Biography.

Early work.

Teo Macero was born and raised in Glens Falls, New York. After serving in the United States Navy, he moved to New York City in 1948 to attend the Juilliard School of Music. He studied composition, and graduated from Juilliard in 1953 with Bachelor's and Master's degrees.  In 1953, Macero co-founded Charles Mingus' Jazz Composers Workshop, and became a major contributor to the New York City avant-garde jazz scene. As a composer, Macero wrote in an atonal style, as well as in third stream, a synthesis of jazz and classical music. He performed live, and recorded several albums with Mingus and the other Workshop members over the next three years, including "Jazzical Moods" (in 1954) and "Jazz Composers Workshop" (in 1955).  During this time, Macero also recorded "Explorations" (DLP-6). While he had contributed compositions to other albums, this was the first full album of his own compositions, and Macero's first album as a leader. Macero plays tenor and alto saxophones on the album, and is joined by Orlando DiGirolamo on accordion, both Mingus and Lou Labella on basses, and Ed Shaughnessy on drums. "Explorations" was originally released in 1954 on Mingus' Debut Records, and was reissued on CD in 2006 on Fresh Sounds Records, with additional tracks.  The 1958 short experimental film "Bridges-Go-Round" by filmmaker Shirley Clarke featured two alternative soundtracks, one by Louis and Bebe Barron and one by Macero.

Composer and arranger.

Macero's first projects for Columbia included one side of "What's New?", an album of original music in the emerging Third Stream genre that was shared with Bob Prince as well as arrangements for the first Johnny Mathis album.  Macero continued to compose and arrange for a variety of artists during his time as a producer at Columbia, contributing tracks to (and still producing) several albums including Monk's "Monk's Blues", and "Something New, Something Blue", a collection of blues compositions and arrangements by Macero, Teddy Charles, Manny Albam, and Bill Russo. He contributed a track to (and produced) John Lewis and Gunther Schuller's Orchestra U.S.A. album, "Sonorities", an album of third stream compositions, and he arranged music for easy listening pioneer, André Kostelanetz.  He composed, conducted, and produced numerous television and film soundtracks and scores. He scored the 1970 Muhammad Ali documentary, "a.k.a. Cassius Clay", and produced soundtrack music for "True Romance", "Finding Forrester", and Martin Scorsese's "The Blues".  Macero also composed for, conducted, and performed with Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Salt Lake Symphony, the Kansas City Symphony, and the Juilliard School; and was commissioned by, and composed ballets for, the Joffrey Ballet Company, the Anna Sokolow Ballet Company, the London Ballet Company, the Juilliard Ballet Company, and the American Ballet Theatre.

Columbia Records producer.

Macero found greater fame as a producer for Columbia Records. He joined in 1957, and produced hundreds of records while at the label, working with dozens of artists including Charles Mingus, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, Thelonious Monk, Johnny Mathis, Count Basie, Dave Brubeck, Tony Bennett, Charlie Byrd, Maynard Ferguson and Stan Getz. He was also responsible for signing Mingus, Monk, and Byrd to Columbia. Additionally, Macero produced over 100 albums of classical orchestral music for Columbia, including less conventional, contemporary pieces such as "And God Created Great Whales" by Alan Hovhaness, which required him to overlay recordings of humpbacked whale songs on to the orchestral track.  Macero produced the seminal Dave Brubeck Quartet album "Time Out", and Thelonious Monk's first Columbia recording, "Monk's Dream", as well as his "Underground". He also produced Mingus' first Columbia album, "Mingus Ah Um". Macero is also acknowledged on the 1973 Mingus album "Let My Children Hear Music", for "his untiring efforts in producing the best album I have ever made." Beyond jazz, he was an associate producer on a number of Broadway original cast recordings including "A Chorus Line" and "Bye Bye Birdie". And he produced the soundtrack to "The Graduate", by Simon and Garfunkel. In another deviation from his standard focus on jazz, Macero produced Irish folk albums with the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem in the late 1960s.  While Macero produced many artists' albums, he had an especially long and prolific relationship with Miles Davis. He produced or co-produced most of Davis' Columbia catalog including the classics "Sketches of Spain" and "Someday My Prince Will Come".  Macero's role of producer was further expanded on Davis' later forays into electric fusion, such as "In a Silent Way", "Bitches Brew", and "A Tribute to Jack Johnson", which were highlighted by Macero's innovative mixing and editing techniques. In 2001, Miles Davis biographer Paul Tingen likened Macero's role in the electric music of Davis to that of George Martin with the Beatles.  Taking his cue from Tingen, Nick Southall described the impact of Macero's work on "In a Silent Way" in a 2003 Stylus Magazine article:  Behind the scenes, Miles and Teo took the tapes of the "In a Silent Way" sessions and transformed some beautiful, folk-tinged, melody-driven sets into two exquisite, beguiling and otherworldly pieces of music. Using techniques that pre-dated the proliferation of tape loops, cut-ups, edits and sequencing in rock, pop, hip hop and dance music, Miles and Teo took apart the original recording and reassembled them outside of any traditional or accepted jazz structure or melodic framework. This idea of taking jazz away from its birth, genesis and flowering as a live art and into the studio would soon become standard practice, but in 1969 it was groundbreaking. Some listeners and critics have complained that Macero overproduced Davis' recordings, and cut too much. But after hearing the unedited tapes from the "In a Silent Way" sessions, jazz critic John Ballon wrote that the original editing and production "attests to the producing genius of Teo Macero." Ballon continues:  It took a force like Teo to splice together a cohesive album out of so many inspired pieces. Not only did Teo have the balls to stand up to Miles on creative decisions, he had the right. And Miles knew it. And while his ego rebelled against any producer messing with his music, Miles knew that incredibly great records were borne out of the conflict and compromise of his relationship with Teo. On Davis' 1970 release "Bitches Brew", Macero continued to expand his innovative practices, and ""Bitches Brew" not only became a controversial classic of musical innovation, it also became renowned for its pioneering use of studio technology." Some of the controversy at the time also stemmed from the use of the word "bitches" in the title. Macero recalls that when Davis told him that he wanted to call it "Bitches Brew", "I thought he was kidding." The album became the best-selling jazz album of its time, selling 500,000 copies by 1976, when most successful jazz albums sold less than 30,000 copies.  Macero produced "M.F. Horn 3" for Maynard Ferguson in 1973 as well as Ferguson's next album in 1974, "". On that album, Ferguson can be heard thanking Macero, noting that Macero "is sitting out in the street in the mobile thing" monitoring the recording. The album includes the piece "Teonova" in Macero's honor.  Macero's innovative techniques were inspired partially by his association with avant-garde composer Edgard Varèse, and they continue to impact the way musicians, producers, and remixers work in the studio today. Brian Eno, a producer who has worked extensively with U2 and Talking Heads, among others, talked about Macero's influence on him in a 1996 interview with "jazzthetik" magazine. Eno describes being "fascinated" by Macero's editing techniques and the "spatial" quality he added to the music. "He did something that was extremely modern."  In 1975, Macero left Columbia and formed his own production company. However, he continued to work with Davis until 1983, and continued to produce records for Columbia throughout his career.

Other work.

After his tenure at Columbia, Macero continued as a player and producer on other projects, working with Brubeck, Tony Bennett, Herbie Hancock, Asha Puthli, Michel Legrand, Wallace Roney, Shirley MacLaine, Vernon Reid, Robert Palmer, and DJ Logic.  In the 1970s and 1980s, Macero released a handful of his own albums, including "Time Plus Seven", "Impressions of Charles Mingus", and "Acoustical Suspension", before founding his own label, Teorecords, in 1999. Subsequently, he released over a dozen albums of original compositions, and continued to produce reissues of Miles Davis and other artists for various record companies. However, Macero was outspoken in his opposition to the practice of adding back alternate takes that didn't appear on the original albums, or otherwise altering the original music, on the grounds that it corrupts the intentions of the musicians and the producer at the time the recording was made. "They put all the mistakes back in," said Macero. "Don't destroy the original record."

Films.

A Teo Macero documentary film, "Play That, Teo", was produced by Olana DiGirolamo, daughter of Macero's friend and collaborator, Orlando DiGirolamo. Shot by cinematographer Fortunato Procopio, the film features a behind-the-scenes look at the person behind the persona, and includes photos, archival footage, and recordings from Macero's personal collection.  Another documentary, "Teo", was filmed by producer/director Daragh McCarthy and features Teo Macero's last recording session and extensive interviews.

Death.

On the evening of February 19, 2008, Macero died in his sleep, having long suffered from pneumonia. He was 82.

Discography.

As sideman.

With Charles Mingus

Attilio Joseph "Teo" Macero (October 30, 1925 – February 19, 2008) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and record producer. He was a producer at Columbia Records for twenty years. Macero produced Miles Davis' "Bitches Brew", and Dave Brubeck's "Time Out", which are two of the best-selling and most influential jazz albums of all time. Although the extent of his role has been disputed, he also has been associated with the production of Davis' 1959 album "Kind of Blue", jazz's best-selling record.

Attilio Joseph Macero, dit Teo Macero (né le à Glen Falls, dans l'État de New York, USA - mort le à Riverhead, New York, USA) était un compositeur américain, arrangeur, producteur, directeur musical et saxophoniste de jazz.


Characteristics.

In line with the traditional structure of Korean ships, the panokseon had a U-shaped hull and a flat keel. This feature was due to the nature of the Korean coastal waters, which have a large tidal range and flat, expansive tidal plains. A flat keel enables a ship to sit comfortably on the tideland when the tide is out, after coming ashore or inside a wharf at high water. It also ensured greater mobility and a shallow draft and in particular allowed a ship to make sharp changes of direction at short notice. This panokseon was one of the main reasons why Admiral Yi was able to employ the Crane Wing formation at the Battle of Hansan Island with great success.  Panokseons were propelled by both sails and oars. Of the two basic types of sail, square and lateen, the square gives a strong performance downwind but struggles windward, whereas the fore-and-aft lateen excels against the wind, though requiring a large crew to handle it. In the West, square sails were used in the galleys of Ancient Greece and the Viking longships, and the fore-and-aft variety as early as the Mediterranean dromons of the Middle Ages. When the Age of Discovery began in the fifteenth century, multiple-masted ships equipped with both types of sails eventually appeared. In Korea fore-and-aft sail equipped ships had been in use since the eighth century. The panokseon and turtle ship therefore had two masts by default, and their position and angle could easily be managed so that the sails could be used in all winds, whether adverse or favorable.  The ships had two to three levels stacked up on top of each other. By having multiple levels the rowers at the bottom were relatively safe, and marines at the top would have a height advantage over the enemy, firing down upon them and avoiding boarding of the ship. The upper deck had a tower in the middle of the ship that would be used for command and observation. The deck of the panokseon was broad and flat, making it ideal for the installation of cannons.  Panokseons came in different sizes, the largest vessels estimated to range between and in length. The ship usually had 8 to 10 oars on each side, 50 to 60 oarsman and sailors and another 125 marines (i.e. fighting men).

Construction.

Because of the rough waters around Korea's coast, as well as the sudden changes in tides and currents, Korean boats throughout history had to be strong. Korean ship building tradition created simple, but very structurally sound vessels. Throughout Korea's naval history, strength and power was emphasized rather than speed.  Two types of woods were used to construct panokseon: pine for the hull and oak for the pegs and masts. Oak is a strong but heavy wood, so its use on ships was limited to the frame. Pine was also strong, but much lighter. Pine was usually allowed to season incompletely so that it would bend flexibly and not become too stiff. Despite its advantages pine had many knots and had to be cut thickly, thus the panokseon were built using thicker timbers. Instead of iron nails panokseons were held together by means of oak pegs, matching indentations, and interlocking teeth. This meant that as its boards absorbed water and expanded the fasteners did not rust, thus accounting for greater integrity of the hull.

Weapons.

Panokseons had on board several varieties of cannon, such as those named Heaven, Earth, Black and Yellow. Heaven was the largest cannon with the greatest range and the most common cannon on the ships. Earth was a smaller cannon and Black and Yellow were smaller still. The Heaven cannon fired "daejŏn" (a long, thick arrow in the shape of a rocket) with a range of, as well as "jeolhwan" (cannon shot) which could travel up to a distance of. Wangu, a kind of mortar, which fired stones or shells with a radius of, was also used by the Korean navy. Hwachas were also used on panokseons.  Another noteworthy aspect of Korea’s heavy fire-arms is that they were not all invented to meet the sudden emergency of war. These weapons in fact made their appearance some 200 years prior to Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98). Thanks to the efforts of Choe Museon, a general and a chemist, Korea began manufacturing and developing gunpowder and powder-based weapons. Korean cannons first saw action in 1380 against a large fleet of Japanese pirate ships, and were found to be a great success.  In the 15th century, under the lead of Sejong the Great, who was himself a pioneer of scientific research, the performance of these heavy artillery improved dramatically. Having built a cannon range next to the Royal Court, and after much experimentation and study, King Sejong finally increased the extent of the cannons’ firepower from to. Naval cannons were also developed at this time and among them, Heaven, Earth, Black and Yellow cannon were later employed by Yi Sun-sin. The development of artillery steadily continued after King Sejong, and saw the invention of the "bigyeokjincholloe", a timed grenade that flung out hundreds of metal shards upon explosion, and the "dapoki", a machine capable of firing many arrows at once. One of the types of cannons were arrows with a pipe filled with gunpowder.

Comparison to Japanese warships.

The differences between the Panokseon and Japanese ships were significant. Japanese equivalents were the large Atakebune class and the medium Sekibune-class ships. In contrast to the Panokseon, the hulls of the Japanese vessels had sharp, V-shaped bows. A sharp underside was favorable for swift or long-distance travel in the open seas because of lower water resistance (thus these ships had faster cruising speeds). Since this variety of hull had a deep draft (penetrates deeper into the water), however, the ship’s turning radius was considerably large and changing direction was therefore a lengthy process. In addition, ships with larger drafts have a more difficult time of navigating narrow and shallower waters. Japanese ships were thus vastly less maneuverable than the panokseon in Korea's narrow channel waters.  The medium-sized Sekibune ships, smaller craft and most Japanese transport ships had a single mast and could only sail in favorable winds. The Atakebune was an exception in that it had two masts, but the main parts of its vessels were square-rigged and their sails were again limited to use in favorable winds.  It is worthwhile also to compare the hulls of the two nations’ respective warships, and their relative strength. The panokseon used thick, high density boards, giving an overall sturdiness to the ship’s structure. Japanese warships were structurally weaker, due to the thin, lower density timber used to build them, particularly cedar and fir. These were light weight woods and because they didn't have as many knots as pine, could be cut thinner. The Sekibune in particular, being the standard warship of the Japanese fleet, was built to be as light as possible, increasing its speed at the expense of structural integrity. This is consistent with traditional Japanese naval tactics of the time, which emphasized boarding enemy ships and engaging their crews in hand-to-hand combat.  Another major difference was the use of iron nails versus the use of wood pegs to hold the ship together. Korean ships were held together by interlocking teeth in the wood and wood pegs. The Japanese warships, on the other hand, relied on iron nails which, as time passed and corrosion and rust set in, eventually weakened the hull.  This difference in structural integrity also determined the number of cannons that could be carried on board. Because the Japanese ships lacked the strength to withstand the recoil of cannon, even the largest ship class, Atakebune, could carry only four at most (six if there were two smaller breech loading swivel guns). A Sekibune could only carry two. A panokseon could carry at least 20 cannons, but usually carried more (maybe up to 50). Since the hulls of Korean warships were strong enough, moreover, they were able to carry a large number of long-range cannons. These could be installed with ease on the large upper-deck of panokseon ships, and their angle configured at will to increase the range. Since the Japanese warships only allowed for a very limited number of cannons, their sailors mainly used muskets, which had a range of 100–200 m (330–660 ft) and Japanese naval commanders were sure that a volley of musket bullets would clear the enemy ships and allow for the grapple and board method.  The traditional and main naval strategy employed by the Japanese was that of "grapple-and-board", whereby sailors would attempt to board an enemy ship and fall to sword fighting on the decks. This method was mainly used because Japanese soldiers excelled at melee combat and because their ships were very fast. The Japanese Navy's concept of sea battle was therefore one of a fight between crews rather than the vessels themselves. This was the most common naval strategy in the world during this time, and was also used by the Spanish and the home fleets of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean of the day. The Korean Navy, however, utilizing superior warships and firepower, engaged in a more modern, distanced kind of naval warfare. During Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, a vast number of Japan's transports and warships were destroyed by Admiral Yi Sun-shin's leadership and strategies, superior firepower, and knowledge of strategic points on what amounts to a home field advantage.

Panokseon ("board roofed" ship) was an oar and sail propelled ship that was the main class of warship used by Joseon during the late 16th century. The first ship of this class was constructed in 1555. It was a ship made of sturdy pine wood, and was instrumental in the victories over the numerically superior Japanese Navy during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98). Admiral Yi Sun-sin (1545–98) of the Joseon navy employed them alongside turtle ships during the war with great success.

Le panokseon est un navire de guerre (navire à « toit couvert » ou à « superstructure ») propulsé par rames et voiles, classe principale des navires de guerre utilisés par la dynastie Chosŏn de Corée à la fin du. Le premier navire de cette classe est construit en 1555. C'est un solide navire en bois de pin qui joue un rôle décisif dans les victoires sur la marine japonaise pourtant en supériorité numérique pendant la guerre Imjin à partir de 1592. L'amiral Yi Sun-sin (1545-1598) de la marine Joseon les emploie avec beaucoup de succès aux côtés des bateaux tortue.


Career.

Club.

Rukavina started out at his local club Bežanija, making his senior debuts in the 2002–03 season, as they won promotion to the Second League of Serbia and Montenegro. He also helped them win the 2005–06 Serbian First League, thus earning promotion to the Serbian SuperLiga.  In December 2006, it was announced that Partizan and Bežanija have agreed terms for the transfer of Rukavina and Žarko Lazetić. Both players signed four-year deals in January 2007. Under newly appointed manager Miroslav Đukić, Rukavina immediately established himself as a first team regular, scoring three league goals from 15 appearances in the second half of the 2006–07 season. He was subsequently named the team's captain ahead of the 2007–08 campaign.  In January 2008, Rukavina was transferred to German club Borussia Dortmund, penning a long-term contract. He made his Bundesliga debut in February of the same year, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–3 away draw at MSV Duisburg. In February 2009, Rukavina moved on loan to 2. Bundesliga side 1860 Munich until the end of the season. He was permanently transferred to 1860 Munich in June 2009, with Sven Bender making the opposite move in lieu of a transfer fee.  In July 2012, Rukavina moved to Spain and signed with Valladolid, on a three-year deal, thus joining his countryman and former manager Miroslav Đukić. He made his La Liga debut in a 1–0 away win against Zaragoza that August, playing the whole match. In his two seasons at José Zorrilla, Rukavina collected 71 appearances and scored twice in the top flight of Spanish football.  On 8 July 2014, Rukavina signed a two-year contract for Villarreal. He collected 32 appearances in all competitions throughout his debut season with "El Submarino Amarillo". In the next 2015–16 campaign, Rukavina appeared in 31 games, including 10 appearances in the UEFA Europa League.  In July 2018, Rukavina signed with Kazakh champions Astana on a free transfer. He helped them defend the league title in his first season. In August 2019, Rukavina extended his contract with the club until 2021.

International.

Rukavina represented Serbia at the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He was the team's first-choice right-back during the tournament, making four appearances in the process, as they finished as runners-up after losing 4–1 in the final to the Netherlands, the host nation.  On 2 June 2007, Rukavina made his full international debut for Serbia, playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–0 win away at Finland in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier. He was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but failed to make any appearances.  In June 2018, Serbia manager Mladen Krstajić included Rukavina in the final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He appeared in two games of the group stage, against Costa Rica (1–0 win) and Brazil (2–0 loss), as Serbia finished in third place.

Antonio Rukavina (, ; born 26 January 1984) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Kazakh club Astana and the Serbia national team.

Antonio Rukavina (en ), né le à Belgrade en Yougoslavie ("auj. en" Serbie), est un footballeur serbe, évoluant au poste de défenseur au FK Astana et en équipe de Serbie.


History.

On June 20, 1995, the Erie SeaWolves defeated the Jamestown Jammers in their inaugural game in Erie. José Guillén, now a Major League Baseball alumnus, hit the decisive home-run for the team. The SeaWolves club started in 1989 as the Welland Pirates, based in Welland, Ontario as a member of the short-season New York–Penn League. The team played at Welland Stadium from 1989 to 1994 and were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates. When the Welland Pirates relocated to Erie in 1995, they were rebranded as the "Erie SeaWolves." The relocation of the team from Welland to Erie forced the Frontier League incarnation of the Erie Sailors to relocate to Johnstown, Pennsylvania where they became the Johnstown Steal (this team is now known as the Florence Y'alls, based in Florence, Kentucky). Before that, there was another team called the Erie Sailors which played in the New York - Penn League. However, they relocated to Wappingers Falls, New York (becoming the Hudson Valley Renegades) because the team's owner Marvin Goldklang did not upgrade Ainsworth Field to Major League Baseball specifications. Once the civic government secured an $8 million grant from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to build UPMC Park (then known as Jerry Uht Park) the Welland Pirates moved to Erie. While Erie lacked affiliated baseball in 1994, the city fielded an independent baseball franchise in the Frontier League and reused the "Sailors" name. The SeaWolves succeed various Erie-based baseball franchises, namely every version of the Erie Sailors (the New York–Penn League franchise is now called the State College Spikes).  The SeaWolves served as a Pittsburgh Pirates affiliate from 1995 to 1998. In 1999, the Double-A Eastern League added two expansion franchises, with Erie gaining one of them. The team joined the Eastern League after it moved up from the Short-Season A level to the Double-A level. Therefore, the current SeaWolves organization is considered a continuation of the former one even though it changed classes. Minor League Baseball allowed Erie to keep their New York–Penn League records and history as a member of the Eastern League. Subsequently, the Mahoning Valley Scrappers replaced them in the New York-Penn League, which is officially considered an expansion franchise rather than a continuation of the SeaWolves.  The SeaWolves became an affiliate of the Anaheim Angels after moving to the Double-A level. The team switched to the Detroit Tigers in 2001, with whom they continue to be affiliated.  In 2019, the SeaWolves were one of the 42 teams listed that were slated to be shut down after the 2020 season as part of a reorganization plan for Minor League Baseball. Along with the Binghamton Rumble Ponies, Chattanooga Lookouts, and Jackson Generals, the SeaWolves were one of only four teams on the list at the AA level.

Ownership.

Palisades Baseball originally owned the Erie SeaWolves when they started play in 1995. In 2003, Palisades sold the team to Mandalay Sports Entertainment, a former owner/operator of several Minor League Baseball clubs. On March 27, 2015, Fernando Aguirre was introduced as the owner of the SeaWolves. Aguirre, a veteran executive of Procter & Gamble (P&G) and Chiquita Brands International, purchased the team from Mandalay for an undisclosed amount and announced his intent to keep the team in Erie. Aguirre also owns a minority share of the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball, and a one-third share of the Myrtle Beach Pelicans, the Single-A affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Carolina League.

Logos and uniforms.

The main colors for the Erie SeaWolves are black, red, and white, with minor accents of yellow and gray. The primary logo includes a stylized "pirate wolf" centered over two intersecting baseball bats complete with sword hilts. The wordmark arches in line with the wolf's tricorne in white, black, and yellow. The SeaWolves also have a secondary logo featuring a weathered Jolly Roger on a "bat sword," charged with a red letter "E." This emblem alludes to Erie's nickname, "Flagship City," a reference to the Flagship "Niagara" that Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry commanded during his 1813 victory over the British Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie.  The home uniforms include a black cap charged with the "bandanna wolf" logo and white jerseys featuring black piping. The "SeaWolves" wordmark arches across the front in black letters with red outline, and the crossed "bat swords" logo on the left sleeve. The away uniforms feature a gray jersey with black piping, the "Erie" wordmark in red with black outline, and the crossed "bat sword" logo on the left sleeve. The alternate jersey is red with black piping and includes the "Erie" wordmark in white with black outline; the "tricorne wolf" logo occupies the left sleeve. For the 2014 season, the SeaWolves added a black, white, and red panel cap with a black alternate jersey to match. Both include the "pirate wolf" logo. In 2016, the team debuted another alternate cap featuring a black crown with a red bill, charged with the "bandanna wolf" logo.

Culture.

Mascots.

The Erie SeaWolves' official mascot is an anthropomorphic, gray canidae named C. Wolf. He wears the team's official red alternate jersey with a pirate hat, a red and white bandana, and an eye patch. His friends include Paws (the Detroit Tigers' official mascot) as well as three anthropomorphic sausages sponsored by the Erie-based Smith's Provision Company: Kenny Kiełbasa, Herbie Hot Dog, and Santino the Italian Sausage.

Promotions.

Buck Night.

"Buck Night" is a highly celebrated promotion by the Erie SeaWolves at UPMC Park. It is held several times each season, allowing fans who have paid for reserved seats to purchase specified food items for only $1.00 each. The menu includes hot dogs, popcorn, soft drinks, and American-made beer.

Alternative Facts Night.

On March 10, 2017, the Erie SeaWolves made national headlines for their upcoming "Alternative Facts Night" promotion, to be held on Friday, August 25, 2017. Their opponent will be the Akron RubberDucks, whose alternative name will be the "Akron Yellow Bath Toys" for the game. The promotion is a reference to a popular culture trend following a news story in which Kellyanne Conway, Counselor to U.S. president, Donald Trump, coined the phrase "alternative facts" to bolster a disputed claim by White House Press Secretary, Sean Spicer, that more people attended Trump's presidential inauguration on January 20, 2017 than the first inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009. The SeaWolves will host Alternative Facts Night to "celebrate facts that the team knows to be true — even if some media outlets may dispute them." As part of the promotion, the first 1,000 fans will receive a 2016 SeaWolves Eastern League Championship ring, although the title was actually earned by the RubberDucks. The club also expects to have 1.2 million fans attend the game between Erie and Akron, even though UPMC Park only has a seating capacity of 6,000. The actual proceeds for Alternative Facts Night will go to the cash-strapped Erie City School District.  In anticipation of "Alternative Facts Night," Fernando Aguirre published a message on Twitter that read, "This is huge! #AlternativeFactsNight. We will build a [right field] wall and Akron will pay for it. I promise." This was a parody of Donald Trump's political campaign, in which he stated, "I would build a great wall, and nobody builds walls better than me, believe me, and I'll build them very inexpensively — I will build a great, great wall on our southern border. And I will have Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words."

Community service.

The Erie SeaWolves engage in many philanthropic efforts throughout Erie and its surrounding communities. Key team initiatives include UPMC Health Plan Paint the Park Pink Weekend to benefit local cancer charities, Northwest Savings Bank Gloves for Kids equipment drive, and Sensory-Friendly Day at the Ballpark in partnership with the Autism Society of Northwest Pennsylvania. The team also sponsors youth sports and education programs through the SeaWolves Community Fund. On September 16, 2015, the Erie SeaWolves earned the "Erie Times-News" Commitment to Erie Award for community service by a business with 50 or fewer employees.

Broadcasting.

In February 2017, the Erie SeaWolves extended their broadcasting contract with Fox Sports Radio AM 1330: The Fan, a local affiliate of Connoisseur Media, to air every game during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Greg Gania has served as the Voice of the SeaWolves since 2006 and is the longest tenured play-by-play broadcaster in team history.

The Erie SeaWolves are an American professional baseball team based in Erie, Pennsylvania. They compete in Minor League Baseball (MiLB) as a member of the Eastern League Western Division, serving as the Double-A affiliate of the Detroit Tigers. The team was founded in and began playing in Erie for the season. The SeaWolves currently play their home games at UPMC Park in downtown Erie, a part of the Louis J. Tullio Plaza along with Erie Insurance Arena and the Warner Theatre.

Les SeaWolves d'Érié (en anglais : "") sont un club américain de baseball fondé en 1995 et situé à Érié (Pennsylvanie). Les SeaWolves sont une équipe affiliée AA aux Tigers de Détroit depuis 2001. Ils jouent dans la division sud de l'Eastern League.


History.

The firm's establishment as the "Versatz- und Fragamt zu Wien" was carried out by Emperor Joseph I in 1707. Seventy years later it moved into the former Dorotheerkloster, which gave it its current name of "Dorotheum". The new building of the Dorotheum Palace in the location of the old cloister was completed in 1901. At the end of the 1980s, the building's foyer and interior were redesigned by the Viennese architect and designer Luigi Blau. In 2001, the Dorotheum was sold to an Austrian consortium and since then has greatly expanded, including opening offices abroad in Germany, Belgium, Italy and the UK.  In November 2018, a landscape painting, one of Pierre-Auguste Renoir's lesser-known works valued at €160,000, was stolen from the auction house just days before it was scheduled to be auctioned off.

Controversies.

In 2001 two landscapes by Norbert Grund that had been looted by Nazis in Holland in 1941 were consigned to the Dorotheum for sale. After public outcry and much discussion, the Dorotheum withdrew the paintings from sale and returned them, not to the consigners but to the "rightful owners".  During the Nazi years, the Dorotheum played an important role in selling property seized from Jews by the Gestapo Office for the Disposal of the Property of Jewish Emigrants, known as the Vugesta. Recognizing the risk that Nazi-tainted art may have passed through the Dorotheum to museums, the State Museums of Vienna published a list of objects purchased from the Dorotheum between 1938 and 1945 to facilitate verification.

The Dorotheum () is one of the world's oldest auction houses and it's the largest auction house of art items in Continental Europe. Established by Emperor Joseph I in 1707, it has its headquarters in Vienna on the Dorotheergasse and branches in other European countries. Besides auctions, the retail sector also plays a major role in Dorotheum's business. In the Dorotheum, works of art, antiques, furniture, and jewellery from various centuries are put up for auction. The building is constructed in the neo-classical style. It is an attraction for Viennese natives and numerous tourists alike.

Le Dorotheum, fondé en 1707, est la plus ancienne salle des ventes au monde ; elle donne son nom à la société qui en assure la gestion. Son siège, surnommé familièrement « "Tante Dorothee" », se trouve à Vienne, sur la "Dorotheergasse", et reste la plus importante salle des ventes d'Europe centrale. Les objets mis aux enchères sont présentés dans une salle d'exposition. Le Dorotheum a des succursales dans chaque quartier de Vienne, dans les différents "länder" autrichiens, ainsi qu'à Bruxelles, Düsseldorf, Florence, Milan, Munich, Rome, Prague, Tokyo et Zagreb.


Background and family life.

Narokobi was born around 1943 in Wautogik village, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, to his father Anton (Kukum) Narokobi and mother Maria Mokoi and was the second eldest of five siblings. His siblings were Veronica, Apolonia, Caroline and Camillus. Camillus his younger and only brother is intending to stand for the Wewak Open seat. Camillus is also a lawyer in his own right at the family law firm, Narokobi Lawyers. Narokobi's father Anton was taught by pioneer Catholic missionaries and became one of the early catechists who served the people of Boiken and Dagua villages through teaching the Catholic faith. Narokobi was a widower, having lost his wife Regina to breast cancer in 2007. He had 7 children: Vergil, Daniel, Anna, Justina, Ottonia, Benedine and Regina (twins). His son Vergil is also a lawyer and after completing a bachelor's degree in law with honours at the University of Papua New Guinea, he went on to do his Masters in law at Cambridge University. His daughter Anna has also recently completed her degree in law in Australia.  Few paper records exist of Narokobi's early life, but it appears that he started primary education at around the age of ten or twelve, roughly around 1952. He began school at the Dagua Catholic Mission and then attended Brandi High School in Wewak, East Sepik Province. In 1959 he was taught by Michael Somare who later became the first Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea. From Brandi High School he went on to matriculate at the then Kerevat Senior High School in East New Britain Province, where he met another future Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Rabbie Namaliu. In 1966 Narokobi went off to Australia where he undertook a degree in law at the University of Sydney, where he received an LLB in 1972. In that same year he was made a barrister in the New South Wales. Narokobi was amongst the first few Papua New Guineans to receive education abroad. In those days, preparations were underway for Papua New Guinea to gain political independence from Australia. Soon after completing his law degree, Narokobi was recruited to become the Permanent Consultant to the Constitutional Planning Committee that was chaired by his former teacher Michael Somare. Narokobi thus had a personal hand in the writing of what became the Constitution when Papua New Guinea gained independence in 1975.  Narokobi died in March 2010 after a brief illness. Prime Minister Michael Somare paid tribute to him as "a humble man who dedicated his life to the development of a legal regime that incorporates Melanesian values".

Political career.

After Papua New Guinea gained independence, Narokobi held several jobs including serving as the legal advisor to the provincial government in his home province, East Sepik, he also worked as a private lawyer, a lecturer in law at the University of Papua New Guinea and had a stint as an acting judge in the Papua New Guinea National and Supreme Courts. He has published a number of papers and articles which are scattered in various journals and several books including "The Melanesian Way"; "Life and Leadership in Melanesia " and "Lo Bilong Yumi Yet" and a short book of fiction entitled "Two Seasons".  Narokobi aligned with a team of like minded Papua New Guineans to start their Melanesian Alliance Party. The original founders of this Party include John Momis, John Kaputin and Moi Avei. John Momis was the Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Planning Committee which recruited Narokobi as their Permanent Consultant. Narokobi became actively involved in politics when he decided to contest the national elections in 1982 where he ran an unsuccessful campaign against his former teacher Michael Somare for the East Sepik Regional Seat. Learning from his failed election in 1982, Narokobi entered Parliament in 1987 after toppling Tony Bais in the Wewak Open Electorate. He enjoyed three terms as the Member for Wewak and was defeated in the 2002 elections. As a lawyer and thinker, Narokobi was a firm believer in human rights, a staunch advocate of Melanesian philosophy and identity, and he supported strongly the call for a free and independent West Papua. He was also a devout and a highly respected member of the Catholic Church in Papua New Guinea.

References.

2. Extract from Bernard Narokobi's "The Melanesian Way"  3. Extract from Utula Samana's "Papua New Guinea: Which Way?" re. Narokobi's influence

Bernard Mullu Narokobi (1943 – March 2010) was a Papua New Guinean politician, jurist, and philosopher. He was serving as the Papua New Guinean High Commissioner to New Zealand prior to his death. Between 1987 and 1997 he represented his Wewak Open Electorate as a Member in the Papua New Guinea's National Parliament. During his time as a Member of Parliament (MP), he served as the Minister for Justice (1988–1992) in the government led by the then Prime Minister Rabbie Namaliu; Agriculture Minister (1992–1994) under the leadership of Prime Minister Sir Julius Chan led government; and Opposition Leader between 1998 and 2002, and Speaker of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea, until he lost his seat to the then Wewak MP Kimson Kare during the 2002 elections. He was displaced as a minister in the Chan government for failing to vote in favour of constitutional reforms in the provincial system of government.

Bernard Narokobi (1937-) est un homme politique et philosophe papou-néo-guinéen. Député de 1987 à 1997, il a été ministre de la Justice (1988-1992) au sein du gouvernement dirigé par Rabbie Namaliu, puis ministre de l'Agriculture (1992-1994) sous Sir Julius Chan. Il fut dirigeant de l'Opposition de 1998 à 2002, avant de perdre son siège de député lors des élections législatives de 2002. Il devint ensuite Haut-commissaire de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée en Nouvelle-Zélande.


The author.

Silvana De Mari, born in 1953 in Caserta, Italy, is a writer, psychotherapist, and doctor. She lives in Turin with her family. She has a private psychotherapy practice, and formerly worked as a surgeon in both Italy and Ethiopia. "L'ultimo elfo", her third children's book, was the first to be translated into English. It has also been translated into French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and several other languages.

Plot summary.

In a two-part tale, the reader embarks on a journey of humor, sorrow, and tenderness, within a story of cultures colliding, highlighting a young orphaned elf, the last on earth, named Yorsh, full name Yorshkrunsquarklejolnerstrink. His village has been destroyed by torrential rain, and he finds himself living in a world plagued by intolerance, shrouded in darkness, hungry, cold, and wet. Upon meeting and being reluctantly befriended by a hunter named Monser and Sajra, a woman, Yorsh learns of a prophecy and of his importance in saving the world of this Dark Age. To fulfill the prophecy and bring the world into an age where the sun will shine again, he must first find another bereaved creature: the last dragon. Upon discovering the dragon, Yorsh decides to stay and keep him company.  The second part of the story takes place thirteen years later; the dragon dies leaving him with an egg. Yorsh takes upon the task of raising the young dragon. Yorsh, coming to miss deeply his companions the hunter and the woman, journeys back to the old village to find their daughter Robi, and learns of the hanging they endured for protecting him. Saddened, Yorsh decides he will protect the young orphaned Robi. Deciding to leave, the elf, young dragon, and Robi move to a new country, forming a new constitution to govern the population of their new world, “No one can hit anybody... And you can’t hang people, either.”

Sequels.

The story of Yorsh continues in "L'ultimo orco" "(The Last Ogre)", published in Italy in 2005. Further books in the saga are "Gli ultimi incantesimi" "(The Last Spells)" (2008) and "L'ultima profezia" "(The Last Prophecy)" (2010). The sequels have not as yet been published in English language editions.

Selected editions.

Italian  French  Spanish  Latvian  English  Portuguese  German  Lithuanian

Quotation.

"The Human was extremely tall. On its head it had yellowish hair coiled like a rope. It had no hair on its face. And yet his grandmother had been very categorical about that. Humans have hair on their faces. It's called a beard. Its one of the many things that distinguish them from elves. The little elf concentrated, trying to remember, then it came to him.  "You must be a female man," he concluded triumphantly.  "The word is woman, fool," said the human.  "Oh, sorry, sorry, woman-fool, I be more careful, I call right name, woman-fool"..."

The Last Dragon is a children's fantasy novel by Silvana De Mari, first published in Italy in 2004 under the title "L'ultimo elfo". Set in a post-apocalyptic world, it follows the journey of the last elf as he seeks out the last dragon so that the world can be renewed. Translated into English by Shaun Whiteside, it was published in the US by Miramax Books in 2006. It has also been published in the UK as The Last Elf.

Le Dernier Elfe est un livre écrit par Silvana De Mari. Traduit de l'italien par Jacques Barbéri, il est sorti en France en septembre 2005 aux éditions Albin Michel. Il a reçu en 2004 le "Premio Andersen" du roman de jeunesse. Une suite, Le Dernier Orc, est sortie en 2008 en France.


Family.

Peña is the son of Tony Peña and the brother of Francisco Peña. His uncle, Ramón Peña, pitched for the Detroit Tigers in 1989.

Playing career.

Atlanta Braves.

A non-drafted free agent, Peña was signed on July 21, 1999 by the Atlanta Braves. He made his big league debut with Atlanta on April 13, 2006. His first Major League hit came on April 21 at Washington against the Nationals. He appeared in 40 games for the Braves, batting.227 with a home run and three RBIs in 44 at-bats.

Kansas City Royals.

On March 23, 2007, Peña was traded to Kansas City for pitching prospect Erik Cordier. In Peña's first game as a Royal, he hit two triples. Peña finished 2007, his first full season, at.267/.284/.356 with two homers and 47 RBIs. He also hit seven triples and stole five bases. Pena lost his job as a regular starter in the middle of 2008. From June through the end of 2008, Pena mainly entered games as a defensive replacement. Pena made his major league pitching debut on July 21, performing mop-up duty in a 19–4 blowout loss to the Detroit Tigers. He pitched a 1-2-3 inning with a strikeout of Iván Rodríguez. Pena made 75 plate appearances in 46 games through the last four months of the 2008 season and was designated for assignment by the Kansas City Royals on July 16, 2009.

San Francisco Giants.

On December 11, 2009, Peña, signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants to try to be a pitcher and was placed with the Richmond Flying Squirrels, the Giants' AA team.

Boston Red Sox.

On January 5, 2011, he signed a minor-league deal with the Boston Red Sox.

Vaqueros Laguna.

Pena was released by the Vaqueros Laguna on June 16, 2016.

Saraperos de Saltillo.

On June 19, 2016, Peña signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican Baseball League.

Olmecas de Tabasco.

On May 19, 2017, Peña was released by the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican Baseball League.

Second Stint with Royals.

On May 30, 2017, Peña signed a minor league deal with the Kansas City Royals.  Manager of the AZL Royals during 2019 season

Tony Francisco Peña (born March 23, 1981) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. Peña played shortstop until the 2009 season, when he converted to pitching.

Tony Francisco Peña (né le à Santiago en République dominicaine) est un joueur de baseball ayant évolué en Ligue majeure de baseball de 2006 à 2009 à la position d'arrêt-court.


Nomenclature.

The "100" in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s, while the "BASE" refers to baseband signalling. The letter following the dash ("T" or "F") refers to the physical medium that carries the signal (twisted pair or fiber, respectively), while the last character ("X", "4", etc.) refers to the line code method used. Fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X, where "X" is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants.

General design.

Fast Ethernet is an extension of the 10 megabit Ethernet standard. It runs on twisted pair or optical fiber cable in a star wired bus topology, similar to the IEEE standard 802.3i called 10BASE-T, itself an evolution of 10BASE5 (802.3) and 10BASE2 (802.3a). Fast Ethernet devices are generally backward compatible with existing 10BASE-T systems, enabling plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Most switches and other networking devices with ports capable of Fast Ethernet can perform autonegotiation, sensing a piece of 10BASE-T equipment and setting the port to 10BASE-T half duplex if the 10BASE-T equipment cannot perform auto negotiation itself. The standard specifies the use of CSMA/CD for media access control. A full-duplex mode is also specified and in practice all modern networks use Ethernet switches and operate in full-duplex mode, even as legacy devices that use half duplex still exist.  A Fast Ethernet adapter can be logically divided into a media access controller (MAC), which deals with the higher-level issues of medium availability, and a physical layer interface (PHY). The MAC is typically linked to the PHY by a four-bit 25 MHz synchronous parallel interface known as a media-independent interface (MII), or by a two-bit 50 MHz variant called reduced media independent interface (RMII). In rare cases the MII may be an external connection but is usually a connection between ICs in a network adapter or even two sections within a single IC. The specs are written based on the assumption that the interface between MAC and PHY will be an MII but they do not require it. Fast Ethernet or Ethernet hubs may use the MII to connect to multiple PHYs for their different interfaces.  The MII fixes the theoretical maximum data bit rate for all versions of Fast Ethernet to 100 Mbit/s. The information rate actually observed on real networks is less than the theoretical maximum, due to the necessary header and trailer (addressing and error-detection bits) on every Ethernet frame, and the required interpacket gap between transmissions.

Copper.

100BASE-T is any of several Fast Ethernet standards for twisted pair cables, including: 100BASE-TX (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat5 or better cable), 100BASE-T4 (100 Mbit/s over four-pair Cat3 or better cable, defunct), 100BASE-T2 (100 Mbit/s over two-pair Cat3 or better cable, also defunct). The segment length for a 100BASE-T cable is limited to (the same limit as 10BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet). All are or were standards under IEEE 802.3 (approved 1995). Almost all 100BASE-T installations are 100BASE-TX.

100BASE-TX.

100BASE-TX is the predominant form of Fast Ethernet, and runs over two wire-pairs inside a category 5 or above cable. Each network segment can have a maximum cabling distance of. One pair is used for each direction, providing full-duplex operation with 100 Mbit/s of throughput in each direction.  Like 10BASE-T, the active pairs in a standard connection are terminated on pins 1, 2, 3 and 6. Since a typical category 5 cable contains 4 pairs, it can support two 100BASE-TX links with a wiring adaptor. Cabling is conventional wired to TIA/EIA-568-B's termination standards, T568A or T568B. This places the active pairs on the orange and green pairs (canonical second and third pairs).  The configuration of 100BASE-TX networks is very similar to 10BASE-T. When used to build a local area network, the devices on the network (computers, printers etc.) are typically connected to a hub or switch, creating a star network. Alternatively it is possible to connect two devices directly using a crossover cable. With today's equipment, crossover cables are generally not needed as most equipment support auto-negotiation along with auto MDI-X to select and match speed, duplex and pairing.  With 100BASE-TX hardware, the raw bits, presented 4 bits wide clocked at 25 MHz at the MII, go through 4B5B binary encoding to generate a series of 0 and 1 symbols clocked at a 125 MHz symbol rate. The 4B5B encoding provides DC equalization and spectrum shaping. Just as in the 100BASE-FX case, the bits are then transferred to the physical medium attachment layer using NRZI encoding. However, 100BASE-TX introduces an additional, medium dependent sublayer, which employs MLT-3 as a final encoding of the data stream before transmission, resulting in a maximum fundamental frequency of 31.25 MHz. The procedure is borrowed from the ANSI X3.263 FDDI specifications, with minor changes.

100BASE-T1.

In 100BASE-T1 the data is transmitted over a single copper pair, 3 bits per symbol, each transmitted as code pair using PAM3. It supports only full-duplex, transmitting in both directions simultaneously. The twisted-pair cable is required to support 66 MHz, with a maximum length of 15 m. No specific connector is defined. The standard is intended for automotive applications or when Fast Ethernet is to be integrated into another application. It was developed as BroadR-Reach before IEEE standardization.

100BASE-T2.

In 100BASE-T2, standardized in IEEE 802.3y, the data is transmitted over two copper pairs, but these pairs are only required to be category 3 rather than the category 5 required by 100BASE-TX. Data is transmitted and received on both pairs simultaneously thus allowing full-duplex operation. Transmission uses 4 bits per symbol. The 4-bit symbol is expanded into two 3-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear feedback shift register. This is needed to flatten the bandwidth and emission spectrum of the signal, as well as to match transmission line properties. The mapping of the original bits to the symbol codes is not constant in time and has a fairly large period (appearing as a pseudo-random sequence). The final mapping from symbols to PAM-5 line modulation levels obeys the table on the right. 100BASE-T2 was not widely adopted but the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T.

100BASE-T4.

100BASE-T4 was an early implementation of Fast Ethernet. It requires four twisted copper pairs of voice grade twisted pair, a lower performing cable compared to category 5 cable used by 100BASE-TX. Maximum distance is limited to 100 meters. One pair is reserved for transmit, one for receive, and the remaining two switch direction. The fact that 3 pairs are used to transmit in each direction makes 100BASE-T4 inherently half-duplex.  A very unusual 8B6T code is used to convert 8 data bits into 6 base-3 digits (the signal shaping is possible as there are nearly three times as many 6-digit base-3 numbers as there are 8-digit base-2 numbers). The two resulting 3-digit base-3 symbols are sent in parallel over 3 pairs using 3-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-3).  100BASE-T4 was not widely adopted but some of the technology developed for it is used in 1000BASE-T.

100BaseVG.

Proposed and marketed by Hewlett Packard, 100BaseVG was an alternative design using category 3 cabling and a token concept instead of CSMA/CD. It was slated for standardization as IEEE 802.12 but it quickly vanished when switched 100BASE-TX became popular.

Fiber optics.

Fast Ethernet SFP ports.

Fast Ethernet speed is not available on all SFP ports, but supported by some devices. An SFP port for Gigabit Ethernet should not be assumed to be backwards compatible with Fast Ethernet.

Optical interoperability.

To have interoperable there is some criteria that have to be meet:  100BASE-X Ethernet is not backward compatible with 10BASE-F and is not forward compatible with 1000BASE-X.

100BASE-FX.

100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. The 100BASE-FX Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer is defined by FDDI's PMD, so 100BASE-FX is not compatible with 10BASE-FL, the 10 Mbit/s version over optical fiber.  100BASE-FX is still used for existing installation of multimode fiber where more speed is not required, like industrial automation plants.

100BASE-LFX.

100BASE-LFX is a non-standard term to refer to Fast Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 100BASE-FX but achieves longer distances up to 4-5 km over a pair of multi-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a FX, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is easily confused with 100BASE-LX10 or 100BASE-FX because the use of -FX, -LX and -LX10 is ambiguous between vendors. The range is achieved with use of Fabry Perot laser transmitter.  When operating at 1300 nm, the signal attenuation per km is about half the loss of 850nm. Reach over multi-mode fiber may be extended by using 1300 nm wavelength.

100BASE-SX.

100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber standardized in TIA/EIA-785-1-2002. It is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelength optics which are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE-SX uses the same wavelength as 10BASE-FL, the 10 Mbit/s version over optical fiber. Unlike 100BASE-FX, this allows 100BASE-SX to be backwards-compatible with 10BASE-FL. Because of the shorter wavelength used (850 nm) and the shorter distance it can support, 100BASE-SX uses less expensive optical components (LEDs instead of lasers) which makes it an attractive option for those upgrading from 10BASE-FL and those who do not require long distances.

100BASE-EX.

100BASE-EX is a non-standard but industry accepted term to refer to Fast Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 100BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up to 40 km over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a LX10, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is sometimes referred to as LH (Long Haul), and is easily confused with 100BASE-LX10 or 100BASE-ZX because the use of -LX(10), -LH, -EX, and -ZX is ambiguous between vendors.

100BASE-ZX.

100BASE-ZX is a non-standard but multi-vendor term to refer to Fast Ethernet transmission using 1,550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least 70km over single-mode fiber. Some vendors specify distances up to 160km over single-mode fiber, sometimes called 100BASE-EZX. Ranges beyond 80 km are highly dependent upon the path loss of the fiber in use, specifically the attenuation figure in dB per km, the number and quality of connectors/patch panels and splices located between transceivers.

In computer networking, Fast Ethernet physical layers carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s. The prior Ethernet speed was 10 Mbit/s. Of the Fast Ethernet physical layers, 100BASE-TX is by far the most common.

Fast Ethernet est une dénomination pour décrire une variété de technologies utilisées pour implémenter le standard Ethernet (Implémentation au niveau de la couche PHY et de la sous-couche MAC) à des débits jusqu'à 100 Mbit/s. Fast Ethernet améliore le standard précédent qui n'autorise un transfert de données qu'à des débits ne dépassant pas 10 Mbit/s.


Story.

The game incorporated the idea of parallel universes, and was to be set across two vastly different renditions of modern day Paris. In one universe, which shares many aesthetic similarities to our own, Paris has descended into chaos following the collapse of government. In the other, the timeline diverged in 1307; where instead of being disbanded, the Knights Templar seize control of the French crown. The story takes the player across both universes.

Gameplay.

"The Crossing" was to be a first-person shooter which supported a narrative-driven single-player game, but with the player's opponents replaced by human-controlled agents via a multi-player system, an approach called "crossplayer" by Arkane. In this single-player mode, the single player would work through a game level amid the conflict of a team-based deathmatch game, with teams assigned to either protect or assassinate the character controlled by the single player. The game also was to include a team-based multiplayer mode called skirmish, which is also incorporated into the single-player campaign, where the main player might try to avoid the skirmish.

Development.

The idea of "The Crossing" was to try to find a way to fuse a narrative-driven single player game with multiplayer elements, with human-controlled players to take the place of some of the enemies in the single-player campaign. This amalgamation was dubbed "crossplayer" by Arkane. Raphaël Colantonio, Arkane's chief executive officer at the time, said that as a studio they wanted to try a multiplayer game, but felt the standard multiplayer approach in most games was "pointless" and wanted to explore a different formula.  This approach necessitated level designs that had the single player navigating through linear sections of levels until they reached a choke point where they would encounter the team-based multiplayer battles. During the player traversing linear sections, the game would have brought the multiplayer teams to spawn into or near the upcoming choke point, so that these players would always feel close to the core action of the game. According to Colantonio, this approach required them to rethink how they designed levels; they recognized that they needed to continue to drive the single player forward through the level, unable to have them stop to solve puzzles or analyze enemy movements, while also making some of the choke point areas interesting for the other players.  For the game's story and setting, Arkane wanted to create a new intellectual property (IP) for them to build on. Colantonio brought in Viktor Antonov, an artist that had been working for Valve and had helped Arkane with the Source engine during their development of "Dark Messiah of Might and Magic" (2006). As both Colantonio and Antonov had lived in Paris for some time in their lives, they came upon the idea of a "dystopia-utopia" setting in Paris, where part of the city was a "royal utopia" while the other half had fallen into squalor; this reflected on the different experiences that Colantonio and Antonov had from how they came to live in Paris, and recognizing that Paris itself is a "city of contrasts". As a backstory, they envisioned a world where scientists had developed time travel through various portals, and used it to change the past and create alternate dimensions in the present, then taking the best of technology advancements from that to improve the original reality. "The Crossing" would have started when an incident involving misuse of the time travel portal in the center of Paris would have created a cacophony of different versions of Paris. The player discovers that Knights Templar with high-tech weapons have invaded Paris, and would be forced to find the portal to try to set things right.  With some of the gameplay and the narrative down, Arkane began talking about the game with the gaming press, including a cover story on "Games for Windows", generating interest in the title, but had not yet secured a publisher. Colantonio pitched the idea to the core 20 publishers at that time, but none of them expressed interest in the idea as a whole, instead talking about focusing only on parts of "The Crossing" such as using the narrative in another gameplay setting, or having only focus on the single-player. Colantonio stated that these publishers were also concerned about Arkane seeking to focus on the personal computer release over consoles, and the lack of plans for a PlayStation 3 port, at the time, a limitation of the Source engine having yet to be ported to that console. The publishers also expressed concern about the matchmaking capabilities of the game; Arkane brought in Max Hoberman, who developed the "Halo 2" matchmaking system, to try to alleviate publisher fears. A further challenge from publishers according to Colantonio was the high development costs they wanted, looking for between and, which was an expensive budget for a game at that time particularly from a studio that had yet to establish its own identity.  Eventually, Arkane found one unnamed publisher that was interested in the entire concept of "The Crossing". They spent about six months negotiating with this publisher, but Colantonio said as time progressed, the negotiations worsened, with a smaller proposed budget and requiring them to do a PlayStation 3 version. Colantonio decided after six months that they were not going to be able to achieve the vision they wanted with "The Crossing", and ceased negotiations with the publisher, effectively shelving the game. Arkane switched over to continue contract work with Valve, and started work with Electronic Arts on a Steven Spielberg-backed game, "LMNO", itself which was ultimately cancelled.  While "The Crossing" never came to fruition, Colantonio said that it was an important foundation of Arkane Studio as it helped with team-building, establishing a vision for their own IP, and the processes needed to carry that out, which they used in building the "Dishonored" series. During the 2018 QuakeCon, Arkane's lead designer Ricardo Bare stated that their future projects were looking at multiplayer functionality that they had been envisioning in "The Crossing" as to provide seamless multiplayer functionality alongside single-player content.

The Crossing was set to be a first-person shooter video game by Arkane Studios, which attempted to fuse single-player and multiplayer by threading its single-player campaign through live multiplayer games.

The Crossing est un jeu de tir à la première personne dont le développement par Arkane Studios, en collaboration avec Valve Corporation, est en suspens depuis.


Authorship.

According to Jewish tradition, this psalm was written by David and dedicated to his son Solomon, who would build the First Temple. According to Radak, verses 3–5, which reference "sons", express David's feelings about his son Solomon; according to Rashi, these verses refer to the students of a Torah scholar, who are called his "sons".  The psalm's superscription calls it "of Solomon", but Christian theologian Albert Barnes noted that "in the Syriac Version, the title is, "From the Psalms of the Ascent; spoken by David concerning Solomon; it was spoken also of Haggai and Zechariah, who urged the rebuilding of the Temple". The Authorized Version describes the psalm as "a Song of degrees for Solomon", and Wycliffe's translators recognised both options. Isaac Gottlieb of Bar Ilan University suggests that the reference in verse 2 to "his beloved" ("yedido") "recalls Solomon's other name, Yedidiah".

Themes.

Charles Spurgeon calls Psalm 127 "The Builder's Psalm", noting the similarity between the Hebrew words for sons ("banim") and builders ("bonim"). He writes: We are here taught that builders of houses and cities, systems and fortunes, empires and churches all labour in vain without the Lord; but under the divine favour they enjoy perfect rest. Sons, who are in the Hebrew called "builders", are set forth as building up families under the same divine blessing, to the great honour and happiness of their parents.  Spurgeon also quotes the English preacher Henry Smith (1560–1591): "Well doth David call children 'arrows' [v. 4]; for if they be well bred, they shoot at their parents' enemies; and if they be evil bred, they shoot at their parents".  The Midrash Tehillim interprets the opening verses of the psalm as referring to teachers and students of Torah. On the watchmen of the city mentioned in verse 1, Rabbi Hiyya, Rabbi Yosi, and Rabbi Ammi said, "The [true] watchmen of the city are the teachers of Scripture and instructors of Oral Law". On "the Lord gives" in verse 2, the Midrash explains that God "gives" life in the world to come to the wives of Torah scholars because they deprive themselves of sleep to support their husbands.

Translation.

The translation of the psalm offers difficulties, especially in verses 2 and 4. Jerome in a letter to Marcella (dated AD 384) laments that Origen's notes on this psalm were no longer extant, and discusses the various possible translations of (KJV "bread of sorrows", after the "panem doloris" of Vulgata Clementina; Jerome's own translation was "panem idolorum" "bread of idols" following LXX), and of  There are two possible interpretations of the phrase (KJV: "for so he giveth his beloved sleep"): The word "sleep" may either be the direct object (as in KJV, following LXX and Vulgate), or an accusative used adverbially, "in sleep", i.e. "while they are asleep". The latter interpretation fits the context of the verse much better, contrasting the "beloved of the Lord" who receive success without effort, as it were "while they sleep" with the sorrowful and fruitless toil of those not so blessed, a sentiment paralleled by Proverbs 10:22 (KJV "The blessing of the, it maketh rich, and he addeth no sorrow with it."). Keil and Delitzsch (1883) accept the reading of the accusative as adverbial, paraphrasing ""God gives to His beloved in sleep, i.e., without restless self-activity, in a state of self-forgetful renunciation, and modest, calm surrender to Him". However, A. F. Kirkpatrick in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges (1906) argues that while the reading "So he giveth unto his beloved in sleep" fits the context, the natural translation of the Hebrew text is still the one given by the ancient translators, suggesting that the Hebrew text as transmitted has been corrupted (which would make the LXX and Vulgate readings not so much "mistranslations" as correct translations of an already corrupted reading).  English translations have been reluctant to emend the translation, due to the long-standing association of this verse with sleep being the gift of God. Abraham Cronbach (1933) refers to this as "one of those glorious mistranslations, a mistranslation which enabled Mrs. Browning to write one of the tenderest poems in the English language", referring to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem "The Sleep", which uses "He giveth his beloved Sleep" as the last line of each stanza.  Keil and Delitzsch (1883) take "to sit up" as confirmation for the assumption, also suggested by 1 Samuel 20:24, that the custom of the Hebrews before the Hellenistic period was to take their meals sitting up, and not reclining as was the Greco-Roman custom.

Text.

Hebrew Bible version.

Following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 127:

Uses.

Judaism.

In Judaism, Psalm 127 is recited as part of the series of Psalms read after the Shabbat afternoon service between Sukkot and Shabbat HaGadol.  It is also recited as a prayer for protection of a newborn infant.

Catholic Church.

Since the early Middle ages, this psalm was traditionally recited or sung at the Office of none during the week, specifically from Tuesday until Saturday between Psalm 126 and Psalm 128, following the Rule of St. Benedict. During the Liturgy of the Hours, Psalm 126 is recited on the third Wednesday at vespers.

Protestantism.

The pro-natalist Quiverfull movement invokes the less quoted latter part of the psalm, verses 3–5 concerning the blessings and advantages of numerous offspring, as one of the foundations for their stance and takes its name from the last verse ("Happy is the man that hath his "quiver full" of them [i.e. sons]").

Musical settings.

The Vulgate text of the psalm, Nisi Dominus, has been set to music many times, often as part of vespers services. Settings from the classical period use the text of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate of 1592, which groups "Cum dederit dilectis suis somnum" ("as he gives sleep to those in whom he delights") with verse 3 rather than verse 2 (as opposed to Jerome's text, and most modern translations, grouping the phrase with verse 2). Notable compositions include:  "Wo Gott zum Haus" is a German metrical and rhyming paraphrase of the psalm by Johann Kolross, set to music by Luther (printed 1597) and by Hans Leo Hassler (). Adam Gumpelzhaimer used the first two lines for a canon, "Wo Gott zum Haus nicht gibt sein Gunst / So arbeit jedermann umsonst" ("Where God to the house does not give his blessing / There toils every man in vain"). Another German version is "Wo der Herr nicht das Haus bauet" by Heinrich Schütz (SWV 400, published 1650).

Nisi Dominus Frustra.

Nisi Dominus Frustra (Without God, [it is] in vain) is a popular motto derived from verse 1. As an abbreviation of "Except the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it". It is often inscribed on buildings. It has been the motto in the coat of arms of the City of Edinburgh since 1647 and was the motto of the former Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea. It was similarly the motto of the King's Own Scottish Borderers.  It has been adopted as the motto for numerous schools in Great Britain, including King Edward VI High School, Stafford, Melbourn Village College, London, and as the insignia of Glenlola Collegiate School in Northern Ireland. Other schools with this motto are St Joseph's College, Dumfries, Villa Maria Academy (Malvern, Pennsylvania), Rickmansworth School (Nisi Dominus Aedificaverit), The Park School, Yeovil, Bukit Bintang Girls' School, St Thomas School, Kolkata, Kirkbie Kendal School, Richmond College, Galle and Mount Temple Comprehensive School, Dublin, Ireland.  The Aquitanian city of Agen takes as its motto the second verse of the psalm, "Nisi dominus custodierit civitatem frustra vigilat qui custodit eam": "Unless the Lord watches over the city, the guards stand watch in vain" (verse 1a, NIV version).  Edinburgh Napier University, established in 1964, has "secularized" the city's motto to "Nisi sapientia frustra" (i.e. "without knowledge/wisdom, all is in vain").

Psalm 127 is the 127th psalm of the Book of Psalms, generally known in English by its first verse, in the King James Version, "Except the Lord build the house". The Book of Psalms is the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, this psalm is known as Psalm 126 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known by the incipit of its first 2 words, "Nisi Dominus". It is one of 15 "Songs of Ascents" and the only one among them attributed to Solomon rather than David.

Le psaume 127 (126 selon la numérotation grecque), intitulé "shir hamaalot leShlomo" dans la liturgie juive et "Nisi Dominus" dans la liturgie chrétienne, est un cantique des degrés. Destiné à une liturgie chantée (plus précisément psalmodiée), il a inspiré nombre d’œuvres d’art, visuelles ou d'ordre musical (celles-ci accompagnées ou non d'instruments), qui s'éloignent donc de la pure liturgie.


Mechanism of action.

Like many of the known natural antibiotics, kasugamycin inhibits proliferation of bacteria by tampering with their ability to make new proteins, the ribosome being the major target. Kasugamycin inhibits protein synthesis at the step of translation initiation. Kasugamycin inhibition is thought to occur by direct competition with initiator transfer RNA. Recent experiments suggest that kasugamycin indirectly induces dissociation of P-site-bound fMet-tRNA from 30S subunits through perturbation of the mRNA, thereby interfering with translation initiation.  Kasugamycin specifically inhibits translation initiation of canonical but not of leaderless mRNA. For initiation on leaderless mRNA, the overlap between mRNA and kasugamycin is reduced and the binding of tRNA is further stabilized by the presence of the 50S subunit, minimizing Ksg efficacy. Kasugamycin also induces the formation of unusual 61S ribosomes in vivo, which are proficient in selectively translating leaderless mRNA. 61S particles are stable and are devoid of more than six proteins of the small subunit, including the functionally important proteins S1 and S12.

Structural basis for kasugamycin action.

The structure of the kasugamycin-70S ribosome complex from "Escherichia coli" has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 3.5-A resolution. The drug binds within the messenger RNA channel of the 30S subunit between the universally conserved G926 and A794 nucleotides in 16S ribosomal RNA, which are sites of kasugamycin resistance. The kasugamycin binding sites are present on top of helix 44 (h44), spanning the region between h24 and h28, which contacts the conserved nucleotides A794 and G926. Neither binding position overlaps with P-site tRNA. Instead, kasugamycin mimics the codon nucleotides at the P and E sites by binding within the path of the mRNA, thus perturbing the mRNA-tRNA codon-anticodon interaction.

Resistance.

Low level resistance to kasugamycin is acquired by mutations in the 16S rRNA methyltransferase KsgA which methylates the nucleotides A1518 and A1519 in 16S rRNA. Spontaneous ksgA mutations conferring a modest level of resistance to kasugamycin occur at a high frequency of 10. Once cells acquire the ksgA mutations, they produce high-level kasugamycin resistance at an extraordinarily high frequency (100-fold greater frequency than that observed in the ksgA+ strain).  Surprisingly, kasugamycin resistance mutations do not inhibit binding of the drug to the ribosome. Present structural and biochemical results indicate that inhibition by kasugamycin and kasugamycin resistance are closely linked to the structure of the mRNA at the junction of the peptidyl-tRNA and exit-tRNA sites (P and E sites).

Further reading.

1. Okuyama, A., Machiyama, N., Kinoshita, T., and Tanaka, N. (1971). Inhibition by kasugamycin of initiation complex formation on 30S ribosomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43, 196–199.  2. Schluenzen, F., Takemoto, C., Wilson, D.N., Kaminishi, T., Harms, J.M., Hanawa-Suetsugu, K., Szaflarski, W., Kawazoe, M., Shirouzu, M., Nierhaus, K.H., et al. (2006). The antibiotic kasugamycin mimics mRNA nucleotides to destabilize tRNA binding and inhibit canonical translation initiation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 871–878.  3. Schuwirth, B.S., Day, J.M., Hau, C.W., Janssen, G.R., Dahlberg, A.E., Cate, J.H., and Vila-Sanjurjo, A. (2006). Structural analysis of kasugamycin inhibition of translation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 879–886.  4. Kaberdina A.C., Szaflarski W., Nierhaus K.H., and Moll I. (2009). An Unexpected Type of Ribosomes Induced by Kasugamycin: A Look into Ancestral Times of Protein Synthesis?. Mol. Cell. 33(2):141-2.  5. Ochi K., Kim J., Tanaka Y., Wang G., Masuda K., Nanamiya H., Okamoto S., Tokuyama S., Adachi Y. and Kawamura F. (2009). Inactivation of KsgA, a 16S rRNA Methyltransferase, Causes Vigorous Emergence of Mutants with High-Level Kasugamycin Resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53,1 (193-201).  6. Mankin A. (2006). Antibiotic blocks mRNA path on the ribosome. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology - 13, 858 – 860.

Kasugamycin (Ksg) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that was originally isolated in 1965, from "Streptomyces kasugaensis", a "Streptomyces" strain found near the Kasuga shrine in Nara, Japan. Kasugamycin was discovered by Hamao Umezawa, who also discovered kanamycin and bleomycin, as a drug that prevent growth of a fungus causing rice blast disease. It was later found to inhibit bacterial growth also. It exists as a white, crystalline substance with the chemical formula CHClNO (kasugamycin hydrochloride). It is also known as kasumin.

La kasugamycine est un aminoglycoside qui possède des propriétés antifongiques et antibactériennes. La kasugamycine se fixe à l'ARN ribosomique de la petite sous-unité du ribosome. Elle bloque ainsi la formation du complexe de démarrage de la traduction qui implique la fixation de l'ARNt porteur de fmet (méthionine formylée) au niveau de l'ARNm.


Early life.

Logan grew up in San Antonio, Texas and attended Sandra Day O'Connor High School in Helotes, Texas. He attended and pitched for Temple College in Temple, Texas, in 2003.

Playing career.

Chicago White Sox.

The Chicago White Sox selected Logan in the 20th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. He advanced from the Sox's Rookie League affiliate, the Great Falls White Sox, straight to the major league club during spring training in. Logan made his Major League debut on April 4, 2006. During 2006, Logan made 21 relief appearances with 1 save despite splitting his time in the Minors but accumulated an 8.31 ERA in the Majors that year.  In 2007, Logan made 68 relief appearances going 2-1 with a 4.97 ERA. In 2008, he made 55 appearances going 2-3 with a 5.95 ERA.

Atlanta Braves.

On December 4, 2008, Logan was traded, along with Javier Vázquez, to the Atlanta Braves for minor league catcher Tyler Flowers, shortstop Brent Lillibridge, third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez.  During the 2009 season, Logan made 20 relief appearances going 1-1 with a 5.19 ERA.

New York Yankees.

On December 22, 2009, Logan was once again traded along with Javier Vázquez, this time to the New York Yankees for Melky Cabrera, and prospects Michael Dunn and Arodys Vizcaíno. On April 16, 2010 Logan was called up by the Yankees to replace Chan Ho Park in the Yankee bullpen. In 2010, Logan made 51 relief appearances going 2-0 with a 2.93 ERA. In 2011, he made 64 relief appearances going 5-3 with a 3.46 ERA. Logan made an MLB-leading 80 relief appearances in 2012, going 7-2 with 1 save and a 3.74 ERA.  In 2013, he made 61 appearances from the bullpen going 5-2 with a 3.23 ERA. On October 4, 2013, Logan underwent surgery in his left elbow to remove bone spurs. He became a free agent at the end of the season.

Colorado Rockies.

Logan signed a three-year deal with the Colorado Rockies on December 16, 2013.  On September 13, 2014, Logan again underwent surgery in his left elbow to remove a bone spur, abruptly ending his 2014 season. In 35 games, Logan went 2-3 with a 6.84 ERA.  Logan was also on the Rockies for the 2015 and 2016 seasons.

Cleveland Indians.

On February 7, 2017, Logan signed with the Indians to a one-year contract with an option for the 2018 season.  The Indians declined to exercise their club option on Logan's contract for the 2018 season on November 6, 2017, making Logan a free agent.

Milwaukee Brewers.

On January 10, 2018, Logan signed a one-year deal with the Milwaukee Brewers worth $1.875 million. On June 19, Logan was designated for assignment and was released on June 24.

Pitching style.

Logan throws with a sidearm delivery, making him appealing as a left-handed specialist. Left-handed hitters have batted only.247 against him in his career, while righties have hit.311. Logan is especially tough against lefties because his primary pitch is a slider in the low 80s that breaks sharply away from them. This is his favorite pitch to throw in two-strike counts. He also has a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball that appear in the 92-95 mph range. Logan also throws a high-80s changeup from time to time against right-handers.

Boone Logan (born August 13, 1984) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, Colorado Rockies, Cleveland Indians, and Milwaukee Brewers.

Boone Logan (né le à San Antonio, Texas, États-Unis) est un lanceur de relève gaucher des Indians de Cleveland de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Taxonomy.

A large number of common names are used for this tree, including "Virginia live oak", "bay live oak", "scrub live oak", "plateau oak", "plateau live oak", "escarpment live oak", and (in Spanish) ""roble"". It is also often just called "live oak" within its native area, but the full name "southern live oak" helps to distinguish it from other live oaks, a general term for any evergreen species of oak.  This profusion of common names partly reflects an ongoing controversy about the classification of various live oaks, in particular its near relatives among the white oaks ("Quercus" subgenus "Quercus", section "Quercus"). Some authors recognize as distinct species the forms others consider to be varieties of "Quercus virginiana". Notably, the following two taxa, treated as species in the "Flora of North America", are treated as varieties of southern live oak by the United States Forest Service: the escarpment live oak, "Quercus fusiformis" ("Q. virginiana" var. "fusiformis") and the sand live oak, "Quercus geminata" ("Q. virginiana" var. "geminata").  Matters are further complicated by Southern live oaks hybridizing with both of the above two species, and also with the dwarf live oak ("Q. minima"), swamp white oak ("Q. bicolor"), Durand oak ("Q. durandii"), overcup oak ("Q. lyrata"), bur oak ("Q. macrocarpa"), and post oak ("Q. stellata").

Range.

Live oak can be found in the wild growing and reproducing on the lower coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and lower East Coast of the United States. Its native range begins in Southeast Virginia, and then continues south in a narrow band through North Carolina along the coast to the interior South Carolina coast, where its range begins to expand farther inland. The range of live oak continues to expand inland as it moves south, growing across southern Georgia and covering all of Florida south to the northernmost Florida Keys. Live oak grows along the Florida panhandle to Mobile Bay, then westward across the southernmost two tiers of counties in Mississippi. Live oak grows across the southern third of Louisiana, except for some barrier islands and scattered parts of the most southern parishes. Live oak's range continues into Texas and narrows to hug the coast until just past Port Lavaca, Texas.  There is a misconception that the Southern Live Oak reaches its northwestern limit in the granite massifs and canyons in Southwestern Oklahoma. However, this actually belongs to the closely-related and much more cold-hardy Escarpment Live Oak, a rare remnant from the last glaciation also found around Norman, Oklahoma.  Along the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic United States, live oak is found in both single and mixed species forests, dotting the savannas, and as occasional clumps in the grasslands along the lower coastal plain. Live oak grows in soils ranging from heavy textures (clay loams), to sands with layers of organic materials or fine particles. Live oak can be found dominating some maritime forests, especially where fire periodicity and duration are limited. Live oak is found on higher topographic sites as well as hammocks in marshes and swamps. In general, southern live oak hugs the coastline and is rarely found more than 300 feet above sea level. Live oaks grow across a wide range of sites with many moisture regimes – ranging from dry to moist. Live oak will survive well on both dry sites and in wet areas, effectively handling short duration flooding if water is moving and drainage is good. Good soil drainage is a key resource component for sustained live oak growth. Usual precipitation range is 25 to 65 inches of water per year, preferably in spring and summer. Soil is usually acidic, ranging between pH of 5.5 and 6.5. A live oak on Tyler Avenue in Annapolis, Maryland is the northernmost known mature specimen, although a number of saplings can be found growing around nearby Towson.

Description.

Although live oaks retain their leaves nearly year-round, they are not true evergreens. Live oaks drop their leaves immediately before new leaves emerge in the spring. Occasionally, senescing leaves may turn yellow or contain brown spots in the winter, leading to the mistaken belief that the tree has oak wilt, whose symptoms typically occur in the summer. A live oak's defoliation may occur sooner in marginal climates or in dry or cold winters.  The bark is dark, thick, and furrowed longitudinally. The leaves are stiff and leathery, with the tops shiny dark green and the bottoms pale gray and very tightly tomentose, simple and typically flattish with bony-opaque margins, with a length of.75 - 6 inches (2 – 15 cm) and a width of.4 - 2 inches (1 – 5 cm), borne alternately. The male flowers are green hanging catkins with lengths of 3 - 4 inches (7.5 –10 cm). The acorns are small,.4 - 1 inch (1 - 2.5 cm), oblong in shape (ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid), shiny and tan-brown to nearly black, often black at the tips, and borne singly or in clusters. Depending on the growing conditions, live oaks vary from a shrub-size to large and spreading tree-size: typical open-grown trees reach 20 meters (65.5 feet) in height, with a limb spread of nearly 27 meters (88.5 feet). Their lower limbs often sweep down towards the ground before curving up again. They can grow at severe angles, and Native Americans used to bend saplings over so that they would grow at extreme angles, to serve as trail markers.  The branches frequently support other plant species such as rounded clumps of ball moss ("Tillandsia recurvata"), thick drapings of Spanish moss ("Tillandsia usneoides"), resurrection fern ("Pleopeltis polypodioides"), and parasitic mistletoe.  The southern live oak has a deep tap-root that anchors it when young and eventually develops into an extensive and widespread root system. This, along with its low center of gravity and other factors, makes the southern live oak extremely resistant to strong sustained winds, such as those seen in hurricanes.  The southern live oak responds "with vigorous growth to plentiful moisture on well-drained soil." They tend to survive fire, because often a fire will not reach their crowns. Even if a tree is burned, its crowns and roots usually survive the fire and sprout vigorously. Furthermore, live oak forests discourage entry of fire from adjacent communities because they provide dense cover that discourages the growth of a flammable understory. They can withstand occasional floods and hurricanes, and are resistant to salt spray and moderate soil salinity. Although they grow best in well-drained sandy soils and loams, they will also grow in clay.

Uses.

Live oak wood is hard, heavy, and difficult to work with, but very strong. In the days of wooden ships, live oaks were the preferred source of the framework timbers of the ship, using the natural trunk and branch angles for their strength. The frame of was constructed from Southern live oak wood harvested from St. Simons Island, Georgia, and the density of the wood grain allowed it to survive cannon fire, thus earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides". Even today, the U.S. Navy continues to own extensive live oak tracts.  The primary uses for Southern live oaks today are providing food and shelter for wildlife. Among the animals for which live oak acorns are an important food source are the bobwhite quail, the threatened Florida scrub jay, the wood duck, yellow-bellied sapsucker, wild turkey, black bear, various species of squirrel, and the white-tailed deer. The tree crown is very dense, making it valuable for shade, and the species provides nest sites for many mammal species. Native Americans extracted a cooking oil from the acorns, used all parts of live oak for medicinal purposes, leaves for making rugs, and bark for dyes. The roots of seedlings sometimes form starchy, edible tubers. People in past centuries harvested and fried these tubers for human consumption much as one might use a potato.

Cultivation.

Southern live oak is cultivated in warmer climates as a specimen tree or for shade in the southern United States (zone 8 and south), Nuevo León and Tamaulipas states in Mexico, and in the warmer parts of the United States, Europe, and Australia. Cultivation is relatively simple, as Southern live oak seedlings grow fast with ample soil moisture. After a few years live oak needs only occasional supplemental water. Southern live oak is very long lived, and there are many specimens that are more than 400 years old in the deep southern United States. The Southern Live Oak is reliably hardy to USDA Hardiness Zone 8a, which places its northern limit for long-term cultivation inland around Atlanta and Memphis.

Quercus virginiana, also known as the Southern live oak, is an evergreen oak tree endemic to the Southeastern United States. Though many other species are loosely called live oak, the Southern live oak is particularly iconic of the Old South. Many very large and old specimens of live oak can be found today in the Deep South region of the United States.

Quercus virginiana est une espèce de chênes sempervirent de la famille des "Fagaceae". "Quercus virginiana", appelé aux États-Unis "Southern live oak,", est endémique du Sud-Est des États-Unis. Bien que de nombreuses autres espèces soient appelées vaguement "live oak", le "Southern live oak," est particulièrement emblématique de l'Old South. On trouve aujourd'hui de nombreux spécimens très volumineux et anciens de "live oak" dans la région du Sud profond des États-Unis.


Background.

In 1988, Spoon Inc. was founded by Tatsuru Ichishima, who previously worked for Honda as a race car and test driver. His decision to setup the company had the backing of Honda and Mugen. Honda's support came in exchange for racing data. The startup originated from the Honda Civic E-AT, which Ichishima owned and modified. This vehicle became the basis of Spoon's racing concept and philosophy that guide the company until today. The company caters to car owners who seek higher performance lacking in their vehicles amid Honda's shift towards eco-friendly technology.  Spoon Inc. is known for its tuning parts, which - like those produced by Toda Racing - are popular for their naturally aspirated performance. This type of tuner is noted for its aggressive side and the requirement for valvetrain upgrades. The company is also known for producing aftermarket parts such as powertrain, suspension, aero-parts (supplemental pieces added to the body to improve aesthetics or aerodynamics), wheels, drivetrain, braking system, and cooling system.

Notable modifications.

Race cars.

Spoon has been credited for making Honda a contender in motorsports through its racing modifications. In Japan, Spoon Sports is particularly recognized as a leader in time attack and performance using Honda vehicles such as the Integra Type R, NSX, the S2000, and the Civic. The very first racing car attributed to Spoon Sports was Ichisima's own Honda Civic E-AT. The vehicle, which became the basis of Spoon, participated in the Japan Touring Car Championship. It held the distinction of the first Honda Civic to join the race.  In 2008, Spoon launched the Spoon Honda NSX-R GT, which is based on the second-generation, 2002 Honda NSX-R. This vehicle was modified to meet the requirements of the Japanese Super GT racing regulations. In 2017, Spoon Sports fielded the Unlimited Class FD2 Honda Civic Type R, which set a record lap during the Global Time Attack at the Buttonwillow Raceway Park. The company modified this vehicle as a front-wheel-drive racing car with Formula 1-style center-seating position.In the course of its 20-year racing history, Spoon has distinguished itself in endurance racing, excelling in events like the 24-hour Nuremberg, the 25-hour Thunderhill, and Super Taikyu.  Spoon-themed race cars are distinguished by a combination of blue and yellow livery while road cars are typically in white. The race car color scheme, however, is increasingly getting more diversified after Spoon raced the S2000 in 2012.

Aftermarket parts.

Spoon has also produced iconic aftermarket parts such as the Spoon SW388, a lightweight aluminum forged wheel. This wheel is comparable to the Volk Racing TE37 in terms of popularity, and is noted for its five-spoke design. The company is also known for its more radical synchronized gear kits for vehicle transmission, noted for its extremely close ratio. The Momo steering wheel, which it developed with the Italian car accessories company Momo, is another popular Spoon product around the world.

Racing.

Spoon has been racing Honda cars throughout their history. Their achievements include winning the Super Taikyu ST-4 class championship, class wins at the 24 Hours Nürburgring, Tokachi 24 Hours, 25 Hours of Thunderhill, Tsukuba 9 Hours, and class podiums at the Macau Grand Prix.

Type One.

Spoon's headquarters is mainly used as the main office, stocking of parts, and distribution. The company opened Type One in 2001 according to a differentiation strategy where Spoon functions as a research and development of parts and tuning while Type One serves as a tuning shop for servicing and tuning cars. All of Spoon's products are on display at the Type One showroom and factory as well as the race cars that it has fielded through the years. Engines are modified in this facility to be beyond factory specifications.  Spoon also buys and resells Honda vehicles at Type One, turning these into bespoke cars such as the left-hand-drive NSX Type Rs. The company provides maintenance and repair services at Type One.

Spoon Inc. is a Japanese company specializing in engine tuning and aftermarket parts designed to make Honda cars high performing vehicles. The company's Type One showroom has helped Honda vehicles become major contenders in motorsports competitions. These included the models that participated in the Tsukuba 9 Hours Endurance Race, the Super Taikyu, and 24 Hours Nürburgring.

La compagnie modifie et course les Honda dans de nombreuses courses d’endurance et, en outre, vend des pièces pour les amateurs de Tuning. Spoon Sport offre des pièces moteurs, suspension, ensembles de jupes, des roues, transmission, système de freinage, système de refroidissement et beaucoup plus. La compagnie se spécialise dans le domaine du Japanese domestic market où les voitures n'obéissent plus aux normes américaines mais normes japonaises. Par exemple, les jauges deviennent métriques ainsi que le compteur de vitesse. Parmi les éléments qui ont acquis une immense popularité sont l’étrier monobloc 4 pistons (celui que l’on voit régulièrement sur des Integra), les produits de fibres de carbone (tels que des capots, aileron, des jupes avants... ), les fameuses jantes noires SW388, leurs ordinateurs, contrôleur VTEC et plusieurs autres.