Pre-Vale history.

The company was founded following the discovery of copper deposits in Sudbury, Ontario. Initially, ore was shipped for smelting to a plant in Constable Hook, New Jersey, owned by the Orford Copper Company. Processing revealed in 1884 that the ore was also rich in nickel and exploration tests revealed an enormous potential.  Nickel mining started in Sudbury, Ontario in 1902, and that year, the International Nickel Company, Ltd. was created in New York, NY as a joint venture between Canadian Copper, Orford Copper, and American Nickel Works. In 1916, the International Nickel Company of Canada, Ltd. was incorporated in Copper Cliff in Sudbury; this entity was a subsidiary of the International Nickel Company in the U.S. The company built a new refinery in Port Colborne in 1918 and during the following year, the company first began using the trade name Inco.  In 1928, the corporation merged with the British-owned Mond Nickel Company; subsequently, Falconbridge Ltd. was founded. A head office for Inco was established in Toronto. During World War II, Inco's Frood Mine produced 40% of the nickel used in artillery by the Allies. After the war, demand for nickel remained high because of the Korean War and the Cold War of the 1950’s.  Inco also built and operated a facility that included a research center overlooking Blue Lake in New York's Sterling Forest area. The site was sold in the 1980s. In 1972 the Inco Superstack was built in Sudbury. In 1976, the company’s name was officially changed to Inco Limited.  In order to generate cash Inco sold its manufacturing sites of nickel alloys to Special Metals Corporation in 1998. Special Metals Corporation however filed Chapter 11 in March 2002.

Takeovers (2005–2006).

On October 11, 2005, Inco announced a friendly takeover bid to buy out the operations of longtime rival Falconbridge for $12 billion. If approved, the deal would have made Inco the world's largest producer of nickel. Xstrata (which already owned ~20% of Falconbridge shares) subsequently submitted a hostile takeover bid for Falconbridge, resulting in a bidding war between Inco and Xstrata. The Xstrata bid was successful, but not before Falconbridge employed a poison pill to delay the acquisition, raising its share price from $28 to $62.50 in the meantime.  Teck Cominco submitted a hostile takeover bid to purchase Inco on May 8, 2006 for $16 billion if it agreed to abandon its takeover of Falconbridge. On June 26 of the same year, Phelps Dodge submitted a friendly takeover bid to purchase a combined Inco and Falconbridge for around $40 billion; that offer was also withdrawn because of the failure of the Inco-Falconbridge merger.  On August 14, 2006 Brazilian mining company CVRD extended an all-cash offer to buy Inco for $17 billion. That offer received approval from the Canadian government's investment review agency on October 19, and was accepted by Inco shareholders on October 23. Part of the takeover deal was that CVRD would operate Inco as a separate nickel mining division; all of CVRD's nickel operations, including mines at Onca Puma and Vermelho in Brazil, were transferred to Inco's management. Inco was delisted from the NYSE on November 16, 2006 and the TSX on January 5, 2007. According to its current web site, Inco is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Vale (formerly CVRD). Vale has since changed the name of Vale-Inco to simply Vale, stating the change is "a milestone that aligns it more fully with other Vale operations worldwide and reflects its position as part of the world’s second largest mining company"  Vale is exploring as of 2015 an IPO of its base metals unit for $30–35 billion, in order to lighten its debt load.

Criticism.

In 2006 Inco was removed from the FTSE4Good Index for failing to meet their human rights criteria. The company has had disputes with native groups and environmental concerns over mine runoff.

Labour relations.

Employees for Inco in Canada are represented by the United Steelworkers throughout all the mergers. Because of the mergers, the United Steelworkers signed an agreement with all the unions that represent mining workers in countries where Vale/Inco operate to "work together cooperatively and strategically as global partners, to build the bargaining power of worker." The unions include Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores no Setor Minera, SINTICIM, Union syndicale des ouvriers et employés de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Union des Syndicats des Travailleurs Kanak et Exploités, Fagforbundet for Industri og Energi, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, and the United Steelworkers.

In popular culture.

Inco is a central theme in the Stompin' Tom Connors song "Sudbury Saturday Night". More recently, the Creighton Mine, owned by Vale and hosting the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, figures largely in the plot of Robert J. Sawyer's "Neanderthal Parallax" trilogy.

Vale Canada Limited (formerly Vale Inco, CVRD Inco and Inco Limited; for corporate branding purposes simply known as "Vale" and pronounced in English) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Brazilian mining company Vale. Vale's nickel mining and metals division is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It produces nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, gold, and silver. Prior to being purchased by CVRD (now Vale) in 2006, Inco was the world's second largest producer of nickel, and the third largest mining company outside South Africa and Russia of platinum group metals. It was also a charter member of the 30-stock Dow Jones Industrial Average formed on October 1, 1928.

Anna est roi d'Est-Anglie du début des années 640 jusqu'à sa mort, survenue en 653 ou en 654. Neveu de Rædwald, le premier roi historiquement attesté d'Est-Anglie, Anna monte sur le trône après la mort de Sigeberht et Ecgric au combat face à Penda, le souverain païen du royaume voisin de Mercie. Son règne est mal connu, faute de documentation, mais semble avoir été marqué par une rivalité constante avec Penda. En 645, Anna accueille à sa cour Cenwalh, roi du Wessex, chassé de son royaume par Penda. Cenwalh se convertit au christianisme durant son séjour en Est-Anglie et encourage la christianisation de ses sujets après son retour au Wessex en 648.


Early life.

He was the son of Samuel-Jacques Le Clerc de Juigné and Marie Gabrielle Le Cirier de Neufchelles (1706–1763), and younger brother of the Marquis de Juigne. Leclerc de Juigné was descended from an old Maine family. He was barely six years old when he lost his father, Colonel of the Regiment of Orléans, killed in 1734, at the Battle of Guastalla.  The young Leclerc studied the Humanities and Philosophy at the College of Navarre, and entered the seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, from there he joined the Society of the Theologians of Navarre, where he made his licentiate and acquired his degrees.  Armand Bazin de Bezons, Bishop of Carcassonne, who was his relative, appointed him as his vicar-general.  Leclerc de Juigne soon had another career; he was appointed general agent of the clergy in 1760. The agency was attached to the care of all ecclesiastical interests and affairs. This management lasted five years but ceased if, during his course, the agent was appointed to a bishopric. It was not long after his appointment when, on 16 November 1763, the Diocese of Comminges was proposed to him to replace Antoine de Lastic, who had been transferred to the Diocese of Châlons. He declined, preferring to continue his honorable work.

Bishop of Châlons.

Owing to the sudden death of Antoine de Lastic, he was appointed Bishop of Châlons.  On arrival, he found difficulties occasioned by the ascendancy which Jansenism had taken under his predecessor, "he thought himself obliged to forbid and even to expel" some dyscole priests. After reconstructing the major seminary, he established a lesser seminary to accommodate children of the countryside who aspired to study for the ecclesiasty.  He knew all the ecclesiastics of his diocese, received them with benevolence, was always ready to listen to them, and to enter with them in the minutest details on what concerned the good of the parishes, the salvation of souls, and the relief to be carried where it was needed. His alms immortalized him in the diocese of Chalons, and his memory will long be blessed.<br> – Michaud, Ancient and Modern World Biography, 1843, 2nd Edition  In 1776, in the middle of the night, a town distant from Châlons of twelve or fourteen leagues broke out in flames. Leclerc rushed towards the blaze and found Saint-Dizier heavily burned. In hopes of saving some of the victims, he charged into the flames with little precaution and was thought to have suffocated. Upon news reaching Châlons, consternation persisted until his return. These accidents, much too frequent in Champagne, moved the charitable prelate to establish at Châlons an office of relief, one of the first assurances against fires.  Persuaded that a considerable increase of revenue was not in the spirit of the canons, a motive for changing his post, he refused the Archdiocese of Auch.

Archbishop of Paris.

The death of the Archbishop of Paris left this seat vacant. The Bishop of Autun, who was then in possession of the "profit sheet," wished to nominate the Archbishop of Toulouse, Lomenie de Brienne, but Louis XVI objected, "The Archbishop of Paris should at least believe in God", and on 22 December 1781 appointed Leclerc de Juigné, despite the objections of other competitors. Holding true to his belief in modesty, the Bishop yielded only to the encouragement and repeated orders of the King, who saw in his choice the interest of religion.  De Juigne carried in his new diocese the same spirit, the same principles according to which he had governed that of Châlons, "the same prudence, the same moderation, the same gentleness, the same attention to maintain the peace, to try to maintain it between the priesthood and the magistracy; even zeal for ecclesiastical discipline and sound doctrine; even munificence towards the poor, his immense income was employed in alms, in good works, in pious institutions."  He spent most of the income of his new diocese on charity. Considerable as this income was, it could not meet the needs of the harsh winter of 1788–89. The prelate made up for this by selling his dishes, by committing his patrimony, and by taking large loans, for the guarantee of which the Marquis de Juigné, his elder brother, was forced to pay the sum of a hundred-thousand crowns.  His zeal for all that tended to the progress of the ecclesiastical sciences had made him conceive a plan for a school to train priests. This plan had begun execution at Calvaire, under the direction of the Bishop of Senez, Jean Baptiste de Beauvais. The Revolution of 1789 prevented its completion.  In the Parlement of Paris he voted, on 9 January 1788, for the edict which restored to Protestants their civil status.

French Revolution.

On 30 April 1789, the clergy of Paris elected him deputy to the Estates General. His two brothers were also called there.  The Archbishop of Paris sat, "in these stormy assemblies, with the minority faithful to God and to the King." He opposed the meeting of the three orders, and on June 19 proposed:  Resulting at 135 votes approving this proposal, 127 voted in opposition, and 12 more joined with reservations. The motion, defeated by four votes of majority, made Archbishop Juigné very unpopular. On 24 June, as he was leaving the Assembly at Versailles, his carriage was attacked by the very people who a few months prior he had snatched from the horrors of hunger. On the 27th he agreed to meet with the Third Estate, and his accession was hailed by the general acclamations of the assembly.  At the end of the night of August 4, he proposed to sing a "Te Deum" of rejoicing, and on the 11th, he renounced the ecclesiastical tithes: In the name of my confreres, in the name of my co-operators, and of all the clergy who belong to this august Assembly, we are giving ecclesiastical tithes to the hands of a just and generous nation. May the Gospel be proclaimed, may divine worship be celebrated with decency and dignity, may the churches be provided with virtuous and zealous priests; that the poor of the people are helped, this is the destination of our tithes, that is the end of our ministry and our vows. We entrust ourselves to the National Assembly, and we have no doubt that it will afford us the means to honor worthily and equally sacred objects.  On 20 September, he offered the silverware of the churches, and on 14 April 1790, sent to the assembly his civic oath.

Emigration.

Then, alarmed by the course of events, and no longer doubting that all was lost, he obtained permission from the King to leave France.  He first sought asylum in Chambéry, Savoy.  From Savoy, he published an order against the election of Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel as constitutional Archbishop of Paris, and was denounced by the departmental directory of Paris on 31 March 1791. He was further reproached for continuing to appoint canons to the new canonicas, despite having emigrated.  De Juigné then passed to Konstanz, where he was joined by several bishops and a great many "faithful" priests obliged to leave France. He helped them first with his purse, the sale of the few precious effects which remained to him, even of his chapel, then of the gifts which he had received from Catherine II of Russia and of princes and great prelates of Germany. He even found means of establishing a seminary in Konstanz, where young clerics were formed to replace the priests decimated by the revolutionary fury.  From Schaffhausen, he was accused by the National Convention on 15 March 1795 of directing Austrian espionage against France.  The success of the French armies obliged him in 1799 to leave this residence and accept asylum in Augsburg, offered to him by Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, Elector of Trier.

Return to France.

He returned to Paris in 1802, after the promulgation of the Concordat, and without difficulty resigned, at the hands of Pope Pius VII who asked for it, his archdiocese on 31 January 1802.  Juigné then lived in retirement among his family, beloved by his old diocesans, limiting his pleasures to solitary walks, where he was astonished to be welcomed by a crowd of silent homages addressed much to his dignity, on which he bore no discernable mark. He visited with an inimitable simplicity his successor at Paris, Jean-Baptiste de Belloy, in the palace formerly his own, where both exercised respect and maintained the best relations.  On 21 March 1808, Napoleon named him canon of the Imperial chapter of Saint-Denis, and created him Count of the Empire on 7 June 1808.  He died in Paris on 19 March 1811, in his 83rd year, and was buried in a common grave. In the service which the metropolitan chapter gave him, Abbot Jallabert, vicar-general, pronounced his funeral oration. On the king's return, the chapter, with permission, had the body of De Juigné exhumed and transported to the vault of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame.  "His principles were pure, his zeal equally removed from slackening and exaggeration, his mind unceasingly occupied with that which could serve the Church." He joined in the happiest memory the love of serious studies, and had a taste for good literature. He was fluent in Greek, the Bible was his favorite reading, he knew it by heart, and any passage quoted to him, he indicated at once the book, chapter, and verse.  A monument was erected to him and his brother, the Marquis de Juigné, in the Cathedral of Paris.

Antoine-Éléonor-Léon Leclerc de Juigné (2 November 1728, Paris – 19 March 1811, Paris) was a French prelate and politician of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Antoine Éléonor Léon Leclerc de Juigné "de Neuchelles" (Paris, – Paris, ), est un prélat et homme politique français des.


Historical development.

Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of Derek J. de Solla Price and Eugene Garfield. The latter created the Science Citation Index and founded the Institute for Scientific Information which is heavily used for scientometric analysis. A dedicated academic journal, "Scientometrics", was established in 1978. The industrialization of science increased the quantity of publications and research outcomes and the rise of the computers allowed effective analysis of this data. While the sociology of science focused on the behavior of scientists, scientometrics focused on the analysis of publications. Accordingly, scientometrics is also referred to as the scientific and empirical study of science and its outcomes.  Later, around the turn of the century, evaluation and ranking of scientists and institutions came more into the spotlights. Based on bibliometric analysis of scientific publications and citations, the Academic Ranking of World Universities ("Shanghai ranking") was first published in 2004 by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Impact factors became an important tool to choose between different journals and the rankings such as the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE-ranking) became a leading indicator for the status of universities. The "h"-index became an important indicator of the productivity and impact of the work of a scientist. However, alternative author-level indicators have been proposed (see for example).  Around the same time, interest of governments in evaluating research for the purpose of assessing the impact of science funding increased. As the investments in scientific research were included as part of the U.S. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), a major economic stimulus package, programs like STAR METRICS were set up to assess if the positive impact on the economy would actually occur.

Methods.

Methods of research include qualitative, quantitative and computational approaches. The main focus of studies have been on institutional productivity comparisons, institutional research rankings, journal rankings establishing faculty productivity and tenure standards, assessing the influence of top scholarly articles, and developing profiles of top authors and institutions in terms of research performance  One significant finding in the field is a principle of cost escalation to the effect that achieving further findings at a given level of importance grow exponentially more costly in the expenditure of effort and resources. However, new algorithmic methods in search, machine learning and data mining are showing that is not the case for many information retrieval and extraction-based problems. Related fields are the history of science and technology, philosophy of science and sociology of scientific knowledge.  Journals in the field include "Scientometrics, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology", and "Journal of Informetrics". The International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics founded in 1993 is an association of professionals in the field.  More recent methods rely on open source and open data to ensure transparency and reproducibility in line with modern open science requirements. For instance, the Unpaywall index and attendant research on open access trends is based on data retrieved from OAI-PMH endpoints of thousands of open archives provided by libraries and institutions worldwide.

Common scientometric indexes.

Impact factor.

The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).

Science Citation Index.

The Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) and created by Eugene Garfield. It was officially launched in 1964. It is now owned by Clarivate Analytics (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of Thomson Reuters). The larger version (Science Citation Index Expanded) covers more than 8,500 notable and significant journals, across 150 disciplines, from 1900 to the present. These are alternatively described as the world's leading journals of science and technology, because of a rigorous selection process.

Acknowledgement index.

An acknowledgement index (British English spelling) or acknowledgment index (American English spelling) is a method for indexing and analyzing acknowledgments in the scientific literature and, thus, quantifies the impact of acknowledgements. Typically, a scholarly article has a section in which the authors acknowledge entities such as funding, technical staff, colleagues, etc. that have contributed materials or knowledge or have influenced or inspired their work. Like a citation index, it measures influences on scientific work, but in a different sense; it measures institutional and economic influences as well as informal influences of individual people, ideas, and artifacts. Unlike the impact factor, it does not produce a single overall metric, but analyses the components separately. However, the total number of acknowledgements to an acknowledged entity can be measured and so can the number of citations to the papers in which the acknowledgement appears. The ratio of this total number of citations to the total number of papers in which the acknowledge entity appears can be construed as the impact of that acknowledged entity.

Criticisms.

Critics have argued that over-reliance on scientometrics has created a system of perverse incentives, producing a publish or perish environment that leads to low quality research.

Scientometrics is the field of study which concerns itself with measuring and analysing scientific literature. Scientometrics is a sub-field of bibliometrics. Major research issues include the measurement of the impact of research papers and academic journals, the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as information systems, information science, science of science policy, sociology of science, and metascience.

La scientométrie est la science de la mesure et l'analyse de la science. Elle est souvent en partie liée avec la bibliométrie et peut être considérée à la fois comme une réduction et une extension de celle-ci. Réduction puisqu’elle n’applique les techniques bibliométriques qu’au champ des études de la science et de la technologie, en comptabilisant les publications scientifiques. Extension puisqu’elle n’analyse pas seulement les publications mais également des financements, ressources humaines, brevets, etc.


History.

Discovery and introduction.

The discovery of the first flexagon, a trihexaflexagon, is credited to the British mathematician Arthur H. Stone, while a student at Princeton University in the United States in 1939. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon. Stone's colleagues Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey became interested in the idea and formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the Tuckerman traverse, for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.  Flexagons were introduced to the general public by Martin Gardner in the December 1956 issue of "Scientific American" in an article so well-received that it launched Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column which then ran in that magazine for the next twenty-five years. In 1974, the magician Doug Henning included a construct-your-own hexaflexagon with the original cast recording of his Broadway show "The Magic Show".

Attempted commercial development.

In 1955, Russell Rogers and Leonard D'Andrea of Homestead Park, Pennsylvania applied for a patent, and in 1959 they were granted U.S. Patent number 2,883,195 for the hexahexaflexagon, under the title "Changeable Amusement Devices and the Like."  Their patent imagined possible applications of the device "as a toy, as an advertising display device, or as an educational geometric device." A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company, the printing company in Pittsburgh where Rogers worked, but the device, marketed as the "Hexmo", failed to catch on.

Varieties.

Tetraflexagons.

The tritetraflexagon is the simplest tetraflexagon (flexagon with square sides). The "tri" in the name means it has three faces, two of which are visible at any given time if the flexagon is pressed flat. The construction of the tritetraflexagon is similar to the mechanism used in the traditional Jacob's Ladder children's toy, in Rubik's Magic and in the magic wallet trick or the Himber wallet.  A more complicated cyclic hexatetraflexagon requires no gluing. A cyclic hexatetraflexagon does not have any "dead ends", but the person making it can keep folding it until they reach the starting position. If the sides are colored in the process, the states can be seen more clearly.

Hexaflexagons.

Hexaflexagons come in great variety, distinguished by the number of faces that can be achieved by flexing the assembled figure. (Note that the word "hexaflexagons" (with no prefixes) can sometimes refer to an ordinary hexahexaflexagon, with six sides instead of other numbers.)

Trihexaflexagon.

A hexaflexagon with three faces is the simplest of the hexaflexagons to make and to manage, and is made from a single strip of paper, divided into nine equilateral triangles. (Some patterns provide ten triangles, two of which are glued together in the final assembly.)  To assemble, the strip is folded every third triangle, connecting back to itself after three inversions in the manner of the international recycling symbol. This makes a Möbius strip whose single edge forms a trefoil knot.

Hexahexaflexagon.

This hexaflexagon has six faces. It is made up of nineteen triangles folded from a strip of paper. Photos 1-6 below show the construction of a hexaflexagon made out of cardboard triangles on a backing made from a strip of cloth. It has been decorated in six colors; orange, blue, and red in figure 1 correspond to 1, 2, and 3 in the diagram above. The opposite side, figure 2, is decorated with purple, gray, and yellow. Note the different patterns used for the colors on the two sides. Figure 3 shows the first fold, and figure 4 the result of the first nine folds, which form a spiral. Figures 5-6 show the final folding of the spiral to make a hexagon; in 5, two red faces have been hidden by a valley fold, and in 6, two red faces on the bottom side have been hidden by a mountain fold. After figure 6, the final loose triangle is folded over and attached to the other end of the original strip so that one side is all blue, and the other all orange.  Photos 7 and 8 show the process of everting the hexaflexagon to show the formerly hidden red triangles. By further manipulations, all six colors can be exposed. Faces 1, 2, and 3 are easier to find while faces 4, 5, and 6 are more difficult to find. An easy way to expose all six faces is using the Tuckerman traverse. It's named after Bryant Tuckerman, one of the first to investigate the properties of hexaflexagons. The Tuckerman traverse involves the repeated flexing by pinching one corner and flex from exactly the same corner every time. If the corner refuses to open, move to an adjacent corner and keep flexing. This procedure brings you to a 12-face cycle. During this procedure, however, 1, 2, and 3 show up three times as frequently as 4, 5, and 6. The cycle proceeds as follows:  1-3-6-1-3-2-4-3-2-1-5-2  And then back to 1 again.  Each color/face can also be exposed in more than one way. In figure 6, for example, each blue triangle has at the center its corner decorated with a wedge, but it is also possible, for example, to make the ones decorated with Y's come to the center. There are 18 such possible configurations for triangles with different colors, and they can be seen by flexing the hexahexaflexagon in all possible ways in theory, but only 15 can be flexed by the ordinary hexahexaflexagon. The 3 extra configurations are impossible due to the arrangement of the 4, 5, and 6 tiles at the back flap. (The 60-degree angles in the rhombi formed by the adjacent 4, 5, or 6 tiles will only appear on the sides and never will appear at the center because it would require one to cut the strip, which is topologically forbidden.)  Hexahexaflexagons can be constructed from different shaped nets of eighteen equilateral triangles. One hexahexaflexagon, constructed from an irregular paper strip, is almost identical to the one shown above, except that all 18 configurations can be flexed on this version.

Other hexaflexagons.

While the most commonly seen hexaflexagons have either three or six faces, variations exist with any number of faces. Straight strips produce hexaflexagons with a multiple of three number of faces. Other numbers are obtained from nonstraight strips, that are just straight strips with some joints folded, eliminating some faces. Many strips can be folded in different ways, producing different hexaflexagons, with different folding maps.

Higher order flexagons.

Right octaflexagon and right dodecaflexagon.

In these more recently discovered flexagons, each square or equilateral triangular face of a conventional flexagon is further divided into two right triangles, permitting additional flexing modes. The division of the square faces of tetraflexagons into right isosceles triangles yields the octaflexagons, and the division of the triangular faces of the hexaflexagons into 30-60-90 right triangles yields the dodecaflexagons.

Pentaflexagon and right decaflexagon.

In its flat state, the pentaflexagon looks much like the Chrysler logo: a regular pentagon divided from the center into five isosceles triangles, with angles 72-54-54. Because of its fivefold symmetry, the pentaflexagon cannot be folded in half. However, a complex series of flexes results in its transformation from displaying sides one and two on the front and back, to displaying its previously hidden sides three and four.  By further dividing the 72-54-54 triangles of the pentaflexagon into 36-54-90 right triangles produces one variation of the 10-sided decaflexagon.

Generalized isosceles n-flexagon.

The pentaflexagon is one of an infinite sequence of flexagons based on dividing a regular "n"-gon into "n" isosceles triangles. Other flexagons include the heptaflexagon, the isosceles octaflexagon, the enneaflexagon, and others.

Nonplanar pentaflexagon and nonplanar heptaflexagon.

Harold V. McIntosh also describes "nonplanar" flexagons (i.e., ones which cannot be flexed so they lie flat); ones folded from pentagons called "pentaflexagons", and from heptagons called "heptaflexagons". These should be distinguished from the "ordinary" pentaflexagons and heptaflexagons described above, which are made out of isosceles triangles, and they "can" be made to lie flat.

In popular culture.

Flexagons are also a popular book structure used by artist's book creators such as Julie Chen ("Life Cycle") and Edward H. Hutchins ("Album" and "Voces de México"). Instructions for making tetra-tetra-flexagon and cross-flexagons are included in "Making Handmade Books: 100+ Bindings, Structures and Forms" by Alisa Golden.  A high-order hexaflexagon was used as a plot element in Piers Anthony's novel "", in which a flex was analogous to the travel between alternate universes.  Youtube user Vi Hart made videos about hexaflexagons and likely made them more popular.

External links.

Flexagons:  Tetraflexagons:  Hexaflexagons:

In geometry, flexagons are flat models, usually constructed by folding strips of paper, that can be "flexed" or folded in certain ways to reveal faces besides the two that were originally on the back and front.

Le flexagone est un objet topologique issu du ruban de Moebius, construit le plus souvent à l’aide d’une bande de papier pliée.


Affiliation.

The Owls are primarily members of the American Athletic Conference (The American). Since their football team participates in the NCAA's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The football program was a member of the Big East Conference until its expulsion after the 2004 season due to a variety of program shortcomings. Temple played a limited MAC schedule in 2005 and 2006 before becoming an affiliated football-only member and playing a full 8-game league schedule in 2007. The school's men's basketball team is part of the Big Five, the traditional designation for the rivalries between the Owls and their Philadelphia rivals: Penn, Saint Joseph's, Villanova, and La Salle. Temple considers the rivalry with St. Joe's to be the most intense, especially in basketball. St. Joe's, however, considers this rivalry to be secondary to their rivalry with Villanova.  The landscape of Temple sports has changed recently, thanks to a major realignment of Division I conferences. Temple football returned to the Big East in 2012, and then became a full member of the renamed American Athletic Conference in July 2013, after being a full member (non-football) of the A-10 since the early '80s.

Achievements.

Temple University was among the first institutions in the United States to sponsor extracurricular athletic activities for its students. Both the football and basketball programs were inaugurated in 1894 under the direction of Coach Charles M. Williams.

Championships.

NCAA team championships.

Temple has won four team national championships.

Olympic competitors.

• 1904 St. Louis Olympics: a Philadelphia-based team (Turngemeinde gymnastics club) captured the first-ever gold medal in team competition for the United States.
 • 1932 Los Angeles Olympics: Bill Hermann Jr. (Philadelphia), wins bronze medal for tumbling.
 • 1948 London Olympics: Temple University gymnasts Marian Barone and Clara Schroth-Lomady help the United States win its first medal for women in team competition with the bronze. Schroth is also noted for holding two U.S. national gymnastics records – the most titles with 39 and the most consecutive championships with 11 straight on the balance beam between 1941–52.
 • 1952 Helsinki Olympics: Bob Stout (Philadelphia, Pa.) becomes the first gymnast ever to complete a back somersault with full twist when he landed the move during the floor exercises.
 • 1984 Los Angeles Olympics: Temple men's assistant rowing coach, Mike Teti (Upper Darby Pa.), named Olympic alternate and was on the cover of Sports Illustrated during the athletes parade in the Opening Ceremony.
 • 1988 Seoul Korea: Men's rowing assistant Mike Teti was a member of the bronze winning U.S. Men's Eight rowing team.
 • 1992 Barcelona Olympics: Mike Moore (Philadelphia, Pa.) was the coxswain for the U.S. rowing team's Men's Eight. Temple men's gymnastics coach Fred Turoff is an assistant coach on the U.S. Olympic Team.
 • 1996 Atlanta Olympics: Scott Brodie (St. Catharines, Canada) was a member of the Canadian Men's Eight that placed fourth.
 • 2000 Sydney Olympics: Igor Francetic (Zagreb, Croatia) was a member of the bronze medal winning Croatian Eight rowing team; Long time Temple men's rowing coach, Dr. Gavin White (Elkins Park, Pa.), named U.S. Olympic Assistant Coach.
 • 2004 Athens Olympics: Jason Read (Ringoes, N.J.) was a member of the U.S. Men's Eight that won gold and set a world record in rowing; Temple women's basketball coach, Dawn Staley, was the United States team captain and flag bearer and a member of the women's basketball team that won gold; Miles Avery (Philadelphia native and Temple graduate) is an assistant coach on the Olympic Team and personal coach of All-Around Champion Paul Hamm. Juan Ignacio Sanchez(Bahia Blanca, Argentina) Temple's graduate was a member of the Argentina's Basketball national team that won the gold medal.
 • 2008 Beijing: Marcus McElhenney (Havertown, Pa.) coxed the U.S. Men's Eight to a bronze medal in rowing; Jason Read was also a member of the team and contributed to the Wall Street Journal's Beijing coverage of the Games; Temple gymnast, Sean Golden, competed in the U.S. Olympic Team Trials.

Men's Basketball.

In 1938, the Owls, who finished with a 23–2 record, won the inaugural National Invitation Tournament by routing Colorado 60–36 in the championship final. Because the NCAA Tournament was not held until the following year, Temple's NIT championship earned the Owls national title recognition. The team was also retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.  During the 1950s, the Temple basketball team made two NCAA Final Four appearances (1956, 1958) under legendary Head Coach Harry Litwack. Litwack would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame after concluding a 21-year coaching career that included 373 wins. Head Coach John Chaney, also a Hall of Famer, won a total of 724 career games and took Temple to the NCAA tournament 17 times. His 1987–88 Owls team entered the NCAA tournament ranked #1 in the country, and he has reached the Elite Eight on five different occasions. He was consensus national coach of the year in 1988. Former NBA players Eddie Jones of the Miami Heat, Aaron McKie of the Los Angeles Lakers, Rick Brunson of the New York Knicks, and Mardy Collins, formerly of the Los Angeles Clippers, are also part of Temple's basketball heritage.  On March 13, 2006, Hall of Fame head coach John Chaney retired.  On April 10, 2006, University of Pennsylvania head coach and La Salle University alumnus Fran Dunphy was named the new Temple's Men's Head Basketball coach. Dunphy had coached the Quakers for 17 straight seasons prior to the move. Dunphy and his Owls won the Atlantic-10 tournament in 2008 beating St. Joseph's University. The Owls were rewarded with a 12 seed in the NCAA Tournament and paired against 5th-seeded Michigan State, losing that game 72–61. In 2009, the Owls won their second consecutive Atlantic-10 tournament against Duquesne, for their conference leading 13th title.  Entering the 2009–10 season, Temple Men's Basketball program ranked sixth in NCAA All-Time wins with 1711.

Football.

The Owls football team participates in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision, but because the A-10 supported football only at the Football Championship Subdivision level (1997–2006), they maintained separate league affiliation for football. They were a member of the Big East Conference until their expulsion after the 2004 season due to a variety of program shortcomings; they played a limited Mid-American Conference schedule in 2005 and 2006 before becoming a completely affiliated football-only member and playing a full 8-game MAC league schedule in 2007. In December 2005, Al Golden, the defensive coordinator for the University of Virginia, was named head coach, replaced Bobby Wallace. He would accumulate a 27–34 record before moving to the Miami (FL). With the improvement to Temple's football program, the school was invited to rejoin the Big East Conference as an associate member for football for 2012 and as a full member for all sports in 2013. By the time Temple returned to full membership, the Big East had split along football lines into a new, non-football Big East Conference and the football-sponsoring American Athletic Conference, with Temple joining The American. On December 23, 2010, Steve Addazio, then offensive coordinator at the University of Florida, was named head coach to continue and build upon the foundation Golden had left.  2015 was a breakout year for the program. The Owls won 10 out of 12 regular season games, including victories over Penn State, Cincinnati and a 4-point loss in the waning minutes to Notre Dame, with an AAC Championship game-clinching victory over bowl-bound UConn in the final game of the season. For the first time in generations, the Temple Owls were ranked in the AP, Coaches and College Football Playoff polls for half the season.

Baseball.

Temple's baseball program was in existence from 1927–2014, and played in two College World Series. Its winningest coach, James "Skip" Wilson, guided the Owls to 901 career wins. The team played in the NCAA Tournament a total of 14 times, and advanced to the NCAA College World Series in 1972 and 1977. The Owls were three-time A-10 Champions (1983, 1984, 2001) since joining the league in 1983.  Temple played its home games at Skip Wilson Field in Ambler, a Philadelphia-suburb, from 2004–2014 season. After the 2014 season, the program was cut to comply with Title IX.

Rugby.

Temple plays every year at the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC). The CRC is the highest profile college rugby tournament in the country, and is played every year at PPL Park in Philadelphia, and is broadcast live on NBC. Temple is one of the local favorites at the CRC, and is considered to have "the best fans, as they put in time and effort and noise to cheer for their teams." One opposing coach stated that the Temple fans at PPL Park were "the greatest fan advantage I've ever seen."  Temple Rugby has been one of the most successful sports at Temple University since its inception in 1980. Temple has won the Mayer's Cup and Liberty Cup multiple times. Temple has qualified for the EPRU championships three years in a row, and in 2003 won the Division II EPRU championships. Temple played in the Division II title game in 2010, but lost to Claremont 25–19. Temple's success resulted in its promotion in 2010 to the Division I level. Temple now plays in the Keystone Conference against local rivals such as St. Joseph's University. In their first season in Division 1, Temple posted a 12–2 record, and advanced to the 2011 Division I National Collegiate Rugby Championship playoffs, where they reached the round of 16 before losing to top seeded Bowling Green. Temple rugby is funded by the University, alumni, and student fundraising.

Soccer.

The soccer program was established in 1926, producing five Olympians en route to surpassing the 500-win milestone in the fall of 1996. Soccer team is currently coached by David MacWilliams, entering his 16th season in 2015–16. MacWilliams guided the Owls to three straight A-10 Tournament appearances in 2010, 2011 and 2012. All-time, the program has made six NCAA Tournament appearances (1966, 1967, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1985) and won first-round games in three of those appearances (1966, 1976, 1978). The Owls won the Soccer Bowl in 1951 and went undefeated in 1953 to win an Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association National Championship.

Other men's sports.

Cross Country and Track & Field.

Men's and women's cross country and track & field teams are coached by Elvis Forde, who entered his inaugural season in 2014–15. In 2012, Travis Mahoney became the first-ever Temple cross country runner to score points at the NCAA Championships, placing fifth and earning his second All-American honor in the sport (2nd team in 2011, 1st team in 2012). Earlier in 2012, Mahoney was Temple's first-ever First Team All-American for track & field when he placed fifth in the 3000-meter steeplechase at the NCAA Championships.

Crew.

Temple's men's crew team is coached by Dr. Gavin R. White, entering his 35th season in 2013–14. Under White's guidance, the Owls have earned international distinction with seven invitations to Great Britain's premiere regatta, the renowned Henley Royal Regatta (1983–86, 1989, 1990, 1994). In Temple's seven appearances, White has led the Owls to the Grand Finale once (1984) and into the quarterfinals four times (1985, 1990, 1993, 1994).

Golf.

The Temple golf program, inaugurated in 1931, has participated in 20 NCAA championship tournaments, produced 22 All-American citations and won 15 conference championships. Golf team is coached by Brian Quinn, entering his seventh season in 2013–14. The program has made 14 NCAA Tournament appearances, most recently in 1988, and won the Atlantic 10 Championship six times (1982, 1984, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1995).

Gymnastics.

Under Fred Turoff, the men's gymnastics team has won 18 ECAC/EIGL championships, and produced five individual NCAA national champions. Recently Darin Gerlach won an individual event national championship in 1998. As of 2013, Temple's men's gymnastics team was coached by Fred Turoff, entering his 38th season in 2013–14 with an impressive career record of 432–184. The program won the NCAA Championship in 1948–49, and won seven Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) Championships including back-to-back titles in 2012 and 2013. Fifteen members of the team have won individual NCAA titles.  Men's gymnastics was cut as of the 2013–2014 school year.

Tennis.

Temple's tennis team is coached by Steve Mauro, entering his tenth season as men's coach and who also coaches the women's tennis team. Men's program won the Atlantic 10 Championship in 1985.

Track and Field.

In track and field, Eulace Peacock remains a giant in the history of the sport. In the mid-1930s, Peacock brought national attention to himself and the Temple program with a string of sprinting victories over famed Ohio State and Olympic Games star Jesse Owens.

Women's sports.

As early as 1923, the University's women began participating on club sport teams. In fact, that year, Coach Blanche Voorhees guided an Owl basketball team to a perfect 12–0 record and also started a field hockey program. Additional sports for women followed: swimming in 1926, tennis in 1939, fencing in 1946, softball in 1949, lacrosse in 1957, and finally volleyball, track and field in 1975. The modern era took root in 1974, when Temple named physical education instructor Veronica "Ronnie" Maurek to the dual role of head basketball and softball coach. When Maurek chose to coach only softball three years later, the University went outside the physical education department for the first time to hire its first modern-day full-time women's basketball coach, Andy McGovern.

Basketball.

Andy McGovern, who was Temple's first full-time women's basketball coach, produced the Owls' first winning season of the modern era with a 14–10 mark in the 1979–80 season. Prior to the 1980–81 season, Temple named Linda MacDonald as its second full-time head coach and began the process of national recruiting and scheduling. By the 1988–89 season, MacDonald had produced the Owls' first team to qualify for the NCAA Tournament. In the 1983–84 campaign, Marilyn Stephens was named to the Kodak All-America team.  From 1999 to 2008, the Temple Owls women's basketball team was guided by head coach and three-time Olympic Gold Medalist, Dawn Staley. Under Staley's leadership, Temple earned six NCAA Appearances (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008).  Staley was named the head coach for the University of South Carolina on May 7, 2008. She was succeeded by Tonya Cardoza, a former assistant coach from the University of Connecticut. As an assistant coach at UConn, Cardoza helped lead the Huskies to five National Championships (1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004). Cardoza was introduced as the head coach for the Temple Owls on July 1, 2008.  In 2005, by winning 25 straight games, a #15 national ranking and a trip to the NCAA Second Round for just the second time in school history, Temple Women's Basketball also upholds the reputation of Temple athletics. Women's Basketball coach Dawn Staley was the 2004 Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year, has won 74 games in her first four seasons, captured Temple's only two conference championships and earned three postseason bids. In the summer of 2004 she captured her third Olympic Gold Medal, playing for Team USA in the 2004 Games in Athens, Greece and was selected as the United States flag bearer for the opening ceremonies.  Entering the 2011–12 season, Temple had played in the previous nine NCAA tournaments. The Owls' streak ended in 2012 when they played instead in the Women's National Invitation Tournament (WNIT). They advanced to the WNIT Third Round. Heading into the 2013–14 season, Cardoza's overall record at Temple is 107–56.

Cross Country and Track & Field.

Temple's men's and women's cross country and track & field teams are coached by Elvis Forde, entering his inaugural season in 2014–15.

Fencing.

Temple's fencing team operates under head coach Nikki Franke. Between 1983 and 1995, Owl fencers competed in the NCAA championships every year and never finished lower than fifth. Coach Nikki Franke entered her 44th season in 2015–16 with an impressive 723–207–1 career record. Franke has led the Owls to 40 postseason appearances during her tenure. Temple's Foil team won the NCAA National Championship in the 1991–92 season and claimed a total of 12 top-six finishes from 1983 through 1994. Franke has been honored as national Coach of the Year on four occasions.» In the 2016 - 2017 season, Temple finished 34-9 overall in dual meets, setting a program record for wins in a season and surpassing the previous record by six (28 wins in 2013-14).

Field Hockey.

Temple field hockey teams have finished among the NCAA's top 20 no less than 13 times in the last 15 seasons, while producing 24 All-Americans. Jane Catanzaro, a four-time All-American between 1987 and 1990, won the prestigious Honda Award in the 1990–91 academic year, for outstanding achievement and excellence in intercollegiate athletics. Amanda Janney led the field hockey team for 10 years until she resigned in 2015. The program advanced to the Atlantic 10 Tournament for 10 straight seasons from 2003 to 2012. The Owls have made three NCAA Tournament appearances (1990, 1991, 1992) and won the A-10 Championship in 1991. The current coach is Marybeth Freeman, leading the field hockey team since 2015.

Gymnastics.

The gymnastics program started in 1975. The current gymnastics team is coached by Umme Salim-Beasley, hired as Temple's head women's gymnastics coach in late April, 2015. Salim-Beasley had spent the previous four seasons as an assistant coach at Rutgers University, and was named the East Atlantic Gymnastics League (EAGL) Assistant Coach of the Year in 2014. Since 2009, the Owls have placed third in the ECAC three times (2009, 2010, 2012), and fourth two times (2011, 2013).

Lacrosse.

Under the direction of Tina Sloan Green, and beginning in 1975, the Temple lacrosse program captured three national championships and has had individuals earn 43 All-American certificates. The tradition of excellence was carried on by head coach Kim Ciarrocca, who was a member of the Owls' 1988 national championship club and guided her 1997 team into the NCAA Final Four. Temple's women's lacrosse team is currently coached by Bonnie Rosen, leading the team since 2007. Rosen is a 2010 US Lacrosse Hall of Fame inductee. The program won the NCAA National Championship in both 1984 and 1988, and has made 17 all-time appearances in the NCAA Tournament. The Owls won five A-10 Championships during their 15 years in the league, most recently in 2008.

Rowing.

Rowing team is coached by Rebecca Smith Grzybowski, entering her second season as head coach in 2013–14. The program's women's varsity 8 earned gold medals at the 1994 and 1996 Dad Vail Regattas, and the varsity 8 earned a silver medal at the 2006 Atlantic 10 Championships.

Soccer.

Women's soccer team played its first season in 1981. The Owls advanced to the Atlantic 10 Tournament three times (1993, 1994 and 1995).

Softball.

Temple's softball team was coached by Joe DiPietro, who entered his sixth season in 2013–14. DiPietro coached the Owls to a school-record 32 wins and school-record 90 Home Runs in the 2013 season. The program made one appearance in the NCAA Tournament in 2004 after winning the Atlantic 10 Championship. In 2014, Temple University eliminated the program in a budget-cutting move.

Tennis.

Temple's women's tennis team is coached by Steve Mauro, entering his sixth season as women's coach in 2015–16. The women's program won four Atlantic 10 Championships (1994, 1995, 2003, 2008).

Volleyball.

The Temple's volleyball team was led by one of the "architects of the game," Bob Bertucci for 16 years until his retirement in 2010. Temple's volleyball team is currently coached by Bakeer Ganesharatnam, taking over in 2010. The program has made four NCAA Tournament appearances (1987, 1988, 1989, 2002), and advanced to the NCAA Sweet Sixteen in 2002. The Owls were also A-10 Champions in each of those four seasons.

Program cuts.

In 2013, Temple announced the school would eliminate the following seven athletic teams: Softball, baseball, women's rowing, men's rowing (a non-NCAA sport), men's gymnastics, and both men's indoor and outdoor track and field. The school said they no longer chose to field 24 teams and cited Title IX, facility needs, and student welfare. Several months after that announcement, the city of Philadelphia agreed to pay for the renovation of Temple's former boathouse, leading Temple to immediately reinstate rowing as a varsity sport for both sexes.

The Temple Owls are the athletic teams that represent Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The school's sports teams are called the Owls. The current athletic director is Patrick Kraft.

Les Owls de Temple (en anglais : "Temple Owls") sont un club omnisports universitaire de l'Université Temple à Philadelphie (Pennsylvanie). Les équipes des Owls participent aux compétitions universitaires organisées par la National Collegiate Athletic Association. Temple fait partie de la division Atlantic Ten Conference mais l'équipe de football américain est associée à la Mid-American Conference après avoir un statut d'équipe indépendante de niveau DI-A en 2005. Avant cette date, Temple évoluait en Big East Conference. À partir de 2013, Temple évolue au sein de l'American Athletic Conference.


Early life.

Dillane was born in Kensington, London, to an English mother, Bridget (née Curwen), and an Australian surgeon father, John Dillane. The eldest of his siblings (his younger brother Richard is also an actor), he grew up in West Wickham, Kent.  At school, Dillane began performing in end-of-term plays and had "a certain facility" for funny accents. He often found himself in women's roles, which he says "wasn’t good for my confused adolescent psyche", but also recalls a part in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" as being particularly memorable, noting that shouting "Fire!" as Rosencrantz while pointing at the audience was "a very thrilling thing to be able to do."  He studied history and politics at the University of Exeter, concentrating on the Russian Revolution, and afterward became a journalist for the "Croydon Advertiser". Unhappy in his career, he read one day how actor Trevor Eve gave up architecture for acting; this, along with reading "Hamlet" and Peter Brook's "The Empty Space" back-to-back, made him "light up inside somewhere" and spurred him to enter the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School at 25. During his early acting career, he was known as Stephen Dillon but reverted to his birth name in the 1990s.

Career.

Dillane is an experienced theatre actor; his notable roles include Archer in "The Beaux' Stratagem" (Royal National Theatre, 1989), Prior Walter in "Angels in America" (1993), "Hamlet" (1994), Clov in Samuel Beckett's "Endgame" (1996), "Uncle Vanya" (1998), Henry in Tom Stoppard's "The Real Thing" (for which he won a Tony Award in 2000), "The Coast of Utopia" (2002), and a one-man version of "Macbeth" (2005). He has also performed T.S. Eliot's "Four Quartets" in London and New York City, and was seen in the 2010 Bridge Project's productions of "The Tempest" and "As You Like It".  Dillane also portrayed Horatio in the 1990 film adaptation of "Hamlet". He played Michael Henderson in "Welcome to Sarajevo" (1997), a character based on British journalist Michael Nicholson, and the impatient and easily agitated Harker in "Spy Game" (2001).  Dillane is also known for his portrayal of Leonard Woolf in "The Hours" (2002), legendary English professional golfer Harry Vardon in "The Greatest Game Ever Played" (2005) and Glen Foy in the "Goal!" trilogy. He also starred in "John Adams" as Thomas Jefferson.  He joined the cast of "Game of Thrones" in 2011 as Stannis Baratheon, a major contender for the throne of the fictional realm of Westeros. While admitting he had not read the books on which the series is based, he commented that the show's appeal was due to "the storytelling, the extraordinary world that’s created and the way it reflects our actual world – a naked, ruthless pursuit of power in all its forms."  In 2012, he also played Rupert Keel, head of the private security agency Byzantium, in the BBC drama series "Hunted". The following year he went on to take the male lead, opposite Clémence Poésy, in the crime drama series "The Tunnel", an Anglo-French remake of the Scandinavian "The Bridge". Dillane, who had not seen the original series, plays Karl Roebuck, the laid-back, experienced British detective to Poésy's humourless French counterpart. His performance won him an International Emmy Award for Best Actor. In a second series in 2016, titled "The Tunnel: Sabotage", he reprised his role alongside Poésy for a new case involving a deadly airliner crash in the English Channel.  Besides television, Dillane also starred in the 2012 British independent film "Papadopoulos & Sons" as successful entrepreneur Harry Papadopoulos, who rediscovers his life after being forced to start again from nothing in the wake of a banking crisis. His son, Frank Dillane, plays his son in the film. That same year he also had roles in the films "Zero Dark Thirty" and "Twenty8k".  Offscreen, the actor in 2014 collaborated with visual artist Tacita Dean for the Sydney Biennale and Carriageworks in a project called "Event for a Stage". The work, performed live and later adapted for radio broadcast and film, explored the process of filmmaking and the "concept of artifice on the stage" through a single actor, Dillane. The performance encompassed readings from texts as well as his personal reflections on acting, theatre, and family. 2015 saw Dillane making other brief returns to stage including a reprise of his reading of "Four Quartets" in London and a one-off appearance in Tim Crouch's "An Oak Tree" at the National Theatre.  In 2016, besides appearing in the second series of "The Tunnel", Dillane returned to the Donmar Warehouse for a revival of Brian Friel's "Faith Healer". His performance as Frank, an itinerant Irish healer, was described as "poetic and powerful." In addition, he appeared as artist Graham Sutherland in "The Crown", Netflix's TV series about British monarch Elizabeth II. In 2017, Dillane appeared in two biopics, playing Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax in Joe Wright's "Darkest Hour", starring Gary Oldman as Winston Churchill, and writer William Godwin, the father of "Frankenstein" author Mary Shelley, in the film "Mary Shelley.  In 2018 he shot the film "The Thin Man" which has since been retitled "The Man In The Hat" opposite Ciarán Hinds directed by Oscar-winning composer Stephen Warbeck.

Personal life.

Dillane has two sons with actress-director Naomi Wirthner: Seamus and actor Frank Dillane, who is best known for playing the young Tom Riddle in the film adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" and Nick Clark on AMC's "Fear The Walking Dead".

Stephen John Dillane (; born 27 March 1957) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Leonard Woolf in the 2002 film "The Hours", Stannis Baratheon in "Game of Thrones", and Thomas Jefferson in the 2008 HBO miniseries "John Adams", a part which earned him a Primetime Emmy nomination. An experienced stage actor who has been called an "actor's actor", Dillane won a Tony Award for his lead performance in Tom Stoppard's play "The Real Thing" (2000) and gave critically acclaimed performances in "Angels in America" (1993), "Hamlet" (1994), and a one-man "Macbeth" (2005). His television work has additionally garnered him BAFTA and International Emmy Awards for best actor.

Stephen John Dillane est un acteur britannique né le à Londres. Il est notamment connu pour son interprétation de Stannis Baratheon dans la série "Game of Thrones".


Name.

When the Memphis State University first fielded a football team in the fall of 1912, no one had selected a nickname for the squad. Early references to the football team tabbed them only as the Blue and Gray Warriors.  After the final game of the 1914 season, there was a student parade. During this event, several university students shouted, "We fight like Tigers!" The nickname was born. As time passed, the nickname "Tigers" was increasingly used, particularly in campus publications, but did not catch on with the newspapers downtown. They continued to use "the Blue and Gray" when referring to the university.  Under Coach Lester Barnard in 1922, Memphis's football team gave a ring of truth to that old student yell about Tigers. The team adopted a motto – "Every Man a Tiger" – and went on to score 174 points while allowing its opponents just 29 points. The Tiger nickname continued on with students and alumni, eventually being adopted as the official nickname for the University of Memphis in 1939.

Mascot.

The official mascot is TOM III, a live bengal tiger. The university is one of a few schools in the country that keep a live tiger as a mascot, although the practice of live animals serving as university mascots is carried on by a number of other universities.

Varsity sports.

Men's basketball.

The Memphis Tigers men's basketball program first gained national prominence when it reached the 1973 NCAA Division I basketball championship game. The Tigers, led by Larry Finch, Larry Kenon, Ronnie Robinson, Bill Cook and others, eventually lost to John Wooden's UCLA Bruins, led by Bill Walton.  The Tigers continued an era of excellence throughout the 1980s and went to the Final Four in 1985 losing to Villanova, the ultimate winner of the tournament. The 1985 Final Four trip has since been vacated by the NCAA due to several recruiting violations committed by head coach Dana Kirk and his staff. Success continued through much of the 1990s. Under head coach John Calipari, the Tigers reached the Elite Eight three years in a row (2006–2008) and those same years won the conference championship, going undefeated in conference play in 2007 and 2008. Their record for those three seasons is 106–9. In 2007, the team was ranked #1 in ESPN's and CBSSports.com Pre-Season Polls and for the first time in 25 years, earned a #1 ranking on January 21, 2008 in both the AP Poll and the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll. The 2008 season took the Tigers to the Final Four where Memphis lost the championship game to the Kansas Jayhawks in overtime, but later the Tigers' season and NCAA tournament appearance were vacated. In 2009, the Tigers entered the NCAA tournament as a No. 2 seed. However, they lost in the Sweet Sixteen to Missouri, 102–91. In April 2009, Josh Pastner was named head coach of the Tigers. He led the Tigers to four NCAA tournament appearances in his first five years, but never advanced past the round of 32 and missed the postseason entirely in his sixth and seventh seasons. In April 2016, a month after he had been named Sporting News Coach of the Year, Tubby Smith was hired as the new head coach of the Tigers.  Perennial rivals include Louisville, American Athletic Conference foe Cincinnati, Ole Miss, UAB, the University of Southern Mississippi, and in-state rival University of Tennessee. The world record holder for the highest slam dunk (12 feet from floor to rim) is a former University of Memphis basketball forward, and current Harlem Globetrotter Michael Wilson. At home, the Tigers play on Beale Street in the state-of-the-art FedExForum.

Women's basketball.

The Memphis Tigers women's basketball team competes in the American Athletic Conference. They previously competed in Conference USA in which they have won two Conference USA conference tournament championships and, prior to that two Metro Conference tournament championships. They play home games at the Elma Roane Fieldhouse and FedExForum.

Men's soccer.

Ever since 1982, the Memphis Men's soccer program has put together a competitive team. The program began in the Great Midwest Conference and then moved to Conference USA in 1995. In 2013, the Tiger's soccer team, and all of the tiger athletics, moved to the new American Athletic Conference. In this new conference, the soccer program and the entirety of the U of M athletics will be challenged by some of the best teams around the country. The Conference USA championship the Tiger's claimed in 2004 is a nice exclamation point for the program's different successes over the years.

Coach Richie Grant.

In 1999, Richie Grant took over the University of Memphis Soccer Program and has now been at the helm for 14 years. He is the most successful Memphis Soccer coach the university has had since the program started. Grant got his start in collegiate coaching in 1995, taking over the NAIA program at Lambuth University. During his four seasons at Lambuth, Grant won over 50 games and three conference championships.  Coach Grant began his career at Memphis with a below average 7–11–1 record. However, the next season Coach Grant and his team won a then-program record 14 games and finished fourth in the C-USA regular season standings. That 14 win season resulted in Coach Grant receiving his first C-USA Coach of the Year honor in 2000. In 2004 Coach Grant received his second C-USA Coach of the Year award when Memphis won a school-record 16 games, made its first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1993 and had the program's first All-American selection in Daton O'Brien.  As a player, Grant was a three-time NAIA All-America defender and was twice named the NAIA District V Player of the Year at Green Mountain College in Poultney, Vt. Grant received his bachelor's degree in leisure resources and facilities management at Green Mountain College and in 1993 and went on to play one season for the a semi-pro team called the Minnesota Thunder. Coach Grant is married to Lady Tigers soccer assistant coach Jodi Grant and has one daughter and one son.

Stadium.

The Tigers practice and play at the Mike Rose Soccer Complex, which has multiple fields in addition to the 2,500 seat stadium.

Professional players.

Over the course of Memphis Soccer, the program has developed some great players. Five of those players went on to play at the professional level. The players are as follows:

Football.

The University of Memphis football program dates back to 1912.  After decades of independence, the Memphis football program competed in Conference USA until 2013. Then the football team joined the American Athletic Conference. As of December 8, 2011, the team's head coach became Justin Fuente who replaced Larry Porter. The Tigers' home field is 62,380 seat Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. The U of M played in five bowl games in six seasons from 2003 to 2008. In 2005, the Tigers football team was led in the Motor City Bowl by DeAngelo Williams, a then-senior All-American running back and eventual first-round draft pick by the Carolina Panthers of the NFL.

Men's golf.

The men's golf team has won six conference championship:  Hillman Robbins won the NCAA Championship in 1954.

Memphis Tigers Pom Squad.

The Memphis Tigers Pom Squad is recognized as one of the best collegiate dance squads in the country, having won national championships in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012.

Notable alumni.

Recent professional athletes from the University of Memphis include:

The Memphis Tigers are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Memphis, located in Memphis, Tennessee. The teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the American Athletic Conference, except for the rifle team, which is a member of the single-sport Great America Rifle Conference.

Les Tigers de Memphis (en anglais : "Memphis Tigers") sont un club omnisports universitaire de l'université de Memphis. Les équipes des Tigers participent aux compétitions universitaires organisées par la National Collegiate Athletic Association. Memphis fait partie de l'American Athletic Conference.


Description.

The rite of the October Horse took place on the Ides of October, but no name is recorded for a festival on that date. The grammarian Festus describes it as follows: The October Horse is named from the annual sacrifice to Mars in the Campus Martius during the month of October. It is the right-hand horse of the winning team in the two-horse chariot races. The customary competition for its head between the residents of the Suburra and those of the Sacra Via was no trivial affair; the latter would get to attach it to the wall of the Regia, or the former

War and agriculture.

Verrius Flaccus notes that the horse ritual was carried out "ob frugum eventum", usually taken to mean "in thanks for the completed harvest" or "for the sake of the next harvest", since winter wheat was sown in the fall. The phrase has been connected to the divine personification Bonus Eventus, "Good Outcome," who had a temple of unknown date in the Campus Martius and whom Varro lists as one of the twelve agricultural deities. But like other ceremonies in October, the sacrifice occurred during the time of the army's return and reintegration into society, for which Verrius also accounted by explaining that a horse is suited for war, an ox for tilling. The Romans did not use horses as draft animals for farm work, nor chariots in warfare, but Polybius specifies that the victim is a war horse.  The ritual was held outside the "pomerium", Rome's sacred boundary, presumably because of its martial character, but agriculture was also an extra-urban activity, as Vitruvius indicates when he notes that the correct sacred place for Ceres was outside the city "(extra urbem loco)". In Rome's early history, the roles of soldier and farmer were complementary: In early Rome agriculture and military activity were closely bound up, in the sense that the Roman farmer was also a soldier.... In the case of the October Horse, for example, we should not be trying to decide whether it is a military, or an agricultural festival; but see it rather as one of the ways in which the convergence of farming and warfare (or more accurately of farmers and fighters) might be expressed. This polyvalence was characteristic of the god for whom the sacrifice was conducted, since among the Romans Mars brought war and bloodshed, agriculture and virility, and thus both death and fertility within his sphere of influence.

The Parilia and "suffimen".

The Augustan poets Propertius and Ovid both mention horse as an ingredient in the ritual preparation "suffimen" or "suffimentum", which the Vestals compounded for use in the lustration of shepherds and their sheep at the Parilia. Propertius may imply that this horse was not an original part of the preparation: "the purification rites "(lustra)" are "now" renewed by means of the dismembered horse". Ovid specifies that the horse's blood was used for the "suffimen". While the blood from the tail was dripped or smeared on the sacred hearth of Rome in October, blood or ashes from the rest

The victim.

Sacrificial victims were most often domestic animals normally part of the Roman diet, and the meat was eaten at a banquet shared by those celebrating the rite. Horse meat was distasteful to the Romans, and Tacitus classes horses among "profane" animals. Inedible victims such as the October Horse and dogs were typically offered to chthonic deities in the form of a holocaust, resulting in no shared meal. In Greece dog sacrifices were made to Mars' counterpart Ares and the related war god Enyalios. At Rome, dogs were sacrificed at the Robigalia, a festival for protecting the crops at which chariot races were held for Mars along with the namesake deity, and at a very few other public rites. Birth deities, however, also received offerings of puppies or bitches, and infant cemeteries show a high concentration of puppies, sometimes ritually dismembered. Inedible victims were offered to a restricted group of deities mainly involved with the cycle of birth and death, but the reasoning is obscure.  The importance of the horse to the war god is likewise not self-evident, since the Roman military was based on infantry. Mars' youthful armed priests the Salii, attired as "typical representatives of the archaic infantry," performed their rituals emphatically on foot, with dance steps. The equestrian order was of lesser social standing than the senatorial "patres", "fathers", who were originally the patricians only. The "Magister equitum", "Master of the Horse," was subordinate to the "Dictator", who was forbidden the use of the horse except through special legislation. By the late Republic, the Roman cavalry was formed primarily from allies "(auxilia)", and Arrian emphasizes the foreign origin of cavalry training techniques, particularly among the Celts of Gaul and Spain. Roman technical terms pertaining to horsemanship and horse-drawn vehicles are mostly not Latin in origin, and often from Gaulish.  Under some circumstances, Roman religion placed the horse under an explicit ban. Horses were forbidden in the grove of Diana Nemorensis, and the patrician Flamen Dialis was religiously prohibited from riding a horse. Mars, however, was associated with horses at his Equirria festivals and the equestrian "Troy Game", which was one of the events Augustus staged for the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor in 2 BC.  Horse sacrifice was regularly offered by peoples the Romans classified as "barbarians," such as Scythians, but also at times by Greeks. In Macedonia, "horses in armor" were sacrificed as a lustration for the army. Immediately after describing the October Horse, Festus gives three other examples: the Spartans sacrifice a horse "to the winds" on Mount Taygetus; among the Sallentini, horses were burnt alive for an obscure Jove Menzana; and every year the Rhodians dedicated a four-horse chariot "(quadriga)" to the Sun and cast it into the sea. The "quadriga" traditionally represented the sun, as the "biga" did the moon. A Persian horse-sacrifice to "Hyperion clothed in rays of light" was noted by Ovid and Greek sources.  In contrast to cultures that offered a horse to the war god in advance to ask for success, the Roman horse sacrifice marked the close of the military campaigning season. Among the Romans, horse- and chariot-races were characteristic of "old and obscure" religious observances such as the Consualia that at times propitiated chthonic deities. The horse races at the shadowy Taurian Games in honor of the underworld gods "(di inferi)" were held in the Campus Martius as were Mars' Equirria. The horse had been established as a funerary animal among the Greeks and Etruscans by the Archaic period. Hendrik Wagenvoort even speculated about an archaic form of Mars who "had been imagined as the god of death and the underworld in the shape of a horse."

Spear and officiant.

Timaeus, who interpreted the October Horse in light of Rome's claim to Trojan origins, is both the earliest source and the only one that specifies a spear as the sacrificial implement. The spear was an attribute of Mars in the way that Jupiter wielded the thunderbolt or Neptune the trident. The spear of Mars was kept in the Regia, the destination of the October Horse's tail. Sacrificial

On the calendar.

The "Equus October" occurred on the Ides of October. All Ides were sacred to Jupiter. Here as at a few other points in the calendar, a day sacred to Mars doubles up with that of another god. The "Equus" preceded the Armilustrium ("Purification of Arms") on October 19. Although most of Mars' festivals cluster in his namesake month of March "(Martius)", ceremonies pertaining to Mars in October are seen as concluding the season in which he was most active.  André Dacier, an early editor of Festus, noted in regard to the October Horse the tradition that Troy had fallen in October. The October Horse figured

Topography.

Most religious events at Rome were set in a single place, or held simultaneously in multiple locations, such as neighborhoods or private households. But like the ritual of the Argei, the October Horse links several sites within Roman religious topography. The mapping of sites may be part of the ritual's meaning, accumulated in layers over time.  The chariot races and sacrifice take place in the Campus Martius, formerly "ager Tarquiniorum", Tarquin land, an alluvial plain along the Tiber that was outside the "pomerium", Rome's sacred boundary. Religious rituals involving war, agriculture, and death are regularly held outside the "pomerium". The race seems to have been staged with temporary facilities on the Trigarium, near the Tarentum, the precinct within which the Altar of Dis and Proserpina was located. Father Dis was the Roman equivalent of the Greek "Plouton" (Pluto), and his consort Proserpina (Persephone) embodied the vegetative cycle of growth symbolizing the course of the human soul through birth, death, and rebirth into the afterlife, over which the couple presided in the mysteries. The cult may have been imported to Rome when the Saecular Games were instituted in 249 BC.

"Ad Nixas".

The sacrifice itself took place within the Tarentum "ad Nixas", probably an altar to the deities of birth "(di nixi)", invoked as "Ilithyis" and given a nocturnal sacrifice in 17 BC at the Saecular Games, which originated at the site as the "ludi tarentini". According to Festus, the "ludi tarentini" were instituted in honor of Mars under Tarquinius Superbus. Birth deities appear both in the epigraphic record of the 17 BC games and prominently in Horace's "Carmen Saeculare", composed for the occasion and performed by a children's choir: "In accordance with rite, open up full-term births, Ilithyia: watch over mothers and keep them calm, whether you are best called Lucina or Genitalis".  The Campus Martius continued in the Imperial era to be a place for equestrian and military training for youth. The Temple of Mars Ultor dedicated in 2 BC by Augustus in the Campus became the site at which young men sacrificed to conclude their rite of passage into adulthood when assuming the "toga virilis" ("man's toga") around age 14. The October

Ritual bifurcation.

The dismemberment of the horse led to a ritual bifurcation into ceremonies involving the head and tail separately. The tail was speedily transported by foot to the Regia. The route would have crossed east of the center of the Campus Martius, and along the outside of the Servian Wall to the Porta Fontinalis (in present-day Rome, to the northeast of the Altare della Patria). A monumental portico built in 193 BC connected the Porta Fontinalis to the Altar of Mars in the Campus. Once within the walls, the route would have followed the Clivus Lautumiarum up to the Comitium, then along the Via Sacra to the Regia, for about a mile. The blood from the tail was then dripped or smeared onto the sacred hearth. This collocation of divine functions recalls the annual renewal of the fire of Vesta on March 1, the "birthday" of Mars, when laurel was hung on the Regia and New Year's Day originally was celebrated on the archaic Roman calendar.  The head became the object of contention between two factions, residents of

Modern interpretations.

Corn spirit.

During the era of Wilhelm Mannhardt, J.G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists, the October Horse was regarded as the embodiment of the "corn spirit", "conceived in human or animal form" in Frazer's view, so that "the last standing corn is part of its body—its neck, its head, or its tail." ("Corn" here means "grain" in general, not "maize".) In "The Golden Bough" (1890), Frazer regarded the horse's tail and

Dumézil and functionality.

Dumézil argued that the October Horse preserved vestiges of a common Indo-European rite of kingship, evidenced also by the Vedic "ashvamedha" and the Irish inaugural sacrifice described by Giraldus Cambrensis as taking place in Ulster in the early medieval period. Perhaps the most striking similarity between the Vedic ritual and the Roman is that the sacrificial victim was the right-hand horse of a chariot team, though not the winner of a race in the Vedic rite. The head in the "ashvamedha", signifying spiritual energy, was reserved as a talisman for the king afterwards; the middle of the horse embodied physical force; and the tail was grasped by the officiant and represented the fertility of livestock. No race was involved in the Celtic ritual, either; the horse, a mare who seems to have been the sexual surrogate of the goddess of sovereignty, was consumed communally by king and people from a cauldron in which he was immersed and inaugurated. (In the

"Homo Necans".

In "Homo Necans", Walter Burkert saw the October Horse as a "sacrifice of dissolution" (hence his willingness to entertain the

Julius Caesar and human sacrifice.

In 46 BCE, discontent arose among the troops supporting Julius Caesar in the civil wars. His lavish public expenditures, they complained, came at their expense: Instead of raising the army's pay, Caesar was using his newly confiscated wealth for such displays as a silk canopy to shelter spectators at the games he staged. The disgruntled soldiers rioted. Caesar came upon them, and shocked them back into discipline by killing one on sight. According to Cassius Dio, the sole source for the episode:  Two others were slain as a sort of ritual observance ("hierourgia," ἱερουργία). The true cause I am unable to state, inasmuch as the Sibyl made no utterance and there was no other similar oracle, but at any rate they were sacrificed in the Campus Martius

In ancient Roman religion, the October Horse (Latin Equus October) was an animal sacrifice to Mars carried out on October 15, coinciding with the end of the agricultural and military campaigning season. The rite took place during one of three horse-racing festivals held in honor of Mars, the others being the two Equirria on February 27 and March 14.

L'October equus (en français « cheval d'octobre ») est le nom d’une fête religieuse célébrée en l'honneur de Mars dans la Rome antique le 15 octobre, date coïncidant avec la fin de la saison des campagnes agricole et militaire. Ce rite, où l'on sacrifiait un cheval, prenait place lors de l'une des trois courses de chevaux dédiées à Mars, les deux autres étant les "Equiria" célébrées les 27 février et 14 mars.


Early life.

Erick Avari was born Nariman Eruch Avari in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India, into a Parsi Zoroastrian family. His father, Eruch Avari, ran two movie theatres, the Capital and the Rink. His early education was at the prestigious North Point School, which he attended as a day-scholar. He later studied at the College of Charleston.  Erick is a member of the Avari-Madan family of Darjeeling and Calcutta. His great-great-grandfather was Jamshedji Framji Madan, one of the pioneers of Indian cinema.

Career.

Avari is known for his roles in such films as "The Beast" (1988), "Encino Man" (1992), "Stargate" (1994), "Independence Day" (1996), "The Mummy" (1999), "Planet of the Apes" (2001), "Home Alone 4" (2002), "Mr. Deeds" (2002), "Daredevil" (2003), and "" (2007). He is one of only two actors, along with Alexis Cruz, to appear in both the original "Stargate" movie and the spin-off series "Stargate SG-1" (three episodes). Before arriving in Los Angeles in 1991, his extensive work onstage garnered him praise from theater critics across America, most notably as Vasquez, in "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" with Val Kilmer at the Joseph Papp Public Theater, and as Sir Richard at The Guthrie Theater's memorable production of "The Screens".  He has made guest appearances on "Castle", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Heroes", "Hope & Faith", "Law & Order", "Burn Notice", "Lie to Me", "Party Down", "", "seaQuest DSV", "", "", "The West Wing", "The X-Files", "Dharma & Greg", "Babylon 5", "Alias", "The O.C.", "The Sarah Silverman Program", "Leverage", "", "Covert Affairs", and "Human Target". He appeared in cameo roles in "JAG"; "Living People"; "NYPD Blue"; "Cheers"; "Murder, She Wrote"; "Roseanne"; "Judging Amy"; "NCIS"; and "Everwood". In the video game "Zork Grand Inquisitor", he played Grand Inquisitor Mir Yannick, a ruthless dictator who serves as the game's main villain. He also appeared in "".  Beginning in the autumn of 2006, a photograph of Avari and a recording of his voice have been used in the role of Chandra Suresh in "Heroes". He did not appear onscreen until the episode "Seven Minutes to Midnight", as his character is part of the backstory and had died before the events of the pilot. When his character does appear, it is only in flashbacks until the episode "Six Months Ago", when the story centers on six months before the events of the pilot episode. In this episode, Suresh moves to New York and contacts people on "the list" he generated of those he believes to have special genetic aberrations.  Over the course of his career, Avari has portrayed representatives of more than 24 ethnicities. As of November 2006, he has appeared in 33 feature films and over 70 television episodes. Avari has appeared with Brent Spiner in four different productions: "" (1987), "Independence Day" (1996), "The Master of Disguise", and "Home Alone 4" (2002). He performed opposite Richard Gere in a drama film based on a true story: "", in which he played Jasjeet, an Indian hot dog vendor.  Beginning with his small role in Encino Man (1992). Erick has been steadfast in his beliefs against "Wheezing the Juice", despite co-star Pauly Shore attempting to show that it was necessary to cruise the mountain.  Avari was scheduled to reprise in his role as Kasuf in the "Stargate SG-1" Season Six finale "Full Circle", but was unable to do so due to his commitment to "Dragnet" (2003).  In January 2009, he played a cell-phone salesman in "", and in October 2009, he was cast as Omar on "Days of Our Lives".  In 2014, Avari voiced Master Rahool in the science fiction video game "Destiny".  In 2017, Avari was seen in both the U.S conspiracy thriller "Project Eden: Vol. I" and, as Nicodemus, in the television drama series "The Chosen".

Erick Avari (born 13 April 1952) is an Indian–American actor known primarily for his roles in science-fiction productions, including "Stargate" (1994), "Independence Day" (1996) and "The Mummy" (1999).

Erick Avari, né Nariman Eruch Avari le à Darjeeling (Inde), est un acteur indo-américain. Au cinéma, il a joué dans "Stargate, Independence Day, La Momie, La Planète des singes", "Les Aventures de Mister Deeds", "Daredevil" et "Hatchi."


Early life and career.

Scheer was born and raised in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Mary Gerarda Therese (Enright), a nurse, and James D. Scheer, a librarian, proofreader with the "Ottawa Citizen", and Catholic deacon. James was born in the United States. According to a 2019 Maclean's article, Scheer's family earned considerably more than the median income for most Canadian families. Scheer has two sisters. Part of Scheer's family is from Romania. Scheer spent summers during his youth with his maternal grandparents in Mississauga. Scheer graduated from Immaculata High School, and later received the "Distinguished Catholic Alumni" award from it in 2012.

Post-secondary education.

In 1998, Scheer began his Bachelor of Arts (BA) studies in criminology, political science, and history at the University of Ottawa, from which he would ultimately graduate in 2008, receiving his BA degree four years after he was first elected to Parliament. During his earlier university years, Scheer worked on several political campaigns, including the campaign to merge the Progressive Conservative and Reform parties and Preston Manning's campaign

Pre-MP work.

In Regina, Scheer worked as an insurance clerk, a waiter, and in the constituency office of Canadian Alliance MP Larry Spencer. In 2005, Scheer's blog as an MP listed that he was an accredited insurance broker, and in 2007 the biography section on Scheer's MP website stated that he passed the Canadian Accredited Insurance Broker program in Saskatchewan and started

Political career.

First years in the House of Commons.

Scheer was elected at age 25 as a Conservative candidate in the federal election of 2004, in the riding of Regina—Qu'Appelle, beating New Democratic Party (NDP) MP Lorne Nystrom—the longest-serving member of the House of Commons at the time—by 861 votes. Near the end of the race, Scheer accused Nystrom of being soft on child pornography. He was re-elected in the federal election of 2006, once again defeating Nystrom, this time by

Speaker of the House of Commons.

When the Conservative Party won a majority at the federal election in 2011, Scheer's experience as deputy speaker led many to consider him the front-runner to be elected speaker of the House of Commons. On 2 June 2011, Scheer defeated Denise Savoie, the lone opposition candidate and only woman in the sixth round of balloting. Scheer became the youngest House speaker in Canadian history and the first speaker to represent a Saskatchewan riding. Liberal MPs, who opposed Scheer's candidacy, criticized the NDP for voting for their own party member instead of tipping the balance toward Conservative MP Lee Richardson based on the MPs' beliefs that Scheer was "Harper's Boy".

After 2015.

Scheer was re-elected in the 2015 federal election in which the Conservative government was defeated. He was appointed opposition House leader by leader of the Official Opposition and interim Conservative party leader Rona Ambrose. He thought about running for the position of interim party leader but was dissuaded by fellow caucus

2017 leadership election.

On 28 September 2016, Scheer announced his bid for the leadership of the Conservative Party, and that he had the support of 32 members of the Conservative caucus. On 27 May 2017, Scheer was elected as the second full-time leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, beating runner up Maxime Bernier and more than 12 others with 50.95% of the vote through 13 rounds. Bernier later attributed his failure to the "fake conservatives" in the supply management dairy lobby and agricultural sector. Scheer garnered laughs at the annual Press Gallery dinner by joking: Scheer's campaign for the Conservative leadership

Leader of the Official Opposition.

After the Charlottesville, Virginia "Unite the Right" rally, Scheer denounced Rebel News due to its sympathetic coverage of the rally, and stated that he would stop doing interviews with The Rebel Media until its "editorial directions" changed. The day after Scheer stated that he would not be granting interview with the Rebel going forward in an interview with the "National Post".  On 4 January 2018, Scheer expelled Senator Lynn Beyak from the conservative caucus, after she refused to remove one of her letters that suggested Indigenous people want to get things for "no effort". He also stated that "Racism will not be tolerated in the Conservative caucus or Conservative Party of Canada". Scheer said that his office was only aware of the letters on 2 January, but Garnet Angeconeb, a residential school survivor, stated that he emailed Scheer and Conservative Senate Leader Larry Smith about them on 15 September 2017, and did not get a response. In response, Beyak said neither Scheer nor anyone from his office contacted her to take down a letter. A senior Conservative source confirmed Beyak's accusation.  Scheer travelled to the United Kingdom in March 2018 to "lay the groundwork" for a Canada–UK trade agreement, should he become prime minister after the 2019 election. In

Political positions.

Economic.

Scheer has proposed a tax cut for the lowest income tax bracket. This tax bracket, for income up to $47,630, would be reduced from 15 per cent to 13.75 per cent over the next four years. The Conservatives has stated this tax cut would save the average individual $444 a year, and a two-income couple $850 per year. Scheer has promised to restore the Children's Fitness Tax Credit, where families can claim $1,000 annually for costs related to fitness or sports. Families with children with disabilities can claim $1,500. Scheer has states that he will cancel Canada's $250 million annual contribution to the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.  Scheer has expressed support for free markets stating that he believes in "a free market where businesses profit by having the best product or service".  Scheer was a major advocate for the removal of the Canadian Wheat Board. Scheer proposed a policy to mandate

Education.

Scheer has promised to increase the federal government's contribution to the Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP), increasing it from 20% to 30% annually up to $2,500. He added that low-income families would receive

Environment.

Scheer has described his opposition to a federally-imposed carbon tax. He has said that if he is to form government, he will act to repeal any elements of a plan to implement a carbon tax enacted by the Trudeau government. Scheer has proposed to restore the public transit tax credit, which the party says is part of its environment plan. The Green Public Transit Tax Credit, would refund transit users a 15-per-cent credit on their taxes of the cost of a metro pass or a bus pass. Scheer has also promised to implement a Green

Firearms.

Scheer pledged that a Conservative government would extend the period of background checks to an individual's entire life instead of the current system of five years. He opposes a long-gun

Foreign policy.

China.

Scheer says he would not pursue a free trade agreement with China

Israel.

In December 2017, when U.S. President Donald Trump announced his decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, Scheer did not take a public position. However, on 26 February 2018, Scheer

Saudi Arabia.

After Prime Minister Justin Trudeau told CTV's "Question Period" that the government was examining means to block shipment of Canadian-built light-armoured vehicles to Saudi Arabia in protest of the brutal murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, Scheer stated that he firmly opposed any such move

Ukraine.

Scheer was one of thirteen Canadians banned from travelling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by President Vladimir Putin in March 2014. Scheer supported sending peacekeepers to the Russian-Ukrainian border believing that "the defence of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity should be a priority for Canada's government on the international stage."

Immigration.

Scheer wants to prioritize helping those he considers the most vulnerable refugees, namely religious minorities like Christians in the Middle East who face death for conversion away from Islam. He prefers to help

Quebec.

On 8 February 2018, Scheer expressed good will towards opening the constitution in support of then-premier Philippe Couillard's proposal based around five conditions which were: the codification of a distinct society; limits on federal spending power; while guaranteeing representation on the Supreme Court; a constitutional veto right; and increased control over immigration to Quebec in the constitution. In May 2018, Scheer

Senate.

Scheer opposes the non-partisan senate and has suggested that he would appoint people to the Senate "who share my goal of lowering taxes and growing the private sector". He also said "they would be Conservative senators who would implement the conservative vision for

Social.

Scheer is considered pro life by the Campaign Life Coalition and "has an impeccable pro life voting record" in the House of Commons. He has said that he will respect the Conservative Party's official policy on abortion, which currently states, "A Conservative government will not support any legislation to regulate abortion". Scheer reiterated his stance on abortion during a 2017 CBC News interview, stating that he still considers himself pro-life, but would not re-open the issue if he were prime minister. In 2008, he was disappointed when the Order of Canada was given to Henry Morgentaler, and annoyed that his award came on Canada Day. Scheer accused the Liberal government of "imposing" the prime minister's views on upholding "women's rights and women's reproductive rights" when faith groups are applying for funding for summer jobs programs.  Scheer voted against Bill C-14, which allows practitioners to assist in the suicide of mentally competent adults with "enduring and intolerable suffering" in cases where death is "reasonably foreseeable". Scheer was critical of Justin Trudeau over comments made by the Governor General Julie Payette

Transparency.

"The Globe and Mail" reported that Scheer was not posting details of his private fundraising events. Scheer previously criticized Justin Trudeau for hosting cash-for-access fundraisers. Scheer stated that, "The Prime Minister of Canada is a public office holder and... he and his cabinet have held a number of receptions that are directly linked

Personal life.

Scheer married Jill Ryan at the Holy Rosary Cathedral in Regina in 2003. The couple have five children together. Scheer is a practising Catholic who attends Sunday mass and is an active member of the Knights of Columbus. His children attend a private faith-based school. According to Global News, "Scheer’s French is passable, but he’s not fluently bilingual."  Scheer is a hunter and firearm owner. A gridiron football fan, Scheer supports the Seattle Seahawks and Saskatchewan Roughriders; his brother-in-law is professional football player Jon Ryan. Another of his wife's brothers, Steve Ryan, ran for the Saskatchewan NDP in the 2007 and 2011 provincial elections.  When he was speaker of the House from 2011 to 2015, he lived at the official residence, called the Farm, in the Gatineau Hills. Currently, he lives in Stornoway, the official residence of the leader of the Opposition.

Dual citizenship.

Scheer has dual Canadian and American citizenship, and in August 2019 he began the process of renouncing his US citizenship, which he obtained through his American-born father. Scheer confirmed that he has filed US tax returns and the party verified that he is registered for the draft under the U.S. Selective Service System, which is a

Electoral record.

"Note: Conservative vote is compared to the Canadian Alliance vote in 2000 election."

Andrew James Scheer (born 20 May 1979) is a Canadian politician who currently serves as the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and leader of the Official Opposition since 2017. Scheer has been the member of Parliament (MP) for Regina—Qu'Appelle since 2004.

Andrew James Scheer, né le à Ottawa, est un homme politique canadien. Député fédéral pour Regina—Qu'Appelle depuis 2004, il est président de la Chambre des communes du Canada de 2011 à 2015.