History.

In 1869, the "Livraria Internacional de Ernesto Chardron" was founded, from a shop on "Rua dos Clérigos" by the Frenchman. Following its founder's death, at the age of 45, the firm was sold to "Lugan & Genelioux Sucessores".  Alternately, in 1881, José Lello along with his brother-in-law created the firm "David Pereira & Lello". But, the following year, after the death of David Lourenço Pereira, the establishment began to be operated as "José Pinto de Sousa Lello & Irmão", when he partnered with his younger brother (António Lello). The brothers were born to a property-owner in Villa Ramadas (Fontes), in the municipality of Santa Marta de Penaguião: both became prominent members of Porto's intellectual bourgeoisie by the turn of the century.  In 1891, the Chardron Bookstore acquired the establishments of A.R. da Cruz Coutinho and other bookstores in the city. This ultimately led to Mathieux Lugan selling his share in the Chardon bookstore to the brothers Lello, in 1894. These purchases later included the 7 April 1898 sale of the firm "Livraria Lemos & Co."  The brothers hired engineer Francisco Xavier Esteves (1864-1944) to construct the new bookstore on "Rua das Carmelitas". In 1906, the "Livraria Lello" was inaugurated.  By 1919, the bookstore was simply designated as the Lello & Irmão, Lda. With the 1930 addition of José Pereira da Costa, the bookstore began to be known simply as Livraria Lello. But, between 1930 and 1940, it once again became designated "Lello & Irmão".  On 14 December 1981, there was a proposal to classify the store by the "Delegação Regional do Norte" ("Northern Regional Delegation") of the Secretary-of-State for Culture. It took almost a decade, before a dispatch was issued by the IPPAR presidency to open a process of classification (on 28 September 1993). The IPPAR consultative council favoured its establishment as a "Imóvel de Interesse Público" ("Property of Public Interest") pm 24 March 1994.  In 1995, Lello & Irmão created a new society: "Prólogo Livreiros S.A.", which preceded its reopening on 15 March 1995, following a period of restoration and remodelling.  The Secretary-of-State for Culture solicited a presentation on 14 March 201 to establish a special protection zone (ZEP) the site, which was supplemented by the DRCNorte (on 12 April). The proposal was seen as a positive initiative by the National Cultural Council on 31 May. The ZEP decision was published on 28 January 2013 (Announcement 35/2013, Diário da República, Série 2, 19).  Beginning in July 2015, the bookstore began requesting entrance fees for visitors. On 21 April 2016, an artistic mural was erected to conceal the scaffolding placed on the facade of the building, during its restoration, by graffiti writer Dheo and colleague Pariz One. Dheo painted the central area of the mural with a pile of old books, a lit candle and a bottle of Port wine, while the rest was painted by Pariz One with geometric shapes, referring to the stained glass inside the bookstore. The work took two months to produce. On 31 July, following the restoration, the main facade of the building was uncovered, showing the laboratory-tested recovered primitive gray.

Architecture.

The bookstore is flanked by shops and fronts the "Praça de Lisboa", near to the Porto University Faculty of Sciences building, the tower and Clérigos Church.  The rectangular plan covers two-stories, representing a simple mass, covered in tiled roof. Its principal facade is oriented to the south, towards the "Ruas das Carmelitas" and related to the "Praça de Lisboa". The building's exterior has a mixed architectural suggesting Neo-Gothic, and Art Nouveau elements, and in the interior, implied Art Deco elements.  On the first floor, it includes bated arch, divided into three vains, with the central arch providing entrance into the building and decorative lateral windows, each surmounted by flag adapted to the archway. Above this arch are three elongated rectangular windows flanked by two painted figures representing "Art" and "Science" (work of Professor Jose Bielman).  Finishing the facade are squared plaits surmounted by three decorated pinnacles, with two pilasters on either side, topped by pinnacles of equal design. Decorative elements complete the facade with alternating geometric shapes that circuit and the firm's name "LELLO & BROTHER" over the bow, all painted in vivid colours that highlight the white paint on the facade.

Interior.

The ample interior space is marked by a forked staircase connecting to a gallery on the first floor with detailed wood balusters.  Over this staircase is a large stained glass window, with the central motto "Decus in Labore" and monogram of the owners.  The ceiling and interiors are treated exhaustively with painted plaster, designed to resemble sculpted wood surfaces and decorative elements.  The building still retains the rails and wooden cart once used to move books around the store between the shelves.

The Lello Bookstore (), also known as Livraria Lello & Irmão and Livraria Chardron, is a bookstore located in civil parish of Cedofeita, Santo Ildefonso, Sé, Miragaia, São Nicolau e Vitória, in the northern Portuguese municipality of Porto.

La librairie Lello (en portugais : "Livraria Lello"), aussi connue sous le nom de Librairie Chardron ("Livraria Chardron") ou Librairie Lello et Irmão ("Livraria Lello e Irmão"), est une librairie située dans le centre historique de la ville de Porto au Portugal. Elle est située au 144 rue des Carmelitas, près de la Tour des Clercs ("Torre dos Clérigos"), un clocher d'art baroque, construit par Nicolau Nasoni.


Controlling states in history.

Persia, Greece, and Rome.

Ancient states such as Persia and Parthia, Greek city-states, and Ancient Rome sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide tribute and soldiers. Classical Athens, for example, forced weaker states into the Delian League and in some cases imposed democratic government on them. Later, Philip II of Macedon similarly imposed the League of Corinth. One of the most prolific users of client states was Republican Rome which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. Demetrius of Pharos), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the Roman Empire. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a pretender whom Rome helped, Herod the Great being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the Middle Ages as the feudal system began to take hold.

Under the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty.

In the 13th century, Goryeo dynasty of Korea was overrun by the Mongols who founded the powerful Mongol Empire. After the peace treaty in 1260 and the Sambyeolcho Rebellion in 1270, Goryeo became a semi-autonomous client state of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years.

Ottoman Empire.

The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Sharifate of Mecca and the Sultanate of Aceh.

19th and 20th centuries.

Russia and Serbia.

The Austro-Hungarian Empire tried to make Serbia a client state in order to form a Christian opposition to the Ottoman Empire. That changed after a revolution in Serbia in 1900. Serbia now came under Russian protection, which was forming a pan-Orthodox opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned the Austro-Hungarian Empire against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilized its army. Russia also wanted Bulgaria and Montenegro as client states.  Great Britain and Austria both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia. Most historians call Serbia a client state but historian Christopher Clark disagrees. He says the Russians made a mistake in thinking Serbia was a client state. In an unpublished commentary Clark argues: "It was a risk enhancing initiative [of Russian Foreign Minister Serge Sazanov] to allow Serbia to become to see Serbia as a kind of client;... Serbia, to my knowledge, has never been a client of anyone. [...] This is a mistake, when Great Powers think they can secure the services of "client states"; That Those "clients" are never in fact "clients"! That's a mistake that is presumably going to continue being made by our political leaderships, though one hopes one day it will stop."

France.

During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras (1789–1815), France conquered most of western Europe and established several client states. At first, during the French revolutionary wars these states were erected as republics (the so-called "Républiques soeurs", or "sister republics"). They were established in Italy (Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy, Parthenopean Republic in Southern Italy), Greece (Septinsular Republic), Switzerland (Helvetic Republic and Rhodanic Republic), Belgium and the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).  During the First French Empire, while Napoleon and the French army conquered Europe, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the Kingdom of Italy under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south, first under Joseph Bonaparte's rule and later under Marshal Joachim Murat. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Etruria. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, Louis Bonaparte.  A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the Holy Roman Empire to create the Confederation of the Rhine, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, Prussia and Austria. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the huge Kingdom of Westphalia, which was controlled by Jerome Bonaparte, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the Grand Duchy of Würzburg.  Following the French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain too was turned into a client Kingdom of Spain under Joseph Bonaparte; as was Poland, then the Duchy of Warsaw.  In the 20th century, France started to apply the concept of Françafrique, its name for its former African colonies, sometimes extended to the former Belgian colonies. At present the term is used on some occasions to criticise the allegedly neocolonial relationship France has with its former colonies in Africa.  The countries involved provide oil and minerals important to the French economy. In addition, French companies have commercial interests in several countries of the continent. As if that were not enough, Francophone countries in Africa help to sustain the image of France as a world power, by giving votes of support for French initiatives at the UN.

British Empire.

In the British Empire the Indian Princely States were technically independent and were technically given their separate independence in 1947 (although the Nizam of Hyderabad indeed opted for independence but could not retain his independence from India). Egyptian Independence in 1922 technically ended a British protectorate in Egypt. Sudan continued to be governed as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until Sudanese independence in 1956; Britain also had an interest in Egypt until the Suez Crisis was over. Iraq was made a kingdom in 1932. In each case the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Similarly in Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under Lord Lugard), and Malaya with the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States; the policy of "indirect rule".

Germany.

After France was defeated in the Battle of France, Vichy France was established as a client state of Nazi Germany, which remained as such until 1942 when it was reduced to a puppet government until its liberation in 1944. Germany also established, in its newly conquered Eastern territories, client states including the Slovak Republic, the Croatian State and the Albanian Kingdom.

United States.

The term applied to authoritarian regimes with close ties to the United States during the Cold War, more appropriately referred to as U.S. proxy states, such as South Vietnam, Indonesia (1966–1998) under the Suharto Regime, Iran until 1979, Cambodia under the regime of Lon Nol from 1970 to 1975, the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986, and Saudi Arabia. U.S. - Iran relations under the Shah (reigned 1941 to 1979) have been cited as a modern political-science case-study.  A school of thought saw an earlier incarnation of Canada as a client state of the U.S.  The term might also arguably be used for those states extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau) may fall somewhat in this category.

Japan.

In the late 19th century, the Japanese Empire gradually reduced Joseon Korea's status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to direct rule. Manchukuo, in contrast, remained a puppet state throughout World War II.

Soviet Union.

Soviet proxy or "client" states included much of the Warsaw Pact nations whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other third world nations with Marxist-Leninist governments were routinely criticized as being Soviet proxies as well, among them Cuba following the Cuban Revolution, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of Angola, the People's Republic of Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Within the Soviet Union itself, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, had seats at the United Nations, but were actually proper Soviet territory.

21st century.

Iran.

These countries have to varying degrees been called client states of Iran.

United States.

There are three Pacific Island states that are under the Compact of Free Association:  Walter C. Ladwig III, Assistant Professor of International Relations at King's College London, classifies Iraq and Afghanistan as "contemporary client states" of the United States. In 2011 "The Atlantic" listed Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Colombia, South Korea, Yemen and Bahrain as American client states. The term has also been used to describe Ukraine, Georgia, Brazil, Japan, Myanmar and Australia.

A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (termed controlling state in this article) in international affairs. Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state, and tributary state.

Un État client est un État autonome qui est le vassal économique, politique ou militaire d’un autre État plus puissant que lui dans les affaires internationales.


Geography.

Daintree is a settlement in North Queensland north of Cairns and from Port Douglas, Queensland. The McDowell Ranges are near the town while the Daintree River flows nearby. It takes its name from Richard Daintree, a pioneering geologist of British origin in North Queensland in the 1860s. It is within the local government area of Shire of Douglas (between 2008 and 2013, it was within the Cairns Region). At the 2006 census, Daintree and the surrounding area had a population of 78.

History.

"Kuku Yalanji" (also known as "Gugu Yalanji", "Kuku Yalaja", and "Kuku Yelandji") is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Mossman and Daintree areas of North Queensland. The language region includes areas within the local government area of Shire of Douglas and Shire of Cook, particularly the localities of Mossman, Daintree, Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, Palmer, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal.  "Yalanji" (also known as "Kuku Yalanji", "Kuku Yalaja", "Kuku Yelandji", and "Gugu Yalanji)" is an Australian Aboriginal language of Far North Queensland. The traditional language region is Mossman River in the south to the Annan River in the north, bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and extending inland to west of Mount Mulgrave. This includes the local government boundaries of the Shire of Douglas, the Shire of Cook and the Aboriginal Shire of Wujal Wujal and the towns and localities of Cooktown, Mossman, Daintree, Cape Tribulation and Wujal Wujal. It includes the head of the Palmer River, the Bloomfield River, China Camp, Maytown, and Palmerville.  The town takes its name from the Daintree River, which was named on 6 December 1873 by explorer George Elphinstone Dalrymple after geologist and photographer Richard Daintree (1832-1878) geologist and photographer  Daintree Village was first settled in the late 1870s and early 1880s by timber workers seeking "Toona Australis" commonly (if incorrectly) known as Red Cedar in the nearby Daintree Rainforest. There were sizeable stocks of "Red Cedar" near the Daintree River. Loggers moved stock down the river to the coast for transport using lashed rafts.  Dairy farms were later established allowing a butter factory to be opened in 1924. Beef farming later became a significant local employer.  As elsewhere in Queensland, tourism has become an important employer. Daintree Village became famous for early morning tours on the Daintree River and became very popular with visiting birdwatchers. These dawn river trips became a catalyst for the many B&B's that sprung up starting in 1993 and became an important employer of local families. Red Mill House, Daintree Village was the first B&B in the Douglas Shire in 1993 and paved the way for many others to follow.  Queensland's Wet Tropics became world heritage listed in 1986. Daintree is part of the wet tropics and the most famous national park close to the tourism hub of Port Douglas.

Education.

Daintree State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Osborne Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 15 students with 2 teachers (1 full-time equivalent) and 5 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).

Daintree is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Douglas, Queensland, Australia. In the, Daintree had a population of 129 people.

Daintree est une localité au nord du Quennsland, à 111 kilomètres au nord de Cairns et à 56 kilomètres de Port Douglas. Les montagnes McDowell et la Daintree River sont proches. Elle porte le nom de Richard Daintree, un géologue pionnier d'origine britannique qui a découvert le nord du Queensland dans les années 1860. Elle est située dans la zone d'administration locale du Comté de Douglas (entre 2008 et 2013, elle était dans la région de Cairns). Lors du recensement de la population australienne de 2006, Daintree et la région environnante avaient une population de 78 habitants.


Early life.

Shobhaa De was born as Shobha Rajadhyaksha on 7 January 1948 in a Maharashtrian family in Satara district, Maharashtra and brought up in Girgaon, Mumbai, India.

Career.

After making her name as a model and first working with Ashvin Gatha, she began a career in journalism in 1970, during the course of which she founded and edited three magazines—"Stardust", "Society", and "Celebrity". "Stardust" magazine, published by Mumbai-based Magna Publishing Co. Ltd., was started by Nari Hira in 1971 and became popular under the editorship of Shobhaa De. In the 1980s, she contributed to the Sunday magazine section of "The Times of India". In her columns, she used to explore the socialite life in Mumbai lifestyles of the celebrities. At present, she is a freelance writer and columnist for several newspapers and magazines.  Shobhaa De runs four weekly columns in mainstream newspapers, including "The Times of India" and "Asian Age". She has been the writer of several popular soaps on television, including India's second daily serial, "Swabhimaan" (first is "Shanti").  De writes De Tour, a fortnightly column for "The Week".  De has participated in several literary festivals, including the Writers' Festival in Melbourne. She is a regular participant of Bengaluru Literature Festival, having been part of it since its first edition and brand ambassador of Dehradun Literature Festival.

Controversies.

The Shiv Sena has protested the publication of some of Shobhaa De's opinions, including the separation of Mumbai from Maharashtra to create a separate entity.  During the 2016 Olympics, De suggested in a tweet that Indian athletes visit the Olympics merely to take selfies and spend government money. Her comment received widespread criticism from various quarters.  In 2019, Abdul Basit, a former Pakistani envoy to India, revealed that a 2016 article written by De advocating plebiscite in Kashmir was under Basit's influence. https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-ex-pak-high-abdul-basit-commissioner-says-he-influenced-shobha-de-to-write-article-on-kashmir-columnist-denies-2781230

Shobha De ( Rajadhyaksha, born 7 January 1948) is an Indian columnist and novelist. She is best known for her depiction of socialites and sex in her works of fiction, for which she has come to be known as the "Jackie Collins of India".

Shobhaa De, de son vrai nom Shobha Rajadhyaksha, née le, est une chroniqueuse, écrivaine, journaliste, ancien mannequin et romancière indienne.


Mascot.

Toucan Sam has been the mascot of Froot Loops since its first appearance. Toucan Sam is a blue anthropomorphic toucan; the colors of his bill correspond to the three original Froot Loop colors. While toucans have a sense of smell, as most other birds, he is portrayed as having an uncanny ability to smell Froot Loops from great distances and locates a concealed bowl of the cereal while intoning "Follow my nose! It always knows!" or "Follow my nose! For the fruity taste that shows!"  Toucan Sam was first voiced by Mel Blanc, originally beginning with an "American accent" and later changing to a "British accent".

Varieties.

Kellogg's made several varieties of snack foods, including snack bags called Snack Ums. Snack Ums were similar to the cereal but larger. Their slogan was "Super-sized bites with deliciously intense natural fruit flavors"..."Flavor Bursting!" Froot Loops-branding by Kellogg's was also used with the Froot Loops cereal bar.  In the middle of 2012, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops to the UK market for a limited time with only the secondary colors (orange, green, and purple), as natural color substitutes for red, yellow, and blue could not be found. The recipe also differed from the US version. Kellogg's stated that "due to European legislation we have been unable to produce Froot Loops to the same specifications as the US product. The formulations are different, including sugar and salt levels and the UK version has been produced with natural food additives and flavourings which will account for the differences in appearance and taste between the two products." The UK Froot Loops are also larger in size compared with their American counterparts, and due to the different method of formulation, are a much coarser cereal. In September 2015, Kellogg's removed Froot Loops from the UK market due to a lack of demand for the cereal, although in 2017, a special Unicorn Froot Loops limited edition was released in the UK. As of 2019, special limited edition Unicorn Froot Loops, Mermaid Froot Loops, and Baby Shark Froot Loops cereals have been made available.

Froot Loops Bloopers.

In February 2015, a spinoff cereal called Froot Loops Bloopers was sold and was promoted by licensing a unique "Angry Birds Space" episode.

Froot Loops Mini Donuts.

In 2018, Carl's Jr. and Hardee's began selling Froot Loops Mini Donuts.

Froot Loops is a brand of sweetened, fruit-flavored breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's and sold in many countries. The cereal pieces are ring-shaped (hence "loops") and come in a variety of bright colors and a blend of fruit flavors (hence "froot", a cacography of fruit). However, there is no actual fruit in Froot Loops and they are all the same flavor. Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops in 1963. Originally, there were only red, orange and yellow loops, but green, blue and purple were added during the 1990s. Different methods of production are used in the UK where, due to the lack of natural colourings for yellow, red and blue, Froot Loops are purple, green and orange, and the loops are also larger in size. Although the marketing side of Kellogg's sold the idea that each individual loop color was a different flavor, Kellogg's has acknowledged that all share the same fruit-blend flavor.

Froot Loops est une marque de céréales de petit-déjeuner aux saveurs de fruits produite par Kellogg's, lancée en. Les céréales sont en forme de bague (d'où "loops", "boucle" en français) de différentes couleurs vives et aux saveurs de fruits (d'où "froot", "fruit" en français). Cependant il n'y a aucune trace de fruit dans les Froot Loops qui sont en réalité aromatisées. Ainsi de différentes méthodes de production existent en fonction des pays, comme c'est le cas au Royaume-Uni. Au départ les céréales étaient rouges, orange et jaunes mais le vert, le violet et le bleu ont été ajoutés au cours des années 1990. Bien que la marque vend une saveur par couleur, Kellogg's a admis que toutes les céréales avaient le même arôme de mélange de fruits.


Club career.

Graham began his career playing as an inside-forward with Linfield Swifts, but began playing as a full-back after joining Brantwood. In October 1949, he became one of Peter Doherty's first signings as Doncaster Rovers manager, although had to wait until 18 March 1950 for his debut, a 2–0 home win against Wrexham. "Donny" went on to win promotion out of the Third Division North as champions in 1949–50. The Belle Vue outfit then successfully survived as a mid-table Second Division side in 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1955–56, and 1956–57, before being relegated into the Third Division at the end of the 1957–58 campaign. In November 1958, Graham signed with Torquay United. He played 20 Fourth Division games to help Eric Webber's "Gulls" to a 12th-place finish in 1958–59. He then left Plainmoor and returned to Northern Ireland as player-manager of Irish League side Ards, but left Ards at the end of the 1959–60 season.

International career.

On 7 March 1951, Graham made his debut for Peter Doherty's Northern Ireland in a 2–1 defeat at home to Wales and was a regular in the Northern Irish side until the end of 1955 when Willie Cunningham replaced him. Graham was a member of the 22-man 1958 Northern Ireland World Cup squad, but was one of five unlucky squad members who didn't travel to Sweden for the tournament (of 16 nations taking part, Northern Ireland was one of only three which did not take the full permitted complement of 22 players). He did however make one further appearance for Northern Ireland, on 4 October 1958, in a 3–3 draw at home to England, their first game after the World Cup Finals. Graham remains the most capped international player in Doncaster Rovers' history.

Coaching career.

Graham later worked as first-team coach at Stoke City, and became new manager Tony Waddington's assistant in 1960. From 1965 he coached at Port Vale under manager Stanley Matthews, before taking up the same position at Blackpool in 1967, under manager Stan Mortensen, before his retirement from football in 1975, after which he worked at British Aerospace.

Career statistics.

Club playing statistics.

Source:

William George Leonard Graham (17 October 1925 – 30 September 2007) was a Northern Ireland international footballer and football manager. A full-back, he made 303 league appearances in a nine-year career in the Football League with Doncaster Rovers lasting most of the 1950s. He also played for Linfield Swifts, Brantwood, and Torquay United, and briefly managed Ards. He won 14 caps for Northern Ireland in the 1950s.

William George Leonard Graham, plus connu sous le nom de Len Graham, né le à Belfast en Irlande du Nord et décédé le à Blackpool en Angleterre, est un joueur de football international nord-irlandais qui évoluait au poste de défenseur, avant de devenir ensuite entraîneur.


History.

The steady arrival and settlement of Polish immigrants in the area, known as “Expatriate Poland” (), necessitated the foundation of a new parish which would become Saint John Cantius Church. In 1892, these immigrants petitioned the pastor of St. Stanislaus Kostka, the first Polish church in the Archdiocese, for a new church. Fr. Vincent Barzyński of the Congregation of the Resurrection, saw the validity of this request and immediately purchased several lots at Fry and Carpenter Streets for the sum of $75,000. Designed by Adolphus Druiding, St. John Cantius Church took five years to build. Druiding, drew the plan, and work commenced in the spring of 1893. The cornerstone was laid and blessed in July of that year as 50,000 people attended the ceremony. By December, only the crudely finished basement church was completed. The new parish community held its first Mass in the basement on Christmas Eve.  When the edifice was complete, Archbishop Patrick Feehan performed the Blessing and Dedication ceremonies on December 11, 1898. The parish flourished and reached its peak in 1918 with about 23,000 parishioners and 2,500 children in the school.  The parish retained its Polish character for years, but the building of the Kennedy Expressway which cut through the heart of Chicago's Polonia began a period of decline for the parish as many longtime residents were forced to relocate. The parish was slated for closure as Chicago's inner city neighborhoods declined further through the 1960s and 70s.  A revival of the parish began in the late 1980s by Fr. Frank Phillips, C.R., who became pastor. Fr. Phillips helped to spark a renewal and attract parishioners, as well as financial resources. With improved finances, Fr. Phillips could begin restoring the physical church to its original glory while preserving the many treasures the parish already had. In 1998, with the approval of Francis Cardinal George, O.M.I., Fr. Phillips founded a new religious community of men, the Canons Regular of St. John Cantius, which now staffs the parish.  A gradual gentrification of the surrounding neighborhood has further contributed to the renewal of the parish. The area that was once known as the “Polish Patch,” is now called “River West,” a developing upscale area with fashionable town homes and luxury lofts.  Today, St. John Cantius church has become the focus of a renaissance of Traditional Catholic rituals and devotions that had fallen out of favor after the Second Vatican Council, such as the Tridentine Mass in Latin as well as Vespers and Benediction, the Corpus Christi procession, the Stations of the Cross, Tenebrae services, and the St. Joseph and St. Anne Novenas. The parish has a rich program of sacred music supported by eight parish choirs and an orchestra.  St. John Cantius church has witnessed a number of famous visitors from Poland within its walls. In March 1989, the parish hosted a visit by Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime Minister of the newly-democratic Poland, while in 1998, Józef Glemp, the Cardinal Primate of Poland came to celebrate a Mass of Thanksgiving and bless the church's new copper cupola. In June 2017, Polish MP Malgorzata Gosiewska visited Saint John Cantius as well as a number of other Polish Churches during an official visit to Chicago.  Although the parish's school has closed, the building now houses the Chicago Academy for the Arts, often called the "Fame" school and compared with New York City's High School of Performing Arts.  In 2016, the church was voted "The Most Beautiful Church in America".

Architecture.

The Church building's design is by Adolphus Druiding. Work began on this grandiose structure in the spring of 1893 and was completed by 1898. The building has a façade of rusticated stone in the High Renaissance style which dictated the use of classical elements such as columns, capitals and arches. At the very top is a monumental pediment decorated with the coat of arms of Poland's failed January Uprising, under which is found the inscription "Boże Zbaw Polskę" (God Save Poland in Polish). Just below this on the entablature, is the Latin inscription "Ad maiorem Dei Gloriam", a text which proclaims that this building is for the Greater Glory of God, a Jesuit motto popular in many churches built around the start of the 20th century. Three Romanesque portals set in receding arches lead into the interior. Like St. Michael's, the entrance is flanked by two asymmetrical towers topped with copper cupolas, and in height, styled after St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków. The whole structure is long and wide and can easily accommodate 2,000 people. The interior is in the Baroque style. Eight stone columns support the vault. The present decoration is the result of several interior decorations within the first forty years of completion.  The church's main altar, as well as its matching two side altars reputedly originate from the 1893 Columbian Exposition. In 1903 the interior was painted for the first time, and it was at this time that all the plaster and wood ornament were added and the church received the character it has today. The stained glass windows were made by Gawin Co. of Milwaukee, while the interior murals were painted by Lesiewicz around 1920. In addition to religious scenes, such as the Resurrection under the main altar, the artist decorated the side walls with paintings of Polish patron saints.  A new inlaid hardwood floor was installed in St. John Cantius Church in 1997 in a design by Jed Gibbons. Sixteen varieties of wood from around the world were used for the inlaid medallions. The floor is not only a beautiful contemporary work of sacred art but it is also designed as a teaching tool. The medallions inlaid into the main aisle tell the story of salvation: Star of David—Jesus was born as a Jew; Three Crowns—with the arrival of the Three Kings Jesus was made manifest to the world; Instruments of the Passion—Christ's suffering for our Salvation; Banner—the Resurrection; Star—Christ is the Light of the World. This floor, which is reputedly the only of its kind in the United States, has already won three national awards. In 2003, work was completed on a replica of the renowned Veit Stoss Altar () of St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków. Carved by artist Michał Batkiewicz over an eight-year period, this imposing one-third scale copy is the largest and most detailed of work of its kind, and was commissioned as a tribute to the Galician immigrants who founded the parish in 1893. The altar was solemnly dedicated by Józef Glemp, the Cardinal Primate of Poland in August 2003.  A permanent exhibit of sacred art, located in the church's north tower is open on Sundays, as well as on special request. The collection's centerpiece is an elaborate Neapolitan "presepio" (Italian for creche) from Rome. Among St. John Cantius's many other treasures are a nineteenth-century copy of the icon of Our Lady of Częstochowa adorned with jeweled crowns personally blessed by Pope John Paul II; a reproduction of the famous miraculous crucifix from Limpus, Portugal, a nineteenth-century Pietà from Bavaria, Germany, a hand written altar missal on display, as well as several hundred authenticated relics of saints.

St. John Cantius in literature and film.

St. John Cantius was featured in two films that were both shot in the summer and fall of 1990. The first was a made-for-television movie, entitled "Johnny Ryan". The second was a major Hollywood film entitled, "Only the Lonely", directed by John Hughes and starring Maureen O'Hara and John Candy.  St. John Cantius also serves as the backdrop for Steffi Rostenkowski's great realization in Nelson Algren's work "Never Come Morning" where, night after night, she heard the iron rocking of the bells of Saint John Cantius. Each night they came nearer till the roar of The Loop was only a troubled whimper beneath the rocking of the bells. "Everyone lives in the same big room", she would tell herself, as they rocked. "But nobody's speakin' to anyone else, an' nobody got a key".

St. John Cantius in architecture books.

St. John Cantius is featured in a number of books on Chicago architecture, most notably "The AIA Guide to Chicago" by Alice Sinkevitch (Harvest Books 2004). St. John Cantius is found in a number of books on church architecture, among them "Heavenly City: The Architectural Tradition of Catholic Chicago" by Denis R. McNamara (Liturgy Training Publications 2005), "Chicago Churches and Synagogues: An Architectural Pilgrimage" by George A. Lane (Loyola Press 1982), "Chicago Churches: A Photographic Essay" by Elizabeth Johnson (Uppercase Books Inc, 1999), and "The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith" by Edward R. Kantowicz (Booklink 2007).

St. John Cantius Parish () is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago known for its solemn liturgies and rich program of sacred art and music.

L'église Saint-Jean-de-Kenty () est une église paroissiale catholique située à Chicago aux États-Unis. Elle est dédiée à un saint polonais, Jean de Kenty. Elle dépend de l'archidiocèse de Chicago. Elle est réputée pour la qualité de ses liturgies en latin et desservie par les chanoines réguliers de Saint-Jean-de-Kenty. L'église est localisée au 825 North Carpenter dans le secteur de West Town.


Early life.

Sebastian was born in Oxford but grew up in Andalusia, Spain, with his three sisters (all actresses): Florence, Arabella, and Rafaela. His father, Clinton Pugh, is a restaurateur and designer. His mother Deborah is a dance teacher.

Career.

Sebastian first appeared on TV as a contestant on "Orange unsignedAct" in 2008. Sebastian performed as a singer-songwriter, performing his own songs as part of a competition to win a £60,000 recording contract, but did not make the final. Following the show, he left school for a record deal with A&M records (Universal) and spent years between London, Los Angeles and Nashville where he recorded his debut album with award-winning country producer Chris Lindsey.  In 2012, he landed his first acting role in the film, "After the Dark". He also appeared in "The Red Tent" as Re-mose, in "Barely Lethal" (alongside Hailee Steinfeld, Sophie Turner and Thomas Mann) as Cash Fenton. In the same movie, Sebastian contributed five original songs to the soundtrack.  In 2015, Sebastian was cast in the fifth season of "Game of Thrones" as Trystane Martell. "Game of Thrones" casting director Nina Gold later explained his casting in the series: "We knew Toby more because he'd done a lot of music things in the past, but he has a really romantic feel that just worked."  Sebastian portrayed Andrea Bocelli in the biopic "The Music of Silence", alongside Antonio Banderas and Jordi Molla directed by the Academy Award nominated director Michael Radford.  In 2017, Sebastian starred in the feature film "Trading Paint" (also released as "Burning Rubber") a sports film starring John Travolta, Michael Madsen and Shania Twain, directed by Karzan Kader.  In 2019, Sebastian released an EP titled Hamliar produced by Matthew Benbrook, a producer affiliated to artists such as Dido, Paolo Nutini and Ed Drewitt.

Sebastian Toby M. Pugh (born 26 February 1992), known as Toby Sebastian, is an English actor and musician. He is best known for portraying the character of Trystane Martell in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" and Andrea Bocelli in the biopic "The Music Of Silence".

Toby Sebastian est un acteur et musicien anglais originaire d'Oxford. Il est surtout connu au cinéma pour les rôles de Russell dans le film "The Philosophers" ("After the Dark") et de Cash Fenton dans "Secret Agency" ("Barely Lethal") et à la télévision pour le rôle de Trystane Martell dans la saison 5 et 6 de "Game of Thrones" (HBO).


Sequence homogeneity.

In the large rDNA array, polymorphisms between rDNA repeat units are very low, indicating that rDNA tandem arrays are evolving through concerted evolution. However, the mechanism of concerted evolution is imperfect, such that polymorphisms between repeats within an individual can occur at significant levels and may confound phylogenetic analyses for closely related organisms.  5S tandem repeat sequences in several "Drosophila" were compared with each other; the result revealed that insertions and deletions occurred frequently between species and often flanked by conserved sequences. They could occur by slippage of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication or by gene conversion.

Sequence divergence.

The rDNA transcription tracts have low rate of polymorphism among species, which allows interspecific comparison to elucidate phylogenetic relationship using only a few specimens. Coding regions of rDNA are highly conserved among species but ITS regions are variable due to insertions, deletions, and point mutations. Between remote species as human and frog comparison of sequences at ITS tracts is not appropriate. Conserved sequences at coding regions of rDNA allow comparisons of remote species, even between yeast and human. Human 5.8S rRNA has 75% identity with yeast 5.8S rRNA. In cases for sibling species, comparison of the rDNA segment including ITS tracts among species and phylogenetic analysis are made satisfactorily. The different coding regions of the rDNA repeats usually show distinct evolutionary rates. As a result, this DNA can provide phylogenetic information of species belonging to wide systematic levels.

Recombination-stimulating activity.

A fragment of yeast rDNA containing the 5S gene, nontranscribed spacer DNA, and part of the 35S gene has localized cis-acting mitotic recombination stimulating activity. This DNA fragment contains a mitotic recombination hotspot, referred to as HOT1. HOT1 expresses recombination-stimulating activity when it is inserted into novel locations in the yeast genome. HOT1 includes an RNA polymerase I (PolI) transcription promoter that catalyzes 35S ribosomal rRNA gene transcription. In a PolI defective mutant, the HOT1 hotspot recombination-stimulating activity is abolished. The level of PolI transcription in HOT1 appears to determine the level of recombination.

Clinical signficance.

Diseases can be associated with DNA mutations where DNA can be expanded, such as Huntington's disease, or lost due to deletion mutations. The same is true for mutations that occur in rDNA repeats; it has been found that if the genes that are associated with the synthesis of ribosomes are disrupted or mutated, it can result in various diseases associated with the skeleton or bone marrow. Also, any damage or disruption to the enzymes that protect the tandem repeats of the rDNA, can result in lower synthesis of ribosomes, which also lead to other defects in the cell. Neurological diseases can also arise from mutations in the rDNA tandem repeats, such as Bloom syndrome, which occurs when the number of tandem repeats increases close to a hundred-fold; compared with that of the normal number of tandem repeats. Various types of cancers can also be born from mutations of the tandem repeats in the ribosomal DNA. Cell lines can become malignant from either a rearrangement of the tandem repeats, or an expansion of the repeats in the rDNA.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a DNA sequence that codes for ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are assemblies of proteins and rRNA molecules that translate mRNA molecules to produce proteins. As shown in the figure, rDNA of eukaryotes consists of a tandem repeat of a unit segment, composed of NTS, ETS, 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and 28S tracts. rDNA has another gene, coding for 5S rRNA, located in the genome in most eukaryotes. 5S rDNA is also present in tandem repeats as in "Drosophila". DNA regions that are repetitive often undergo recombination events. The rDNA repeats have many regulatory mechanisms that keep the DNA from undergoing mutations, thus keeping the rDNA conserved.

L'ADN ribosomique (ADNr) est l'ensemble des séquences d'ADN transcrites en ARN ribosomiques (ARNr). Les ribosomes sont des complexes de protéines et d'ARNr au sein desquels se déroule la traduction des ARN messagers au cours de la biosynthèse des protéines.


Early life and transition.

Cossey was born in Brooke, Norfolk. Through puberty, Cossey was distinctly feminine in appearance due to a variant of Klinefelter's syndrome, where, instead of having the XY chromosome pattern, she possesses the genotype XXXY (people with Klinefelter's syndrome usually have XXY). In Cossey's autobiography "My Story", she describes an unhappy childhood, where she suffered confusing feelings and bullying by peers due to her femininity. Growing up, Cossey's closest companion was her sister, Pam, with whom she played dress up in their mother's clothes. Cossey left formal schooling when she was fifteen, and found work in a clothing store and as a butcher's apprentice. At sixteen she moved to London and worked at a variety of low-wage jobs.  Cossey started transitioning while working as an usherette in London's West End. By 17, Cossey was receiving hormone therapy, working full-time in a female gender role as a showgirl. Following breast augmentation surgery, Cossey worked as a showgirl in Paris and as a topless dancer in Rome to save up for sex reassignment surgery (SRS). After years of hormonal treatment and counseling, and legally changing her name, Cossey had her final surgery on 31 December 1974 at Charing Cross Hospital, London.

Modelling career and outing by the tabloid press.

Cossey now began an active social life as a woman, concealing her transition. Asked about her dating life, Cossey replied, "I'm afraid I went a little wild". She told tabloids she had a romance with the television presenter Des Lynam, though Lynam says he does not recall it. Lynam however mentions going on dates with her in his autobiography. Cossey worked as a model under the name "Tula". She appeared in top magazines such as the Australian "Vogue" and "Harper's Bazaar", and worked extensively as a glamour model. She was a Page Three Girl for the British tabloid "The Sun" and appeared in "Playboy" in 1991.  In 1978, Tula won a part on the game show "3-2-1". A tabloid journalist then contacted her, revealing he had discovered she was transgender, and planned to write about it. Other journalists researched her past, attempting to interview her family members. Cossey dropped out of the show, convincing the producers to release her from her contract. After this incident, Tula maintained a lower profile, accepting only smaller assignments.  Tula was cast as an extra in the 1981 James Bond film "For Your Eyes Only". Shortly after the film's release, the tabloid "News of the World" came out with a front-page headline that read "James Bond Girl Was a Boy." By her own accounts, Tula was so upset she contemplated suicide. However, she continued her modelling career. Tula responded by releasing "I Am a Woman", her first autobiography.

Personal life.

Tula became engaged to Count Glauco Lasinio, an Italian advertising executive, who was the first man to date her knowing of her past. He encouraged her to petition for changes in the British law concerning transsexuals. The engagement ended, but her legal efforts continued for seven years, eventually reaching the European Court of Human Rights.  In 1985, Tula appeared extensively in the video for The Power Station's "Some Like It Hot", also appearing in the band's video for "Get It On". After breaking up with Lasinio, Tula met Elias Fattal, a businessman, who was unaware of her history until he proposed marriage on St Valentine's Day 1988. When she told him, rather than rejecting her, he merely asked if she would convert to Judaism. She agreed. They were married on 21 May 1989, just weeks after the European Court of Human Rights decided legally to recognise Tula as a woman. They returned from their honeymoon to find that the "News of the World" had published a story on their wedding.  On 27 September 1990, the European Court overturned its decision on a British government appeal. (The right of transgender people in the United Kingdom to change their legal sex would not be granted until the Gender Recognition Act 2004.) Tula returned to modelling, which she had given up four years earlier.  In 1991, Tula released "My Story", her second autobiography. In it she gave details of her transition and her unsuccessful battle with the European Court. She was featured in the September 1991 issue of "Playboy", in a pictorial, "The Transformation of Tula", as an acknowledged transgender person.  Tula married Canadian David Finch in 1992. They live together in Kennesaw near Atlanta, Georgia, US.

Caroline Cossey (born 31 August 1954) is a British model. She has appeared in the 1981 James Bond film "For Your Eyes Only." Following her appearance in the film, she was outed as transgender by British tabloid "News of the World". In 1991, she became the first trans woman to pose for "Playboy". Cossey has since then fought for her right to legally marry and be legally recognised as a woman.

Caroline « Tula » Cossey, née Barry Kenneth Cossey le, est un mannequin anglais. Elle apparait dans le film "Rien que pour vos yeux".


History.

Archaeological studies in the Bathurst Island area indicate occasional human use over the past 4500 years by prehistoric as well as historic Dorset and Thule Inuit. Human presence fluctuated with changes in climate, ice cover and the corresponding availability of wildlife for subsistence. Human use was primarily in the southern and eastern part of Bathurst Island, rather than within the proposed park area itself.  The area was explored by British naval expeditions during the mid-nineteenth century, primarily those associated with the search for the lost Franklin expedition. Several cairns remain on the north coast. Exploration of the area continued sporadically, including scientific and commercial studies beginning during the 1960s.  The community of Resolute, located on Cornwallis Island to the southeast of the park, was established in 1953. Inuit from the community use the land and waters of the Bathurst Island area to hunt and fish.  A park feasibility study was initiated in 1994. The work included a Mineral and Energy Resources Assessment. This report was released in 1999 and the overall park feasibility study was concluded in 2000. The lands on northern Bathurst Island were first withdrawn for the purpose of establishing a national park in 1996. In 2009 Parks Canada entered into negotiations with the communities most closely connected to the proposed park with respect to establishing an Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreement (IIBA) for the establishment of the park.  In 2015, the federal government introduced a bill to create the park, which received approval on June 24. The law specified that it would come into force on either the day of approval or on September 1, 2015—whichever came latest. With approval given in June, the park was legally created on September 1.  The proposed name of the park was "Tuktusiuqvialuk National Park". The Qausuittuq name was selected through a contest in the local area.  Qausuittuq National Park was open to the public and received its first visitors in 2016.

Geology and climate.

The park geology is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks such as limestone, sandstone and dolomite. The area was glaciated in the past as evidenced by landforms such as eskers, moraines and beach terraces. The area is generally rolling hills.  Bathurst Island has a cold dry climate. The cool central Arctic climate pushes almost unimpeded into the low-lying islands of the northwest and north-central sector of the Queen Elizabeth islands; reaching to Bathurst Island. Mean temperatures range from -35 °C in January to 5 °C in July. Annual precipitation is less than 130 mm.

Flora and fauna.

The severe climate limits soil and nutrient development, which in turn limits vegetation. This region has low vascular plant diversity and is dominated by herbaceous species. Plants include purple saxifrage, dwarf willow, sedges, grasses, lichens and mosses.  Terrestrial wildlife species adapted to this environment include Peary caribou, muskoxen, wolves, Arctic foxes and bird species such as snowy owls, snow geese, king eiders, jaegers as well as various gulls and shorebirds. Marine species in the area include ringed seals, bearded seals, polar bears, walruses, bowhead whales, beluga whales and narwhals.

Qausuittuq National Park (pronounced Qow-soo-ee-tooq, from Inuktitut meaning "place where the sun does not rise") is a national park located on northwest Bathurst Island in Nunavut. It was established on September 1, 2015, becoming Canada's 45th national park.

Le parc national Qausuittuq () est un parc national du Canada situé au Nunavut (Canada), sur l'île de Bathurst. Le nom du parc signifie « l'endroit où le soleil ne se lève pas » en Inuktitut.


Personal life.

Awudu Abass Abass father is originally from Ghana whilst his mother is from Nigeria (not Togo as erroneously reported by some sources), they met in Rome where they married before moving to Como where Awudu was born. He obtained Italian citizenship as soon as he could, at the age of 18, having to wait that long as he was born to foreign nationals.  Abass still lives in Como, in 2012, at only 19, he was a candidate for the municipal elections as second on the Amo la Mia Città list, however it obtained only one seat so he was not elected.

Professional career.

Abass joined local club Pallacanestro Cantù as a teenager, progressing quickly through the youth ranks to make his debut in 2011 aged only 18. He was too young to make an immediate impact, playing sparingly in his first three seasons, he did however grab minutes, and rebounds, in Europe's top-tier level EuroLeague, playing in two games, one against powerhouse Real Madrid.  The 2013–14 proved to be his breakthrough season, he earned regular minutes in the LBA and European second tier EuroCup, as a youth product he became a fan favourite and was awarded the captaincy the next season, becoming the youngest captain of Cantù's history.  On July 19, 2018, Abass signed a two-year deal with Basket Brescia Leonessa. After two important seasons with Brescia, during which he became one of the most prominent Italian players of the league, in June 2020, he signed with Virtus Bologna.

National team career.

Abass was called up soon after officially becoming Italian, joining the Under-20 side of the Italian national basketball team that won gold at the 2013 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, where he was part of the All Tournament Team. He represented the Italian National Basketball team at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup in China, where he averaged 8 points, 3 rebounds and 0.3 assists.

Awudu Abass Abass (born January 27, 1993) is an Italian professional basketball player who last played for Virtus Bologna of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) as a small forward.

Awudu Abass Abass (né le à Côme) est un joueur de professionnel italien de basket-ball qui joue en tant qu'ailier.


Geography.

The surrounding hydrographic slopes of the Nipukatasi River are:  A small unnamed lake (length:, elevation: ) is the head of the Nipukatasi River. This lake is located northwest of Lake Caminscanane, southwest of Morain Lake and southeast of Lake Bétulaie.

Course downstream of the head lake.

From this head lake, the Nipukatasi River flows to the northeast more or less parallel to the west shore of Morain Lake. Then the river branches westward to flow into marsh areas, to the east bank of Lake Bétulaie (length:, altitude: ), which the current crosses on to the west. Then the Nipukatasi River flows for first for to the north, then to the southwest more or less parallel to the northwestern shore of Lake Bétulaie through marsh areas. except on the last. The river flows on the north shore of Amisquioumisca Lake as the current flows to the southwest.

Segment downstream from Amisquioumisca lake.

Amisquioumisca Lake (length: ; elevation: ) is the main body of water on the Nipukatasi River. Its mouth is located southwest of the lake. From the mouth of this lake, the Nipukatasi River first flows to the west. The river branches north to flow to a dump from the east. Then the river reorients itself for to the southwest. Next, the river branches north for to the south shore of Lake Rocher (elevation ), which flows (full length) to the northeast. In its last segment, the river flows to the northeast crossing a lake (length:, altitude: ). The Nipukatasi River flows on the south shore of the Broadback River upstream of Quenonisca Lake.

Toponymy.

The toponym Nipukatasi River was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

The Nipukatasi River is a tributary of the Broadback River flowing west to Rupert Bay, south of James Bay. The Nipukatasi River flows in the municipality of Eeyou Istchee Baie-James (municipality), in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada.

La rivière Nipukatasi est un affluent de la rivière Broadback laquelle coule vers l'ouest jusqu'à la baie de Rupert, au sud de la baie James. La rivière Nipukatasi coule dans la municipalité de Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, dans la région administrative du Nord-du-Québec, au Québec, au Canada.


Stories.

"Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot".

Percy Jackson saves Clarisse La Rue from feather-throwing birds in his school. After the fight, Clarisse admits that, as part of a ritual for the children of Ares, she must bring the Ares war chariot back to his temple on the Intrepid. But there is one problem: her immortal brothers, Phobos (representing fear) and Deimos (representing terror), who are the usual drivers and guardians of the chariot, became jealous and stole it from Clarisse. She knows she will be in trouble if she doesn't get it back by sundown. Percy offers his help, and Clarisse finally accepts it. They meet the two gods at a zoo. They fight them, who turn out to be extremely weak in battle (unlike the nature of Ares) once they discover how to counter the terror or fear, and are easily defeated. They bring the chariot to Ares' Temple on the Intrepid, an aircraft carrier that has since now become a museum. It takes place in between The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.

"Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon".

Percy Jackson and Charles Beckendorf are on the same team for capture the flag. Beckendorf, a son of Hephaestus, has a somewhat awkward conversation about girls, and thinks Percy should ask Annabeth, daughter of Athena, to the Fourth of July fireworks, the biggest dating event of the summer at Camp Half-Blood, that night. Later, when Percy's capture the flag plan is established, he and Beckendorf try to sneak up to the enemies flag. Instead, they find the Ant Hill, where the dreaded Myrmekes (giant, blood-red ants) are carrying a bronze dragon head. Beckendorf, who believes this is a blessing from his father Hephaestus, runs up to them but gets captured. Meanwhile, Silena Beauregard (daughter of Aphrodite) and Annabeth surprise Percy. They laugh at the indiscretion of boys, without understanding the gravity of the situation. When Percy explains what happened to Beckendorf, Annabeth makes a plan to save Beckendorf: they must find the body of the bronze dragon head, to remake the huge bronze dragon that disappeared fifteen years ago from Camp Half-Blood. They manage to save Beckendorf just in time, while the dragon leads an assault on Ant Hill. But at the end, the dragon is badly wounded. Silena doesn't want it to die, insisting on the fact that it saved Beckendorf. They run away from the dragon, who now pursues them after an order of Beckendorf, and manage to paralyze it, so it becomes a giant statue. Suddenly, some Athena children find the group and take Percy and Beckendorf as their prisoners and congratulate Annabeth and Silena for trapping them. Percy is outraged and accuses Annabeth of having plotted everything, Annabeth defends herself by saying the whole dragon and Ant Hill thing was a coincidence. Before going off to finish the game, she tells Percy to come see her during the fireworks. The boys are forced to stay in prison while the girls go finish the game.

"Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades".

Rick Riordan wrote this short story for World Book Day 2009. It takes place between "The Battle of the Labyrinth" and "The Last Olympian". It seems to be part of the canon as a whole, as it was referenced in "The House of Hades" and "The Lost Hero".  Persephone calls Percy, Thalia and Nico, the children of the Big Three, into the Underworld to retrieve Hades' new sword from a demigod spy who stole it. The problem is that Hades' keys, which let anyone out or into the Underworld, are in it. Persephone gives them a flower to track the thief. When all of the petals fall off, the sword thief has made it out of the Underworld. Percy, Nico and Thalia must retrieve the sword before time runs out.  They catch up with the thief, Ethan Nakamura, just as the last petal falls off the flower because Ethan has revived the Titan Iapetus. At the culmination of their fight, Percy flings Iapetus into the river Lethe, a river that erases memories. Only Percy's powers as the son of Poseidon can keep him dry. Percy tells the now mind-wiped Iapetus that his name is Bob and that they are friends. When the three heroes and "Bob" return to Hades and Persephone with the sword, Hades is very unhappy about the sword and leaves in anger, threatening Persephone never to disobey him again. By this, they know that Persephone commissioned the sword against Hades' orders. (However, Percy saw a look of "hunger" in Hades' eyes while he stared at the sword.)

Camper Interviews.

The book contains fictional interviews with multiple characters at Camp Half-Blood. Those include the Stoll Brothers, Annabeth Chase, Percy Jackson, Grover Underwood, and Clarisse La Rue.

Critical reception.

The book received mixed reviews. "Publishers Weekly" criticized it saying, "Bland illustrations depicting the contents of Annabeth's trunk, a map of Camp Half-Blood and a short'sneak peek' at the book "The Last Olympian" pad the contents (barely) to book length; the inclusion of a crossword puzzle and a word search makes the book difficult to share. Not a must-read-but try telling that to rabid fans." "School Library Journal" reviewer Tim Wadham commended the writing, saying, "Despite the fact that this is more of a marketing package than anything else, the quality of and interest in the three stories likely justifies its purchase."

The Demigod Files is a collection of stories by Rick Riordan published on February 10, 2009. It is a companion book to series "Percy Jackson & the Olympians". It contains three short stories, titled "Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot", "Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon", and "Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades", as well as a preview of "The Last Olympian". It is set between the fourth and fifth novels, "The Battle of the Labyrinth" and "The Last Olympian".

The Demigod Files (non traduit en français) est un recueil d'histoires écrit par Rick Riordan et publié le. Il accompagne la série principale, "Percy Jackson". Il contient trois nouvelles, intitulées "Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot", "Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon", et "Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades", ainsi qu'un passage en avant première de "Le Dernier Olympien". On y trouve aussi des interviews de certains des habitants de la colonie, une image du tronc d'Annabeth, un plan de la Colonie des Sang-Mêlés et divers mots-croisés et autres activités. Il se place entre le quatrième tome, "La Bataille du labyrinthe", et le cinquième et dernier tome, "Le Dernier Olympien".


History.

CLT was first developed and used in Germany and Austria in the early 1990s. Austrian-born researcher Gerhard Schickhofer presented his PhD thesis research on CLT in 1994. Austria published the first national CLT guidelines in 2002, based on Schickhofer's extensive research. These national guidelines, "Holzmassivbauweise", are credited with paving a path for the acceptance of engineered elements in multistory buildings. Gerhard Schickhofer was awarded the 2019 Marcus Wallenberg Prize for their groundbreaking contributions in the field of CLT research.  By the 2000s CLT saw much wider usage in Europe, being used in various building systems such as single-family and multi-story housing. As old growth timber become more difficult to source, CLT and other engineered wood products appeared on the market.

Building code requirements (United States).

In 2015, CLT was incorporated into the National Design Specification for wood construction. This specification was used as a reference for the 2015 International Building Code, in turn allowing CLT to be recognized as a code-compliant construction material. These code changes permitted CLT to be used in the assembly of exterior walls, floors, partition walls and roofs. Also included in the 2015 IBC were char rates for fire protection, connection provisions and fastener requirements specific to CLT. To meet structural performance requirements, the code mandated that structural CLT products met the requirements specified by ANSI/APA PRG 320.

Manufacturing.

The manufacturing of CLT can be split up into nine steps: Primary lumber selection, lumber grouping, lumber planing, lumber cutting, adhesive application, panel lay-up, assembly pressing, quality control and finally marketing and shipping.  The primary lumber selection consists of two to three parts, moisture content check, visual grading and sometimes depending on the application structural testing. Depending on the results of this selection, the timber fit for CLT will be used to create either construction grade CLT or appearance grade CLT. Timber that cannot fit into either category may be used for different products such as plywood or glued laminated timber.  The grouping step ensures the timber of various categories are grouped together. For construction grade CLT, the timber that has better structural properties will be used in the interior layers of the CLT panel while the two outermost layers will be of higher aesthetic qualities. For aesthetic grade CLT, all layers will be of higher visual qualities.  The planing step improves the surfaces of the timber. The purpose of this is to improve the performance of the adhesive between layers. Approximately 2.5 mm is trimmed off the top and bottom faces and 3.8 mm is trimmed off the sides to ensure a flat surface. There are some cases in which only the top and bottom faces are treated; this is typically the case if the sides do not have to be adhered to another substance. It is possible that this step may change the overall moisture content of the timber; however, this rarely happens.  The timber is then cut to a certain length depending on the application and specific client needs.  The adhesive is then applied to the timber, typically through a machine. Application of the adhesive must be airtight to ensure there are no holes or air gaps in the glue, and the adhesive must be applied at a constant rate.  A panel lay-up is performed to stick the individual timber layers together. According to section 8.3.1 of the performance standard ANSI/AP PRG 320, at least 80% of surface area between layers must be bound together.  Assembly pressing fully completes the adhering process. There are two main types of pressing methods, vacuum pressing and hydraulic pressing. In vacuum pressing more than one CLT panel can be pressed at one time making the process more time and energy efficient. Another advantage to vacuum pressing is that it can apply pressure to curved shaped CLT panels because of the way the pressure is distributed around the whole structure. With hydraulic pressing, advantages include higher pressures and the pressure placed on each edge can be specified.  Quality control is then performed on the CLT panels. Typically a sanding machine is used to create a better surface. The CLT panels are also cut to suit their specific design. Often, if the panels need to be conjoined to form longer structures finger joints are used.

Adhesives.

Adhesives include melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), although there are also formaldehyde free adhesives. Polyurethane and phenol formaldehyde resin (PRF) are options.

Advantages.

CLT has some advantages as a building material, including:

Disadvantages.

CLT also has some disadvantages, including:

Uses.

Pavilions.

In September 2016 the world's first timber mega-tube structure was built at the Chelsea College of Arts in London, using hardwood CLT panels. The "Smile" was designed by architect Alison Brooks and engineered by Arup, in collaboration with the American Hardwood Export Council, for the London Design Festival. The structure is a curved tube in a shape of a smile touching the floor at its centre. It has the maximum capacity of 60 people.

High-rise buildings.

Because of CLT's structural properties, its ability to be prefabricated and how light it is compared to other construction materials, CLT is starting to be used in many mid-rise and high-rise buildings (see: Plyscraper). With its 4,649 cubic metres of CLT provided by UK-based B&K Structures, Dalston Lane at Dalston Square is one of the largest CLT projects globally. The project finished in early 2017. Considering the building was built on a brownfield, it was much taller than was thought to be feasible because of how light CLT is.  The Wood Innovation and Design Centre at the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George, Canada became the world's tallest (29.5 meters) modern all-timber structure in 2015, designed by Michael Green Architecture. Completed in September 2016, T3 in Minneapolis, USA, also by Michael Green Architecture, was first modern timber building to be built in the United States in more than 100 years, and at the time of completion was the largest in North America. Framework in Portland, Oregon, planned to utilize CLT for its 12-story structure, to become the tallest timber building in North America. This structure was designed by LEVER Architecture, and may have had the first CLT post-tensioned rocking wall core as the lateral seismic system. This project was cancelled due to funding in 2018.  In Australia, a nine-story all-timber office building was completed in Brisbane in late 2018. Because of CLT’s ability to be prefabricated, construction was finished six weeks earlier than predicted. Due to CLT being lighter than traditional construction materials like concrete and steel, 20% more space was able to be reallocated from structural elements to functional space.  The first hybrid structure more than 14 stories tall is UBC’s Brock Commons Residence hall. Completed in September 2017, the building is approximately 53 meters tall with 18 stories and houses approximately 400 students. The architect firm for this building was Acton Ostry Architects, while the structural engineering company was Fast + Epp. Seventeen out of the 18 stories use CLT as the floor panels and glue-laminated timber as the columns, 70% of cladding used in the facade is made from wood. It is estimated that the carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 2432 tonnes when compared to using concrete and steel. The approximate cost of the building was $51.5 million. This project targeted to achieve LEED gold upon its completion.  Sweden's tallest CLT structure is Kajstaden's Tall Timber Building, completed in early 2020 by C.F. Møller Architects.  Mjøstårnet by Voll Arkitekter in Brumunddal, Norway, is currently the world's tallest timber building at 85.4 meters.

Bridges.

CLT is also used in a number of bridge projects. The 160-metre-long Mistissini Bridge is located in Mistissini, Quebec, Canada, and crosses Uupaachikus Pass. The designer for this bridge was Stantec and it was completed in 2014. Locally sourced CLT panels and glue-laminated timber girders were used as the main structural members of the bridge. This project won numerous awards including the National Award of Excellence in the Transportation category at the 48th annual Association of Consulting Engineering Companies (ACEC) and also the Engineering a Better Canada Award.  The Maicasagi Bridge is located in the north of Quebec and spans 68 meters. The bridge was completed in 2011 and uses CLT and glue-laminated timber in combination to create two box girders. This combination of timber was chosen because of the ability to be prefabricated allowing for a short lead time compared to a traditional steel bridge.

Modular construction.

CLT has been identified as a suitable candidate for use in modular construction. Silicon Valley based modular construction startup Katerra opened a 250,000 square foot modular construction CLT factory in Spokane, Washington in 2019 and some politicians are calling for the use of pre-fabricated modular CLT construction to address the housing crisis in cities like Seattle.

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) (a sub-category of engineered wood) is a wood panel product made from gluing together layers of solid-sawn lumber, i.e., lumber cut from a single log. Each layer of boards is usually oriented perpendicular to adjacent layers and glued on the wide faces of each board, usually in a symmetric way so that the outer layers have the same orientation. An odd number of layers is most common, but there are configurations with even numbers as well (which are then arranged to give a symmetric configuration). Regular timber is an anisotropic material, meaning that the physical properties change depending on the direction at which the force is applied. By gluing layers of wood at right angles, the panel is able to achieve better structural rigidity in both directions. It is similar to plywood but with distinctively thicker laminations (or lamellae).

Le bois lamellé croisé ("cross laminated timber", "CLT" ou "X-Lam" en anglais) est un matériau de construction à base de bois, qui se présente sous la forme d'un panneau multi-couche et constitué d'entre trois et onze couches de lamelles ou lames de bois (en général des planches d'une trentaine de millimètres d'épaisseur) collées entre elles. Chaque couche contient des lamelles disposées dans un seul sens. Les couches sont croisées à 90 degrés et collées entre elles. Ceci afin d'augmenter la rigidité et la stabilité des panneaux dans toutes les directions. Les panneaux de CLT font au maximum 20 mètres de long sur 4 mètres de large, à la fois pour des raisons de poids du panneau et de transport.Mais attention au changement de température,le bois travaille et donc bouge.Le Bidou est un bon bois pour cette sorte de planche (clt) qui favorise la stabilité du bâtiment.


Club career.

Swansea City.

Growing up in a poor family in the Cwmbwrla district of Swansea alongside elder brother John and three other siblings, John and Mel Charles seemed destined to begin their careers at local club Swansea Town. However manager Billy McCandless was unwilling to test youngsters in the unforgiving waters of the Third Division South, so the boys were not signed up to the club. This proved costly to Swansea, and the result was that John signed with Leeds United, and fourteen-year-old Mel also followed him to Elland Road to become one of the ground staff. Despite fitting in well at the club, he was unable to settle in Leeds; due to his poor background he was unable to afford trips back to Wales to visit his family and he was also illiterate so could not write home. After a young apprentice, also from Swansea, failed to impress at Leeds, manager Major Frank Buckley asked Charles to accompany him on the trip back to his hometown. However, due to his homesickness, Charles never returned to Yorkshire once he made it back to Swansea. Instead Swansea Town scout Joe Sykes persuaded Charles to join the club's ground staff.  He was offered a professional contract with Swansea Town at the age of seventeen, and he immediately settled into the Second Division side. His debut came at Bramall Lane on 20 December 1952, in what turned out to be a 7–1 defeat to Sheffield United. However his progress was halted when he twisted his knee on National Service, though this injury came as he was messing around outside the cook house rather than on parade or in the 9th Battalion's march to the Army Cup. He went straight back into the first team upon his recovery, and he was played mostly at centre-half, or in his preferred position at right-half. He remained in the first eleven under Ron Burgess, who was appointed manager following McCandless' death in July 1955.  He spent seven seasons with the "Swans" from 1952 to 1959, all of which ended with Swansea finishing between tenth and twentieth. They consistently picked up results at Vetch Field, but failed to perform away from home. During this time they also reached the final of the Welsh Cup in 1956 and 1957, though lost out to Cardiff City and then Wrexham. A cash-strapped club, their cause was not helped by the fact that the directors refused to pay for overnight stays, and so many times the team's coach would appear outside the opposition's ground just minutes before the match. Swansea were a selling a club, and during his time Ivor and Len Allchurch, Cliff Jones, and Terry Medwin would all be sold to big English clubs. Including Charles, these five players all represented Wales at the World Cup. Jones' brother Bryn also played for Swansea, as did Cyril and Gilbert Beech; this meant three sets of brothers played for the "Swans" during this time, in what was an extremely local squad. Throughout the 1950s Swansea were an attacking team, and during his time at Vetch Field Charles picked up four goals in a match against Blackburn Rovers, as well as hat-tricks against Stoke City, Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday. Charles offered to work at a second job to remain at Swansea with their strict wage limit of £14 a week, but this was not permitted, and instead he put in a transfer request. He employed Neil Harris to act as his 'business manager' in his pending transfer move, thereby making him the first ever agent in the English game. In one of his last games for the club, he helped Swansea record their first ever league win over rivals Cardiff City at Ninian Park.

Arsenal.

Chased by Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur, Charles was eventually sold to Arsenal in March 1959 for a fee of £42,750 with two other players, David Dodson and Peter Davies, going the other way. This was at the time the highest ever transfer between two British clubs as Juventus had paid Leeds United £65,000 for John Charles in 1957. Aiming to use him as a centre forward, Arsenal manager George Swindin and captain Tommy Docherty managed to persuade Charles to take the move, and as Charles was convinced by the Arsenal men, Tottenham decided to withdraw their offer. Spurs manager Bill Nicholson was forced to sign Dave Mackay instead, as the White Hart Lane club would become a major force in the game in the 1960s. Due to this success, in his autobiography, Charles wrote that "signing for Arsenal was the most terrible choice I ever made". Though he also wrote that "I'll always have a place in my heart for Arsenal, and it was an honour to have played for them."  He was paid £20 a week, and set up with a house and car by the Arsenal management – a Sunbeam-Talbot with the license plate 'MEL 9'. Not used to the complexities of a rapidly modernising game, he endured a frosty relationship with coach Ron Greenwood after numerous humorous mix-ups over new terms such as 'blind-side run' and'marking space', and embarrassed himself in front of the TV cameras when he fumbled and said "I'm okay, I've just got clitorises in my eyes", instead of cataracts.  He made his debut against Sheffield Wednesday on 22 August 1959, in what was a difficult 1959–60 season for the "Gunners". Though they ended up in thirteenth place, Charles managed to bag himself a hat-trick at Highbury in a 5–2 win over Blackburn Rovers on 6 February. A fortnight later he missed a chance to make it two Highbury hat-tricks in a row when, already with two goals to his name, he scuffed a penalty into the arms of Everton keeper Jimmy O'Neill.  Always struggling with his knees, during the 1960–61 he started to be afflicted by ligament damage. The physios used whatever methods they could to reduce the swellings in his knees, and as he was a big-money signing, Charles would be forced to take to the field week in and week out, despite his injuries. His team were wildly inconsistent, beating Newcastle United 5–0, only to lose 6–0 to West Ham United a few weeks later; meanwhile supporters were anxious at the rise of their North London rivals. Arsenal finished eleventh, some 25 points behind Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur.  The 1961–62 season was another difficult one for both Charles and Arsenal. However, he did manage to bag another hat-trick for the club, as he scored all three goals in an FA Cup win over Bradford City. His time in London would be dominated by injuries though, and he underwent three operations in three years. Altogether Charles played 64 matches in three seasons for Arsenal, scoring 28 goals.

Cardiff City.

In February 1962 he returned to his native Wales to sign with Cardiff City, who paid Arsenal £28,500 for his services. Though he would have preferred a move back to Swansea, they were unwilling to spend money in the transfer market, and so he was happy to sign with Cardiff, despite the Cardiff-Swansea rivalry; in turn the Cardiff fans were welcoming to Charles despite his Swansea connection. The "Bluebirds" were in a relegation dogfight, and there was a lot of pressure on Charles to perform, however he missed an easy chance for a goal in his debut, in what ended as a 0–0 draw at home to Manchester City. He helped them to earn 1–1 draws against Burnley and former club Arsenal, however a bad run soon followed and the club lost their First Division status at the end of the season.  Cardiff signed renowned goal-getters Ivor Allchurch and Peter Hooper for the upcoming 1962–63 Second Division campaign, and so Charles was moved to a more central role in the pitch. Though signed by Bill Jones, ironically George Swindin, the manager who had sold him at Arsenal, replaced Jones as manager in October 1962. Despite the disruption, Charles scored in both derby games against Swansea, in what was otherwise a forgettable season for Cardiff fans.  Cardiff signed John Charles for the start of the 1963–64 campaign, allowing the brothers to play alongside each other for the first time at club level. However Swindin was against the move, as his team were already quite aged without the 32-year-old former superstar; instead it was the club's chairman who pushed for the £22,500 deal. On his league debut for Cardiff, against Norwich City, John scored from a free kick inside his own half. However Mel picked up an injury, and Cardiff's promotion hopes began to fade after a poor run of form in the Christmas period. The season did end on a high note though, as both brothers played in the Welsh Cup final victory over Bangor City. The two-legged affair had finished as a draw, and so Cardiff only lifted the cup after a 2–0 win at the Racecourse Ground, in a hastily arranged replay.  Swindin was sacked for failing to bring promotion, and new manager Jimmy Scoular did not see eye-to-eye with Charles. Charles scored a hat-trick against Swindon Town, but was dropped by Scoular for the next game after he told his striker that he hadn't worked hard enough for the team. Charles responded by pointing at a horse in a field by Ninian Park and telling Scoular "you could put a number eight shirt on him and he would run all day – but he wouldn't score a fucking hat-trick for you!" Scoular responded to this outburst by telling Charles that he had played his last game for Cardiff and could look for a new club.

Later career.

Charles' next club would be Welsh Football League side Porthmadog. Despite being a little known outfit, the club was bankrolled by a millionaire, and so Charles was paid a higher wage than he had received at Arsenal and Cardiff. They finished the 1965–66 season second in the Welsh League, behind Caernarfon Town. Despite enjoying his time in North Wales, he decided that he could not turn down an offer to return to the Football League by Port Vale, then managed by Stanley Matthews. Port Vale paid Porthmadog a £1,250 fee, and Charles made his Vale debut in a 1–0 defeat at local rivals Crewe Alexandra on 3 February 1967. He played a further six games, including a rough encounter with Walsall, another one of Vale's rivals, before he decided to head back to Wales.  Charles signed on a free transfer to Oswestry Town in May 1967, before moving on to Haverfordwest County later in the year; both clubs competed in the Welsh Football League. He enjoyed his time in Pembrokeshire and went on to play close to 200 games for County, mostly as a centre-half. He left the club in 1972 to return to the Cwmbwrla district of Swansea, where he set up an amateur side called Cwmfelin. After he retired from competitive football he had kneecap replacements in both his legs.

International career.

Charles made his debut for Wales in a game against Northern Ireland at Windsor Park on 20 April 1955; the Welsh won 3–2 thanks to a John Charles hat-trick. His second cap came against Austria on 23 November, in a game latter dubbed the 'Battle of Wrexham'. He was stretchered off with fifteen minutes to go after an Austrian boot went through the back of his leg; this was notable as the only time John ever lost his temper, as he reacted to the challenge by lifting the Austrian off the ground and screaming "If you ever do that to my brother again I'll bloody kill you!" Charles was then selected for the 1957 British Home Championship squad, and helped his country to record a 2–2 draw with Scotland at Ninian Park. He also battled against injury to play in the 3–1 defeat to England at Wembley Stadium, before the tournament ended with a goalless draw in Ireland.  He helped Wales to qualify for the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden – the only time thus far that the nation has qualified for the competition. They were drawn in a difficult qualifying group consisting of themselves, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany. A Roy Vernon goal gave Wales two opening points at home to the Czechs – this was John Charles' final game before his big money move to Juventus. In the second game, Mel gave Wales an opening lead against the East Germans, only for the Germans to come back to record a 2–1 win in front of 100,000 supporters at the Zentralstadion. The return fixture to the Czechs at Prague ended with a 2–0 defeat, seemingly ending Welsh hopes of qualification. Juventus did not allow John to play in the final match, but Mel put in one of his best performances in a Welsh shirt, and managed to keep prolific striker Willy Tröger in check to help secure a 4–1 victory over East Germany at Cardiff.  The Czechs won the group and Welsh hopes of World Cup football seemed to be over, however tension in the Middle East came to Wales' rescue. Though before this, the English recorded a thumping 4–0 win at Ninian Park in the 1958 British Home Championship to further depress the Welsh. The reprieve for Wales came as Turkey (now a member of UEFA) refused to compete in the AFC (Asian) qualifying group, and so Israel advanced to the Second Round of CAF / AFC qualifying by default. Egypt and Indonesia both withdrew from the process, whilst Sudan, then the only other team from the region who had entered, refused to recognise Israel, and so also withdrew from the competition. FIFA ruled that Israel could not qualify for the World Cup without kicking a ball, and so a lottery was held for another team to play Israel in a specially created play-off qualification match. Another nation won the lottery, but refused to play as they were too proud to accept such an easy route to the tournament; the Welsh FA had no such qualms, and so Charles and his countrymen only had to overcome a team of amateur Israelis to qualify for the elite competition of international football. Wales duly qualified with two simple 2–0 victories, one in the baking sun at a half completed Ramat Gan Stadium, the other in front of 50,000 rain-soaked Welshmen at Ninian Park; the scores were kept respectable by some heroic goalkeeping from Ya'akov Hodorov.  Wales' maiden appearance in the tournament, it was also the only time all four of the Home Nations qualified for the same World Cup, though only Wales and Northern Ireland made it past the group stage. The Welsh FA were pessimistic for their prospects, and before the tournament they arranged for five days of training on some free land at Hyde Park and booked the flights home for before the beginning of the knockout stages. Manager Jimmy Murphy used highly defensive tactics, they would prove highly effective as Wales never conceded more than once in any of their five games in the tournament. Wales remained undefeated in the group stage, battling to draws with Hungary, Mexico, and eventual runners-up Sweden. Wales had played well against the Hungarians but played poorly against the Mexicans, though they still came close to recording two victories; in the third match both the Swedes and the Welsh were happy to amble to a draw, as that way both sides remained in the competition. As Hungary also recorded three points in the group, a play-off match ensued, and Wales came from behind at the Råsunda Stadium to advance with a 2–1 win; however due to dirty play from the opposition John Charles was injured in the match and missed out on the rest of the tournament. The Welsh were eventually knocked out by Brazil in the quarter-finals at the Ullevi stadium in Gothenburg, thanks to a goal by Pelé in the 66th minute – this was only Pelé's second game for his country, and the goal made him the youngest player ever to score in a World Cup game. Charles later recalled that Pelé miskicked the ball, and even in later life it upset him greatly to remember the ball trickling across the line. Pelé himself said that Charles was the best centre-half of the tournament, and the Brazilian swapped shirts with Charles after the game. The Brazilians went on to win the competition. It was a difficult experience for Wales, who were forced to play five highly competitive games in eleven days. Despite their heroics, the competition received little publicity in Britain at the time – the "South Wales Evening Post's" back page headlined a Glamorgan cricket match – and Charles said in his autobiography that "I don't think many people in Wales even knew the World Cup was on."  After the World Cup, he played in a 3–0 Home Championship defeat to Scotland. On 26 November 1958, he helped the Welsh to record a 2–2 draw with England at Villa Park by marking Nat Lofthouse out of the game. He would play for Wales a further eleven times, and only two of these games finished as Welsh victories, both against Northern Ireland. The second of these, at Ninian Park on 11 April 1962 for the 1962 British Home Championship, finished 4–0, and it was Charles who scored all four of the goals. This made him one of only four players ever to score four goals in one game for Wales, the other three being John Price (1882), Jack Doughty (1888), and Ian Edwards (1978). Following this he was included in the tour of South America in 1962, where defeats were recorded by Brazil and Mexico, both of whom were warming up for the 1962 FIFA World Cup – Brazil would go on to beat Czechoslovakia in the final. Wales had missed out on the tournament after narrowly losing their qualifying encounter with Spain 3–2 on aggregate, Charles played in both legs, though with Alfredo Di Stéfano in the team Spain were always considered the favourites.  His final game for Wales came on 20 March 1963, in a 1–1 draw with Hungary in a 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying game. In total he picked up 31 senior caps and scored six goals in a seven-year international career. Charles served as captain for a number of these games. He also captained Wales under-23s in a 2–1 win over England under-23s on 23 April 1958.

Personal life and post-retirement activities.

He was the brother of all-round player John Charles and father of former Wales international Jeremy Charles.  In March 1958, Charles married Vera (surname Frame). His brother John Charles was unable to attend the wedding as he was in Italy at the time. It was a triple wedding, as Swansea teammates Don Pearson and Jeff Rees also married their partners in the same ceremony. In September 1959 Vera gave birth to a son, Jeremy, who went on to play for Swansea and Wales himself. They also had a daughter, Catherine. The couple divorced in 1972, though remained good friends.  After he left the professional game he found himself 'virtually penniless'. He tried jobs as a door-to-door shoe salesman, as a scrap metal dealer (along with brother John), as a butcher, and as a potato merchant; often failing in a spectacular and humorous fashion.  Charles' autobiography, entitled "In the Shadow of a Giant", was released by John Blake Publishing in 2009. The title is a reference to his elder brother, John Charles, who became one of the biggest names in football as Mel was building his own career. The foreword was written by John Toshack and Jack Charlton.  After a period of ill health, Charles died on 24 September 2016, at the age of 81.

Career statistics.

Club.

Source:

Honours.

Swansea Town  Cardiff City

References.

Specific General

Melvyn Charles (14 May 1935 – 24 September 2016) was a Welsh international footballer. Charles played as both a centre-half and centre-forward, with his preferred position being at right-half.

Melvyn Charles, plus connu sous le nom de Mel Charles, né le à Swansea au pays de Galles et mort le, est un joueur de football international gallois, qui évoluait au poste de défenseur et d'attaquant.