Personal life.

Yezierska was born in the 1880s in Maly Plock to Bernard and Pearl Yezierski. Her family emigrated to America around 1890, following in the footsteps of her eldest brother, who had arrived in the States six years prior. They took up housing in the Lower East Side, Manhattan. Her family assumed the surname, Mayer, while Anzia took Harriet (or Hattie) as her first name. She later reclaimed her original name, Anzia Yezierska, in her late twenties. Her father was a scholar of Torah and sacred texts.  Anzia Yezierska's parents encouraged her brothers to pursue higher education but believed she and her sisters had to support the men.  In 1910 she fell in love with Arnold Levitas but instead married his friend Jacob Gordon, a New York attorney. After 6 months, the marriage was annulled. Shortly after, she married Arnold Levitas in a religious ceremony to avoid legal complications. Arnold was the father of her only child, Louise, born May 29, 1912.  Around 1914 Yezierska left Levitas and moved with her daughter to San Francisco. She worked as a social worker. Overwhelmed with the chores and responsibilities of raising her daughter, she gave up her maternal rights and transferred the girl to Levitas.  In 1916, Yezierska and Levitas officially divorced.  She then moved back to New York City. Around 1917, she engaged in a romantic relationship with philosopher John Dewey, a professor at Columbia University. Both Dewey and Yezierska wrote about one another, alluding to the relationship.  After she had become independent, her sister encouraged her to pursue her interest in writing. She devoted the remainder of her life to it.  Yezierska was the aunt of American film critic Cecelia Ager. Ager's daughter became known as journalist Shana Alexander.  Anzia Yezierska died November 21, 1970, of a stroke in a nursing home in Ontario, California.

Writing career.

Yezierska wrote about the struggles of Jewish and later Puerto Rican immigrants in New York's Lower East Side. In her fifty-year writing career, she explored the cost of acculturation and assimilation among immigrants. Her stories provide insight into the meaning of liberation for immigrants—particularly Jewish immigrant women. Many of her works of fiction can be labeled semi-autobiographical. In her writing, she drew from her life growing up as an immigrant in New York's Lower East Side. Her works feature elements of realism with attention to detail; she often has characters express themselves in Yiddish-English dialect. Her sentimentalism and highly idealized characters have prompted some critics to classify her works as romantic.  Yezierska turned to writing around 1912. Turmoil in her personal life prompted her to write stories focused on problems faced by wives. In the beginning, she had difficulty finding a publisher for her work. But her persistence paid off in December 1915 when her story, "The Free Vacation House" was published in "The Forum". She attracted more critical attention about a year later when another tale, "Where Lovers Dream" appeared in "Metropolitan". Her literary endeavors received more recognition when her rags-to-riches story, "The Fat of the Land," appeared in noted editor Edward J. O'Brien's collection, "Best Short Stories of 1919". Yezierska's early fiction was eventually collected by publisher Houghton Mifflin and released as a book titled "Hungry Hearts" in 1920. Another collection of stories, "Children of Loneliness", followed two years later. These stories focus on the children of immigrants and their pursuit of the American Dream.  Some literary critics argue that Yezierska's strength as an author was best found in her novels. Her first novel, "Salome of the Tenements" (1923), was inspired by her friend Rose Pastor Stokes. Stokes gained fame as a young immigrant woman when she married a wealthy young man of a prominent Episcopalian New York family in 1904.  Her most studied work is "Bread Givers" (1925). It explores the life of a young Jewish-American immigrant woman struggling to live from day to day while searching to find her place in American society. "Bread Givers" remains her best known novel.  "Arrogant Beggar" chronicles the adventures of narrator Adele Lindner. She exposes the hypocrisy of the charitably run Hellman Home for Working Girls after fleeing from the poverty of the Lower East Side.  In 1929–1930 Yezierska received a Zona Gale fellowship at the University of Wisconsin, which gave her a financial stipend. She wrote several stories and finished a novel while serving as a fellow. She published "All I Could Never Be" (1932) after returning to New York City.  The end of the 1920s marked a decline of interest in Yezierska's work. During the Great Depression, she worked for the Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration. During this time, she wrote the novel, "All I Could Never Be". Published in 1932, this work was inspired by her own struggles. As portrayed in the book, she identified as an immigrant and never felt truly American, believing native-born people had an easier time. It was the last novel Yezierska published before falling into obscurity.  Her fictionalized autobiography, "Red Ribbon on a White Horse" (1950), was published when she was nearly 70 years old. This revived interest in her work, as did the trend in the 1960s and 1970s to study literature by women. "The Open Cage" is one of Yezierska's bleakest stories, written during her later years of life. She began writing it in 1962 at the age of 81. It compares the life of an old woman to that of an ailing bird.  Although she was nearly blind, Yezierska continued writing. She had stories, articles, and book reviews published until her death in California in 1970.

Yezierska and Hollywood.

The success of Anzia Yezierska's early short stories led to a brief, but significant, relationship between the author and Hollywood. Movie producer Samuel Goldwyn bought the rights to Yezierska's collection "Hungry Hearts". The silent film of the same title (1922) was shot on location at New York's Lower East Side with Helen Ferguson, E. Alyn Warren, and Bryant Washburn. In recent years, the film was restored through the efforts of the National Center for Jewish Film, the Samuel Goldwyn Company, and the British Film Institute; in 2006, a new score was composed to accompany it. The San Francisco Jewish Film Festival showed the restored print in July 2010. Yezierska's 1923 novel "Salome of the Tenements" was adapted and produced as a silent film of the same title (1925). Recognizing the popularity of Yezierska's stories, Goldwyn gave the author a $100,000 contract to write screenplays. In California, her success led her to be called by publicists, "the sweatshop Cinderella." She was uncomfortable with being touted as an example of the American Dream. Frustrated by the shallowness of Hollywood and by her own alienation, Yezierska returned to New York in the mid-1920s. She continued publishing novels and stories about immigrant women struggling to establish their identities in America.

Anzia Yezierska was a Jewish-American novelist born in Mały Płock, Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire. She emigrated as a child with her parents to the United States and lived in the immigrant neighborhood of the Lower East Side of Manhattan.

Anzia Yezierska ( - ) est une romancière juive américaine d'origine polonaise. Ses nouvelles et ses romans, d'inspiration autobiographique, portent sur l'immigration, les difficultés d'assimilation et d'intégration que rencontrent les classes populaires, et sur le rêve américain.


History.

In an essay devoted to "Americanism", Agnes Repplier emphasized that, "Of all the countries in the world, we and we only have any need to create artificially the patriotism which is the birthright of other nations." Since the racial and ethnic demographic alterations of the American population caused by the 1965 Hart-Celler Act, "Americanism" has been rooted less in shared cultural experiences and more in shared political ideals.  The concept of "Americanism" has been around since the first European settlers moved to North America aspired by a vision of a shining "City on a hill". John Adams wrote that the new settlements in America were "the opening of a grand scene and design in Providence for the illumination of the ignorant, and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth". Such understanding of "Americanism" was common thinking throughout the New World after the American Revolutionary War with expectations that the newly independent nation would become more than what Thomas Paine called "an asylum for mankind". During the antebellum period, throughout the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, "Americanism" acquired a restrictive political meaning due to nativist moral panics after increased Irish and German immigration led to the growth of American Catholicism.  The years from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II brought new meaning to the term "Americanism" to millions of immigrants coming from Europe and Asia. Those were times of great economic growth and industrialization, and thus brought forth the American scene consisting of "industrial democracy" and the thinking that the people are the government in America. Since then, the success of the American nation has brought tremendous power to the notion of "Americanism".  According to Wendy L. Wall in "Inventing the "American Way"", "Americanism" was presented by a national propaganda campaign to contrast with Communism and Fascism, during the Cold War. The benefits of "Americanism" were promoted through the ideals of freedom and democracy.  Some organizations have embraced "Americanism" but have taken its ideals further, i.e., the Ku Klux Klan believes that Americanism includes aspects of race (purity of white American) and of American Protestantism.  Professor of political science at Clemson University C. Bradley Thompson stated that,

Americanism is a set of the United States patriotic values aimed at creating a collective American identity, and can be defined as "an articulation of the nation's rightful place in the world, a set of traditions, a political language, and a cultural style imbued with political meaning". According to the American Legion, a U.S. veterans' organization, "Americanism" is an ideology, or belief in devotion, loyalty, or allegiance to the United States of America, or to its flag, traditions, customs, culture, symbols, institutions, or form of government. In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, "Americanism is a question of spirit, conviction, and purpose, not of creed or birthplace."

L'américanisme politique est une tendance idéologique qui prône un engouement pour l'Amérique et tout ce qui est américain, soit l'adoption des idées et manières américaines. Le terme « Amérique » s'appliquant particulièrement, dans ce contexte, à la politique des États-Unis d'Amérique.


Service.

LO Local (普通 "futsū")  LE Limited Express (特急 "tokkyū")  NS Non-stop Limited Express (ノンストップ特急 "nonsutoppu tokkyū") SV Premium Express Shimakaze (しまかぜ "Shimakaze")

History.

During the Meiji era, travelers coming to modern-day Shima walked along the Ise-Isobe road, now known as Mie Route 32. In 1911, as the Meiji era neared its end, the government-owned Sangū Line (now owned by JR Central) was extended from the city of Ujiyamada (modern-day Ise) to Toba, making Toba the default origin of any railroad to Shima, and not Ujiyamada. During the 1910s, as the Taishō period began, many plans were put forth by various members of the railroad industry, but none were implemented.

Shima Electric Railway.

In 1923, was established by Kakuya Morimoto, and by 1924 the plan for a railroad to Shima was finally approved. This plan specified Toba Station as the origin, as well as a track gauge of, allowing the line to connect directly with the Sangū Line (also ) in Toba. The original plan also specified that Ugata Station would be the terminus. However, shortly before construction began, a request was made to members of an already-established railway company, Tokyu Corporation, to see if the plan drawn up by Shima Electric Railway was sound. In the end, the only recommendation made was that the terminus be extended from Ugata to a nearby uninhabited island in Ago Bay called Kashiko Island, citing the island's natural beauty as conducive to establishing a profitable resort and tourism industry catering to travelers and pilgrims already coming to the area to visit nearby Ise Grand Shrine. Executives at Shima Electric Railway incorporated this suggestion into their plan and decided the line would include two stations on Kashiko Island: Kashikojima Station for tourists, and, the new terminus, for use as a freight station by the area's marine industry. However, the people living near Ugata, the original terminus, opposed the new plan because they felt having the line's endpoint in their area would bring economic benefit. This period of opposition lasted for four years, during which people living near Ugata refused to sell the land needed by Shima Electric Railway to lay track leading to Kashiko Island, thereby delaying construction. After an agreement was reached, the line was finally completed and opened in 1929, five years after the original plan had been drafted.  In 1944, Shima Electric Railway, along with six other companies, merged to form Mie Transport ("Sanco"). Twenty years later, the railway department of Sanco split off to become a separate company called Mie Electric Railway ("Sanden"), however this organization was short-lived as it was bought up by railway giant Kinki Nippon Railway ("Kintetsu") the following year, and thus in 1965 the line came under its current name and ownership.

Kintetsu renovation.

In acquiring the line, Kintetsu now had a problem because the Shima Line, which originated at Toba Station, was not connected with the rest of Kintetsu's extensive rail network which stretched only as far as Ujiyamada Station in Ise. Moreover, the railway gauge and voltage used on the Shima Line were different from the majority of Kintetsu lines, including the nearby Yamada Line which terminated at Ujiyamada. For the time being, Kintetsu offered bus service between Ujiyamada and Toba, but in the late 1960s they decided it was worthwhile to create a rail connection between the two in hopes of attracting customers from the upcoming 1970 World's Fair in Osaka by offering direct rail service to the area. This was the impetus for the construction of the Toba Line, and to make direct service possible between the Shima Line, the under-construction Toba Line, the Yamada Line, and beyond, the Shima Line was closed for four months in late 1969 and early 1970 to change the gauge to and double the voltage to 1,500 V DC to match the other Kintetsu lines it would connect with. Other improvements were added such as the ATS system, a new switching network, and gentler curves. The renovated Shima Line and the newly built Toba Line opened together in March 1970, and Kintetsu began running limited express trains from and to Kashikojima just in time for the beginning of the World's Fair. The sharp increase of passengers on the line also motivated Kintetsu to invest money in a variety of tourism business enterprises in the Ise-Shima, especially along the Shima Line.  In 1986, it was decided that a second track on the Shima Line would assist in increasing the speed and number of trains on the line. Construction took several years and now most but not all of the line has dual tracks. The Aomine Tunnel between Shiraki and Gochi was also added to the line during this phase.

The is a railway line in Mie Prefecture, Japan, operated by private railway operator Kintetsu Railway, connecting Toba Station in Toba with Kashikojima Station in Shima.

La est une ligne ferroviaire du réseau Kintetsu située dans la préfecture de Mie au Japon. Elle relie la gare de Toba à la gare de Kashikojima à Shima. La ligne est le prolongement de la ligne Kintetsu Toba.


Recording.

Luke Pritchard had already begun talking about The Kooks' fifth album in 2017 while promoting the band's greatest hits compilation, "The Best of... So Far", which contained two new songs that were produced by Brandon Friesen who was also overseeing the recording of their new album along with Chris Seefried. Consisting of songs written by Pritchard while the other band members spent time with their families, the new album was deemed to be more of a band effort, as opposed to "Listen" which was constructed individually.  Initially, the band had started recording for their fifth album in 2015 with the intent of continuing the flow from the previous record "Listen". Unhappy with the results they decided to scrap the material in favor of starting over in a new direction. According to Pritchard, "We’d started out with Inflo, working in the same way we had on "Listen", and one day we all looked at each other and said 'This isn’t working'."  Pritchard spoke to the Evening Standard about his writing process for the new album: “I really went on a mission to write the best songs I’d ever written before bringing them to the band. I stewed over every word. It had to be our "Rubber Soul", "Lola", "Definitely Maybe". Proper British lineage. I came from a dark place at the start, had a lotta heartbreak, and then falling in love in the middle of the album...the lyrics reflect that".  Pritchard also spoke to Clash about external pressure on the band to produce more mainstream music and the band's resistance to the idea. He said, "On this album it wasn’t like there were discussions in the band on this, but there were a lot of people around us saying things like, oh, you should go more modern, or use this producer. We made a very clear decision to stick to our guns, and to stick to being what we think we stand for." The band decided to write more of the music and in particular the lyrics before entering the studio to record, as opposed to writing on the fly in the studio as with their previous record.  Regarding the choice of Friesen as producer, with whom the band started working with in early 2016, Pritchard said, "He was looking to make a great rock record and that’s what we wanted. It was exciting to work with something new, we didn’t want the guy who’d done the last Kasabian record, we wanted to be outsiders together, that gave us a lot of fight and a lot of creative freedom."  Originally, Pritchard had wanted to name the album "Weight of the World" after one of its songs. He said, "In my opinion 'Weight Of The World" became the pinnacle moment of the new record because this song represents what the entire album stands for: letting go of the past, letting go of the youth. But I found it was too negative for a title, whereas "Let’s Go Sunshine" feels really positive. And that’s what the album really is in the end."

Critical reception.

Upon the release of "Let's Go Sunshine" critical reception to the album was mixed. Review aggregate website Metacritic scored the album 59/100 based on 7 reviews. In All Music's review by Neil Z. Yeung said of the album; " a mostly tame affair packed with patient groovers and some lush production" although he was slightly critical of the albums sentimentality; "it gets bogged down by the contemplative exercises, but resuscitated by the festival-sized anthems punctuated throughout". Clash gave the album a mixed review. Writing; "Let’s Go Sunshine’ is a solid album, though not groundbreaking" but did complement the band on trying new things; "whilst it’s not The Kooks we know and love, it’s still mostly remains true to the indie sound whilst being experimental in parts". Another mixed review came from Exclaim! reviewer Beth Bowles. She was critical of the band apparently playing it safe; "Let's Go Sunshine scarcely veers into experimental territory, and as a result, the tracks lack unique characteristics" and went on to criticise the album as "boring" stating; "While collectively the songs are happy-go-lucky, giving off a carefree tone, at 15 tracks, Let's Go Sunshine gets boring quickly".

Let's Go Sunshine is the fifth studio album by British rock band The Kooks. The follow-up to the 2014 album "Listen", it was released on 31 August 2018 through Lonely Cat, making it the band's first album release on an independent label The album charted at number 9 on the UK Albums Chart, giving the band their highest charted release for a decade after their second album "Konk" which reached Number One in 2008. It is the third and last studio album recorded with bassist Pete Denton, whose departure from the band was announced on 3 January 2019.

Let's Go Sunshine est le cinquième album studio du groupe britannique de rock indépendant The Kooks sorti le par le label Lonely Cat.


History.

In October 1970, Yasushi Tourism Corporation launched a business. Men focused on marine animal exhibitions such as dolphins and sea lions and men breed and trained for orchas that were regarded as beasts. There are performances by marine beasts other than killer whales. There are three different zones which are the Eco Aquaroam, Tropical Island, and Rocky world contain most sea creatures about 11,000 that are on display.  By the opening of Sea World, resort hotels such as "Kamogawa Grand Tower" and ryokan / recreation facilities were built in the Kamogawa which was a sightseeing area until then, south Boso was transformed into a resort for a whole year. In addition, the hotel "Kamogawa Sea World Hotel" managed directly inside Sea World premises, was founded in 1971.  Since Yasu Tourism was absorbed and merged into Mitsui Kohmura (former North Coast Tourism, now Gran Vista) in 1986, it became the main facility of the company. In 1987, a new establishment of the Ocean Stadium which can accommodate about 2,000 people exclusively for orca performance, Eco Equalome which renewed indoor aquarium panolium in December 1996, Rocky World and Seika Performance only for July 1998 "The Rocky Stadium (about 1,000 people)" has been established, July 2001 has expanded the exhibition facilities, the tropical island to display the fishes in the South Pacific and the sea turtle beach new construction.

Attractions.

Areas.

Ocean Stadium  Guests can encounter killer whale here and watch killer whale performance. On the first floor of the semi-underground there is a self-service "restaurant ocean", and guests can see the aquarium and killer whale at the Ocean Stadium through the window. It is located right in front of the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Surf Stadium  Guests can encounter Bottlenose dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin here. These animals can show guests combined performance here.  Marine Theater  Guests can encounter Beluga here. In this theater, Beluga performs special tricks, specifically they are trained to swim through obstacles, identify showed terms.  Rocky Stadium  Guests can encounter California sea lion here. They star here and provide classical show using their hidden intelligence.  Eco-aquaroam  There are Char, Japanese freshwater crab, Kokanee salmon, Japanese spider crab, Jelly fish and others in this area. It is the aquarium where tourists can have a quick break or long moment to just observe various sea animals.  Tropical Island  There are Pearl-spot chromis, Oriental butterflyfish, Anemone fish, Shark, Ray, Sea turtle, and others in this area. Similar to the Eco-aquaroam but with the difference of being in a building, Tropical Island shows the visitors the significance of coral reefs.  Polar Adventure  There are King penguin, Gentoo penguin, Rock hopper penguin, and others in this area. It suits colder sea creatures compared to the Rocky World. It focus on the animals inhabited in both Arctic and Antarctic. Tourists may find it is cooler here.  Pirika Forest  It is a facility where tufted puffins are exhibited. It has been renewed and reopened in the Polar Adventure area in the basement of Rocky World. It can be found right in the Polar Area which simply displayed special and rare breed of birds - tufted puffin. Rocky World  There are California sea lion, Spotted seal, Walrus, Steller sea lion, Bottlenose dolphin, Humboldt penguin, and others in this area and guests can find it right beside the rocky stadium. This is the area where serve as complex inhabitants to keep sea animals comfortable. It is like a collection of different marine animals from coasts.  It develops from the Ocean Stadium to the Kamogawa Sea World Hotel on the premises. It is an exhibition environment that reproduces the habitats of the marine animals, and it is becoming possible to see the state of the aquarium from the first basement floor (except penguin · polar adventure). During the opening hours, guests can cross the sea world hotel by passing through a wood deck style bridge. There is a gate dedicated to exit near the sea of penguins.  In front of the elevator on the 2nd floor, the first Japanese-born killer whale-killer whale FRP replicas are displayed together with explanation panel.  Sea turtle beach  Obviously, guests can encounter sea turtles here. Located so near to the coast that tourists may think it is connected with the Pacific Ocean. Here is the safe place to breed and keep turtles.  Pelican Pond  Guests can encounter pelican here. It can be closed due to the rainy weather. Tourist can watch pelican strut themselves with hearing the introduction and comments provided by staff inside.  Kamogawa Sea World has The Steller Sea Lion Sea, Walrus Sea, The Humboldt Penguin Sea and The Dolphin Sea which use their name to indicate the creatures. These area is more like a container of real sea to serve as the comfortable place to make specific marine animals fell home. And the name of them indicates the exactly animals on display.

Restaurant.

Restaurant Ocean  It is the only restaurant inside where guests can dine while watching the killer whales performance.  Food Court Mauri  Inspired by the Republic of Kiribati, the restaurant is built and served with a southern land style.  Buffet Restaurant Sun Cruise  Where guests can enjoy food relaxed.

Shop.

Gift Shop Marine Market  Beside the main gate, guests can buy souvenir easily before leaving the Sea World.  Bazaar Court Raoi  It is beside the Tropical Island and the largest shop inside the amusement park with various goods.

Activity programs.

Kamogawa Sea World has eight main activity programs. The performances show the cleverness and good sports skill of sea creatures. There is another activity named guided discovery give the tourists opportunity to make interaction with marine mammals such like dolphins and whales. Feeding time can teach some general knowledge of feeding behavior.  Killer Whale Performance  This performance takes Pacific Ocean as the background, gives the platform to killer whale to let them play with trainers include powerful jumps.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>The performance is likely to be canceled or be changed depending on weather and animal conditions.  Dolphin Performance  Bottlenose dolphin and Pacific white-sided dolphin give combined performance in this activity. Kamogawa Sea World comments that human being may be likely to overlook the real cleverness and various abilities which dolphins hold. Tourists can see high jumps and spin jumps performed by dolphins here.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>The performance is likely to be canceled or be changed depending on weather and animal conditions.  Beluga Whale Performance  In this activity, visitors will find trainers whale swimming with being blinded by trainers, avoid obstacles, and using experience to identify terms.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>The performance is likely to be canceled or be changed depending on weather and animal conditions.  Sea Lion Performance  Sea lion is the sea creature who have the most skills among above and itself. By performing comical moves, trainers and sea lion can give comedy show to the audience. Sea lion can also play well with balance balls.  <nowiki>*</nowiki>The performance is likely to be canceled or be changed depending on weather and animal conditions.

Guidance.

Tours that allow guests to visit back yards and other experiences of interaction with marine beasts are conducted as a fee "Discovery Guidance" every day from the time of opening Rocky World every day. On the day, purchase the participating tickets on the first-come-first-served basis at the garden information center. Since peak periods such as soil holidays and summer vacation periods are popular, distribution tickets were distributed 30 minutes before the opening from around 2005, and it began to sell in order of arrival from there. Fan club organization "Dolphin Dream Club" members are eligible for a fee. There are times when the accommodation plan of the Kamogawa Sea World Hotel is set as well as the entrance ticket plan in which participation tickets are set in advance.

Guide walking tour.

In principle, carry out once a day. In the peak period of the Golden Week etc., it may be performed more than once.  Aquarium Whole Watching  We will observe from Eco Aquarium to Tropical Island. guests can touch Beluga at the backyard of the marine theater.  Communication time with fish  Visit the Eco-Equalome. We can feed the fish from the backyard.

Friendship with marine beasts.

A kiss gift for killer whales  Participants enter the stage of the Ocean Stadium after each performance finish, and the killer whale that came close to the pool side kisses the participants.  Touch the dolphin  Participants enter the stage of the surf stadium after each performance finish, and participants can touch dolphins that are close to the pool side.  Lovely Dolphin  Participants enter the shallow pool in Rocky World's "Sea of Dolphins" and can interact with the bottlenose dolphins. Implementation may be canceled due to consideration concerning pregnancy / childbirth etc. of Bottlenose dolphins.

Parking information.

The parking place can contain 1,200 cars at most. The fee depends on the size of the car. Specifically, 1,000 yen for standard-sized car, 1,500 yen for large-sized car and 200 yen for motorcycles (including tax).

Influence.

Educational Activities  Kamogawa Sea World has many educational activities including monthly meetings of the Animal Friend Society, summer schools, junior trainer experiences, night adventures, and special programs for school. Kamogawa Sea World has created a place where people can learn some knowledge about sea creatures with fun.  Wild Life Conservation Activities  Injured animals, loggerhead turtle eggs, aquatic insects and other aquatic creatures can get help from the team of Kamogawa Sea World. The team want to use such way to conserve species and attract more awareness of caring other species and finally to enhance the harmony between human and nature and wild animals.  Promotion and Research of Captive Breeding  Kamogawa Sea World is an ex-citu conservation facility from certain perspective. The team of Kamogawa Sea World tries to improve the skill of breeding species in a captive way and develop related studies and research as well as gathering scientific knowledge through activities to help saving species and building in-situ conservation facility.  Community Partnership  From the perspective of Kamogawa Sea World, local fisherman contribute a lot to the collection of sea creatures. On the other hand, rescued animals will be studied and released back into the wild with the help of local fisherman. Kamogawa Sea World says it respects Chiba residents, government and contributes to external cultural activities.

Kamogawa Sea World is a large scale comprehensive marine leisure center/museum equivalent facility located between the Tojo coast and the national highway No. 128 in Kamogawa city, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by Granvista Hotels & Resorts Co., Ltd.

Le (japonais :, Hepburn : ""), est un océanarium japonais situé dans la région de Kantō, sur le littoral de la ville de Kamogawa. Il est la propriété de, une filiale de. C'est l'un des deux delphinariums japonais présentant des orques, avec l'Aquarium du port de Nagoya.


Taxonomy.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, several cheetah type specimens from East Africa were described and proposed as subspecies:  Other naturalists and zoologists also described cheetahs from other parts of East Africa that were all considered synonyms of "A. j. raineyi".  In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized "A. j. raineyi" and "A. j. velox" as valid taxa, and considered "A. j. ngorongorensis" synonymous with "A. j. raineyi".  In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed "A. j. raineyi" and "A. j. velox" to "A. j. jubatus", thus recognizing only one subspecies in Southeastern and Southern Africa.

Evolutionary history.

The earliest African cheetah fossils from the early Pleistocene have been found in the lower beds of the Olduvai Gorge site in northern Tanzania.  Not much was known about the East African cheetah's evolutionary story, although at first, the East and Southern African cheetahs were thought to be identical as the genetic distance between the two subspecies is low. In the 1990s, it appeared from a DNA research that the East African cheetah is a separate subspecies differing from the Southern African cheetah.  In early 2011, results of phylogeographic genetic analysis on cheetah subspecies revealed more about the distinctiveness and significant differences between cheetah subspecies, revealing the connection between the East and Southern African populations. The mitochondrial DNA data shows that the East African cheetah had no common haplotype with the Southern African cheetah, although one haplotype consisting cheetah populations from Tanzania and Kenya clustered with Southern African cheetah. It was suggested that a population in East Africa might be derived from a relatively recent re-colonization events. The mtDNA study reveals that the divergence between the two populations occurred between 28,000 and 36,000 years ago.

Physical characteristics.

East African cheetahs measure around in head-and-body length and weigh between. The males are usually larger than females. Measurements on wild cheetahs in Tanzania were taken, and they can measure up to between in length and weighs between. The largest have been recorded in Kenya. Depth of skull and length of mandible are significantly larger in males.  It is the second-palest after the Northwest African cheetah. East African cheetahs have a white-yellowish coat to a tannish coat. Their fur are usually quite shorter and leaner, however some can have a thick coarse fur on the belly. It has many round black spots, some can be found on the chests and neck, except on its white underside. The spots merge toward the end of the tail to form four to fourteen dark rings followed by a white tuft at the tip of the tail. Its tear marks run from the corner of the eyes to the mouth which reduces the glare of sunlight in its eyes, which is relatively thick. It also has a slighter build than other African cheetahs.  There have been reports about cheetahs of other color variations, such as melanism and ticked. A black (melanistic) cheetah was sighted in the Trans-Nzoia District of Kenya in 1925. A ticked (spotless) cheetah was shot in Tanzania in 1921, it had only a few very small spots on the neck and back. Another cheetah with this color-morph was photographed in Kenya in 2012.

Distribution and habitat.

In East Africa, cheetahs primarily live on scrub forests, grasslands, savannahs, open fields, steppes and arid environments where preys are available, in which are suitable to be the cheetahs' main hunting grounds. A few can also be found at lakeshores and coastal areas, including mountain ranges. The cheetahs of Amboseli National Park also live in arid deserts of Nyiri.  The cheetah's range has the highest density mostly in between northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. The largest populations are mostly found at the Serengeti National Park, the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kora National Park and the Ngorongoro Crater from Tanzania and Kenya, as there were between 569 and 1,007 cheetahs in Tanzania and between 710 and 793 individuals in Kenya. However, in 2015, it is estimated that between 800 and 1,200 adult cheetahs reside in Kenya, making the country the main stronghold for the vulnerable species in East Africa. There are rare sightings of cheetahs at the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and in the Katavi National Park from southwest Tanzania.  Populations were estimated at around 40 to 295 cheetahs in Uganda as of 2007. Cheetahs are resident in Kidepo Valley National Park in northern Uganda. It is estimated that only 20 individuals live in Kidepo since 2014.

Former ranges.

The East African cheetah has lost most of its historical range, such as in the North Kivu and South Kivu provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in Virunga National Park. It might share borders with the Northeast African cheetah in Northeast Africa. It is regionally extinct in Rwanda and Burundi.

Ecology and behavior.

Reproduction and life cycle.

Male cheetahs are sociable and often live in a group of other males called "coalitions". In the Serengeti, it was found that 41% of the adult males were solitary, 40% lived in pairs and 19% lived in trios. Male cheetahs are territorial, and establish their territories by marking their territories by urinating on trees or logs.  The female cheetah's home ranges can be very large and a territory including several females' ranges is impossible to defend. Instead, males choose the points at which several of the females' home ranges overlap, creating a much smaller space, which can be properly defended against intruders while maximizing the chance of reproduction. Coalitions will try their best to maintain territories to find females with whom they will mate. The size of the territory also depends on the available resources; depending on the habitat, the size of a male's territory can vary greatly from.  Female cheetahs can reproduce at 13 to 16 months of age with an average age of sexual maturity between 21 and 22 months. Cheetah cub births mostly occurs during January to August in East Africa after 90 to 95 days of gestation.

Hunting and diet.

Cheetahs are diurnal animals (active mainly during the day), whereas the stronger apex predators, such as hyenas, African leopards and lions are nocturnal (active mainly at night). Hunting is the major activity throughout the day; peaks are observed during dawn and dusk indicating crepuscular tendencies. Groups rest in grassy clearings after dusk, though males and juveniles often roam around at night.  In Kenya, cheetahs of the Masai Mara hunt after sunset to escape the high temperatures of the day. In the Serengeti, they hunt when the lions and hyenas are inactive. A study in Nairobi National Park showed that the success of cheetah hunt depends on the species, age, sex, and habitat of the prey, and the size of the hunting herd or the efficiency of the hunting individual.  It usually eats medium-sized or large mammalian herbivores, such as antelopes. It preys on impala, Grant's gazelle, gerenuk, wildebeest, waterbuck, hare and guineafowl. It even feeds on other large mammals, such as plains zebras and ostriches on few occasions. However, its favorite prey is the Thomson's gazelle. The gazelle is found mostly in savannas, grasslands and open fields of the Serengeti ecosystem of Tanzania and the Masai Mara ecosystem of Kenya, where the cheetah can chase and catch its prey at full speed.  In Somalia, cheetahs feed on Soemmerring's gazelles. Historically, Speke's gazelles fell prey to the cheetahs, which were formerly the main prey of the cheetahs in semi-deserts and grass steppes of the Horn of Africa. However, it suffers from population decline and habitat degradation.

Enemies and competitors.

Cheetahs are threatened and outranked by larger predators in their area, as they are known to be unable to defend themselves against these predators. In the Serengeti ecosystem, they are highly threatened by East African lions, as they can kill cheetahs, cause high-rate cheetah cub mortality, also steal their food.  Other predators such as African leopards, East African wild dogs and hyenas also threaten the cheetahs. Spotted and striped hyenas frequently scavenges from the cheetah kills, and the cheetahs would surrender their meals to the incoming hyenas without a fight.  However, coalitions of male adult cheetahs can chase predators away. Even a single cheetah are also known to chase jackals and African golden wolves away from their territory or their food.

Threats.

The cheetah is threatened by poaching, habitat loss and fragmentation. Cheetahs in the Serengeti and the Maasai Mara are affected by infectious disease, although it does not represent a major threat to the free-roaming cheetahs of East Africa.

Conservation.

The cheetah species is listed on Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), Appendix I of CMS (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals) and is protected under national legislation throughout most of its extant and some of its former range.  Despite the numerous reserves and national parks for the cheetah, its population still is in decline. There are various conservation projects in order to save the cheetah from extinction, such as the Mara-Meru Cheetah Project, the Serengeti Cheetah Project, Action for Cheetahs in Kenya and the Tanzania Cheetah Conservation Programme.  There are currently no known East African cheetahs in captivity. However, in Whipsnade Zoo features displays that inform visitors about ZSL's cheetah conservation project in Tanzania. Despite the conservation project is involved on East Africa, the captive cheetahs of the zoo are actually Northeast African cheetahs.

The East African cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus jubatus"), is a cheetah population in East Africa. It lives in grasslands and savannas of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia. The cheetah inhabits mainly the Serengeti ecosystem, including Maasai Mara, and the Tsavo landscape.

Le guépard d'Afrique de l'Est ("Acinonyx jubatus raineyi") est une sous-espèce de guépard présente dans l'Afrique de l'Est. Dans l'année 2004, la population des Guépard était approximativement estimée entre 970 à individus.


Early life.

He was the second son of Sir Patrick Hamilton of Kincavil and Catherine Stewart, daughter of Alexander, Duke of Albany, second son of James II of Scotland. He was born in the diocese of Glasgow, probably at his father's estate of Stanehouse in Lanarkshire, and was most likely educated at Linlithgow. In 1517 he was appointed titular Abbot of Fearn Abbey, Ross-shire. The income from this position paid for him to study at the University of Paris, where he became a Master of the Arts in 1520. It was in Paris, where Martin Luther's writings were already exciting much discussion, that he first learnt the doctrines he would later uphold. According to sixteenth century theologian Alexander Ales, Hamilton subsequently went to Leuven, attracted probably by the fame of Erasmus, who in 1521 had his headquarters there.

Return and flight.

Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected St Andrews, the Scottish capital of the church and of learning, as his residence. On 9 June 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the University of St Andrews, and on 3 October 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the humanist and logician John Mair. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted to conduct, as precentor, a musical mass of his own composition in the cathedral.  The reforming doctrines had now obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen. Early in 1527 the attention of James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews, was directed to the heretical preaching of the young priest, whereupon he ordered that Hamilton should be formally tried. Hamilton fled to Germany, enrolling himself as a student, under Franz Lambert of Avignon, in the new University of Marburg, opened on 30 May 1527 by Philip of Hesse. Among those he met there were Hermann von dem Busche, one of the contributors to the "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum", John Frith and William Tyndale.  Late in the autumn of 1527 Hamilton returned to Scotland, living up to his convictions. He went first to his brother's house at Kincavel, near Linlithgow, where he preached frequently, and soon afterwards he married a young lady of noble rank; her name is unrecorded. David Beaton, the Abbot of Arbroath, avoiding open violence through fear of Hamilton's high connections, invited him to a conference at St Andrews. The reformer, predicting that he was going to "confirm the pious in the true doctrine" by his death, accepted the invitation, and for nearly a month was allowed to preach and dispute.  With the publication of "Patrick's Places" in 1528, he introduced into Scottish theology Martin Luther's emphasis of the distinction of Law and Gospel.

Trial and execution.

At length, he was summoned before a council of bishops and clergy presided over by the archbishop. There were thirteen charges, seven based on the doctrines affirmed in Philip Melanchthon's "Loci Communes", the first theological exposition of Martin Luther's scriptural study and teachings in 1521. On examination Hamilton maintained their truth, and the council condemned him as a heretic on all thirteen charges. Hamilton was seized, and, it is said, surrendered to the soldiery on an assurance that he would be restored to his friends without injury. However, the council convicted him, after a sham disputation with Friar Campbell, and handed him over to the secular power, to be burnt at the stake as a heretic, outside the front entrance to St Salvator's Chapel in St Andrews. The sentence was carried out on the same day to preclude any attempted rescue by friends. He burnt from noon to 6 p.m.. His last words were "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit". The spot is today marked with a monogram of his initials set into the cobblestones of the pavement of North Street.  His courageous bearing attracted more attention than ever to the doctrines for which he suffered, and greatly helped to spread the Reformation in Scotland. It was said that the "reek of Master Patrick Hamilton infected as many as it blew upon". His fortitude during martyrdom won over Alexander Ales, who had been appointed to convince Hamilton of his errors, to the Lutheran cause. His martyrdom is unusual in that he was almost alone in Scotland during the Lutheran stage of the Reformation. His only known writings, based upon "Loci communes" and known as "Patrick's Places", echoed the doctrine of justification by faith and the contrast between the gospel and the law in a series of clear-cut propositions.'"Patrickes Places"' was not Hamilton's own title, but was given in the translation into English by John Fryth in 1564, and are presented in Book 8 of the 1570 edition of John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments"."".  Students at the University of St Andrews traditionally avoid stepping on the monogram of Hamilton's initials outside St Salvator's Chapel for fear of being cursed and failing their final exams. To lift the curse students may participate in the annual May dip where they traditionally run into the North Sea at 05.00 to wash away their sins and bad luck.  A school in Auckland, New Zealand called 'Saint Kentigern College' has a house named after Patrick Hamilton

Katherine Hamilton.

Patrick's sister, Katherine Hamilton, was the wife of the Captain of Dunbar Castle and also a committed Protestant. In March 1539 she was forced in exile to Berwick upon Tweed for her beliefs. She had been in England before and met the Queen, Jane Seymour.  According to the historian John Spottiswood, Katherine was brought to trial for heresy before James V at Holyroodhouse in 1534, and her other brother James Hamilton of Livingston fled. The King was impressed by her conviction shown in her short answer to the prosecutor. He laughed and spoke to her privately, convincing her to abandon her profession of faith. The other accused also recanted for the time.

Bibliography.

For a more extensive bibliography see George M. Ella's book review. <br> Mackay's bibliography:

Patrick Hamilton (1504 – 29 February 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland. He travelled to Europe, where he met several of the leading reformed thinkers, before returning to Scotland to preach. He was tried as a heretic by Archbishop James Beaton, found guilty and handed over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake in St Andrews.

Patrick Hamilton, né en 1504 et mort sur le bûcher le, est un prédicateur écossais, considéré comme le promoteur de la Réforme en Écosse.


Storylines.

Slammiversary featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches.  On the March 2, 2017, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Alberto El Patrón debuted in Impact Wrestling, interrupting Bruce Prichard and Impact Wrestling World Heavyweight Champion Lashley in an attempt to insert himself into the Impact Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship picture. Lashley granted El Patrón a world title match. Later that night, El Patrón won the Impact Wrestling World Heavyweight Title over Lashley in controversial fashion. However, El Patrón relinquished the title the next night due to the controversial victory and faced Ethan Carter III in a world title number-one contenders match, which he won, becoming the number one contender in the process. On the April 20, 2017, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Karen Jarrett announced that Global Force Wrestling and Impact Wrestling had officially merged including any related property. This led to May 11 El Patrón defeating Magnus to win the GFW Global Championship. Then on the June 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", El Patrón defeated Carter again this time for Patrón's GFW Global Champion and Carter opportunity to face Lashley at Slammiversary.  In April 2017, Bruce Prichard announced that James Storm was the new number-one contender to Lashley's World Heavyweight Championship, as voted by the Impact fans. EC3 came out to object and insisted the fans wanted him to face Lashley. On the April 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", EC3 interfered in Storm's title match allowing Lashley to retain the title, turning heel in the process. The following week on "Impact Wrestling", Carter came out in a cowboy hat and boots, mocking Storm. The following week, Carter brutally assaulted a handcuffed Storm with his belt over 30 times. Over the following weeks, EC3 would lash his opponents and Impact officials, including Bruce Prichard. On the May 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", EC3 defeated Storm after Magnus interfered and prevented Storm from lashing EC3. EC3 would then go on to defeat Storm and Magnus in a Triple threat #1 contender's match, only to lose his Slammiversary shot to Alberto El Patrón. After, Storm came out and said EC3 would still be competing at Slammiversary, in a Strap Match against him.  In April, Josh Mathews had a series of arguments with fellow employee Jeremy Borash and the two began a heated feud, which seemed to culminate in a match where Borash & Mathews formed teams of four wrestlers to compete against each other, with Mathews' team losing, thus Mathews was no longer the lead-commentator. However, during Impact's return to UK screens Mathews returned to ringside accompanying Lashley, and joined Borash and D'Angelo Dinero, providing commentary, again belittling the wrestlers who the fans cheered for. At the end of the show, Borash, having heard enough of Mathews bullying punched Mathews in what many saw was a provoked attack. The next week at the start of the show, Mathews comes out to ringside and once again confronts Jeremy Borash - this time he has obviously filed a grievance with company management and says that Borash is suspended for 30 days, starting immediately. Borash is dismissed from ringside, aided by the heavy numbers of security personnel that accompanied Mathews to the ring - Mathews then proceeds to call the in-ring action for the remainder of the broadcast. Borash was later seen (off camera) watching the show as a member of the audience, having gone outside & then purchasing a ticket. On the April 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", then it was agreed a match between Borash and Joseph Park against Mathews and his partner. Later, Mathews revealed his partner to be Scott Steiner with Steiner attacking Park with the Steiner Recliner and Borash would leave the arena after being afraid that Steiner would attack him.  On January 5, 2017, Davey Richards made his return to TNA, helping Eddie Edwards retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, by stopping Lashley from hitting Edwards with the title. On the February 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Richards turned heel by costing Edwards' TNA World Heavyweight Championship rematch against Lashley, by pulling the referee out of the ring which allowed Richards to hit Edwards with a title shot to the face while the referee was distracted by Angelina Love. Afterwards, Richards and his wife Angelina Love attacked Edwards and his wife Alisha Edwards, thus ending The Wolves in the process. Richards' character then went through a complete transformation, sporting new theme music, trunks, being infatuated with Love and calling himself "The Lone Wolf". On the February 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Richards faced Edwards in a Street Fight, however the match ended in a no-contest. On the March 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Richards brawled with Edwards at the beginning of the show, but the two were separated by security guards. On the April 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Richards defeated Edwards in a Last Man Standing Match. This led to a Full Metal Mayhem match between both couples.  On the April 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sonjay Dutt surprised everyone by making his in-ring return in a six-way match for the Impact Wrestling X Division Championship. During the match after Low Ki hi with a foot in the eye of Dutt, Dutt sustained a serious eye injury which effectively ruled him out of the contest. After its conclusion Dutt was treated backstage by the Impact Wrestling medical team. Low Ki ended winning the match becoming a five time Impact Wrestling X Division Championship. Over the following weeks Dutt made his intentions of facing Low-Ki for the X-Division Championship. On June 8 Impact Wrestling broadcast their first show in India with Low Ki retaining his X-Division Championship against Caleb Konley. During the match Low Ki's eye was busted open. After the match Dutt confronted Low Ki for injuring his eye and how Low Ki's eye was busted open; Dutt then asked Low Ki for a shot for the X-Division Championship. The following week Dutt defeated Low Ki to win for the first time ever the X-Division Championship. This led to a two-out-of-three falls match for the X-Division Championship.  On April 21, 2017, Sienna defeated Christina Von Eerie to win the GFW Women's Championship, making her the first woman to have held the Impact Wrestling Knockouts Championship and the GFW Women's Title. Then weeks later after Sienna was feuding with Allie and on the May 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", the Impact Wrestling Knockouts Champion Rosemary rushed the ring while Allie was being double-teamed by Laurel Van Ness and Sienna. As they tried to convince her to join in, she instead attacked them, turning face in the process. The next week, Allie asked Rosemary why she saved her. Rosemary explained that "the hive" sent her to protect Allie, beginning a storyline. On the June 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rosemary successfully defended the Knockouts Championship against Laurel Van Ness. After the match, Van Ness and Sienna attacked Rosemary, prompting Allie to come down to fend them off with a kendo stick. Then this led a match between Sienna and Rosemary for the Impact Wrestling Knockouts Championship and the GFW Women's Championship.

Slammiversary XV was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Impact Wrestling. It took place on July 2, 2017 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the thirteenth event under the Slammiversary chronology and the first event in the 2017 Impact Wrestling PPV schedule. The event included special appearances by TNA alums Shark Boy and James Mitchell, as well as members of American Top Team and El Hijo de Dos Caras.

Slammiversary XV est un pay-per-view (PPV) de catch professionnel produit par l'Impact Wrestling. Il se déroula le dans l'enceinte de l'Impact Zone à Orlando, Floride. Ce fut le événement de la chronologie des Slammiversary.


Early years.

McDonald was born in Fresno, California. He attended Edison High School in Fresno, where he played high school football for the Edison Tigers. He was considered the second-best safety recruit in the nation by Rivals.com and Scout.com.

College career.

McDonald enrolled at the University of Southern California, where he played for the USC Trojans football team from 2009 to 2012. As a freshman in 2009, McDonald was a backup safety and special teamer, recording seven tackles in 13 games. In 2010, he took over as a starter and had a team leading 89 tackles, three interceptions and a quarterback sack. He was a second-team All-Pacific-10 Conference selection. After a successful junior season in 2011, McDonald was highly decorated with awards. He was a first-team All-Pac-12 selection and received first-team All-American honors from "Pro Football Weekly" and "The Sporting News".  As a senior, he enjoyed the best season of his career in 2012, leading the team with 112 tackles, including 7.0 for loss, a sack, and two interceptions, and was named second-team All-Pac-12.

Professional career.

St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams.

The St. Louis Rams selected McDonald in the third round (71st overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. He was the sixth safety selected in 2013.

2013.

On June 14, 2013, the St. Louis Rams signed McDonald to a four-year, $3.79 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $679,740. McDonald entered training camp slated as the starting free safety. Head coach Jeff Fisher named him the starting free safety to start the regular season, alongside strong safety Darian Stewart.  He made his professional regular season debut in the St. Louis Rams' season-opener against the Arizona Cardinals and recorded five combined tackles and a pass deflection in their 27–24 victory. On September 26, 2013, McDonald recorded three combined tackles before exiting the Rams' 35–11 loss to the San Francisco 49ers after slightly fracturing his right leg. On September 27, 2013, the St. Louis Rams placed McDonald on injured reserve with a designation to return list. The injury sidelined him for six games (Weeks 5–10) and he would return to practice on November 21, 2013. He returned in Week 12 and made six combined tackles during a 42–22 win against the Chicago Bears. In Week 14, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles in the Rams' 30–10 loss at the Arizona Cardinals. On December 15, 2013, McDonald recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 27–16 victory at the New Orleans Saints in Week 15. He made his first career interception off a pass by Drew Brees that was originally intended for tight end Jimmy Graham on the Saints' first offensive play of the game. The following week, McDonald recorded six solo tackles and made his first career sack on quarterback Mike Glennon during a 23–13 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 16. McDonald finished his rookie season in with 53 combined tackles (45 solo), four pass deflections, a sack, and an interception in ten games and ten starts.

2014.

McDonald entered training camp slated as the starting strong safety after Darian Stewart departed during free agency. Defensive coordinator Gregg Williams opted to move him to strong safety as McDonald was better suited for the position over Rodney McLeod. Head coach Jeff Fisher officially named McLeod and McDonald the starting safeties to begin the season.  In Week 5, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) and broke up a pass during a 34–28 loss at the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 7, 2014, McDonald made four tackles and intercepted a pass by Robert Griffin III in the Rams' 24–0 victory at the Washington Redskins in Week 14. In Week 16, he tied his season-high of 11 combined tackles (nine solo) and sacked quarterback Eli Manning during a 37–27 loss to the New York Giants. He finished his second season with a career-high 105 combined tackles (84 solo), six pass deflections, two sacks, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts.

2015.

McDonald and McLeod entered training camp slated as the starting safeties. Head coach Jeff Fisher officially named them the starting duo to begin the season.  On September 27, 2015, McDonald collected a season-high eight combined tackles in the Rams' 12–6 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 3. The following week, he recorded six combined tackles and a sack during a 24–22 win at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 4. He was inactive during the Rams' Week 9 loss at the Minnesota Vikings after injuring his foot the previous week. On December 9, 2015, the St. Louis Rams placed McDonald on injured reserve due to a shoulder injury that would require surgery. Head coach Jeff Fisher stated McDonald had been dealing with the injury throughout the entire season and was placed on injured reserve for his best interest of his sustained health for the future. He finished the season with 63 combined tackles (39 solo), a pass deflection, and a sack in 11 games and 11 starts.

2016.

The St. Louis Rams moved back to Los Angeles in 2016 after 21 seasons in St. Louis. Head coach Jeff Fisher retained McDonald as the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, along with free safety Maurice Alexander.  In Week 3, McDonald recorded three solo tackles and sacked quarterback Jameis Winston during a 37–32 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The following week, he made one tackle, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Carson Palmer during a 17–13 victory at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 4. On November 27, 2016, McDonald recorded a season-high seven solo tackles during a 49–21 loss at the New Orleans Saints in Week 12. On December 12, 2016, Los Angeles Rams' general manager Les Snead fired head coach Jeff Fisher and named special teams coordinator John Fassel the interim head coach for the last three games of the regular season. The Rams stood at 4–9 at the time and suffered a 42–14 home loss to the Atlanta Falcons the previous day. On January 1, 2017, he made five combined tackles, broke up a pass, and made an interception during the Rams' 44–6 loss to the Arizona Cardinals in Week 17. He finished his last season with the Rams with 64 combined tackles (50 solo), six pass deflections, a career-high two interceptions, and a sack in 16 games and 16 starts. He earned the 58th highest overall grade from Pro Football Focus, among the 89 qualifying safeties.

2017.

On March 29, 2017, it was reported that McDonald received an eight-game suspension for violating the league's substance abuse policy. The suspension was in relation to his arrest the previous year (see personal life). He also attended a meeting with the Miami Dolphins on the same day he received his suspension.

Miami Dolphins.

On March 31, 2017, the Miami Dolphins signed McDonald to a one-year, $1.34 million contract. During training camp, McDonald competed against Nate Allen to be the starting free safety. Head coach Adam Gase named McDonald the starting free safety for the regular season, along with strong safety Reshad Jones. Nate Allen was named his replacement while he served his eight-game suspension.  On September 2, 2017, the Miami Dolphins signed McDonald to a four-year, $24 million contract extension with $10 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.76 million.  In Week 10, he made his regular season debut as a member of the Miami Dolphins and collected a season-high nine combined tackles in their 45–21 loss at the Carolina Panthers. On December 3, 2017, McDonald recorded three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in the Dolphins' 35–9 victory against the Denver Broncos in Week 13. He finished the season with 45 combined tackles (31 solo), three pass deflections, and an interception in eight games and eight starts. Pro Football Focus gave McDonald an overall grade of 74.3, ranking him 59th among all qualifying safeties in 2017.

2018.

In 2018, McDonald started 14 games, recording 86 tackles, five passes defensed, and a career-high three interceptions.  On August 25, 2019, McDonald was released by the Dolphins.

Personal life.

McDonald's father, Tim, also attended USC and played 13 years in the NFL. His brother, Tevin, briefly played for the Oakland Raiders in 2015.  On May 10, 2016, McDonald was arrested for DUI, and was charged on September 15, 2016. In January 2017, he pleaded guilty for his DUI along with possession of drugs. In the aftermath, McDonald was fined $390, received 36 months of probation, and was ordered to undergo 200 hours of community service in addition to attending a three-month alcohol program along with 18 narcotic anonymous classes. On March 29, 2017, while a free agent, McDonald was suspended for the first eight games of the 2017 season for violating the league's personal conduct policy, regarding his previous DUI charge.

Timothy "T. J." McDonald, Jr. (born January 26, 1991) is an American football safety who is a free agent. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at USC.

Timothy "T. J." McDonald, Jr., né le à Fresno, Californie, est un joueur américain de football américain. Il joue pour les Dolphins de Miami en National Football League (NFL) au poste de Safety.


Meteorological history.

On September 5, 2018, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance near the International Date Line. Steady development ensued over the following days, and the system organized into a tropical depression on September 6, though operationally, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) did not classify the system as a tropical depression until September 7. The depression soon intensified into a tropical storm, upon which it received the name "Mangkhut". Throughout the next two days, the system underwent rapid intensification. Tight banding features wrapped around a developing eye feature. Favorable environmental conditions hastened Mangkhut's development, including low wind shear, ample outflow aloft, high sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content. Mangkhut achieved typhoon strength on September 9. A well-defined eye became evident on satellite imagery as the typhoon approached the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) as it tracked near Rota, around 12:00 UTC on September 10. The JMA assessed the storm's ten-minute sustained winds to be 155 km/h (100 mph) at this time. Substantial intensification ensued on September 11, as Mangkhut traversed the Philippine Sea. A second bout of rapid intensification took place as the storm consolidated significantly; a well-defined eye became established during this time. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut to have reached Category 5-equivalent intensity by 12:00 UTC, an intensity it would maintain for nearly four days. The JMA assessed that the typhoon's central pressure bottomed out at 18:00 UTC, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a central minimum pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.73 inHg). The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph). The typhoon made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan at 2:00 a.m. PST on September 15 (18:00 UTC on September 14), as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). This made Mangkhut the strongest storm to strike the island of Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest nationwide since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.  Traversing the mountains of Luzon weakened Mangkhut before it emerged over the South China Sea on September 15. The typhoon subsequently made landfall again on the Taishan coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China, at 5 p.m. Beijing Time (09:00 UTC) on September 16, with 2-minute sustained winds of according to China Meteorological Administration.

Preparations.

Philippines.

Tropical cyclone warning signals were hoisted by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration as early as September 13. Preemptive and forced evacuations were implemented, especially in the Ilocos, Cagayan Valley and Cordillera administrative regions, the three regions widely expected to be severely affected by Mangkhut (Ompong). School class suspensions were announced as early as September 12 in preparation for the approaching typhoon. Medical and emergency response teams were placed on standby, and worth of relief goods were prepared by 13 September.

Hong Kong.

On 12 September, as Mangkhut was forecast to severely threaten Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Government convened an inter-departmental meeting to discuss possible responses to the storm.  On September 14, the Hong Kong Government held a rare cross-department press conference over the preparation for Mangkhut, reminding Hong Kong citizens to "prepare for the worst". That night, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Standby Signal No. 1 when Mangkhut was 1110 kilometers away from Hong Kong, the farthest distance on record.  On September 15, citizens living in Tai O and Lei Yue Mun were evacuated from these low-lying areas that have historically been very prone to storm surge. Hong Kong Observatory issued Strong Wind Signal No. 3 in the afternoon.  On September 16, as Mangkhut maintained its course towards the Pearl River Estuary, Hong Kong Observatory issued Gale or Storm Signal No. 8 during midnight. After dawn, as local winds rapidly strengthened, Hong Kong Observatory issued Increasing Gale or Storm Signal No. 9. At 9:40 a.m., the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10, the highest level of tropical cyclone warning signals in Hong Kong. This marked only the third time that this warning has been issued for the region since 1999, the others being with Typhoon Hato in 2017 and Typhoon Vicente in 2012. The signal was held for 10 hours, the second longest duration ever, only behind the 11 hours during Typhoon York in 1999. The typhoon passed 100 kilometers south of Hong Kong at its closest, the joint farthest for a Hurricane Signal No. 10, with Typhoon Vicente.

Mainland China.

On September 15, the meteorological bureaus of most cities in Guangdong issued red alerts for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in Guangdong. The Guangxi Meteorological Bureau also issued a red alert for the typhoon at 17:00 Beijing Time. On the next day, the Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality issued a red alert for rainstorm, which is the highest level of alerts in Shenzhen.  The Fujian Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon, the second highest alert level, on September 15.  On September 16, National Meteorological Center of CMA renewed a red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in China. On the same day, the Hainan Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon. In Guangdong's provincial capital Guangzhou, schools, public transportation, and businesses were closed across the entire city for the first time since 1978.

Impact.

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.

After the center of Mangkhut passed near Guam, about 80% of the island lost electricity. The typhoon caused $4.3 million in infrastructural damage in Guam.

Philippines.

A tornado was reported in Marikina, eastern Metro Manila, on the night around 5:30pm Philippine Standard Time of September 14 (Friday), injuring two people. Over 105,000 families evacuated from their homes, and several airports in northern Luzon closed and airlines cancelled their flights until September 16.  On September 22, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council confirmed that the typhoon had caused at least 127 fatalities; 80 deaths occurred in the collapse of a small mine in the town of Itogon, Benguet, where dozens of landslides buried homes. Philippine police also stated that another 111 people remained missing, as of September 22. Francis Tolentino, a political adviser of President Rodrigo Duterte, announced that an estimated 5.7 million people nationwide had been affected by the storm. Luzon suffered extensive losses which more than doubled the expected worst-case scenario outlined by Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol.  As of October 5, the NDRRMC estimated that Mangkhut caused PHP33.9 billion (US$626.8 million) in damages in the Philippines, with assessments continuing.

Malaysia.

The tail winds from Mangkhut also affected the parts of Malaysia (as well as state of Sabah).

Taiwan.

A 30-year-old female teacher visiting Fenniaolin Beach in Yilan County was swept out to sea by a wave. Her body was recovered two days later.

Hong Kong.

Mangkhut was the most intense typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983; the highest typhoon warning signal No. 10 remained in place for 10 hours. The typhoon's rainfall and storm surge caused serious flooding, especially in low-lying and coastal areas, while strong winds knocked over more than 47,000 trees, blocking several major roads. An hourly mean wind of 81 km/h and gusts upto 169 km/h were recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in Tsim Sha Tsui, while winds on Cheung Chau island these figures reached 157 and 212 km/h respectively. The strongest winds in Hong Kong were recorded on the mountain peak of Tate's Cairn, with 10 minute sustained winds of 189 km/h gusting up to 256 km/h. These winds caused the territory's many skyscrapers to sway and shattered glass windows; notably, the curtain walls of the Harbour Grand Kowloon were blown out by the winds. A construction elevator shaft on a high-rise under construction in Tai Kok Tsui collapsed onto an adjacent building, which had to be evacuated by police. Many roads were blocked by fallen trees and other debris, including major arteries such as Lockhart Road in Wan Chai and Kam Sheung Road, and service on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) was halted on all above-ground sections of track. Serious flooding was reported in many seaside residential areas, including Heng Fa Chuen, Tseung Kwan O South, Shek O, Lei Yue Mun, villages in Tuen Mun, and the fishing village of Tai O, due to a powerful storm surge of up to. About 1,219 people sought refuge in emergency shelters opened by the Home Affairs Department. The Hong Kong International Airport cancelled and delayed a total of 889 international flights. More than 200 people were injured, but no fatalities were reported. Due to the substantial damage and disruption caused by the typhoon, the Education Bureau announced that all schools would be closed on September 17 and 18. Insurance claims in Hong Kong amounted to HK$7.3 billion (US$930 million).  The day after the storm, massive crowds filled the territory's MTR system, which operated at a reduced level of service on some lines as some sections of the tracks had been blocked by debris. Most of the city's 600 bus routes also went out of service due to blocked roads.

Macau.

A storm surge of up to affected Macau. About 21,000 homes lost power and 7,000 homes lost internet access, and 40 people were injured. For the first time in history, all casinos in Macau were closed. The Macau International Airport cancelled 191 flights on Saturday and Sunday (15 and 16 September). Total damage in Macau was estimated to be 1.74 billion patacas (US$215.3 million).

Mainland China.

Typhoon Mangkhut caused the evacuation of over 2.45 million people. In Shenzhen, the storm caused power failures in 13 locations, flooded the Seafood Street, and caused 248 tree falls. Transport was shut down in Southern China, and at least four people in Guangdong were killed in the typhoon. In Guangzhou, markets, schools and public transport were closed or limited in the wake of the storm on Monday, September 17, and residents were requested to minimize non-essential travel. Ferry services from Zhuhai's Jiuzhougang Port to Shenzhen and Hong Kong were suspended indefinitely. The Civil Air Defense Office of Guangzhou Municipality (Municipal Civil Air Defense Office) cancelled the annual air-raid drills scheduled for September 15 to avoid causing panic as Typhoon Mangkhut approached. Schools in Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, and Nanning were closed on September 17. The trains to Guangxi were also closed on September 17.  In total, the storm killed 6 people and caused CN¥13.68 billion (US$1.99 billion) in damage.

Retirement.

After the PAGASA retired the name "Ompong" for causing more than ₱1 billion in damage. It was replaced with the name Obet.  Due to the damage and high death toll in Luzon, the name "Mangkhut" was officially retired during the 51st annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2019. A replacement name will be chosen in early 2020.

Typhoon Mangkhut, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ompong, was an extremely powerful and catastrophic tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage in Guam, the Philippines and South China in September 2018. It was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Megi in 2010, and the strongest to make landfall anywhere in the Philippines since Haiyan in 2013. Mangkhut was also the strongest typhoon to affect Hong Kong since Ellen in 1983.

Le typhon Mangkhut, connu aux Philippines sous le nom de typhon Ompong, est un puissant cyclone tropical qui a touché terre dans la province philippine de Cagayan le. Mangkhut est la vingt-deuxième tempête tropicale et le neuvième typhon de la saison annuelle des typhons. Il s'agit du plus fort cyclone tropical au monde en 2018. Il est également le premier cyclone tropical à avoir touché les Philippines depuis Nock-ten en et le plus fort depuis le typhon Haima de la même année.


History.

After the Curies discovered radium (in the form of radium chloride) in 1898, scientists began to isolate radium on an industrial scale, with the intent of using it for radiotherapy treatments. Radium salts, including radium bromide, were most often used by placing the chemical in a tube that was then passed over or inserted into diseased tissue in the body. Many of the first scientists to try to determine radium's uses were affected by their exposure to the radioactive material. Pierre Curie went so far as to self-inflict a severe chemical skin reaction by applying a radium source directly to his forearm, which ultimately created a skin lesion. All types of therapeutic tests were performed for different skin diseases including eczema, lichen and psoriasis. Later, it was hypothesized that radium could be used to treat cancerous diseases.  However, during this time frame, radium also gained popularity among pseudoscientific "health remedy" industries, which promoted radium as an essential element that could "heal" and "reinvigorate" cells in the human body and remove poisonous substances. As a result, radium gained popularity as a "health trend" in the 1920s and radium salts were added to food, drinks, clothing, toys, and even toothpaste. Furthermore, many respectable journals and newspapers in the early 1900s published statements claiming that radium posed no health hazard.  The main problem with the explosion of interest in radium was the lack of radium on earth itself. In 1913, it was reported that the Radium Institute had four grams of radium total, which at the time was more than half the world supply. Numerous countries and institutions across the world set out to extract as much radium as possible, a time-consuming and expensive task. It was reported in "Science" magazine in 1919 that the United States had produced approximately 55 grams of radium since 1913, which was also more than half the radium produced in the world at the time. A principal source for radium is pitchblende, which holds a total of 257 mg of radium per ton of UO. With so little product recovered from such a large amount of material, it was difficult to extract a large quantity of radium. This was the reason radium bromide became one of the most expensive materials on earth. In 1921, it was stated in "Time" magazine that one ton of radium cost 17,000,000,000 Euros, whereas one ton of gold cost 208,000 Euros and one ton of diamond cost 400,000,000 Euros.  Radium bromide was also found to induce phosphorescence at normal temperatures. This led to the US army manufacturing and supplying luminous watches and gun sights to soldiers. It also allowed for the invention of the spinthariscope, which soon became a popular household item.

Properties.

Radium bromide is a luminous chemical that causes the air surrounding it, even when encased in a tube, to glow a brilliant green and demonstrate all bands of the nitrogen spectrum. It is possible that the effect of the alpha radiation on the nitrogen in the air causes this luminescence. Radium bromide is highly reactive and crystals can sometimes explode, especially if heated. Helium gas evolved from alpha particles can accumulate within the crystals, which can cause them to weaken and rupture.  Radium bromide will crystallize when separated from aqueous solution. It forms a dihydrate, very similar to barium bromide.

Production.

Radium bromide is not found in nature; it is created. To extract radium from uranium or pitchblende ores, the most common practice is the "Curie method", which involves two major stages. The first stage is treating uranium ore with a chemical to concentrate the radium as a combination of radium and barium. This is done by treating the ore with a barium salt and sulfuric acid which make the uranium, iron, copper, and other components within the ore become water-soluble and are drained away. A residue containing gangue, barium, radium, and lead sulfates is left over. The mixture will then be treated with sodium chloride and sodium carbonate to remove the lead and convert radium and barium into carbonates that are insoluble in hydrochloric acid.  The second step requires fractional crystallization to separate the barium from the radium. Because radium and barium have different miscibility in bromine or chlorine, those two chemicals are chosen for the fractional crystallization, and enables the two elements to be separated, leaving behind an aqueous solution of radium bromide or radium chloride. Once the radium is separated, the aqueous radium solution is dehydrated with a dry air stream at 200°C, leaving behind crystals of radium bromide. Another method is to heat radium chloride and dehydrate it with a dry hydrogen bromide gas stream, but this method is considered more dangerous due to hydrogen bromide's toxicity and corrosive proterties.

Hazards.

Radium bromide, like all radium compounds, is highly radioactive and very toxic. Due to its chemical similarity to calcium, radium tends to accumulate in the bones, where it irradiates the bone marrow and can cause anemia, leukemia, sarcoma, bone cancer, genetic defects, infertility, ulcers, and necrosis. Symptoms of poisoning can take years to develop, by which time it is usually too late for any effective medical treatment. Radium bromide also poses a severe environmental hazard, amplified due to its high solubility in water, and it can bioaccumulate and cause long-lasting damage to organisms.  Radium bromide is highly reactive, and crystals can explode if violently shocked or heated. This is, in part, due to self-damage of the crystals by alpha radiation, which weakens the lattice structure.

Uses.

Radium and radium salts were commonly used for treating cancer; however, these treatments have been mostly phased out in favor of less toxic chemicals such as technetium or strontium-89. Radium bromide was also used in luminous paint on watches, but its use was ultimately phased out in the 1960-1970s in favor of less dangerous chemicals like promethium and tritium.

Radium bromide is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr. It is produced during the process of separating radium from uranium ore. This inorganic compound was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898, and the discovery sparked a huge interest in radiochemistry and radiotherapy. Since elemental radium oxidizes readily in air and water, radium salts are the preferred chemical form of radium to work with. Even though it is more stable than elemental radium, radium bromide is still extremely toxic, and can explode under certain conditions.

Le bromure de radium est un composé chimique de formule. Précipitant sous forme dihydratée depuis une solution aqueuse comme pour le bromure de baryum, la forme anhydre est obtenue par déshydratation dans l'air sec à ou directement à partir de la réaction entre le chlorure de radium et le bromure d'hydrogène sec. Les cristaux de bromure de radium peuvent exploser sous l'effet de l'accumulation d'hélium dans la structure cristalline au cours de la désintégration du radium.


History.

The town is named after Kiowa Chief Satanta.  The first post office in Satanta was established in October 1912.

Geography.

Satanta is located at (37.436602, -100.987509). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Climate.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Satanta has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,133 people, 424 households, and 294 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 460 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 81.6% White, 0.8% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 12.8% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35.1% of the population.  There were 424 households of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.19.  The median age in the city was 37 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,239 people, 431 households, and 324 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,664.4 people per square mile (1,017.8/km2). There were 470 housing units at an average density of 1,010.7 per square mile (386.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 82.57% White, 0.40% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 12.91% from other races, and 2.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.94% of the population.  There were 431 households out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.33.  In the city, the population was spread out with 31.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $35,139, and the median income for a family was $41,750. Males had a median income of $30,846 versus $19,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,392. About 9.9% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Satanta is a part of USD 507.  The Satanta Indians won the Kansas State High School boys class B Track & Field championship in 1958.

Satanta is a city in Haskell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,133. Every year there is a celebration of Satanta's Indian heritage called Satanta Day.

La ville de Satanta est située dans le comté de Haskell, dans l’État du Kansas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


Overview.

Bramshaw is a village and civil parish in the New Forest National Park. It includes large tracts of land owned by the National Trust, and Crown Land administered by the Forestry Commission. It is located some 10 miles west of Southampton. The parish contains the hamlets of Brook and Fritham.  Bramshaw Commons, owned by the National Trust, comprise some of manorial wastes and commons. It is some of the best surviving example of lowland heath in Europe, still managed by the common grazing of ponies, pigs, donkeys, cattle and sheep. The parish also contains the highest point in the New Forest at Pipers Wait, some 129 metres above mean sea level. The site of a 14th-century Royal Hunting Lodge ("Studley Castle"), can be seen nearby. The site of a former stocks and gallows can be seen at Stocks Cross, at the intersection of Furzley Lane and the B3079. The gallows were still in use in 1831, when records show that they were repaired.  The Admiralty Shutter Telegraph Line had a station at Telegraph Hill, near Bramshaw. It was an optical shutter signal station used as a communication link for the Admiralty during the Napoleonic Wars.

History.

Bramshaw appears twice in the Domesday Book for Wiltshire, when the lands were held by Wulfnoth and a certain Edmund. Odo of Bayeux was overlord of these lands in Bramshaw at the time of the Survey. The name Bramshaw probably derives from an Old English word for "bramble bush wood." It may be that it is Bramshaw being referred to in 1418 in a legal record, (appearing as "Bremelelsthaw").  The manor of Bramshaw, together with that of Britford, appears to have been granted by one of the Norman kings to the family of de Lacy sometime during the 12th century. In the 15th century it was sold to Robert Lord Hungerford. It switched hands during the Wars of the Roses, but in 1485 it was back in the hands of Hungerford family, being awarded to Mary Hungerford, wife of Sir Edward Hastings. Their grandson, the third Earl, sold the manor of Bramshaw (which from this time seems to have been also known as "Moore Closes") in 1561. It was sold several times in the next 150 years, until it was purchased in 1713 by Richard Paulet, in whose family the manor remained until 1887.  Saint Peter's church belonged at an early date to the Premonstratensian priory of Britford. In 1158, however, Henry II granted the church to Salisbury cathedral, when it was appropriated to the resident canons, and from that date the patronage was in the hands of the Dean and chapter of Salisbury. The current church dates from the 13th century, albeit with many later additions. The earliest part of the church is the west end of the nave, which is of mid-13th-century date, and there is a cambered beam roof of late 15th century date. Much of rest of the church, including the chancel and vestry, are of 19th century construction.  Bramshaw was partly in Wiltshire and partly in Hampshire until the "County of Southampton Act 1894" placed it all into Hampshire. The county boundary ran through the churchyard, and through the church, which had its nave in Wiltshire and its chancel in Hampshire. There were separate parish councils, one for Bramshaw (Hampshire) and one for Bramshaw (Wiltshire), which survived as Bramshaw (West) and Bramshaw (East) until 1932 when they were unified.  Bramshaw village school was founded in 1812 and closed in July 1977. Through those 165 years it served the children of Bramshaw and nearby hamlets in the New Forest, Brook, Fritham and Furzley. Children passed through Bramshaw School, usually on their way to labouring and servant jobs in the forest and on the estates.  The school began life as a Boys' School, registered as a National School in 1812 with the Girls' and Infants' School being registered in 1819. At that time it was described as 'privately owned', only being registered as a Public Elementary School in 1851 when it began to be supported with government funding. George Eyre (1772-1837), owner of the local Warrens Estate. founded the school, 'demonstrating a paternalistic attitude to the labourers and their children, while providing a picturesque addition to the village scene'. The school remained connected to the Eyre family until the death of the then Mrs Eyre in 1933. After the 1944 Education Act introduced the eleven plus examination, older boys and girls moved to a new Secondary Modern School at Bartley, leaving two classes of 5 to 7 and 7 to 11 year-olds. When the school in 1977 5 to 8+ year olds went to Copythorne First School while children from 8+ to 12+ went to Bartley Middle School. The school building has become a private dwelling.

Bramshaw is a small village and civil parish in Hampshire, England. It lies just inside the New Forest. The name Bramshaw means Bramble Wood. Until 1895, Bramshaw was divided into two parts, one half in Wiltshire, and one half in Hampshire. The village of Bramshaw is stretched out for several miles along the B3079 road, with the church to the north, the hamlet of Brook to the south and Stock's Cross at its centre.

Bramshaw est un petit village et une paroisse civile du Hampshire, en Angleterre. Il se trouve à l'intérieur du parc national New Forest. Jusqu'en 1895, Bramshaw était divisé en deux parties, la moitié en Wiltshire et la moitié en Hampshire. Le village de Bramshaw s'étend sur plusieurs kilomètres le long de la route B3079, avec l’église au nord, le hameau de Brook au sud et la "croix de Stock" en son centre.