Early life.

Ziegenbalg was born in Pulsnitz, Saxony, on 9 July 1682 to poor but devout Christian parents: Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Sr. (1640–1694), a grain merchant, and Maria née Brückner (1646–1692). Through his father he was related to the sculptor Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel, and through his mother's side to the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He showed an aptitude for music at an early age. He studied at the University of Halle under the teaching of August Hermann Francke, then the center of Pietistic Lutheranism. Under the patronage of King Frederick IV of Denmark, Ziegenbalg, along with his fellow student, Heinrich Plütschau, became the first Protestant missionaries to India. They arrived at the Danish colony of Tranquebar on 9 July 1706.

Missionary work.

A church of the Syrian tradition was probably born in South India as far back in history as the third century, at least. KP Kesava Menon, in his forward to "Christianity in India" (Prakam, 1972), described a church typical of that tradition as "Hindu in culture, Christian in religion, and oriental in worship."  Robinson laments the failure of the further forward moment of this potential dialogue between the two religions. He notes that even such supportive sympathisers of the European missionary's endorsement of Hinduism as Roberto de Nobili and Ziegenbalg, despite their enthusiasm for this foreign faith, could never shake their conviction of the superiority of their own faith.  The propagation of the Gospel, despite Danish zeal, remained inchoate till at the dawn of the eighteenth century. Frederick IV of Denmark, under the influence of Dr. A. H. Francke, (1663–1727), a professor of divinity in the University of Halle (in Saxony), proposed that one of the professor's eminently skilled and religiously enthusiastic pupils, Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, be appointed to kindle in "the heathen at Tranquebar" the desired holy spark.

Tranquebar Mission.

"Though the piety and zeal of Protestants had often excited an anxious desire to propagate the pure and reformed faith of the gospel in heathen countries, the establishment and defence against the Polish adversaries at home, together with the want of suitable opportunities and facilities for so great a work, combined during the first century after the Reformation, to prevent them from making any direct or vigorous efforts for this purpose."  Ziegenbalg brought Lutheranism and a printing-press to Tanjore court by ship. But what were the Danes already doing there? After an abortive excursion to Sri Lanka, where there was no room left to be conquered and seized, they made their way to Tranquebar circa 1620. Ove Gjedde who, in 1618, had commandeered the expedition to Lanka, initiated a treaty with the king of Tanjore to rent an area no more than "five miles by three in extent", resulting in the setting up of a fort, which still stands, though the Danes relinquished control of Tranquebar in 1845 to the British.  Printing and India found each other serendipitously. In 1556, a Portuguese ship bound for Abyssinia stopped in Goa to obtain provisions; the ship carried a printing press and 14 Jesuits, one of whom was João de Bustamante, the "Indian Gutenberg". The clergy in Goa hungered for the printing press far more vehemently than their counterparts in Abyssinia and, ultimately, the press was unloaded in Goa, and Bustamante stayed to set up the press at the College of St. Paul, a seminary that still exists.  The arrival of the first press in Goa was rejoiced at by St. Francis Xavier who had been preaching the gospel in Goa and in Tranquebar since 1542. Then inexplicably, and, significantly, all presses died out in India. Tamil printing seems to have stopped after 1612. Records show that the last books in Latin and Portuguese were printed in Goa in 1674.  Ziegenbalg responded to the King of Denmark's request for the bequest of a Christian mission to spread the vision of the Gospel in India, and, in 1706, Ziegenbalg and his colleague Heinrich Plütschau reached the region of Tranquebar, thus becoming the first Protestant missionaries to arrive on the Indian sub-continent and began their revisionary project. After initial conflict with the East India Company, which even led to a four month incarceration of Ziegenbalg, the two established the Danish-Halle Mission. They laboured intensively, despite opposition from the local Hindu and Danish authorities in Tranquebar, baptizing their first Indian converts on 12 May 1707.  Education has always been an integral component of missionary work. Ziegenbalg recognized from the start the imperative of learning the local languages in the progress of their mission. Stephen Neill notes this curious serendipity:  "The original plan was that Ziegenbalg should concentrate on Portuguese and Plütschau on Tamil. For no explicit reason, but to the great advantage of the work, this arrangement was changed, and mastery of Tamil became the primary objective of Ziegenbalg.  He had little to help him. No grammar was available. The Jesuits in the sixteenth century had printed a number of books in Tamil, but the work had been discontinued, and the Lutheran missionaries seem never even to have heard that such printed books existed."  Ziegenbalg possibly spent more time picking up the local tongue than in preaching incomprehensibly and in vain to a people who would then have thought him quite remarkable. He went on to write, in 1709: "I choose such books as I should wish to imitate both in speaking and writing... Their tongue...(now) is as easy to me as my mother tongue, and in the last two years I have been able to write several books in Tamil..." In the views of some Ziegenbalg was practising a well-intentioned form of cultural imperialism. But due to the circumstances in which European culture was established and promoted, in the midst of indigenous, alien people, the bridge estranging the cultural differences (amid Christianity and other cultures, the will to power promoted by a multiplicity of western nation-states, and also the friction between the fractions of the umbrageous faction of Christianity) posed many obstacles. This resistance circles our consideration back to the conflicting attitudes of the missionaries and the Hindus they sought to convert.  Classical Hindu views regarding religious and other pluralisms during this point in history are kind to our comprehension, though over times this abandoned dialogue between the two faiths has been spuriously revived by the likes of Ram Mohan Roy to Ramakrishna and Vivekananda to Gandhi.  Ziegenbalg was publicly critical of some members of the Brahmin caste, accusing them of disregard for lower castes in Hindu society. For that reason, at least one group plotted to kill him. This reaction by native Indians was unusual and Ziegenbalg's work did not generally encounter unfriendly crowds; his lectures and classes drawing considerable interest from locals.  In 1708, a dispute over whether the illegitimate child of a Danish soldier and a non-Christian woman should be baptized and brought up as a Roman Catholic or a Protestant, resulted in Heinrich Plütschau being brought before a court. Although Plütschau was released, Ziegenbalg wrote that "the Catholics rejoiced, that we were persecuted and they were authorized."  He connected this incident, which he took to have emboldened the Catholics, directly with a second nearly two weeks later, which resulted in his imprisonment. This incident arose from Ziegenbalg's intervention on behalf of the widow of a Tamil barber over a debt between her late husband and a Catholic who was employed by the Company as a translator. The commander of the Danish fort in Tranquebar, Hassius, regarded Ziegenbalg's repeated intervention in the case, including his advice that the widow kneel before him in the Danish church, as inappropriate and sent for Ziegenbalg to appear before him. When Ziegenbalg demurred, requesting a written summons, he was arrested and, because he refused to answer questions, imprisoned.  Although released after a little more than four months, Ziegenbalg still had a difficult relationship with Hassius and that was one reason for Ziegenbalg's return to Europe in 1714-1716. Ziegenbalg was also married in 1716. He was active in cooperation with the Anglican Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, making his work one of the first ecumenical ventures in the history of Protestant missionary work.  Neill suggests, "As a missionary of the Danish crown, ordained in Denmark, Ziegenbalg felt himself bound by the liturgy and customs of the Danish church (...) Only in one respect does [he] seem to have made a concession to the fact that this new church was growing up in India; he made use of the presence in the Christian community of a measure of literary and musical talent to introduce the singing of Tamil lyrics to Indian melodies, in addition to using in church the growing collection of hymns which had been translated from German but in which the original metres and tunes had been preserved."

Literary work.

1) Translations: The 16th century saw the rise of Protestantism and an explosion of translations of the New (and Old) Testament into the vernacular. After all this time spent in blood-wrenching and sweat-drenching scholarship, Ziegenbalg wrote numerous texts in Tamil, for dissemination among Hindus. He was fully conscious of the importance of print in the history of the Protestant Church.  He commenced his undertaking of translating the New Testament in 1708 and completed it in 1711, though printing was delayed till 1714, because of Ziegenbalg's insistent, perfectionist revisions. Stephen Neill comments, "Only rarely has the first translation of Scripture in a new language been found acceptable. Ziegenbalg’s achievement was considerable; for the first time the entire New Testament had been made available in an Indian language. But from the start Ziegenbalg’s work was exposed to criticism on a variety of grounds" and that Johann Fabricius’ update on the pioneering text was so clearly superior, "before long the older version ceased to be used."  It was obvious to Ziegenbalg that without a printing press all his effort would come to nought. Possibly as early as 1709 he requested a printing press from Denmark. The Danes forwarded the appeal to London to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The SPCK, not allowed a foothold in India by John Company's merchants, was only too eager to help and in 1712 shipped out to the Tranquebar Mission a printing press with type, paper, ink, and a printer. Ziegenbalg was also hindered by delays in the construction of a suitable Tamil typeface for his purposes. In a letter dated 7/4/1713 to George Lewis, the Anglican chaplain at Madras, and first printed, in Portuguese, on the press the mission had recently received from the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Ziegenbalg writes: "We may remember on this Occasion, how much the Art of Printing contributed to the Manifestation of divine Truths, and the spreading of Books for that End, at the Time of the happy Reformation, which we read of in History, with Thanksgiving to Almighty God."  Following this, he began translating the Old Testament, building "himself a little house in a quiet area away from the centre of the town, where he could pursue tranquilly what he regarded as the most important work of all. On 28 September 1714 he reports to Francke that the book Exodus has now been completed. At the time of his death he had continued the work up to the Book of Ruth."  2) Other Works: S. Muthiah in his fond remembrance ("The Legacy that Ziegenbalg left") ends with an inventory of the man's lesser-known works: "Apart from the numerous Tamil translations of Christian publications he made, he wrote several books and booklets that could be described as being Indological in nature. He also had the press printing educational material of a more general nature. As early as 1708 he had compiled his Bibliothece Malabarke, listing the 161 Tamil books he had read and describing their content. In 1713, in Biblia Tamulica he expanded this bibliography. Also in 1713 the press produced what was perhaps the first Almanac to be printed in India. Then, in 1716, there appeared what was probably the first book printed in Asia in English, A Guide to the English Tongue, by Thomas Dyche. The next year the press printed an A.B.C. (in Portuguese) for schools in the English territories. What did not get printed in Tranquebar were Ziegenbalg's Indological writings. In fact, his works like Nidiwunpa ( Moral Quartrains), Kondei Wenden (a Tamil ethics text) Ulaga Nidi (World Moral, Tamil), and his books on Hinduism and Islam were printed only 150-250 years later in Europe and Madras."

Death and legacy.

Ziegenbalg was troubled by ill health his entire life, a condition aggravated by his work in the mission field. He died on 23 February 1719, at the age of thirty-six, in Tranquebar. His last 13 years were spent laying the foundations for German scholarship in Tamil that continues to this day. Ziegenbalg is buried at the New Jerusalem Church, which he helped establish in 1718 at Tranquebar.  He faced many obstacles through his life's work. In a letter to one Dr. Lutkens, Ziegenbalg sketches out humbly the zeal and diligence of his daily pursuits. On any given day, he could be engaged in more (if not as many) and as varied tasks as the study of Tamil to perchance conversation with a native poet, to repose and contemplation, to catechizing children of Lutheran catechisms, to maybe more study or exercises in piety. George Thos, Jr. asks, "Can it be surprising that a man thus piously and ardently engaged should be eminently successful? Or that he should too soon be exhausted by such incessant exertions?"  The positive results of their labours came with challenges. Their work was opposed both by militant Hindus and by the local Danish authorities. In 1707/08, Ziegenbalg spent four months in prison on a charge that by converting the natives, he was encouraging rebellion. Along with the political opposition, he had to cope with the climatic conditions in India. Ziegenbalg wrote: "My skin was like a red cloth. The heat here is very great, especially during April, May and June, in which season the wind blows from the inland so strongly that it seems as if the heat comes straight out of the oven".  For an account of his death, see "Death-bed scenes: or, Dying with and without religion, designed to illustrate the truth and power of Christianity, Volume 43; Volume 651, Part I, Section II, chapter 28".  Johann Phillip Fabricius picked up where Ziegenbalg left off in Bible translation, particularly Tamil Christian hymnody. He also felt that the previous translation by Ziegenbalg urgently needed emendations. "The four qualities which Fabricius found in the originals were lucidity, strength, brevity and appropriateness; these were sadly lacking in the existing Tamil translation, but he hoped that by the help of God he had been able to restore them." Both scholars can also be referred to as proto-linguists, both worked arduously on dictionaries and grammars in Tamil. Interesting semiotic and linguistic questions arise, when taking into consideration both gentlemen's translations of the Bible.  Stephen Neill summarises Ziegenbalg's failures and the cause of tragedy in his life, thus: “He was little too pleased with his position as a royal missionary, and too readily inclined to call on the help of the civil power in Denmark. In his controversies with the authorities at Tranquebar he was generally in the right, but a less impetuous and more temperate approach might in the end have been more beneficial to the mission. He was too ready to open the coffers of the mission to those who claimed to be needy Christians, though he was right that those who had lost all their property through becoming Christians could not be allowed to starve.”

External links.

Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg's Works available in English  Other

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg (10 July 1682 – 23 February 1719) was a member of the Lutheran clergy and the first Pietist missionary to India.

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, né le 10 juillet 1682 à Pulsnitz, en Saxe (Saint-Empire), et mort le 23 février 1719 à Tranquebar en Inde du Sud, fut le premier missionnaire luthérien du Saint-Empire en Inde. Il est le premier traducteur du Nouveau Testament en langue tamoule et le fondateur de l'église évangélique luthérienne tamoule.


Bio.

Prior to his arrest, Shabani resided in Ramshir (known in Arabic as Khalafabad) in Iran's Khuzestan Province with his wife and one child. He worked as a teacher of Arabic language and literature in a local high school. He was also known as a poet in Arabic and Persian, and founded the Dialogue Institute, which promoted Arabic culture and literature in Iran.  He held a bachelor's degree in Arabic language literature and education and a master's degree in political science from Ahwaz University.

Arrest.

In February 2011, Shabani was arrested along with four others Iranian Arabs - Hadi Rashedi, Mohammad-Ali Amouri, and brothers Mokhtar Alboshokeh and Jaber Alboshokeh. Their arrests were considered part of a broader government crackdown at the time against Iran's Arab minority. According to Amnesty International, these individuals were detained "apparently in connection with their cultural activities, such as organizing events in the Arabic language, conferences, educational courses, art classes, and poetry recital gatherings."

Televised confession.

On December 13, 2011, Press TV, the English-language network of the government-run Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, broadcast a "documentary" featuring Shabani, Rashedi, and another Arab man, Taha Heidarian. In the program, Shabani and Rashedi confessed "to being part of an armed Arab terrorist group called the Al-Moqawama al-Shaabiya ('People’s Movement'), which was responsible for shooting at four government employees." Press TV said that the United States and the United Kingdom support this terrorist group.  Human rights groups maintain that the confessions "were coerced under duress and torture during their detention at a local Intelligence Ministry facility, and that they denied the charges against them in court." Reported examples of torture are a broken pelvic bone suffered by Rashedi, and that Shabani's feet were placed in boiling water to make him confess.

Death sentence.

On 7 July 2012, a Revolutionary Court sentenced Shabani and the four other Arabs arrested in February 2011 to death on charges of Moharebeh ("waging war on God"), as well as "sowing corruption on earth, propaganda against the Islamic Republic and acting against national security." Amnesty International said that the confessions of Shabani and Rashedi that aired on Press TV were "in violation of international standards for fair trial." In January 2013, the Iranian Supreme Court upheld their death sentences.

Execution.

On 29 January 2014, reports emerged that Shabani and Rashedi had been executed. In violation of Iran's own legal regulations, authorities had executed the two men without first notifying their families or attorneys. The hangings reportedly took place on January 27 in an undisclosed prison after Iranian President Hassan Rouhani approved the sentences.

Hashem Shabani ( died 27 January 2014), also known as Hashem Shabaninejad, was an ethnic Ahwazi Arab citizen of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He was a high school teacher of Arabic language and literature, a poet in both Arabic and Persian, and an activist who promoted Arabic culture and literature in Iran. In February 2011, government authorities arrested Shabani and four other Ahwazis.

Hashem Shaabani ou Hashem Shabaninejad (né en 1981 et mort le à 33 ans) est un poète et militant iranien, condamné à mort et pendu par le régime iranien en raison de ses idées politiques.


Life.

Born in Berlin, Hildmann is of Turkish ancestry and was raised by German adoptive parents. He lives in Berlin, where he studied for an advanced degree in physics at the Free University of Berlin.  Hildmann first turned to vegetarianism after witnessing his adoptive father die of a heart attack while on a ski trip in 2000. He attributed his father's untimely death to excessive meat consumption, with consequent high cholesterol, and he himself was obese as a young man. He renounced meat and fish products, and began to exercise regularly, dropping 35 kilos. Over time, he renounced almost all animal products (with exceptions, e.g. leather) and became primarily vegan.  In 2009, Hildmann wrote his first vegan cookbook. In 2012, his "Vegan for Fun" was named cookbook of the year by the Vegetarierbund Deutschland, the German branch of the International Vegetarian Union.  Hildmann appears in YouTube videos and has been featured in numerous television programs and talk shows, including "Maischberger", "TV total", the ZDF's "Volle Kanne", the SWR's "Nachtcafé", and the WDR's "daheim + unterwegs". In March 2016, he was a contestant in the TV show Let's Dance.  In 2015, he commented on the European migrant crisis, stating: "Integration in Germany is a sensitive issue because of the German past, resulting in a current self-mutilation of German values and culture." This remark was criticized on a BR public radio broadcast as a "symbiosis of right-wing extremism with boundless love for animals."  In April 2017, Hildmann participated on the TV show Schlag den Star against Luke Mockridge.  Hildmann has spread conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.  In June 2020, Hildmann shared anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, calling himself a German nationalist and saying that Jews wanted 'to exterminate the German race'. His public sharing of these views have resulted in German police pursuing criminal charges against him and loss of revenue; brands he served as spokesman for have severed ties with him.

Attila Klaus-Peter Hildmann (born 22 April 1981) is a German cookbook author and conspiracy theorist. His specialty is vegan recipes.

Attila Klaus Peter Hildmann est un auteur de livre de cuisine végane allemand né le à Berlin de parents turcs. Sa série de livres de cuisine "Vegan for..." s'est vendue à plus de exemplaires, devenant ainsi un des auteurs de livre de cuisine allemand ayant eu le plus grand succès. À travers ses livres et son programme de "fitness", il a fait connaître le véganisme en Allemagne.


Youth and College.

Busch played at Guilderland High School in Guilderland, New York, near Albany, where he was named a high school All-American. He was ranked within the top 25 best players in the nation as a senior.  In college, Busch was a NSCAA First Team All-American in 1996, when he help lead UNC Charlotte to their first ever appearance in the College Cup and a school-record 19 wins. He recorded a career-high 12 shutouts that season, including two in the NCAA Tournament and a career-low 0.89 goals against average (GAA) en route to being named Conference USA Defensive Player of the Year. Overall, he was a First Team All-Conference selection three times and was named to Soccer America’s First Team Freshman All-America team in 1994. In total, Busch spent 3 seasons with UNC Charlotte.

Club career.

A-League Years (1997–2001).

Busch was undrafted out of college and spent a number of years in the United Soccer Leagues. He was drafted in 1997 by Nashville Metros with the 2nd Overall pick in the A-League draft, but opted to split his first year with Worcester Wildfire and Carolina Dynamo. Busch then moved on to Hampton Roads Mariners, where he spent 3 seasons. He was named the team MVP in his second season. His breakout season came in 2001 with the Hershey Wildcats. He won 14 games and posted 13 shutouts while leading the team to the A-League National Championship match. Busch was named the A-League Goalkeeper of the Year and was selected the Division II circuit's first-team All-League keeper.

Columbus Crew (2002–2006).

Major League Soccer took note of his USL play and it resulted in Busch being drafted by Columbus Crew with the 23rd overall pick of the 2002 MLS SuperDraft. Busch did not become a starter for the Crew immediately, sharing the duties in his first MLS season with incumbent Tom Presthus. He became a starter by 2003, but did not do very well as Columbus floundered in the standings. In contrast, both the Crew and Busch had terrific 2004 regular seasons, as the team, led by Busch's goaltending, embarked on a league-record 18-game undefeated streak. Busch was a finalist for the 2004 MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award for his performance, and his impact on the team's season was cited as the third-highest impact of any MLS player on any MLS team in the history of the league by MLSnet writer Jeff Bradley. In 2005, he was sidelined by a knee injury for most of the season, leading the Crew to acquire Jonny Walker. The Crew's goalkeeping injury woes intensified in 2006, as Busch was one of several injured keepers on the team roster, managing only 8 games.

Chicago Fire (2007–2009).

He was waived prior to the 2007 season and found himself the only player picked in the 2007 MLS Waiver Draft, selected by Toronto FC. On March 21 of the same year, he was waived by Toronto as the team found itself over the limit for senior international roster spots. He was subsequently traded to Chicago Fire in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 2009 MLS Supplemental Draft. Busch was to serve primarily as a backup keeper in 2007 and only made it into three matches all season.  However, with the departure of starter Matt Pickens to Queens Park Rangers of England's second-tier Football League Championship, Busch ultimately inherited the starter's role with the Fire to start the 2008 season. He was named Fire MVP for the 2008 season after being the only Fire player to start and play 90 minutes in every MLS match during the regular season (2700 minutes). Busch posted the best saves percentage in the league (78.2) after making 122 saves on 156 shots faced. Busch tied for most shutouts in the league (10), while also tying a Fire single season shutout record shared with Matt Pickens for his 10 shutouts in 2007. For his efforts, Busch was named the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year.

San Jose Earthquakes (2010–2014).

In March 2010, Busch was waived by the Chicago Fire. He was signed by San Jose Earthquakes shortly afterwards.  In 2014, Busch recorded a league best and franchise record 138 saves in a season, besting Joe Cannon's mark set in 2000.

Chicago Fire (2015).

Busch returned to Chicago for his second stint with the club in January 2015. At the end of the season his contract option was declined.

Indy Eleven (2016–2017).

In January 2016, Busch signed as a free agent with the NASL club Indy Eleven. He will also serve as the club’s Director of Goalkeeping, with duties to include first team coaching and scouting, serving as a guest coach with the Indy Eleven NPSL squad and assisting with the Indy Eleven Summer Soccer Clinic series.

Retirement.

In May 2018, Busch made one last transfer move back to his first MLS club, Columbus Crew SC. Busch and the club had agreed a one-day contract so he could officially retire as a player of Crew SC, the club which he called home in his retirement letter.

International career.

Busch earned his first, and only, cap for the United States on March 9, 2005. He shut out Colombia in a friendly, but despite the performance was not called back into the squad.  He has also represented the U.S. at the U-17 and U-20 levels, as well as having played in the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Japan.

Personal.

Busch is the son of Madeline and Robert Busch. Robert Busch is a Lutheran pastor. Jon Busch was married to Nicole Blair on December 11, 2004. He has obtained his "B" coaching license in January 2003.  While playing for the Columbus Crew, Jon Busch also trained goalkeepers in Columbus' youth soccer league, the Ohio Football Club.  Jon Busch lives in Powell, Ohio.

Honors.

Club.

Columbus Crew San Jose Earthquakes

Jon Busch (born August 18, 1976) is a retired American professional soccer goalkeeper. Busch is best remembered for his captivating saves, despite his shorter stature for an elite goalkeeper, and spent most of his 21-year professional playing years in Major League Soccer, appearing for the Columbus Crew, Chicago Fire and San Jose Earthquakes. Busch also represented the United States at both youth and senior level.

Jon Busch est un joueur international américain de soccer né le à New York dans le Queens. Il évolue au poste de gardien de but durant 13 saisons en MLS.


History.

True Corporation was established on 13 November 1990 as TelecomAsia. The company had partnership with Verizon. The company was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand on. In 2001, TelecomAsia set up a mobile phone subsidiary with Orange SA. Orange sold off its stake in 2003 but the Orange brand was used until 2006.  In an effort to converge TelecomAsia's telecommunication business into a single brand, the company renamed itself to True Corporation in 2004, and streamlined its operations with subsidiaries Asia Infonet (renamed True Internet) and Orange (renamed True Move in 2006).  In 2005, True took a higher stake in UBC, Thailand's largest cable television provider that time, and renamed the company to UBC-True. On 24 January 2007 UBC-True was renamed TrueVisions.  On 8 May 2013, TrueMove H became Thailand's first mobile operator to provide 4G LTE commercial service on the 2100 MHz bandwidth.  On 11 September 2014, it was announced that China Mobile agreed to purchase 18 percent of its shares for US$881 million.  On 13 November 2014, Truemove H announced that it allocated 10 billion baht to expand its 4G LTE network in Thailand to cover 80 percent of the country's population.  In June 2015 Suphachai Chearavanont, True's President and CEO, was presented with the "2015 Frost & Sullivan Asia Pacific Telecom CEO of the Year" award in Singapore for his leadership and achievements in developing the telecommunications industry in the Asia Pacific region. In the same month, Chearavanont was elected president of The Telecommunications Association of Thailand.

Subsidiaries.

True Corporation includes the following subsidiaries:

True Corporation Public Company Limited (TRUE) is a communications conglomerate in Thailand. True controls Thailand's largest cable TV provider, TrueVisions, Thailand's largest internet service provider True Internet and one of Thailand's largest mobile operators, TrueMove H, which is second only to AIS having surpassed Dtac in January 2017. As of August 2014, True, along with True Telecommunications Growth Infrastructure Fund, had a combined market capitalization of US$10 billion. TrueMove is also a partner of Vodafone Group. True is a subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group, which holds 50% of True's shares as of March 2017. It operates fixed-line (as a concessionaire of TOT), wireless, cable TV, IPTV and broadband services.

True Corporation est une entreprise de télécommunication thaïlandaise appartenant à Charoen Pokphand. Elle est présente tant sur les communications mobiles, que celles fixe. True Corporation est ainsi un fournisseur d'accès internet, mais possède également une filiale dans le câble.


Geography.

The town is south of the Granite Mountains, Providence Mountains, and the Mojave National Preserve. Adjacent to the south is the landmark Amboy Crater, and beyond to the southeast the Bullion Mountains. To the south is Bristol Dry Lake and the community of Cadiz, California.  Amboy was once a major stop along the famous Route 66 but has seen much lower visitation since the opening of Interstate 40 to the north in 1973. Amboy is home to Roy's Motel and Café, a Route 66 landmark.  The town has a total of 10 surviving buildings and a population of far fewer than the advertised 20. According to the "Los Angeles Times", the town's population is approximately 4. A resident interviewed in a short 2014 documentary also gives the population as 4, all of whom are men. Amboy is located in ZIP code 92304 and area codes 442 and 760.

History.

Although Amboy was first settled in 1858, the town was not established until 1883. Lewis Kingman, a locating engineer for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, created the town as the first of a series of alphabetical railroad stations that were to be constructed across the Mojave Desert.  In 1926, Amboy became a boom town after the opening of U.S. Route 66. In 1938, Roy's Motel and Café opened, which prospered due to its isolated location on the route. By 1940, Amboy's population had increased to 65. Its growth was tied not only to tourists, but also to the Santa Fe Railroad over which freight trains still run today between Kingman, Arizona and the BNSF Railway Barstow, California yard.  During the Great Depression and World War II, tourism declined nationally. But the remaining travelers' need for lodging, meals and gasoline kept the town busy. The town remained this way until the opening of Interstate 40 in 1973, which bypassed Amboy.

Attractions.

Nearby craters.

Two extinct volcanoes are located to the west of Amboy. Amboy Crater is a 6,000-year-old cinder cone volcano, made largely of pahoehoe lava. Pisgah Crater, another cinder cone volcano, is located near Interstate 40. Because of quarry operations, Pisgah Crater is not as well preserved as Amboy Crater.

Roy's Motel and Café.

Roy's Motel and Café was the only gasoline, food and lodging stop for miles around that part of the eastern Mojave and was well known for both its Googie "retro-future" architecture added to one of the original buildings and even more famous sign, a 1959 addition. Both Roy's and the surrounding town were once owned by Buster Burris, one of Route 66's most famous characters who purchased Roy's from his father-in-law Roy Crowl, the man for whom the property is named, in 1938 and ran the town until 1995.  In 1938, Roy Crowl opened "Roy's" as a service station on Route 66 in Amboy. Roy, together with his wife Velma, owned the town. In the 1940s Roy teamed up with Herman "Buster" Burris who married his daughter Betty. Together they expanded the business, keeping it open 24 hours a day and adding the motel to the service station and café. Business boomed in the deluge of motor tourists after World War II.  The routing of the old National Trails Highway (1914) and its better-traveled successor, Route 66 through Amboy saw a steady growth of business, especially at Roy's. The complex was so busy during summer vacation that Burris placed classified ads in other states to bring in employees.  Buster sold the town in 1995, and moved to Twentynine Palms where he died in 2000. The town was owned by investors Walt Wilson and Tim White who mainly used it for photo shots and to host movie companies. After the two lost it in foreclosure, it was repossessed by Bessie Burris, Buster's widow. Bessie sold the property in February 2005 to Albert Okura, owner of the Juan Pollo restaurant chain, who offered $425,000 in cash and promised to preserve the town and reopen Roy's.  The deal included about 490 acres, including the town as well as Amboy and Route 66 landmark Roy's Motel and Café, the church, post office, three gas pumps, two dirt airstrips and other buildings in the town. Okura also plans to open a museum, much like he has with the original McDonald's location in San Bernardino, turning it into an unofficial museum.  Okura reportedly got the idea of buying a town from the real estate agent who sold him his first home, who shared that he regretted not buying a town when he had the opportunity and recounts the story in his book, "". Unlike Timothy White and Walt Wilson, who bought (and later defaulted on) the town and Roy's Motel and Cafe prior to Okura's purchase and marketed the town as a ghost-town location for film and television productions, Okura plans on restoring the town for Route 66 tourists and sees the purchase of the town as part of his "destiny".  On April 28, 2008, Roy's reopened. The renovations and repairs cost $100,000. Albert Okura also planned to open a café and mini-mart at the same location; as of 2014, the restaurant remains closed for lack of an adequate potable water supply. As of 2015 the motel is closed as well. A gift shop is open in the café, and gas is available on request. The motel has been used as a stage for art exhibits.  Roy's has attracted some well-known regulars. Actors Harrison Ford and Anthony Hopkins have autographed photos on the walls of the restaurant and visit whenever their schedules allow. Ford frequently flies in and lands his plane on a nearby landing strip, one of the first ever built in California.

Amboy School.

The former Amboy School is adjacent to Roy's. The school closed in 1999 after the last students moved away.

Shoe tree.

A palo verde tree east of Roy's on Route 66 was formerly used as a shoe tree but collapsed in 2010.

Popular culture.

Part of the 1986 motion picture "The Hitcher" with Rutger Hauer was filmed in Amboy while Roy's was the setting for a 1999 television commercial for Qwest Communications. It was also used in Enrique Iglesias' music video "Hero" and the film "Live Evil". Owners Wilson and White maintained Amboy in weathered, unrestored condition for use as a motion picture film site.  In 1993, Huell Howser visited Amboy during episode 410 of "California's Gold" as part of his ongoing series visiting interesting areas of California. During the episode, he interviewed Buster Burris, the owner of Roy's. The episode was aired on December 3, 1993, and also showed Wonder Valley in the Morongo Basin and the Amboy Crater.  Amboy is featured as a playable level in the 2010 racing video game Blur, with Roy's appearing near the start/finish line.

Amboy is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, in California's Mojave Desert, west of Needles and east of Ludlow on historic Route 66. It is roughly northeast of Twentynine Palms. Prior to 2015, the town's business district contained a post office, a historic restaurant-motel, and a Route 66 tourist shop.

Amboy est une zone non incorporée située dans le comté de San Bernardino en Californie, aux États-Unis. Elle se situe également dans le désert des Mojaves, entre les municipalités de Ludlow et de Needles sur l'ancienne U.S. Route 66.


Background.

"One of Those Days" was written by Kevin Briggs, Dwight Reynolds and Patrice Stewart for Whitney Houston's fifth studio album "Just Whitney" (2002). The Isley Brothers are also credited as writers as the song features a sample of their song "Between the Sheets" (1983). In an interview with TMHEntertainment, Reynolds said that the song was not intentionally written for Houston. One day, while Reynolds was at Shek'speare's studio, The Music House, Houston and her husband Bobby Brown visited them. At that time, Shek'speare had a few instrumental tracks put up, and according to Reynolds, "the vibe was set" immediately. Shek'speare and Reynolds started discussing the ideas for the songs; Houston also contributed her views and ideas, and rejected the ones that she felt did not suit her. Shek'speare and Reynolds penned three songs that day, two of which are featured on the album, "One of Those Days" and "Dear John Letter". The song was produced by Briggs and was recorded at Atlanta Premier Recordings, Atlanta, by Ben Briggs III, and was mixed by Kevin "KD" Davis.

Release.

The song was released as the second single from the album in many countries, except the United Kingdom, following the under-performance and lackluster response to the lead single "Whatchulookinat". In the US, it was sent to urban, rhythmic and mainstream radios on October 28, 2002. A CD single was released on the next day. In Australia, a double A-side CD single containing "One of Those Days" and "Whatchulookinat" was released on November 25, 2002. The remix featuring Nelly and its instrumental were issued as a CD single in the US. Another remix by Almighty Records, titled "One of Those Days (Almighty Remix)", was made available through the compilation "Almighty Downunder, Volume 2".

Composition.

"One of Those Days" is a mid-tempo R&B song with a "slight retro feel" to it. Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" classified the song as a "groovy, hip-swaying composition". The song's hook samples the melody from The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets". As Houston begins the first verse, she declares her stress: "This is just for me [...] Got to take time out [...] You don't know what I'm going through." She then sings about getting away from it, by indulging in activities like a manicure, pedicure and by having a "late-night snack, a bubble bathe and a massage". Throughout the song, she sings over a "warm bed of beats and horns". Writing for Entertainment Tonight, Tim Jaramillo commented that the song is a "smoky track with a feel-good, chilled-out vibe". Dan LeRoy of "NJ Star Ledger" observed that the song sounded like an outtake from Brandy Norwood's debut album, while "New York Daily News" compared it to Houston's 1999 song "It's Not Right but It's Okay". An official remix of the song features rapped verses from Nelly, which according to MTV News staffs has a reggae feel.

Critical reception.

"One of Those Days" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Sean Daly of "The Washington Post" commented that the song was "likably bouncy". Craig Seymour of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" called the song a "breezy girls'-night-out" cut. Writer for "Blues & Soul" wrote that the song "is an excellent slice of soulful mid-beat head nod R&B". They also commended the sampling of "Between the Sheets", noting that it is "effective". Ernest Hardy of "LA Weekly" had different opinions of the song. Although he deemed it an "underrated single" at first and wrote that it "leaps beyond its work-sucks-the-rent's-late-I-need-a-date griping into the realm of existential letting", he later commented that the song is "grounded in retort". Chuck Taylor of "Billboard" remarked that the song marks a "triumphant return of one of the great singers, who delivers the goods in glorious voice." He further commented that the production of the song would be able to convince her "pop fans", and also praised the Isley Brothers sampling. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that the song could have been titled "How Whitney Got Her Groove Back". He noted that the "smooth" track allows Houston to offer a restrained delivery of her vocals. Keysha Davis of BBC Music called the sampling of "Between the Sheets" as "clever". Nakesa Mumbi Moody, of the Associated Press, wrote it was "sexy" and "dreamy". Writing for "The Boston Globe", Joan Anderman called it a "breezy" track with a "disturbingly trite" theme. The German newspaper "Der Tagesspiegel", in their review for "One of Those Days" called the song "schmaltzy" and wrote that it could have been done in the 1980s. Jimmy Draper of "San Francisco Bay Guardian" noted that "the song seems so anticlimactic in comparison to the real-life pot". Jon Caramanica of "Rolling Stone" called the track "creaky and unconvincing". "Entertainment Weekly" gave the remix single a D rating and commented negatively that "this chaotic mess isn't likely to find an enthusiastic audience" as the producer "laid a random Nelly verse and some whistle beats on top of Houston's vocals. It's as if someone opened the door between two rooms and cranked warring stereos". Following Houston's death in 2012, "Entertainment Weekly" published a list of Houston's 25 best songs and ranked "One of Those Days" at number 19; they noted that it was "an underrated single off an underrated album". They further commented that "Whitney gave women of the world an instruction manual for pampering themselves in the Sex and the City era".

Chart performance.

In the United States, "One of Those Days" debuted at number 96 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, the issue dated November 16, 2002. In its sixteenth week on the chart, it peaked at number 72 with a greatest gainer mark The song stayed on the charts for a total of 19 weeks. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the song debuted at number 74, the issue dated November 9, 2002 and peaked at number 29. The song finished at number 99 on the "Billboard" R&B/Hip-Hop Singles year-end chart. However, the song topped the US Adult R&B Airplay chart. In the Netherlands, the song entered the Mega Single Top 100 chart at number 87, the week dated January 4, 2003. Two weeks later, the song reached number 80, its peak position. The song stayed on the charts for a total of five weeks. In Australia, the double A-side single charted and peaked at number 48, and stayed on the chart for eight weeks. Elsewhere, "One of Those Days" peaked at number 94 in Switzerland, number 11 on the Belgian Flanders Ultratip chart, number seven on the Wallonia Tip chart and number six on the Hungarian Single Top 10.

Music video.

The music video for "One of Those Days" was directed by Kevin Bray and was shot on October 18 and 19, 2002. The video was shot in Midtown, Atlanta and the club featured in the video is the Nomenclature Museum in Atlanta. According to Arista, "The music video is about Whitney rescuing her girlfriends who are having a bad day." The video shows Houston enjoying a day out and hanging out with her friends at the club, and having a massage at a sauna. The girls end their day out at the club, where Ronald Isley himself makes a cameo appearance.

Live performances.

Houston performed "One of Those Days" in a mini-concert at Lincoln Center Plaza, along with "Tell Me No" and "Do You Hear What I Hear?" on December 9, 2002. Donning a "jeans, a cream-colored turtleneck, full-length shearling coat and sunglasses", Houston performed the song as the opening number of the concert to a crowd of about 4,000 people. Fox News commented that "Houston still [sings] like an angel", but noted that she was "very loose" on stage. The performance aired on "Good Morning America" the next day.

Credits and personnel.

Credits for "One of Those Days" are adapted from "Just Whitney" liner notes.

"One of Those Days" is a song by American recording artist Whitney Houston, from her fifth studio album "Just Whitney" (2002). Written by Kevin Briggs, Dwight Renolds, Patrice Stewart, Ernest Isley, Marvin Isley, Christopher Jasper, Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, and Rudolph Isley, and produced by Briggs, the song was released as the second single from the album, following the under-performance of the lead single "Whatchulookinat", on October 29, 2002 through Arista Records. A mid-tempo R&B track, "One of Those Days" samples The Isley Brothers' song "Between the Sheets" (1983), and its lyrics speak about getting away from the stress of daily life.

Elle est issue de l'album "Just Whitney" (2002) et est sortie comme son le aux États-Unis. Elle se base sur un sample de "Between the Sheets" (1983) des Isley Brothers.


Early life.

Munir was born in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, and grew up in nearby Galapagar on a street likened to a "Little Morocco" by "El Mundo". His Moroccan father, Mohamed El Haddadi Arbrqui, came to Spain in a fishing boat at age 18 and is now a chef. His mother, Zaida, hails from the Spanish autonomous city of Melilla on the north coast of Africa; she is a former kitchen hand who now looks after Munir's three siblings. Up to the age of 14, Munir was a fan of Real Madrid.

Club career.

Early career.

After starting at Galapagar and DAV Santa Ana, Munir scored 32 goals in 29 matches playing for CF Rayo Majadahonda's Cadete A team, on loan from Atlético Madrid, after impressing during a trial in 2010. However, both Atlético and Real Madrid turned down the opportunity to bring him into their ranks. As a result, he attracted interest from a number of sides such as Manchester City, but signed for Barcelona's youth academy the following summer.

Barcelona.

Munir made his UEFA Youth League debut with the Juvenil side against Ajax U19, where he scored two goals. He scored braces against Milan U19 and Copenhagen U19, finishing the tournament scoring 11 goals in 10 matches. He scored a brace in the final against Benfica U19. On 3 March 2014, he extended his "Barça" contract until June 2017.  After being an unused substitute against Tenerife and Deportivo de La Coruña, Munir made his professional debut for Barcelona B on 2 March 2014 in a 1–2 away win against Mallorca in the second division, coming as a 72nd-minute substitute for Sandro. He scored his first goal as a senior player in a 2–1 home win against Girona on 19 April. On 24 August 2014, Munir made his official debut for the first team in La Liga, against Elche at Camp Nou. He started the match and scored the second goal of an eventual 3–0 win before being substituted after 67 minutes for Pedro. Eight days short of his 19th birthday, he became Barcelona's third-youngest goalscorer after Bojan and Lionel Messi. Munir was a nominee for the 2014 Golden Boy Award.  On 22 February 2015, Munir was sent off for two bookings in Barcelona B's 0–1 defeat at Llagostera, as the season ended with relegation to Segunda División B. He played three matches apiece in Barcelona's successful runs in the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League, but was not included in the matchday squads for either final.  Munir was an unused substitute for their 5–4 win over Sevilla in the 2015 UEFA Super Cup on 11 August. On 2 December, he scored his first Barcelona goals since his debut, scoring two in a 6–1 win over Villanovense as Barcelona advanced by the same score on aggregate in the domestic cup. On 17 December, starting due to Messi and Neymar's injuries in the semi-finals of the year's FIFA Club World Cup in Yokohama, Munir won a penalty kick when fouled by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao's Huang Bowen, from which Luis Suárez finished his hat-trick to send Barcelona into the final, 3–0. The South American duo returned for the final, which Barcelona won 3–0 against River Plate with Munir unused.  On 13 January 2016, profiting from Suárez's suspension, Munir scored both goals in a cup win at city rivals Espanyol, putting Barcelona into the quarter-finals 6–1 on aggregate. He was unused for the final, a 2–0 extra-time win over Sevilla on 22 May, but with five goals was one of as many players to finish as the tournament's top scorer, among them Messi and Suárez.  On 14 August 2016, Munir came on as substitute on the 76th-minute and scored to double Barcelona's lead over Sevilla in the 2016 Supercopa de España first leg to give Barcelona a lead of two goals in the second leg.

Loan to Valencia.

On 30 August 2016, Munir moved to fellow La Liga club Valencia on a season-long loan. He was handed the number 9 previously worn by Paco Alcácer, who had moved in the opposite direction. Munir made his debut on 11 September, replacing Santi Mina after 63 minutes of a home game against Real Betis, and his rebounded header was scored by Ezequiel Garay in a 2–3 defeat. On 22 October, he scored his first goal for "Los Che", coming on at half-time for Martín Montoya and equalising at the Mestalla against his parent club in a loss by the same score.

Loan to Alavés.

On 1 September 2017, Munir joined Deportivo Alavés on a season-long loan deal. He made his debut nine days later in a 1–0 loss at Celta de Vigo, replacing Enzo for the final 33 minutes. On 30 September he scored his first goal for the Basques, opening a 2–1 win at UD Levante. In the reverse fixture the following 1 March, he was sent off for diving in a 1–0 win at the Mendizorrotza Stadium.

Sevilla.

Munir was offered the chance to renew his contract with Barcelona before its expiration in the summer, but refused to do so. Barcelona assured him that he would not play for the club again and has been favored to be sold by Coach Ernesto Valverde, saying "it would be for the best". Several clubs from England and Italy were interested in the forward, but, in January 2019, Sevilla was able to claim him for a fee of around €1 million. The transfer was able to be completed before the transfer windows closed in January, rather than during the summer.  On 13 January, Munir made his Sevilla debut in a 2–0 loss at Athletic Bilbao, replacing Roque Mesa for the final 12 minutes. He scored his first goals in March, one in each leg of a Europa League last-16 tie against SK Slavia Prague, who nonetheless won 6–5 on aggregate, and finished the league season with five goals in 16 games including in a 2–0 win against Athletic on the final day to qualify for the continental tournament again.  Munir scored a hat-trick on 7 November 2019 in a 5–2 Europa League group win at F91 Dudelange, which put his team through to the last 32 and bought his tally in the competition to five.

International career.

Munir was born and raised in Spain, the son of a Moroccan father, and was eligible to represent either nation internationally. It was rumoured Qatar had offered Munir a financial deal to take that country's nationality and represent the nation, which is set to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.  On 29 August 2014, Munir was called up for the first time as one of 21 players for Albert Celades' Spain under-21 team to face Hungary and Austria in September. However, after an injury to Diego Costa, Vicente del Bosque called Munir up to the senior squad for the first time ahead of a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Macedonia on 8 September. He made his debut in that match, replacing Koke for the final 13 minutes of a 5–1 victory at the Estadi Ciutat de València. He said after the match he never considered playing for Morocco.  In June 2017, it was reported Munir and the Royal Moroccan Football Federation (FRMF) had contacted FIFA to change his allegiance to the "Atlas Lions". However, a FIFA spokesman denied any contact and said the player was ineligible for a switch. On Munir and the FRMF's request, the Court of Arbitration for Sport began debating FIFA's rules on switching allegiances in April 2018. His appeal to represent Morocco was denied on 14 May.

Style of play.

As a child, Munir idolised Messi and Moroccan international Adel Taarabt. A report from "FourFourTwo" magazine noted his composure on the ball, tricks, speed and highlighted his finishing ability and set-pieces; his ability with his weaker right foot was criticised.  After his goalscoring debut, Barcelona manager Luis Enrique praised Munir as a player whose effort in training matches that on the pitch, but warned against getting carried away with his performance.

Honours.

Club.

Barcelona Youth  Barcelona

Munir El Haddadi Mohamed (born 1 September 1995) known simply as Munir () is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Sevilla FC.

Munir El Haddadi Mohamed, plus connu comme Munir El Haddadi ou Munir, né le à San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Communauté de Madrid, Espagne), est un footballeur international espagnol qui évolue au poste d'attaquant au Séville FC.


Horticulture and inventions.

Field then commenced the cultivation in his own garden, and from roots of his own growth produced beautiful specimens of colouring matter. A contrivance, both mechanical and chemical, was still wanted to reduce the liquor to its finest consistence. His invention of the ‘physeter’ or percolator by atmospheric pressure admirably accomplished this purpose. He exhibited his percolator, together with an improved drying stove and press, before the Society of Arts, and was awarded their gold Isis medal in 1816 ‘for his apparatus for preparing coloured lakes.’ Both apparatus are figured and described by him in the Society's ‘Transactions,’ xxxiv. 87–94. Oddly enough the percolator was patented by others several years after, and applied to the clearing of sugar. Field continued his application of science to the purposes of the artist with good effect; his dexterity and care in the preparation of delicate colours set all competition at defiance. Among his other inventions may be mentioned his metrochrome and his conical lenses, which produced a continuous rainbow with varied effects of refractions.

Death and bequests.

Field died at Syon Hill Park Cottage, Isleworth, Middlesex, on 28 September 1854, aged 77. He bequeathed to the Royal Institute of British Architects six architectural drawings by J. L. Bond; to the Hanwell Lunatic Asylum ‘The Maniac,’ by R. Dawes, R.A.; while to the library of London University he gave a portrait of Dr. William Harvey, by Mirevelt.

Writings.

Field's reputation as an author rests on his "Chromatography; or, a Treatise on Colours and Pigments, and of their Powers in Painting", London, 1835. A revised edition by T. W. Salter, appeared in 1869, and a third by J. S. Taylor, on the basis of Salter's, in 1885. Another professional treatise, his "Rudiments of the Painter's Art; or, a Grammar of Colouring" (London, 1850), was revised and in part rewritten by R. Mallet in 1870, and again in 1875 by E. A. Davidson, who added sections on painting in sepia, water-colours, and oils. Field's other writings were:

George Field (1777?–1854), was an English chemist. He was born in or about 1777 at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, of a family long settled in that town, and was educated at St. Peter's school there. When about eighteen years of age he came to London to seek a profession. He thought he saw an opening in the careful application of chemistry to pigments and dyes. War on the continent, by stopping the supply of madder from Holland, threatened to impede his progress. This obstacle, however, led him to consider the nature of its cultivation, and with a well-devised project he waited on Sir Joseph Banks for his advice, and, as he hoped, his co-operation. Sir Joseph, after unsuccessfully attempting to cultivate madder in Essex, had made up his mind that it could not be done in England.

George Field est un chimiste anglais né vers 1777 à Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire et mort à Syon Hill Park Cottage, Isleworth, Middlesex, le.


Biography.

Roman Davydov was born in Moscow. As a kid he grew up in a house with stables; he watched horses for hours and drew them. His love for animal art and his knowledge of anatomy would later make him one of the most wanted animators every time someone directed movies involving animals, especially horses. According to Yevgeniy Migunov, only two other animators at Soyuzmultfilm could match him: Grigory Kozlov and Nikolay Fyodorov, both with their own approaches, and they always tried to outbest each other.  Davydov graduated from the Moscow Industrial Technikum and spent several years working as an engineer. In the free time he practiced the art of caricature. In 1932 the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union held out a competition for the best caricature where Davydov took the third place. This inspired him to went through professional training at the two-year courses organized by the Krokodil magazine, and in 1937 he joined animation courses at Soyuzmultfilm. His first movies date back to 1939.  He worked in traditional animation up until 1955 when he joined the recently opened puppet division of Soyuzmultfilm and produced several stop motion films. He was the only director of that time who used an old-fashioned, time-consuming method of filming dolls with changeable parts last practiced by Aleksandr Ptushko. In 1961 Davydov produced "A Goatling", one of the first traditionally animated experiments of the Khrushchev Thaw that introduced a "formalistic", caricature art style in contrast with the realistic approach usual for that era. He continued developing it in his next projects, most notably the political satire "Shareholders & Co" (1963) and "The Main Stellar" (1966), a rare example of Soviet science fiction. Davydov experimented a lot with schematic, "angular", yet stylized characters, total animation, combinations of static composition and various details in motion, several panoramas moving at different speed in one shot and so on.  From 1967 to 1971 he directed his most famous work: the "Adventures of Mowgli" mini-series adapted from Rudyard Kipling's two Jungle Books. It consisted of five 20-minute episodes released yearly, and in 1973 they were combined into a feature film. The first episode was developed and released simultaneously with "The Jungle Book" by Disney and featured completely different style and mood. Made as a close adaptation of Kipling's writings, it allowed Davydov for a detailed study of the Indian wildlife and a mature storyline that featured a number of violent scenes, including the epic battle with red dogs from The Second Jungle Book (some critics linked it to the history of the Soviet Union).  Roman Davydov was also known for his Russian nationalism among colleagues. His film crews consisted almost exclusively of ethnic Russian animators and art directors (most commonly of Aleksandr Vinokurov, Pyotr Repkin and Viktor Nikitin), and after "Mowgli" he switched to adaptations of Russian historical events and folklore. Among them were "Ratibor's Childhood" (1973) based on the historical novel Primordial Rus' by Valentin Ivanov about the life of the East Slavs during the 6th century; "Vasilisa Mikulishna" (1975) that featured two bylina heroes: Stavr Godinovich and his wife Vasilisa Mikulishna, daughter of Mikula Selyaninovich; "The Swans of Nepryadva" (1980) dedicated to 600 years since the Battle of Kulikovo and "A Tale of Evpaty Kolovrat" (1985) about another medieval bogatyr, Evpaty Kolovrat. His last unfinished film was called "A Letter from the XIII Century".  Apart from the work at Soyuzmultfilm Davydov also illustrated children's books based on his own films and led training courses for animators. He was also a member of ASIFA.  Roman Davydov died in 1988 after surviving a stroke and a heart attack. His son Alexander Davydov (25 January 1937 — 20 November 2012) was also a prominent Russian animator and animation director.

Roman Vladimirovich Davydov (; — 17 September 1988) was a Soviet animation director, animator, artist and educator. He was named Honoured Artist of the RSFSR in 1980.

Roman Davydov (russe : ) est un réalisateur de films d'animation soviétique né le à Moscou et mort le.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Italy, Trotta began his career in the youth team at Serie A club Napoli and decided to leave to experience "a new culture, a new language, a new type of football" in England. In September 2013, he revealed that he would be interested in signing again for Napoli in the future if the opportunity arose, as England provided no new football at all. He joined the academy at Premier League club Manchester City in 2008. The club described him as one of the club's brightest young talents, with his skill and ruthlessness in front of goal. He only lasted three months with the club.

Fulham.

Trotta signed a professional contract with Premier League club Fulham in September 2009. He made six appearances in the Premier Reserve League South during the 2009–10 season and scored two goals. He received his first call up to the first team for a Europa League qualifying match versus Crusaders on 21 July 2011, where he was an unused substitute for a 4–0 win. He made his first senior appearance for Fulham in a 2–1 FA Cup fourth round defeat to Everton on 27 January 2012. He replaced Danny Murphy after 87 minutes. In the days after the game, Trotta was the subject of loan attention from Scottish Premier League club Rangers as a replacement for Nikica Jelavić, but a deal never materialised. After featuring as an unused substitute through the latter months of the 2011–12 season, Trotta made his Premier League debut in Fulham's away match against Bolton Wanderers on 7 April 2012. He was brought on for Alex Kačaniklić after 88 minutes and almost scored a goal in the dying minutes of a comfortable 3–0 win for the Cottagers. Trotta made two senior appearances during the 2011–12 season and also clocked up 14 Premier Reserve League South appearances, scoring 15 goals. He netted five times in a 7–0 thrashing of Bolton Wanderers on 30 August and scored four in a 6–2 win over Norwich City on 4 October.  At the start of the 2012–13 season, Trotta signed a new deal which would keep him at Craven Cottage until the summer of 2015. He was called into the first team squad on one occasion during the 2012–13 season, when he was an unused substitute for a 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion on 15 September 2012. He made six U21 Premier League appearances and scored three goals during the 2012–13 season.  Trotta made his only appearance of the 2013–14 season in a 1–0 U21 Premier League win over Middlesbrough on 16 August 2013, lasting 81 minutes before being substituted for Dino Islamović. In September 2013, then-manager Martin Jol stated that Trotta is not "the finished article yet" and challenged him to "step up a gear and then maybe he can play for Fulham in the next couple of years". In January 2014, Trotta was the subject of loan attention from a number of Italian Serie B clubs. After returning to Craven Cottage on 4 May from his loan away from the club, new manager Felix Magath cast his eye over Trotta in training prior to the final Premier League match of the season against Crystal Palace, but the Italian failed to make the squad. With the Cottagers playing in the Championship for the 2014–15 season, it was reported on 13 May that Trotta was keen to sit down for talks with Magath over his future. The talks were subsequently postponed until June, casting further doubts over his future. Those doubts were confirmed when Trotta submitted a transfer request on 3 June. He failed to receive a first team call under Magath or his successor Kit Symons and departed Craven Cottage on 9 January 2015. He made just three senior appearances in five years at Craven Cottage.

Wycombe Wanderers (loan).

Trotta moved on an initial one-month loan to League One club Wycombe Wanderers on 24 November 2011 and scored on his debut against Milton Keynes Dons in a 4–3 loss. He scored in the following fixture against Chesterfield on 20 December and again in the next fixture, away at Carlisle. Fulham confirmed that Trotta's loan had been extended until 14 January 2012 and on Boxing Day 2011 he scored a hat-trick (the first professional hat-trick of his career) against Exeter City in a 3–1 win. After the match, Manager Gary Waddock labelled him a "goal-scoring machine" after Trotta took his tally to six goals in four games. On 14 January 2012, Trotta netted a brace in Wycombe's 3–2 loss to Preston North End at Deepdale. Despite being offered an extension, he ended his loan spell at Wycombe on 17 January 2012. After his loan spell ended, Waddock insisted he had no hard feelings about Trotta choosing to test himself at a higher level. Trotta made eight appearances for Wycombe and scored eight goals.

Watford (loan).

On 23 February 2012, Trotta joined Championship club Watford on a one-month youth loan. He made his debut in a 3–0 league defeat to Southampton two days later. He started the match and was brought off after 59 minutes for Joe Garner. He was an unused substitute for the following three games and returned to Fulham after his loan expired having made only one appearance for the club.

Brentford (loan).

On 22 November 2012, Fulham confirmed that Trotta would join League One club Brentford on loan, initially until 13 January 2013. Two days later, he made his debut for the club, coming on as a substitute for Lee Hodson, in a 2–0 win against Sheffield United. He scored twice before setting up a goal for Harry Forrester, in a 4–2 FA Cup second round replay win over Bradford City on 18 December. He scored his first league goal for the club in a 3–1 win over Colchester United on Boxing Day. Fulham confirmed on 14 January that Trotta would stay with Brentford until the end of the 2012–13 season. On 27 January 2013, Trotta scored the opening goal of a memorable 2–2 FA Cup fourth round draw against Chelsea. He scored in bursts over the remainder of the season, scoring two in two games against Bury and Stevenage in February and three goals in four games in April.

Doncaster Rovers penalty incident.

Brentford's final game of the regular season came against Doncaster Rovers at Griffin Park on 27 April 2013. With the score at 0–0 and Brentford needing to win to secure automatic promotion to the Championship, the Bees were handed a lifeline when they won a penalty in the fourth of five minutes' injury time. Defender Kevin O'Connor was manager Uwe Rösler's designated penalty taker, but Trotta wrestled the ball from O'Connor, with the intention of taking the penalty. Trotta slammed the spot-kick against the crossbar and Doncaster scored from the resulting breakaway, winning the game 1–0 and consigning Brentford to the end-of-season playoffs. Rösler stated after the game that he had not wanted him to take the penalty, saying "I am not going to hold anyone out to dry. We will deal with the matter internally". In another interview, Rösler said he refused to blame him for the outcome. As a result of the penalty incident, Rösler decided to instruct which players will take the penalties by putting a sheet up in the dressing room ahead of play-off matches against Swindon Town. Trotta, commented after the incident:  Trotta was an unused substitute for the first leg of the playoff semi-finals versus Swindon Town (which resulted in a 1–1 draw, via a penalty from Kevin O'Connor) and he played 82 minutes of the second leg at Griffin Park, being credited with an assist for Clayton Donaldson's goal, which put Brentford 2–0 up. He was substituted for Paul Hayes after 82 minutes. With the score at 3–3 at the end of extra time, Brentford advanced to the final after winning the resulting penalty shootout 5–4. He praised the Brentford fans for being there for him after the worst week of his career. Trotta started the playoff final versus Yeovil Town at Wembley Stadium up front alongside Clayton Donaldson, but he was brought off for Bradley Wright-Phillips after 62 minutes of the 2–1 defeat. He returned to Fulham after the match, having made 29 appearances and scored 9 goals during the 2012–13 season.

Return to Brentford (loan).

On 2 September 2013, Trotta rejoined Brentford on loan until 5 January 2014. His return was met with resistance from some Brentford supporters and Uwe Rösler was forced to move quickly to state that "Marcello knows some people have not forgotten what happened, but he wants to come here and fight for his place". After his arrival, he said "I can’t change what happened in the past – but I can in the future". Trotta failed to score until his seventh appearance, a goal which set up a run of four goals in six games through October and November 2013. He scored three goals in three games in December (netting in wins against Preston North End, Swindon Town and Milton Keynes Dons) to help fire Brentford to the top of League One. On 7 January 2014, Trotta's loan was extended until the end of the 2013–14 season. Three goals and two assists in five games in January saw him nominated for the League One Player Of The Month award. He notched his 20th career goal for Brentford with the opener in a 1–1 draw with Shrewsbury Town on 1 February.  Trotta scored the winner in a crunch match versus Leyton Orient on 15 March, firing in the only goal of the game in front of the Sky Sports cameras at Brisbane Road, which saw the Bees return to the automatic promotion places in League One. The strike later won him the club's Bees Player Outstanding Moment of the Season award. He made it two goals in two games when he put the Bees ahead of Coventry City in a 3–1 win the following week. A 1–0 win over Preston North End at Griffin Park on 18 April saw Brentford promoted to the Championship with three games remaining. After the match, Trotta said "I felt I owed something to Brentford, that’s why I decided to come back after what happened last year. I dug in and wanted to repay the fans and the club. The lads have been great and it’s a special day". He made 40 appearances and scored 13 goals during the campaign. It was reported after the season that manager Mark Warburton was interested in signing Trotta on a permanent deal, but the club's interest cooled in mid-June. Across both his spells with Brentford, Trotta made 69 appearances and scored 23 goals.

Barnsley (loan).

On 1 November 2014, Trotta joined League One club Barnsley on loan until 5 January 2015. He made seven appearances and scored one goal before returning to Craven Cottage.

Avellino.

On 9 January 2015 Trotta returned to Italy to sign for Serie B club Avellino on a deal until 30 June 2017.

Sassuolo.

On 20 January 2016, Trotta was signed by Serie A club Sassuolo.  On 31 August 2016, Trotta and Diego Falcinelli were signed by F.C. Crotone in a temporary deal.

Frosinone.

On 25 January 2019, Trotta signed with Frosinone.

Loan to Ascoli.

On 27 January 2020 he joined Ascoli on loan with an option to buy.

International career.

Trotta has represented Italy from U16 through to U21 level. level. He made his only appearance for the U18s in a friendly versus Belarus U17 on 26 May 2010. He replaced Alberto Libertazzi after 49 minutes and scored Italy's second goal in a 2–0 win.  His only appearance for the U19s came before his U18 debut, in a 1–1 draw with Germany on 17 March 2010. He played for the final 9 minutes after replacing Mattia Destro. Trotta's solitary U20 cap came in a 3–1 victory over Denmark on 18 April 2012, where he was taken off at half time.  Trotta received his first call up to the U21 squad for a friendly against Italy B on 17 December 2013. He played and scored in the 3–0 win, though it was an unsanctioned international match and he didn't win a cap. He was called up to the U21 squad in January 2014 for an unsanctioned three-way friendly tournament and training camp in Florence between the Italy U21, U20 and U19 squads. Trotta made his official debut for the U21s in a 2015 European U21 Championship qualifier against Northern Ireland on 5 March 2014. He scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory. Trotta was called up to another training camp in Florence in late April 2014 and scored two goals in a 2–0 training ground win over Fiorentina Primavera on 29 April. On 1 June, Trotta received another call into the U21 squad in advance of a friendly versus Montenegro on 4 June. Coming on as a 28th-minute substitute for Domenico Berardi, Trotta scored the fourth goal in a 4–0 victory.

Honours.

Brentford

Marcello Trotta (born 29 September 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Ascoli on loan from Frosinone.

Marcello Trotta, né le à Santa Maria Capua Vetere, est un footballeur italien qui évolue au poste d'attaquant au Frosinone Calcio.


Services.

FMI provides weather forecasts for aviation, traffic, shipping and media as well as private citizens via internet and mobile devices. It also has air quality services. For sea areas, it provides information about ice cover, sea level changes and waves.  In 2013 FMI made openly available data sets such as weather, sea and climate observation data, time series and model data. The open data is targeted to benefit application developers who want to develop new services, applications and products.  In 2009, researchers from VTT published a study assessing the benefits generated by the services offered by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. They concluded in sum in range of 260-290 million euros, while the annual budget of the institute was around 50 – 60 million Euros. This leads to estimate for annual benefit-cost ratio for the services to be at least 5:1.

Observations.

Finnish Meteorological Institute makes observations of the atmosphere, sea and space at over 400 stations around Finland. Its weather radar network consists of 10 C-band Doppler radars.

Research.

The research areas of FMI include meteorology, air quality, climate change, earth observation, marine and arctic research. Scientific research at FMI is mainly organized around three centers; "Weather, Sea and Climate Service Center", "Observing and Information Service Systems Center", "Space and Earth Observation Center", and two programs; "Meteorological and Marine Research Program", "Climate Research Program".  Every year FMI's researchers publish about 300 peer-reviewed articles.

Air quality activities.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute has investigated air quality processes and air pollution prevention techniques since the early 1970s. Their staff members have comprehensive competence within the areas of meteorology, physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. Integrated work is done in cooperation with many other European research institutes and universities.  The air quality activities conducted by the Institute include:  The suite of local-scale (0 – 30 km) dispersion models available at the Institute includes:  Dispersion models for larger scales (30 to 3000 km) are also available.

Space Research.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute is one of the few places in Finland where space research takes place. The institute has been a part of several high-profile NASA and ESA missions, such as Phoenix, Mars Science Laboratory, Rosetta and BepiColombo, in addition to leading a lander mission of their own, MetNet. They worked with Spain and the United States to contribute to the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) on Mars Science Laboratory ("Curiosity").  The Finnish Meteorological Institute has designed and produced parts to the robotic space probe Rosetta and robotic lander Philae, which sent some data from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014-2015.  The electric solar wind sail, invented 2006 by FMi scientist Pekka Janhunen, got the 2010 Finnish Quality Innovation Prize among Potential innovations. It was tested in ESTCube-1 satellite.

Staff.

The number of full-time staff of the Finnish Meteorological Institute is about 540. Permanent staff members account for about 2/3 of the Institute's personnel and those with contractual posts account for the remainder. The Institute operates in on a round-the-clock basis and about 30 percent of the full-time staff work in shifts.  54 percent of the staff have university degrees and 15 percent have a licentiate or PhD degree. The average age of the staff is 43 years.

The Finnish Meteorological Institute (,, or simply "FMI") is the government agency responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts in Finland. It is a part of the Ministry of Transport and Communications but it operates semi-autonomously.

L’Institut météorologique finlandais (,, sigle: " IL") est une agence gouvernementale responsable de la collecte et de l'information concernant les données et prévisions météorologiques en Finlande.


Summary.

The following is a simplified description of EdDSA, ignoring details of encoding integers and curve points as bit strings; the full details are in the papers and RFC.  An EdDSA signature scheme is a choice:  These parameters are common to all users of the EdDSA signature scheme. The security of the EdDSA signature scheme depends critically on the choices of parameters, except for the arbitrary choice of base point—for example, Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms is expected to take approximately formula_18 curve additions before it can compute a discrete logarithm, so formula_8 must be large enough for this to be infeasible, and is typically taken to exceed. The choice of formula_8 is limited by the choice of formula_2, since by Hasse's theorem, formula_7 cannot differ from formula_23 by more than formula_24. The hash function formula_12 is normally modelled as a random oracle in formal analyses of EdDSA's security. In the HashEdDSA variant, an additional collision-resistant hash function formula_26 is needed.  Within an EdDSA signature scheme,  formula_47

Ed25519.

Ed25519 is the EdDSA signature scheme using SHA-512 (SHA-2) and Curve25519 where  formula_50  The curve formula_5 is birationally equivalent to the Montgomery curve known as Curve25519. The equivalence is formula_61

Performance.

The Bernstein team has optimized Ed25519 for the x86-64 Nehalem/Westmere processor family. Verification can be performed in batches of 64 signatures for even greater throughput. Ed25519 is intended to provide attack resistance comparable to quality 128-bit symmetric ciphers. Public keys are 256 bits in length and signatures are twice that size.

Secure coding.

As security features, Ed25519 does not use branch operations and array indexing steps that depend on secret data, so as to defeat many side channel attacks.  Like other discrete-log-based signature schemes, EdDSA uses a secret value called a nonce unique to each signature. In the signature schemes DSA and ECDSA, this nonce is traditionally generated randomly for each signature—and if the random number generator is ever broken and predictable when making a signature, the signature can leak the private key, as happened with the Sony PlayStation 3 firmware update signing key. In contrast, EdDSA chooses the nonce deterministically as the hash of a part of the private key and the message. Thus, once a private key is generated, EdDSA has no further need for a random number generator in order to make signatures, and there is no danger that a broken random number generator used to make a signature will reveal the private key.

Software.

Notable uses of Ed25519 include OpenSSH, GnuPG and various alternatives, and the signify tool by OpenBSD. Usage of Ed25519 in SSH protocol is being standardized.

Ed448.

Ed448 is the EdDSA signature scheme using SHAKE256 (SHA-3) and Curve448 defined in RFC 8032.

In public-key cryptography, Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is a digital signature scheme using a variant of Schnorr signature based on twisted Edwards curves. It is designed to be faster than existing digital signature schemes without sacrificing security. It was developed by a team including Daniel J. Bernstein, Niels Duif, Tanja Lange, Peter Schwabe, and Bo-Yin Yang. The reference implementation is public domain software.

EdDSA (anglais : "Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm" (algorithme de signature numérique Courbe d'Edwards), à ne pas confondre avec ecDSA), est, dans le domaine de la cryptographie asymétrique, un schéma de signature numérique utilisant une variante de la cryptographie sur les courbes elliptiques basée sur les courbes d'Edwards tordues. Il a été conçu pour fournir de bonnes performances tout en évitant les problèmes de sécurité qui sont apparus dans les autres schémas de signatures électroniques. Il a été développé par une équipe dirigée par Daniel J. Bernstein et incluant Niels Duif, Tanja Lange, Peter Schwabe et Bo-Yin Yang.


Biography.

Early years (1961-1982).

Mitar Subotić "Suba" was born on June 23, 1961 in Novi Sad, where he attended the music elementary school, playing accordion and achieving notable success with his accordion school orchestra in Yugoslavia and abroad. He started his career as a rock musician as a keyboard player in the short lived bands 96% and XX vek ("20th Century"), the latter disbanding in 1982, after which he turned to his own solo career. He studied composition and orchestration at the University of Novi Sad music academy, during which he had shown an interest for electronic music. This was the reason why he attended the electronic music course organized at the University of Belgrade by Paul Pignon, a British saxophone player temporary living in Belgrade. At the time, under the strong influence by the French ambient music composer Erik Satie and British keyboard player and producer Brian Eno, he started recording ambiental music compositions, experimenting with different sounds, including telephone sounds, bird twitter and Amazon basin indigenous music.

Career in Yugoslavia (1983-1989).

His first recordings Subotić released in an original way: the tracks signed under the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii he delivered personally to the Radio Novi Sad reception desk addressed to Dragan Gojković "Goja", the host of the "Yu pop scena" ("Yu Pop Scene") and "Novi Vidici" ("New Horizons") cult radio shows, who subsequently broadcast the recordings without knowing the author's true identity. After a year of weekly sending new compositions to Gojković, Subotić decided to discover his identity, after which came a live presentation of his work with performances in Novi Sad, Belgrade, Zagreb, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and Subotica. In 1983, with the Novi Sad conceptual art Lina Bus, Subotić performed in Paris and Venice and with the comic book artist Zoran Janjetov and multimedia artist Kosta Bunuševac, he organized the first Yugoslav rock performance at the sold-out Belgrade SKC. At the time Janjetov was one of his key collaborators, as he recommended him to use the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii by a comic-book character, gave him certain ideas and named several compositions.  The compositions recorded in the period between 1983 and 1985 were a part of the Subotić's project "Promene" ("Changes"), the title being self-explanatory of the musical experimenting Subotić had undertaken, in which Subotić collaborated with a number of already well-known musicians, resulting in a number of true radio hits: Zoran Janjetov "Janja", in the track "Jeti" ("Yetti"), Jakarta vocalist Igor Popović, in the songs "Ptice" ("The Birds") and "Arabija" ("Arabia") featuring Tomo in der Mühlen on guitar, Ekatarina Velika frontman Milan Mladenović, in the cover of the James Brown song "Sex Machine", Denis i Denis singer Marina Perazić, in the song "Plava jutra" ("Blue Mornings"), and Dorian Gray frontman Massimo Savić, in the composition "Facedance". The composition "Zla kob" ("Doom"), recorded under the obvious influence of the Serbian orthodox music, Zoran Modli included on the PGP RTB various artists compilation "Ventilator 202 vol. 1", released in 1983. Two years later, the song "Arabija" appeared on the "Ventilator 202 vol. 3" compilation.  Subotić's debut studio album "Disillusioned", having been turned down by the major Yugoslav record companies, was released as a part of the 30th anniversary celebration of the Radio Novi Sad show "Randevu sa muzikom" ("A Rendezvous with Music") in a limited pressing of 500 copies. The recording sessions featured Milan Mladenović, Uroš Šećerov, Massimo Savić, Električni Orgazam bassist Zoran Radomirović "Švaba", and the pianist Branka Parlić. The album B-side featured the twenty-five-minute composition "Thanx Mr. Rorschach - ambijenti na teme Erika Satija" ("Thanx Mr. Rorschach - ambients on Erik Satie themes"), composed as a kind of a musical Rorschach test on the impressions from Satie's themes. The album back cover featured a dedication to Hrundi Bakshi and a review by the head of the Erik Satie foundation saying "It is a great pleasure to see that in Yugoslavia works a musician Mitar Subotić - Rex Ilusivii who composed some significant material, especially a piece, an homage to Satie, composed in a way that Satie would like best - that everyone finds one's own path and one's personality. The music of Rex Ilusivii presents exactly this formula, this procedure."  Simultaneously with the album recording and release, Subotić had worked on music for television, theatre plays and choreodramas: for Haris Pašović's "Jelka kod Ivanovih" ("Fir Tree at Ivan's") and "Mara SAD" ("Mara USA"), Nada Kokotović's "Nojeva barka" ("Noah's Ark"), "U potrazi za izgubljenim vremenom" ("A Quest for Lost Time"), "Plavobadi" ("Bluebeard") and "Medeja" ("Medea"), and Sookie John "Šma" ("Shma"). He had also worked as a producer and sound engineer for other Yugoslav acts: in 1985 he produced the Haustor album "Bolero", the Heroina and La Strada eponymous debut albums, Oktobar 1864 1988 album "Igra bojama" ("Color Play") and the Ekatarina Velika 1989 album "Samo par godina za nas" ("Only a Few Years For Us"). A number of Novi Sad bands, including Obojeni Program had Subotić as a sound engineer on their recordings, and he had also worked as a sound engineer for the live appearances by Ekatarina Velika and Karlowy Vary. The recording of the Ekatarina Velika 1988 concert at the SMP Novi Sad, with Subotić as the sound engineer was released in 1997 as "Live '88".  The interest for electroacoustic music, which he had shown since his early works through the motifs of Serbian folkloric lullabies, took him to Paris where in 1985 he composed theatre music and at the IRCAM institute he expanded his knowledge in the field of electronic-acoustic music. During his stay in Paris, with Goran Vejvoda he started recording the album "The Dreambird, in the Mooncage", which was the last to feature the pseudonym Rex Ilusivii, featuring the a combination of bird-twitter recordings, made at Madagascar, combined with the Serbian traditional lullabies and electronic music arrangements. The recordings were promoted in an original way in the period between 1986 and 1992 by broadcasting the recordings on the main squares of Yugoslav, Italian and Brazilian cities. Owing to the UNESCO award for promoting traditional culture, which he had got for "The Dreambird, in the Mooncage", he got a scholarship in São Paulo where he landed on March 15, 1990 and decided to permanently inhabit. Part of the recorded material was released as "The Dreambird" in 1994 by the Brazilian label COMEP Music.

Career in Brazil (1990-1999).

Soon after becoming the resident of São Paulo Subotić started composing and recording music for radio, television, fashion shows and theatre plays, becoming acclaimed and distinguished producer, mainly due to his combining of traditional Brazilian music with electronic music arrangements. He had also started collaborating with notable Brazilian musicians and bands of the time: Katia B, Cibelle, Taciana, Bebel Gilberto (the daughter of the famous Brazilian singer João Gilberto), Arnaldo Antunes, Marina Lima, Marisa Monte, João Donato, João Parayba, and Mestre Ambrósio. During the second part of the 1990s he was credited on a large number of Brazilian albums as an arranger and a producer: on the 1995 albums "Kizumba" by João Parayba, "Janela dos Sonhos" by Taciana, the 1996 "96 Sessions" by Hermeto Pascoal, Andre Geraisatte and J.P, "Benzina" by Edgard Scandurra, "Silêncio" by Arnaldo Antunes, Ale Muniz 1997 album "Idem", and the 1998 albums "Pierrot do Brazil" by Marina Lima, "Fuá na Casa de Cabral" by Mestre Ambrósio and "Clubbing" by Edson Cordeiro. He had also worked with the former Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart and the American band War.  In the Spring of 1994, with Milan Mladenović he started recording material for their collaboration project Angel's Breath, featuring a lineup of Brazilian musicians percussionist João Parayba, guitarist Fabio Golfetti, vocalists Mariza and Madalena, which combined alternative rock with Serbian and Balkan traditional music. Recorded for three months in leisurely conditions, "Angel's Breath" featured the prominent tracks "Crv" (Serbian for "The Worm"), "Assassino" (Portuguese for "Murderer") and "Praia do ventu eternu" (similar to "Praia do vento eterno" which is Portuguese for "The Beach of Eternal Wind"). This was Mladenović's last project as on his return to Serbia, on November 5, 1994, he died in Belgrade at the age of 36. The Serbian critic Petar Luković, in a critical review of the album said ""Angel's Breath" is not a soft, easy going record, it demands attention, participation, it is an album which corresponds with the listener as much as the listener corresponds with itself. Such albums Serbian rock has never had, and with, the departure of Milan Mladenović, I am afraid will never have...".  In November 1999, Subotić released the album "São Paulo Confessions" in Brazil by Trama Music, in Europe by Ziriguiboom label on Crammed Discs, in Japan by Sony Records and in the United States by Island Records. The album featured guest appearances by the vocalists Cibelle, Katia B and Taciana, jazz guitarist Andre Gerrasiatti, percussionist João Parayba and the members of Mestre Ambrósio. Part of the material from the album was remixed by Phil Usher and the remixes were released as a 12" vinyl EP "Você Gosta". "São Paulo Confessions" received positive critics worldwide. The album review at Allmusic on which the critic John Vallier gave the album four and a half out of five stars. However, on November 2, 1999, on the evening of the "São Paulo Confessions" album promotion, in an attempt to rescue the recordings from his studio which had been caught up in a fire, Subotić died at the age of 38.

Legacy.

After Subotić's death, 2000, a non-profit organization The Suba Institute was founded in his honor in Brazil. Since 2008, the Novi Sad Exit festival world music stage was named Suba Stage. In January 2012, it was announced that the Novi Sad Liman park would get a Mitar Subotić place in honor of the musician.  The song Subotić recorded with Marina Perazić, "Plava jutra", was covered by Ana Sofrenović and the recording appeared on the various artists unplugged compilation "Bez struje" ("Unplugged") in 1994. In 2002, a group of musicians from Brazil and the United Kingdom, including Cibelle, Trio Mocotó member João Parahyba, Marina Lima, Phil Asher and Juryman, recorded the Suba tribute album "Tributo". In 2005, the "Rex Ilusivii In Vitro / Suba Within Us" ballet based on Subotić's life was written by choreographer Aleksandra Ketig and the soundtrack for the play was released on the album of the same name. In 2012, the Suba Connection Band, a supergroup consisting of musicians Subotić's had worked with during his career in Brazil, fronted by João Parahyba, performed at the Exit festival's Suba stage.  In 1988, the various artists compilation "Ventilator 202 vol. 1", featuring Subotić's song "Zla kob", appeared as number 100 of the list of the 100 greatest Yugoslav popular music albums in the book "" ("YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music"). In 2006, the song "Plava jutra" ("Blue Mornings") was number 66 on the B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs list, polled by the listeners of the Serbian Radio B92. The list also featured Ekatarina Velika song "Samo par godina za nas" as number one, Haustor songs "Šejn" as number two and "Ena" as number 11, and La Strada song "Okean" as number 39, all from the albums produced by Subotić. In 2008, "São Paulo Confessions" was included in the musical reference book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die", edited by Robert Dimery and published in 2005, being, the only Yugoslav act beside Laibach to be included on the list. The list also featured the Bebel Gilberto album "Tanto Tempo" produced by Subotić before his death. "Tanto Tempo" became one of the biggest selling Brazilian albums both in and out of Brazil.  The lyrics of the song "Nabor na postelji (Courage)" ("Wrinkle in the Sheets (Courage)"), from the album "Disillusioned!", and "Crv", from "Angel's Breath", both written by Milan Mladenović, were featured in Petar Janjatović's book "" ("Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 - 2007").

Mitar Subotić "Suba" () (June 23, 1961 in Novi Sad, PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia – November 2, 1999 in São Paulo, Brazil), also known as Rex Ilusivii (Latin for "The King of Illusions"), was a Serbian-born musician and composer who was set to become one of Brazil's most prominent producers when he died in November 1999.

Mitar Subotić, dit Suba (en serbe : Митар Суботић Суба) (Novi Sad, - São Paulo, ) est un compositeur et musicien serbe.