Early life.

Killian was born on July 24, 1904, in Blacksburg, South Carolina. His father was a textile maker. He attended The McCallie School in Chattanooga, TN later studied at Duke University (formerly Trinity University) for two years until he transferred to MIT, where he received a Bachelor of Business Administration and engineering administration in 1926. While there, he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Career.

In 1932, while serving as the editor of MIT's alumni magazine "Technology Review", Killian was instrumental in the founding of Technology Press, the publishing imprint that would later become the institute's independent publishing house, MIT Press. He became executive assistant to MIT President Karl Taylor Compton in 1939, and co-directed the wartime operation of MIT, which strongly supported military research and development. He was from 1948 until 1959 the 10th president of MIT. In 1956, James R. Killian Jr was named as the 1st Chair to the new President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by the Eisenhower Administration; a position which he held until April 1963.  On leave from MIT he served as Special Assistant for Science and Technology to President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1957 to 1959, making him the first true Presidential Science Advisor. Killian headed the Killian Committee and oversaw the creation of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) shortly after the launches of the Soviet artificial satellites, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, in October and November 1957. PSAC was instrumental in initiating national curriculum reforms in science and technology and in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).  In 1956 Killian was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He co-authored a book, "The Education of a College President" (1985), which serves as an autobiography as well. After stepping down as president of MIT in 1959, he served as chairman of the MIT Corporation from 1959 until 1971.

Death.

Killian died on January 29, 1988, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy.

Two locations on MIT's campus bear the name Killian: Killian Court, a tree-lined courtyard with views of MIT's Great Dome, and Killian Hall, a concert hall (actually named after Killian's wife, Elizabeth Parks Killian, a Wellesley College alumna).

James Rhyne Killian Jr. (July 24, 1904 – January 29, 1988) was the 10th president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1948 until 1959.

James Rhyne Killian ( - ) est le dixième directeur du Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Il est plus connu pour son rôle de conseiller scientifique auprès des présidents américains Harry S. Truman, Eisenhower, John Kennedy et Gerald Ford et le rôle qu'il a joué dans la création en 1958 de l'agence spatiale civile américaine, la NASA.


Early life, education and career.

Reyes was born in Canutillo, an unincorporated suburban community west of El Paso, and is the oldest of 10 children. He graduated from Canutillo High School and received his associate degree from El Paso Community College. He attended the University of Texas at Austin before serving in the United States Army in 1966. In 1967, Reyes served as a helicopter crew chief in the Vietnam War. In 1968, Reyes suffered complete hearing loss to his right ear when mortar landed near his foxhole during combat.  In 1969, Reyes joined the U.S. Border Patrol where he served for over 26 years. From 1984 - 1995 Reyes served as the Sector Chief for the McAllen and El Paso Sectors of the Border Patrol. In 1993, while serving as the Chief Patrol Agent of the El Paso Border Patrol Sector, Reyes led the Border Patrol to strategically position agents on the border to intercept undocumented immigrants in a strategy later termed "Operation Hold the Line". This operation was the predecessor to a similar operation dubbed "Operation Gatekeeper" in Southern California. Such tactics were not without controversy, as placing Border Patrol Agents in high visibility positions placed them at tremendous risk from rock and firearms assaults from the Mexican side of the border. Immigrant-rights groups also protested the strategy, as it was effective in deterring undocumented immigrants from crossing in protected urban areas such as El Paso and San Diego, California and as such forced them to cross through desolate parts of the Southwestern United States, such as the deserts of the Imperial Valley in California and the Sonora desert in Arizona. Reyes gained enormous popularity in the 16th Congressional District due to the Operation's success in reducing undocumented immigration.

U.S. House of Representatives.

As a senior member of both the Armed Services and (formerly) Select Intelligence Committees, Reyes was a key player in developing military and defense policy. He is credited with the recent success of Fort Bliss and White Sands military bases in the most recent Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decisions by the Department of Defense. On December 1, 2006, Reyes was tapped by Pelosi, the prospective Speaker of the House, to be the new chairman of the House Intelligence Committee.  Reyes was a key player in the 109th Congress because of his Immigration and Border Patrol experience. He was instrumental in leading the opposition to the House immigration proposal proposed by James Sensenbrenner, H.R. 4437. Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi selected Reyes to present and lead the debate on a Democratic substitute to replace the Sensenbrenner legislation, which was voted down on a party line vote.  Reyes has served as chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus. In 2002, he considered running for the United States Senate, but decided against such a move. In 2005 he missed 94 votes in the House, the ninth most of any member.  On March 27, 2009, Reyes was tapped by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to lead a high-level Congressional Delegation to meet with President Felipe Calderon of Mexico. Reyes led the delegation and was accompanied by Ike Skelton, Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, and Howard Berman, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. The three high-ranking Chairman discussed Mexico's efforts to combat drug-related violence and assessed U.S. efforts to assist the Mexican government.  In his role as Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, Reyes was a deciding factor in whether legislation on the floor of the House extending provisions of the FISA would include retroactive immunity for telecommunications companies which participated in the NSA's warrantless wiretap program. Although he initially supported immunity for telecommunications companies, saying that immunity was necessary and the companies hadn't done anything illegal, eventually after being contacted by pressure groups, the version of the legislation he introduced did not contain provisions for telecom immunity, despite Republican threats to torpedo any bill that did not contain telecom immunity.  In a December 2006 interview with "Congressional Quarterly", Reyes said that al-Qaeda, an exclusively Sunni group, was composed of "both" Sunni and Shi'te members. He then instead asserted al-Qaeda is "predominantly probably Shi'ite." He also avoided answering the question whether Hezbollah, a Shi'ite organization, was Sunni or Shi'ite.  In the same interview, Reyes said he favored sending more troops to Iraq: "on a temporary basis, I'm willing to ramp them up by twenty or thirty thousand... for, I don't know, two months, four months, six months – but certainly that would be an exception." Yet, a month later, when President George W. Bush proposed sending approximately 21,500 more troops, Reyes said to the "El Paso Times", "we don't have the capability to escalate even to this minimal level."

Awards.

In 2006, Reyes was also selected as the "El Pasoan of the Year" by the El Paso, Inc. for his successful efforts in Congress to expand the role and mission of Fort Bliss. He is also the recipient of the League of United Latin American Citizens "Lucy G. Acosta Humanitarian Award," and the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce "President's Lifetime Achievement Award."  In 2008, the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) presented Reyes with the "Outstanding Legislator Award," calling him as a "great [friend] of the Army as an institution and [supporter] of soldiers and their families." Reyes established the Congressional USO (United Service Organizations) Caucus. That same year ASME honored Reyes with the ASME President's Award on April 3, 2008. ASME President Sam Zamrik presented the award in recognition of Reyes' "outstanding contributions in promoting diversity in the science, technology, engineering, and math fields" as the co-founder of the Congressional Diversity and Innovation Caucus.  The Frontera Land Alliance presented Reyes with the organization's "Rock Award" in 2010 for his efforts to preserve Castner Range in Northeast El Paso for conservation purposes. As a senior Member of the House Armed Services Committee, Reyes worked to transfer ownership of Castner Range from the Department of Defense to preserve the 7,000-acres of undeveloped desert, foothills, and mountains in Northeast El Paso.  In 2012 The Minority Business Development Agency presented Reyes with their Venable Legacy Award for Lifetime Achievement ABE during their National Minority Enterprise Week Conference.  The Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute honored Reyes known on the hill for his humor by naming their annual stand up comedy event the "Reyes of Comedy" in 2000. The event seeks to promote a positive image of Latinos while raising critical funds for CHCI's programs that empower Latino youth through educational attainment and leadership development programs. In 2013 the Institute chose Reyes as the inaugural inductee into the Reyes of Comedy Hall of fame.  On October 29, 2012 the Canutillo Independent School District Board of Trustees voted unanimously to name a school after Reyes and his wife Carolina. The school which is to be open by the 2014-15 school year will serve students in grades pre-kindergarten through eighth.

Political campaigns.

In 1995, Reyes retired from the U.S. Border Patrol and announced his candidacy for the U.S. Congress against Ron Coleman in the Democratic primary, but Coleman later retired. Reyes finished first in a five-way Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district. He then defeated Jose Luis Sanchez in the runoff by just over 1,000 votes. He won the general election with little trouble, taking 70 percent of the vote. Although the 16th has long since become a Latino-majority district, Reyes was the first Latino to represent the district.  He was reelected seven times with no substantive Republican opposition. He only faced a Libertarian challenger in 1998 and 2008, and was completely unopposed in 2000.  In 2012, Reyes lost the Democratic primary to former El Paso City Council member Beto O'Rourke, taking 44.4 percent of the vote—just a few hundred votes short of forcing a runoff. Reyes' campaign received endorsements from incumbent President Barack Obama and former President Bill Clinton, with the latter appearing at a rally for him.

Silvestre "Silver" Reyes (born November 10, 1944) is the former U.S. Representative for, serving from 1997 to 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was Chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence between 2007 and 2011. In the Democratic Primary election on May 29, 2012, Reyes lost by a margin wide enough to avert a runoff election to former El Paso city councilman Beto O'Rourke.

Silvestre Reyes, né le à (Texas), est un homme politique américain. Membre du Parti démocrate, il est élu pour le Texas à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 1997 à 2013.


Life.

Maria Giovanna Fasce was born on 27 December 1881 in Genoa to the middle-class Eugenio Fasce and his second wife Teresa Valente. She had seven siblings and her oldest sibling was Luigia. Her relations dubbed her as "Marietta". Her mother died in 1889 which prompted her oldest sister Luigia to take care of Fasce.  Fasce taught catechism to children and grew to love the charism of Saint Augustine. She also met her confessor Father Mariano Ferriello in Genoa who encouraged her to learn of the Augustinian figures and pursue her vocation. She also became aware of the life of Rita of Cascia and travelled to Rome in 1900 when Pope Leo XIII canonized her - this was the most important event of her life thus far and solidified her desire to become a nun. She expressed this intention to her relations who took the news bad and her brothers in particular were negative about it. Her oldest sister Luigia accepted this but did not understand Fasce's reasoning for living in a primitive place like Cascia. She applied for admission to a Ligurian convent but was rejected much to her surprise. The Abbess Giuseppina Gattarelli said that she believed Fasce was unable to handle the rigors of the monastic life. Fasce reapplied and was accepted in 1906.  On 22 June 1906 she entered the convent of the Order of Saint Augustine (she received the habit on the night of 25 December 1906) and made the profession of her initial vows on 25 December 1907 in the religious name of "Maria Teresa". She became quite disillusioned due to the convent's decline and returned home in June 1910 for a period of deep reflection. Her time at home saw her affirm her desire to be in the monastic life and returned to the convent in May 1911 and later made her solemn vows on 22 March 1912. She was appointed as novice mistress on 17 July 1914 at the time of World War I and was then vicar of her convent from 1917 until 1920. The unanimous decision of the convent's leadership saw her made abbess on 12 August 1920 and she held that post until her death.  In 1923 she began the circulation of the newsletter "Dalle Api alle Rose" (first edition published 22 May 1923) in order to promote the almost unknown chapel that contained the remains of Rita of Cascia and desired bringing people to God through the saint she admired. Fasce suffered from a malignant tumor on her right breast and had to undergo two operations on it. She referred to her tumor as her "treasure" that was the most beautiful gift that Jesus Christ had given her. She suffered from diabetes and asthma and also became overweight which caused walking difficulties - fellow nuns also had to move her in a chair later in her tenure.  Her goal was the construction of a girl's orphanage which began construction in 1925 and finished in 1938 though she had to depend on donations and work was slow due to the bad economic climate and the onslaught of World War II. She referred to the orphan girls as her "bees" and the first girl to be admitted into the new orphanage was Edda Petrucci.  Fasce died in 1947. Her remains were placed next to Rita of Cascia.

Beatification.

The beatification process commenced in the Diocese of Spoleto-Norcia in an informative process that commenced on 5 August 1968 and concluded its business on 5 June 1971. Fasce was titled as a Servant of God on 5 August 1968 under Pope Paul VI once the process commenced. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process on 6 May 1988 in Rome.  The postulation sent the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. for further assessment at which point theologians met and approved its contents on 17 January 1995 while the C.C.S. themselves followed suit on 6 June 1995. Pope John Paul II proclaimed Fasce to be Venerable on 11 July 1995 after confirming that the late religious had lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.  The miracle needed for her beatification was investigated in the Italian diocese of its origin and received C.C.S. validation on 17 March 1995 while a medical board approved the miracle on 30 November 1995; theologians also voiced their approval on 24 January 1997 while the C.C.S. did so as well on 18 March 1997. John Paul II approved the miracle on 7 July 1997 and beatified her on 12 October 1997.

Maria Giovanna Fasce (27 December 1881 - 18 January 1947) was an Italian Roman Catholic professed religious of the Augustinian nuns in the religious name of "Maria Teresa". Fasce served in various leadership positions in her convent in Genoa and was noted for the establishment of an orphanage and spreading the charism of Saint Augustine and Saint Rita of Cascia.

Marie-Jeanne Fasce, en religion mère Marie Thérèse Fasce ("Maria Teresa Fasce") est une religieuse italienne, bienheureuse, née en 1881, morte en 1947. Abbesse dans l'ordre de Saint-Augustin, elle est attentive aux démunis, aux orphelins, aux malades. Elle cache aussi des résistants. Elle est béatifiée par le pape Jean-Paul II en 1997. Sa fête est le 18 janvier.


Pathogenicity.

Pathogen history.

One of the first pathogens observed by scientists was "Vibrio cholerae", described in detail by Filippo Pacini in 1854. His initial findings were just drawings of the bacteria but, up until 1880, he published many other papers concerning the bacteria. He described how it causes diarrhea as well as developed effective treatments against it. Most of these findings went unnoticed until Robert Koch rediscovered the organism in 1884 and linked it to the disease. was discovered by Leeuwenhoeck in the 1600s but wasn't found to be pathogenic until the 1970s, when an EPA-sponsored symposium was held following a large outbreak in Oregon involving the parasite. Since then, many other organisms have been identified as pathogens, such as "H. pylori" and "E. coli", which have allowed scientists to develop antibiotics to combat these harmful microorganisms.

Types of pathogens.

Pathogens include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and viruses. Each of these different types of organisms can then be further classified as a pathogen based on its mode of transmission. This includes the following: food borne, airborne, waterborne, blood-borne, and vector-borne. Many pathogenic bacteria, such as food-borne "Staphylococcus aureus" and "Clostridium botulinum", secrete toxins into the host to cause symptoms. HIV and Hepatitis B are viral infections caused by blood-borne pathogens. "Aspergillis", the most common pathogenic fungi, secretes aflatoxin, which acts as a carcinogen and contaminates many foods, especially those grown underground (nuts, potatoes, etc.).

Transmission methods.

Within the host, pathogens can do a variety of things to cause disease and trigger the immune response. Microbes and fungi cause symptoms due to their high rate of reproduction and tissue invasion. This causes an immune response, resulting in common symptoms as phagocytes break down the bacteria within the host. Some bacteria, such as "H. pylori", can secrete toxins into the surrounding tissues, resulting in cell death or inhibition of normal tissue function. Viruses, however, use a completely different mechanism to cause disease. Upon entry into the host, they can do one of two things. Many times, viral pathogens enter the lytic cycle; this is when the virus inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell, replicates, and eventually causes the cell to lyse, releasing more viruses into the environment. The lysogenic cycle, however, is when the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome, allowing it to go unnoticed by the immune system. Eventually, it gets reactivated and enters the lytic cycle, giving it an indefinite “shelf life” so to speak.

Context-based host interactions.

Types of interactions.

Depending on how the pathogen interacts with the host, it can be involved in one of three host–pathogen interactions. Commensalism is when the pathogen benefits while the host gains nothing from the interaction. An example of this is "Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron", which resides in the human intestinal tract but provides no known benefits. Mutualism occurs when both the pathogen and the host benefit from the interaction, as seen in the human stomach. Many of the bacteria aid in the breaking down of nutrients for the host and, in return, our bodies act as their ecosystem. Parasitism occurs when the pathogen benefits from the relationship while the host is harmed. This can be seen in the unicellular "Plasmodium falciparum" parasite which causes malaria in humans.

Pathogenic variability in hosts.

Although pathogens do have the capability to cause disease, they do not always do so. This is described as context-dependent pathogenicity. Scientists believe that this variability comes from both genetic and environmental factors within the host. One example of this in humans is "E. coli". Normally, this bacteria flourishes as a part of the normal, healthy microbiota in the intestines. However, if it relocates to a different region of the digestive tract or the body, it can cause intense diarrhea. So while "E. coli" is classified as a pathogen, it does not always act as such. This example can also be applied to "S. aureus" and other common microbial flora in humans.

Current pathogenic treatment methods.

Currently, antimicrobials are the primary treatment method for pathogens. These drugs are specifically designed to kill microbes or inhibit further growth within the host environment. Multiple terms can be used to describe antimicrobial drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals made by microbes that can be used against other pathogens, such as penicillin and erythromycin. Semi-synthetics are antimicrobials that are derived from bacteria, but they are enhanced to have a greater effect. In contrast to both of these, synthetic are strictly made in the lab to combat pathogenicity. Each of these three types of antimicrobials can be classified into two subsequent groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidal substances kill microorganisms while bacteriostatic substances inhibit microbial growth.  The main problem with pathogenic drug treatments in the modern world is drug resistance. Many patients don't take the full treatment of drugs, leading to the natural selection of resistant bacteria. One example of this is methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). Because of antibiotic overuse, only the bacteria which have developed genetic mutations to combat the drug can survive. This reduces drug effectiveness and renders many treatments useless.

Future directions.

Thanks to network analysis of host–pathogen interactions and large-scale analyses of RNA sequencing data from infected host cells, we know that pathogen proteins causing an extensive rewiring of the host interactome have a higher impact in pathogen fitness during infection. These observations suggest that hubs in the host–pathogen interactome should be explored as promising targets for antimicrobial drug design. Currently, many scientists are aiming to understand genetic variability and how it contributes to pathogen interaction and variability within the host. They are also aiming to limit the transmission methods for many pathogens to prevent rapid spread in hosts. As we learn more about the host–pathogen interaction and the amount of variability within hosts, the definition of the interaction needs to be redefined. Casadevall proposes that pathogenicity should be determined based on the amount of damage caused to the host, classifying pathogens into different categories based on how they function in the host. However, in order to cope with the changing pathogenic environment, treatment methods need to be revised to deal with drug-resistant microbes.

The host–pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. Because of this, the definition has been expanded to how known pathogens survive within their host, whether they cause disease or not.

L' interaction hôte-pathogène est définie comme la manière dont les microbes ou les virus se maintiennent dans les organismes hôtes au niveau moléculaire, cellulaire, de l'organisme ou de la population. Ce terme est le plus souvent utilisé pour désigner des micro-organismes causant des maladies, bien qu'ils ne provoquent pas nécessairement de maladies chez tous les hôtes. Pour cette raison, la définition a été étendue à la manière dont les agents pathogènes connus survivent chez leur hôte, qu’ils causent une maladie ou non.


Early life.

Matondo was born in Liverpool, England but moved to south-east Wales as a child. He grew up in the Tremorfa area of Cardiff where he first played football in local parks with his father and brothers. His father Dada played football in his native DR Congo. Two of his brothers, Cedrick and Japhet, also play football at youth level.  As a teenager he attended Llanishen High School.

Club career.

Early career.

Matondo began his career as a youth player with Cardiff City. In 2016, he moved to Premier League side Manchester City for a small compensation fee under the Elite Player Performance Plan, an initiative created by the Premier League regarding movement of youth players. Cardiff appealed against the move and Matondo was blocked from playing for Manchester City until March 2017 when the appeal was denied. However, a fee of £500,000 was reported to have been agreed.  He made his debut for the Manchester City U21 side in the EFL Trophy on 15 August 2017 against Rotherham United, scoring his first goal in the side's following match, a 2–1 defeat to Bradford City. He added two more goals in the next edition of the tournament: the game's only away to Tranmere Rovers in the final group game, and one more in a 3–3 draw at Barnsley in the second round, as well as netting in the subsequent penalty shootout win.

Schalke 04.

On 30 January 2019, Matondo signed for Bundesliga club Schalke 04 for a reported fee of up to £11 million on a four-and-a-half-year deal. He made his professional league debut three days later in a 2–0 home loss to Borussia Mönchengladbach, as a 75th-minute substitute for Sebastian Rudy; on 16 February he was given a start in a goalless home draw with SC Freiburg. On 28 September 2019, he scored his first goal for Schalke in a 3–1 away victory over RB Leipzig.

International career.

Matondo was eligible to represent DR Congo, England or Wales at international level. He represented England at under-15 level before switching allegiance to Wales at under-17 level. He received his first call up to the Wales under-21 squad in September 2017, making his debut for the side in a 3–1 victory over Liechtenstein. After appearing in four qualifying matches as a substitute, he made his first start for the under-21 side in a 1–1 draw with Georgia in the second of two friendlies against the nation in June 2018.  In November 2018, Matondo received his first call up for the senior Welsh squad for a friendly against Albania. He made his international debut during the match on 20 November as a 78th-minute substitute in place of Sam Vokes as Wales lost 1–0 in Elbasan.  In May 2019, after travelling back to England from a Welsh national team training camp in Portugal, Matondo was escorted from the plane by police after "behaving disruptively".

Rabbi Matondo (born 9 September 2000) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a winger for German club Schalke 04 and the Wales national football team.

Rabbi Matondo, né le à Liverpool (Angleterre), est un footballeur international gallois qui évolue au poste d'attaquant au FC Schalke 04.


Background.

Lead singer Dan Reynolds noted that "Natural" is about "finding yourself and being willing and able to stand up to whatever adversity comes your way". He said in a press release announcing the song: "Living in a dog-eat-dog world can bring out the worst in you, and sometimes, the best. It would be a lie to tell you I haven't become somewhat skeptical about some things in the last decade of my life. However, I believe that when you truly learn to love yourself, the judging eyes and hateful words become meaningless."  The song was chosen by ESPN as the anthem of the 2018 "College Football" season. It is the second time that an Imagine Dragons song was chosen, the first being "Roots" in 2015. "'Natural' embodies the energy, spirit and drama of each team's journey to the College Football Playoff, and that is why it was chosen as this year's anthem," said Emeka Ofodile, ESPN vice president of sports marketing. It is also part of the soundtrack for EA Sports' NHL 19.

Composition.

"Natural" features a "mix of explosive drums and inspiring lyrics", with "stadium-rocking instrumentation" over the chorus.

Critical reception.

Markos Papadatos of "Digital Journal" regarded "Natural" as a "well-crafted and well-produced song", writing that "Reynolds' voice is impressive, raw and powerful", and that the song "garners two thumbs up". Sam Tornow of "Billboard" described the song as "ferocious" and "smash-mouth". Mike Wass of Idolator named the song a "radio-ready anthem", expecting it to be "another smash" following the success of the band's third studio album "Evolve" (2017). Tiana Timmerberg of Radio.com called the song "energetic and inspiring", deeming it "a feel-good jam with positive and empowering lyrics".

Music video.

A music video for the song was released on August 24, 2018. It depicts frontman Dan Reynolds as the apparent owner of a spooky house including shots of a woman in a bathtub, the same woman being pursued by other inhabitants of the house and an abnormally tall man resembling Slenderman, a supposed funeral for the woman, Wayne Sermon, Ben McKee and Daniel Platzman fading into dust, Reynolds digging a grave and burying the woman alive, and other shots no the house and its inhabitants, along with a clip of a lion mauling a zebra. Its music video has received over 350 million views and 3.5 million likes as of May 2020.

Live performances.

On July 19, 2018, Imagine Dragons made a live television debut of the single on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". The performance featured a guitar solo by lead guitarist Wayne Sermon that expanded on the studio recording.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from Tidal.

"Natural" is a song by American pop band Imagine Dragons, whose members co-wrote the song with Justin Tranter, Klinsmann Lucas S. Bernardo and their producers Mattman & Robin. It was released by Kidinakorner and Interscope Records on July 17, 2018, serving as the lead single from the band's fourth studio album "Origins" (2018), as well as the seasonal anthem of the 2018 "ESPN College Football". It became their fifth number one song on the US Hot Rock Songs chart.

Natural est une chanson du groupe de rock américain Imagine Dragons dont les membres ont coécrit la chanson avec Justin Tranter et leurs producteurs Mattman & Robin. Elle a été publiée par KIDinaKORNER et Interscope Records le en tant que premier single du quatrième album du groupe "Origins", paru en 2018, mais également en tant qu'hymne de la saison d"'ESPN College Football". Elle est devenue leur cinquième chanson numéro un dans le classement US Hot Rock Songs du Billboard.


Early life.

Marks was born and raised in Ulster in Ireland and had eleven siblings, three of whom were stillborn. The Marks' father, John, was a stonemason and an abusive alcoholic. The family immigrated to Canada in 1840 when Grace was twelve. Her mother died on the ship en route to Canada and was buried at sea.

Kinnear murder.

Marks was employed as a maid in the house of Yonge Street farmer Thomas Kinnear, who was in a sexual relationship with his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery. On July 18, 1843, Kinnear and Montgomery were murdered by a servant. Kinnear was shot and Montgomery, who was pregnant at the time of her death, was hit on the head with an axe and subsequently strangled before being dismembered and hidden under a large tub. Under the alias "Mary Whitney", Marks and the servant, James McDermott, fled together to the U.S., but were apprehended in Lewiston, New York and deported to Toronto. It remains unclear whether Marks had actually taken part in the double murder.  Marks was tried with McDermott for the murder of Kinnear. A trial for Montgomery's murder was to follow, but was deemed unnecessary as both defendants were convicted of Kinnear's murder and sentenced to death. McDermott was hanged, but Marks's sentence was commuted to life in prison which she served in Kingston Penitentiary. At one period (May 4, 1852 – August 18, 1853) she was committed to an asylum but was later returned to Kingston Penitentiary. In 1872, after almost thirty years of incarceration, Marks was pardoned and moved to northern New York. After that she disappeared.

Popular portrayal.

What is known of Marks on the historical record comes primarily from Susanna Moodie's book "Life in the Clearings Versus the Bush". She is the subject of Margaret Atwood's historical fiction novel "Alias Grace" and played by Sarah Gadon in the 2017 television adaptation directed by Mary Harron. "Alias Grace" was adapted for the stage by Jennifer Blackmer and premiered at the Rivendell Theater in Chicago on September 1, 2017.

Grace Marks (c. July 1828 – after c. 1873) was an Irish-Canadian maid who was involved in the 1843 murder of her Richmond Hill, Ontario, employer Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper, Nancy Montgomery. Her conviction for the murder of Kinnear was controversial and sparked much debate about whether Marks was actually instrumental in the murder or merely an unwitting accessory.

Grace Marks (née vers en Ulster et morte après 1873) est une femme de chambre irlando-canadienne, impliquée dans le meurtre de son employeur, Thomas Kinnear, de Richmond Hill, en Ontario, et de sa gouvernante, Nancy Montgomery.


History.

Its predecessor, the Zeitschrifteninhaltsdienst Theologie ("Theology Journals Content Service") or ZID, was started in 1975. This was a current content service which reprinted the table of contents of the main theology journals; monthly ZID issues included an index of authors, Biblical references and persons, which were later combined in an annual and a five-year index.  In 1994-1995, the ZID was converted into a database using allegro-C (a library software developed by the Library of the University of Braunschweig); the bibliographic data extracted from the journals was now stored electronically before it was published in the ZID issues, and the data which had been published in the prior ZID issues was retrospectively catalogued. In addition to subject indexing with standardized index terms, a faceted classification with 130 classes was introduced at that time.  The database itself was made available to the public in German first on floppy disks, later on CD-ROM. Starting in 2001, the subject headings and the user interface were also translated into English.  At the end of 2000, the ZID ceased the publication of its print version. The name of the database was changed to Index Theologicus in 2002, when the publishing house Mohr Siebeck started managing its distribution. Since 2007, the database is only available online and free of charge.

Features.

As of March 2019, IxTheo comprised about 2 million records on theological literature (including monographs and articles), and about 15,000 records are added each year.. Subject headings and search capabilities are provided in 9 languages: English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Russian and Chinese. A special search capability for specific Bible passages using standard abbreviations is also available.  The faceted classification (named "IxTheo classification") now comprises 139 classes divided into 13 main groups.  Since 2013, IxTheo uses the database of the regional cataloguing network "Südwestdeutscher Bibliotheksverbund" (SWB, in south-western Germany), which is shared i.a. by the theological faculties of Tübingen, Heidelberg and Freiburg. The data from the former allegro-c database (over 500,000 records) was migrated into the SWB catalog in 2016.  IxTheo is implemented as a faceted [[Discovery system|Discovery System]] built on the [[VuFind]] library search engine. A growing number of journals are processed using semi-automated production procedures with software such as Imageware and [[Zotero]].

Services.

In addition to the standard search capabilities for theological literature (including articles, monographs, databases, reviews and internet links), IxTheo offers the following services:

Partnerships.

IxTheo has partnerships with a number of libraries, bibliographic tools and publishing houses:

References.

[[Category:Bibliographic databases and indexes]] [[Category:Theology studies]] [[Category:University of Tübingen]]

The Index Theologicus (IxTheo) is an international scientific open access bibliography for theology and religious studies. It covers scientifically relevant information from the Middle Ages to the present day. Publishers are the University Library of Tübingen, the Faculty of Protestant Theology and the Faculty of Roman-Catholic Theology, University of Tübingen.

L'Index Theologicus (IxTheo) est une bibliographie scientifique internationale de théologie et de sciences des religions à libre accès. IxTheo contient des informations sur des publications imprimées et numériques parues du Moyen Âge à nos jours. Elle est publiée par la Bibliothèque de l'Université de Tübingen et par les facultés de Théologie Protestante et de Théologie Catholique de l'Université de Tübingen.


Geography.

Lake Zurich is located at (42.192324, -88.088098), with an elevation of above sea level.  According to the 2010 census, Lake Zurich has a total area of, of which (or 94.2%) is land and (or 5.8%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 18,104 people, 5,746 households, and 4,866 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,792.3 people per square mile (1,078.7/km2). There were 5,828 housing units at an average density of 898.9 per square mile (347.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.31% White, 0.81% African American, 0.17% Native American, 3.82% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.97% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.55% of the population.  There were 5,746 households out of which 54.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.3% were non-families. 12.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.42.  In the village, the population was spread out with 34.1% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males.  According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the village was $101,872, and the median income for a family was $108,108. Males had a median income of $63,909 versus $43,047 for females. The per capita income for the village was $30,287. About 2.0% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

History.

The area of Lake Zurich was first settled by European descendants in the 1830s. Two early pioneers were George Ela, after whom the Ela township is named, and Seth Paine, who established a number of commercial ventures in the town. New England farmers moved to the area in the 1830s and 1840s, and German immigrants began to move to the area later in the middle of the 19th century. The lake now known as Lake Zurich was named Cedar Lake at the time. The village of Lake Zurich was incorporated on September 29, 1896. It remained primarily a farming community; although the village was connected to the railroad in 1910, the line was closed ten years later. However, the arrival of the highway system with Rand Road (U.S. Route 12) in 1922 and Half Day Road (Illinois Route 22) in 1927 established Lake Zurich as a convenient summer resort. The now-defunct Palatine, Lake Zurich and Wauconda Railroad also served the community. Housing development began in the 1950s, with the population increasing throughout the latter part of the 20th century.  In 1988, a historic, landmark legal case in Illinois took place settling a dispute on Lake Zurich, thereby clarifying throughout Illinois property owners' rights on private lakes. In 1988, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled in "Beacham v. Lake Zurich Property Owners Association" (123 Ill. 2d 227; 526 N.E.2d 154; 1988 Ill. LEXIS 91; 122 Ill. Dec 14, filed June 20, 1988) that each individual owner of the private (aka non-public) lake's bottom has the legal right to recreate over the surface waters of the entire private lake. The High Court ruled that by ownership of a lake bottom land, each partial-lake-bottom owner of a private lake can not be prohibited from recreating on the surface waters that may be located above other owners' lake bottom properties. Riparian land rights were defined in Illinois.

Eminent domain controversy.

The village government has used eminent domain to obtain properties in an attempt to increase downtown revenue via new businesses. As of 2004 Lake Zurich had acquired all the property intended to fulfill its downtown redevelopment project. While many protests occurred regularly throughout 2005 near the promenade, the protests failed to garner much attention and ended up failing. A 2007 court defeat brought the issue back into the public eye, as a village-owned rental parcel was denied eminent domain. The renters were granted the ability to stay through the end of their lease due to clerical errors made by the village's legal and administrative employees regarding this parcel in particular.

Village government.

The village of Lake Zurich is headed by Village President Thomas Poynton, who was reelected in 2017, and originally won a seat on the village board as Trustee in 2007. The village has a six-member Board of Trustees. Mary Beth Euker was elected village trustee in 2017 to a 4-year term; Jim Beaudoin was re-elected in 2017 to 4-year terms; Jon Sprawka, Marc Spacone were elected in 2015 to 4-year terms and re-elected in 2019. Greg Weider was appointed in 2016 and elected in 2017 to a 4-year term. Janice Gannon was elected to a 4 year term in 2019. Kathleen Johnson was re-elected Village Clerk in 2017.

Popular culture.

Lake Zurich is the hometown of Sandra Bullock's character Dr. Ryan Stone in the 2013 science fiction film "Gravity".  Lake Zurich is also the hometown of Sam Holtz, the sixth-grader sports-picking prodigy who won first place in the 2015 ESPN NCAA Bracket Challenge, beating 11.57 million other submitted brackets and earning national fame.  Lake Zurich is also the name of a song from a Gorillaz album named “The Now Now”.

Education.

Public schools.

Public schools are managed by the Lake Zurich Lake Zurich Community Unit School District 95. A small section of east Lake Zurich is served by Kildeer Countryside Community Consolidated School District 96 and Consolidated High School District 125.  Elementary schools (K-5):  Until 2009, Charles Quentin Elementary School was also a school in the district, located in nearby Kildeer, that served students in Kildeer, parts of Deer Park and a small part of Lake Zurich, but it closed due to the small total number of students attending it. The district was remapped and students attending Charles Quentin were assigned to various other schools. The site of the former Charles Quentin school became a large part of the retail shopping center known as Kildeer Village Square.  Middle schools (6-8):  High school (9-12):  Non-Lake Zurich schools:

Lake Zurich is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States, a northwest suburb of Chicago. The population was 19,631 at the 2010 census.

Lake Zurich est un village du comté de Lake dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Situé au sud-est du comté, il est incorporé le.


Background.

There are two different types of biodegradable plastic:  It is important to distinguish between "oxo-degradable" plastics, which fragment but do not biodegrade except over a very long time, and "oxo-biodegradable" plastics, which degrade and then biodegrade. The European Committee for Standardisation (CEN, for "Comité Européen de Normalisation") has established the following definitions, in TR 15351:  1. Oxo-degradation is degradation resulting from "oxidative cleavage of macromolecules";  2. Oxo-biodegradation is "degradation resulting from oxidative and cell-mediated phenomena, either simultaneously or successively.  With regard to definition 2, an oxo-biodegredable polyolefin plastic file (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, and all their combinations), incorporating a catalyst that ensures fast oxidative cleavage of its macromolecules, will become biodegradable by cell-mediated phenomena (bacteria and fungi) in the environment and much more quickly than conventional ordinary plastic.

Degradation process.

Degradation is a process that takes place in almost all materials. Conventional polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) plastics will typically fragment quite quickly, but will then take decades to become biodegradable. OXO-degradable products utilize a catalyst to speed up the fragmentation.  The first process of degradation in OXO-treated plastic is an oxidative chain scission that is catalyzed by metal salts, leading to oxygenated (hydroxylated and carboxylated) shorter-chain molecules.  OXO-degradable plastic, if discarded in the environment, will degrade to oxygenated low-molecular-weight chains (typically MW 5–10,000 amu) within 2–18 months, depending on the material (resin, thickness, anti-oxidants, etc.), temperature, and other factors in the environment. By contrast, old-fashioned plastic will take decades to reach this stage, and in the meantime will have adsorbed toxins.  OXO-degradable plastics are designed so that they will not degrade deep in landfill and they will not therefore generate methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) in anaerobic conditions.  OXO-degradable products do not degrade immediately in an open environment because they are stabilized to give the product a useful service-life, during which they do not break down.  OXO-degradation of polymer material has been studied in depth at the Technical Research Institute of Sweden and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. A peer-reviewed report of the work showed 91% biodegradation in a soil environment within 24 months, when tested in accordance with ISO 17556. OXO-degradation has been studied at the Eurofins laboratory in Spain, where on 25 July 2017 they noted 88.9% biodegradation in 121 days, and in many other laboratories around the world. OXO-degradable plastics have been degraded in real time in seawater at the Banyul laboratory in France.  The statements about biodegradation of oxo-degradable plastics have however been disputed by the EU. In a 2017 report it was stated that the biodegradation of the fragmented pieces is only partially supported

Standards applicability.

Oxo-biodegradable plastic degrades in the presence of oxygen. Heat and UV light will accelerate the process, but neither they nor moisture are necessary. Such plastic is not designed to be compostable in open industrial composting facilities, according to ASTM D6400 or EN13432; but it can be satisfactorily composted in an in-vessel process.  ASTM D6400 and EN13432, the standards for industrial composting, require oxo-biodegradable material to convert to CO2 gas within 180 days by industrial composting, which is faster than degradation in the open environment. A leaf is generally considered to be biodegradable, but it will not pass the ASTM composting standards, due to the 180-day limit. Indeed, materials which do comply with ASTM D6400, EN13432, Australian 4736, and ISO 17088 cannot properly be described as "compostable". This is because those standards require them to convert substantially to CO2 gas within 180 days. You cannot therefore make them into compost—only into CO2 gas. This contributes to climate change, but does nothing for the soil.  OXO-biodegradable plastic conforms to the American Standard (ASTM D6954) and a British Standard (BS8472), which specify procedures to test degradability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, and with which a properly designed and manufactured OXO product must comply. These standards contain pass/fail criteria.  There is no need to refer to a standard specification unless a specific disposal route (e.g., composting), is envisaged. ASTM D6400, EN13432, and Australian 4736 are standard specifications appropriate only for the special conditions found in industrial composting.  According to an EU report the oxo-degradable plastics do not biodegrade on a landfill neither should they be regarded as compostable.

Environmental issues.

Oxo-degradable plastic, including plastic carrier bags, may degrade quicker in the open environment than conventional plastic. However, according to a report from the European Commission, there is no evidence that oxo-degradable plastic will subsequently fully biodegrade in a reasonable time in the open environment, on landfills, or in the marine environment. According to the 2018 report: Sufficiently quick biodegradation is in particular not demonstrated for landfills and the marine environment. A wide range of scientists, international and governmental institutions, testing laboratories, trade associations of plastics manufacturers, recyclers and other experts have therefore come to the conclusion that oxo-degradable plastics are not a solution for the environment and that oxo-degradable plastic is not suited for long-term use, recycling or composting. There is a considerable risk that fragmented plastics will not fully biodegrade and a subsequent risk of an accelerated and accumulating amount of microplastics in the environment, especially the marine environment. The issue of microplastics is long acknowledged as a global problem in need of urgent action, not just in terms of clean-up of littering, but also of plastic pollution prevention. One major problem with testing oxo-degradable plastics for safety is that current standards and test methods can't realistically predict the biodegradability of plastic carrier bags within natural ecosystems. Moreover, existing biodegradability standards and test methods for aquatic environments do not involve toxicity testing or account for the potentially adverse ecological impacts of carrier bags, plastic additives, polymer degradation products, or small (microscopic) plastic particles that can arise via fragmentation.  A 2019 EU report describes oxo-degradable plastics as:  Oxo-degradable plastic’ means plastic materials that include additives which, through oxidation, lead to the fragmentation of the plastic material into micro-fragments or to chemical decomposition

Controversy.

On 6 November 2017, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation issued a paper supported by 150 organisations—including M&S, PepsiCo, and Unilever—backing a call to ban oxo-biodegradable plastics. The report had support from industry associations including the British Plastics Federation Recycling Group and the Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association, NGOs such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), scientists including those based at Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and ten MEPs from nine EU countries.  The Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Association (OPA) however, claimed the report was inaccurate. It argued many of the 150 organisations aggressively promoted a rival bio-plastic technology, while many of the others whose logos appeared in the document were themselves producers of the plastic items that get into the open environment as litter. The paper's conclusions were rejected by Professor Ignacy Jacubowicz, who said the degradation process was not merely a fragmentation, but a change from a high molecular weight polymer to a material that can be bio-assimilated.  The evidence for and against oxo-biodegradable plastic was also reviewed in November 2018 by Peter Susman QC, a deputy judge of the high court in England, who had over 25 years experience of adjudicating cases in the technology and construction branch of the high court, involving the evaluation of expert evidence. He declared the scientific case in favour of oxo-biodegradable plastic to be "clear and compelling". Susman examined the processes of abiotic and biotic degradation of plastics, and then looked specifically at degradation in air and degradation in seawater. He concluded, in a 15-page written opinion that It is no longer tenable to conclude that there is 'no firm evidence either way' whether oxo-biodegradable is effective. I consider that recent research provides clear and compelling evidence that oxo-biodegradable plastic is indeed effective in facilitating very significantly speedier degradation than is the case when that technology is not used... [I] cannot imagine that such significantly speedier final degradation occurs later than 'within a reasonable time', however that the expression might be defined... [I regard the idea that biodegradable plastics might encourage littering as] "fanciful and unreasonable". Peter Susman's report was criticized by others.

European strategy for plastics in a circular economy.

On 16 January 2018, the European Commission published its report on the use of oxo-degradable plastic. The document forms part of the European strategy for plastics in a circular economy, which was released the same day.  The Commission focused on three key issues relating to oxo-degradables: the biodegradability of oxo-degradable plastics in various environments; the environmental impacts in relation to littering; and recycling.  The Commission found there was no conclusive evidence that, in the open environment, oxo-degradables fragmented to a sufficiently low enough molecular weight to enable biodegradation. There was no conclusive evidence about the time needed for oxo-degradable plastics to fragment in marine environments, nor about the degree of fragmentation. It said there was a considerable risk that fragmented plastics would not fully biodegrade, leading to subsequent risk of an accelerated and accumulating amount of microplastics, especially in the marine environment. Rapid fragmentation was found to increase the risk of microplastic ingestion by marine animals.  In relation to littering, the report found that, although it appeared the oxo-degradable plastics industry could create products with minimal toxic impact on flora and fauna, it had not been conclusively proven that there were no negative effects. Marketing oxo-degradables as a solution for plastic waste in the environment may make it more likely that items are discarded inappropriately and in marine environments; the fragmentation process made oxo-degradable plastic less likely to be recovered during clean-up exercises.  The report was criticised by the Oxo-Biodegradable Plastics Association (OPA), which said the European Commission had failed to understand the difference between oxo-degradable and oxo-biodegradable plastics. The OPA accused the Commission of not listening to evidence relating to the breakdown of oxo-plastics, which it maintained showed the plastic broke down to a molecular level that could be bioassimilated. In relation to timescales for biodegradation, the OPA said it was not useful to examine how long it took for particular specimens to breakdown in particular conditions, due to the variability of environmental conditions. It said the key point was that oxo-biodegradable plastics would breakdown faster than conventional plastics under the same conditions. Regarding recycling, it said its members had been successfully recycling oxo-biodegradable plastics for more than ten years, with no adverse reports. It rejected the Commission's view on littering and said that, as oxo-degradable plastics were indistinguishable from other plastic products, they were unlikely to cause any additional levels of littering. It criticised the Commission's use of external reports, including that of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the findings of which it previously disputed.  A more recent report, of October 2018, is in line with the previous one. It states that micro-plastics need to be restricted, including oxo-degradable plastics.  The EU directive 2019/904 of the European Parliament and of the Council (5 June 2019) prohibits the introduction in the market of products made from oxo-degradable plastic (Article 5)

Response of the Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association to the EU.

In its Proposal (2018/0172(COD)) for a Directive on "Reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the environment", the EU Commission proposed various measures for reducing the quantity of plastic goods being produced, and measures for encouraging collection for recycling. Most people would support those measures, but plastic will still escape into the open environment in unacceptable quantities until such time as plastic waste has been eliminated. This is not likely to happen any time soon.  According to the Oxo-biodegradable Plastics Association oxo-biodegradable technology is the only way to prevent the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment; and if oxo-biodegradable technology were severely restricted in the EU, there would be unintended consequences. There would be a distortion of markets, if European companies were effectively prevented from manufacturing for countries where oxo-biodegradable plastic is mandatory. Alternatively, some countries could follow Europe's lead with disastrous consequences, and much of their accumulated plastic waste would eventually find its way to the shores of Europe.  Recital (3) to the draft Directive says "Marine litter is of a transboundary nature and is recognized as a global problem." The Reis report to the European Parliament (11 October 2018) says "Every year in Europe, 150,000 tonnes of plastic are dumped into the sea. The situation is even more alarming at [the] global level, with 8 million tonnes ending up in the sea each year." Recital (5) to the draft Directive says "In the Union, 80 to 85 % of marine litter, measured as beach litter counts, is plastic, with single-use plastic items representing 50%." This is why the plastic needs to be urgently upgraded so that it will convert into biodegradable materials much sooner than ordinary plastic, if it does escape into the open environment, especially the oceans.  Microplastics being recovered from the oceans are from "oxo-degradable" plastics, which degrade and fragment but do not biodegrade except over a very long period of time. These are conventional plastics which undoubtedly create persistent microplastics, and this is why they have been banned for a wide range of products in Saudi Arabia and 11 other countries, where oxo-biodegradable technology for making these products is now mandatory. The products have to comply with strict standards, based on ASTM D6954.

OXO-biodegradation is biodegradation as defined by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in CEN/TR 1535–2006, as "degradation resulting from oxidative and cell-mediated phenomena, either simultaneously or successively". This degradation is sometimes termed "OXO-degradable", but this latter term describes only the first or oxidative phase of degradation and should not be used for material which degrades by the process of OXO-biodegradation as defined by CEN. The correct term is "OXO-biodegradable".

L'oxo-fragmentation ou oxodégradation est un processus de dégradation des matières non assimilables par les micro-organismes. L'oxo-fragmentation est un processus à distinguer de la biofragmentation.


Venue.

The game was played at Stockton Arena in Stockton, California, as the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus had booked the SaberCats' usual home arena of SAP Center from August 20 to 30.

Television.

This was the second consecutive ArenaBowl televised on ESPN.

Background.

Jacksonville Sharks.

In, the Sharks began the regular season with a 1–5 record, after having lost the first four games of the season. The Sharks then won their next five games and eventually finished the season with a 10-8 record, earning the third seed in the American Conference. In the conference semifinals, they defeated the Orlando Predators on the road in a 55–33 contest. They then won the conference finals on the road against the Philadelphia Soul by a score of 61–56.

San Jose SaberCats.

In, the SaberCats began the regular season with eleven straight wins. They clinched their second consecutive (and tenth overall) division championship when the Portland Thunder lost on June 7. The SaberCats' undefeated streak was snapped when they lost at home to the Los Angeles Kiss, who had a 1–9 record entering the game. The SaberCats won their last six games to finish with a franchise best record of 17–1, with home field advantage for the playoffs. In the conference semifinals, they defeated the Portland Thunder at home by a score of 55–28. They then won the conference finals at home against the Arizona Rattlers in a 70–67 contest.

Box score.

"Source":

ArenaBowl XXVIII was the championship game of the 2015 Arena Football League season. It was played between the American Conference Champion Jacksonville Sharks and the National Conference Champion San Jose SaberCats. The game was played at Stockton Arena in Stockton, California.

L'ArenaBowl XXVIII était le match de championnat de la saison 2015 de l'Arena Football League. Il a été joué entre le champion de la conférence américaine, les Sharks de Jacksonville et le champion de la conférence nationale, les SaberCats de San José. Le match a eu lieu à Stockton Arena à Stockton, en Californie.


Plot summary.

The action commences in 1939. Lieutenant-Commander George Ericson, a Merchant Navy and Royal Naval Reserve officer, is recalled to the Royal Navy and given command of the fictitious HMS "Compass Rose", newly built to escort convoys. His officers are mostly new to the Navy, especially the two new sub-lieutenants, Lockhart and Ferraby. Only Ericson and the petty officers are in any way experienced.  Despite these initial disadvantages, the ship and crew work up a routine and gain experience. Bennett, the first lieutenant, a mean and shirking disciplinarian with a penchant for bullying and canned sausages ("snorkers"), leaves the ship ostensibly for health reasons, and the junior officers are able to mature, with Lockhart gaining promotion to first lieutenant.  The crew cross the Atlantic many times on escort duty in all kinds of weather, often encountering fierce storms in one of the smallest ships built to protect Allied convoys. The men endure the ship's constant rolling and pitching in the huge waves, freezing cold, the strain of maintaining station on the convoy on pitch-black nights and the fear that at any second a torpedo from a German U-boat could blow them to oblivion. Somehow the tradition of the Royal Navy and the knowledge of the importance of their work carries them through.  They continue the monotonous and dangerous but vital duty of convoy escort, and after one particularly difficult convoy they use all their hard-won knowledge to sink a German submarine. They are nearly sunk several times until in 1943 they are finally torpedoed and forced to abandon ship. Most of the crew die in the freezing waters, but Ericson, Lockhart, Ferraby, and a few others are rescued the next day; however Ferraby suffers a breakdown forcing him to go to hospital.  Ericson, now promoted to commander, and Lockhart, now a lieutenant-commander, take command of a new ship, the fictitious HMS "Saltash". (In the film adaptation, the ship is called "Saltash Castle" and is portrayed by the, as no River-class vessels were available.)  The Royal Navy is now finally gaining the upper hand over the U-boats and "Saltash" adds to the growing number of kills due to Ericson's determination and patience.  In chapter seven the ship receives a message ordering it to "remain on patrol in vicinity of Rockall" as the end of the Second World War approaches in 1945, and as finally hostilities were declared ended, a well-known quote:  With the war ended, "Saltash" returns to port as a guard to several German submarines that have surrendered. A secondary plotline concerns Lockhart's poignant romance with a beautiful Women's Royal Naval Service officer.

Origins and authenticity.

Nicholas Monsarrat's own career was the model for that of his character Lockhart, a Fleet Street reporter in the 1930s, commissioned as a naval reservist. Monsarrat spent the war in anti-submarine escort ships, rising to the rank of lieutenant-commander. His first book, "Three Corvettes", was published in 1945. After the war, he was a publicity officer at British missions overseas (notably Ottawa) before becoming a full-time writer.  Over half a century later, the historian Paul Kennedy still considered Monsarrat's fictionalisation of his experiences as the best and most authentic guide to the mentality of the wartime escort commander.

Film and radio adaptations.

The novel was made into the film "The Cruel Sea" in 1953, directed by Charles Frend and starring Jack Hawkins as Commander Ericson and Donald Sinden as Lockhart.  BBC Radio 4 has produced two radio adaptations of the book. In September 1980, a two-hour dramatised version starred Richard Pasco as Ericson and Michael N. Harbour as Lockhart, and with Terry Molloy as the coxswain of "Saltash". Recording took place with the assistance of the captain and ship's company of and the captain of. The narrator was Martin Muncaster. In March 2012, another two-hour version, starred Gwilym Lee as Lockhart and Jonathan Coy as Ericson. Dramatised by John Fletcher and directed by Marc Beeby, this adaptation went on to win 'Best Use of Sound in an Audio Drama' in the BBC Audio Drama Awards 2013.  In 1998 BBC Radio 2 released a three-hour full-cast dramatisation audiobook as part of the BBC Radio Collection. The novel was adapted by Joe Dunlop. The cast included Donald Sinden (Narrator), Philip Madoc (Ericson), Paul Rhys (Lockhart), Michael Maloney (Ferraby), Helen Baxendale (Julie Hallam), Emma Cunniffe and Jack Davenport. The novel is also available as an audiobook.

The Cruel Sea is a 1951 novel by Nicholas Monsarrat. It follows the lives of a group of Royal Navy sailors fighting the Battle of the Atlantic during the Second World War. It contains seven chapters, each describing a year during the war.

La Mer cruelle ("The Cruel Sea") est un roman de Nicholas Monsarrat paru en 1951. Il retrace la vie d'un groupe de marins de la Royal Navy participant à la bataille de l'Atlantique, qui opposa de 1939 à 1945 les escorteurs de convois britanniques aux U-Boote (sous-marins) de la Kriegsmarine au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il contient sept chapitres, décrivant chacun une année pendant la guerre.


Early life.

Nasser was born in Tripoli on 15 June 1927, the fifth of 11 children. He attended the School of the Holy Hearts until the age of 7 and then the College of the Brothers of the Holy Family. During his childhood he was a keen fan of film, watching up to eight a week at the cinema. Nasser moved to California to attend UCLA and became one the first Arab filmmakers to obtain a film degree in the United States. Though he had originally intended to study architecture as he was unaware that cinema studies was a subject. At UCLA he met fellow film students George Roy Hill and John Ford.

Career.

After graduating from UCLA in the mid-50s, he returned to Lebanon to direct his first feature, "Ila Ayn" (1957), which became the first Lebanese film to be featured In Selection at Cannes Film Festival. After sixty years, the film was screened again in its restored print version as part of the Cannes Classics events in 2017, after which Nasser, who is known as the "Father of Lebanese Cinema" received a standing ovation. Although his career was cut short by the Lebanese civil war, he has mentored a new generation of Lebanese filmmakers as an instructor at the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts. Nasser also attempted to establish a film-making syndicate in the aftermath of the war. In the 1990s he began a project to create a film of the life of Egyptian actress Faten Hamama entitled "Lee Ouyon al-Nas" but it was never completed. In his late career he completed several short films for the Lebanese Army. He died on 23 January 2019, aged 91 and was buried at the St. Maroun Church in Tripoli on 24 January.

Filmography.

"Il Ayn?" (1957).

The film known in French as "Vers L'Inconnu", was a mix of melodrama and Italian neo-realism, and cowritten with Halim Fares and Youssef Habchi Achkar. The film examines poetically the themes of exile and emigration. It tells the story of a family from an obscure village in Mount Lebanon. Because the family is struggling, the father decides, like most men in the Levant at the time, to immigrate to Brazil, leaving his wife to raise the children, but he’s never heard from again. Nasser made the film at a time when Lebanon had a fledgling film industry, and so his cast was completely nonprofessional. q digital restoration of the original 35mm film was completed in time for its 60th anniversary. In addition to screening again at the Cannes Film Festival as part of the Cannes Classics series, the restored copy of the film was screened in Lebanon at the Metropolis Empire Sofil in Achrafieh in January 2018.

"The Small Stranger" (1962).

His second feature, "The Small Stranger" (or "Le Petit Étranger") was also selected for Cannes in 1962. The French-language film was a coming of age story about a young country boy who moves to the city and gets seduced by it.

"Only One Man Wanted" (1975).

Nasser's third feature was produced by the National Film Organization and partially shot in Syria

Georges Nasser ( ; 15 June 1927 – 23 January 2019) was a Lebanese director. He is considered to have been a pioneering figure in Lebanese cinema and is credited with having put Lebanon on global movie-making map.

Georges Nasser (1927-2019) est un réalisateur libanais. Son film "Ila Ayn" ("Vers l'inconnu") est le premier film présenté officiellement par le Liban au Festival de Cannes de 1957.


Plot.

Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar Caligula, alone in his bed, is plagued by nightmares in which a man, his head covered in a helmet, tries to shoot him with an arrow. The poet Domitius approaches and tries to assassinate him with a dagger, but the attempt is thwarted by Ulmar, Caligula's bodyguard. Domitius ends up losing his tongue and having his tendons cut at Caligula's behest.  Riding along the beach with Messala, Caligula encounters a group of Christians, among whom he spots Livia. He rapes the woman in the woods in front of her young lover Aetius, a consul's son. While being raped, Livia commits suicide with Caligula's dagger. The emperor orders Messala to kill Aetius on the spot. He spreads word that they were killed by fanatical Christians, and persecutes them. The senators, however, do not believe that the peaceful Christians were responsible and continue to plot against Caligula, discussing their options.  In his nightmares, Caligula is visited by the shades of Aetius and Livia. At Livia's funeral, held on a beach, Miriam Celsia, close friend and an Egyptian priestess of the god Anubis, speaks against a Christian burial - the idea being that Livia's God failed to defend her - and in favor of cremation according to Anubis, who speaks of vengeance. The Christians comply.  Lucretius presents sumptuous construction plans to Caligula and a group of senators. To finance the project, Caligula announces he will auction off all his belongings at a banquet with beautiful women and costly admission. He then feigns wine poisoning. One of the senators offers to give his life for his well-being, and Caligula stabs him with his sword. Again in his private rooms, the emperor makes fun of crippled Domitius using his sex slaves.  In a temple, Miriam sacrifices her virginity to Anubis in exchange for vengeance on Livia's murder. She is then approached by senator Cornelius who wants to aid her. Caligula's cavalry capture novice Vestal Virgins as the chief attraction of the banquet. In a swimming pool, they are deflowered by slaves approaching underwater with phalli. Other women, among them Miriam, apply for the orgy and are selected by a eunuch, who then trains them in the art of love. During the banquet (which involves jugglers, a bloody gladiatorial combat and the masturbation of a horse), Caligula falls in love with Miriam and his bodyguard Ulmar leads her to the imperial chambers where Miriam and Caligula have sex with each other. When Cornelius attempts to kill Caligula, Miriam unexpectedly saves the emperor's life, killing Cornelius.  Caligula takes deadly revenge on the senators involved in the plot in a number of gruesome ways. In the meantime, Miriam has become passionately tied to Caligula, who announces he will marry her despite her slave status. She discovers Livia's amulet and becomes torn between vengeance and love. When Ulmar offers to help her escape, she refuses. She can no longer kill Caligula but has to know the truth about Livia's death and therefore administers him a hallucinogenic potion. In his ensuing vision, Caligula is approached and plagued in the beyond by the shades of the people he murdered. One is Miriam. As she approaches, he stabs her with a sword he found on the floor, shouting "You're just a dream. But I'm still alive!" When he realizes he is no longer dreaming and has actually stabbed her, he cries.  Riding again on the beach with Messala, Caligula is approached by senators, praetorian guards and his uncle Claudius. Caligula announces the cancellation of his project for a new Rome and asks that they tell the gods he has woken from his dream. Ulmar, wearing the helmet from Caligula's initial dream, shoots arrows through Messala's neck and Caligula's heart. Dying, Caligula says, "I'm still alive! Miriam, I'm still...alive."

Cast.

Uncredited:

Production.

"Caligula... The Untold Story" was shot in autumn 1981 under the working title "Follia del potere" ().

Release.

Censorship.

The film was presented to the Italian board of censors on March 6, 1982 under the title "Caligola... l'altra storia" ( "Caligula... the other story"), by whom it was rejected the first and second time (March 20 and May 21): It contained too many scenes merging sexual and physical violence with reiterated display of mutilations, the remainder of the runtime being for a large part taken up by orgies so that even cuts could not remove the "negative characteristics" in the eyes of the censors.  On October 19, 1982 the production company "Cinema 80" asked for a revision for a re-edited version under the title "Caligola... la storia mai raccontata", passed on December 1, 1982. This version had cut 22 minutes, from the first version, but was lengthened by additional scenes so that it ended up being only about 15 minutes shorter. Nonetheless, a version of the first and longer Italian cut was released in Italy on home video, still bearing the title "Caligola... l'altra storia". In 1993, the film lost its Italian rating "vietato ai minori" ( "forbidden to minors") after the removal of about 2 and a half more minutes, from the second, shorter version.

Theatrical releases.

In Italy, the film was first shown in theaters on December 15, 1982. It premiered in Rome on December 24, 1982 and was shown at the Ambasciatori, the Blue Moon and the Moderno. In Milan, it premiered on March 26, 1983 at the Impero and in Turin on June 24, 1983 at the Ambrosio. The film had an 85 minute running time for its theatrical run in Italy.  In France, the film was released theatrically as "Caligula "la véritable histoire"" in June 1983. In Spain, a soft-core version was theatrically released as "Caligula 3, la historia jamás contada", with 231,236 spectators and a box-office gross of 264,977 euros.

Home media.

Caligula... The Untold Story was released on Italian home video, on VHS, in its soft-core versions by Golfo Azzurro, Videogroup, and Shendene & Moizzi.  Elsewhere, the film was released in a hardcore version never submitted to the Italian board. It includes the following additional scenes:  The hardcore cut was first distributed on home video by "Movie Time" in the Netherlands on VHS in an abbreviated form, dubbed in English with Dutch subtitles. The onscreen title reads "Caligula... The Untold Story", while the title on the cover is "Caligula II - The Forbidden Story".  Both a long softcore and the hardcore cuts were released in Germany in a joint edition as "Caligula 2 - The Untold Story (Caligula 2 - Die wahre Geschichte)" by the label X-rated in its "Joe D'Amato Collection". A DVD edition with similar content was later released in Italy by Stormovie. The running times vary on home video, with an 80 minute running time for the softcore version and a 102 minute running time for the hardcore version.

Reception.

Contemporary reviews.

Contemporary reviews were negative. In June 1983, A. Valdata observed in "La Stampa" that despite its title, the film's story was like that of a common comic book, that the protagonist aped Malcolm McDowell in "Caligula" and that the film was better suited for a red light cinema. In September, an anonymous reviewer at the Segno-cinema noted that the small national production profited from the censorship imposed on Brass' "Caligula" by devising a costumed soft-core screenplay replete with absurdities and approximations, and that the untold story had better been left untold.  In France, P. Mérigeau thought that apart from some habitually horrific scenes (such as tongues cut off, a prostitute coupling with a horse, a newborn child thrown against a wall), there was an absolute void. He called the screenplay nonexistent, the characters for the most part incomprehensible, and wrote that he would rather not talk about the actors' performances.

Retrospective reviews.

Recent reviews have been comparatively favorable. In his 2003 book on splatter films, Scott Aaron Stine observes that "Caligula... The Untold Story" "is not as slick as "Gore Vidal's Caligula"" and says that "the lack of gloss actually benefits the film, putting the subject matter in a very suitable light" and giving more of an impression of a "gritty documentation" compared with the "pretentious and almost glorifying" way in which the earlier film presented its subject matter. Stine also mentions the "gratuitous gore" - in particular the "tongue-sawing sequence" and "the poor chap who gets impaled with a spear in a manner that makes suppositories look positively quaint".  In his D'Amato monograph published in 2004, Gordiano Lupi calls the film "crazy and perverse" as well as "visionary in the right place". He wrote that he preferred it to Brass' "Caligula" because it is "less chaotic and muddled and, above all, also does not have intellectual pretensions". Furthermore, he praises the film's historical reconstruction and its set design, pointing out the yellow tinge of the cinematography evoking the decadent atmosphere of the late [sic] Roman Empire. In his book on D'Amato published in 2014, Antonio Tentori characterises the film as fragmentary due to censorship, but that it is still apparent that it is dedicated to a bizarre and perverse type of eroticism. Both Lupi and Tentori praise David Brandon's performance as Caligula as "perfect". Generally viewing the acting in a favorable light, Lupi further asserts that Laura Gemser too here delivered one of the most inspired performances of her career. Clive Davies sees her as "the real star". In 2015, Gary Allen Smith notes that the "film lacks a well-known cast but the performances are nevertheless competent. David Cain Haughton, in particular, is quite acceptable as the mad emperor."

Caligula... The Untold Story (original Italian title: Caligola... la storia mai raccontata; "Caligula... the story never told") is a 1982 historical exploitation film starring David Brandon and Laura Gemser. Written by George Eastman and Joe D'Amato, and produced, directed and shot by Joe D'Amato, it was created to cash-in on the success of Tinto Brass's "Caligula" without being a sequel or remake.

Caligula, la véritable histoire ("Caligola: La storia mai raccontata") est un film historique pornographique coécrit et réalisé par Joe D'Amato, sorti en 1982.


History.

Wisley was founded by Victorian businessman and RHS member George Ferguson Wilson, who purchased a 60-acre (243,000 m2) site in 1878. He established the "Oakwood Experimental Garden" on part of the site, where he attempted to "make difficult plants grow successfully". Wilson died in 1902 and Oakwood (which was also known as Glebe Farm) was purchased by Sir Thomas Hanbury, the creator of the celebrated garden La Mortola on the Italian Riviera. He gave the Wisley site to the RHS in 1903.  Directors have included;

Description.

Wisley is now a large and diverse garden covering 240 acres (971,000 m2). In addition to numerous formal and informal decorative gardens, several glasshouses and an extensive arboretum, it includes small scale "model gardens" which are intended to show visitors what they can achieve in their own gardens, and a trials field where new cultivars are assessed. The laboratory, for both scientific research and training, was originally opened in 1907, but proved inadequate. It was expanded and its exterior was rebuilt during World War I. It was designated a Grade II Listed building in 1985. Visitor numbers increased significantly from 5,250 in 1905, to 11,000 in 1908, 48,000 in the late 1920s, and 170,000 in 1957, and passed 400,000 in 1978, 500,000 in 1985, and 600,000 in 1987. In 2017, the site welcomed 1,143,175 visitors.  In April 2005 Alan Titchmarsh cut the turf to mark the start of construction of the Bicentenary Glasshouse. This major new feature covers three quarters of an acre (3,000 m2) and overlooks a new lake built at the same time. It is divided into three main planting zones representing desert, tropical and temperate climates. It was budgeted at £7.7 million and opened June 26, 2007. A £20 million Welcome Building including a larger restaurant, cafe and visitor facilities was opened by Alan Titchmarsh on 10 June 2019.

Features.

Wisley has a large number of features, including the following:  Visitor facilities include cafés and restaurant, car parks, plant centre, etc.

Gallery.

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The Royal Horticultural Society's garden at Wisley in the English county of Surrey south of London, is one of five gardens run by the Society, the others being Harlow Carr, Hyde Hall, Rosemoor, and Bridgewater (opening in 2020). Wisley is the second most visited paid entry garden in the United Kingdom after the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, with 1,071,088 visitors in 2018.

Le jardin botanique de Wisley, situé dans le Surrey, au sud de Londres, est un jardin botanique anglais, géré par la Royal Horticultural Society (RHS).


Construction and career.

The cruiser was laid down by the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts on 14 August 1905, and launched on 29 May 1907; sponsored by Miss Mary Campbell. "Birmingham" was commissioned on 11 April 1908, Commander Burns Tracy Walling in command. "Birmingham" served with the Atlantic Fleet until 27 June 1911, and went into reserve at Boston three days later. One of her sailors, Chief Electrician William E. Snyder, received the Medal of Honor for rescuing a shipmate from drowning on 4 January 1910. From "Birmingham"s deck, civilian pilot Eugene Ely made the first airplane take-off from a warship on 14 November 1910 in a Curtiss Model D biplane designed by Glenn Curtiss.  Recommissioned on 15 December 1911, she made a short cruise to the West Indies and then reverted to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia on 20 April 1912. From 19 May – 11 July, she was in commission for service on Ice Patrol and then returned to the Philadelphia Reserve Group. Recommissioned on 1 October 1913, "Birmingham" carried the Commissioners of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition on a South American tour from 3 October – 26 December, and was then outfitted at Philadelphia Navy Yard as a tender to the Torpedo Flotilla.  She left the yard on 2 February 1914, and resumed operations with the Atlantic Fleet as flagship of the Torpedo Flotilla. From 22 April – 25 May, she operated with the fleet in Mexican waters. During this time, one of her two Curtiss Model F flying boats performed the first military mission by a US heavier-than-air aircraft, while scouting for mines off Veracruz on 25 April. In 1916, she became flagship of Destroyer Force Atlantic Fleet, and Torpedo Flotilla 3.

World War I and fate.

Following American entrance into World War I, "Birmingham" patrolled along the northeast U.S. coast until 14 June 1917, when she sailed from New York as part of the escort for the first US troop convoy to France. After returning to New York she was fitted for service in Europe and in August reported to Gibraltar as flagship for Rear Admiral A. P. Niblack, Commander, US Forces Gibraltar. She escorted convoys between Gibraltar, the British Isles, and France until the Armistice. After a short cruise in the eastern Mediterranean, she returned to the United States in January 1919.  From July 1919 to May 1922, she was based at San Diego, California as flagship of Destroyer Squadrons, Pacific Fleet, and then moved to Balboa, Canal Zone as flagship of the Special Service Squadron. After cruising along the Central American and northern South American coast, she returned to Philadelphia and was decommissioned there on 1 December 1923, being sold for scrap on 13 May 1930.

USS "Birmingham" (CS-2/CL-2), named for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, was a scout cruiser, reclassified a light cruiser in 1920. Entering service in 1908, the ship became known for the first airplane takeoff from a ship in history in 1910. During World War I, "Birmingham" escorted convoys across the Atlantic. The cruiser was decommissioned in 1923 and sold for scrap in 1930.

L'USS "Birmingham" (CS-2/CL-2) est un croiseur éclaireur (anglais : "scout cruiser") de classe Chester conçue pour la reconnaissance dans l"'US Navy".


About the tour.

The tour's setlist consisted of songs from her albums "Pies Descalzos" and "Dónde Están los Ladrones?" In addition, she included an a capella song, "Alfonsina y el Mar", originally by Argentine folk singer Mercedes Sosa. Criticism of the tour was the overselling of tickets in Guatemala, the long delays at the start of the show,and the short duration of the tour. Despite this criticism, all of the concerts were quickly sold out, and Shakira even added some extra concerts due to popular demand.  After 3 sold out shows in Luna Park, Shakira decided to bring back the tour to Buenos Aires because of popular demand. A 4th date in the Argentinian city was added, the fourth show took place in the city's Campo Argentino de Polo stadium. The show had around 25,000 attendees. The show had people in the blocks near the stadium scared because of overcrowding of the region and according to residents' testimonies, the loud music caused the buildings to shake.

Critical Reception.

Ernesto Lechner From ‘’LA Times’’ praised the concert and the artist saying “Everything about Colombian rock star Shakira spells perfection--with a capital P. Her powerful voice. Her gorgeous looks. Her effortlessly sensuous dancing. Her commanding stage presence.” Highlighting Ojos Asi by calling it “superb”, and asserting that her shows are meant to be seen live.

Broadcast and Recordings.

The concert of the National Auditorium of Mexico and the concert in Luna Park of Buenos Aires was broadcast by a national transmission.

Tour Anfibio () is a concert tour by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira that started on March 21, 2000 in Lima (Peru), and ended on May 12 in Buenos Aires (Argentina). The name "anfibio" was chosen by Shakira for its resemblance with her: earthy, viscerally connected to the water element, capable of adapting and willing to undergo metamorphosis. The tour was sponsored by Nokia during the South American legs of the tour.

Tour Anfibio est une tournée de concerts de la chanteuse et compositrice colombienne Shakira qui a débuté le à Lima et s'est terminée le à Buenos Aires.


Origins.

"Phi Tai Hong" usually has its origin in a man or a woman who died suddenly, often without the observance of proper funerary rituals. According to the "Royal Institute Dictionary 1999", the official dictionary of Thai words, "tai hong" means "to die an unnatural and violent death, such as being murdered or drowning" and "Phi Tai Hong" means the ghost of a person who died in such manner. The word "hong" (โหง) has two components: "great suffering" and "suddenness or unexpectedness", with the latter component being more prominent because people who become "Phi Tai Hong" are not able to prepare themselves for death. These types of ghosts symbolize how life can end unpredictably and anyone can become victims of death. Thus there is a distinction between them and for example, cancer patients, who do suffer greatly but are aware of their condition and potential death. Suicide victims or prisoners who were executed also do not fall under the category of "Phi Tai Hong" because their death was anticipated.  According to Thai oral tradition "Phi Tai Hong" are especially dangerous and aggressive because, due to their sudden death, they were unable to fulfill their dreams and desires while alive. As such, their anger and sorrow are manifested into the form of a vengeful ghost. It is believed that the first seven days of a person's death is when their spirit is most actively seeking revenge and the living are advised to avoid the area where they had died. "Phi Tai Hong" will often try to kill other living people in the same manner of which they had died themselves, and as a consequence they are among the most feared ghosts in Thai culture.  Thai culture blames these types of vengeful spirits as one of most difficult to exorcise. This is due to their particularly violent nature and because they actively haunt areas where their death took place, including houses. Exorcisms can be very complicated, involving arcane ceremonies. Stories about this kind of spirit and the exorcism ceremonies that are needed to be free from them are popular in Thai publications.  There is another distinct form of "Phi Tai Hong" known as "Tai Thang Klom" (ตายทั้งกลม) or "Tai Thong Klom" (ตายท้องกลม), which is the ghost of a woman who died together with her child in her womb.

Tai Thang Klom and Tai Thong Klom.

The most violent and vengeful manifestation of "Phi Tai Hong" comes in the form of ghosts called "Tai Thang Klom" (ตายทั้งกลม) or "Tai Thong Klom" (ตายท้องกลม). They are ghosts of pregnant women who died alongside with an unborn child, typically due to childbirth complications. These ghosts are even more malevolent because two lives were lost, not just one, resulting in the power of two spirits.  Written records going far back as to the Ayutthaya period detail the power and fear associated with this particular type of spirit. According to the writings of Jeremias van Vliet, a director of the Dutch East India Company in Ayutthaya during the 17th century, sacrificing pregnant women by burying them alive under city fortifications and buildings turned them into protective spirits rather than destructive "Tai Thang Klom" or "Tai Thong Klom".

Modern adaptations.

"Phi Tai Hong" is a ghost that has been featured in many movies of different types, such as 2003 Thai comedy-horror film "Buppah Rahtree" and the 2010 film "Tai Hong". It also appears in many other movies, but in a role less central to the theme. In its "Tai Thang Klom" variant this ghost is featured in the 2010 film "Tai Thang Klom" ("The Snow White").  "Phi Tai Hong" is also a recurring theme in Thai television soap operas "(lakhon)" such as "The Sixth Sense" (สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ), the highly successful "Raeng Ngao" (แรงเงา), and in "Fai Huan" (ไฟหวน), as well as in the more recent Nang Chada (นางชฎา) with Davika Hoorne as the vengeful ghost and Waen Sawat (แหวนสวาท) starring 'Pancake' Khemanit Jamikorn in a dual role.  The "Phi Tai Hong" legend often provides a plot to erotic films, such as "Phi Sao Tai Hong" and "Khon Hen Phi", in which the hero spends a night of pleasure with a woman, but then finds out later she was an apparition.

Phi Tai Hong () is a ghost of Thai folklore. It is the vengeful and restless spirit of a person who suffered a violent or cruel death.

Phi Tai Hong () est un fantôme du folklore thaïlandais. C'est l'esprit vengeur et agité d'une personne qui a subi une mort violente ou cruelle.


Functional description.

This section was excerpted from the original document, "Minuteman" D-37C Digital Computer System Depot Overhaul. Autonetics, Division of North American Rockwell, Inc. Anaheim, California. FET-D-120-D37/4.

Control Unit.

The control unit interprets and processes all machine functions and consists of a location counter, the instruction register, and the phase register.

Arithmetic Unit.

The arithmetic unit consists of three registers: the accumulator (A), lower accumulator (L), and the number register (N). Only the A and L registers are addressable.

Memory Unit.

The D-37C computer memory consists of a rotating magnetic disk driven by a synchronous motor at 6000 rpm. Adjacent to the disk are two fixed head plates which house the read and write heads. The disk has a thin magnetic oxide coating on both sides for storing information. This disk is supported by air bearings generated by the rotating disk. The disk is divided into tracks or channels of 128 words each for main memory. A total capacity of 7222 words may be contained in the 56 channels of 128 Sectors, six 4-word loops, one 8-word loop, one 16-word loop and six 1-word loops.

Programming.

The computer uses a full 24-bit instruction word and data word. Data is represented in one of two fashions, as a 23-bit binary fraction (full word) or as a 10-bit fraction (split word). The two formats are shown in the figure. Instructions also have two formats, either flagged or unflagged as indicated in the figure. A list with all of the available instructions with numeric and mnemonic codes follows. For more information on programming see:  Kee, W. T. Programming Manual for the D-37C Computer. Anaheim, California, Autonetics, Division of North American Rockwell, Inc., 30 January 1965.

D-17B Comparison.

Both the D-17B and the D-37C computers were designed and built by Autonetics, then a division of North American Aviation, later a division of Boeing, for the real time guidance and control of a Minuteman ICBM from launch to detonation. The D-17B is a component of the NS-10Q missile guidance system for the Minuteman I, while the D-37C is a component of the NS-17 missile guidance system for the Minuteman II. There are many basic similarities between the two designs. They are both synchronous, serial machines with fixed head disks for primary memory. They have two-address instructions, half and whole word precision, and many similar instruction operator codes. The differences in the two computers are based mainly upon their differing technologies. The D-17B was built in 1962 using primarily diode-resistor logic and diode-transistor logic as needed to realize its logic circuits. On the other hand, the D-37C was built in 1964 using small scale integrated circuits made by Texas Instruments with discrete components only in the internal power supplies.

Power supply.

Jerrold Foutz, President, SMPS Technology was the responsible engineer for the Minuteman D-37B guidance and control computer power supply study program which defined the state-of-art techniques later used in one of the first integrated-circuit military computers. These techniques included high-speed flat-pack power transistors and diodes (the first silicon power devices that could switch at 20 kHz and higher), high frequency DC-DC converters (100 kHz reduced to 20 kHz for reliability safety margins), high frequency pulse-width-modulated power supplies (20 kHz), metal substrate multilayer circuit boards (removing eight watts per cubic inch in space environment with 40°C rise, junction to system heat sink), and radiation circumvention techniques that removed all electrical power from the power distribution system, including decoupling capacitors, in less than a 1 microsecond and restored to specified voltage in a few microseconds upon command. Responsible for developing these concepts from exploratory development through to the production design. The basic power supply configuration was maintained in later Minuteman missiles whereas other components underwent major redesigns. Also developed, but not used, was a complete liquid dielectric cooling system based on phase change. This study verified, for the first time, that such a system could work in zero-gravity, and that the liquid dielectric showed no compatibility problems with the chosen electronic components over a test period lasting eight years.

The D-37C (D37C) is the computer component of the all-inertial NS-17 Missile Guidance Set (MGS) for accurately navigating to its target thousands of miles away. The NS-17 MGS was used in the Minuteman II (LGM-30F) ICBM. The MGS, originally designed and produced by the Autonetics Division of North American Aviation, could store multiple preprogrammed targets in its internal memory.

Le D-37C (ou D37) est le calculateur de l’ensemble de guidage du missile (MSG) tout-inertiel NS-17. Cette fonction informatique lui permet de naviguer avec précision jusqu’à sa cible, à des milliers de kilomètres. Le NS-17 MGS a été utilisé dans l’ICBM Minuteman II (LGM-30F). Le MGS, conçu et produit à l'origine par la division Autonetics de North American Aviation, pouvait stocker plusieurs cibles préprogrammées dans sa mémoire interne.