump the background vocals on, and another 90 minutes to mix it". Actually Kaufman was mistaken - this version is listed on the UK release of the single as being 4:40.  This version was reissued in 1975 on the album "Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1" (Beserkley JBZ-0044). In the UK, where Richman had received substantial and very positive publicity in the music press, it was released in 1977 as a single (Beserkley BZZ 1), known as “Roadrunner (Once)” and credited to Jonathan Richman, with the Cale-produced “Roadrunner (Twice)” on the B-side, credited to the Modern Lovers, and lasting approximately 4:06. This single reached number 11 in the UK singles chart in August 1977. Also in 1977, a live version titled “Roadrunner (Thrice)” lasting 8:24 was released as the B-side of the UK single "The Morning Of Our Lives" (Beserkley BZZ 7).  The differences among all these versions are in the lyrics, the duration, the instrumentation (electric garage rock vs. acoustic rock) and the way Richman sings them.

Cover versions.

A version of "Roadrunner" was recorded by the Sex Pistols as a rough demo in 1976, seemingly in a spontaneous transition from Chuck Berry's legendary "Johnny B. Goode", which is in the same key and a similar tempo. This recording was then overdubbed upon in 1978, and released in 1979 on "The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle" album. Pistols' vocalist Johnny Rotten has said that although he "hate(s) all music", "Roadrunner" is his favorite song. However in the recording, he forgets most of the lyrics.  Another punk cover was done by the British band Wire in their early days, before they diverged from punk into their more electronic, post-punk sound. Their version of "Roadrunner" can be found on the album "1976 Demo", which is a collection of bootleg tracks that was released in 2010.  "Roadrunner" was also recorded by Joan Jett on her 1986 album "Good Music", and again for her 1990 album of covers, "The Hit List."  Phish opened their concert with "Roadrunner" in Mansfield, MA on September 11, 2000.  The Greg Kihn Band covered "Roadrunner" on their 1979 album "With the Naked Eye" and the song became a live staple for the group.  The Jazz Butcher released "Roadrunner" as a single in 1984, which got to number 50 in the British independent charts.  M.I.A. borrows lyrics from "Roadrunner" in the opening verses of her song "Bamboo Banga"  Steve Albini makes reference to the lyrics from "Roadrunner" in the first verse of Shellac's song "The End of Radio."  Session Americana recorded a version of Roadrunner on "Northeast", their album of songs by northeast-based songwriters.

Uses in popular culture.

"Roadrunner" is featured on the Motion Picture Soundtrack to "Mad Magazine"'s 1980 movie "Up the Academy", in the movie "School of Rock", in the 2012 movie "Not Fade Away", on the radio in the movie "PCU", an episode in Season Two of the HBO series "The Wire", and in Dennis Busenitz’ segment in Real Skateboards’ 2011 promotional video Since Day One.  Stephen King quoted a verse of the song to introduce one of the chapters of his novel "Christine". Every chapter of the novel begins with a quotation of lyrics from rock songs about cars.  Katrina and the Waves quote lyrics from "Roadrunner" in "Walking on Sunshine" with the repeated lines "I feel the love, I feel alive".  During a scene in the first episode of season two of HBO's "The Deuce," Maggie Gyllenhaal is listening to "Roadrunner" while splicing a porn scene she had shot earlier that day.

Influence.

In addition to being ranked #269 on 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, "Guardian" journalist Laura Barton has described "Roadrunner" as "one of the most magical songs in existence". In July 2007, Barton wrote an essay published in the newspaper about her attempt to visit all the places mentioned in Richman's recorded versions of the song, including the Stop & Shop at Natick, Massachusetts, the Howard Johnson's restaurant, the Prudential Tower, Quincy, Cohasset, Deer Island, Route 128, and Interstate 90.  On February 13, 2013, then State Representative Marty Walsh introduced a bill to have "Roadrunner" named official rock song of Massachusetts. Richman however came out against this saying, "I don't think the song is good enough to be a Massachusetts song of any kind." Comedian and Massachusetts native John Hodgman came out in support of Walsh's bill, saying the song was, "woven as deeply into the cultural landscape of Massachusetts as the Turnpike itself. It is the pulsing sound of the night and the future. It connects the midnight ride of Paul Revere with the dream of every Massachusetts teenager who has just gotten their license and is discovering the Freedom Trail that is Route 128 after the last movie lets out." An Act designating the song “Roadrunner” as the official rock song of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was proposed by David Paul Linsky and Denise Provost and ordered to a third reading on 2019-04-19.

"Roadrunner" is a song written by Jonathan Richman and recorded in various versions by Richman and his band, in most cases credited as the Modern Lovers. Richman has described it as an ode to Massachusetts Route 128.

La chanson est également sortie en single crédité à « Jonathan Richman and The Modern Lovers » (sur le label Beserkley Records en ). Elle n'est pas entrée dans les charts américains.


Discovery and species.

Fossil specimens referrable to "Metriorhynchus" are known from Middle-Late Jurassic deposits of England, France and Germany.

Valid species.

Only two valid species are recognized today, the type species "M. geoffroyi" and "M. superciliosus". ""Metriorhynchus" hastifer" and ""M." palpebrosus" are generically distinct from the "Metriorhynchus" type species, with "hastifer" being recovered as a geosaurine. Species in this genus were traditionally classed into two skull groups: longirostrine (long, narrow jaws) and brevirostrine (short, broad jaws). However, all brevirostrine species have been transferred to the genera "Purranisaurus" and "Suchodus".  Eudes-Deslongchamps (1867–69) recognized four Callovian species of "Metriorhynchus", "M. superciliosus", "M. moreli", "M. blainvillei", and "M. brachyrhynchus". Later, Andrews (1913) considered there to be seven valid species: "M. superciliosus", "M. moreli", "M. brachyrhynchus", "M. durobrivensis", "M. cultridens", "M. leedsi" and "M. laeve". However, Adams-Tresman (1987), using linear morphometrics, could only distinguish between the two skull groups, so she found there to be two species from the Oxford Clay, "M. superciliosus" and "M. brachyrhynchus". Vignaud (1997) however, considered there to be three Callovian species: "M. superciliosus", "M. brachyrhynchus" and "M. leedsi".

Unnamed species.

Fragmentary remains attributed to "Metriorhynchus" are known from South America during the Bajocian and Bathonian (both Middle Jurassic). However, phylogenetic analysis has shown that these species cannot be referred to "Metriorhynchus".

Taxonomy and phylogeny.

The genera "Purranisaurus" and "Suchodus" have been considered junior synonyms of "Metriorhynchus", Recent phylogenetic analyses however, do not support the monophyly of "Metriorhynchus". Some of the longirostrine forms, however, do appear to form a natural group.  The cladogram presented below follows an analysis by Mark Young and Marco Brandalise de Andrade, published in November 2009.  Cladogram after Cau & Fanti (2010).

Palaeobiology.

Description.

Averaging in length, "Metriorhynchus" was of a similar size to modern crocodiles. However, it had a streamlined body and a finned tail, making it a more efficient swimmer than modern crocodilian species.

Salt glands.

"Metriorynchus" had nasal salt glands which, like the salt glands of all other marine reptiles, were used to remove excess salt. This means that like "Geosaurus" it would have been able to "drink" salt-water and eat equally salty prey, such as cephalopods, without dehydrating.

Diet.

"Metriorhynchus" was a versatile and opportunistic predator, predating upon both the armoured ammonites and the fast moving fish; occasionally, it was also capable of capturing flying animals such as the pterosaurs and scavenging on plesiosaur and "Leedsichthys" carcasses on the seafloor.

Palaeoecology.

Predators.

Even though "Metriorhynchus" was an effective predator, it was vulnerable to predation from apex predators such as "Liopleurodon" which could grow to 6.39 meters (21 feet) in length. Since "Metriorhynchus" had lost its osteoderms, "armour scutes", to become more efficient swimmers it would have had little defense against larger marine predators.

Metriorhynchus is an extinct genus of marine crocodyliform that lived in the oceans during the Middle to Late Jurassic. "Metriorhynchus" was named by the German palaeontologist Christian von Meyer in 1830. "Metriorhynchus" was a carnivore that spent much, if not all, its life out at sea. No "Metriorhynchus" eggs or nests have been discovered, so little is known of the reptile's life cycle, unlike other large marine reptiles of the Mesozoic, such as plesiosaurs or ichthyosaurs which are known to have given birth to live young out at sea. Where "Metriorhynchus" mated, whether on land or at sea, is currently unknown. The name "Metriorhynchus" means "Moderate snout", and is derived from the Greek "Metrio"- ("moderate") and -"rhynchos" ("snout").

Metriorhynchus est un genre éteint de crocodyliformes métriorhynchoïdes carnivores, à long rostre, presque exclusivement marins ayant vécu au Jurassique moyen et supérieur, du Callovien au Kimméridgien, il y a environ entre (millions d'années), dans ce qui est aujourd'hui l'Europe de l'ouest, en France, en Allemagne, en Suisse et en Angleterre.


History.

From its earliest settlement, most villages and towns on the Eastern Shore of Virginia were located near the coasts at navigable ports where crops or livestock could be transported by boat. The coming of the New York, Pennsylvania, and Norfolk Railroad in the 1880s initiated a shift in population and commerce to the center of the shore and created the need for new towns, including the town of Painter.  The Painter-Garrisons United Methodist Church was established in nearby Mappsburg, Virginia in 1784 when Bishop Francis Asbury made his first of six visits to the home of Jonathan Garrison. The congregation constructed a chapel by 1787, the first house of worship to be built by the Methodist Episcopal Church on the Eastern Shore. The present church was erected in 1855 and was the scene of the establishment of the Independent Convention of Accomack, a group of Methodist Churches that left the northern church in 1860 and, at the close of the war, joined the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. By the turn of the 20th century, as the population continued to shift from Mappsburg to Painter and other new towns, the church erected a second building in Painter in 1906. Twenty years later, the older church was moved to Painter and adjoined to the existing building at which time it took the name Painter-Garrisons Church. The 1855 building is today the second-oldest Methodist Church building on the Eastern Shore.  Willowdale and Central High School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Painter is located at (37.585632, −75.783445).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all of it land.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 246 people, 104 households, and 69 families living in the town. The population density was 388.0 people per square mile (150.8/km2). There were 117 housing units at an average density of 184.6 per square mile (71.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 65.45% White, 30.08% African American, 0.41% Native American, 2.44% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.69%.  Of the 104 households 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 19.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 31.7% of households were one person and 21.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.  The age distribution was 22.8% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 75.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.6 males.  The median household income was $19,583 and the median family income was $31,250. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $20,469 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,350. About 13.9% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 19.4% of those sixty five or over.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Painter has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Painter is a town in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. The population was recorded at 229 at the 2010 census.

Painter est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté d'Accomack en Virginie. Selon le recensement de 2010, Painter compte. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de.


Original recording by Love.

MacLean originally wrote the song, then called "Alone Again", in 1965 for Love's debut album. However, he did not complete it until the recording of "Forever Changes" in the summer of 1967. The song was inspired by his memory of waiting for a girlfriend, and, according to Barney Hoskyns, the melody drew loosely on Sergei Prokofiev's "Lieutenant Kije Suite". The essence of the song is the contrast between the positivity of the tune and the bleakness of the lyrics, with the chorus "And I will be alone again tonight, my dear" finishing with a lone acoustic guitar, closing the song with the opening melody that sounds anything but ecstatic, ending with an E minor plus 2 chord.  For the recording session, which took place on September 10, 1967 at Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood, arranger David Angel worked with MacLean, adding a string section and a horn part for a mariachi band whom co-producer Bruce Botnick had recently used on a Tijuana Brass album. MacLean later said, "That was the happiest I ever was with anything we ever did as a band - the orchestral arrangement of that song". However, Botnick, with co-producer and band leader Arthur Lee, remixed the track to bring Lee's own unison vocal to the forefront of the song, at least partly on the grounds that MacLean's own vocal lead was too weak. Lee also added to the mystery of the song by changing the title to "Alone Again Or".  With Lee now on co-lead vocals, "Alone Again Or" became the opening track of "Forever Changes". It was the sole single released from the album to reach the "Billboard" singles chart. Its 1968 B-side was Lee's "A House Is Not a Motel", although the 1970 reissue of the single featured "Good Times" from the 1969 "Four Sail" album instead. "Alone Again Or", in an edited version in early 1968, initially peaked nationally at No. 123 (and at No. 7 on Los Angeles station KHJ-AM), while the longer, original album version spent three weeks on the singles chart in 1970, peaking at No. 99, according to Joel Whitburn's "Top Pop Singles: 1955–2010".  MacLean's composition (as well as the recording itself) has come to be considered a classic. In 2004, "Alone Again Or" came in at No. 436 in the "Rolling Stone" 500 Greatest Songs of All Time poll. In the magazine's 2010 version, the song ranked at No. 442.  Writing about "Forever Changes", Amazon.com critic Billy Altman called the song a "gem".  In 1997, Sundazed Records released the CD "Ifyoubelievein", which contained two demo versions of "Alone Again Or" featuring MacLean on acoustic guitar.  The song has been featured in several films, most notably the 1996 films "Bottle Rocket" and "Sleepers". It appeared at the close of the 2009 British comedy movie "Bunny and the Bull", playing as the lead character finally breaks free of his obsessions. Alone Again Or was also featured in the climactic parade scene ending the last episode of season one of the 2019 Netflix series "Russian Doll".

Single by the Damned.

"Alone Again Or" was released as a single by the Damned on 6 April 1987 by MCA. They recorded it as an acknowledgement of one of their influences, the band Love. Boosted by multi-format releases (including the band's first CD single, which included the first release of their version of "Eloise" on this format) and a surreal video helmed by Gerard de Thame, the single peaked at No. 27 in the UK – the Damned's final Top 40 hit to date. The UK B-side "In Dulce Decorum" was recorded live at the Hammersmith Odeon on 12 November 1986.  MCA also issued the single in the United States, their first single to be issued in the territory since "Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde" in 1981. This release added the studio version of "In Dulce Decorum" in place of the live version on the UK release.

"Alone Again Or" is a song originally recorded in 1967 by the rock group Love and written by band member Bryan MacLean. It appears on the album "Forever Changes", and was released as a single in the USA, UK, Australia, France and The Netherlands.

Publiée en single (sous le label Elektra Records) en, la chanson a atteint la place du Hot 100 du magazine musical américain "Billboard", passant en tout 3 semaines dans le chart.


Early life.

Marinković was born in Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia. He comes from a relatively-sports related family; his father Zoran is a football referee and cinematographer, while his mother Dragana and his six-year older brother both played basketball in their youth. Marinković started playing basketball for Belgrade-based club "Vračar" where he played from 2006 until 2010. He then moved to "Koledž" where he stayed for one season.

Club career.

Partizan Belgrade.

In the summer of 2011, he moved to play with Partizan's youth categories. He continued to play with the youth categories of the team for four seasons, with the exception of the last season in which he played occasionally, as he spent most of his time training with the senior team.  In the 2013–14 season, he started working with the senior team of Partizan, under head coach Duško Vujošević. He debuted for the team in the Serbian Cup game against FMP Belgrade. However, although being capped for the games many times, he occasionally got the chance to play in the rest of the season. Partizan finished the season winning its 13th consecutive domestic league title, defeating archrivals Crvena zvezda by 3-1 in the final series; that would be the only title won over the season. He also became a champion with Partizan's junior team by beating Crvena zvezda in the final game.  In the 2014–15 season, he became a standard part of senior team's rotation. On November 8, he led his team with season-high 20 points in 65–50 win over MZT Skopje, showing great potential for the future. Three days after turning 18, on January 12, 2015, he signed his first professional, four-year contract with Partizan. Over the season, he appeared in 29 games of the ABA League, averaging 3.9 points, 1.2 rebounds and 0.7 assists per game. He also played in the EuroCup where Partizan was eliminated in the Group E. On September 18, 2015, he appeared in the EuroBasket 2015 special event - FIBA European U-18 All-Star game, consisted of the 24 most talented European players born in 1997 or after. He led his "Team Black" with 17 points and 4 assists in 82–87 loss to "Team Red". Over 26 games of the 2015–16 ABA League, he averaged 6.1 points, 2.6 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game, while shooting 31.3% from the field.  In the 2016–17 season, he averaged 8.2 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game, while shooting 42.5% from the field over 23 games of the 2016–17 ABA League.  On 14 October 2017, in an ABA League away game versus Zadar in a 104–97, Marinković scored a career-high 33 points, also adding 5 rebounds and 1 assist. Over 20 games of the 2017–18 ABA League, he averaged 11.3 points, 2.9 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game, while shooting 41.3% from the field and 36.1% from the three-point field goal.  In June 2018, he signed a two-year contract extension with the club. Over 23 games of the 2018–19 ABA League, he averaged 12.2 points, 2.4 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game, while shooting 40.2% from the field and 32.8% from the three-point field goal.

Valencia Basket.

On 23 July 2019, Marinković signed a two-year contract with the Spanish club Valencia Basket.

NBA draft rights.

On 20 June 2019, Marinković was the final pick of the 2019 NBA draft, after being selected by the Sacramento Kings.

National team career.

Marinković represented the Serbia men's national under-16 basketball team at the 2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship where they won the silver medal. The following year he was part of the U17 national team that won the bronze medal at the 2014 FIBA Under-17 World Championship.

Vanja Marinković (, born January 9, 1997) is a Serbian professional basketball player for Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB and EuroLeague. Standing at, he plays the shooting guard position.

Vanja Marinković (en ), né le à Belgrade, en République fédérale de Yougoslavie, est un joueur serbe de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste d'arrière.


History.

This small painting is generally attributed to Mantegna's youth. It was likely commissioned by Borso d'Este during the artist's stay in Ferrara in 1450–1451.  The work, originally on panel, was subsequently moved to canvas at an unknown date, losing a small section on the far right. It is perhaps mentioned in a 1586 inventory of Margherita Gonzaga d'Este's possessions as a "Prosepio de Andrea Mantegna" ("Nativity Scene of Andrea Mantegna"). By 1603 it was owned by Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, who kept it in the Villa Aldobrandini, and then it passed to his descendants. Later it was inherited by the Pamphilj, and then by the Borghese. In 1792 it was sold to the painter-dealer Alexander Day, who took it to London. William Buchanan sold it to Richard Payne Knight at Downton Castle, Herefordshire; his eventual heirs sold it to Joseph Duveen. In 1925 it was acquired from Duveen, New York, by Clarence Mackay; it was purchased for the Metropolitan Museum of Art by an anonymous donor.

Description.

The scene is set in an open space, with the Madonna in the middle, adoring the Child while kneeling on a stone step, while to her right St. Joseph is sleeping, and to her left two shepherds pray. St. Joseph's sleep may hint at his role as mere guardian of the Virgin and the Child. The blasted tree on which he leans has born fruit on a single branch; the usual interpretation of this traditional feature is of the mystic renewal of Nature under the new dispensation. Jesus' three-quarters depiction is typical of Mantegna's production.  On the far left is a fenced orchard, symbolizing Mary's virginity. Also depicted are boards of the ruinous stable in which traditionally Jesus was born. On the right is a wide landscape, framed by two steep mountains. Two other shepherds are represented in the right background, together with a big tree somewhat resembling the Calvary Cross, a presage of Jesus' Passion. There is also an ox, a traditional mute witness of the Nativity.  Several flaws in the perspective have induced scholars to assign this work to a date near that of the first frescoes executed by Mantegna in the Ovetari Chapel, in particular to the first scenes of the Life of St. James (1448-1450). The attention to detail has been explained by the influence of the Flemish School, which Mantegna could study in the Este family collection, perhaps through a direct knowledge of Rogier van der Weyden. The grotesque portraits of the shepherds, such as their wrinkles and other realistic details, show the influence of northern European examples.

Further reading.

<br

The Adoration of the Shepherds is a painting by the northern Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna, dated to c. 1450-1451.

L’Adoration des bergers est un tableau du peintre de la Renaissance Andrea Mantegna, exécuté en 1455-1456 et conservé aujourd'hui au Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.


Design and description.

The "Hawkins"-class cruisers were designed to be able to hunt down commerce raiders in the open ocean, for which they needed a heavy armament, high speed and long range. The ships had an overall length of, a beam of and a draught of at deep load. They displaced at normal load and at deep load. Their crew consisted of 690 officers and ratings.  The ships were originally designed with propulsion machinery, but the Admiralty decided in 1917 to replace their four coal-fired boilers with more powerful oil-burning ones. This change could only be applied to the three least-advanced ships, including "Raleigh", although she was the only one who received the full upgrade. The ship was powered by four Brown-Curtis geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by a dozen Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at for a speed of. When "Raleigh" ran her sea trials in 1920, she reached, but did not exceed, her designed speed. "Raleigh" carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of at.  The main armament of the "Hawkins"-class ships consisted of seven Mk VI guns in single mounts protected by gun shields. They were arranged with five guns on the centreline, four in superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, the fifth gun on the quarterdeck, and the last two as wing guns abreast the aft funnel. Their secondary armament consisted of ten 20 cwt guns. Six of these were in low-angle mounts, two in casemates between the forward 7.5-inch guns, another pair on platforms abreast the conning tower and the remaining guns on a platform between the funnels, although these last two guns were removed in 1921. The last four served as anti-aircraft (AA) guns and were positioned around the base of the mainmast. The rest of their anti-aircraft suite consisted of a pair of 2-pounder () AA guns. The ships were also fitted with six 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, one submerged and two above water on each broadside.  The "Hawkins" class were protected by a full-length waterline armoured belt that covered most of the ships' sides. It was thickest over boiler and engine rooms, ranging from thick. Their magazines were protected by an additional of armour. There was a 1-inch aft transverse bulkhead and the conning tower was protected by 3-inch armour plates. The ships' deck protection consisted of 1 to 1.5 inches of high-tensile steel.

Construction and career.

"Raleigh" was named for the Elizabethan explorer and statesman Sir Walter Raleigh and was the sixth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was laid down by William Beardmore & Company at their shipyard in Dalmuir on 9 December 1915, launched on 28 August 1919 and completed in July 1921. Captain Sir Arthur Bromley was appointed in command on 14 February 1920. "Raleigh" was intended to serve as the flagship of Vice-Admiral Trevylyan Napier, Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station, and departed on 26 July, bound for Bermuda to rendezvous with the admiral, but he died on 30 July.  Sir William Pakenham, the new commander of the North America and West Indies Station, hoisted his flag aboard the ship on 12 August and she departed for Montreal, Quebec, on 1 September. Two months later, "Raleigh" returned to Bermuda and then visited Jamaica. She passed through the Panama Canal in January 1922 and continued northwards to drop anchor in San Francisco, California, on the 21st. The ship returned to the Bermuda the following month and then visited ports around Chesapeake Bay, including Washington, D.C. in May. Two months later, "Raleigh" returned to Canada where the general public toured the ship. On 3 August, Pakenham transferred his flag to the light cruiser and "Raleigh" became a private ship.  On 8 August "Raleigh" was bound for Forteau, Labrador, from Hawke's Bay, Newfoundland, and she entered a heavy fog in the Strait of Belle Isle en route. The ship ran aground at L'Anse Amour, Newfoundland, that afternoon, 15 minutes after entering the fog. She did not strike with much force, but the strong wind quickly blew her stern onto the rocks, which pounded multiple holes in the hull and gave her an eight-degree list. A dozen sailors died from drowning and hypothermia as the crew abandoned ship. Many men were able to find shelter ashore while the others lit fires to stay warm. They returned to the ship the following morning to evaluate the ship's condition and to recover personal belongings, only to find a gash in the hull and most personal items ruined by leaking fuel oil. The light cruisers and "Calcutta" arrived later that day and fed the crewmen. In the bad weather little could be done immediately and many of the survivors were marched to Forteau to be transported back to Britain. The Canadian ocean liner RMS "Empress of France" arrived on 10 August to load the crewmen, but her captain refused to do so as he did not have enough provisions for all the men. They had to wait several more days before the brand-new 16,402 GRT ocean liner arrived. Several hundred men were kept back to salvage "Raleigh" and to protect the wreck from locals intent on the same task. It was stripped of everything useful and the wreck was abandoned in place, still upright. Shortly after their return to the UK, Bromley and his navigator were both court martialled and found negligent in their duty; they were severely reprimanded and dismissed their ship. Their careers over, both men requested retirement.  Embarrassed by the sight of the apparently intact "Raleigh" visible to every passing ship, the Board of Admiralty deemed the wreck a hazard to shipping in 1926 and ordered it to be refloated. A survey found that this was impossible and the captains of "Capetown" and "Calcutta" were ordered to remove as much as possible from the wreck and then demolish the remains so that it was unrecognizable. The crew of the former ship carried out the first task and the latter's crew blew "Raleigh"s remains apart using depth charges under the command of Captain Andrew Cunningham over five days beginning on 23 September.  Cunningham's men made no effort to recover the pieces of the ship and remains are still plentiful. Royal Canadian Navy dive teams were forced to visit the site in 2003 and 2005 to remove live 7.5-inch ammunition, although there were reports of shells still visible as of 2016.

HMS "Raleigh" was one of five heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War, although the ship was not completed until 1921. She was assigned to the North America and West Indies Station when she commissioned and often served as a flagship. After visiting ports in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and both coasts of the United States and Canada in 1921–1922, "Raleigh" ran aground off Newfoundland in August 1922 with the loss of a dozen crewmen. The ship was partially salvaged in place and was demolished with explosives in 1926, although she remains a diveable wreck in very shallow water.

Le HMS "Raleigh" est un croiseur lourd de classe Hawkins construit pour la Royal Navy à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale.


Merry Clayton version.

The song was rejected by the Shirelles, the premier girl group of the early 1960s, and was first recorded in Los Angeles by Merry Clayton as her first credited single. Clayton had previously provided an uncredited female vocal to the hit "You're the Reason I'm Living" recorded by Bobby Darin as his debut on Capitol Records, and Darin had subsequently arranged for Clayton herself to be signed to Capitol. The composer of "It's in His Kiss", Rudy Clark, was a staff writer for TM Music which Darin headed. Clayton's recording of the song was produced by Jack Nitzsche, and featured Hal Blaine on drums and the Blossoms as chorus. It was released as a single on June 10, 1963, without success.  Clayton recorded the song again for the soundtrack of the 1987 comedy film "Maid to Order" in which she, as the character Audrey James, performs with fictional band the Loaded Blanks, played by the rock band Great White, in the film's climactic scene.

Betty Everett version.

Background.

Calvin Carter, the chief A&R man for the Chicago-located Vee-Jay Records, found "It's in His Kiss" while visiting New York City in search of material for the Vee-Jay roster which included Betty Everett. After Everett had a hit with another song Calvin Carter brought back from New York City, "You're No Good", Calvin Carter suggested Everett cut "It's in His Kiss" as the follow-up single. Everett – who found the song puerile – reluctantly agreed. The accompanying vocals on Everett's recording were provided by Vee-Jay session regulars the Opals, a trio of teenage girls (Rose Addison, Myra Tillison, and Rose "Tootsie" Jackson) from East Chicago, Indiana.  Dave Marsh in his book "The Heart of Rock and Soul" opines that Betty Everett's version, "while [credited] as a solo performance is one of the finest girl group hits, undoubtedly the best one made outside the genre's New York City/Philadelphia/Los Angeles "axis"".

Reception.

Everett's version of "The Shoop Shoop Song" reached number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the spring of 1964: at the time "Billboard" was not publishing its R&B chart but her cover was a number 1 R&B hit according to "Cash Box". In international release, Everett's "The Shoop Shoop Song" was also a hit in Australia reaching number 21 but was initially overlooked in the UK although Everett's minor 1965 U.S. hit "Getting Mighty Crowded" (number 65) would reach number 29 in the UK. In 1968, the label President Records reissued both songs on one single, with "The Shoop Shoop Song" as the A-side, that peaked at number 34.

Ramona King version.

The next recording of "It's in His Kiss" was made in Los Angeles by Ramona King, an R&B singer from San Francisco: this version was produced by Joe Saraceno and former Phil Spector associate Jerry Riopelle and released on Warner Brothers in February 1964, the week prior to the release of Everett's version. Although Everett's single was more likely to receive airplay due to her being an established hitmaker (with "You're No Good"), Vee-Jay feared losing sales to the King version and opted to distinguish Everett's version by issuing it under the title "The Shoop Shoop Song" referring to the song's background vocals.

Linda Lewis version.

Background.

"The Shoop Shoop Song" first became a major UK hit in 1975 via a disco version entitled "It's in His Kiss" by British vocalist Linda Lewis recorded at Media Sound Recording Studios (NYC) with producers Bert de Couteaux and Tony Silvester in a session which also yielded Lewis' recording of her own composition "Rock and Roller Coaster". Lewis would recall: "Clive [Davis]" - Arista Records founder and president - "sent me over to New York [City] to work with Bert DeCoteaux, who’d [produced] Sister Sledge and people like thatAnd I had all these amazing backing vocalists, like Deniece Williams and Luther Vandross in the studio. I was like, 'Oh, my God!' I’m just this little girl from the East EndI just went in the studio and just hit the nail on the head, apparently." Clive Davis had the idea of Lewis remaking a classic hit song disco-style and had several "oldies" played for Lewis in the studio: "As soon as ['It's in His Kiss'] came on we all said 'That's the one!'" Lewis would state: "I always loved the song and used to sing it in the bath" while opining that making a disco record "isn't really me".

Reception.

Issued as "It's in His Kiss" — despite containing a variant of the "shoop shoop" background vocal – Lewis' version became a UK Top Ten hit in August 1975:. on July 26, 1975 the track had been ranked at number 13 in its third charting week, its advance to number 8 on the August 2, 1975 chart being assisted by Lewis' performance of the song on the "TOTP" episode dated July 24, 1975, with the track reaching its UK chart peak of number 6 on August 9, 1975 with a third and final Top Ten ranking at number 9 on August 16, 1975. "It's in His Kiss" also afforded Lewis an Irish Top Ten hit at number 9, and in the US ranked as high as number 11 in club play with peripheral cross-over to the R&B chart in "Billboard" at number 96, while the track almost reached the "Billboard" Hot 100, "bubbling under" at number 107. "It's in His Kiss" was included on Lewis' debut Arista Records album release "Not a Little Girl Anymore" which reached number 40 in the UK Albums Chart.

Linda Ronstadt performances.

On the episode of "Saturday Night Live" broadcast May 19, 1979 Linda Ronstadt and Phoebe Snow performed "The Shoop Shoop Song" as a duet: in an October 2008 interview Snow stated that she and Ronstadt "always talked about" recording "The Shoop Shoop Song" adding: "Maybe we still will"; although the duet remained unrecorded at the time of Snow's April 26, 2011 death. When Linda Ronstadt participated in two benefit concerts for Jerry Brown on December 21–22, 1979 she performed "The Shoop Shoop Song". That number - featuring vocal accompaniment from Nicolette Larson - being one of six songs performed by Ronstadt which were announced as tracks on her upcoming album "Mad Love"": however "Mad Love" was issued in February 1980 without the inclusion of "The Shoop Shoop Song". Ronstadt performed "The Shoop Shoop Song" as a guest on an episode of "The Muppet Show" broadcast October 26, 1980. At the Rally For Nuclear Disarmament concert held in Central Park on June 12, 1982 Linda Ronstadt's set included "The Shoop Shoop Song": vocal accompaniment was provided by Nicolette Larson and Rosemary Butler. Had Ronstadt recorded "The Shoop Shoop Song" for her "Mad Love" album it would have been produced by Peter Asher who would eventually produce the 1990 international smash hit cover by Cher.

Cher version.

Background.

Cher's cover was cut for the soundtrack of her 1990 film "Mermaids" in which it played under the closing credits, and the single's U.S. release coincided with the November release of the film. It peaked at number thirty three on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and number one in the United Kingdom, where it remained for five weeks, selling a total of 520,000 copies, making it one of the biggest-selling singles by a female artist in Britain in the 1990s. The song was Cher's first solo number one single, her previous number one in the United Kingdom had been in 1965 with her then husband Sonny Bono and their first hit: "I Got You Babe".  Cher's "The Shoop Shoop Song" also topped the charts in Austria, Ireland and Norway; the single achieved a number two peak in Belgium and top ten status in France, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland, Netherlands and Sweden.  The success of the single in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe was reflected in its addition to "Love Hurts", her subsequent album, as released in those parts of the world, Australia and New Zealand. "The Shoop Shoop Song" was also included in the album's Canadian release but in the U.S. "The Shoop Shoop Song" was not available on a Cher album until the 1999 release of "".

Music video.

The original video for "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" was directed by Marty Callner, and made to promote the movie "Mermaids". The video features Cher with Winona Ryder and Christina Ricci, who played her daughters in the film, in a music studio in the clothes and styles of the 1960s period of the film, clips of which are shown throughout. Near the end Cher and the girls are shown in an alley spray-painting a wall. A revised video was issued which deleted the clips of the film from the video.

Formats and track listings.

Worldwide CD Single  U.S. Promo CD Official versions

Live performances.

Cher performed the song on the following concert tours:

"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark. It was first released as a single in 1963 by Merry Clayton that did not chart. The song was made a hit a year later when recorded by Betty Everett, who hit No. 1 on the "Cashbox" magazine R&B charts with it in 1964. Recorded by dozens of artists and groups around the world in the decades since, the song became an international hit once again when remade by Cher in 1990.

The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss) est une chanson écrite et composée par Rudy Clark et rendue populaire en 1964 par Betty Everett, dont la version est entrée dans le top 10 aux États-Unis. Une autre version célèbre est celle enregistrée par Cher pour la bande originale du film "Les Deux Sirènes" () sorti en 1990.


Background.

Lyrically, "Locomotive Breath" was inspired by Anderson's concern regarding overpopulation. He explained, "It was my first song that was perhaps on a topic that would be a little more appropriate to today's world. It was about the runaway train of population growth and capitalism, it was based on those sorts of unstoppable ideas. We’re on this crazy train, we can’t get off it. Where is it going? Bearing in mind, of course, when I was born in 1947, the population of planet earth was slightly less than a third of what it is today, so it should be a sobering thought that in one man’s lifetime, our planetary population has more than tripled. You'd think population growth would have brought prosperity, happiness, food and a reasonable spread of wealth, but quite the opposite has happened. And is happening even more to this day. Without putting it into too much literal detail, that was what lay behind that song."  The song additionally features a train motif that Anderson has employed on many songs. Anderson later said, "Train songs have been with us ever since the blues began, and I have written my fair share of these. I keep being drawn back to the subject, because public transport is part of my life. I don’t drive, so rely on buses, trains and the like."

Composition.

"Locomotive Breath" was recorded in an unusual manner for the time: the track was pieced together from overdubs, as most of the parts of the song were recorded separately. Ian Anderson did his normal flute and vocal parts in addition to bass drum, hi-hat, acoustic guitar and some electric guitar parts. John Evan's piano parts were then recorded; Clive Bunker added the rest of the drums and Martin Barre finished the electric guitar parts. All of these recordings were then overdubbed onto each other because Anderson was finding it difficult to communicate his musical ideas about the song to the other band members. The song was designed to replicate the chugging of a train in its rhythm.  Anderson explained the recording process of the song in an interview, saying Locomotive Breath' was actually an utter failure when we tried to play it all together. It didn't jell. We didn't get the groove. I think John Evan recorded the piano intro, then I went out into the studio with two drum sticks and clicked them together because this was in the days before click tracks, and then I went out and played to with a hi-hat and bass drum. Then Clive [Bunker] went out and added the tom-toms and the cymbals. And then I played the electric-guitar rhythm part all the way through. And then we had something that was beginning to sound a bit like a song and it had that kind of metronomic feel, which I wanted it to have, because it's about a railway train running on the tracks. So it should click-clack in time."  The song has been Jethro Tull's live encore during concerts since 1972. During some live concerts, the song would segue into the finale of Pomp and Circumstance, usually to end the concert, or an encore.

Release.

"Locomotive Breath" was released on Jethro Tull's 1971 album "Aqualung" in 1971. An edit of the song was released in the US as a single in 1971, backed with "Wind-Up", though it did not chart. A 1976 single release of the song, backed with "Fat Man", was more successful, reaching number 59 on the "Billboard" charts. The song was also released as the B-side to "Hymn 43". Since its initial releases, the song has appeared on multiple compilation and live albums, including "Living in the Past", "M.U. - The Best of Jethro Tull", and "Bursting Out". The song receives frequent airplay on classic rock radio stations.  Ian Anderson ranked "Locomotive Breath" as one of his top 10 Jethro Tull songs. "Ultimate Classic Rock" named the song Jethro Tull's third best, saying, "This tune covers the length and breadth of Anderson’s songwriting talents, beginning with a bluesy John Evan piano intro so discreet one can barely hear it at times, before crashing into some of the most bombastic hard rock display of the band’s career." The song was ranked the fourth best Jethro Tull song by.

Covers and media appearances.

"Locomotive Breath" was covered by Rabbitt (starring Trevor Rabin) on their 1975 album "Boys Will Be Boys", by Indian psychedelic rock band Atomic Forest in 1972, by Italo disco outfit Cat Gang in 1983, by W.A.S.P. on the reissue of their 1989 album "The Headless Children" (as a bonus track), Styx on their 2005 album "Big Bang Theory", and Helloween on their 1999 album "Metal Jukebox". A Swedish rock band, formed in 1995 by Janne Stark, takes its name from the song. In 2018 rock group Höffmänn covered this song  Peter Garrett of Midnight Oil and Jimmy Barnes covered the song for Max TV program "My First Gig" in April 2009. Nick Cave's group Grinderman covered the song during soundchecks.  The song used by Ring of Honor to open up their live events to open up the show for fans in attendance at both house shows and TV tapings.  The song was used as the background music of "The Road So Far" recap in the first episode of "Supernatural".  The song can also be briefly heard in a scene in the film, Jumanji

"Locomotive Breath" is a song by the British progressive rock band Jethro Tull from their 1971 album, "Aqualung". Written as a comment on population growth, "Locomotive Breath" was meant to replicate the chugging rhythm of a train. In addition to its release on "Aqualung", "Locomotive Breath" saw two different single releases and has been a live favorite. It is one of Jethro Tull's best-known songs.

La chanson a été plusieurs fois publiée en single en Amérique du Nord et en Europe continentale, mais pas au Royaume-Uni. Aux États-Unis, elle a atteint la place du "Billboard" Hot 100 américain en.


History.

Grinnell was named for businessman Moses Hicks Grinnell.  The first newspaper in Grinnell was the "Golden Belt", in 1885.

Geography.

Grinnell is located at (39.123999, -100.629852). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 259 people, 135 households, and 81 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 156 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.  There were 135 households of which 14.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.0% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.48.  The median age in the city was 55.9 years. 13.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.6% were from 25 to 44; 32.8% were from 45 to 64; and 32% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 329 people, 149 households, and 87 families residing in the city. The population density was 662.2 people per square mile (254.1/km2). There were 158 housing units at an average density of 318.0 per square mile (122.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.70% White and 0.30% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.  There were 149 households out of which 19.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 28.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.98.  In the city, the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 28.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $35,833, and the median income for a family was $41,750. Males had a median income of $27,167 versus $21,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,056. About 9.2% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

USD 291 Grinnell has a cooperative agreement with USD 292 Wheatland to educate high school students at Wheatland High School. The Wheatland High School mascot is a Thunderhawk.  Grinnell High School was closed with the cooperative agreement.  The Grinnell Warriors won the following Kansas State High School championships:

Grinnell is a city in Gove County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 259.

La ville de Grinnell est située dans le comté de Gove, dans l’État du Kansas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Reactions.

The dimerization reaction 2SF FSSF is reversible. It also disproportionates: SF + FSSF → FSSF + SF. A side reaction also produces the intermediate FSSSF. hydrogen fluoride catalyses disproportionation to sulfur and sulfur tetrafluoride by forming a reactive intermediate HSF molecule. When FSSF dissociates, the F atom forms a new bond to the S atom, and the S-S bond breaks. As a gas, at ambient and totally clean conditions, FSSF decomposes with a half life of about 10 hours. Disproportionation to SSF and SF catalysed by metal fluorides can take place in under one second. However it is indefinitely stable at -196 °C.  A symmetrical molecule FSSF is calculated to be 15.1 kcal/mol higher in energy than FSSF.  FSSF is easily hydrolysed with water.  FSSF spontaneously reacts with oxygen gas to make thionyl fluoride, the only sulfur fluoride that does not need any assistance to do this. FSSF reacts with copper at high temperatures producing copper fluoride and copper sulfide.

Formation.

SFSF can be made in the laboratory when low pressure (10mm) SCl vapour is passed over potassium fluoride or mercuric fluoride heated to 150 °C. Byproducts include FSSF, SSF, SF, SFSCl, and FSSCl. SFSCl can be removed from this mixture in a reaction with mercury. Separation of the sulfur fluorides can be achieved by low temperature distillation. SFSF distills just above -50 °C.  SFSF is also made in small amounts by reacting sulfur with silver fluoride, or photolysis of disulfur difluoride and SSF. The molecule is formed by the dimerization of sulfur difluoride.

Properties.

The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of FSSF shows four bands, each of eight lines at -53.2, -5.7, 26.3 and 204.1 ppm.  FSSF is stable as a solid, as a liquid below -74 °C and dissolved in other sulfur fluoride liquids. This is in contrast to SF which is only stable as a dilute gas.  Infrared vibration bands for FSSF are at 810, 678, 530, 725, and 618(S-S) cm.

Related.

The related compound FSSSF has a similar structure, but with an extra sulfur atom in the chain. Thiothionyltetrafluoride, S=SF may exist as a gas. It is less energetically favourable to FSSF by 37 kJ/mol, but has a high energy barrier of 267 kJ/mol. However it may disproportionate rapidly to sulfur and sulfur tetrafluoride. The other known sulfur fluorides are sulfur difluoride, sulfur tetrafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, disulfur decafluoride, disulfur difluoride and 1,1-difluorodisulfane, difluorotrisulfane, and difluorotetrasulfane. The F atom can be substituted with Cl to yield ClSSF (2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluorodisulfane).

1,1,1,2-tetrafluorodisulfane, also known as 1,2-difluorodisulfane 1,1-difluoride or just difluorodisulfanedifluoride (FSSF) is an unstable molecular compound of fluorine and sulfur. The molecule has a pair of sulfur atoms, with one fluorine atom on one sulfur, and three fluorine atoms on the other. It has the uncommon property that all the bond lengths are different. The bond strength is not correlated with bond length but is inversely correlated with the force constant (Badger's rule). The molecule can be considered as sulfur tetrafluoride in which a sulfur atom is inserted into a S-F bond.

Le difluorure de difluorodisulfane est un composé chimique de formule très instable. Également appelé 1,1,1,2-tétrafluorodisulfane ou 1,1-difluorure de 1,2-difluorodisulfane, il présente la particularité d'avoir une molécule dont toutes les liaisons ont une longueur différente. Pour cette raison, on identifie conventionnellement par S (pour "hypervalent") l'atome de soufre lié à trois atomes de fluor, et S l'atome de soufre lié à un seul atome de fluor, tandis que les atomes de fluor eux-mêmes sont identifiés par F (lié à S), F (le plus proche de F), F (le plus éloigné de F) et F (pour "équatorial"). Ainsi, lorsque la molécule se dissocie en monomères de difluorure de soufre, une liaison s'établit entre l'atome F et l'atome S, ce qui rompt la liaison de ce dernier à l'atome S.


Career.

Club.

In August 2011, Stachowiak was loaned to Anorthosis Famagusta on a one-year deal.

Botev Plovdiv.

Stachowiak signed a contract with the Bulgaria club Botev Plovdiv on 15 January 2013. He made his debut in A grupa on 1 March 2013 when Botev Plovdiv beat Slavia Sofia 2-0. Stachowiak participated in all games of the club in Europa League during seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15.  Adam did not miss even a single minute in A Grupa during the campaign in 2013-2014 and subsequently was selected by fans as the best player for the whole season.  Botev Plovdiv suffered a financial crisis at the start of the 2014-2015 season. There were speculations that Stachowiak would leave the club, but finally Adam decided to remain at least until the next transfer window. He played in all four games of the club in UEFA Europa League and in the Bulgarian Supercup final but remained on the bench during several games at the beginning of A grupa.  He was included in the starting lineup for a game in A Grupa again on 24 August during the 2-0 win over Slavia. His steady performance in this game reestablished him as a first choice goalkeeper. On 27 September he kept a clean sheet in the derby game with Lokomotiv Plovdiv which was won by Botev Plovdiv with 2-0.  At the beginning of 2015 Stachowiak demonstrate very good shape and kept a clean sheet in the first three rounds of A Grupa for the new year during the 3-0 home win over Marek Dupnitsa, 0-2 away win over Lokomotiv Plovdiv, 2-0 home win over CSKA Sofia. On 15 March, Adam not only conceded no goals, but even made an assist for the second goal scored by Lachezar Baltanov during the 2-0 victory over CSKA Sofia. A week later, on 22 March, Stachowiak was among the key players for Botev Plovdiv during the 0-0 draw with Ludogorets Razgrad.  Adam did not play in two consecutive games and he returned to the starting lineup for the last game of the 2014-15 season in A Grupa, 0-2 home defeat from Lokomotiv Sofia. After this game it was announced that the contracts of Stachowiak and his friend, the midfielder Tomáš Jirsák, would not be renewed and both of them would leave the club.

National team.

He has earned five caps for the Poland U-21 team.

Honours.

Botev Plovdiv

Adam Mieczysław Stachowiak (born 18 December 1986) is a Polish professional footballer who most recently played as a goalkeeper for Denizlispor.

Adam Stachowiak, né le à Poznań (Pologne), est un footballeur polonais, qui évolue au poste de gardien de but, et est actuellement sans club.


Biography.

Buchanan was born in Midway, Orangeburg County, South Carolina on April 30, 1867; later that year, his family moved to Texas and settled near Chappell Hill in Washington County. He attended the local schools of Chappell Hill, and in 1889 he received his law degree from the University of Texas at Austin  Later in 1889, Buchanan began a law practice in Washington County, and almost immediately became involved in politics as a Democrat. He served as a county justice of the peace from 1889 to 1892, and as the county's prosecuting attorney from 1892 to 1899. From 1899 to 1906, Buchanan was the district attorney for the twenty-first judicial district.  Buchanan was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1906 to 1913. In 1913, he was elected to the Sixty-third Congress, filling the vacancy left by the resignation of Albert Sidney Burleson. Buchanan was elected to a full term in the Sixty-fourth Congress, and won reelection eleven times. He served in the US House from April 15, 1913 to February 22, 1937, and was the chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations from 1933 until his death.  During the 1930s, Buchanan was recognized as a member of the Miller Group, conservative Democrats who were opposed to Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, and led by lobbyist Henry Pomeroy Miller.

Death and burial.

Buchanan died in Washington, DC on February 22, 1937. He was buried at Prairie Lea Cemetery in Brenham, Texas.  He was succeeded in Congress by Lyndon B. Johnson, then the head of the National Youth Administration in Texas, who later became the 36th President of the United States.

Legacy.

Buchanan Dam and the lake it forms, Lake Buchanan, are named in his honor. Both are located about 12 miles (19 km) west of Burnet, Texas.

James Paul "Buck" Buchanan (April 30, 1867 – February 22, 1937) served as U.S. Representative from the 10th district of Texas from 1913 until his death on 22 February 1937.

James P. Buchanan, né le à Midway et mort le à Washington, D.C., est un homme politique américain, élu républicain du Texas à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 1913 à 1937.