Background.

In 1979 or 1980, Mohammad Shafia married Rona Mohammed. The couple did not have children, and medical tests confirmed that Rona was unable to have children. In keeping with Afghan custom, and at Rona's behest, Mohammad Shafia took Tooba Yahya as his second wife. The second wedding took place in 1989, and Rona features prominently in many wedding photographs, many of which feature Shafia flanked by his two wives. The three of them lived together in one household, as is customary, and Tooba gave birth to seven children. Rona participated fully in raising and caring for the children and bonded strongly with them, as though they were her own. Her relationship with her co-wife was, however, less idyllic.  The Shafia family left Afghanistan in 1992. They moved to Australia for a brief while, and then to the United Arab Emirates, where they lived for over a decade. Mohammad Shafia made a considerable fortune in Dubai, working in the used car business and later diversifying into real estate. By 2007, he was a millionaire many times over, and decided to take advantage of an immigration programme introduced by the government of Quebec in Canada, which offered permanent residence and eventual citizenship to people who invested significant money in the province. Shafia invested $2 million in purchasing a strip-mall on the outskirts of Montreal, and a further $200,000 in building a spacious new house for his family. Shafia, his second wife Tooba and their seven children immigrated to Canada and settled in the Saint-Léonard borough of Montreal in 2007. Five months later, Shafia sponsored the immigration of Rona, telling the authorities that she was his cousin and that she would work as a cook and housekeeper.  According to a family member's interview, Rona was trapped in an abusive, loveless marriage, trying in vain to convince her husband to grant her a divorce. Rona's siblings claimed that she feared for her life during the days leading up to her death. Tooba allegedly said to Rona “You are a slave, you are a servant.” Reportedly, the Shafias held all of Rona’s identity documents, including her passport, so Rona believed she could not flee to another country, where she had relatives. It was reported that Rona came to Canada as a domestic servant on a visitor's visa and the "[visa's] renewal held over her head like an axe ready to fall" by her husband and co-wife.  They also stated that the family's eldest daughter Zainab's relationship with a Pakistani boy was a source of much anger for her father, and they claimed to have overheard the father's threats to kill her.  With parents Mohammad Shafia and Tooba Mohammad Yahya, and eldest son Hamed Shafia all in custody during the trial, the remaining Shafia children (two girls and a boy) were being cared for under social services.

Investigation.

On June 30, 2009, a black Nissan Sentra with a broken left taillight was spotted submerged at the Kingston Mills locks, with four female bodies found inside. Mohammad Shafia was at the Kingston Police station to report that four of their family – three teenage daughters and a purported aunt – were missing. Police initially believed that it was a tragic, if bizarre, accident, and first categorized it as a "sudden death investigation".  However, authorities soon learned that Hamed had reported an accident with the family Lexus SUV in an empty parking lot early that same morning in Montreal. Despite their suspicions, the authorities did not have "reasonable and probable grounds" or sufficient evidence to ask a judge for a search warrant. Kingston Police Det. Steve Koopman, the liaison with the Shafia family, managed to gain the Shafias' consent so that they could view the Lexus. After assessing the damage on both vehicles, police theorized that the Lexus was used to ram the Nissan into the locks.  It had been reported that the Shafia family purchased the used Nissan Sentra for CAD$5,000 one day before the family left Montreal for Niagara Falls.

Trial.

Jury selection began on October 11, and the trial officially began on October 20. The trial was presided over by Ontario Superior Court Judge Robert Maranger.

Verdict.

On January 29, 2012, the jury completed its deliberation after 15 hours and reached a verdict of guilty, four counts of first degree murder for each of the three defendants. First degree murder carries an automatic sentence of life in prison without a possibility of parole for 25 years.

Media coverage of the Shafia murder trial.

The coverage of the Shafia murder trial was widespread, often being on the front page of newspapers and the top story in TV newscasts. Since the case involved Afghan Canadians, questions arose as to whether or not it was correct, or even appropriate, to call the murders honour killing or simply domestic violence. While the judge who deliberated on the case referred to the act simply as murder, the media chose a different course when it called the murder "honour killing". Across media outlets, the murder was framed as such. A publication ban placed on the case prevented the media from naming the three children who were still alive, with Hamed being the fourth.

CBC.

CBC News covered the trials from day 1 and went a step further by publishing its audience's comments to show how Canadians feel about the case and its details. The CBC stated that the story garnered many comments from the viewers but that they decided to publish a select few. Furthermore, the CBC did a "summary" of the comments and said that people generally "agreed with the verdict, applauding the court and the jury for its decision after the three-month trial."

CTV.

CTV News published a piece saying that the trial has cast a shadow over Canada's Islamic community, further tarnishing an image that has not yet recovered from the events of 9/11. But like other media outlets, CTV has asked the Muslim community to clarify their stance on the issue of honour killing. “Muslims across the country, however, say the revelations in a Kingston, Ont., courtroom have shone a light on problematic aspects of their culture and illuminated new ways to tackle the issues.”  CTV also published a timeline of not just the events that took place in Canada but also going back all the way to the Shafia family’s days in Afghanistan.

"Ottawa Citizen".

Pascale Fournier, writing for "The Ottawa Citizen", said that there was a greater tragedy in the failure of the state to intervene before the murders occurred, and that vulnerable groups from immigrant communities need the most protection but rarely get it.

"The Globe and Mail".

In addition to covering every detail of the trial, "The Globe and Mail" published a piece with the "ten most shocking quotes" from the Shafia trial one of which was by Crown attorney Gerard Laarhuis after the verdicts which is as follows:  “This jury found that four strong, vivacious and freedom-loving women were murdered by their own family in the most troubling of circumstances. We all think of these four, wonderful women now who died needless deaths. This verdict sends a very clear message about our Canadian values and the core principles in a free and democratic society that all Canadians enjoy and even visitors to Canada enjoy.”  This was one of the most criticized quotes by Afghan Canadians, as they asserted that intolerance towards violence against women is not just a Canadian value but a universal value and Afghans like any other peoples condemn the acts of the perpetrators.

"Montreal Gazette".

The "Montreal Gazette" published a column in which it said that labelling the murders as honour killing is a mistake because domestic violence against women is ubiquitous and framing it into a particular category would mean distancing oneself from a crime that is all too common. The authors argue that premeditation is put forth as a core component to differentiate honour killings from other types of murders, such as crimes of convenience or crimes of passion. However, recent studies indicate that premeditation is as much a component in other cases of domestic violence and murder as it is in "honour killings."  "Calling the murders "honour killings" accomplishes two goals. First, it makes it seem as if femicide is a highly unusual event. Second, it makes it seem as if femicide is confined to specific populations within Canada and specific national cultures or religions in the world at large. But Canadian statistics prove otherwise. According to StatsCan figures, from 2000 to 2009 an average of 58 women a year were killed in this country as a result of spousal violence. In that same period, 67 children and young people aged 12 to 17 were murdered by family members. In contrast, recent estimates tell us that there have been 12 or 13 so-called honour killings in Canada in the last decade. It does not take a genius to see that comparing 12 or 13 against the hundreds of women and children who were victims of familial violence serves only to frame "honour killing" as peculiar, when in reality it is part of a larger pattern of violence against women."

"Maclean's".

"Maclean's" referred to the four murders as “honouricide”. Writer Michael Friscolanti sat throughout the three-month trial and wrote a 22-page comprehensive article detailing the girls’ lives and even wrote about how one of the girls’ tombstones has the incorrect birthdate.  “In life, and in death, they had no voice. No one to save them. No one who even cares enough to fix Geeti's headstone. Nearly three years after she was buried, it is still engraved with Sahar's birth-date, not hers."

Reaction.

The widespread media coverage pressured the Muslim as well as the Afghan community in Canada to come out and speak about the murders.

Muslims in Canada.

It has also given rise to the debate about the relationship of honour killing and Islam. Islamic organizations based in Canada condemned the murders. The Islamic Supreme Council of Canada, along with other Canadian Muslim organizations, have publicly denounced domestic violence and honour killing as un-Islamic. Ali Falih Altaie, the family imam, said that the murders were unforgivable, and cautioned against associating honour crimes with Islam, calling the actions incompatible with any religion.  In 2012 imams from across Canada and the U.S. issued a moral ruling officially condemning honour killings, domestic violence and misogyny as un-Islamic. Thirty-four imams belonging to the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada, including a handful of American members, signed the fatwa in an effort to counter misinterpretations of the Qur'an, they said.

Afghan Canadians.

The Afghan Embassy in Ottawa in an interview with CTVS News condemned the murders of four members of a Montreal family originally from Afghanistan. The embassy called the deaths of the three teenaged sisters and their father's first wife a heinous crime against humanity. Moreover, they claimed that this kind of crime is not part of Afghan or Islamic culture and is not acceptable in any way.

See also.

Honour killing in Canada:  Honour killings of people with Afghan heritage:

The Shafia Family murders took place on June 30, 2009 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Shafia sisters Zainab, 19, Sahar, 17, and Geeti, 13, along with Rona Amir Mohammed, 50, (all Afghan origin) were found dead inside a car that was discovered underwater in front of the northernmost Kingston Mills lock of the Rideau Canal. Zainab, Sahar, and Geeti were daughters of Mohammad Shafia, 58 and his wife Tooba Mohammad Yahya, 41. The couple also had a son Hamed, 20, and three other children. Rona, who was herself infertile, was the first wife of Mohammad Shafia in their polygamous household.

L'affaire Shafia a débuté le à Kingston en Ontario. Les sœurs Zainab (19 ans), Sahar (17 ans) et Geeti Shafia (13 ans) ainsi que Rona Amir Mohamed (50 ans) ont été retrouvées mortes noyées dans une voiture découverte dans une écluse du canal Rideau. Zainab, Sahar et Geeti étaient les filles de Mohamed Shafia (58 ans) et de Tooba Mohammad Yahya (41 ans). Le couple avait également un fils, Hamed (20 ans). Rona, qui était stérile, était la première épouse de Mohammad Shafia.


History.

The concept for Toon Books came to Mouly when her son Dash was learning to read, and his first-grade teacher assigned him "easy readers". Appalled by the lack of appeal of the educational material, Mouly instead spent time with her child and armloads of French comic books. In fact, one of the first releases in the Toon Books collection was Agnès Rosenstiehl's "Silly Lilly", a.k.a. "Mimi Cracra", a comic-book character familiar to millions of French toddlers.  After proposing the Toon Books idea to major children books publishers from 2004 to 2007, and being rejected because the proposed books didn't fit existing categories, Mouly returned to her roots as a self-publisher. (She had founded her small press, RAW Books & Graphics, in 1977, and RAW Junior in 1999.) As she had done for the avant-garde comics and graphics magazine "RAW", or the kids comics anthology "Little Lit", both of which she co-edited, or for the covers of "The New Yorker", Mouly gathered an array of talent for Toon Books. She published star authors (such as Harry Bliss, Art Spiegelman or Jeff Smith), veteran children's book authors (Geoffrey Hayes) as well as novice cartoonists (Eleanor Davis, the author of "Stinky", was still in art school when Mouly contacted her).  In fall 2012, Toon Books released its first Toon graphic novel, "The Secret of the Stone Frog", by David Nytra. In 2014 Toon Books launched an imprint called Toon Graphics aimed at readers eight and up.

Distribution.

When it first launched, Toon Books was distributed by Diamond Books, a unit of Diamond Comic Distributors dedicated to getting comics and graphic novels into the book trade. In 2010, Toon Books entered into a distribution partnership with Candlewick Press. In late summer/early Fall of 2014, Toon Books launched a new line of TOON Graphics, an imprint for readers 8 and up and announced it'll be distributed after Jan. 1, 2015 by Consortium, a unit of Perseus, a move that reflects Toon's true status as a small but expanding independent publisher.

TOON in the classroom.

Attitudes towards comics have radically changed since the 1954 Congressional hearings where they were denounced as the cause of juvenile delinquency. They are now touted by progressive librarians and educators as an effective tool for children to discover the pleasures of reading. As Art Spiegelman said, "Comics can be a gateway drug to literacy."  In the absence of any model or precedent, Mouly developed her own methodology to make sure the TOON Books would be well adapted to beginning readers' needs. She consulted with educators as she developed each individual book but also took rough drafts of the stories to schools, taking notes while watching children read. Responding to educators' and librarians' suggestions, Mouly has expanding the Toon Books line with bilingual versions (French publisher Casterman just released French-English Toon Books), audio versions (which will be developed into a novel multilingual tool for ESL and/or support for reluctant readers), as well as the first nonfiction Toon Book.  Toon Books have been greeted enthusiastically by librarians, teachers, and parents looking for material for early readers. Early on, the Maryland State Superintendent of Schools, Dr. Nancy Grasmick, embraced Toon Books as part of the Maryland Comic Book Initiative. Other states' school systems are now considering Toon Books for their own Comics in the Classroom initiatives. The books are part of Renaissance Learning's Accelerated Reader Program and have been assigned Reading Recovery and Lexile levels, all of which are firsts for comics for young children.  The Toon Books website offers free online learning tools for both students and educators. Downloadable lesson plans and activity sheets provide teachers with leveled lesson plans for kindergarten through third grade. Other tools include free online readers, videos, and games. The free "CarTOON Maker" invites readers to make their own cartoons. The online Readers Theater teaches educators how to get students to perform TOON Books. On the Toon site for kids, early readers can make paper puppets, watch videos, learn carTOON lessons from master cartoonists, and make their own cartoons.

The TOON Leveling System.

The TOON into Reading program is divided into three levels:

Geisel Awards and Honors.

Geoffrey Hayes’ "Benny and Penny: The Big No-No!" won the 2010 Theodor Seuss Geisel Award. The Theodor Seuss Geisel Award is awarded to the author(s) and illustrator(s) of the most renowned book for early readers published in English in the U.S.A.  Jeff Smith’s "Little Mouse Gets Ready" was named a 2010 Theodor Seuss Geisel Honor Book.  In 2009, "Stinky", written and illustrated by Eleanor Davis, was named a Theodor Seuss Geisel Honor Book.

Toon Books is a publisher of hardcover comic book early readers founded by Françoise Mouly. With titles by such creators as Geoffrey Hayes, Jay Lynch, Dean Haspiel, Eleanor Davis, and Mouly's collaborator and husband, Art Spiegelman, Toon Books promotes its line as "the first high-quality comics designed for children ages four and up."

Toon Books est une collection de bandes dessinées destinée aux enfants. Elle fut lancée en 2008 par Françoise Mouly, directrice artistique du magazine The New Yorker. Elle réunit, entre autres, des titres de son conseiller et mari Art Spiegelman (auteur de "Maus" distingué par le Prix Pulitzer). Toon Books se présente comme étant : "la première bande dessinée de qualité créée pour les enfants de quatre ans et plus".


Biography.

Early years.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Uglanov was born 5 December 1886 to an ethnic Russian peasant family in the village of Feodoritskoye in Yaroslavl Governorate, located approximately 250 kilometers (160 mi) northeast of Moscow. His father Aleksander Uglanov supplemented the family income by working seasonally in the city of St. Petersburg and at the age of 12 Nikolai followed him there, working as an apprentice metal worker. Nikolai moved between jobs with some regularity and often returned home to Yaroslavl in between jobs.  Uglanov was introduced to radical ideas at an early age, beginning his participation in the revolutionary movement in 1903, distributing illegal literature and storing sensitive documents for underground activists. Uglanov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party himself in 1907. As a young party activist Uglanov contributed material to the Bolshevik party paper "Pravda" as a worker-correspondent.  Uglanov was arrested for the first time by the Okhrana early in the summer of 1914 but he was subsequently released from captivity and inducted into the Army and sent to the front lines to fight for the Tsarist regime in World War I. In November 1914 Uglanov was severely wounded and was returned to Petrograd (St. Petersburg), where he recovered and resumed his secret revolutionary activity.

Career.

During the Russian revolution Uglanov was a member of the Petrograd Soviet.  Uglanov became a functionary in the Soviet trade union movement and was selected as the head of the Petrograd Guberniia council of trade unions in 1919.'  In February 1921 Uglanov succeeded Sergey Zorin as secretary of the Petrograd guberniia committee of the Russian Communist Party [RKP(b)]. In this capacity he played a role in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, activity for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. He was also made a candidate member of the governing Central Committee of the Communist Party in that year.  Uglanov was sent to the city of Nizhny Novgorod in 1922 where he was made the head of the regional party organization. In 1923 he would be elevated to a full member of the Central Committee of the RKP(b). He would remain as head of the Nizhny Novgorod organization until the summer of 1924.  In August 1924 Uglanov was called to Moscow, where he was made the second secretary of the Communist Party in the city. He was promoted to first secretary that same October.  In 1930 he became associated with Martemyan Ryutin, whose name was given to the "Ryutin Platform". Ryutin was Secretary of the Krasnaya Presnya district Party committee in Moscow. Uglanov was expelled from the Party along with Ryutin in autumn 1932 in what is known as the Ryutin Affair.  He was arrested on 23 August 1936, sentenced to death on 31 May 1937 and shot the same day.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Uglanov (1886–1937) was a Russian Bolshevik politician who played an important role in the government of the Soviet Union as a Communist Party leader in the city of Moscow during the 1920s. Uglanov was closely associated with the so-called "Right Deviation" associated with Soviet party leader Nikolai Bukharin and he fell from his leadership position during the mass collectivization campaign of 1929. Uglanov was arrested in the summer of 1936 and was executed the following spring during the secret police terror of 1937–38.

Nikolaï Alexandrovitch Ouglanov (Угла́нов, Никола́й Алекса́ндрович), né le et mort le, est un homme politique russe, qui joua un rôle important dans le gouvernement de l'Union soviétique.


Geography.

Port Protection is located at (56.322078, -133.606706).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which, of it is land and of it (2.61%) is water.

History.

In 1975, Pt Baker made national news when Zieske v Butz, a landmark lawsuit against the US Forest Service brought by residents Charles Zieske, Alan Stein of Port Protection, and Herb Zieske, was decided by Judge Van der Heydt, the Alaska Federal District court judge. The lawsuit stopped planned clear cutting on 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) on the north end of Prince of Wales Island. The lawsuit was initiated by Alan Stein and the Point Baker Association which had about 30 fishermen members from the communities of Pt Baker and Port Protection. On December 24, 1975, Van der Hedyt issued an injunction against all clearcutting on the North end of the island from Red Bay to Calder Bay.  Congress lifted the injunction when it passed the National Forest Management Act in 1976. Twice more Pt Baker made headlines. In 1989 many of its residents opposed clear cutting in Salmon Bay which was protected by Congress in the Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990. This statute also protected all the salmon streams in the Tongass with 100-foot-wide (30 m) buffer strips during logging operations. (the next door neighbor)

Demographics.

Port Protection first appeared on the 1990 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).  At the 2000 census there were 63 people, 31 households, and 12 families in the CDP. The population density was 14.1 people per square mile (5.4/km2). There were 52 housing units at an average density of 11.6/sq mi (4.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.30% White, 1.59% Asian, and 11.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.76%.  Of the 31 households 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.6% were non-families. 48.4% of households were one person and 12.9% were one person aged 65 or older. and one household housed the mayor Bill McNeff. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the CDP the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 152.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 152.6 males.  The median household income was $10,938 and the median family income was $41,250. Males had a median income of $0 versus $51,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,058. About 44.4% of families and 57.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 73.3% of under eighteens and 60.0% of those over 64.

Port Protection is a census-designated place (CDP) in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 48 at the 2010 census, down from 63 in 2000.

Port Protection est une localité d'Alaska (CDP) aux États-Unis dans la région de recensement de Prince of Wales - Outer Ketchikan dont la population était de en 2011.


Structure and Leadership.

SWANU has a president, a vice-president, and a secretary-general. As many other socialist parties, it has a Politburo of 22 members, and a Central Committee of 52.  The first President of SWANU was Fanuel Kozonguizi, who led from its formation in 1959 until 1966. Rihupisa Justus Kandando was the President from 1998, followed by Usutuaije Maamberua who served until 2017 and was replaced by Tangeni Iijambo.

History.

SWANU had its roots in the South West African Student Bureau (SWASB), an association of Namibian students studying at South African universities during the 1950s. The students had been radicalised by their firsthand exposure to apartheid in South Africa, and the active resistance to that system by the African National Congress (ANC). In 1955, the SWASB became a political party in its own right in 1955, when its members renamed it the South West African Progressive Association (SWAPA) and appointed Uatja Kaukuetu as its first chairman.  SWAPA possessed little support outside academia, however, and in an attempt to expand its support base it united with the Ovamboland People's Congress (later the "Ovamboland People's Organisation", or OPO), which represented Ovambo migrant labourers in Cape Town, to form the South West African National Union (SWANU) on 27 September 1959. However, SWANU's leadership and agenda remained dominated by former SWAPA members, and OPO retained its autonomy under the partnership. Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi was named the first president of SWANU, with Kaukuetu, the chairman of SWAPA, being appointed vice president. The party eventually came under the direct sponsorship of the South African Communist Party and became increasingly radical as a result. Throughout late 1959, SWANU and the Herero Chiefs' Council organised a bus boycott in Windhoek's Old Location, in response to forced evictions being undertaken by the South African Police. The police opened fire on the protesters, killing or wounding up to sixty.  The Old Location shootings was the first of several political developments which ushered in a period of decline for SWANU. In the controversy surrounding the incident, the Herero Chiefs' Council disavowed SWANU and denied involvement with the Old Location protests. In July 1960, the OPO dissolved its affiliation with SWANU and issued its own party constitution. It also rebranded itself as the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and opened its ranks to Namibians of all ethnic backgrounds. SWAPO's agenda was virtually identical to SWANU's: both called for an end to colonialism and imperialism, promoted pan-African ideals, and called for the economic, cultural, and social advancement of the Namibian people. However, SWANU placed a disproportionate emphasis on self-reliance, while SWAPO acknowledged the importance of external actors and the role of the United Nations in securing Namibian independence from South Africa.  Both organisations competed for international recognition and support, and the relationship between SWAPO and SWANU's leadership grew increasingly frigid. SWANU was the only one of the two parties formally represented in the All-African People's Conference, the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement. It had established a political headquarters in Dar es Salaam and political offices in Accra and Cairo.  Both SWANU and SWAPO received formal recognition from the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963. They also succeeded in establishing bilateral relations with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China. The growing severity of the Sino-Soviet split drove a rift between the two parties, however, with SWANU becoming more influenced ideologically and politically by China, and SWAPO by the Soviet Union.  By 1966, the OAU had raised £20,000 in obligatory contributions from OAU member states for funding nationalist movements in Namibia. Kozonguizi was initially confident the money would be awarded to SWANU due to its international prominence and the fact that many of its members had been educated at prestigious institutions, namely in the United States and Western Europe. However, the OAU's official policy was to base its support for anti-colonial movements on their willingness to use force if necessary. The money was offered to both SWANU and SWAPO for the express purposes of undertaking an armed struggle against South African rule. Kozonguizi refused to make a commitment to armed struggle; whether this was due to his personal preference for passive resistance or whether he was simply skeptical about the wisdom of taking up arms against the well-equipped South African security forces is disputed. The repercussions of his decision were politically catastrophic for SWANU. SWAPO was able to argue that its willingness to initiate armed struggle gave it legitimacy in the eyes of the Namibian people that SWANU lacked. The OAU immediately withdrew recognition from SWANU and awarded the £20,000 to SWAPO. It also recognised SWAPO as the sole authentic representative of the Namibian people. This doomed any remaining prospects SWANU held for receiving assistance from the OAU or any black African government.  The following year, SWANU was expelled from the Afro-Asian People's Conference. Its continued affiliation with the People's Republic of China made it unpopular, as both the Western nations and the Soviet bloc came to regard it as a Chinese proxy. Tanzanian authorities closed SWANU's headquarters in Dar es Salaam and ordered the party to leave Tanzania. Zambia, another country which had been initially sympathetic to SWANU, began refusing to accept Namibian refugees who were members of that party. With SWANU exiles considered prohibited immigrants in both Zambia and Tanzania, they were forced to settle almost solely in Botswana. Botswana was willing to accept Namibian refugees, but forbade them from engaging in politics.  From 1968 onward the party declined into political obscurity and played no major role in the Namibian independence process. SWANU did make a belated attempt to raise its own guerrilla army, which was not formally established until 1975. The OAU was unimpressed and declared it would sanction only one guerrilla army in Namibia. It urged SWANU guerrillas to join the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), SWAPO's armed wing, instead. Aside from China and initially, Egypt, no countries were willing to supply training or arms to SWANU. SWANU's requests for military aid from various socialist states in the Soviet sphere such as Nicaragua and Vietnam were rejected. Most of these states had already offered support to PLAN, and the negative examples of Angola and Zimbabwe, where rival guerrilla armies ultimately fought each other, were frequently cited as a pretext for declining aid to SWANU. SWANU did establish one guerrilla training camp in Botswana at Dukwe, where it succeeded in smuggling some weapons. However, most of its preparations for armed struggle were purely theoretical in nature and due to Botswana's refusal to endorse guerrilla camps on its soil, all training had to be conducted on a covert basis. For the duration of the South African Border War, SWANU insurgents were confined to the Dukwe camp and did not participate in the hostilities.

Policies.

SWANU is a democratic socialist and nationalist party.  In January 2009, SWANU condemned Israel for their actions during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. Calling for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal from the Palestinian territories, the party called for the severing of Namibian trade and diplomatic relations with Israel.  On the issue of land reform, SWANU advocated for state intervention to bring about reform more quickly. It also criticised the Ministry of Lands and Resettlement for allegedly resettling politicians on land acquired for redistribution instead of the "poorest of the poor". It also called for greater political will for land reform.

Electoral history.

For 1999 elections it formed a "Socialist Alliance" with the Workers' Revolutionary Party and got 0.35% of the vote. In the 2004 elections it finished last with 3,610 votes and 0.44% of the vote.

The South West Africa National Union (SWANU) is a Namibian political party founded in 1959. Most of its members came from the Herero people, while fellow independence movement SWAPO was mostly an Ovambo party. The party's president is Tangeni Iiyambo.

L'Union nationale du Sud-Ouest africain (en anglais, "South West Africa National Union"), connue sous son acronyme anglais de SWANU, est un parti politique de Namibie.


Etymology.

The Latin specific name, "baroni", honors Manuel Barón Morlat, who collected the first specimens.

Description.

"Philodryas baroni" can reach a total length (including tail) of about. The males are smaller than the females. The length of the tail is about 30% of the total body length. This species is the longest known in the genus "Philodryas". The head is small and elongated, with an extension of the rostral scale, forming a small flexible nasal protuberance more developed in males. The coloration of the body is rather variable. Usually it is green, but there are found specimens tending to blue or brown. The pattern can be uniform or with black longitudinal stripes on the back and on the sides, on the anterior third of the body. The ventral area under the black lateral lines can be white or yellowish-white, sometimes with shades of green or blue.

Behavior.

"Philodryas baroni" is a strictly arboreal snake, with an intense activity during the day. It is generally non-aggressive. If it is frightened, it emits a foul-smelling substance from the cloaca.

Diet.

"P. baroni" feeds on small mice, small lizards, and amphibians.

Venom.

"P. baroni" is opisthoglyphous, i.e., equipped with rear fangs. It does not seem to have a powerful venom, however caution is required. The observed effects are limited to edema accompanied by slight burning pain and minimal local bleeding.

Geographic range.

"P. baroni" can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

Habitat.

"P. baroni" lives in forests and savannah woodlands.

Reproduction.

"P. baroni" is oviparous.

Philodryas baroni, common name Baron's green racer, is a species of mildly venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to South America.

Philodryas baroni est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Dipsadidae. La couleuvre verte à long nez est arboricole et habitent des savanes, des forêts tropicales et subtropicales, peu venimeuse et très active pendant la journée. On en trouve en Amérique du Sud. La région du Gran Chaco en Argentine, une plaine semi-aride et peu peuplée, a été signalée comme le centre de leur aire de répartition.


Title.

The Greek title "Erastai" is the plural form of the term "erastēs", which refers to the older partner in a pederastic relationship. Since in Classical Greek terms such a relationship consists of an "erastēs" and an "erōmenos", the title "Lovers", sometimes used for this dialogue, makes sense only if understood in the technical sense of "lover" versus "beloved" but is misleading if taken to refer to two people in a love relationship. Ancient manuscript marginalia suggest that the title might have been "Anterastai" (), which specifically means "Rival "erastai"." This term, used in the dialogue itself (132c5, 133b3), is mentioned as the dialogue's title (together with a subtitle, "On Philosophy") in Diogenes Laërtius' listing of the Thrasyllan tetralogies (3.59). The Latin translations "Amatores" and "Rivales" have also been used as the dialogue's title.

Synopsis.

The rival lovers ("erastai") of the title are an athlete, and a young man devoted to the humanities, "mousikē" (music) in the original text, a term that in ancient times included music, poetry, and philosophy. The dialogue opens with Socrates entering a grammar school, as a couple of young boys were quarrelling about something related to learning. Socrates asks the person next to him, who happened to be one of the boys lover, to tell him whether their quarrel was about an important issue in philosophy. Judging by his reply, Socrates gets the impression that this man is rather dismissive of philosophy altogether, a view that is immediately reinforced by the second interlocutor who interrupts to explain that his rival specialises in "chokeholds" ("τραχηλιζόμενος"), rather than philosophy.  Socrates decides to interrogate both over the question whether philosophising is noble and admirable ("kalon"). The cultivated man replies that it is, and Socrates proceeds to ask him whether he actually knows what philosophy is in the first place (133c). He claims to know and answers that philosophy is essentially polymathy. With the help of his athletic rival, who knows that the good of exercise depends on being done in the right amount, not the maximum amount (134b-c), Socrates points out that the same is true of most good things, and turns to asking what kind of things the one who philosophizes (loves wisdom) ought to learn, if the object is not simply to know all or many things (135a). The cultivated rival suggests that the philosopher, while not needing to bother himself with the hands-on practicalities ("cheirourgia", 135b), should aspire to a level of understanding in all the arts ("technai") such that he is second only to the expert in that particular field—still a kind of polymathy. Socrates challenges this suggestion by forcing him to admit that, in any conceivable particular circumstance, the philosopher would be useless in comparison to a true expert on the matter. For example, a doctor would always be preferable to the philosopher in case of sickness, as would a pilot when in need to stir a ship.  Socrates then proceeds by developing an alternative account of the philosopher's proper interest, based on the premise that goodness (which the interlocutors have agreed in ascribing to philosophy) depends critically on the knowledge of how to tell good men from bad, and train the bad to become better, which is also the knowledge needed to deal out punishments. This knowledge, the cultivated lover agrees, is the knowledge of the one who serves as judge ("hē dikastikē epistēmē", 137d). Socrates goes on to argue that this knowledge can be identified with justice, self-control, and self-knowledge, and with the arts practiced by the statesman, the king (or tyrant), and the head of a household (or master). The conclusion is that these are all in fact just one art (138c), one of paramount importance, in which the philosopher must be supreme.  When Socrates first met the rival lovers, he put little hope in conversation with the athletics enthusiast, who professed experience "in deeds ("erga") and not in words ("logoi")" (132d). But at the end he wins the crowd's applause by having shut up the "wiser" young man, so that it is the athletic rival who agrees with Socrates' conclusions (139a).  The entire story of the discussion is told in the first person by Socrates, without any interruption or indication what audience he addresses. At just over seven Stephanus pages, "Lovers" is one of the shortest dialogues in the Thrasyllan canon of Plato's works (about the same length as "Hipparchus", with only "Clitophon" being shorter).

Criticism.

Question of authenticity.

It is generally agreed that the dialogue was written in the second half of the fourth century BC and expresses the philosophical views, if not of Plato, then at least of an Academic writer of this period.  Stallbaum's verdict is typical of a long-held scholarly consensus: the language and style are irreproachable and worthy of Plato or Xenophon, but the material is not developed in a way worthy of Plato's philosophical mind. Gerard Ledger's stylometric analysis of Plato's works did not find the expected statistical similarities between the Greek of "Lovers" and that of Plato's acknowledged works, instead showing a closer statistical match between this dialogue (as also "Hippias Minor") and the works of Xenophon. If the dialogue is post-Platonic, then perhaps it argues against Aristotle's insistence that the kinds of authority wielded by a king, a politician, and a master are multiple and essentially separate from each other. (On the other hand, it is possible that Aristotle refers in his works to "Lovers").

Rehabilitation.

In a 1985 article, Julia Annas made a notable defense of the dialogue's possible value as an authentically Platonic production. Annas disagrees that the burden of proof need be on the proponent of the work's authenticity and proceeds from the premise that "Lovers" "contain[s] no decisive indications either for or against authenticity" and that the most any investigation can accomplish is to "make it plausible that the "Lovers" is an early work by Plato." Her several arguments that this is plausible center on the claim that, if "Lovers" and "First Alcibiades" are genuine, they provide an otherwise missing background in Plato's thinking against which to understand his treatment of self-knowledge in "Charmides".

The Lovers (; ) is a Socratic dialogue included in the traditional corpus of Plato's works, though its authenticity has been doubted.

Les Rivaux (en grec ancien, "Anterastaí") est un dialogue de Platon sur la philosophie. C’est l’un des courts dialogues socratiques apocryphes que les manuscrits joignent aux œuvres de Platon. Le dialogue est dit de genre éthique, récit d’un entretien de Socrate.


Description.

"Banksia leptophylla" is a much-branched shrub that typically grows to tall and wide but does not form a lignotuber. It has narrow linear leaves long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are borne on a head long on a short side branch. The flowers are pale yellow or pale brown with a perianth long and hooked pistil long. Flowering occurs from January to December and the follicles are elliptic, in heads of eighty or more, each follicle long, high and wide.

Taxonomy and naming.

"Banksia leptophylla" was first formally described in 1981 by Alex George in the journal "Nuytsia". George's description was based on Carl Meisner's "Banksia pinifolia", an illegitimate name because the name had already been used by Salisbury for a different species. The lectotype was an earlier specimen collected by James Drummond. The specific epithet ("leptophylla") is derived from the ancient Greek words "leptos", meaning "fine" or "slender" and "phyllon", meaning "a leaf".  In 1988, George described two varieties of this species in the journal "Nuytsia" and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:  Before Alex George's revision of 1981, this species was labelled informally as "B. sphaerocarpa" var. "pinifolia" or var. "major".

Distribution and habitat.

Variety "leptophylla" grows in shrubland and kwongan between Tathra National Park and Moora and var. "melletica" grows in kwongan near the coast between Kalbarri and Guilderton.

Ecology.

"Banksia leptophylla" is one of five "Banksia" species, all closely related to "B. sphaerocarpa", that have highly unusual flower nectar. Whereas other "Banksia" species produce nectar that is clear and watery, the nectar of these species is pale yellow initially, but gradually becomes darker and thicker, changing to a thick, olive-green mucilage within one to two days of secretion, and eventually becoming "an almost black, gelatinous lump adhering to the base of the flowers". It was first noted by Byron Lamont in 1980; he attributed it to cyanobacteria that feed off the nectar sugars. Noting that many of these cyanobacteria had heterocysts, he speculated that they aid the plant by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which is then washed off the flower heads by rain, and absorbed by the proteoid root mat. This purported symbiosis was investigated by Barrett and Lamont in 1985, but no evidence of nitrogen fixing was found. Further investigation by Markey and Lamont in 1996 suggested that the discolouration is not caused by cyanobacteria or other microorganisms in the nectar, but is rather "a chemical phenomenon of plant origin". Their analyses indicated that the nectar had unusually high levels of sugar and free amino acids, but three of these species, including "B. leptophylla", have since been shown to have normal nectar sugar compositions.  An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on "B. leptophylla" found that its range is unlikely to contract and may actually grow, depending on the severity of the change and how effectively the species migrates into newly habitable areas.

Conservation status.

Both varieties of "B. leptophylla" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Banksia leptophylla is a species of shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has narrow linear leaves, heads of yellow or pale brown flowers with a yellow or purple style and later, up to eight egg-shaped follicles in each head.

Banksia leptophylla, est une espèce d'arbuste buissonnant du genre "Banksia" de la famille des Proteaceae. On le trouve sur la côte ouest de l'Australie Occidentale, de Gingin à Kalbarri. Avant la révision de la classification par Alex George en 1981, il est appelé à tort "B. sphaerocarpa" var. "pinifolia" ou var. "major".


Prelude.

Shortly before dawn on 16 July 1953, the nationalist commander Hu Lien (胡琏) commanding his troops, totalling two divisions in 13 naval vessels and more than 30 motorized junks, sailed toward Dongshan Island, Fujian, attempting to retake the island from the communists who took the island from the Nationalists three years earlier in the Battle of Dongshan Island. In addition to the two army divisions, an elite paratroop division totaling 2,000 personnel in two brigades was deployed for the mission, and the total Nationalist force committed was just over 10,000. The Nationalists had hoped to turn the island into another stronghold at near the enemy and use it as a steppingstone to launch strikes against the mainland, but many capable Nationalist commanders included the commander of this operation, Hu Lien, remained highly doubtful this would ever succeed, and after fierce debate, a compromise was reached: a much more moderate objective of striking the island to gain a political and morale boost and then a quick withdraw before the enemy could reinforce the island, and when the situation permitted, turn the island into a stronghold like the original plan.  The Communist local defense consisted of the 80th Public Security Regiment and militia totaling 1,200 men, obviously not enough, so the communist commander Ye Fei instructed the local garrison to decide what was best for itself, including withdraw if necessary, and attempt to retake the enemy later.  The Communist local commander You Meiyao (游梅耀), a staff officer of the Chen Yi during the Second Sino-Japanese War, refused to withdraw because that would allow the Nationalists to utilise the Communist fortifications on the island, making future attempts to dislodge the Nationalists from the island very difficult. You Meiyao suggested while the reinforcement was organized as fast as possible, the local garrison would utilise the advantageous landscape and fortifications on the island to slow the enemy down by inflicting as many casualties as possible, and once the attackers were exhausted, the defenders would counterattack with reinforcements.

First stage.

The first shot of the campaign was fired at 5:00 AM on July 16, 1953 when a Nationalist division landed on the island. After three hours of fierce fighting, the enemy's first line of defense was breached, and the Nationalists succeeded in forcing the enemies into their second line of defense. By the end of the day, the Nationalists had successfully taken the largest port on the island and controlled most of the island. Despite taking most of the island, the Communist resistance in the few remaining isolated pockets proved to be much stronger than anticipated.  Communist mortar fire badly damaged the port facilities including the pier, but also scored direct hits on three large landing ships. Although the mortar rounds themselves were not powerful enough to completely destroy the landing ships which carried heavy weaponry and ammunition, the secondary explosions triggered by the direct hits by the enemy heavy mortars were enough to sink all three landing ships. Since the motorized junks with shallow draft were not severely effected by the wreckage, Nationalists were still able to transport personnel onto the island via these junks, but ships carrying heavy weaponry were effectively blocked due to greater draft. The Nationalists, however, did not consider the problem to be serious because the enemy was mostly light infantry anyway, a mistake that they would later deeply regret. In addition to failing to realize the problem caused, the nationalists were not able to take the highest point of the island from the enemy and although most of the enemy heavy mortars were knocked out with air support, the surviving ones did not stop shelling the nationalists until the very last round of ammunition had been exhausted.  The only Communist stronghold left on the island was in the region of Eight Feet Gate (Ba Chi Men, 八尺门), which faced the mainland, defended by a single company of communist naval infantry. The strongly fortified position included a pier and thus was the critical steppingstone for Communist reinforcement from the mainland. The Nationalists had correctly identified this serious threat and had also correctly decided to eliminate this threat early on, so entire American trained paratroop division which reached the island first was devoted for the mission. However, the lightly armed paratroopers proved to be no match for the enemy in heavily fortified positions on the terrain that strongly favored the defenders. Despite repeated assaults, the elite paratroopers failed to achieve their original objective, but also suffered heavy loss, with several hundred killed and wounded. The lack of heavy weaponry was the main cause of the Nationalist failure to take this very important position, which paved the way for the eventual nationalist defeat in the campaign. Unable to take either of the two remaining enemy strongholds on the island, the battle reached a stalemate.

Second stage.

Communist units on the mainland reacted rapidly by mobilizing all available vehicles to transport troops to the front. The communist 272nd Regiment of the 31st Army at Zhangpu County was first to respond: by 5:50 AM, less than an hour after the first shot of the campaign was fired, the advance guard of the regiment was already on its way to the front in the extremely few military vehicles available, while the rest of the regiment stop every civilian vehicles on the road to have the needed rides. By 9:00 AM, the entire regiment had reached the Eight Feet Gate (Ba Chi Men, 八尺门) pier of the Eastern Mountain (Dongshan, 东山) Island, with the help of newly arrived reinforcement, the communist naval infantry company at Eight Feet Gate (Ba Chi Men, 八尺门) managed to force the attacking nationalist paratroopers into retreat. A regiment of the communist the 28th Army and a regiment of the communist the 41st Army soon arrived afterward and the communist commander You Meiyao, riding on the initial success of driving back the attacking nationalist paratroopers, decided to immediately counterattack before the arrival of any other reinforcement so that the nationalists would not have the time needed to regroup, and successfully disrupted the nationalist defense and redeployment. As the Nationalists were forced back by the counterattacking enemy in the ensuing battles, the communist 91st Division of the 31st Army landed on the island under the commander of the 31st Army, Zhou Zhijian (周志坚), the nationalists' fate on the island was thus sealed.  The nationalist commander of the operation, Hu Lien, initially did not believed that the enemy could reinforce the island in such large scale in such short time, since the vital bridge, the Nine Dragons Bridge (Jiulongjiang Daqiao, 九龙江大桥) was already destroyed by the Nationalist air force. Realizing that his force possessed neither technical nor the numerical advantages, Hu Lien wisely chose to withdraw before anymore enemy reinforcement arrived in order to avoid total annihilation. The enemy, in turn, seeing that what they sent was enough already to drive the attacking nationalists away from the island, did not pursuit and stopped sending further reinforcement. The campaign came to an end on July 18, 1953 after the island was secured by the defenders after the nationalist retreat.

Outcome.

Dongshan Island Campaign was the last large scale nationalist counterattack against the mainland, Nationalist dead recovered by the communists on land and in the coastal waters totaled 2,664, and another 715 were captured, while the number of wounded was uncertain because most of them were successfully evacuated by the nationalists themselves. In addition, two tanks were destroyed, three landing ships sunk and two aircraft were also lost.  In order to maintain the secrecy of this surprise attack, the Kuomintang simply went too far in that even their own troops were not informed about the mission until they were already on their way to the island. Many captured Nationalist officers did not feel it was a fair fight because they were not informed, and had they been better informed, they would postpone the attack to better train their troops.  The poor Nationalist inter-service communication caused by the overly excessive secrecy also resulted in the nationalist landing ships unloading in the largest port on the island, which was directly within range of the enemy's heavy mortar positions. The slow landing ships loaded with heavy weaponry became sitting ducks as they were being unloaded, and in addition to three being sunk, the pier was also badly damaged by the accurate enemy fire.  Another serious blunder committed by the attacking nationalist force included attempts to cut the communication link between the defenders and the mainland. Despite the fact that every single telephone line pole was cut down, nobody bothered to cut the actual line, or to wiretap the enemy's telephone line. As a result, the defenders were able to maintain communications with the mainland and the Communist commanders were much better aware the situation than their Nationalist counterparts.  The other serious blunder committed by the attacking nationalist force was the grave underestimation of the Communist strength. Although the Nationalist order of battle included three divisions, none of them were full strength, and the elite paratroop division only included two brigades totaling 2,000 men, which was only the strength of a single brigade. Furthermore, due to the sinking of three landing ships at the port and the destruction of the port by enemy heavy mortar fire, most landing forces became light infantry which did not enjoy superior technical advantage over the enemy. This problem was further compounded by the incorrect use of the paratroopers by ordering them to attack the strongly fortified enemy positions at Eight Feet Gate Pier, resulting in more than 500 paratroopers killed, a staggering 25% of the total paratroop force devoted to the campaign. In addition to the loss of technical superiority due to the lack of heavy weaponry, the Nationalists also lacked the numerical superiority, which inevitably caused the final collapse of the offensive and the eventual failure.  In addition to underestimating the enemy strength, the nationalists also underestimated the Communist capacity to repair damages inflicted by the opposing side. The nationalist intelligence calculated that after the air strikes that destroyed the vital Nine Dragons Bridge (Jiulong Jiang Daqiao, 九龙江大桥), it would take at least two days for the enemy to repair the bridge, but in reality, the enemy had the bridge repaired in only two hours. As the news reached the surprised nationalists, it was obvious that the mission was over and in order to avoid complete disaster, the Nationalists wisely chose to give up the fighting by withdrawing the surviving forces and abandoned the island.

The Dongshan Island Campaign () was a series of battles fought on Dongshan Island, Fujian between the Nationalists and the Communists during the Chinese Civil War when the nationalists unsuccessfully attempted to retake the island from the Communists. The campaign was the last and largest battle between two sides since the Nationalists withdrew to Taiwan. After this defeat, the nationalists realized that it was never practical to launch any large scale counterattack against the mainland on a similar scale again. Instead, the nationalist strikes against the mainland were reduced to limited infiltration and skirmishes.

La campagne de l'île de Dongshan (en chinois : 東山島戰役) est une série de batailles livrées dans le xian de Dongshan entre l'Armée de la république de Chine (Taïwan) et l'Armée populaire de libération du 16 au. Les nationalistes tentent sans succès de reprendre l'île de Dongshan aux communistes. Cette campagne fut la dernière grande bataille de la guerre civile chinoise après que les nationalistes se furent retirés à Taïwan et la dernière plus importante contre-attaque nationaliste sur la Chine continentale.


Development history.

1998 - Company Founded.

Jerod Shelby founded SSC in 1998 and began working on the company's first prototype vehicle

2004 - SSC Aero SC/8T No1.

The first SSC Aero prototype was completed in 2004 and began road testing in anticipation of the SSC Ultimate Aero production vehicle.

2005 - SSC Ultimate Aero SC/8T No2.

Wind tunnel testing indicated that the Ultimate Aero could theoretically reach a top speed of given appropriate transmission gear ratios, although the supplied transmission would result in at the car's redline. The base Aero, however, had a theoretical top speed of about. The Ultimate Aero accelerates from 0–96 km/h in 2.78 seconds, slower than the Bugatti Veyron which achieves 0–96 km/h in 2.46 seconds partially due to its AWD drivetrain.

2006.

Styling of the Aero includes the use of butterfly doors similar to those found on the McLaren F1 and Enzo Ferrari. Carbon fiber and titanium are used throughout the car, helping to limit the weight to for the standard Aero. The SSC Ultimate Aero was the final version of the prototype, introduced in 2006. It had an increased engine displacement of and increased boost of.

2007–2008.

The Ultimate Aero TT was a twin-turbocharged version of the Ultimate Aero. The 6-speed transmission is readjusted to increase the theoretical top speed to at 7200 rpm. Wheels on the base model are sized at the front and at the rear, while the Ultimate Aero TT has wheels an inch larger at each end. The 2007 models are heavier, with the base model weighing, and Ultimate version. Unlike the previous year, base models have a navigation system, 10-speaker audio/CD/DVD system, video/DVD screen, back-up camera, air-conditioning, and trunk space as standard equipment. These come optional on the Ultimate. The first production 2007 Ultimate Aero TT car was sold on eBay for US$431,100. Later cars are expected to cost US$285,000. Only 24 Ultimate Aero TTs were produced from 2006–2007. The Ultimate Aero TT made its international debut on the International Show Circuit in November 2006. The Ultimate Aero TT claimed the Guinness World Record for the fastest production car, after it was officially timed at in Washington. For 2008, the Ultimate Aero received four updates:

SSC Ultimate Aero TT.

In 2009, SSC updated the Ultimate Aero TT, with the new version having an increase in power of 15% over the older model. SSC predicts a top speed of over is possible. In order to prevent the engine from overheating, airflow to the engine has been increased 20% with new carbon fiber louvers. The nose has been redesigned to make the car more aerodynamic, and the interior has been redesigned. The new Aero also has a new AeroBrake system, which is a spoiler that rises up to when the brake is pressed. This updated model reached a top speed of in a test, according to SSC.

SSC Ultimate Aero EV.

In 2009, SSC announced that they would be commencing production of the Ultimate Aero EV, an electrically-powered version of the Ultimate Aero. This car featured twin electric motors, claimed to be capable of producing, and of torque, which was transmitted through a three-speed automatic transmission. SSC claimed that the car would be able to accelerate from in 2.5 seconds, and reach a top speed of. However, the car never entered production.

2013.

In 2013, SSC introduced the Ultimate Aero XT, which was a special version of the Ultimate Aero that was built to celebrate the end of its production. Five XT's were planned, but only one was built however. They utilized some components that were designed for its Tuatara replacement; for example, the Ultimate Aero XT was fitted with SSC's new 6.9 liter all-aluminum twin-turbo V8 engine and a seven-speed paddle-shifted gearbox.

Speed record.

Simulation and testing at NASA's Virginia facility had shown the Ultimate Aero TT theoretically capable of attaining approximately, sufficient to surpass the production car record-holding Bugatti Veyron's.  A stretch of U.S. Route 93 in Nevada was closed on March 21, 2007 to allow SSC to test the Ultimate Aero TT, but the attempt was called off due to bad weather, and an effort the following day failed due to sub-optimal conditions, with test driver Rick Doria reporting wheel-spin at speeds above.  Six months later SSC announced they had established a new production car speed record of in West Richland, WA on September 13, 2007. In accordance with FIA Speed Records rules it was an average of two runs in opposite directions, and. The results were verified by the "Guinness World Records" on October 9, 2007. SSC is currently one of only 26 automobile manufacturers in history to have held the record.  SSC also applied to Guinness for the world record for the highest power for an emissions-legal production automobile.  Its record was broken on July 4, 2010 by the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, which reached a certified top speed of.

The SSC Ultimate Aero is a mid-engined sports car that was produced by SSC North America (formerly known as Shelby SuperCars) from 2006 until 2013. The SSC Ultimate Aero held the title of the fastest production car in the world, according to the "Guinness World Records", from 2007 (when it was officially timed at ) until the introduction of the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport in 2010. In April 2013, the Guinness World Records temporarily disqualified the Veyron's record time for a period of five days due to concerns about electronic speed limiting changing the function of the car, but after investigation reinstated the Veyron as the record holder.

La SSC Ultimate Aero TT est une supercar construite par Shelby Super Cars (SSC) dans le but de rivaliser avec la Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Elle a une vitesse de pointe de, et un temps de pour le 0 à.


Biography.

Early years.

Krown was raised in Westbury, Long Island, New York. He started playing piano in his childhood. While attending the State University of New York at Buffalo, he discovered the Hammond organ, and soon left the University to pursue career as a professional musician.  In the 1980s, Krown relocated to Boston, formed his own band with his then wife and played around New York and New England. During this time he joined Chuck Berry's back up band featuring legendary Nashville producer Tom Hambridge on drums and toured with him on the East Coast. They also backed up great 1950s doo-wop acts like the Platters, Marvellettes and the Drifters.  Krown joined ex-Muddy Waters guitarist Luther "Guitar Junior" Johnson's band in the late 1980s. He toured nationally and internationally and recorded two albums with Johnson during his tenure with his band.

With Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown.

In 1991, Krown moved to New Orleans to join Gatemouth's band, Gate's Express. From then on he held the keyboard chair of the band until Gatemouth's death in 2005. Krown recorded four albums with him, and toured across U.S. and overseas. In 1995, Gatemouth was chosen as an opening act for Eric Clapton's world tour, and Krown toured with him as a member of the band.

Solo career.

In 1998 he debuted as a solo artist. He released "Just the Piano...Just the Blues" on STR Digital Records. It was a piano solo album in strictly traditional blues and boogie woogie style.  Joe's band, the Joe Krown Organ Combo (New Orleans, LA) was formed in 1999. The Joe Krown Organ Combo performs every week at one of the many New Orleans nightclubs, including the Maple Leaf Bar, House of Blues, Tipitina's, Le Bon Temps Roule and dba. The "Combo" makes regular appearances at the French Quarter Festival in New Orleans and the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. The band made its European debut in November 2001 at the Ingolstadt Jazztage in Ingolstadt Germany. The Joe Krown Organ Combo has 4 CD releases. "Down & Dirty" (1999), "Buckle Up" (2000) and "Funk Yard" (2002) were all released on the New Orleans label STR Digital. The Joe Krown Organ Combo’s newest release, "Livin' Large" was released in February 2005 and is Joe's first self-produced, independently released CD (JK1001).  Apart from the Organ Combo, Krown started to play with guitarist John Fohl and harmonica/accordion player Johnny Sansone in 2000. They played traditional blues with Krown on piano, and Fohl and Sansone sharing the vocal duties. This trio "Sansone, Krown & Fohl" released a self-titled album from Sansone's label ShortStack Records in 2004.  Joe has two solo piano CDs on the New Orleans label STR Digital. "Just the Piano...Just the Blues" (1998) and "New Orleans Piano Rolls" (2003). Both are solo piano performance featuring original New Orleans piano/boogie-woogie style compositions and classic New Orleans piano songs. His current solo piano CD, "Exposed" (JK1005) is the follow-up to the STR Digital CDs. He's been a headline performer at WWOZ's Piano Night during the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival every year since 1997. Joe plays regular solo piano performances in New Orleans at Ralph's on the Park, Le Bon Temps and the Jazz Playhouse in the Sonesta Hotel on Bourbbon St. In October 2005 after Hurricane Katrina and the failures of the federal levee systems destroyed Joe's home city of New Orleans, he returned home and started playing around New Orleans with his piano trio, the Joe Krown Trio. In March 2007, Krown released his 8th CD "Old Friends" (JK1002) featuring the trio.  In the spring of 2007, Joe started playing every Sunday night at the Maple Leaf Bar (New Orleans, LA) with Walter "Wolfman" Washington (guitar & vocals) and Russell Batiste, Jr. (drums). It features Joe playing Hammond B-3 organ where Joe plays all the bass parts on the organ. The Sunday nights were so successful that the trio released a live CD, "Live at the Maple Leaf" (JK1003) in Oct. 2008. "Live at the Maple Bar" was produced by Joe and will be the first live CD in Joe’s catalogue. "Live at the Maple Bar" won a 2009 Offbeat Award for Best R&B/Funk CD. The trio also won a 2009 Big Easy Award in the "Best Rhythm & Blues Band" category. In the fall of 2010, the Trio released "Triple Threat" (JK1004), the follow up to "Live at the Maple Leaf Bar" and their first studio CD. The trio released its 3rd CD "Soul Understanding" (JK1006) for Jazz Fest 2013. The Trio was invited to be part of 15 city U.S. tour called "New Orleans Nights" (November 2010). The band was a feature along with Nicholas Payton and Allen Toussaint. In the fall of 2017 Russell Batiste, Jr. left the Trio and Wayne Maureau took over the drum chair.  After the untimely passing of the legendary great Allen Toussaint in November 2015, Joe was selected to fill the maestro's chair by playing piano with Toussaint's band backing up greats like Bonnie Raitt, Aaron Neville, Irma Thomas, Dr. John, Cyril Neville and more at the 2016 New Orleans Jazz Fest, Hollwood Bowl, Midsummer Night Swing at Lincoln Center and more.  In May 2017 in addition to being a headline performer for the 29th annual WWOZ Piano Night at the New Orleans House of Blues during the 2017 New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, Joe was selected to be the producer for the event. As producer, Joe put together a great show featuring 10 of the best local New Orleans piano players. The 2017 WWOZ Piano Night was so successful that Joe was named the permanent producer of the WWOZ Piano Night. The 2018 WWOZ Piano Night was even more successful with a sell-out show.  Joe made his acting debut in the HBO series Treme. He did a scene in Season 1, episode 4; "At the Foot of Canal Street" (air date 5/2/10) and Season 3, episode 5; "I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say" (air date 10/21/12). He also has music from some of his CDs featured on the show. "Moore Women Shuffle" (from "Piano Rolls") was featured in "Meet De Boys on the Battlefront" (air date 4/18/10) and "All That and Then Some" (from "Exposed") was in "I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say" (air date 10/21/12). Joe can also be seen in several episodes of the TNT series Memphis Beat and the De Niro/Stallone movie Grudge Match (2013).

With Kenny Wayne Shepherd.

In June 2017 Krowne joined the Kenny Wayne Shepherd Band as the full time keyboard player. The band has been nominated five times for a Grammy Award, has received two Billboard Music Awards, two Blues Music Awards and two Orville H. Gibson Awards. The band has had three platinum (1 million sold) selling CDs and ine gold (500,000 sold) selling CD. The band is a headline act on the modern blues scene, has made appearances on late night TV and has been an opening act for such major acts as Van Halen, the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Aerosmith and Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Joe Krown is an American keyboardist, based in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is currently touring all over the U.S. and the world as the organ/piano player for the multi award winning, chart topping Kenny Wayne Shepherd Band. He is a New Orleans styled piano and Hammond B-3 player. He is a Hammond endorsed artist and is part of the Hammond artist family. Joe's played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival as a feature artist every year since 2001 and the French Quarter Festival every year since 1998. He has been nominated twice and won a 2000 New Orleans Big Easy Award in the Blues category. His trio with Johnny Sansone & John Fohl won a 2004 New Orleans Big Easy Award in the Blues category. His Hammond organ trio featuring legendary Louisiana guitarist Walter Wolfman Washington won a 2009 New Orleans Big Easy Award in the Blues Category and a 2009 Offbeat Award for Best R&B/Funk Album. In April 2014, he was honored with a Piano Legacy Award, presented by the New Orleans Jazz Orchestra and for being a "Master of Piano".

Joe Krown est un pianiste américain, basé à La Nouvelle-Orléans, en Louisiane. Il est connu pour sa longue carrière avec le groupe de Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. En tant qu'artiste solo, il a joué dans plusieurs styles différents. Il joue généralement dans le style traditionnel de La Nouvelle-Orléans. Quand il joue avec son groupe le Combo Joe Krown Organ, le style est jazzy et funky.


Biography.

Megumi Odaka was born on May 9, 1972 in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. She graduated from Horikoshi High School. Odaka is the niece of actress Mayumi Shimizu. While in junior high school, Odaka suffered from a stomach illness and low blood pressure.  After winning the in 1987, where she took place with 1984 winner Yasuko Sawaguchi, Odaka made her film debut as the blind girl Akeno in the film "Princess of the Moon". The following, year she won a Japanese Academy Award for "Rookie of the Year" for her performance in this film. In 1988, she starred in the TV series "Hana no Asuka-gumi!" as Asuka Kuraku along with Natsuki Ozawa and Hikari Ishida, based on a manga series about a 14-year-old delinquent girl.

Godzilla series.

After playing roles in a number of TV series, Odaka landed the role of Miki Saegusa in "Godzilla vs. Biollante" in 1989 (although her character's back story was first introduced in the manga adaptation of 1984 reboot). Toho was impressed with her acting skills and she reprised her role in the following installment and the rest of the Heisei Series. Prior to assuming the role, Odaka had never seen a "Godzilla" film, and was initially scared of the Godzilla suit until she befriended suit performer Kenpachiro Satsuma.  Odaka was one of the few actors to play the same role in more than one original Japanese release of a Godzilla film (Takashi Shimura played Dr. Kyouhei Yamane in the first two films, Raymond Burr reprised his role as Steve Martin in the edited American releases "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!" and "Godzilla 1985", Yumiko Shaku starred as Akane Yashiro in "Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla" and returned briefly for its sequel "", and finally Momoko Kochi who portrayed Emiko Yamane on the original 1954 "Godzilla" film reprised her role in a cameo appearance in "Godzilla vs. Destroyah").

Music career.

Odaka also had a short singing career from 1988 to 1991, which spawned six singles and the two albums, "Milky Cotton" (1988) and "Powder Snow" (1989). She also acted in several stage productions such as "Anne no aijou" (or "Anne no ai") aka "Anne's Love" or "Anne's Affection" in 1991, "Kiki's Delivery Service" in 1995, "Peter Pan" in 1996 and "Yana no ue no Violin-jiki" ("Violin Player on top of the Roof" or "Fiddler on the Roof") in 1994, 1996, and 1998.

Retirement.

In 2000, Odaka declined a role in a stage adaptation of "Phoenix (Hi no Tori)" at the Osaka Shochikuza due to her illnesses. She then left Toho and announced her retirement.  Odaka was not heard from until September 25, 2010, when she recorded a message for the. Since her retirement, she took several jobs such as office work and cosmetics sales.

Personal life.

Odaka is married to actor and director. Since 2012, Odaka has participated as an actress and assistant director in Ugajin's theater class.

, is a former Japanese idol, actress and singer. She is best known for the role of Miki Saegusa in six Godzilla films from 1989 to 1995.

Megumi Odaka est une actrice et chanteuse japonaise, née en 1972, connue pour son rôle de Miki Saegusa qu'elle incarne dans six films de la série des "Godzilla" de 1989 à 1995.


Biography.

Dallin, the son of Thomas and Jane (Hamer) Dallin, was born in Springville, Utah Territory, although his parents had left The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) before their marriage. At age 19, he moved to Boston to study sculpture with Truman Howe Bartlett. He studied in Paris, with Henri Chapu and at the Académie Julian.  In 1883, he entered the competition for an equestrian statue of Paul Revere for Boston, Massachusetts. He won the competition and received a contract, but six versions of his model were rejected. The fifth model was not accepted because of fundraising problems. The seventh version was accepted in 1939 and the full-size statue was unveiled in 1940.  Dallin Converted to Unitarianism and initially turned down the offer to sculpt the angel Moroni for the spire of the LDS Church's Salt Lake Temple. He later accepted the commission and, after finishing the statue said, "My angel Moroni brought me nearer to God than anything I ever did." His statue became a symbol for the LDS Church and was the model for other angel Moroni statues on the spires of LDS Church temples.  In Boston, Dallin became a colleague of Augustus St. Gaudens and a close friend of John Singer Sargent. He married Vittoria Colonna Murray in 1891, and returned to Utah to work on "The Angel Moroni" (1893). He taught for a year at the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while completing his "Sir Isaac Newton" (1895) for the Library of Congress. In 1897, he traveled to Paris, and studied with Jean Dampt. He entered a "Don Quixote" statuette in the Salon of 1897, and "The Medicine Man" in the Salon of 1899 and the Exposition Universelle (1900). The couple moved to Arlington, Massachusetts in 1900, where they lived for the rest of their lives and raised three sons.  At the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, Dallin competed in archery, winning the bronze medal in the team competition. He finished ninth in the Double American round and 12th in the Double York round.  From 1899 to 1941, he was a member of the faculty of Massachusetts Normal Art School (now the Massachusetts College of Art and Design). In 1912, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1930. When he died in 1944 his life was celebrated in a Unitarian service.

"The Epic of the Indian".

Dallin created a four-piece equestrian series called "The Epic of the Indian", consisting of "Signal of Peace", or “The Welcome” (1890); "The Medicine Man", or “The Warning” (1899); "Protest of the Sioux", or “The Defiance” (1904); and "Appeal to the Great Spirit" (1908).  "A Signal of Peace" was exhibited at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, and was installed in Chicago's Lincoln Park in 1894. "The Medicine Man" was exhibited at the 1899 Paris Salon, and the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, where it won a gold medal. It was installed in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park in 1903.  The full-size staff version of "Protest of the Sioux" was exhibited at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, where it won a gold medal. The mounted brave defiantly shaking his fist at an enemy was never cast as a full-size bronze, and survives only in statuette form. A one-third-size bronze version, cast in 1986, is at the Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah.  "Appeal to the Great Spirit" became an icon of American art, and is Dallin's most famous work. The full-size version was cast in bronze in Paris, and won a gold medal at the 1909 Paris Salon. It was installed outside the main entrance to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1912. Smaller versions of the work are in numerous American museums and in the permanent collection of the White House.  In 1929, a full-sized bronze version of "Appeal to the Great Spirit"—personally overseen and approved by Dallin— was installed in Muncie, Indiana, at the intersection of Walnut and Granville Streets, and is considered by many Munsonians to be a symbol of their city. A one-third-size plaster version was given to Tulsa, Oklahoma's Central High in 1923. It stood in the school's main hall until 1976, when Central closed its doors. In 1985, that plaster was used to cast a one-third-size bronze version, which is now in Woodward Park (Tulsa), at the intersection of 21st & Peoria Streets. There is also a version at St. John University in Wisconsin.

Legacy.

The Jefferson Cutter House in Arlington, Massachusetts, is a museum devoted to his works.  An elementary school in Arlington is named for him.  The Taylor-Dallin House in Arlington, Massachusetts, where Dallin and his family lived is a privately owned residence and has not been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  More than 30 of Dallin's works are on display at the Springville Museum of Art in his birthplace of Springville, Utah. The Dallin House at 253 S. 300 East in Springville, Utah, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Dallin's papers are at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

Cyrus Edwin Dallin (November 22, 1861 – November 14, 1944) was an American sculptor best known for his depictions of Native Americans. He created more than 260 works, including the equestrian statue of Paul Revere in Boston, Massachusetts; the Angel Moroni atop Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah; and his most famous work, "Appeal to the Great Spirit", at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He was also an Olympic archer.

Cyrus Edwin Dallin, né le à Springville (Utah) et mort le à Arlington (Massachusetts), est un sculpteur et archer américain.


Career.

Beatrice Hill Lowe is most recognised for her success in the 1908 Olympic games. Having grown up in the privileged house hold of Ardee House County Louth, Beatrice was exposed to the luxury of playing sport. It is unknown how Beatrice began playing sport however, she definitely had access to the funds to support her interest.  In 1908 Archery was the only sport available to women, in which they could take part in the Olympic games. The reason archery was available to women is solely due to the fact it involved no running, enabling women to be fully clothed while partaking (Naughton, 2019). It was a sport which involved costly equipment and access to private land in which would enable them to practise on. In 1908 Olympics Ireland was still under British rule, meaning there was no Irish team to exist, and any athletes wishing to partake were obliged to compete under the Union Jack flag. Hill-Lowe continued on to partake in the London 1908 Olympic games in which she excelled at the age of forty.  Hill-Lowe was the first Irish woman to win an Olympic medal. Hill-Lowe competed in the Double national round, which entailed of 25 competitors, all being British or Irish. The double national round was one of three archery events taking place. In this event each round contained 48 arrows shot at 60 yards, and 24 arrows shot at 50 yards (Olympian., 2019). Both rounds were held on Friday the 17th and Saturday the 18th of July 1908, where a total of 144 arrows were shot over 2 rounds. On the first day Lottie Dodd was in the lead with a total of 348 points and 66 hits, and Queenie Newall with a score of 338 points. The second day Queenie Newall scored a total of 350 points and Lottie Dodd with 294. Beatrice-Hill Lowe fell into third place with a total score of 618 points (DOD et al., 2019leaving her 70 points short of the winner Queenie Newall, whom was 54 years old at the time. (Olympian., 2019)After her Olympic career Beatrice Hill-Lowe continued on to a quiet life, where she moved to Shropshire in England. Just three years after her Olympic success her husband died, however she soon after returned to Ireland where she remarried again.  Hill-Lowe competed at the 1908 Games in the only archery event open to women, the double National round. She took third place in the event with her 618 points, 70 behind champion Queenie Newall's tally.  The County Museum Dundalk featured Hill-Lowe in a exhibition in 2012.

Beatrice Geraldine Hill-Lowe (26 January 1869 – 2 July 1951) was an Irish archer who represented Britain. She was born in County Louth, Ireland. She was the first Irishwomen to win an Olympic medal. She won a bronze medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

Beatrice Geraldine Hill-Lowe, née le à Ardee et morte le à Tenby (pays de Galles), est une archère irlandaise ayant concouru sous les couleurs britanniques, l'Irlande n'étant pas encore indépendante durant sa période active.


Name.

The name derives from the Old English word "fæðm", cognate to the Danish (via the Vikings) word "favn" meaning embracing arms or a pair of outstretched arms., cognate maybe also via the Old High German word "fadum" of the same meaning. In Middle English it was "fathme".

Forms.

Ancient fathoms.

The Ancient Greek measure known as the orguia (, "orgyiá", "outstretched") is usually translated as "fathom". By the Byzantine period, this unit came in two forms: a "simple orguia" (, "haplē orguiá") roughly equivalent to the old Greek fathom (6 Byzantine feet, m) and an "imperial" (, "basilikē") or "geometric orguia" (, "geōmetrikē orguiá") that was one-eighth longer (6 feet and a span, m).

International fathom.

One fathom is equal to:  In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom defined the length of the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. In 1959 United States kept the US survey foot as definition for the fathom.  In October 2019, U.S. National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the U.S. survey foot, with effect from the end of 2022. The fathom in U.S. Customary units is thereafter defined based on the International 1959 foot, giving the length of the fathom as exact 1.8288 meters in the United States as well.

British fathom.

The British Admiralty defined a fathom to be a thousandth of an imperial nautical mile (which was 6080 ft) or. In practice the "warship fathom" of exactly was used in Britain and the United States. No conflict in the real world existed as depths on Imperial nautical charts were indicated in feet if less than and in fathoms for depths greater than that. Until the 19th century in England, the length of the fathom was more variable: from feet on merchant vessels to either on fishing vessels (from ).

Derived units.

At one time, a quarter meant one-quarter of a fathom.  A cable length, based on the length of a ship's cable, has been variously reckoned as equal to 100 or 120 fathoms.

Use of the fathom.

Water depth.

Most modern nautical charts indicate depth in metres. However, the U.S. Hydrographic Office uses feet and fathoms. A nautical chart will always explicitly indicate the units of depth used.  To measure the depth of shallow waters, boatmen used a sounding line containing fathom points, some marked and others in between, called "deeps", unmarked but estimated by the user. Water near the coast and not too deep to be fathomed by a hand sounding line was referred to as "in soundings" or "on soundings". The area offshore beyond the 100 fathom line, too deep to be fathomed by a hand sounding line, was referred to as "out of soundings" or "off soundings". A "deep-sea lead", the heaviest of sounding leads, was used in water exceeding 100 fathoms in depth.  This technique has been superseded by sonic depth finders for measuring mechanically the depth of water beneath a ship, one version of which is the Fathometer (trademark). The record made by such a device is a fathogram. A fathom line or fathom curve, a usually sinuous line on a nautical chart, joins all points having the same depth of water, thereby indicating the contour of the ocean floor.  Some extensive flat areas of the sea bottom with constant depth are known by their fathom number, like the Broad Fourteens or the Long Forties, both in the North Sea.

Line length.

The components of a commercial fisherman's setline were measured in fathoms. The rope called a "groundline", used to form the main line of a setline, was usually provided in bundles of 300 fathoms. A single skein of this rope was referred to as a "line". Especially in Pacific coast fisheries the setline was composed of units called "skates", each consisting of several hundred fathoms of groundline, with gangions and hooks attached. A "tuck seine" or "tuck net" about long, and very deep in the middle, was used to take fish from a larger seine.  A "line" attached to a whaling harpoon was about. A "forerunner" — a piece of cloth tied on a ship's log line some fathoms from the outboard end — marked the limit of drift line. A "kite" was a drag, towed under water at any depth up to about, which upon striking bottom, was upset and rose to the surface.  A "shot", one of the forged lengths of chain joined by shackles to form an anchor cable, was usually.  A "shackle", a length of cable or chain equal to. In 1949, the British navy redefined the shackle to be.  In Finland, fathom ("syli") is sometimes, albeit seldom, used as a maritime unit, nautical mile or cable length.

Burial.

A burial at sea (where the body is weighted to force it to the bottom) requires a minimum of six fathoms of water. This is the origin of the phrase ""to deep six"" as meaning to discard, or dispose of.  The phrase is echoed in Shakespeare's "The Tempest", where Ariel tells Ferdinand, "Full fathom five thy father lies".

On land.

Until early in the 20th century, it was the unit used to measure the depth of mines (mineral extraction) in the United Kingdom. Miners also use it as a unit of area equal to in the plane of a vein. In Britain, it can mean the quantity of wood in a pile of any length measuring square in cross section. In Central Europe, the Klafter was the corresponding unit of comparable length, as was the Toise in France. In Hungary the square fathom ("") is still in use as an unofficial measure of land area, primarily for small lots suitable for construction.

A fathom is a unit of length in the imperial and the U.S. customary systems equal to, used especially for measuring the depth of water. The fathom is not an International Standard (SI) unit, nor is it accepted internationally as a non-SI unit. However it is historically the most frequently employed maritime measure of depth in the English speaking world.

Le fathom est une unité anglaise impériale de profondeur. Elle est l'équivalent anglo-saxon de la brasse. Sa longueur exacte varie selon le contexte ("fathom" international, "fathom" de la marine de guerre britannique, "fathoms" utilisés dans la marine marchande ou sur les flottes de pêche).


Geography.

Woodville is located at (30.776246, -94.421243).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km), all of it land.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Woodville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 2,415 people, 990 households, and 591 families living in the town. The population density was 766.2 people per square mile (296.0/km). There were 1,264 housing units at an average density of 401.0 per square mile (154.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 65.34% White, 31.80% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.87% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45%.  Of the 990 households 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 37.9% of households were one person and 20.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 3.01.  The age distribution was 24.6% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 24.8% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 77.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.4 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $23,711, and the median family income was $31,000. Males had a median income of $30,515 versus $21,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,686. About 19.7% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.1% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

Notable attractions.

Notable attractions in the Woodville and surrounding area include:

Education.

The Woodville Independent School District (WISD) serves families from the community of Woodville Texas.

Woodville is a town in Tyler County, Texas, United States. The town is intersected by three U.S. highways: U.S. Highway 69, U.S. Highway 190, and U.S. Highway 287. The population was 2,586 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Tyler County. The town was named after George Tyler Wood, governor of Texas from 1847-1849.

La ville américaine de Woodville est le siège du comté de Tyler, dans l’État du Texas. Elle comptait lors du recensement de 2010.


History.

The community was founded in 1884 by Hilory G. Bedford, president and controlling stockholder in the Wichita and Brazos Stock Company. He named it Benjamin after his son, who had been killed by lightning. To attract additional settlers, Bedford gave his stockholders a 50-acre tract of land and set aside 40 more acres for a town square. Benjamin was designed as the Knox County seat when it was organized in 1886. A school opened in 1886, as well. A jail built in 1887 still stands as a private residence and the old bank stands next to the sheriff's office. Benjamin was incorporated in 1928 and the population was 485 in the 1930 census. Two structures in the community, a courthouse (1938) and school building (1942), were constructed with Works Projects Administration labor. That courthouse replaced the previous stone structure built in 1888. The number of inhabitants reached a high of 599 in 1940, but that figure slowly decreased during the latter half of the 20th century.

Geography.

Benjamin is situated at the junction of U.S. Highway 82 and State Highway 6 in central Knox County, approximately 90 miles north of Abilene and 85 miles southwest of Wichita Falls.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Benjamin has a semiarid climate, "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, 264 people, 97 households, and 64 families resided in the city. The population density was 254.5 people per square mile (98.0/km). The 119 housing units averaged 114.7 per square mile (44.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.77% White, 3.03% African American, 1.89% Asian, 4.92% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11.36% of the population.  Of the 97 households, 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were not families; 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.31.  In the city, the population was distributed as 33.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,023, and for a family was $38,125. Males had a median income of $29,750 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,138. About 14.5% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.7% of those 65 or over.

Arts and culture.

The Knox County Museum, located in the county courthouse, features a barbed wire exhibit and numerous other frontier artifacts. The Knox County Veterans Memorial, located at the corner of U.S. Highway 82 and State Highway 6, honors all Knox County veterans from the Spanish–American War through current conflicts.  Benjamin's Moorhouse Park, dedicated by the state highway department in 1965, and an area know the "Narrows" located four miles east of the city are also popular tourist attractions.  Texas photographer Wyman Meinzer lives in Benjamin.

Education.

The city of Benjamin is served by the Benjamin Independent School District and home to the Benjamin High School Mustangs.

Benjamin is a city in Knox County, Texas, United States. It is the county seat of Knox County. The population was 258 at the 2010 census.

La ville de Benjamin est le siège du comté de Knox, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


History.

The history of the temple goes back to the 14th century. According to historical reports this temple was built by King Bhuvanekabahu IV, who reigned from 1341 to 1351 A. D. He entrusted the construction of this temple to his Chief Minister named "Senalankadhikara", who successfully finished the works of this temple. The architecture of the temple was designed by a South Indian architect named "Sathapati Rayar". According to the Professor Senarath Paranavithana, Sathapati Rayar designed this temple using Sinhalese architecture of Polonnaruwa era and also with other Dravidian and Indo Chinese architectural patterns.

The temple.

The vihara buildings have been built on a natural rock called Panhalgala Rock. Among the buildings the image house possess characteristically outstanding architectural features, embellished with traditional Sinhalese sculptures. According to the facts recorded in the "Lankatilake copper plaque", this image house was construct as a four storied mansion with height of eighty feet, but today only 3 stories can be seen. The walls and the ceiling of the image house has been adorned with the Kandyan era paintings and sculptures.  Rock curved inscriptions found in the temple premises with both Sinhala and Tamil sections, proclaim about the initiators and the facilities gifted to this temple by the kings.

Devales.

The image house of the Lankatilaka is enriched with five devales. God Upulvan, Ganapathi, Saman, Vibhishana and Kumara Bandara are worshipped here. God Kumara bandara is believed to be the deity, who protect the Lankatilaka vihara.

Lankatilaka Vihara () is an ancient Buddhist temple situated in Udunuwara of Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located on Daulagala road approximately away from Pilimatalawa junction and a few kilometres from the ancient buddhist temple, Gadaladeniya Vihara. It is considered as the most magnificent architectural edifice created during the Gampola era.

Le Lankathilaka Vihara (ou Lankatilake Viharyais) est un temple bouddhiste du Sri Lanka situé dans le District de Kandy. Il se trouve au sommet d'un promontoire rocheux appelé Panhalgala. Le site offre une vue panoramique magnifique sur les collines environnantes, les rizières et la forêt alentour. L’enceinte du temple contient également un stūpa et un arbre de la Bodhi.