History.

Muslim Acehnese from the Aceh Sultanate performed suicide attacks known as "Parang-sabil" against Dutch invaders during the Aceh War. It was considered as part of personal jihad in the Islamic religion of the Acehnese. The Dutch called it "Atjèh-moord", which literally translates to "Aceh murder". The Acehnese work of literature, the "Hikayat Perang Sabil" provided the background and reasoning for the "Aceh-mord" – Acehnese suicide attacks upon the Dutch, The Indonesian translations of the Dutch terms are Aceh bodoh (Aceh pungo) or Aceh gila (Aceh mord).  "Atjèh-moord" was also used against the Japanese by the Acehnese during the Japanese occupation of Aceh. The Acehnese Ulama (Islamic clerics) fought against both the Dutch and the Japanese, revolting against the Dutch in February 1942 and against Japan in November 1942. The revolt was led by the All-Aceh Religious Scholars' Association ( PUSA). The Japanese suffered 18 dead in the uprising while they slaughtered up to 100 or over 120 Acehnese. The revolt happened in Bayu and was centred around Tjot Plieng village's religious school. During the revolt, the Japanese troops armed with mortars and machine guns were charged by sword wielding Acehnese under Teungku Abduldjalil (Tengku Abdul Djalil) in Buloh Gampong Teungah and Tjot Plieng on 10 and 13 November. In May 1945 the Acehnese rebelled again.  The original Jawi script Acehnese language work Hikayat Perang Sabil (w:ace:Hikayat Prang Sabi, w:id:Hikayat Prang Sabi) has been transliterated into the Latin alphabet and annotated by Ibrahim Alfian (Teuku.) published in Jakarta. Perang sabi was the Acehnese word for jihad, a holy war and Acehnese language literary works on perang sabi were distributed by Islamic clerics ('ulama) such as Teungku di Tiro to help the resistance against the Dutch in the Aceh War. The recompense awarded by in paradise detailed in Islamic Arabic texts and Dutch atrocities were expounded on in the Hikayat Perang Sabil which was communally read by small cabals of Ulama and Acehnese who swore an oath before going to achieve the desired status of "martyr" by launching suicide attacks on the Dutch. Perang sabil was the Malay equivalent to other terms like Jihad, Ghazawat for "Holy war", the text was also spelled "Hikayat perang sabi". Fiction novels like Sayf Muhammad Isa's "Sabil: Prahara di Bumi Rencong" on the war by Aceh against the Dutch include references ro Hikayat Perang Sabil. Mualimbunsu Syam Muhammad wrote the work called "Motives for Perang Sabil in Nusantara", "Motivasi perang sabil di Nusantara: kajian kitab Ramalan Joyoboyo, Dalailul-Khairat, dan Hikayat Perang Sabil" on Indonesia's history of Islamic holy war (Jihad). Children and women were inspired to do suicide attacks by the Hikayat Perang Sabil against the Dutch. Hikayat Perang Sabil is also known as "Hikayat Prang Sabi". Hikayat Perang Sabil is considered as part of 19th century Malay literature. In Dutch occupied Aceh, Hikayat Perang Sabil was confiscated from Sabi's house during a Police raid on September 27, 1917.  In the Philippines the Moro Muslims are reported to have engaged in suicide attacks against enemies as early as the 16th century. Those who performed suicide attacks were called "mag-sabil", and the suicide attacks were known as "Parang-sabil". The Spanish called them "juramentado". The idea of the juramentado was considered part of jihad in the Moros' Islamic religion. During an attack, a Juramentado would throw himself at his targets and kill them with bladed weapons such as barongs and kris until he himself was killed. The Moros performed juramentado suicide attacks against the Spanish in the Spanish–Moro conflict of the 16th to the 19th centuries, against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion (1899–1913), and against the Japanese in World War II. The Moro Juramentados aimed their attacks specifically against their enemies, and not against non-Muslims in general. They launched suicide attacks on the Japanese, Spanish, Americans and Filipinos, but did not attack the non-Muslim Chinese as the Chinese were not considered enemies of the Moro people. The Japanese responded to these suicide attacks by massacring all the relatives of the attacker.  The origins of modern Istishhadi attacks lie among the Shia in Iran during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh, a 13-year-old boy who fought in the war, is said to be the first Muslim to have participated in such an attack in contemporary history. He strapped rocket-propelled grenades to his chest and blew himself up under an Iraqi tank in November 1980. Ayatollah Khomeini declared Fahmideh a national hero and inspiration for further volunteers for martyrdom. Other Iranian basij volunteers ran through minefields to detonate buried landmines and clear a safe battlefield path for following soldiers.  Shia usually refer to the martyrdom of Hussain ibn Ali and his companions and family members in the Battle of Karbala as role models and inspiration for martyrdom as a glorious and noble death.  When the Palestinian Islamist group Hamas first carried out suicide attacks – involved strapping the body of the mission carrier with explosives – in the Israeli-inhabited towns of Afula and Khidara in the spring of 1994, it "described these operations as "`amaliyat istishhadiya" (martyrdom operations)" rather than the more secular "a'maliyat fida'iyah" (self-sacrifice operations). The term 'amaliyat istishhadiya has caught on and "today, istishhad is the most frequently used term to refer to acts of sacrifice in the Palestinian resistance and is used by Islamic, secular, and Marxist groups alike".  According to one scholar, Noah Feldman: "The vocabulary of martyrdom and sacrifice, the formal videotaped preconfession of faith, the technological tinkering to increase deadliness—all are now instantly recognizable to every Muslim." Feldman sees a worrying trend in the steady expansion of the targets of Istishhad since its debut in 1983 when successful bombing of barracks and embassy buildings drove the U.S. military out of Lebanon.  First the targets were American soldiers, then mostly Israelis, including women and children. From Lebanon and Israel, the technique of suicide bombing moved to Iraq, where the targets have included mosques and shrines, and the intended victims have mostly been Shiite Iraqis. The newest testing ground is Afghanistan, where both the perpetrators and the targets are orthodox Sunni Muslims. Not long ago, a bombing in Lashkar Gah, the capital of Helmand Province, killed Muslims, including women, who were applying to go on pilgrimage to Mecca. Overall, the trend is definitively in the direction of Muslim-on-Muslim violence. By a conservative accounting, more than three times as many Iraqis have been killed by suicide bombings in the last 3 years as have Israelis in the last 10. Suicide bombing has become the archetype of Muslim violence—not just to frightened Westerners but also to Muslims themselves.

Martyrdom operation.

Militant groups term attacks on military or civilian targets in which the attacker is expected to die, most frequently by detonation of a bomb, as "martyrdom operations". The term is usually used by Muslim militants, although non-Muslim groups, such as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, have also engaged in suicide attacks. Islamist militants prefer the term "martyrdom operation" to "suicide attack", as suicide is forbidden under classical Islamic law. While combat inherently involves a risk of death, a "martyrdom operation" implies a deliberate act leading to death as part of the attack.  Acts of istishhad are governed by Islamic legal rules associated with armed warfare or military jihad. The rules governing jihad, literally meaning struggle but often called "holy war" by non-Muslims, are covered in exquisite detail in the classical texts of Islamic jurisprudence. In orthodox Islamic law, jihad is a collective religious obligation on the Muslim community, when the community is endangered or Muslims are subjected to oppression and subjugation. The rules governing such conflicts include not killing women, children or non-combatants, and leaving cultivated or residential areas undamaged.  For more than a millennium, these tenets were accepted by Sunnis and Shiites; however, since the 1980s militant Islamists have challenged the traditional Islamic rules of warfare in an attempt to justify suicide attacks despite clear contradictions to established Islamic laws.

Scholarship.

Some Western and Muslim scholars of Islam find suicide attacks to be a clear violation of classical Islamic law. Nevertheless, the militant groups that carry out "martyrdom operations" believe that their actions fulfill the obligation of jihad, and some clerics support this view.

Against suicide attacks.

Suicide bombings as acts of terrorism have spurred some Muslims to provide scholastic refutations of suicide bombings and to condemn them. For example, Ihsanic Intelligence, a London-based Islamic think tank, published a study on suicide bombings that concluded, "suicide bombing is anathema, antithetical and abhorrent to Sunni Islam. It is considered legally forbidden, constituting a reprehensible innovation in the Islamic tradition, morally an enormity of sin combining suicide and murder and theologically an act which has consequences of eternal damnation".  Oxford-based Malaysian jurist Shaykh Afifi al-Akiti, issued his fatwa forbidding suicide bombing and targeting innocent civilians: "If the attack involves a bomb placed on the body or placed so close to the bomber that when the bomber detonates it the bomber is certain [yaqin] to die, then the More Correct Position according to us is that it does constitute suicide. This is because the bomber, being also the Maqtul [the one killed], is unquestionably the same Qatil [the immediate/active agent that kills] = Qatil Nafsahu [killing oneself, i.e., suicide]."  In January 2006, a Shiite marja cleric, Ayatollah al-Udhma Yousof al-Sanei decreed a fatwa against suicide bombing declaring it as a "terrorist act" and the Saudi grand mufti as well as other Sunni scholars similarly denounced suicide attacks regardless of their offensive or defensive characterization.  Scholar Bernard Lewis states, "At no time did the classical jurists offer any approval or legitimacy to what we nowadays call terrorism. Nor indeed is there any evidence of the use of terrorism as it is practiced nowadays". Similarly, Noah Feldman writes that the Islamic reasoning of suicide attackers is not convincing as martyrdom in Islam typically refers to another person killing a Muslim warrior, not the warrior pushing "the button himself". In addition, "The killing of women and children has proved harder to explain away as a permissible exercise of jihad." This "illustrates the nature of the difficulty of reconciling suicide bombing with Islamic law".  As Charles Kimball, the University of Oklahoma's Director of Religious Studies, pointed out that Islam "clearly prohibits suicide" by citing "the hadith materials, which are the authoritative sayings and actions of the prophet, Muhammad, includes many unambiguous statements about suicide: one who 'throws himself off a mountain' or 'drinks poison' or 'kills himself with a sharp instrument' will be in the fire of Hell. Suicide is not allowed even to those in extreme conditions such as painful illness or a serious wound". Other Islamic groups such as the European Council for Fatwa and Research cite the Quran'ic verse Al-An'am 6:151 as a prohibition against suicide: "And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law". Dr. Hassan Ali El-Najjar says that the "hadith" unambiguously forbid suicide.

Proponents of suicide operations.

Islamist militant organisations (including Al-Qaeda, ISIL, Hamas and Islamic Jihad) continue to argue that suicide operations are justified according to Islamic law, despite Islam's strict prohibition of suicide and murder. Irshad Manji, in a conversation with one leader of Islamic Jihad noted their ideology.  "What's the difference between suicide, which the Koran condemns, and martyrdom?" I asked. "Suicide," he replied, "is done out of despair. But remember: most of our martyrs today were very successful in their earthly lives." In short, there was a future to live for—and they detonated it anyway.  Another rationale provided for why istishhad is not against Islamic law is that the civilians caught in the crossfire "were destined to die". The Saudi exile Muhammad al-Massari explains that any civilian killed in an attack on the enemy "won't suffer [but instead]...becomes a martyr himself". During the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah apologized for an attack on Nazareth that killed two Israeli-Arab children—but said the two children should be considered "martyrs".  Further justifications have been given by Iranian cleric Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi, "when protecting Islam and the Muslim community depends on martyrdom operations, it not only is allowed, but even is an obligation as many of the Shi'ah great scholars and Maraje', including Ayatullah Safi Golpayegani and Ayatullah Fazel Lankarani, have clearly announced in their fatwas". Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran showered those who performed martyrdom operations during the Iran–Iraq War and against Israel with accolades. Indeed, Sayyed Abbas al-Musawi, the second Secretary General of Hezbollah and student of Khomeini, created a supplication that became popular among the Hezbollah youths and fighters.  Other clerics have supported suicide attacks largely in connection with the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Sunni cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi has supported such attacks by Palestinians in perceived defense of their homeland as heroic and an act of resistance. Shiite Lebanese cleric Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, the spiritual authority recognized by Hezbollah, is reported to have similar views.  After the 7 July 2005 London bombings, journalist Mona Eltahawy published an op-ed in the "Washington Post" noting the fact that there were "22 imams and scholars who met at London's largest mosque to condemn the bombings but who would not criticize all suicide attacks", such as Sayed Mohammed Musawi, the head of the World Islamic League, who said "there should be a clear distinction between the suicide bombing of those who are trying to defend themselves from occupiers, which is something different from those who kill civilians, which is a big crime". After the knighting of Salman Rushdie in June 2007, Pakistan's acting Minister of Religious Affairs Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq publicly justified and called for a suicide attack against him. There have been conflicting reports about the stances of Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy (who was then the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar- he is now deceased) and Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb (who was then the Grand Mufti of Egypt and is now the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar). Shortly after the September 11 attacks Sheikh Tantawy issued a statement opposing suicide attacks. However, a translation from Al Azhar website quotes him as supporting suicide attacks on Jews in Israel as part of the Palestinian struggle "to strike horror into the hearts of the enemies of Islam". Yet, in 2003 he was quoted again as saying "groups which carried out suicide bombings were the enemies of Islam", and that all suicide attacks were sinful including those against Israelis. His comments condemning all suicide attacks were echoed by Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and Lebanese cleric Husam Qaraqirah.

Public opinion.

In addition to the views of Muslim theologians, conflicting viewpoints are apparent among the public in Muslim-majority countries. As a reporter for "The Guardian" notes in an article written during the second intifada in August 2001, the Muslim world celebrates "martyr-bombers" as heroes defending the things held sacred. Polls in the Middle East in August 2001 showed that 75% of people had been in favor of martyr-bombings.  However, the Pew Research Center has found decreases in Muslim support for suicide attacks. In 2011 surveys, less than 15% of Pakistanis, Jordanians, Turks, and Indonesians thought that suicide bombings were sometimes/often justified. Approximately 28% of Egyptians and 35% of Lebanese felt that suicide bombings were sometimes/often justified. However, 68% of Palestinians reported that suicide attacks were sometimes/often justified. In 2013, Pew found that "clear majorities of Muslims oppose violence in the name of Islam"; 89% in Pakistan, 81% in Indonesia, 78% in Nigeria, and 77% in Tunisia said that "suicide bombings or other acts of violence that target civilians are never justified".

Istishhad () is the Arabic word for "martyrdom", "death of a martyr", or "heroic death". In recent years the term has been said to "emphasize... heroism in the act of sacrifice" rather than "victimization", and has "developed...into a military and political strategy", often called "martyrdom operations". One who martyrs themselves is given the honorific "shahid".

Istishhad ( ) est le mot arabe pour « martyre », «mort d'un martyr» ou «mort héroïque». Ces dernières années, il a été dit que le terme "mettait l'accent sur... l'héroïsme dans l'acte de sacrifice" plutôt que sur "la victimisation ", et s'est "transformé... en une stratégie militaire et politique", souvent appelée "opérations de martyre". Celui qui se martyrise reçoit le "shahid" honorifique.


Biography.

Bell, who is black and Jewish, was born in Los Angeles, California. He started drawing when he was three. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating with a BA in Political Science in 1999. While at Cal, Bell became the editorial cartoonist for "The Daily Californian". Bell's freelance editorial cartooning career began in 1995 at age 20. His first sale was to the "Los Angeles Times", which subsequently assigned him a cartoon every other week. Bell also sold his cartoons to the "San Francisco Chronicle" and the former BANG (Bay Area News Group) papers, which included the "Oakland Tribune".  Bell's strip "Candorville", launched in September 2003 by The Washington Post Writers Group, features young black and Latino characters living in the inner city. Using the vehicle of humor, "Candorville" presents social and political commentary as well as the stories of its protagonists. "Candorville" grew out of a comic strip called "Lemont Brown", which appeared in the student newspaper of UC Berkeley, "The Daily Californian", from 1993 to 2003. It was that newspaper's longest-running comic strip. "Candorville" appears over 100 of America's newspapers.  Bell also drew "Rudy Park", a syndicated comic strip created by Theron Heir and Bell that was distributed by United Features Syndicate and then The Washington Post Writers Group. Heir, a.k.a. Matt Richtel, wrote the strip from 2001–2012, when he announced he was taking a year-long sabbatical to focus on other projects. Bell at that point took over the writing duties as well as illustrating the strip, which ended in June 2018.

Personal life.

Bell currently resides in Los Angeles, California.

Awards.

Bell's work won several California Intercollegiate Press Association awards and an SPJ Mark of Excellence Award, and he was a two-time runner-up for the Charles M. Schulz Award, as well as a runner-up for the Locher Award.

Darrin Bell (born January 27, 1975) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American editorial cartoonist and comic strip creator known for the syndicated comic strips "Candorville" and "Rudy Park". He is a syndicated editorial cartoonist with King Features. (His editorial cartoons were formally syndicated by The Washington Post Writers Group.)

Darrin Bell (né le ) est un dessinateur de presse et auteur de bande dessinée américain. Actif depuis 1993 et sa première année d'études supérieure, créateur des comic strip'(2001-2018) et'(depuis 2003), Bell est en 2019 le premier Afro-Américain à recevoir le prestigieux prix Pulitzer du dessin de presse.


Early life and education.

Craft grew up in Washington Heights and attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School. He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1984 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Media Arts.

Career.

Craft worked for twelve years as a copywriter for various advertising agencies, during which time he also got his first comics work on projects for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics. Moving on to King Features Syndicate, Craft spent eight years writing sales brochures. This connection with King Features led to the syndication of Craft's "Mama's Boyz" beginning in 1995.  Craft later worked as editorial director of the "Sports Illustrated for Kids" website, before leaving that job in October 2006 to become a full-time cartoonist.  Craft performs regular cartooning workshops at schools, camps, and libraries.  On January 27, 2020, his graphic novel, "New Kid", was awarded the Newbery Medal, becoming the first graphic novel to receive this honor.

"Mama's Boyz".

"Mama's Boyz" follows the lives of African American single mother Pauline Porter and her two teenage sons Tyrell and Yusuf. Other characters include Pauline's brother Greg and their parents.  "Mama's Boys" is the outgrowth of a prior strip called "The Outside View," which Craft first self-syndicated in 1987. In 1990, he adapted some elements of "The Outside View" to create "Mama's Boyz", which he self-syndicated to New York's "The City Sun" and eventually a number of other weekly papers across the country. In 1995, "Mama's Boyz" was picked up for weekly syndication by King Features.  "Mama's Boyz" has been praised in "Great Books for African American Children", and featured in "Chicken Soup for the African American Soul", "Chicken Soup for the African American Woman's Soul", and "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comedy Writing". The Mama's Boyz characters also act as official "spokescharacters" of the American Diabetes Association's African-American Program.

Personal life.

Craft has two sons, Jaylen and Aren, who co-wrote the book "The Offenders: Saving the World While Serving Detention!" with their father. Craft lives in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Jerry Craft (born January 22, 1963, in New York City) is an American cartoonist and children's book illustrator best known for his syndicated newspaper comic strip "Mama's Boyz." Craft is one of only a handful of syndicated African American cartoonists in the US.

Jerry Craft (né le à New York) est un auteur de bande dessinée et illustrateur américain. Il est surtout connu pour son comic strip "Mama's Boyz" (1990-2013) et pour être le premier auteur de bande dessin lauréat de la médaille Newbery, avec "" (2019).


History.

The club was founded in the spring of 2013 under the name FC Ahrofirma Pyatykhatska Volodymyrivka because the team sponsorship was one of the largest agricultural enterprises of Kirovohrad region. The president of the club was also the enterprise's president – Oleksandr Povorozniuk who previously was a president of FC Desna Chernihiv. In their first season Ahrofirma Piatykhatska was runner up in the Kirovohrad Oblast Cup. In 2013–2014, the club competed in both Kirovohrad Oblast and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast regional football competitions.  Club President Oleksandr Povorozniuk initiated a children's football teams in every village of the Petrove Raion.  The club in 2014 competed in the Ukrainian Football Amateur League and were beaten finalists in the championship game.  In February 2015, the club was renamed to Inhulets. The club again competed in the 2015 Amateur Championship but during the season the club entered the professional ranks and joined the PFL entering into the Ukrainian Second League. Inhulets Petrove continued its participation among amateurs with its second team, FC Inhulets-2 Petrove.  In their first season, the club were promoted to the Ukrainian First League.  Since 2015, the club was fielding teams in European competitions.  In 2019, the club reached one of its greatest achievements, arriving at the final of its national cup. The game ended with a 4-0 defeat by Shakhtar Donetsk.

League and cup history.

Notes:

Europe competitions.

In 2015, "Inhulets" competed at the 2015 UEFA Regions' Cup as "AF Pyatykhatska" representing Ukraine. Entering the competition at the intermediate group stage (total 3 stages) and playing in Moldova, the team was not able to qualify for final tournament in the Republic of Ireland.  For the 2017 UEFA Regions' Cup where Ukraine was represented by a team of Kirovohrad Oblast (Kirovograd Region according to the UEFA), which was composed out of the Inhulets' reserve team, UEFA admitted the team under the name of "Ingulee, Kirovograd Region". Entering the competition again at the intermediate group stage which was played in Malta, the team was able to qualify for the final tournament in Turkey.

FC Inhulets Petrove is a professional Ukrainian football club from the town of Petrove, Kirovohrad Oblast that competes in the Ukrainian First League. The club colors are yellow and green.

L'Inhoulets Petrove (en ) est un club de football ukrainien basé à Petrove et fondé en 2013. Il évolue depuis la saison 2016-2017 en deuxième division ukrainienne.


Background.

On 12 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei

Timeline.

February 2020.

On 25 February, Algeria laboratory-confirmed its first case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an Italian man

March 2020.

On 2 March, Algeria confirmed two new cases of SARS-CoV-2, a woman and her daughter, the health ministry said.  On the afternoon of 3 March, Algeria reported another two new cases of SARS-CoV-2, which brought the total number of confirmed cases to five, a state news agency said quoting a statement from the health ministry. The statement added that the two new cases are from the same family, a father and daughter, and were living in France, adding that there's an investigation to determine the identities of the people who were in contact with them. The Ministry of Health announced on the evening of 3 March that three new cases of SARS-CoV-2 had been registered in Algeria, all from the same family, bringing the total number of cases to eight. On 4 March, the Ministry of Health recorded 4 new confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2, from the same family, bringing the total number of cases to 12.  On 7 March, a 20th case, an Algerian who had stayed in Spain was announced.  On 12 March, five new cases of COVID-19, including one death, aged 78 and placed in isolation at Blida hospital. Two cases having stayed in France, one in the Souk-Ahras province, the other in the Tizi-Ouzou province and three in that of Blida province. the total number of confirmed cases is 26 adding a woman in of Skikda having stayed in France was announced, and a send death coaged 55 is recorded without indication of the place of residence. On the same day, schools were locked due to the coronavirus spread.  On 13 March, a new case confirmed in Algiers, a 36-year-old Algerian who stayed in France.  On 14 March, the Algerian's Ministry of Health announced 10 new confirmed cases with the COVID-19 coronavirus and one death. This is the third death that resides in Blida. It is a 51-year-old woman from Blida. With this new case, the total number of cases registered in Algeria reached 37 confirmed cases and 3 deaths. The ministry also said 12 confirmed cases left containment after healing.  On 15 March, The Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerad said that "45 cases have been confirmed by the Pasteur Institute of Algeria..." Eleven new cases of contamination with the coronavirus were confirmed, including one (1) death, a woman aged 84 years in of Blida, the total number of cases recorded in Algeria reached forty-eight (48) confirmed cases and four (4) deaths. In the evening, a new confirmed case was registered in the Adrar Province.  On 16 March, six new confirmed cases of COVID-19, these are two cases in Algiers, one case in the Bouira Province, one case in the Bordj Bou Arréridj Province, one case in the Tizi Ouzou Province and a case in the Annaba Province.  On 17 March, a fifth death was recorded in the Blida Province, a 51-year-old man with chronic condition. In the Béjaïa Province, a first confirmed case. and a case in the Skikda Province.  On 18 March, a sixth death was registered in the Blida Province, a 62-year-old man died on

April 2020.

On 1 April, a total of 131 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 14 new deaths have been recorded over the last 24 hours, putting the total number of confirmed cases at 847 and that of deaths at 58. New deaths have been recorded, five in Algiers, and three in Blida Province, one in Relizane Province, one Ghardaïa Province, one in Oum El Bouaghi Province, one in Médéa Province, one in Tizi Ouzou Province, and one Aïn Témouchent Province.  On 2 April, a total of 139 confirmed new cases and 25 new deaths have been recorded in the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 986 and that of deaths to 86. The new deaths were recorded in the provinces of Blida (5 cases), Algiers (5), Setif (4), Medea (4), Ain Defla (2) and one death in the provinces of Tiaret, Oum El Bouaghi, Tipaza, Boumerdes, and Batna.  On 3 April, 185 new confirmed cases and 22 new deaths have been recorded during the last 24 hours in Algeria, bringing the number of confirmed cases to 1,171 and that of deaths to 105.  On 4 April, a total of 80 new confirmed cases and 25 new deaths have been recorded during the last 24 hours, bringing the number of confirmed cases to 1,251 and deaths to 130.  On 5 April, 69 new confirmed cases and 22 new deaths recorded are recorded in 24 hours. The 22 new deaths are as listed, six recorded in Blida, six in Algiers, two in Bordj Bou Arréridj, one in each of Tizi Ouzou, Relizane, Annaba, Aïn Defla, Tipaza, Chlef, Tébessa and Adrar.  On 6 April, 103 new confirmed cases and 21 new deaths have been recorded during the last 24 hours in Algeria, bringing the number of confirmed cases to 1,423 and that of deaths to 173. New deaths have been recorded in Algiers with 6 deaths, Oran (3), Blida (2), Bordj Bou Arreridj (2), Tissemssilt (2) and one (1) case in Bejaïa, Jijel, Constantine, Biskra, Oum El Bouaghi and Ouargla.  On 7 April, 45 new confirmed cases and 20 deaths were recorded in 24 hours. The 20 new deaths are recorded, 11 deaths in Blida, two in Algiers, one in Béjaïa, one in the Tizi Ouzou, one in Mostaganem, one in Bordj Bou Arreridj, one in Sétif, one in Boumerdès and one in Batna.  On 8 April, 104 more people in Algeria have tested positive for coronavirus, and 12 others have died, taking the number of confirmed cases to 1572 and that of deaths to 205. 5 deaths in Blida, 3 in Algiers, and two (2) cases in Bejaia and one case, in the provinces of Tipaza and Constantine.  On 9 April, 94 new confirmed cases have been reported in Algeria in the last 24 hours, bringing the number of confirmed cases to 1666, and 30 more deaths between 31 March and 9 April, raising the number of deaths to 235. The registered deaths during this period (March 31 and April 9) are distributed across ten provinces, Algiers (13 cases), Blida (5 cases), Bejaia (2), Oran (2), Jijel (2), El-Oued (1), Batna (1), M'sila (1), Annaba (1).  On 10 April, 95 new confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported in Algeria during the last 24 hours, while 21 more deaths have been recorded between 30 March and 10 April, taking the number of confirmed cases to 1761 and that of deaths to 256. Six deaths have been recorded in Blida, six in Algiers, one in each of Tizi Ouzou, Oran, Bouira, Tipaza, Boumerdès, Biskra, M'Sila, Djelfa and Mascara.  On 11 April, 64 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) have been reported in Algeria over the last 24 hours bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 1825, while 19 new deaths have been recorded between March 27 and April 11, 7 of them in the past 48 hours, raising the number of deaths at 275.  On 12 April, 89 new confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) have been recorded in Algeria during the last 24 hours, bringing the total number of confirmed cases up to 1914. 18 deaths between April 1–12, including 12 over the last

May 2020.

On 1 May, a total of 148 new confirmed cases and 3 deaths were recorded in the last 24 hours in Algeria, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 4,154 and that of deaths to 453. the 3 new deaths have been recorded in 3 provinces (one (1) death in each of Bordj Bou Arréridj, Tizi Ouzou and Constantine).  On 2 May, 141 new confirmed cases and 6 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 4,295 confirmed cases and 459 deaths. The six new deaths were recorded in 5 provinces such as Bordj Bou Arréridj (2), Algiers (1), Tipaza (1), Tiaret (1) and Ouargla (1).  On 3 May, 141 confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 4 deaths have been reported in the last 24 hours in Algeria, bringing the number of confirmed cases to 4474 and that of deaths to 463, the 4 new deaths have been recorded in 4 provinces (one (1) death in each of Blida, Algiers, Sétif and Ouargla). The current school year has been suspended and "the Council of Ministers has decided to submit proposals to finish the school year in the best interests of pupils and students, and the final decision will be made in next Sunday's Council of Ministers meeting.  On 4 May, 174 new cases and 2 deaths were recorded, making the total 4648 confirmed cases and 465 deaths, one of them in Algiers and the other in Bordj Bou Arréridj.  On 5 May, 190 new cases have been confirmed and 5 deaths were recorded bringing the total to 4838 confirmed cases and 470 deaths. The deaths were recorded in the following provinces: Blida (2), Algiers (2) and Adrar (1).  On 6 May, 159 new confirmed cases and 6 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 4,997 confirmed cases and 476 deaths. The six new deaths were recorded in 6 provinces which are Algiers, Oran, Tipaza, Tiaret, Mascara and Khenchela.  On 7 May, 185 new cases and 6 deaths have been recorded, bringing the total to 5,182 cases and 483 deaths. The deaths were recorded in: Béjaïa (2), Tipaza (1), Bordj Bou Arréridj (1), Tlemcen (1) and Ouargla (1).  On 8 May, 187 new cases and 5 deaths have been recorded, making the total 5,369 cases and 488 deaths. The deaths were recorded in: Constantine (2), Algiers (1), Tipaza (1) and Ghardaïa (1).  On 9 May, 189 new confirmed cases and 6 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 5,558 confirmed cases and 494 deaths. The six new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Tipaza, Ouargla, Bouira, M'sila and Mila.  On 10 May, 165 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 5,723 confirmed cases and 502 deaths. The 8 new deaths were recorded in: Sétif (2), Bordj Bou Arréridj (2), Ouargla (2), Blida, and Sidi Bel Abbes. The Council of ministers decided to postpone until September the baccalaureate and intermediate school certificate examinations in the second week of the same month, and canceled the primary school leaving examination while pupils and students will move up into the next classes in the three education cycles by calculating the averages of the first and second terms and reducing the admission average.  On 11 May, 168 new confirmed cases and 5 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 5,981 confirmed cases and 507 deaths. The 5 new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Tiaret, Batna, Skikda and Sidi Bel Abbes.  On 12 May, A total of 176 new confirmed COVID-19 cases, 157 recovered cases and 8 deaths were recorded in the last 24 hours in Algeria, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 6,067 and that of deaths to 515, and number of recovered people reached 2,998. The deaths were

June 2020.

On 1 June, 119 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 9,513 confirmed cases and 661 deaths. The 8 new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Algiers, Setif, Constantine, Batna, Adrar, El Oued and Souk Ahras.  On 2 June, 113 new confirmed cases and 6 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 9,626 confirmed cases and 667 deaths. The 6 new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Setif, Batna, M'Sila, Chlef and Souk Ahras.  On 3 June, 107 new confirmed cases and 6 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 9,733 confirmed cases and 673 deaths. The 6 new deaths were recorded in: Biskra (2), Algiers, Setif, Béjaïa and El Oued.  On 4 June, 98 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 9,831 confirmed cases and 681 deaths. The 6 new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Setif, Béjaïa, Ouargla, Djelfa, Khenchela, Adrar and Souk Ahras.  On 5 June, 104 new confirmed cases and 9 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 9,935 confirmed cases and 690 deaths. The 9 new deaths were recorded in: M'Sila (2), Blida, Setif, Constantine Béjaïa, Béchar, Bouira and Souk Ahras.  On 6 June, 115 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 10,050 confirmed cases and 698 deaths. The 8 new deaths were recorded in: Setif (2), Algiers, Constantine, Tipaza, Béchar, Boumerdès and Sidi Bel Abbes.  On 7 June, 104 new confirmed cases and 9 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 10,154 confirmed cases and 707 deaths. The 9 new deaths were recorded in: Algiers (2), Setif (2), Ouargla, Médéa, Boumerdès, El Oued and Ghardaïa.  On 8 June, 111 new confirmed cases and 8 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 10,265 confirmed cases and 715 deaths. The 8 new deaths were recorded in: Blida, Algiers, Setif, Ouargla, Batna, Djelfa, Ghardaïa and Tissemsilt.  On 9 June, 117 new confirmed cases and 9 deaths were recorded, bringing the total to 10,382 confirmed cases and 724 deaths. The 9 new deaths were recorded in: Algiers

The COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have spread to Algeria in February 2020.

La pandémie de Covid-19 en Algérie se propage à partir du, lorsqu'un ressortissant italien est testé positif pour le SARS-CoV-2,


Taxonomy.

"Quercus alnifolia" belongs to section "Cerris", as with much of the mediterranean evergreen oak species. Occasional hybridization with kermes oak ("Quercus coccifera" ssp. "calliprinos") has been described.

Description.

The golden oak is a much branched evergreen shrub or small tree up to 10 m high. Due to its short stature (in relation to other oaks) it is sometimes referred to as the "dwarf oak".  Its leaves are simple, obovate to suborbicular, 1.5–6(–10) cm long, 1–5 (–8) cm wide, glabrous and shining dark green above and densely golden or brownish tomentose below, with serrate margins and raised nervation. Leave petioles are strong, 6–10 (–12) mm long and pilose. Flowers are unisexual; male catkins are greenish-yellow forming spreading or pendulous clusters at the tips of the branches; female are axillary, solitary or in groups of 2–3. Acorns are narrowly obovate or subcylindrical, usually tapering towards base, 2–2.5 cm long and 0.8–1.2 cm wide, with a woody endocarp and cupule with strongly recurved scales.

Distribution and habitat.

"Quercus alnifolia" is restricted to Troodos Massif, where it grows on igneous geological substrate at an altitude of 400 to 1800m. It occupies dry habitats in association with "Pinus brutia" or forms dense maquis in mesic habitats, characterized by deep forest soils.

Ecological importance and conservation status.

Golden oak offers soil stabilisation against erosion due to its ability to colonize stony and rocky slopes. In its distribution area, "Quercus alnifolia" is the most important broadleaved species forming pure or mixed stands, within the conifer ("Pinus brutia", "Pinus nigra") dominated forests of Cyprus. Thick stands of "Quercus alnifolia" in mesic habitats, considerably modify the humidity conditions of the site and form forest soils with "mull" humus favouring the existence of sciophilous herbal species.  Like other members of the oak genus, "Quercus alnifolia" forms mutually beneficial, ectomycorrhizal associations with various fungi. A preliminary study in 2011, reported over 80 mycorrhizal fungi to be associated with the golden oak; the total number, however, is estimated to be much higher.  Golden oak is protected by the forest law of Cyprus, while the habitat type "Scrub and low forest vegetation of "Quercus alnifolia" (9390)" is a priority habitat of Europe (directive 92/43/EEC). Large forest expanses of the species have been proposed for inclusion in the Natura 2000 ecological network of the European Union.

Quercus alnifolia, commonly known as the golden oak, is an evergreen oak species of Cyprus. Its common English name refers to the golden coloured lower surface of its leaves. "Quercus alnifolia" belongs to the endemic flora of the island and it is confined to the igneous geological complex of the Troodos Mountains. In February 2006, the parliament of Cyprus selected the golden oak to be the country's national tree.

Quercus alnifolia est une espèce d'arbres du sous-genre "Quercus" (chêne) et de la section "Lobatae". Cette espèce est native de l'île de Chypre.


Life.

Giovanni Merlini was born in Spoleto on 28 August 1795 as the third of thirteen children to Luigi Merlini and Antonia Claudi. His father - who settled in Spoleto - was descended from a noble Sicilian line but set up a business in Spoleto. He attended school in his hometown where he was noted for his pious temperament and he received his First Communion in 1808 in the Sant'Ansano church from the Barnabite Bishop (and future cardinal) Antonio Maria Cadolini.  He decided to pursue the priesthood despite his parents making their objections known to him and commenced his studies for the priesthood in 1809 in Spoleto. He received his sacerdotal ordination on 19 December 1818 in his hometown from Bishop Francesco Canali (future cardinal). Merlini learnt from his schoolmate and friend Fr. Antonio Lipparelli that Saint Gaspare del Bufalo would be in the area conducting a retreat. The two decided to join the retreat. Merlini enrolled on 6 July 1820 in a course for the Spiritual Exercises that Saint Gaspare del Bufalo was conducting in the San Felice convent in Giano dell'Umbria. It was here that he became acquainted with the priest with the two becoming close friends and confidantes. In 1820 he became part of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood that del Bufalo had founded in 1815. The two would encounter initial difficulties in the role of their order with the most resistance coming from Pope Leo XII and his two successors who disliked the premise of their order.  Merlini became a noted spiritual director and provided spiritual counsel to Saint Maria de Mattias whom he aided in founding her religious congregation titled the Sisters Adorers of the Most Precious Blood. He also provided spiritual counsel to the convert (and mother of the Russian ambassador to Naples) Princess Adelaide Wolkonska. Merlini aided his friend del Bufalo at his deathbed in 1837. Part of his role in the order included preaching in several Italian cities - such as in L'Aquila in 1826 - in addition to overseeing the formation of the newer members in the order.  He also became a close friend and confidante to Pope Pius IX (who once served as the Archbishop of Spoleto). He joined the pope during the latter's exile to Gaeta after losing the Papal States to the Roman Republic and asked the pope to extend the Feast of the Precious Blood to the entire church in 1849. Merlini made this request not long after their arrival in Gaeta and had suggested to the pope that he do this if he ever regained possession of the Papal States. Pius IX gave the matter consideration but then on 30 June 1849 the French took Rome and returned the Papal States to the pope upon the Roman Republic's capitulation. Merlini learnt in correspondence that the pope would assent to his request which he saw to on 10 August 1849 in which the pope applied the feast to the General Roman Calendar. Pius IX was also a benefactor to the order and helped them set up houses in Alsace and Bavaria while aiding in establishing the order's motherhouse in a convent adjacent to the Santa Maria in Trivio church in Rome.  Merlini succeeded Fr. Biagio Valentini as the order's third Moderator General on 28 December 1847 after having served as the interim leader since 26 August due to Valentini's declining health. His tenure saw the order expand into the United States of America.  Merlini died in 1873 after he sustained injuries in a traffic accident in Rome near the Santa Maria in Trivio church. The last thing he did before he died was to forgive the coachman who had run into him. His remains were interred in Campo Verano but later exhumed and relocated in March 1946 to the Santa Maria in Trivio church next to his friend Gaspare del Bufalo. Fr. Enrico Rizzoli succeeded him as the order's fourth Moderator General.

Beatification process.

The beatification process for Merlini commenced in Rome in 1880 in an informative process that concluded later in 1883. The formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Pius XI on 26 January 1927 and he became titled as a Servant of God. The Congregation for Rites later validated the informative process and an apostolic process on 28 June 1957 in Rome. The cause remained inactive until 7 July 1971 when the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and their consultants approved the cause as did the C.C.S. members alone on 9 May 1972.  Merlini became titled as Venerable on 10 May 1973 after Pope Paul VI confirmed that the late priest had lived a model life and had practiced heroic virtue to a favorable degree during his lifetime.  Merlini's beatification depends upon the papal confirmation of a miracle attributed to his intercession which is in most cases a healing that neither science or medicine can explain. The diocesan process to investigate one such case opened in the Naples archdiocese (that Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe inaugurated) on 6 February 2019.

Giovanni Merlini (28 August 1795 - 12 January 1873) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member in the Missionaries of the Precious Blood. Merlini was a close friend of Saint Gaspare del Bufalo who founded the order and was also a close friend to Pope Pius IX who provided assistance in helping the order spread for its activities. He also served as the third Moderator General for the order from 1847 until his death. He was also a noted spiritual director and provided spiritual counsel to Saint Maria de Mattias as she went establishing a religious congregation of her own.

Jean Merlini (Spolète, - Rome, ) est un prêtre italien, troisième modérateur des missionnaires du Précieux-Sang et reconnu vénérable par l'Église catholique.


History.

The church was built under Pope Clement VIII in 1592 with the title "S.Andrea e S.Margherita regina". It was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who escaped their country because of religious persecution. In 1615, Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scots College to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. They became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, set his residence in Rome in 1717. It was abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, religious activity was resumed, but no longer by the Jesuits. It was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated into a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminary, the "Pontificio Collegio Scozzese" (Scots College, Rome), also moved away, to a new site on the Via Cassia. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated here on 30 November.

Art.

The simple two-storied Baroque façade is only decorated with the cross and two fishes of Saint Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The former Scottish Seminary is still decorated with the coat of arms and motto of the country.  The interior of the church was left intact after 1962.  It has two aisles, side altars and barrel-vaulted ceiling. In the centre of the ceiling is a 16th-century fresco of "St Andrew in Glory".  The high altar was made in the 17th century. The altarpiece from the 18th century is by Scottish painter Gavin Hamilton, and depicts the "Martyrdom of St Andrew". There is also an "Enthroned Madonna with Sts Columba and Ninian" by Alexander Maximilian Seitz.  On both sides of the sanctuary there are hinged grates covering openings into tribunes where members of the exiled royal family would sit when they attended Mass.

Sant' Andrea degli Scozzesi (English: St Andrew of the Scots) is a former church in Rome, near Piazza Barberini on Via delle Quattro Fontane. Once a haven for Scottish Catholics in Rome, it was deconsecrated in 1962.

Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, (en français Saint André des Ecossais ou en anglais St Andrew of the Scots) est une ancienne église à Rome, en Italie, située près de la "Piazza Barberini", sur la "Via delle Quattro Fontane". Elle a été déconsacrée en 1962.


South Manheim Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 21.0 square miles (54.3 km2), of which, 20.6 square miles (53.3 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (1.77%) is water.

Demographics.

At the 2000 census there were 2,191 people, 796 households, and 643 families living in the township. The population density was 106.4 people per square mile (41.1/km2). There were 966 housing units at an average density of 46.9/sq mi (18.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.31% White, 0.46% African American, 0.23% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68%.  Of the 796 households 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.0% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 14.9% of households were one person and 6.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.07.  The age distribution was 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.  The median household income was $46,786 and the median family income was $49,757. Males had a median income of $37,629 versus $26,375 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,638. About 2.0% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

South Manheim Township is a township in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,191 at the 2000 census.

South Manheim Township est un township situé au sud du comté de Schuylkill, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Background and composition.

"Adore You" was written by Styles, Amy Allen, it's producer, Kid Harpoon and it's co-producer, Tyler Johnson. It was mastered by Randy Merrill and mixed by Spike Stent. According to "Rolling Stone", the song was written "in a burst of inspiration", in the sessions in the final week of Spring 2019. "Adore You" was described as a pop, funk, disco and pop rock song in press reviews, featuring elements of 1970s, soul and R&B. Lasting for three minutes and twenty-seven seconds, the song was composed using common time in the key of C minor, with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute and chord progression of Cm–Eb–Ab–Bb. Styles' vocals span a range of B to B. Its production makes use of layered and choppy guitars, floaty and watery synths, bass and drums. The song is further driven by "big-club" beat-drop and brass instrumentation. Built around a sombre tone, the song uses "bubbly" percussions and ends with an electric guitar solo. Rea McNamara of "NOW magazine" noted that the track incorporated a smooth '80s bassline. Meanwhile, Gregory Robinson from "The Guardian" described the bassline as modern and electronic. Ellen Johnson of "Paste" magazine noted that the song utilizes Far East sound. For Chris Willman of "Variety", "Adore You" builds with "a throbbing beat and a funk rhythm guitar."  Lyrically, "Adore You" is about wanting to love someone. At NPR Music's Tiny Desk Concert, Styles revealed that the song is "kind of similar to what 'Watermelon Sugar' is about — that initial excitement of meeting someone." In an interview, Amy Allen, one of song's co-writers explained, "It's totally a love song" that "is reminiscent of the ’70s." The opening verse of "Adore You" finds Styles using technicolor lyrics and fruit metaphors such as: "Walk in your rainbow paradise (Paradise) / Strawberry lipstick state of mind (State of mind)," before he declares his yearning for the subject of the song in the pre-chorus, "You don't have to say you love me / You don't have to say nothing / You don't have to say you're mine." The chorus opens with a groovy beat followed by Styles' falsetto vocals as he sings: "Honey / I'd walk through fire for you / Just let me adore you." Nicholas Hautman of "Us Weekly" described the track as "an otherworldly, lovestruck jam with a heavenly chorus and a smooth electric guitar solo."

Release and promotion.

On 20 November 2019, a Twitter account with the username "@visiteroda", which was launched in October, tweeted the post "The Isle of Eroda’s rich history is embedded in daily life as the ruins of many structures from the past remain standing across the land. #VisitEroda." Shortly after, a website was set up for the place and advertisements were posted on Facebook and Google in which the island of Eroda was promoted and questions from fellow Twitter users were answered. The island was soon proven to not exist and was a part of the marketing campaign for Styles' forthcoming single. On 2 December, Styles officially announced the title and release date of the single on his social media, with Eroda being the main focus of its music video. Done up in the style of a tarot card, the single's cover art was also released on the same day and shows Styles praying in the ocean, encircled by five fish. It was inspired by the song's accompanying visual. "Adore You" was made available for digital download and streaming by Erskine and Columbia Records as the second single from Styles' second studio album "Fine Line" on 6 December 2019.  Styles gave his first live performance of "Adore You" on 7 December 2019 on "The Graham Norton Show". On 9 December, he performed the song on Capital FM's 2019 Jingle Bell Ball in London. On 10 December, he performed it again on "The Late Late Show with James Corden". The performance set was bolstered by a "cutout" boat and "crashing waves," while Styles was backed by a band. Nina Corcoran of "Consequence of Sound", praised Styles' performance, writing, "Maybe it’s because of his suit or the way he moved during the song’s instrumental interlude, but he gives off some major Bowie vibes during the performance." On 18 December, Styles performed the song on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. The song was included in the setlist of his one-night concert at The Forum, Los Angeles on 13 December, to commemorate the release of his second album. On 27 February 2020, Styles performed the song on NBC's "The Today Show" at Rockefeller Center. "Adore You" was again included as a part of the five-song set which Styles performed at the Music Hall of Williamsburg for Sirius XM and Pandora Radio's secret session on 28 February. On 16 March, 2020, Styles performed the song on NPR Music's Tiny Desk Concert, alongside "Cherry", "Watermelon Sugar", and "To Be So Lonely".

Critical reception.

"Adore You" received generally favourable reviews from music critics. In her review for "The New York Times", Lindsay Zoladz regarded the song as an album highlight and wrote, "It's the one in which past and present coalesce most seamlessly, its playful psychedelia streamlined into sleek modern hit-making," while also praising Styles' vocal range and high notes in the track's chorus. "Popjustice"s music critic Peter Robinson compared "Adore You" sonically to The 1975's "Somebody Else" (2015). On the other hand, Emma Swann, of "DIY" magazine likened the song's musical style to the works of British–American musician Mark Ronson. Lauren Murphy of Entertainment.ie characterized the song's "soulful little interjections" as Justin Timberlake-esque. Reviewing for "Clash", Susan Hansen favoured the "mesmeric" pop and soul elements of the song which suited praised Styles' "soft, fully projected" vocals. Viewing the sound as "lush", she felt that the basslines "flow seamlessly and carry the track through to completion." Gregory Robinson of "The Guardian" said that the track displayed significant evolution in Styles' sound and viewed the hook as his "catchiest [hook] to date."  In her review for "Time", Raisa Bruner listed "Adore You" as one of the five best songs of the week and deemed it as "timeless and friendly". MTV's Madeline Roth likened the song to Styles' previous single, "Watermelon Sugar" and wrote that the "funky, synthy new tune is a tale of lust and devotion." Mike Nied of "Idolator" commended the song's production and Styles' vocals while also appreciating the lyrical content, writing, "There's a stark beauty that shines through levels of desperation in the lyrics." Maria Zheleva of "Soundigest" shared a similar view and praised Styles' vulnerability in the song's lyrics and vocals which "ignites that place in our hearts that's longing to be filled by someone who means everything, and it's enchanting." Courteney Laroca of "Insider" gave the song a 8.1/10 rating and regarded it as "one of the more upbeat tracks on "Fine Line", providing a much-needed dose of pep and a glance into Styles' more playful side." Alex Rodobolski of "Exclaim!" called the song "a fun pop banger" with an "endearing tune" that circumscribes the album with "a certain sense of mysticism."  Writing for "Rolling Stone", Brenna Ehrlich labelled the song as a "simple ballad about love and devotion." Louise Bruton of "The Irish Times" regarded the song as "truly blissful". In her review of "Fine Line" for "The A.V. Club", Annie Zaleski called the song "velvety soul" and "luxurious" like Styles' previous single "Lights Up". Reviewing for "Vulture", Craig Jenkins deemed it as a "lean funk-pop groove" along with the other two singles "Lights Up" and "Watermelon Sugar", having an "intrusively catchy hook." Alicia Bugalo of "Atwood Magazine" complimented the "funkiness" in its production, "good" chorus and "brilliant" hook. In a mixed review, Lauren O'Neill of "Vice" viewed the song as "a fairly flat, disco-lite lust song with repetitive lyrics" but favoured the guitar solo in its production. Rhian Daly of "NME" also gave a mixed review and wrote that the song "does little to differentiate itself from being any other slice of generic chart fodder." In June 2020, the song was listed as the third best song of 2020 so far by "Billboard".

Commercial performance.

"Adore You" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11 for the issue date of 13 December 2019. In its fourth week, the song peaked at number 7 becoming Styles' third top 10 solo entry on the chart. In May 2020, the single was awarded a platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for track-equivalent sales of 600,000 units. In Ireland, the song debuted at number 6 on the Irish Singles Chart, making it Styles' third top 10 there. On the week of 23 December, it peaked at number 4 to become Styles' highest-charting song in Ireland, tying with "Lights Up". In addition, the single reached number four in Scotland and number eight on the Wallonia region of Belgium.  In Australia, "Adore You" entered the ARIA Singles Charts at number 14 on the week of 22 December 2019. The following week, the song climbed to number 7, making it Styles' third top 10, tying with "Lights Up" as his second highest-charting single there. In its third week, the song dropped to number 14 but rebounded back to number 10 on the week of 12 January. The single further topped "The Music Network" Australian Airplay Chart, marking Styles' first number one on Australian radio. In April 2020, the song was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for track-equivalent sales of 140,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked at number 6 on the issue dated 23 December 2019 and was certified platinum by the Recorded Music NZ.  "Adore You" debuted at number 35 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for the issue date of 21 December 2019. In its 15th week broke into the top 10 at number 7 where it remained for a further week. This gave Styles his second single top 10 single after 2017's "Sign of the Times". The song eventually peaked at number 6 in its 17th week, becoming Styles' second highest-charting song on the chart and highest performing single from "Fine Line". It also became Styles' longest charting top 10 single in the US. The song reached number one on the "Billboard" Pop Songs radio chart, becoming Styles' first chart-topper. The song also topped the list of most added songs of the week by adult contemporary radio, reaching the top of Mediabase "Hot AC" chart with 6642 spins, on the week of 26 April-2 May 2020. In addition, it peaked at number two on the Adult Pop Songs chart and number eight on the Adult Contemporary chart. In June 2020, the song was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for track-equivalent sales of two million units. In Canada, the single peaked at number 10 on the Canadian Hot 100, Styles' second single to reach the top 10 of the chart.

Music video.

Background.

The music video for "Adore You" was filmed in three Scottish locations- St Abbs, Cockenzie and Port Seton. It was directed by Dave Meyers, while the script was written by him and Chris Shafer. Scott Cunningham was credited as the director of photography and Nathan Scherrer as the producer. The visual premiered on Styles' official YouTube channel on 6 December 2019 at 05:00 PT (12:00 UTC), and was preceded by a trailer released on 2 December on the same platform. The first two-minutes of the seven-minute long clip contains a narration by Spanish singer Rosalia. The high-concept video features several VFX shots to offer a realistic feel to it. The nautical outfits in the video were created by Harry Lambert.

Synopsis.

The video opens in the fictional "frown-shaped" isle of Eroda (Adore spelled backwards), a small fishing village located somewhere in the middle of the sea, where the inhabitants have "resting fish face" and no one smiles. The fishermen in the folkloric island are superstitious and wear single gold earrings for good luck. The clip then cuts to a scene where a baby having a bright smile on his face is born. The following scenes show the boy growing up to become Styles, who has a "peculiar" ability to blind everyone with his smile. Terrified, the townspeople ostracize him which leaves Styles feeling like an outcast, and he withdraws from society. The clip then shows him spending his days by screaming into empty jars, to give vent to his pent-up distress for being different. However when the jars aren't enough, he heads for the river in an attempt to drown himself, and stumbles across a "gold-dappled" small fish flapping on the rocks. He quickly befriends the fish and starts to bond with it.  Throughout the visual, Styles' anguish is eased off by the fish, as he cares for it and carries it as a companion, around the town. The video is interspersed with scenes where they are seen sharing miniature sized tacos in a picnic or pints at the pub. Over the course of the clip, the fish rapidly grows larger in size and has to be placed from small kettles to transparent backpacks, and eventually in a big tank, supported on wagon wheels. At the end of the video, the fish bursts out of its tank causing the residents to come together and help Styles to return the fish back to the water. In the final scene, the townspeople smile magically with Styles, and he sails away from the isle.

Reception.

Brooke Marine from "W" described the video as "a classic fish out of water tale, but with Styles and a literal fish at the center of it." Writing for "Elle", Savannah Walsh praised the visual for its "high-concept scenarios" and regarded it as "Wes Anderson-meets-The Shape of Water" tale which has a "Twilight Zone-like twist." Madeline Roth of MTV also shared a similar view complimented the "high-concept visual treatment." Claire lampen of "The Cut" deemed the video as "whimsical" and viewed it as "an extended metaphor for the end of a romantic relationship." She further praised the visual, writing, "It’s all very delightful, but also, timely and important." Labelling the visual "cheeky, weird and magical," Brenna Ehrlich of "Rolling Stone" likened its story-line and concept to Harry Nilsson's animated film "The Point!", and lauded Styles' ability for "elevating a good pop song to something closer to absurdist art." Rhian Daly of "NME" deemed the video as "next-level weird – but also strangely beautiful."

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Fine Line".

"Adore You" is a song recorded by English singer and songwriter Harry Styles from his second studio album, "Fine Line" (2019). It was released through Erskine and Columbia Records as the album's second single on 6 December 2019. The song was written by Styles, Amy Allen, Kid Harpoon and Tyler Johnson, with Harpoon handling the production and Johnson serving as a co-producer. "Adore You" has been described as a midtempo pop, funk, disco and pop rock song, incorporating layered guitars, synths, brass and percussions in its production. A love song, its lyrics find Styles talking about the initial stages of a relationship.

Elle a atteint le top 20 des classements dans plusieurs pays dont les États-Unis et le Canada ainsi que le top 10 en Australie, en Belgique (Wallonie), en Nouvelle-Zélande et au Royaume-Uni.


Early life and education.

Lee studied at Bedford College from 1876 to 1884. In 1879–80 she attended the first mathematics class at Bedford and was one of the first women to graduate from the University of London (Bedford College was then a women's college of the University), getting a BSc in 1884 and a BA in 1885. She then stayed at Bedford until 1916, initially as a lecturer in mathematics and physics. From 1892 to 1894 she also worked as'resident helper' at the College, received free board and lodging in return. Later she also helped out in Greek and Latin classes.

Scientific practice.

From about 1895 Lee attended Karl Pearson's statistics lectures at University College London and became interested in his application of statistical methods to evolutionary biology. Under his direction she studied for an advanced degree. Her research topic was an investigation of variation in cranial capacity in humans and its correlation with intellectual ability. Lee courted controversy with her first published paper on the subject in 1901 "A study of the correlation of the human skull". She examined three groups - women students from Bedford College, male faculty at University College, and a collection of distinguished male anatomists. The study demonstrated that there was no correlation between skull size and intelligence. Through a formula Lee calculated the cranial capacity from the anatomical measurements. The individuals in the groups were ranked in order of decreasing skull size, and identified by name. The dissertation was completed in 1899 and the findings caused considerable controversy. It was then an accepted theory in craniology that brain power increased with size, hence skull capacity was a measure of mental ability. As a consequence it was believed that men, who generally had larger heads than women, were mentally superior. Lee's findings shed doubt on that belief. Furthermore, one of the examiners of her dissertation was an anatomist with a low ranking in the skull capacity table of her study. Lee's study drew considerable criticism from her thesis examiners and from eugenicist Francis Galton, who questioned the originality and the scientific quality of her work. It was through Pearson's intervention that Lee was finally awarded a PhD in 1901. The following year Pearson published two papers which answered to the criticism that had been levelled at the findings of Lee's study. As there were no effective challenges this work was soon accepted.  From 1892 Lee worked in Pearson's biometric laboratory. Initially as volunteer, Lee eventually received a salary of £90 a year and worked three days a week. Her duties included reducing data, computing correlation coefficients, creating histogram bar charts, and calculating new kind of chi-squared distribution statistics. In addition she did "all the hundred and one things that need doing" and acted as a laboratory secretary. Pearson funded her salary though a grant and showed embarrassment that compared to the salary of a female typist or stenographer Lee was not well paid. On the same grant Pearson also hired the sisters Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave and Frances Cave-Browne-Cave as part-time computers. Lee held the paid position in the laboratory until 1907 and kept her lectureship at Bredford College until 1916. She carried out laboratory work in her spare time, or on a voluntary basis in Pearson's laboratory.  While working in the laboratory Lee had started to pursue her own research projects. She published four papers in her own name and contributed to 26 others. Twice she declined to be listed as a co-author of a paper published by Pearson, arguing that she had only done the arithmetic. She was in the process of establishing a reputation as a statistician. For her dissertation she had developed a statistical model that estimated the cranial volume of living humans from external skull measurements. Her research on the statistical analysis of within species variation, a branch of evolutionary biology, continued until 1910 and led her to publish a succession of papers in the "Biometrika" from 1902 onwards. Lee's work also contributed to the preparation of tabulated functions, which were frequently used by contemporary statisticians and biologists. Her first and second publication on tabulated functions was published in the "Reports" of the British Science Association in 1896 and 1899. Later works on the subject were published in the "Biometrika" between 1914 and 1927.

First World War.

During the First World War Lee undertook statistical work for the government. From 1916 till 1918 she also calculated shell trajectories and compiled tables of all kinds for the Anti-Aircraft Experimental Section of the Munitions Inventions Department. Lee also worked on special computing projects for the Admiralty.

Death and legacy.

Lee's salary at Bedford College had always been a "women's wage", and the pension scheme had started too late for her to join. When she retired she had little to live on. In 1923 Pearson and Margaret Tuke, the former principal of Bedford College, petitioned the Home Office. Pearson emphasised her considerable research contribution, and her "services to the cause of scientific work". She was awarded a Civil List pension of £70 a year. She died in 1939 at the age of 81.  Gloria Steinem has credited Lee with dealing one of several death blows to craniology in the early 20th century. Flaws in craniology had been pointed out in the 19th century, but in the 1900s craniology was discredited by empirical data. The final blow came in 1909 when Franklin P. Mall applied statistical measures to the study of the frontal lobe and fissures of the human brain, which had been associated with racial and sex differences, in his paper "On several anatomical characters of the human brain, said to vary according to race and sex, with especial reference to the weight of the frontal lobe". He found no differences between male and female brains.

Alice Lee (1858–1939) was a British mathematician, one of the first women to graduate from London University. She was awarded a PhD in 1901. She worked with Karl Pearson from 1892. She demonstrated that the correlation between cranial capacity and gender was not a sign of greater intelligence in men compared to women.

Alice Lee (1858-1939) est une mathématicienne britannique, l'une des premières femmes diplômées de l'université de Londres et docteur en sciences en 1901. Elle travaille avec Karl Pearson au University College de Londres à partir de 1892. Elle est connue pour ses recherches sur la variation de la capacité crânienne chez l'humain et sa corrélation avec la capacité intellectuelle.


Pandémie de Covid-19 en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée

Background.

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.  The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.

Timeline.

March 2020.

On 20 March, the first case in Papua New Guinea was confirmed.

April 2020.

On 7 April, Papua New Guinea confirmed its second case of COVID-19.  On 16 April, the PNG government confirmed five new COVID-19 cases.  On 23 April, an elderly woman of age 45 from Eastern Highlands Province was confirmed to be infected. The tally now stands at 8 cases in Papua New Guinea.

May 2020.

On 4 May, acting Health Secretary Dr Paison Dakulala reported that all known cases have recovered, but stresses that they don't know what they are fighting. 2,400 tests have been carried out with the bulk in Port Moresby.

June 2020.

On 20 June, the PNG government confirmed its ninth COVID-19 case.

Prevention measures.

The Government of Papua New Guinea banned all travellers from Asian countries and closed its border with Indonesia, taking effect from 30 January. On 16 April, due to additional confirmed cases in the National Capital District (NCD) and the Western Province, the Emergency Controller issued National Emergency Order No.16, effectively locking down the NCD. The order established an 8pm-6am curfew, prohibited most public gatherings, limited groups to four people, banning public transportation, and suspending alcohol and Betel nut sales. The order also prohibits domestic air travel and closes public venues such as gambling halls, night clubs, sports and sports clubs, and religious services.  On 3 May, the curfew for the National Capital District and Central Province has been lifted, alcohol restrictions have been lifted. Gatherings remain banned, social distancing measures have to be enforced, and washing hands before entering church services is mandatory.  On 5 May, the school reopened, however some schools required face mask and others have sent their students back again.  No cases have been reported in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have reached Papua New Guinea on 20 March 2020. On 4 May, Papua New Guinea was declared COVID-free, However on 20 June, the government confirmed another case of COVID-19, meaning that the disease is now present again within the country.

La pandémie de Covid-19 atteint la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée en mars 2020. En date du 20 juin, le pays compte ayant été contaminées (dont un ressortissant australien rapatrié en Australie) ; huit sont guéries depuis début mai, tandis que le neuvième est identifié en juin.


History.

Dating from c. 770-790 AD, the chalice was donated by Liutperga, wife of the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III, possibly on the occasion of the establishment of the Benedictine Abbey at Kremsmünster in 777.  The chalice is composed of an egg-shaped cup, a large knop (ornamental knob), and a relatively narrow foot (base). The chalice is cast in bronze that has been gilded with gold and silver and decorated by various methods, including niello engraving and chip-carving. It stands 25.5 cm high, and weighs 3.05 kg; its cup holds approximately 1.75 litres.  The interlinked oval medallions round the cup show Christ (together with the initials "I" and "S", for "Iesus Salvator") and four Evangelist portraits, each Evangelist with his symbol. Round the base are icons of the Virgin Mary, John the Baptist, and, according to an uncertain interpretation, the Lombard queen Theodolinda. The interlace decoration which covers most of the rest of the exterior contains some animals. Around the foot is the Latin inscription: TASSILO DUX FORTIS + LIVTPIRG VIRGA REGALIS.  The chalice is an outstanding and original object, possibly made by Northumbrian craftsmen, decorated with Hiberno-Saxon ornament typical of the period. The style is more typical of the Anglo-Saxon rather than Irish component of this hybrid style. There is evidence that monks themselves were trained as goldsmiths in the insular period, like St. Dunstan, a 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury, and Salzburg for example, was a centre of the Anglo-Saxon mission.  The care and artistry with which it was worked and the rich decoration show that it was the product of the highest craftsmanship of the day. Although church synods held in the 8th and 9th centuries expressly prohibited the use of copper and bronze for use in consecrated chalices, this is one of a few surviving examples of such vessels from that time.  The character of the ornamentation shows clearly the predominance of Insular and Anglo-Saxon influences, even though it may have been made on the Continent. Its place of manufacture is uncertain, and it may have been produced in northern Italy, but Mondsee or Salzburg have also been suggested. Together with the Ardagh Chalice and the Derrynaflan Chalice and associated paten, all of Irish origin, it is one of the most impressive of the very few surviving large pieces of Insular church metalwork – most examples of the style are secular brooches. Anglo-Saxon metalwork was highly regarded as far away as Italy, and especially noted for its engraving, but even fewer pieces have survived than from Ireland.

The Tassilo Chalice is a bronze chalice, gilded with silver and gold, dating from the 8th century. The chalice is of Anglo-Saxon design, and has probably been at Kremsmünster Abbey, Austria since shortly after it was made.

Le calice de Tassilon est un calice en bronze, doré à l'argent et à l'or, datant du. Le calice est de conception anglo-saxonne et se trouvait probablement à l'abbaye de Kremsmünster, en Autriche, peu de temps après sa fabrication.


Synopsis.

The series follows high school girl Eun Dan-oh (Kim Hye-yoon) who is a student at a prestigious academy. One day, by chance, she discovers that the world she lives in is a fantasy world of comics. She and everyone else are merely characters in a comic book entitled "Secret," all under the authority of their omnipotent and omniscient Writer. Dan-oh is only an extra character and, worse, the Writer gave her a lame set-up: she is engaged to her long-time crush who despises her, and she has a heart disease and is expected to die soon.  Not satisfied with this fate, Dan-oh decides to forge her own destiny by changing the story's plot and finding her own true love. Her hopes of freeing herself from the Writer's control becomes stronger than before when she unexpectedly meets nameless Student Number 13 (Rowoon). But as the events around Dan-oh and Number 13 gradually starts to have parallels with the Writer's previous work "Neungsohwa," changing her destiny could have a price to pay.

Production.

The series was tentatively titled as "July Found by Chance" (), the same title as the webtoon which it was based on.  The series was first scheduled to premiere in September 2019 but was pushed back to October 2.

Original soundtrack.

"Extraordinary You: Original Soundtrack".

The drama's soundtrack is compiled in a three-part album released in 20 November 2019. CD 1 contains the drama's theme songs and their instrumental versions, while CDs 2 and 3 contain the drama's musical score.

Ratings.

In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.

Extraordinary You () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Kim Hye-yoon, Rowoon, Lee Jae-wook, Lee Na-eun, Jung Gun-joo, Kim Young-dae and Lee Tae-ri. It is based on the webtoon "July Found by Chance" which was first published in January 2018 on Daum Webtoon. The series aired on MBC TV's Wednesday-Thursday 21:00 KST time slot from October 2 to November 21, 2019.

Extraordinary You (hangeul : 어쩌다 발견한 하루; RR : "Eojjeoda Balgyeonhan Haru") est une série télévisée sud-coréenne de 16 épisodes basée sur le webtoon ""July Found by Chance"" de Moo Ryuyee. Elle est diffusée du 2 octobre au 21 novembre 2019 sur la chaîne de télévision MBC TV et met en vedette les acteurs Kim Hye-yoon, Rowoon, Lee Jae-wook, Lee Na-eun, Jung Gun-joo, Kim Young-dae et Lee Tae-ri.


Development.

The PSI was developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a new pandemic influenza planning tool for use by states, communities, businesses and schools, as part of a drive to provide more specific community-level prevention measures. Although designed for domestic implementation, the HHS has not ruled out sharing the index and guidelines with interested international parties.  The index and guidelines were developed by applying principles of epidemiology to data from the history of the last three major flu pandemics and seasonal flu transmission, mathematical models, and input from experts and citizen focus groups. Many "tried and true" practices were combined together in a more structured manner:-

Context.

During the onset of a growing pandemic, local communities cannot rely upon widespread availability of antiviral drugs and vaccines (See Influenza research). The goal of the index is to provide guidance as to what measures various organizations can enact that will slow down the progression of a pandemic, easing the burden of stress upon community resources while definite solutions, like drugs and vaccines, can be brought to bear on the situation. The CDC expects adoption of the PSI will allow early co-ordinated use of community mitigation measures to affect pandemic progression.

Guidelines.

The index focuses less on how likely a disease will spread worldwide – that is, become a pandemic – and more upon how severe the epidemic actually is. The main criterion used to measure pandemic severity will be case-fatality rate (CFR), the percentage of deaths out of the total reported cases of the disease.  The actual implementation of PSI alerts was expected to occur after the World Health Organization (WHO) announces phase 6 influenza transmission (human to human) in the United States. This would probably result in immediate announcement of a PSI level 3–4 situation.  The analogy of "category" levels were introduced to provide an understandable connection to hurricane classification schemes, with specific reference to the recent aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Like the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, the PSI ranges from 1 to 5, with Category 1 pandemics being most mild (equivalent to seasonal flu) and level 5 being reserved for the most severe "worst-case" scenario pandemics (such as the 1918 Spanish flu).  The report recommends four primary social distancing measures for slowing down a pandemic:  These actions, when implemented, can have an overall effect of reducing the number of new cases of the disease; but they can carry potentially adverse consequences in terms of community and social disruption. The measures should have the most noticeable impact if implemented uniformly by organizations and governments across the US.

Response.

While unveiling the PSI, Dr. Martin Cetron, Director for the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine at the CDC, reported that early feedback to the idea of a pandemic classification scale has been "uniformly positive".  The University of Minnesota's Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) reports that the PSI has been "drawing generally high marks from public health officials and others, but they say the plan spells a massive workload for local planners". One MD praised that the PSI were "a big improvement over the previous guidance"; while historical influenza expert and author John M. Barry was more critical of the PSI, saying not enough emphasis was placed on basic health principles that could have an impact at the community level, adding "I'd feel a lot more comfortable with a lot more research [supporting them]".  During the initial press releases in 2007, the CDC acknowledge that the PSI and the accompanying guidelines were a work in progress and will likely undergo revision in the months following their release.  In 2014, after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, the PSI was replaced by the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework, which uses quadrants based on transmissibility and clinical severity rather than a linear scale.

The pandemic severity index (PSI) was a proposed classification scale for reporting the severity of influenza pandemics in the United States. The PSI was accompanied by a set of guidelines intended to help communicate appropriate actions for communities to follow in potential pandemic situations. Released by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on February 1, 2007, the PSI was designed to resemble the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale classification scheme. The index was replaced by the Pandemic Severity Assessment Framework in 2014, which uses quadrants based on transmissibility and clinical severity rather than a linear scale.

Lindice de gravité de la pandémie (IGP) ou encore "pandemic severity index" en anglais (PSI) est un indicateur de gravité des pandémies de grippe autrefois utilisé aux États-Unis. L'IGP est accompagné d'un ensemble de recommandations aux communautés en cas de pandémie. Publié par le département de la Santé et des Services sociaux des États-Unis à partir du, l'IGP est conçu selon les mêmes principes que la classification des ouragans, l'échelle de Saffir-Simpson. L'indice a été remplacé en 2017 par le "Cadre d'évaluation de la gravité de la pandémie", qui utilise des quadrants basés sur la transmissibilité, et la gravité clinique, plutôt que sur l'échelle linéaire de l'IGP.


History.

The Toyota Coaster was introduced in 1969 as a 17-passenger minibus using the same running gear as the Toyota Dyna of the time. Early models used the 2.0-liter Toyota R engine with a 4-speed manual transmission. With its engine rated at, a RU19 Coaster could attain a top speed of. Subsequent models used a variety of four and six-cylinder diesel and petrol engines, and an option of automatic transmission was later introduced. A smaller alternative was later introduced at "Toyopet Store" locations, based on the Toyota ToyoAce called the Toyota HiAce which had the ability to carry up to 10 passengers but complied with Japanese Government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement.  In August 1997, Toyota "Coaster Hybrid EV" minibus was launched, ahead of the Prius. The Coaster Hybrid, according to Toyota, became its first production hybrid vehicle. Production of the Coaster Hybrid continued until 2007.  The LPG Coaster, fueled by liquefied petroleum gas, was developed specifically for the Hong Kong market and its air pollution problems.  The Coaster is widely used in Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, and Australia, but also in the developing world for minibus operators in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, the Caribbean, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, Panama, and Peru as public transportation. These buses are imported mainly from Asia and have the steering wheel moved to the left and the passenger door to the other side.

First generation (U10/B10).

The Coaster was introduced in February 1969 in 22 and 26-seat models using the Dyna's U platform. It had the 5R petrol engine and the 2J diesel engine and was sold with the model code of RU18 and JU18. All models had a 4-speed manual gearbox with column shift. Air conditioning was available as an option on the deluxe models.  In February 1972, the 2J engine was replaced by the diesel B engine, which was only available with a 5-speed manual gearbox with column shift. The updated models were sold with the model codes of RU19 and BU19.  In August 1977, the Coaster's model platform code was changed to the B series, although the vehicle itself was mostly unchanged. The RB10 had the same 5R petrol engine as before but RB11 a 20R petrol engine was introduced. The B diesel engine was dropped and the 2B diesel engine was introduced on the B10. 21 and 25-seat models were available in addition to the previous 22 and 26-seat models. A high–roof model was added.  In November 1979, column shift gearbox selection was dropped. All gearboxes were henceforth floor shifted. The 5R petrol engine was also dropped. The front grill received a mild face lift.  In August 1980, the 22R petrol engine was introduced on the RB13 model.

Second generation (B20/B30).

In May 1982 the Coaster received a major update to its body. It now had a wraparound front windscreen and thicker rear pillars. For the high-roof models, the 2-piece folding passenger door was replaced with a single piece door. The 20R petrol engine was dropped and the 2B diesel engine was replaced with the 3B diesel engine for the BB20. The 22R engine continued on the RB20. It was available in 16, 17, 20, 21, 22 and 26-seat models.

Third generation (B40/B50).

In January 1993, the body was made more aerodynamic.  Engines were the 4.2-litre 1HD-T turbocharged diesel, the 4.2-litre 1HZ diesel and the 3.4-litre 3B diesel.  In November 1995, the 4WD BB58 was added. The 4.1-litre 15B-F diesel engine was introduced.  In August 1997, a series hybrid EV model was added using a 1.5-litre engine.  The third generation Coaster received a facelift in 2001, and again in 2007.

Fourth generation (B60/B70).

The fourth generation Toyota Coaster was unveiled on 22 December 2016 and was made available for purchase in Japan on 23 January 2017. It is available with the same engine choices as the outgoing model. The Coaster was the first vehicle to undergo a full redesign under Toyota's newly incorporated Commercial Vehicle (CV) company responsible for the design and development of commercial vehicles. The fourth generation Coaster incorporates many safety features as standard including air-bags for the driver and front passenger, Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), a ringed frame body for increased roll-over protection, pre-tensioners for the seat belts and force limiters which reduce the pressure on the passenger's chest in the event of a collision.  The height was increased by, the width was increased by and the window height was increased by over the outgoing model. The door step were also lengthened by for easier entry and exit. The body was designed in a square shape for a more spacious seating space. The windshield was widened for increased outward visibility. The Coaster is available in three configurations; the standard wheelbase configuration can seat 25 passengers, the long wheelbase configuration can either seat 24 or 29 passengers while a school bus configuration can seat 3 adults and 49 children. The school bus configuration does not have a front passenger seat.

Conversions.

The Toyota Coaster is used for motor home conversions. Retired Coasters are converted for home use by removal of most of the passenger seats, and the addition of beds, kitchens, TV, sink, water tanks, annexes and other fixtures.

The is a single-decker minibus produced by Toyota Motor Corporation. It was introduced in 1969, with the second generation introduced in 1982, followed by the third generation in 1993 and the fourth generation in late 2016. In Japan, the Coaster is sold exclusively at "Toyota Store" dealerships. Since 1996, the Toyota Coaster is also sold under the name Hino Liesse II.

Le est un minibus produit par Toyota Motor Corporation. Il a été introduit en 1969, avec la deuxième génération introduite en 1982, suivie de la troisième génération en 1993 et de la quatrième génération fin 2016. Au Japon, le Coaster est vendu exclusivement chez les concessionnaires Toyota Store. Depuis 1996, le Toyota Coaster est également vendu par Hino Motors sous le nom de Liesse II.


Biography.

Cobham was the eldest son of George William Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, and Mary Glynne. Alfred Lyttelton was his younger brother. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.  He was elected to the House of Commons for East Worcestershire in 1868, a seat he held until 1874. Apart from his parliamentary career he also served as High Sheriff of Bewdley. Cobham succeeded his father as fifth Baron Lyttelton in 1876. In 1889 he also succeeded his distant relative Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, as eighth Baron and Viscount Cobham.  Cobham married the Hon. Mary Susan Caroline Cavendish, daughter of William George Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham, in 1878. He died in June 1922, aged 79, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John. His second son George William Lyttelton became a classics master at Eton and was the father of the jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton. Lady Cobham died in 1937.  He came from a cricketing family, his father (GW Lyttelton), five brothers (GWS Lyttelton, AT Lyttelton, RH Lyttelton, E Lyttelton, Hon. A Lyttelton), his sons (JC Lyttelton, CF Lyttelton) and his grandson (CJ Lyttelton) all playing first-class cricket, and in the case of the Hon. A Lyttelton Test cricket. He himself played 35 first-class matches between 1861 and 1867, mainly for Cambridge University. A right-handed batsman and wicketkeeper, he scored 1439 runs at an average of 27.15, including 2 centuries. Cobham was President of Marylebone Cricket Club in 1886.  Cobham was a member of the Tennis Committee of the Marylebone Cricket Club which was responsible for framing standardized rules for the new sport of lawn tennis. These unified " Laws of Lawn Tennis" were published on 29 May 1875.

Charles George Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham (27 October 1842 – 9 June 1922), known as The Lord Lyttelton from 1876 to 1889, was a British peer and politician from the Lyttelton family. He was a Liberal Member of Parliament.

Charles George Lyttelton, vicomte Cobham ( - ), connu sous le nom de Lord Lyttelton de 1876 à 1889, est un pair et homme politique britannique de la famille Lyttelton. Il est député libéral.