History of the school.

The school was founded in 1763 at Sedgley Park School, Wolverhampton – now a hotel. It was founded by William Errington at the recommendation of Bishop Richard Challoner. In 1873 it moved to Cotton Hall. The school closed in 1987 due to financial difficulties.

Architecture.

Cotton Hall.

Original building.

Cotton Hall appears to date back to 1630 and was most probably built by the Morrice family. Thomas Gilbert rebuilt the house in the eighteenth century. In 1843 Cotton Hall was sold to the Earl of Shrewsbury. The Earl, who lived at Alton Towers nearby, offered the building to a religious community under the leadership of Frederick William Faber.

Extensions.

The house was extended in 1846–1848 for use by the religious community, which started a village school and sought to convert locals to Roman Catholicism. The building work was financed by the Earl, who gave the commission to his architect Augustus Pugin, most famous for his work with Charles Barry on the Houses of Parliament. After the school moved to Cotton, the building was further extended in 1874-1875, 1886-1887 and 1931-1932.

St Wilfrid's Church.

As well as the extension, Pugin designed a chapel in Gothic Revival style linked to the main building by a single-storey passage building. It has a south-west tower with a broach spire.  St Wilfrid's Church remained intact after the closure of the school, although regular services are no longer held there.

Cotton College was a Roman Catholic boarding school in Cotton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom. It was also known as "Saint Wilfrid's College".

Le collège Saint-Wilfrid, aussi connu sous le nom de Cotton College, était un pensionnat catholique situé à Cotton, près d'Oakamoor, un village du North Staffordshire, en Angleterre. Il a fermé en 1987 et le site est désormais abandonné.


Biography.

Salvi studied under Bonaccini in Naples before making his professional opera debut as Cam in the world premiere of Donizetti's "Il diluvio universale" on 28 February 1830 at the Teatro San Carlo. This was followed by several appearance at the opera house in Zadar in 1830–1831. He then joined the roster of principal singers at the Teatro Valle in Rome, singing there through 1832. While with the company he sang several leading tenor roles, including the title role in Rossini's "Otello" opposite Maria Malibran as Desdemona and Fernando in the world premiere of Gaetano Donizetti's "Il furioso all'isola di San Domingo" (1833).  Over the next two decades Salvi was one of Italy's leading tenors, singing roles with most of the country's major opera houses. On 21 August 1836 he portrayed Daniele in the world premiere of Donizetti's "Betly" at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples. He went on to sing in two more Donizetti premieres, the title role in "Gianni di Parigi" (1839, La Scala), and Oliverio in "Adelia" (1841, Teatro Apollo).  From 1836–1840 Salvi had a number of lauded successes at the Teatro Carlo Felice. A particular triumph was the role of Arnold in that theatre's first mounting of Rossini's "William Tell" (1840). From 1839–1842 Salvi was a regular performer at La Scala. While there he notably sang leading roles in the world premieres of the first two operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi, portraying Riccardo in "Oberto" on 17 November 1839 and Edoardo in "Un giorno di regno" on 5 September 1840. Other La Scala highlights included an appearance in the original production of Federico Ricci's "Un duello sotto Richelieu" (1839) and the role of Tonio in the house premiere of Donizetti's "La Fille du Régiment" (1840).  In 1843 Salvi made his first appearances in France at the Théâtre-Italien as Edgardo in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" and Riccardo in Donizetti's "Maria di Rohan". From 1847–1850 he sang annually as a guest artist at the Royal Opera, London at Covent Garden, where he had tremendous successes portraying heroes from Donizetti and Bellini operas. He also traveled to North America several times during his career, notably performing in a number of operas at Niblo's Garden. In 1851 he made a lengthy concert tour of the United States with lauded Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. He also took part in the first performance of the Mexican national anthem on September 15, 1854.  Salvi was married to Italian soprano Adelina Spech-Salvi who also had an important opera career. After their retirement from the stage, the couple moved to Bologna and worked as singing teachers. Salvi died in Bologna in 1879 at the age of 68.

References.

Notes Sources

Lorenzo Salvi (4 May 1810, Ancona – 16 January 1879, Bologna) was an Italian operatic tenor who had a major international opera career during the nineteenth century. He was particularly associated with the operas of Gaetano Donizetti and Giuseppe Verdi; notably singing lead roles is several world premieres by both composers.

Lorenzo Salvi (, Ancône —, Bologne) est un chanteur italien d'opéra, ténor. Il est associé aux opéras de Gaetano Donizetti et de Giuseppe Verdi, il a créé des rôles lors des premières de plusieurs de leurs opéras.


Career.

Kim So-yeon broke into the entertainment industry in 1994 at the age of 14 by entering the Miss Binggrae beauty pageant without her parents' approval. Then in her second year of middle school, she used a marker pen as her eyeliner and ended up winning the top prize. Not long after her acting debut in "Dinosaur Teacher", the teen actress starred in popular TV shows such as "Reporting for Duty" (1996) and "Soonpoong Clinic" (1998), while hosting the music program "Inkigayo" and appearing in numerous commercials (Kim was the first Korean teen star to earn more than from commercial modeling). Because of her preternaturally mature looks and poise, she was often cast in older roles, notably as a manipulative, villainous anchorwoman in "All About Eve", which drew a peak viewership rating of 45.2% when it aired in 2000.  But being typecast as prim, cold-hearted characters had a negative effect on Kim's career, and her fame went downhill in the mid-2000s. Her attempt to crossover to China via Hong Kong director Tsui Hark's wuxia film "Seven Swords" (in which she played a Joseon noblewoman-turned-slave) and the Chinese dramas "Just Like a Beautiful Flying Butterfly" and "" also proved unsuccessful. So Kim took a break for three years to ponder whether she wanted to continue being an actress. She returned to television in 2008 with "Gourmet" (adapted from Huh Young-man's titular manhwa) and found acting fun for the first time.  A year later, Kim's career resurgence began with the 2009 big-budget series "Iris". She cut short her trademark long hair and worked hard on her action scenes to look convincing in her role as a North Korean spy, and she drew praise for her portrayal of a tough woman conflicted about her loyalty to her country and her love for a South Korean agent. Kim later reprised the role in the re-edited cut "Iris the Movie", the series' spin-off "" (2010) and sequel "Iris II" (2013).  Kim was cast in the leading role in romantic comedy "Prosecutor Princess" in 2010, and showcased her versatility by playing a "Legally Blonde"-inspired newbie district attorney who's initially more interested in shopping and dating, yet surprises her colleagues with her intelligence and learns to strive for justice. Kim said that the cheerful, unpredictable character was similar to her own real-life personality. Later in the year, she played a rigid doctor in sports drama "Dr. Champ".  In 2012, Kim appeared on the big screen as a royal barista embroiled in a plot to assassinate Emperor Gojong in "Gabi", adapted from the historical fiction novel by Kim Takhwan. She spent months studying the Russian language and coffee brewing even before shooting began. "Gabi" was Kim's first Korean feature film in 15 years, since "Change" in 1997. This was followed by another period drama "The Great Seer", where she played a healer in Goryeo.  Kim reunited with "Prosecutor Princess" screenwriter So Hyun-kyung in "Two Weeks" (2013), in the role of a prosecutor who teams up with a fugitive to bring down a corrupt politician and her gangster henchman. In 2014, she played a fashion merchandiser who falls for her much younger childhood friend in "I Need Romance 3". Kim then appeared in the "Female Soldier Special" of military boot camp reality show "Real Men".  In 2015, she starred in her second cable series "Beating Again", about a businessman who falls for his secretary after he gets a heart transplant. Kim also joined the fourth season of "We Got Married", pairing up with Kwak Si-yang.  In 2016, Kim starred MBC's weekend drama "Happy Home", playing a mother who has lost her son in an accident.  In March 2018, Kim left her previous agency Namoo Actors and signed an exclusive contract with J Wide Company on April 3, 2018. She was then cast in SBS weekend drama "Secret Mother".  In March 2019, Kim is confirmed to return to small screen with the KBS weekend drama "Mother of Mine".

Personal life.

On September 6, 2016, it was confirmed that Kim and actor Lee Sang-woo were in a relationship. The pair met on the set of MBC's weekend drama "Happy Home". On March 28, 2017, it was announced that Kim and Lee were getting married in June 2017.

Kim So-yeon (born November 2, 1980) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for starring in a number of well-known television series, notably "All About Eve" (2000), "Iris" (2009), "Prosecutor Princess" (2010), and "Happy Home".

Kim So-yeon (hangeul : 김소연, née le à Séoul) est une actrice sud-coréenne notamment connue à l'étranger pour ses rôles dans les séries télévisées "All About Eve" et "Iris" et en France pour le rôle de "Luzhu" dans le film "Seven Swords".


Overview.

Final energy consumption by source (2010):

Electric power.

History.

The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) provided electricity in the country. When KEPCO's predecessor, KECO, was founded in 1961, annual power production was 1,770 GWh. Production reached 73,992 GWh in 1987. In that year, residential customers used 17.9% of total production, public and service businesses used 16.2%, and the industrial sector used 65.9%. Sources of power generation were primarily nuclear power, coal, oil, and liquefied natural gas. Of the 54,885 GWh of electricity generated in 1985, 22% came from nuclear plants then in operation, 74% from non-nuclear thermal plants (oil and coal), and 4% from hydroelectric sites. It was predicted in 1988 that the generation structure by the year 2000 would be 10.2% hydroelectric, 12.2% oil, 22.9% coal, 10.2% LNG, and 44.5% nuclear.  KOGAS (한국가스공사) acts as importer of LNG for the power generators.

Sources.

Nuclear Power.

South Korea placed a heavy emphasis on nuclear power generation. The country's first nuclear power plant, the Kori Number One located near Pusan, which opened in 1977. Eight plants operated in 1987 when atomic power generation was an estimated 71,158 million kilowatts, or 53.1% of total electric power.

Renewable energy.

The government decision in July 2008 to increase investment in renewable energy to reduce reliance on foreign oil imports may provide an incentive for conglomerates' solar plans. The Ministry of Knowledge and Economy said the country intends to spend 194.4 billion won ($193 million) on technologies and projects, including solar, wind and biofuels, in 2008.  South Korea is fast-growing gigawatt-market for photovoltaics (PV). In 2014, the country ranked among the world-leading top-ten installers of PV systems.  Hydro also comes under Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Ltd. (한국수력원자력(주))

Storage.

In December 2017, Hyundai Electric announced a plan to build a 150MW grid storage battery near Ulsan for Korea Zinc.

Global warming.

According to the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CDIAC South Korea is among the top ten, namely ninth, highest country in carbon dioxide emissions in the period 1950-2005. The United States (25%), China (10%) and Russia (8%) are the countries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions from 1950-2005.

South Korea is a major energy importer, importing nearly all of its oil needs and the second-largest importer of liquefied natural gas in the world. Electricity generation in the country mainly comes from conventional thermal power, which accounts for more than two thirds of production, and from nuclear power.

Le secteur de l'Énergie en Corée du Sud joue un rôle majeur dans l'économie de la Corée du Sud et tient une place de premier plan dans les marchés mondiaux.


History.

Despite not participating in the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens, Serbian king Aleksandar Obrenović attended the games at the invitation of Greek king George I and at these Games Momčilo Tapavica who competed for Kingdom of Hungary (born in today's Serbian province Vojvodina), became the first athlete from today's territory of Serbia and the first an ethnic Serb to win an Olympic medal, bronze in tennis. Track and field athlete György Sztantics bonr in Subotica won gold medal in 3000 m walk at the 1906 Intercalated Games, while gymnast József Bittenbinder born in Pančevo won silver medal in team competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics.  "Serbian Olympic Club" was established on February 23, 1910. Major Svetomir Đukić is considered the founder of the Olympic movement in Serbia. In 1912 the Club has changed its name to the Olympic Committee of Serbia and that year it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee.  From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics Serbian athletes participated as part of the Yugoslavian team. At the 1992 Summer Olympics they participated as Independent Olympic Participants as their nation was under United Nations sanctions. The continuing sanctions meant that no Serbian athletes competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Sanctions were mostly lifted in 1995. From the 1996 Summer Olympics to the 2006 Winter Olympics they participated as part of the Serbia and Montenegro team.  Seven-time Olympian shooter and 1988 gold medalist Jasna Šekarić competed under four different banners during her twenty-four-year Olympic career. She started under the flag of Yugoslavia in 1988, then she competed as an Independent Participant in 1992, under the flag of Serbia and Montenegro from 1996 to 2004 and in 2008 and 2012 she represented Serbia.  Serbian former basketball player and administrator Borislav Stanković was the Secretary General of FIBA from 1976 to 2002, and a member of the International Olympic Committee. As Secretary General, he pushed for a change in FIBA's rules to allow players from the National Basketball Association (NBA) to compete at the Olympics. Prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, only professionals in leagues other than the NBA were allowed to compete.

Multiple medal winners.

This is a list of people who have won two or more Olympic medals, who represented Serbia as an independent country at least once.

Predecessor countries.

The Olympic Committee of Serbia, created in 1910 and recognized in 1912, is deemed the direct successor to both Yugoslav Olympic Committee and the Olympic Committee of Serbia and Montenegro by IOC, and therefore the inheritor to all the records of the defunct nations. In the period from 1920 to 2006, athletes representing these defunct countries won a total of 99 medals: 95 at Summer Games and 4 at Winter Games.

Serbia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912 as the Kingdom of Serbia. Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team after ninety-six years at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

La Serbie a participé à 3 Jeux d'été et à 2 Jeux d'hiver depuis 2008. Le pays a gagné 3 médaille d'or, 6 médailles d'argent et 6 médailles de bronze.


Early life and education.

Mohamed Morsi was born in the Sharqia Governorate, in northern Egypt, of modest provincial origin, in the village of El Adwah, north of Cairo, on 8 August 1951 during the final years of the Egyptian monarchy. His father was a farmer and his mother a housewife. He was the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembered being taken to school on the back of a

Academic and engineering career.

While living in the United States, Morsi became an assistant professor at California State University, Northridge from 1982 to 1985.  In 1985, Morsi

Political career.

Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005, officially as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under President Hosni Mubarak. He was a member of the Guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood until the founding of the Freedom and Justice Party in 2011, at which point he was elected by the MB's Guidance Office to be the first president of the new party. While serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated that "the two-state solution is nothing but a delusion concocted by the brutal usurper of the Palestinian lands."  Morsi condemned the September 11 attacks as "horrific crime against innocent civilians". However, he accused the United States of using the 9/11 attacks as a pretext for invading Afghanistan and Iraq, and claimed that the U.S. had not provided "evidence" that the attackers were Muslims. He also stated that the aircraft collision alone did not bring down the World Trade Center, suggesting something "happened from the inside." Such views are held by most Egyptians, including Egyptian liberals. His comments drew criticism in the United States.

2011 detention.

Morsi was arrested along with 24 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011. He escaped from prison in Cairo two days later. The break of Wadi el-Natroun Prison received widespread news coverage within hours of its occurrence, with some reports indicating

2012 Egyptian presidential campaign.

After Khairat El-Shater was disqualified from the 2012 presidential election, Morsi, who was initially nominated as a backup candidate, emerged as the new Muslim Brotherhood candidate. His campaign was supported by well-known Egyptian cleric Safwat Hegazi at a rally in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, the epicentre of Egyptian worker protests.  Following the first round of Egypt's first post-Mubarak presidential elections where exit polls suggested a 25.5 percent share of the vote for Morsi, he was officially announced as the president on 24 June 2012, following a subsequent run-off vote. Morsi supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square celebrated, and angry outbursts occurred at the Egypt Election Authorities press conference when the result was announced. He came in slightly ahead of former Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafik and

Beliefs.

On changing the government.

Morsi said "no entity will be above the constitution" but did not spell out his vision for the army's status. He said the army's budget should be overseen by parliament but there would be a need for

On Islamic society and non-Muslims in Egypt.

Morsi said Coptic Christians "are certainly just as Egyptian as I am, and have as much a right to this homeland as I do." He said freedom of religion is a right granted by Allah and "sharia" commands Muslims to respect the rights

President of Egypt.

Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012, as Egypt's first democratically elected president. He succeeded Hosni Mubarak, who left the office of the President of Egypt vacant after being forced to resign on 11 February 2011.

Domestic policy.

Morsi reconvened Parliament in its original form on 10 July 2012; this was expected to cause friction between him and the military officials who dissolved the legislature.  Morsi sought to influence the drafting of a new constitution of Egypt, favoring a constitution which protects civil rights and enshrines Islamic law.  In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, convicted of the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City, along with the many Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution. A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the extradition was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi did not intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.  On 10 July 2012, Morsi reinstated the Islamist-dominated parliament that was disbanded by the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt on 14 June 2012. According to Egypt's official news agency, Morsi ordered the immediate return of legislators elected in 2011, a majority of whom are members of Morsi's Freedom and Justice Party and other Islamist groups. A Morsi spokesman announced that the president-elect would appoint a Christian and a woman as vice-presidents, but eventually appointed Mahmoud Mekki, a Muslim man. On 22 December 2012, Mekki resigned.  After Kamal Ganzouri's resignation, Morsi tasked Hesham Qandil with forming the new government. On 2 August 2012, Qandil was sworn in as prime minister. Morsi also objected to a constitutional provision limiting presidential power. On 12 August 2012, Morsi asked Mohamad Hussein Tantawi, head of the country's armed forces, and Sami Hafez Anan, the Army chief of staff, to resign. He also announced that the constitutional amendments passed by the Supreme Council of

Foreign policy.

Personnel.

Khaled al-Qazzaz was the secretary on

Arab world.

Morsi's first official foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on 11 July 2012. During this visit, Morsi stated that he intended to strengthen ties with the oil-rich monarchy, which also maintained close ties with the Mubarak government.  Morsi received strong support from Qatar, which has maintained long-held ties with the Muslim Brotherhood, of which Morsi was a member until his election. Qatar declared

Syria.

As a staunch supporter of the opposition forces in the Syrian Civil War, Morsi attended an Islamist rally on 15 June 2013, where Salafi clerics called for jihad in Syria and denounced supporters of Bashar al-Assad as "infidels." Morsi, who announced at the rally that his government had expelled Syria's ambassador and closed the Syrian embassy in Cairo, called for international intervention on behalf of the opposition forces in the effect of an establishment of a no-fly zone.  Although he did not explicitly call for Egyptians to join the opposition armed forces in the Syrian conflict, Morsi's attendance at 15 June

Iran.

During his tenure, Morsi strengthened ties with Iran following pre-revolutionary years of animosity

Israel and Palestine.

In October 2012, Morsi wrote a friendly letter to then Israeli president Shimon Peres. The letter largely followed standard diplomatic language. Morsi called Peres "a great and good friend" and went on to call for "maintaining and strengthening the cordial relations which so happily exist between our two countries." Morsi closed the letter by expressing "highest esteem and consideration." Gamal Muhammad Heshmat asserted that the letter was "fabricated" saying that "Zionist media have leaked baseless statements by Morsi in the past." However, Morsi spokesman Yasser Ali told Egyptian state-run newspaper "Ahram" that the letter was "100 percent correct". Previously, in July 2012, Morsi had refuted a fabricated letter.  Morsi said in his victory speech that he would honor all of Egypt's international treaties, which was thought to be a reference to Egypt's treaty with Israel.  Morsi's government condemned the Operation Pillar of Defense and called for a ceasefire. Morsi sent Prime Minister Hesham Qandil to Gaza to express solidarity with Gaza and Hamas, a stark contrast to Hosni Mubarak's treatment of Hamas as an enemy in the 2008–09 Gaza War. Egypt, along with the United States mediated the ceasefire with Hamas and Israel.

International summits.

Overthrow and criminal trial.

On 30 June 2013, protests across Egypt erupted calling for President Morsi's resignation from office. Concurrently with these anti-Morsi demonstrations, his supporters held a sit-in in Rabaa Al-Adawiya square.  On 1 July, the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then. Four Ministers also resigned on the same day, including tourism minister Hisham Zazou, communication and IT minister Atef Helmi, state minister for legal and parliamentary affairs Hatem Bagato and state minister for environmental affairs Khaled Abdel Aal, leaving the government with members of the Muslim Brotherhood only.  On 2 July, President Morsi publicly rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum and vowed to pursue his own plans for national reconciliation and resolving the political crisis.  On 3 July, Abdul Fatah al-Sisi announced a road map for the future, removed Morsi from office and appointed Adly Mansour, the head of the Constitutional Court, the Interim President of Egypt.  On 8 July, Prime Minister Qandil, after initially deciding to remain in his position until the formation of a new government, submitted his resignation effective immediately in protest of the subsequent bloodshed to the recent coup d'état when 51 protesters were killed by the military at the Republican Guard headquarters.  In mid-November, Morsi claimed that he was kidnapped and held in a Republican Guard house on 2 July. He said that he had been kept there until 5 July and forcibly moved again to a naval base where he spent the next four months. The spokesperson of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Colonel Ahmed Ali, later denied the rumors that Morsi was badly treated, saying that they had nothing to hide. The Egyptian Army later gave Catherine Ashton the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy for the European Union the permission to meet Morsi. Ashton later stated that Morsi is doing well, saying "Morsi was keeping up with the latest developments in the country through television and newspapers. So we were able to talk about the situation, and we were able to talk about the need to move forward. The people around him do care for him. I looked at the facilities." Morsi later met with an African Union delegation.

Trial.

After his overthrow, Morsi faced several charges including inciting the killing of opponents protesting outside his palace, espionage for foreign militant groups including Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), for escaping Wadi el-Natroun Prison during the 2011 revolution prior to his election as president, leaking classified documents to Qatar, in addition to "insulting the judiciary".  On 1 September 2013, prosecutors referred Morsi to trial on charges of inciting deadly violence. The date was set for 4 November 2013. Morsi was to be tried in a criminal court for inciting

Jail.

After his ouster, Morsi was held in Tora Prison, in a special wing nicknamed Scorpion prison. A detention review panel, consisting of UK members of parliament and senior lawyers including Crispin Blunt, Edward Faulks and Paul Williams, reviewed Morsi's detention

Death.

Egyptian state television announced on 17 June 2019 that Morsi had collapsed during a court hearing on espionage charges at Cairo's Tora prison complex, and later died suddenly, reportedly of a heart attack. His lawyer reported that Morsi was allowed to speak for 7 minutes from inside the glass box prior to adjourning the session, which he concluded with his final words, a verse from a poem that read "My country is dear even if it oppressed me and my people are honourable even if they were unjust to me", to collapse a minute after adjourning the session. He was buried in Cairo alongside other senior figures of the Muslim Brotherhood.  Critics of the Egyptian government blamed the conditions of the trial for

Personal life.

Morsi married his cousin, Naglaa Ali Mahmoud, in 1979. She reportedly stated that she did not want to be referred to as "First Lady" but rather as "First Servant [of the Egyptian public]".  Morsi has five children: Ahmed Mohammed Morsi, who is a physician in Saudi Arabia; Shaima, a graduate of Zagazig University; Osama, an attorney; Omar who has a bachelor in commerce from Zagazig University; and Abdullah, who died from a heart attack while driving in Cairo on 4 September 2019. Two of Morsi's five children were born in California and are U.S. citizens by birth. Morsi has three grandchildren. His third son, Omar, was appointed to the Holding Company for Airports, a state-owned company, six months after his graduation. However, he declined the job offer due to many rumors and attacks in the media and press.  On his state visit to Pakistan, Morsi was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) by National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) in Islamabad, Pakistan on 18 March 2013 in recognition of his achievements and significant contributions towards the promotion of peace and harmony in the world and strengthening of relations with the Muslim countries, especially Pakistan.

Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Issa Al-Ayyat (;, ALA-LC: "Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ʿĪsā al-ʿAyyāṭ, "; 8 August 1951 – 17 June 2019) was an Egyptian politician and engineer who served as the fifth President of Egypt, from 30 June 2012 to 3 July 2013, when General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi removed him from office in a coup d'état after protests in June. An Islamist affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood organisation, Morsi led the Freedom and Justice Party from 2011 to 2012.

Mohamed Morsi (), de son nom complet Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Issa al-Ayyat (, transcrit traditionnellement "Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ" par les arabisants), né le à Ach-Charqiya et mort le au Caire, est un homme d'État égyptien, président de la République du au.


Design and description.

The E class were ordered as part of the 1931 Naval Construction Programme, the F class following in 1932. These ships were based on the preceding D class with minor changes to the hull and armament. Two of the ships were modified to accommodate 60 mines. The F class were repeats of the E's with some minor differences. All of the destroyers were fitted with ASDIC (sonar) and the ability to use the Two-Speed Destroyer Sweep (TSDS) minesweeping gear.  The E- and F-class destroyers displaced at standard load and at deep load. They had an overall length of, a beam of and a draught of. The ships' complement was 145 officers and ratings. They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers that operated at a pressure of and a temperature of. The turbines developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of. The destroyers carried a maximum of of fuel oil that gave them a range of at. All of the ships had the same main armament, four quick-firing (QF) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of 40° which was achieved by using a lowered section of the deck around the mount, the "well", that allowed the breech of the gun to be lowered below deck height. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of to a range of. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they had two quadruple mounts for the QF 0.5-inch Vickers Mk III machine gun on platforms between the funnels. The E- and F-class ships were fitted with two quadruple mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. The ships, except for the minelayers, were also equipped with two throwers and one rack for 20 depth charges. The stern of the minelayers was fitted with a pair of sponsons that housed part of the mechanical chain-conveyor system and to ensure smooth delivery of her mines. To compensate for the weight of her Mark XIV mines, their rails, two 4.7-inch guns, their ammunition, both sets of torpedo tubes, their whalers and their davits had to be removed.  The main guns were controlled by an Admiralty Fire Control Clock Mk I that used data derived from the manually-operated director-control tower and the separate rangefinder situated above the bridge. They had no capability for anti-aircraft fire and the anti-aircraft guns were aimed solely by eye.

Wartime modifications.

Beginning in May 1940, the after bank of torpedo tubes was removed and replaced with a QF 12-pounder 20-cwt anti-aircraft gun, the after mast and funnel being cut down to improve the gun's field of fire. Four to eight QF 20 mm Oerlikon cannons were added to the surviving ships, usually replacing the.50-calibre machine gun mounts between the funnels. One pair of these was added to the bridge wings and the other pair was mounted abreast the searchlight platform. Early in the war, depth charge stowage increased to 38. By 1943, all the surviving ships, except had the 'Y' gun on the quarterdeck removed to allow for additional depth charge stowage and two additional depth charge throwers. The 12-pounder was removed to allow for the installation of a Huff-Duff radio direction finder on a short mainmast and for more depth charges. All of the survivors, except perhaps for, had 'A' or 'B' gun replaced by a Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar, and their director-control tower and rangefinder above the bridge removed in exchange for a Type 271 target-indication radar, had her 'A' gun reinstalled by 1944. A Type 286 short-range, surface-search radar, adapted from the Royal Air Force's ASV radar, was also added. The early models, however, could only scan directly forward and had to be aimed by turning the entire ship.'s modifications differed somewhat in that 'B' gun was replaced by a twin-gun QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss mount and a split Hedgehog installation. In addition, she retained her 12-pounder gun, but her remaining torpedo tubes were removed.

Flotilla leaders.

For the first time since the A class of the 1927 programme, the flotilla leaders were built to an enlarged design, being lengthened to incorporate an additional QF 4.7-inch gun between the funnels. The lengthened design resulted in a three boiler room layout to enhance water-tight integrity. The leaders were not fitted for minesweeping or minelaying. They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ships had an overall length of, a beam of and a draught of. The ships carried a total of 175 personnel which included the staff of the Captain (D), commanding officer of the flotilla. Their turbines were more powerful than the private ships, which made them faster; their propulsion machinery was otherwise identical. was an early wartime loss and consequently received no modifications, but survived the war. Her modifications differed somewhat from those of the private ships. She received a AA gun in lieu of her aft torpedo tubes, although they were later reinstalled and the 4-inch gun replaced 'X' 4.7-inch gun. Two Oerlikons were later added on the forward part of her aft superstructure and a quadruple QF two-pounder "pom-pom" mount replaced 'Q' gun between the funnels. Finally her rangefinder was replaced by a high-angle director fitted with a Type 285 gunnery radar.

Service.

All of the E class were assigned to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla (DF) of the Home Fleet upon commissioning during 1934. Following the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, the entire flotilla was sent to the Red Sea in August 1935 to monitor Italian warship movements until April 1936. Refitted upon their return, many were deployed to Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War in 1936–39 to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British-flagged ships. While the F-class ships were assigned to the 6th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, they followed much the same pattern as their E-class sisters. In April 1939 the 5th and 6th DFs were renumbered the 7th and 8th Destroyer Flotillas, respectively. In mid-1939, newly-commissioned J-class destroyers began to replace the E-class ships and they were reduced to reserve for lack of manpower. Increasing tensions with Nazi Germany in August, caused the British to mobilize the Navy's reserves, which allowed the ships to be manned again and assigned to the 12th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet.  When the war began on 3 September, the E-class ships, except for the two minelayers, "Esk" and "Express", were assigned to the Western Approaches Command (WAC) for convoy escort and patrolling duties, while the Fs remained with the Home Fleet, performing the same sorts of tasks. On 14 September, "Faulknor", "Firedrake", and "Foxhound", escorting the aircraft carrier, sank, the first German submarine to be lost during the war, after she had unsuccessfully attacked the carrier. Six days later, "Fearless", "Faulknor", "Forester", and "Fortune" sank. Most of the E class remained with the WAC until April 1940, but several were transferred to Rosyth Command at the end of 1939. "Exmouth" was one of these and was sunk by on 21 January 1940 in the Moray Firth. On the other hand, "Escapade" forced to the surface on 25 February, which was then scuttled by her crew, and "Fortune" sank on 20 March. "Esk" and "Express" were assigned to the specialist 20th Destroyer Flotilla shortly after the war began, together with the four -minelayers, and were busy laying mines in the North Sea and off the English coast through April–May 1940.  The beginning of the Norwegian Campaign in April saw almost all of the E and F class transferred to the Home Fleet for operations in Norwegian waters. For the most part they escorted the ships of the Home Fleet and the various convoys to and from Norway, but "Forester" and "Foxhound" were part of the escort for the battleship during the Second Battle of Narvik on 13 April and the latter helped to sink one German destroyer. While escorting one convoy, "Fearless" and the destroyer sank two days later. "Esk" and "Express" were the only two ships committed to the evacuation of Dunkirk in May–June, each rescuing thousands of Allied troops. "Fearless", "Escapade", "Faulknor", and "Foxhound" of the 8th DF escorted "Ark Royal" and the battlecruiser to Gibraltar in late June, where they formed Force H. Eight days later, they participated in the attack on Mers-el-Kébir against the Vichy French ships stationed there, together with "Forester", "Foresight" and "Escort". The latter ship was sunk by an Italian submarine on 11 July while covering a Malta convoy. Most of Force H returned to the UK for a brief refit in early August, but upon their return at the end of the month, the 8th DF now consisted of "Faulknor", "Forester", "Foresight", "Firedrake", "Fortune", "Fury", and. On the night of 31 August/1 September, "Esk", "Express" and three other minelaying destroyers laid a minefield off the Dutch island of Texel. While doing so, the latter ship struck a mine that blew her bow off. While closing to render aid, "Esk" struck two mines that broke her in half with heavy casualties. "Express" was towed back to England for repairs that lasted until October 1941. On 13 September, Force H met a convoy that was carrying troops intended to capture Dakar from the Vichy French that was escorted by, "Eclipse", "Echo", "Encounter", and "Escapade". Ten days later they attacked Dakar where "Foresight" and "Inglefield" sank the, "Fortune" sank the submarine a day later and "Foresight" sank the submarine on the 25th. After the battle, "Escapade" and "Echo" returned to the Home Fleet and resumed their regular duties of fleet escort. On 17 October, "Fame" ran aground and could not be refloated for several months. The following day, "Firedrake" together with the destroyer and two Royal Air Force flying boats sank the. "Fury", "Encounter", "Faulknor", "Firedrake", and "Forester" participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November.  In 1941, the 8th DF escorted Force H as it covered multiple convoys and aircraft carriers flying off aircraft to Malta. While returning from one of the latter missions, "Forester", "Foresight", "Faulknor", "Fearless" and "Foxhound" sank on 18 June. A month later, "Fearless" was crippled by Italian bombs on 23 July while escorting a convoy to Malta and had to be scuttled by her sister "Foresight" while "Firedrake" was badly damaged by near misses and had to return to Gibraltar for repairs. The ships of the 8th DF mostly returned home between August and October for repairs and refits. "Encounter" was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in April and spent several months under repair as she was badly damaged by bombs at Malta. The ship was then transferred to the Eastern Fleet in November and arrived at Singapore the following month. "Eclipse", "Echo", and "Electra" were assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet at the beginning of 1941 where they escorted the larger ships of the fleet while they were searching for German commerce raiders and on other missions. "Escapade" began escorting convoys to Russia in August and continued to do so for most of the following year. "Electra" did the same for several months until she was detailed to escort the battleship and the battlecruiser to Singapore in October, together with "Express".  "Express" and "Electra" were half of the escorts for "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse" as they sailed north on 9 December, but could do little as the Japanese bombers sank the two capital ships other than help to rescue the 3,000-odd survivors. Upon their return to Singapore, they joined "Encounter" and the other destroyers there escorting ships between Singapore and the Sunda Strait. "Electra" and "Encounter" escorted the heavy cruiser during the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942. The former ship was sunk by a Japanese destroyer as she covered "Exeter"s withdrawal. Several days later, "Encounter" and the American destroyer were escorting the damaged "Exeter" en route to Ceylon when they encountered four Japanese heavy cruisers and their escorts. "Encounter" and "Exeter" were sunk in the subsequent battle on 1 March. "Express" did not participate in any of these battles because she'd been damaged by a boiler room fire in early February and her repairs did not begin until April. "Fortune" joined her sister with the Eastern Fleet in February, with "Foxhound" following two months later. On 27 March, "Fury", "Eclipse" and the light cruiser were escorting Convoy PQ 13 in the Arctic when they were intercepted by three German destroyers. In the ensuing action, the cruiser was damaged by one of her own torpedoes and "Eclipse" was hit twice, although the cruiser sank the. "Foresight", "Forester" and the light cruiser were the close escort for Convoy QP 11, returning from Murmansk to Iceland, when "Edinburgh" was torpedoed on 29 April. The two hits disabled her steering and she had to be towed by the two destroyers. Two days later, they were attacked by three German destroyers which badly damaged "Foresight" and "Forester" and put another torpedo into "Edinburgh", crippling her. The two destroyers took off the survivors and scuttled the cruiser. Temporarily repaired at Murmansk, the sisters were part of "Trinidad"s escort home when she was set on fire by a German bomber and had to be scuttled on 15 May. "Faulknor", "Fury", "Escapade", "Echo", and "Eclipse" escorted more Arctic convoys in May–September, "Faulknor" sinking on 12 September while escorting Convoy PQ 18. "Foresight" and "Fury" were briefly detached to escort the fleet during Operation Pedestal in August, during which the former was torpedoed and had to be scuttled. While being repaired, "Fame" was converted into an escort destroyer and was assigned to the WAC, joining her sister, "Fearless", upon its completion in September. A month later, she sank while protecting Convoy SC 104. "Fearless" was torpedoed and sunk by on 16 December. When convoys to Russia resumed in December 1942, "Fury", "Forester", "Faulknor", "Eclipse", and "Echo" were assigned as escorts. "Fury", and "Eclipse" were detached to augment the escorts of the WAC in March–May 1943, joining their sisters, "Fame" and "Escapade", when German submarine attacks reached their peak. The former had already sunk on 17 February while escorting Convoy ONS 165. "Express", "Fortune" and "Foxhound" was assigned to the Eastern Fleet at the beginning of 1943, but the first two returned to Britain in February to begin refits, during which they were transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy and renamed "Gatineau" and "Saskatchewan" in June and May, respectively. "Foxhound" followed in August and was converted into an escort destroyer before being given to the Canadians in February 1944 and renamed "Qu'Appelle". "Forester" was assigned to Escort Group C1 of the WAC in June. "Escapade" was badly damaged by a premature detonation of her Hedgehog projectiles in September and was under repair until the end of 1944. "Faulknor", "Fury", "Echo", and "Eclipse" were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet to escort the covering force during the invasion of Sicily in July and the subsequent landings in mainland Italy. "Faulknor", "Fury", and "Eclipse" participated in the Dodecanese Campaign after the surrender of Italy in September and the latter ship sank after hitting a mine on 24 October.  "Echo" began a long refit at Malta in December and was loaned to the Royal Hellenic Navy upon its completion in April 1944. Renamed "Navarinon", she supported government forces during the Greek Civil War and was retained after the end of the war. "Faulknor" and "Fury" later supported operations in Italy before returning to the UK for Operation Overlord in June. While escorting Convoy HX 280, "Gatineau" helped to sink on 6 March, four days later "Forester" participated in the sinking of. "Fame", "Forester", "Gatineau", "Saskatchewan", and "Qu'Appelle" joined their sisters covering the preparations for the invasion of Normandy and the invasion itself. "Fame" and two others destroyers sank on 18 June. "Fury" struck a mine on 21 June and was forced to beach herself to prevent her from sinking. She was written off after she was salvaged and was broken up for scrap beginning in September. "Saskatchewan" and "Gatineau" returned to Canada in August for lengthy refits that lasted into 1945 after which they returned to the UK. "Qu'Appelle" returned to the North Atlantic in October and "Forester" helped to sink on 20 August and then was sent back to the North Atlantic. "Escapade" was fitted with the new Squid anti-submarine mortar when her repairs were finished.

Postwar.

"Gatineau", "Saskatchewan", and "Qu'Appelle" were used to ferry Canadian troops back home before they were placed in reserve in 1946 and subsequently sold for scrap, although "Gatineau" was scuttled in 1948 in British Columbia to serve as a breakwater. "Faulknor" and "Forester" were reduced to reserve in 1945 and broken up the following year; "Escapade" lasted on active duty a year longer as she served in the Anti-Submarine Training Flotilla until 1946, but the ship was scrapped the next year. Unlike most of her sisters, "Fame" remained on active duty until 1947 when she was placed in reserve. She was sold to the Dominican Republic in 1949 and renamed "Generalissimo". The ship was renamed "Sanchez" in 1962 and finally discarded in 1968. "Navarinon" later became a training ship before she was returned to the Royal Navy in 1956 and broken up the following year.

The E and F-class destroyers were a group of 18 destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. The ships were initially assigned to the Home Fleet, although they reinforced the Mediterranean Fleet during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia of 1935–36 and enforced the Non-Intervention Agreement during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. After the beginning of the Second World War in August 1939, the E-class ships were mostly assigned to escort duties under the Western Approaches Command, while the Fs were assigned to escort the ships of the Home Fleet. Between them they sank four German submarines through March 1940 while losing only one ship to a submarine.

La Classe E et F est un groupe de 18 destroyers de la Royal Navy commandé dans les années 1930. Trois navires ont été transférés à la Marine royale canadienne entre 1943 et 1944.


Early life.

Jackson was born in Pordenone, in northeast Italy, to American parents. Jackson's father, Saul, served at Aviano Air Base. The Jacksons later moved to England before going to the United States when Jackson was five. The family lived in North Dakota for a year before moving to Georgia and Florida before settling in Colorado Springs, Colorado when Jackson was in sixth grade. He graduated from General William J. Palmer High School in Colorado Springs in 2008, and won the 2007–08 Gatorade Colorado Boys' Basketball Player of the Year. In April 2008, Jackson officially declared for U.S citizenship.  Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Jackson was listed as the No. 29 shooting guard and the No. 115 player in the nation in 2008.

College career.

Jackson arrived at Boston College and joined a team that was already armed with stars such as Tyrese Rice and Rakim Sanders. In Jackson's freshman season, the Eagles made the NCAA Tournament with Jackson being used as an explosive weapon off the bench. In his second season, Jackson stepped into a starting role following the departure of Rice, but the Eagles were unable to make it back to the NCAA Tournament. As a junior in 2010–11, he led the Eagles in scoring with 18.2 points per game and led them to the National Invitation Tournament. He subsequently earned first-team All-ACC honors alongside Nolan Smith, Jordan Williams, Malcolm Delaney and Kyle Singler. After his junior season, Jackson declared for the NBA draft.

Professional career.

Oklahoma City Thunder (2011–2015).

Jackson saw limited action in his first season with the Oklahoma City Thunder, averaging just 11.1 minutes over 45 games playing behind Russell Westbrook and Eric Maynor. He scored over three points per game but shot only 32% from the field, and that percentage dropped to 21% when Jackson took shots beyond the arc. He did not play in any of the Thunder's 20 playoff games in 2012 as the Thunder lost to the Miami Heat 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals.  Jackson was assigned multiple times to the Tulsa 66ers of the NBA Development League between March and December 2012.  As a sophomore during the 2012–13 season, Jackson's minutes and production steadily increased. In Game 2 of the Thunder's first round playoff series against the Houston Rockets, starting point guard Russell Westbrook tore his meniscus and was ruled out for the rest of the season, as Jackson was promoted to a starting role. In his first career start, he had 14 points, 2 rebounds and 1 assist, helping the Thunder win Game 3. As a starter during the playoffs, Jackson averaged 15.3 points, 5.3 rebounds and 4.7 assists per game.  On February 6, 2014, Jackson was chosen to compete in the 2014 Taco Bell Skills Challenge. On April 26, 2014, he recorded a career-high 32 points along with 9 rebounds against the Memphis Grizzlies in Game 4 of the 2014 NBA Playoffs first round series, which the Thunder won 92–89. Jackson had 5 points in the final minute of regulation to force overtime, but heaved a shot from full court, still with 4 seconds left. In overtime, Jackson hit four free throws to ensure a Thunder victory. He was praised for his performance as the Thunder's star players Kevin Durant and Russell Westbrook had off shooting nights.  On November 11, 2014, Jackson scored a season-high 29 points on 12-of-21 shooting in the 78–85 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks.

Detroit Pistons (2015–2020).

On February 19, 2015, Jackson was traded to the Detroit Pistons as part of a three-team deal that also involved the Utah Jazz. Three days later, he made his debut for the Pistons as he recorded 17 points, 5 rebounds and 5 assists in a 106–89 win over the Washington Wizards. On March 17, Jackson recorded 23 points and a career-high 20 assists in a 105–95 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. On March 27, Jackson recorded his second career triple-double just ten days later. Jackson finished the game with 26 points, 11 rebounds and ten assists in a 111–97 win over the Orlando Magic. Jackson became the first Pistons guard to record multiple triple-doubles in a season since Isiah Thomas during the 1986–87 season, and the first Pistons player to do so since Grant Hill during the 1997–98 season.  On July 20, 2015, the Pistons re-signed Jackson to a five-year, $80 million contract. On November 8, 2015, he recorded a career-high 40 points in a 120–103 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. He scored 26 of his 40 points in the fourth quarter, tying Will Bynum's franchise record for the most points in a quarter. On December 2, he had a season-best game with 34 points and 16 assists in a 127–122 overtime win over the Phoenix Suns. He was subsequently named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the week ending December 6. He averaged 27.0 points and 8.8 assists, leading the Pistons to four consecutive wins during that time. Jackson became the first Piston to record 30-plus points and 15-plus assists in a game since Isiah Thomas recorded 40-plus points and 17 assists in 1988. Jackson was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the week ending December 20, 2015. He joined Andre Drummond as the only Pistons teammates to win the award twice in the same season. Jackson averaged 29.3 points (first in the Eastern Conference), 7.7 assists (second in the Eastern Conference), and 6.3 rebounds while helping lead the Pistons to a 2–1 record for the week against three teams with above.500 records. He shot 46% from the field, 38% from behind the arc and 83% from the free-throw line. Jackson recorded two 30/10 games with 34 points and a season-high 11 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers on December 14, and 31 points and 13 assists in a quadruple overtime win against the Chicago Bulls on December 18. He scored 13 of the Pistons' 20 points in the deciding fourth overtime period. On April 8, 2016, he had 39 points and nine assists to help the Pistons defeat the Washington Wizards and clinch a spot in the postseason for the first time since 2009. The Pistons finished the regular season as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference with a 44–38 record. However, in their first-round series against the first-seeded Cleveland Cavaliers, the Pistons were swept 4–0.  On October 10, 2016, Jackson received platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections to treat left knee tendinosis and an ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) sprain of his right thumb. He was subsequently ruled out for six to eight weeks. After missing the first 21 games of the 2016–17 season, he made his season debut for the Pistons on December 4, scoring 18 points in 23 minutes against the Orlando Magic. On March 6, 2017, he scored 24 of his 26 points in the second half of the Pistons' 109–95 win over the Chicago Bulls. He made all 10 of his field goal attempts after halftime.  On December 26, 2017, in a game against the Indiana Pacers, Jackson suffered a Grade 3 right ankle sprain and was subsequently ruled out for six-to-eight weeks. He returned to action on March 20, 2018, after missing 24 games. He scored seven points on 3-of-7 shooting in 15 minutes as a starter in a 115–88 win over the Phoenix Suns.  On February 2, 2019, Jackson scored 29 points in a 111–101 loss to the Clippers. On February 22, he scored a season-high 32 points in a 125–122 win over the Atlanta Hawks.  On February 18, 2020, Jackson was waived by the Detroit Pistons after a contract buyout agreement was reached.

Los Angeles Clippers (2020–present).

On February 20, 2020, Jackson signed with the Los Angeles Clippers.

Reginald Shon Jackson (born April 16, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three seasons for the Boston College Eagles before declaring for the 2011 NBA draft where he was drafted 24th overall by the Oklahoma City Thunder.

Reginald Shon Jackson, né le à Pordenone, dans la province de Pordenone, en Italie, est un joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste de meneur.


Geography.

Hung Hom is in the southeast of the Kowloon Peninsula. It is bordered by Victoria Harbour in the south, King's Park in the west, Hung Hom Bay in the east, No. 12 Hill, Hok Yuen and the valley Lo Lung Hang. in the north.

History.

Originally, Hung Hom was much smaller than the present-day context. Hung Hom Bay has been partially reclaimed several times since 1850, expanding the area of Hung Hom as a consequence. Rumsey Rock, formerly located in the bay, was buried in the reclamation process. Later a town was developed eastward parallel to the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock.  Hung Hom was renamed to "Yamashita District" during the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945. It was one of the few places to be renamed.

Transport.

MTR.

Hung Hom is served by the Hung Hom Station of the MTR. The station serves as the southern terminus of both East Rail Line and West Rail Line, as well as the terminus of cross-border services with destinations to major cities in China.  As of October 2016, Ho Man Tin Station and Whampoa Station as part of an extension of the Kwun Tong Line, are available for accessing the Hung Hom area.

Tunnel.

The Cross-Harbour Tunnel was the first road tunnel in Hong Kong that was built under water. It opened in 1972, and it connects Hong Kong Island and Kowloon at Kellett Island and a reclaimed site at Hung Hom Bay, respectively.

Ferries.

Ferries serving Hung Hom Ferry Pier:

Buses.

There are three bus terminals in Hung Hom. Many buses serve the area.

Hung Hom () is an area of Kowloon, in Hong Kong, administratively part of the Kowloon City District, with a portion west of Hung Hom West Rail Line MTR Station in the Yau Tsim Mong District (油尖旺區). Hung Hom serves mainly residential purposes, but it is mixed with some industrial buildings in the north.

Hung Hom (en chinois : 紅磡) est un quartier de Kowloon à Hong Kong, dans le district de Kowloon City.


History.

The Medal of Pushkin was established on May 9, 1999 by Presidential Decree No 574, its statute was amended on September 7, 2010 by Presidential Decree No 1099 which completely revamped the awards and honours system of the Russian Federation.

Award statute.

The Medal of Pushkin is awarded to citizens of the Russian Federation with at least 20 years in socio-humanitarian activities for achievements in the arts and culture, education, humanities and literature, for great contributions to the study and preservation of the Russian cultural heritage, in the rapprochement and mutual enrichment of cultures of nations and peoples, for the creation of highly artistic images.  The Russian Federation order of precedence dictates the medal is to be worn on the left breast with other medals immediately after the Medal of Nesterov.

Award description.

The Medal of Pushkin is a circular 32mm diameter silver medal with raised rims on both the obverse and reverse. The obverse bears a self-portrait (line drawing) of Pushkin's left profile. On the reverse center the horizontal relief signature of Pushkin himself. The signature takes most of the total width of the medal. Under the signature near the lower rim of the medal, the letter "N" in relief and a line reserved for the award serial number.  The medal hangs from a standard Russian pentagonal mount by a ring through the medal suspension loop. The mount is covered by an overlapping 24mm wide azure silk moiré ribbon with a 2.5mm golden stripe situated 5mm from the ribbon's right edge.

The Medal of Pushkin () is a state decoration of the Russian Federation awarded to its citizens for achievements in the arts and culture, education, humanities and literature. It is named in honour of Russian author and poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.

La médaille Pouchkine (en russe : медаль Пушкина) est une distinction d'État de la Fédération de Russie attribuée à ses citoyens pour des réalisations dans les arts et la culture, l'éducation, les sciences humaines et la littérature. Elle est nommée en honneur de l'auteur et poète russe Alexandre Sergueïevitch Pouchkine.


History.

On 27 October 1480, Botticelli, together with other Florentine painters, left for Rome where he had been called as part of the reconciliation project between Lorenzo de' Medici, the "de facto" ruler of Florence, and Pope Sixtus IV. The Florentines started to work in the Sistine Chapel as early as the Spring of 1481, along with Pietro Perugino, who was already there.  The theme of the decoration was a parallel between the Stories of Moses and those of Christ, as a sign of continuity between the Old and the New Testament – a continuity also between the divine law of the Tables and the message of Jesus, who, in turn, chose Peter (the first alleged bishop of Rome) as his successor: this would finally result in a legitimation of the latter's successors, the popes of Rome.  Botticelli, helped by numerous assistants, painted three scenes. On 17 February 1482 his contract was renovated, including the other scenes to complete the chapel's decoration. However, on 20 February his father died: he returned to Florence, where he remained.

Description.

The fresco shows several episodes of Moses' youth, taken from Exodus. It parallels the fresco on the opposite wall, also by Botticelli, which depicts "the Temptations of Jesus". The frieze has the inscription.  On the right is Moses killing the Egyptian who had harassed a Hebrew, and fleeing to the desert (a parallel with the episode of Jesus defeating the Devil). In the next episode Moses fights the shepherds who were preventing Jethro's daughters (including his future wife, Zipporah) to water their cattle at the pit, and then takes the water for them. In the third scene, in the upper left corner, Moses removes his shoes and then receives from God the task to return to Egypt and free his people. Finally, in the lower left corner, he drives the Jews to the Promised Land.  Moses is always distinguishable in the scenes by his yellow dress and the green cloak.

The Youth of Moses or The Trials of Moses is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli and his workshop, executed in 1481–1482 in the Sistine Chapel, Rome (modern-day Italy).

Les Épreuves de Moïse (en italien : "Prove di Mosè") est une fresque () de Sandro Botticelli, datée des années 1481-1482 et située à la Chapelle Sixtine du Vatican.


Design.

A vardo's design includes large wheels set outside the body, whose sides slope outward considerably as they rise toward the eaves. Beyond this characteristic, the six types of caravans differ in shape, size, placement of the wheels relative to the bed, where made, and maker. The roofs of the bow-top and open-lot types are canvas stretched over curved wooden frames; the others are roofed in wood. By the mid-1800s, the designs were almost entirely standardized, and some features are common to all types. The door is almost always in the front.  The small cast-iron cooking stove was invented in America and was available there and in Great Britain from about 1830 on and is a common fixture of the wagons. A cooking stove necessitates a chimney to vent smoke. A caravan's chimney is always on its left side as viewed from its front doorway; as the caravan travels along the left side of the road, the chimney is in less danger from low-hanging tree limbs in that position. The stove rests in a wooden fireplace.  The wagon's interior is typically outfitted with built-in seats, cabinets, a wardrobe, bunks in the rear of the caravan, a chest of drawers, and a glass-fronted china cabinet. There are windows on the left side and rear. Some types have clerestories which let in light and air. A bracket for an oil lamp is mounted over the chest of drawers opposite the fireplace; the chest's top functions as a table. Wagons' exteriors can range from fairly plain to intricately carved, painted in bright colors, and sheathed in places with gold leaf.

History.

The Romanichal had arrived in the British Isles by 1500 AD, but they did not begin to live in vardos until around 1850. Prior to that, they traveled in tilted carts or afoot and slept either under or in these carts or in small tents. Originally Romanichals would travel on foot, or with light, horse-drawn carts, typical of other Romani groups or would build "bender" tents — so called because they were made from supple branches which they bent inwards to support a waterproof covering. The heyday of the Romani caravan was the latter part of the 19th century.  Initially using castoff horses and even mules to draw their chimneyed living wagons, the Romanichal gradually created a breed of horse known variously as the Gypsy Cob (UK, NZ), Gypsy Horse (US, UK, AU), Coloured Cob (UK, Ireland, parts of continental Europe), Gypsy Vanner (USA, CAN), Tinker Horse (parts of continental Europe), and Irish Cob (Ireland) to do so.  Wagons were first used as a form of living accommodation (as opposed to carrying people or goods) in France in 1810 by non-Romani circus troupes. Large transport wagons combined storage space and living space into one vehicle, and were pulled by teams of horses. By the 19th century wagons became smaller, reducing the number of horses required, and around the mid-to-late-19th century (1840–1870), Romanichals in Britain started using wagons that incorporated living spaces on the inside, and added their own characteristic style of decoration. In "The Old Curiosity Shop" (ch. xxvii), Charles Dickens described Mrs. Jarley's well-appointed van:  These smaller wagons were called "vardo" in the Romani language (originating from the Ossetic word "vurdon") for cart. The Romani "vardo" evolved into some of the most advanced forms of travelling wagon, and are prized for their practicality as well as aesthetic design and beauty. There is no more iconic or recognizable Romani symbol than a highly decorated Romanichal vardo, and the time of its use is often affectionately called "the wagon time" by Romanichal travellers. The vardos were typically commissioned by families or by a newlywed couple from specialist coach builders. Building the vardo took between six months to a year; a variety of woods including oak, ash, elm, cedar, and pine were utilized in its construction. Prized by the Romani, and later by non-Romani, including other traveller groups, for their practicality as well as aesthetic beauty, vardos can be categorized into six main styles; these being the Brush wagon, Reading, Ledge, Bow Top, Open lot, and Burton. The general design evolved over time and were named after the home's owners, for their traditional style (Ledge), for the town of its construction (Reading), or for the name of the builder.

Burton wagon.

Popular with Romanis, as well as Showmen families, and circus people, the Burton wagon is the oldest example of a wagon used as home in Britain. Originally undecorated, the Burton wagon evolved into an elaborate Romani vardo, but due to its smaller wheels it was not suited for off-road use.

Brush wagon.

The Brush or "fen wagon" as it was also known, consists of a standard Romani vardo, with straight sides and the wheels located outside the body. The Brush was similar in construction to the Reading vardo, but unlike other styles, the brush wagon had two distinct features: a half-door with glazed shutters, located at the back of the vardo, with a set of steps, both set around the opposite way from other wagons and lacked the mollycroft (skylight) on the roof. The exterior is equipped with racks and cases fitted on the outside frame and chase of the wagon allowing the owner to carry trade items like brushes, brooms, wicker chairs, and baskets. Additionally, three light iron rails ran around the entire roof, used for stowing bulkier goods, and sometimes trade-name boards. The wagons were elaborately and colorfully painted.

Reading wagon.

The Reading or "kite wagon" is so named due to its straight sides that slope outwards towards the eaves, high arched wheels, and relative light weight; there is no other vardo that epitomizes the golden age of Romani horse travel. It dates from 1870 and is synonymous with the original builder Dunton and Sons of Reading from where the vardo takes its name. The wagon was highly prized by the Romanies for its aesthetic design, beauty and practicality to cross fords, pull off road and over rough ground, something smaller-wheeled wagons like the Burton were unable to do. The Reading wagon is 10 feet long, with a porch on the front and back. The rear wheels were 18 inches larger than the ones on the front. At the start of the 20th century the design incorporated raised skylights.  On either side of the bed space, quarter-inch thick bevelled mirrors were common, and were lavishly decorated. Cupboards and locker seats were built in to prevent movement whilst travelling. Side and back windows were decorated and shuttered, and the body of the vardo itself would have originally been made from beaded tongue-and-groove matchboard, painted red picked out in yellow and green. As with other vardo, the extent of the elaborate decoration reflected the wealth of the family, boasting carved lion heads and gargoyles; these would have been painted gold or extensively decorated with gold leaf. Today, surviving Reading wagons are prized exhibits in museums or private collections. A fine one is in the University of Reading's Museum of English Rural Life.

Ledge wagon.

The characteristic design of the ledge or "cottage shaped" wagon incorporated a more robust frame and living area that extended over the large rear wheels of the wagon. Brass brackets supported the frame of the wagon and solid arched roof usually 12 feet high, extended over the length of the wagon to form porches at either end and panelled with tongue in groove boards. The porch roof was further supported by iron brackets, and the walls were highly decorated with ornate scrollwork and carvings across the length of the wagon.

Bow top.

Based on the design of the Ledge wagon, the Bow Top is significantly lighter, and less likely to turn over in a strong wind. The design incorporated a lightweight canvas top, supported by a wooden frame: a design reminiscent of the older “bender tents” used by the Romanichal. Both back and front walls of the wagon were decorated in scrollwork and tongue and groove and the wagon was painted green to be less noticeable in woodland. The inside of the Bow Top also contained the same high scrollwork or Chenille fabric, with a stove, table and double bed.  The bow-top is commonly thought of as being covered in teal-coloured canvas. This is said to now be a tradition which began before World War II when only cotton duck was available.

Open lot.

Almost identical in size and construction of the Bow Top wagon, the Open lot or "Yorkshire Bow" featured the same design but with a curtain instead of the door characteristic of other wagons. The wagon's entrance was covered by a curtain for privacy.

Decoration and painting.

Vardos were elaborately decorated, hand carved and ornately painted with traditional Romani symbols. Examples of famous Wagon Artists responsible for the early development of vardo art are Jim Berry, John Pockett, Tom Stevens, Tommy Gaskin, John Pickett, modern contemporary decorators continuing to shape this colourful tradition included artists such as Yorkie Greenwood and Lol Thompson.  Much of the wealth of the vardo was on display in the carvings, which incorporated aspects of the Romani lifestyle such as horses and dogs, as well as stock decorative designs of birds, lions, griffins, flowers, vines and elaborate scrollwork. Carved details were often accented with gold, either painted or, in the most expensive wagons, the use of between 4-15 books of gold leaf applied as decoration. Many individual makers were identified by their particular designs.

Funeral rites.

The Romanichal funeral rite during the "wagon time" of the 19th and 20th century included burning the wagon and belongings after the owner's death. The custom was that nothing whatsoever would have been sold, though some of the deceased's possessions, jewellery, china or money would be left to the family. The rest, including the wagon, was destroyed.

Modern traditional use.

The Romani travellers in the 1920s proudly clung to their decorative vardos, although the economics of their way of life was in upheaval due to the contraction in the horse-trading industry and the changes from their traditional crafts. In the present day, Romanichals are more likely to live in caravans. The tradition does survive, primarily outside Romani culture. It was estimated that by 1940 only about 1% of Romani travellers still lived in the traditional horse-drawn vardo.  Today's Romanichal still attend horse fairs, the best known of which is Appleby Horse Fair. Some attendees of the fairs travel there in the traditional manner via horse-drawn vardos. American photographer John S. Hockensmith documented such a journey in 2004, travelling with and photographing the Harker family's 60-mile journey to Appleby in bow top living waggons.

Other uses.

The British writer Roald Dahl acquired a traditional vardo in the 1960s which was used as a playhouse for his children; later he used the vardo as a writing room, in which he wrote "Danny, the Champion of the World".  John Lennon's Rolls-Royce Phantom V was painted in the style of a Romani gypsy wagon by artist Steve Weaver of private coach maker J.P. Fallon Ltd.

A vardo (also wag(g)on, living wagon, van, and caravan) is a traditional horse-drawn wagon used by British Romanichal Travellers as their home. Possessing a chimney, it is commonly thought of as being highly decorated, intricately carved, brightly painted, and even gilded. The Romanichal Traveller tradition of the vardo is seen as a high cultural point of both artistic design and a masterpiece of woodcrafters art. The heyday of the living wagon lasted for roughly 70 years, from the mid-1800s through the first two decades of the twentieth century. Not used for year-round living today, they are shown at the Romanichal (British Romani) horse fairs held throughout the year, the best known of which is Appleby Horse Fair.

Une verdine est une roulotte qui a été utilisée par les populations nomades, essentiellement tziganes du milieu du au milieu du. Elle était tirée par des chevaux ou des bœufs et aménagée en habitation.


Plot.

In a quiet meadow, Charlie, a unicorn, is resting, before he is awakened by two other unicorns. As Charlie awakes from his slumber, the other two unicorns inform him that they have found a map to the mythical "Candy Mountain," and that he must come with them on their journey. Charlie initially refuses and goes back to sleep. The blue unicorn begins to jump on Charlie, insistent that he should come, and both begin to pester him with details of the mountain, causing him to begrudgingly give in to their demands. The trio begins their journey in a forest, where the two lead Charlie to a "Liopleurodon"; the two unicorns converse with the "Liopleurodon", who supposedly guides them on their quest with a simple roar. The trio then crosses a bridge, much to the delight of the pink and blue unicorns, who repeatedly tell him that they are on a bridge.  When the trio arrives at Candy Mountain, the letters of the CANDY sign come to life and the "Y" sings a song, closely resembling the tune of Klarinettenmuckl-Jodler, welcoming Charlie to the mountain and imploring Charlie to go into the cave. After the letters explode, Charlie reluctantly goes into the cave. The other unicorns say goodbye as Charlie is locked inside and knocked out by an unknown assailant. When he awakens in his original spot, he realizes that they have taken one of his kidneys, much to his dismay. The video then immediately ends with the credits.

Production.

Independent animator Jason Steele initially conceived "Charlie the Unicorn" in 2005 as a flash animation test for his mother, who enjoyed unicorn-related conversation. Steele first imagined the video's plotline when he was running around his house, chanting "La la la!" repeatedly, then quickly envisioned the majority of the plotline shortly thereafter; according to Steele, the video's conception happened "all at once; there was no editing." The video is primarily structured around surrealist humor and dark humor. Steele claims that the former was inspired by musician Logan Whitehurst, who frequently communicated with Steele via e-mail and composed the theme song for his 2003 computer-animated short film "Secret Agent Bob"; he describes the latter as "contrast[ing] to how bright and cheerful" the video's atmosphere is.  Steele drew "Charlie the Unicorn" using Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Flash, and animated it in After Effects and edited in Final Cut Pro. The audio was recorded using Amadeus Pro, and the music was recorded with Logic Pro. The video also contains a musical number titled "The Candy Mountain Cave", featured during the sequence where Charlie refuses to enter the Candy Mountain Candy Cave, sung by the mountain's marquee letter "Y", who is backed by his partners "C", "A", "N", and "D". Although the blue and pink unicorns were originally chosen to sing the song, Steele was unable to use their voices to sing at a rapid pace, and resorted to using the Letter "Y" instead.

Reception.

"Charlie the Unicorn" has become increasingly popular since its inception. Following its posting on Newgrounds in 2005, Geoff Swanson of YouTube posted a copy of the video on the website in 2006, where it rapidly gained popularity. It reached a total of approximately 8 million views internetwide in 2007. The video climbed to forty-six million views in March 2010. It currently has 68 million views on Geoff Swanson's YouTube upload, and 35 million views on FilmCow's official YouTube upload.  Online magazine "Salon" described the video as "The unlikely adventure of a crotchety unicorn" and stated "We often feel like Charlie the Unicorn. Annoying, brightly colored colleagues poke at us with their curly horns as we snooze at our desk, promising far-off, sugar-coated delights. Do we muster the energy to follow them, hoping some sweet payoff will break the unbearable bleakness of our daily existence? Can they be trusted?" The series has also attracted a number of celebrities, including British television personality Alex Zane, who has openly considered himself a fan of "Charlie the Unicorn", and entertainers Kevin Pereira and Olivia Munn. Brian Hamlin of "The Hollywood Reporter" considered the video to be "incredibly dumb and annoying" yet "really funny and weird too full of unicorn joyness and music." In 2009, "Time" named "Charlie the Unicorn" number 49 in their list of "YouTube's 50 Best Videos", stating ""Charlie the Unicorn" proves that something doesn't have to make any sense at all to earn a cultlike following."  Merchandising lines produced by a partnership consisting of FilmCow and retailer CafePress as well as Hot Topic have been launched in response to the video's popularity; the merchandise features various quotes from the video and generally features the pink and blue unicorns, although Charlie appears occasionally, and is sold in several forms including t-shirts, pins, coffee mugs, and bandannas.

Sequels, spinoffs, and parodies.

Four sequels have been released: "Charlie the Unicorn 2", "Charlie the Unicorn 3", "Charlie the Unicorn 4", and "Charlie the Unicorn: The Grand Finale (Part One)" released in 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2019 respectively. On 23 February 2016, Film Cow released a video called "Charlie the Unicorn: The Grand Finale Kickstarter" in which it was announced that there was a thirty minute finale planned. On 24 February, it was announced in a Live Stream of Charlie the Unicorn that if enough money for the finale was raised, then Aubrey Plaza would be hired to voice all of the characters., Plaza had not responded. Steele released the first part of the "Grand Finale" on YouTube on October 10, 2019, expecting to follow it up with five more parts.  The cast of "Charlie the Unicorn" also appeared on May 23, 2008, in the music video for Weezer's single "Pork and Beans". The music video was directed by Mathew Cullen of the video production company Motion Theory and features many internet phenomena, including Charlie and the blue and pink unicorns. The character of Charlie first appears in a sequence parodying the "G.I. Joe" public service announcements starring animated versions of the band as children, where the character Gung-Ho of the G.I. Joe franchise appears as their mentor and notably has a tattoo of Charlie on his chest. All three unicorns appear at the end alongside the band and various other phenomena.  On November 22, 2008, as a feature of the YouTube Live streamed event, the cast of "Charlie the Unicorn" were featured in a short film directed by creator Jason Steele featuring YouTube Live colliding with real life, causing several various memes to come to life, namely Rick Astley making a comeback and the world's weather conditions being altered in favor of raining chocolate. The short sequence was promoted with a forty-three-second video depicting Charlie and the two unicorns attempting to defuse a bomb before being attacked by a large group of seagulls; the short had no connection whatsoever to the video it was promoting other than advertising purposes.  On March 1, 2009, creator Jason Steele released a video to accompany Hot Topic's "Charlie the Unicorn" merchandising line titled "Charlie the Unicorn and the Tomb of Horrors"; the video follows Charlie and the two unicorns scaling an ancient chamber inhabited by "The Weasel," a shamanist weasel who has attempted to call upon forces of evil that laid waste to the world ten thousand years prior.  The video "Charlie the Unicorn at Playlist Live" was released on the 28th of March, 2013.  Steele also produced a parody series consisting of four shorts and titled "Charlie teh Unicron". "Charlie teh Unicron" is based around "what the Charlie the Unicorn series would be like if it was written by random internet people". Another parody, "Charlie the Yannicorn" was made in 2013. That same year, during the "Detective Heart of America: The Final Freedom" Kickstarter, another parody "Charlie the Unitective Heart of America" was released, featuring Heart of America as Charlie. Although not released on FilmCow's main channel, it can be found on a playlist.  Multiple livestreams featuring Charlie answering questions, telling jokes, and just generally talking to the viewers were conducted on the FilmCow YouTube channel as part of a promotion for the finale Kickstarter in early 2016. As of December 2017, only "Charlie the Unicorn's LIVE Oscars Spectacular!" - a stream which ran at the same time as the 88th Academy Awards - has been made publicly available (though unlisted) since the original streams were conducted.  A game titled "Charlie the Unicorn Dating Simulator" and a storybook titled "Charlie the Unicorn: Lost in Dream Space" were released by Steele in 2016. According to Steele, the storybook is "an illustrated side-adventure that takes place a little while after the end of Charlie the Unicorn 2".

"Charlie the Unicorn" is a 2005 Flash animated comedy short film and viral video created by Jason Steele of independent film company FilmCow in Orlando, Florida. The short follows Charlie, a lethargic unicorn, who is taken by two other unicorns on an adventure to the mythical "Candy Mountain." However, as it turns out, the journey is a lie, and Charlie gets hoodwinked by the other unicorns.

Charlie the Unicorn (littéralement « Charlie la licorne » en français) est une mini série d'animation Flash écrite, animée et produite par Jason Steele via son site d'auto-production FilmCow. Les quatre épisodes retracent la vie de Charlie, une licorne léthargique, et de deux autres jeunes licornes loufoques qui l'entraînent dans des aventures pour le moins psychédéliques.


Nicaragua Canal.

San Juan del Sur is the port on the Pacific that has been focus of many historic and modern day Nicaragua Canal proposals because of its location on the narrow isthmus of Rivas between the Pacific Ocean and Lake Nicaragua.

U.S. Intervention in San Juan del Sur.

U.S. backed forces engaged in armed conflict in San Juan del Sur on March 7, 1984.

The 1992 Nicaraguan tsunami.

On September 2, 1992 a magnitude 7.0 earthquake off the central coast of Nicaragua generated a tsunami that devastated many communities along the Pacific Coast. Run-up values along the coast ranged from 2m in the north and south to up to 10m in some central locations. Run-up values in San Juan del Sur were approximately 5m. As a result of the tsunami an estimated 60% of homes in the community were destroyed, approximately 800 residents were displaced, and businesses and homes along the Malecón suffered severe damage.

Geography.

Climate.

The climate for San Juan del Sur is a tropical savanna climate (Aw according to the Köppen Climate Classification, with constant and relatively moderate temperatures throughout the year. The dry season lasts from December to May, with a substantial and heavy rainy season throughout the rest of the summer months, with an average yearly rainfall of 1,710 milimetres (67.3 inches).

International relations.

The Barrio Planta Project school is supported by a US-based 501(c)(3) organization.

Twin towns – Sister cities.

San Juan del Sur is twinned with:

San Juan del Sur is a municipality and coastal town on the Pacific Ocean, in the Rivas department in southwest Nicaragua. It is located south of Managua. San Juan del Sur is popular among surfers and is a vacation spot for many Nicaraguan families and foreign tourists.

San Juan del Sur est une municipalité du Nicaragua, port de pêche sur l'océan Pacifique. Elle fait partie du département de Rivas. La population de la municipalité est estimée à habitants.


Career.

Arriving in Nebraska in 1854, he quickly affiliated himself with the Republican Party and actively participated in politics, as well as owning a large farm near Omaha. He became the major general of the Territorial Militia and gained a reputation as an Indian fighter in his encounters with the local Pawnee.  Thayer served as delegate to the 1860 State Constitution Convention which organized the Republican Party in the Nebraska Territory. He was elected to the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1860.

Civil War.

With the outbreak of the Civil War, Thayer wrote a letter to Secretary of War Simon Cameron asking that he be allowed to raise a Nebraska regiment in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. He resigned his legislative seat in June 1861 to become Colonel of the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, and spent the entire war fighting in the Western Theater. He commanded a brigade under Lew Wallace in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh. Promoted to brigadier general in October 1862, he led a brigade in the XV Corps. He saw action at the battles of Chickasaw Bayou and Fort Hindman and the siege of Vicksburg.  Thayer was then assigned to the cavalry and commanded the District of the Frontier with his headquarters in Fort Smith, Arkansas. He participated in the Camden Expedition and other actions in the region, seeing considerable action at the Battle of Prairie D'Ane. He commanded the rearguard of Frederick Steele's force at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, battling Confederate troops under Sterling Price for over four hours before forcing Price to disengage. His delaying action enabled Steele to successfully extricate his army to safety.  In February 1865, Thayer was relieved of command of Fort Smith and sent to the smaller post at St. Charles, Arkansas, with a regiment of Kansas cavalry and a single artillery battery. However, with the omnibus promotions of leading generals at the close of the war, Thayer was brevetted major general of volunteers in 1865.

Postbellum career.

After the Civil War, Thayer served as a member of the 1866 State Constitutional Convention. Upon the admission of Nebraska into the Union as a state, he was elected as one of its first two United States senators. He served as a member of the Senate from 1867 to 1871, when he was unsuccessful in winning reelection.  President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Thayer Governor of the Territory of Wyoming in February 1875 and he took the oath of office March 1, 1875. His service ended on May 29, 1878, and he returned to Nebraska to resume his law practice.  In 1886, Thayer secured the Republican gubernatorial nomination and was elected Governor of Nebraska by popular vote. He served two full terms as Governor of Nebraska, from 1886 to 1888. He was the seventh governor of Nebraska.  Thayer served part of a third term, (May 5, 1891February 8, 1892). He contested the results of the 1890 election, in which he lost to James E. Boyd; Boyd was initially installed as governor, but Thayer again became governor until the election was ruled in favor of Boyd. He then retired from public life to follow literary pursuits.

Death and legacy.

John M. Thayer died in Lincoln, Nebraska, and was buried in Wyuka Cemetery in Lincoln, Nebraska.  Thayer County, Nebraska, is named for Thayer. A bust of Thayer is located on the grounds of the Vicksburg National Military Park in Mississippi. The bust was erected in May 1915 and was sculpted by T.A.R. Kitson.

External links.

Retrieved on 2008-02-12

John Milton Thayer (January 24, 1820March 19, 1906) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska. Thayer served as Governor of Wyoming Territory and Governor of Nebraska.

John Milton Thayer, né le à Bellingham (Massachusetts) et mort le à Lincoln (Nebraska), est un homme politique américain, membre du Parti républicain. Il est le gouverneur du territoire du Wyoming entre 1875 et 1878 et le gouverneur du Nebraska entre 1887 et 1892.