Margaret Haig Thomas, 2nd Viscountess Rhondda

Biography.

Margaret Haig Thomas was born on 12 June 1883 in London. Her parents were industrialist and politician David Alfred Thomas, first Viscount Rhondda, and Sybil Haig, also a suffragette. In her autobiography, Margaret wrote that her mother had 'prayed passionately that her baby daughter might become feminist'. And indeed she did become a passionate activist for women's rights.  An only child, although born in London Thomas was raised at Llanwern House, near Newport, until the age of 13 when she went away to boarding school, first to Notting Hill High School then St Leonards School in St Andrews. In 1904, aged 19, she took up a place at Somerville College, Oxford, where she studied history. Despite her tutors providing positive feedback on her academic progress, she returned to Llanwern to live with her family after two terms.

Adult life.

Working for her father at the Consolidated Cambrian company headquarters in Cardiff Docks on a salary of £1,000, Thomas spent three years as a debutante.

Women's suffrage.

In the same year that she married local Newport landowner Sir Humphrey Mackworth, in 1908 at aged 25 she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), and became secretary of its Newport branch. Between 1908 and 1914, she took the campaign for women's suffrage across South Wales, often to hostile and stormy meetings. Thomas was involved in protest marches with the Pankhursts, and jumping onto the running board of Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's car in St Andrews.  In June 1913 Thomas attempted to destroy a Royal Mail post-box with a chemical bomb. The activities resulted in a trial at the Sessions House, Usk, and after refusing to pay a £10 fine, she was sentenced to serve a one month period in jail there. She was released after only five days after going on a hunger strike.  Thomas had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by WSPU.  When Emmeline Pankhurst died in June 1928, it was Kitty Marshall, Rosamund Massey and Lady Rhondda who arranged her memorials. They raised money for her gravestone in Brompton Cemetery and a statue of her outside the House of Commons (which place she had frequently been prevented from entering). Money was also raised to buy the painting that had been made by fellow suffragette Georgina Brackenbury so that it could be given to the National Portrait Gallery. It was unveiled by Stanley Baldwin in 1930.

World War One and sinking of RMS Lusitania.

On the outbreak of World War I, she accepted the decision by the WSPU leadership to abandon its militant campaign for suffrage. She worked with her father, who was sent by David Lloyd George to the United States of America to arrange the supply of munitions for the British armed forces.  Her father became aware of his daughter's depressive state, and although Margaret brushed her father's concern aside, he became aware of tensions within her marriage. On 7th May 1915, she was returning from the United States on the RMS Lusitania with her father and his secretary Arnold Rhys-Evans, when it was torpedoed at 14:10 by German submarine U-20. Whilst her father and his secretary made it onto a lifeboat, having been blown overboard Margaret spent a long period clinging to a piece of board before being rescued by the Irish trawler "Bluebell", recalled in her 1933 autobiography "This Was My World". By the time she was rescued and taken to Queenstown, Margaret had fallen unconscious from hypothermia. After a period in hospital, she then spent several months recuperating at her parents home.

Peerage.

On 3 July 1918, after his hard work on his business interests, politics and latterly his war works, her father died. While the Rhondda Barony died with him, the title of Viscount Rhondda passed to Margaret by special remainder, something Thomas had insisted on from King George V when he was offered the honour.  After her father's death, Lady Rhondda subsequently tried to take his seat in the House of Lords, citing the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 which allowed women to exercise "any public office". After initially being accepted, the Committee of Privileges membership was altered and her request was rejected. She was supported for many years by Lord Astor, whose wife Nancy had been the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons.  Less than a month after Lady Rhondda's death in 1958, women entered the Lords for the first time thanks to the Life Peerages Act 1958; five years later, with the passage of the Peerage Act 1963, hereditary peeresses were also allowed to enter the Lords.

Business interests.

She succeeded her father as chair of the Sanatogen Company in February 1917. In total, she was a director of 33 companies throughout her life, having inherited 28 directorships from her father. The majority of her business interests were in coal, steel and shipping via Consolidated Cambrian Ltd. Passionate about increasing the number of women in the corporate world.  In the summer of 1919, Margaret was involved in creating and chairing the Efficiency Club, a networking organisation for British businesswomen, which she envisioned would have four aims, 1) to promote greater efficiency and cooperation between established businesses and professional women; 2) to encourage leadership and self reliance amongst all women workers; 3) to form a link between businesses and professional women for their mutual benefit and 4) to work towards the admission of women to the British Chambers of Commerce.  However, with the slump in coal prices during the late 1920s, the colliery's of Consolidated Cambrian fell into receivership, and its assets later sold to GKN. Aside from inheriting her father's publishing interests, in 1920 she had founded "Time and Tide" magazine, a left-wing feminist weekly magazine. But after the collapse of Consolidated Cambrian, her personal accounts show that her outgoings always exceeded her income.  Lady Rhondda was elected as the Institute of Directors' first female president in 1926, and in 2015, the annual Mackworth Lecture was launched by the IoD in her honour.

Six Point Group.

In 1921 she set up the Six Point Group, an action group that focused heavily on the equality between men and women and the rights of the child.  The group's manifesto of equal rights for women within the workplace, and for mothers and children, sought the following:  A Canadian steamship, the "Lady Mackworth", was named after her.

Personal life.

In 1908 she married Sir Humphrey Mackworth, Bt (see Mackworth Baronets). They divorced in 1923 and she never remarried. She lived with "Time and Tide" magazine editor Helen Archdale in the late 1920s. She later had a close relationship with Winifred Holtby, the author of "South Riding", who was in a "friendship" with the writer Vera Brittain. She subsequently spent 25 years living with writer and editor Theodora Bosanquet, who acted as amanuensis to Henry James from 1907 to 1916.

Posthumous recognition.

In 2015, the annual Mackworth Lecture was launched by the Institute of Directors in her honour.  Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018. Lady Rhondda was one of five women shortlisted in 2019 to be portrayed in the first statue of a woman to be erected in Cardiff.

Margaret Haig Mackworth (née Thomas), 2nd Viscountess Rhondda (12 June 1883 – 20 July 1958) was a Welsh peeress, businesswoman, and active suffragette. She was significant in the history of women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.

Margaret Haig Thomas "suo jure" Rhondda, née le à Londres et morte le dans la même ville, est une paire, une suffragette et une éditrice de presse britannique. Elle fonde le magazine féministe "Time and Tide" en 1920.


Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28

Training accident.

On August 5, 2005 "AS-28", under the command of Lieutenant Vyacheslav Milashevskiy, became entangled with the aerial of a hydrophone array off the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Berezovaya Bay, 70 km southeast of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kamchatka Oblast. The aerial, anchored by 60-tonne concrete blocks, snared the propeller of the submarine, and the submarine then sank to the seafloor at a depth of 190 m (600 ft). This was too deep for the ship's complement of seven to leave the submarine and swim to the surface. British rescuers and Russian officials stated that fishing nets also had entangled the vessel.  On August 6, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered Russian Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov to fly to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to oversee the rescue operation, which was under the command of the Commander of the Russian Pacific Fleet, Admiral Viktor Fedorov.  On August 7, all seven sailors were rescued after the cables snaring their submarine were cut by a British remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The submarine surfaced at 4:26 p.m. local time on Sunday and all seven crewmen exited the vessel without assistance.

International appeal.

The Russian Navy requested assistance after at least 24 hours, much faster than their response when the "Kursk" sank on August 12, 2000. It was suggested that the Russians may have called for help so quickly this time as they were on a recent exercise with NATO forces for just such an eventuality.  Immediate support was offered by the Royal Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the United States Navy. The United Kingdom sent a Scorpio 45 ROV via C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft and a team to operate it. The United States sent one unmanned Super Scorpio ROV from San Diego, airlifted via C-5 Galaxy transport. Each unmanned vehicle was also accompanied by a team to operate it. It was intended that these unmanned rescue vessels, with their robotic arms, would be able to cut the nets or cables that anchored the submarine. The American ROV was assembled on the Priz support ship although they were not required to get underway as the British Scorpio was able to execute the rescue. A tactical decision by the PACFLT command team in Pearl Harbor, allowed the British crew to use the limited local resources toward one rescue asset. The British team's efforts resulted in a successful rescue.

Rescue.

Russian admiral Fedorov (Fyodorov) first discussed using explosives to cut the antenna but those tactics were never employed. The Russian oceangoing tugs "MB-105" and "KIL-168" instead attempted to lift the stricken craft to the surface using underslung cables. This attempt proved futile. Meanwhile, to conserve energy and oxygen, the crew of the AS-28 shut down the submarine's non-essential systems (including the heater), donned thermal suits, and rested.  The British Scorpio was the only foreign remotely operated vehicle to arrive and be deployed. It successfully cut away the cables which had snagged the submarine while surface ships had retreated a safe distance. On August 7, 2005 at 16:26 local time (03:26 UTC), the saga came to a close when the vessel successfully surfaced. All seven crewmen were alive and able to climb out of the vessel within moments of its surfacing. They had been trapped in the vessel for over 76 hours and rescuers found that they had only enough oxygen to last at most 12 more hours. They also were desperately short of water, of which they had had only three or four mouthfuls a day.  The story of the submarine's rescue was featured on the BBC One documentary "Submarine Rescue". The documentary was subsequently awarded the accolade of "best documentary" by the British Maritime Society.  and also

Repercussions.

"The Guardian" reports questions have been raised over how long Russian officials waited to request help. The first exposure of the accident came when the wife of a crewman called a radio station 24 hours later, and the wife of commander Milashevsky claims they were actually stranded Wednesday. "Kommersant" reports that the head of the Navy Vladimir Kuroyedov, may be relieved over this, the Kursk, and other accidents. Another nuclear submarine, the, being towed to the junkyard, sank in 2003 when the pontoon broke loose, with the loss of nine lives. BBC also reports that in July, an ICBM test firing witnessed by Putin failed to launch twice; then exploded soon after launch the next day. Although officials claimed the "AS-28" crew had food and water for five days, they were actually desperately short of water. There were also alternating stories about whether the submarine was caught on an aerial or fishing nets; nets and cables were visible on TV footage of the ROV in action. Russian prosecutors have opened a criminal investigation into the affair, and their Navy plans to buy two of the £700,000 to £3 million Scorpio ROVs.

AS-28 is a of the Russian Navy, which entered service in 1986. It was designed for submarine rescue operations by the Lazurit Design Bureau in Nizhny Novgorod. It is long, high, and can operate up to a depth of.

L’AS-28 est un sous-marin de sauvetage de la en service dans la Marine soviétique puis dans la Marine russe depuis 1986. Conçu par le bureau d'étude Lazurit de Nijni Novgorod pour des opérations de sauvetage sous-marines, le bâtiment mesure de long, de haut et peut opérer jusqu'à une profondeur de.


Chemistry.

A Langmuir monolayer or insoluble monolayer is a one-molecule thick layer of an insoluble organic material spread onto an aqueous subphase in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough. Traditional compounds used to prepare Langmuir monolayers are amphiphilic materials that possess a hydrophilic headgroup and a hydrophobic tail. Since the 1980s a large number of other materials have been employed to produce Langmuir monolayers, some of which are semi-amphiphilic, including polymeric, ceramic or metallic nanoparticles and macromolecules such as polymers. Langmuir monolayers are extensively studied for the fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett film (LB films), which are formed by transferred monolayers on a solid substrate. A Gibbs monolayer or soluble monolayer is a monolayer formed by a compound that is soluble in one of the phases separated by the interface on which the monolayer is formed.

Formation time.

The monolayer formation time or monolayer time is the length of time required, on average, for a surface to be covered by an adsorbate, such as oxygen sticking to fresh aluminum. If the adsorbate has a unity sticking coefficient, so that every molecule which reaches the surface sticks to it without re-evaporating, then the monolayer time is very roughly: where "t" is the time and "P" is the pressure. It takes about 1 second for a surface to be covered at a pressure of 300 μPa (2×10 Torr).

Monolayer phases and equations of state.

A Langmuir monolayer can be compressed or expanded by modifying its area with a moving barrier in a Langmuir film balance. If the surface tension of the interface is measured during the compression, a "compression isotherm" is obtained. This isotherm shows the variation of surface pressure (formula_2, where formula_3 is the surface tension of the interface before the monolayer is formed) with the area (the inverse of surface concentration formula_4). It is analogous with a 3D process in which pressure varies with volume.  A variety of bidimensional phases can be detected, each separated by a phase transition. During the phase transition, the surface pressure doesn't change, but the area does, just like during normal phase transitions volume changes but pressure doesn't. The 2D phases, in increasing pressure order:  If the area is further reduced once the solid phase has been reached, collapse occurs, the monolayer breaks and soluble aggregates and multilayers are formed  Gibbs monolayers also follow equations of state, which can be deduced from Gibbs isotherm.

Applications.

Monolayers have a multitude of applications both at the air-water and at air-solid interphases.  Nanoparticle monolayers can be used to create functional surfaces that have for instance anti-reflective or superhydrophobic properties..  Monolayers are frequently encountered in biology. A micelle is a monolayer, and the phospholipid lipid bilayer structure of biological membranes is technically two monolayers. Langmuir monolayers are commonly used to mimic cell membrane to study the effects of pharmaceuticals or toxins.  In cell culture a monolayer refers to a layer of cells in which no cell is growing on top of another, but all are growing side by side and often touching each other on the same growth surface.

A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of atoms, molecules, or cells. In some cases it is referred to as a self-assembled monolayer. Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials.

Une monocouche est un assemblage compact dit "bidimensionnel" constitué d'atomes, de molécules ou de cellules. Dans certains cas, on parle de "monocouche auto-assemblée" ou SAM, de l'anglais "self-assembled monolayer".


Detailed description.

The Wilhelmy plate consists of a thin plate usually on the order of a few square centimeters in area. The plate is often made from filter paper, glass or platinum which may be roughened to ensure complete wetting. In fact, the results of the experiment do not depend on the material used, as long as the material is wetted by the liquid. The plate is cleaned thoroughly and attached to a balance with a thin metal wire. The force on the plate due to wetting is measured using a tensiometer or microbalance and used to calculate the surface tension (formula_1) using the Wilhelmy equation:  where formula_3 is the wetted perimeter (formula_4), formula_5 is the plate width, formula_6 is the plate thickness, and formula_7 is the contact angle between the liquid phase and the plate. In practice the contact angle is rarely measured, instead either literature values are used, or complete wetting (formula_8) is assumed.

Advantages and short brief.

If complete wetting is assumed (contact angle = 0), no correction factors are required to calculate surface tensions when using the Wilhelmy plate, unlike for a Du Noüy ring. In addition, because the plate is not moved during measurements, the Wilhelmy plate allows accurate determination of surface kinetics on a wide range of timescales, and it displays low operator variance. In a typical plate experiment, the plate is lowered to the surface being analyzed until a meniscus is formed, and then raised so that the bottom edge of the plate lies on the plane of the undisturbed surface. If measuring a buried interface, the second (less dense) phase is then added on top of the undisturbed primary (denser) phase in such a way as to not disturb the meniscus. The force at equilibrium can then be used to determine the absolute surface or interfacial tension. Due to a large wetted area of the plate, the measurement is less susceptible for measurement errors than when using a smaller probe. Also, the method has been described in several international measurement standards.

A Wilhelmy plate is a thin plate that is used to measure equilibrium surface or interfacial tension at an air–liquid or liquid–liquid interface. In this method, the plate is oriented perpendicular to the interface, and the force exerted on it is measured. Based on the work of Ludwig Wilhelmy, this method finds wide use in the preparation and monitoring of Langmuir films.

Le tensiomètre à plaque de Wilhelmy est un appareil de mesure de la tension superficielle d'un liquide à l'équilibre dont la particularité est d'utiliser une fine plaque reliée à une balance de précision. Cette plaque est perpendiculaire à l'interface air-liquide ou liquide-liquide à étudier et l'on mesure la force exercée sur cette plaque. Ce tensiomètre est basé sur le travail de Ludwig Wilhelmy. Elle a trouvé de nombreuses utilisations dans la préparation et l'étude des films de Langmuir-Blodgett.


Rulers of England.

The House of Knýtlinga ruled the Kingdom of England from 1013 to 1014 and from 1016 to 1042.  In 1013 Sweyn Forkbeard, already the king of Denmark and of Norway, overthrew King Æthelred the Unready of the House of Wessex. Sweyn had first invaded England in 1003 to avenge the death of his sister Gunhilde and many other Danes in the St. Brice's Day massacre, which had been ordered by Æthelred in 1002.  Sweyn died in 1014 and Æthelred was restored. However, in 1015 Sweyn's son, Cnut the Great, invaded England. After Æthelred died in April 1016, his son Edmund Ironside briefly became king, but was forced to surrender half of England to Cnut. After Edmund died in November that same year, Cnut became king of all England. Scotland submitted to him in 1017, and Norway in 1028.  Although Cnut was already married to Ælfgifu of Northampton, he married Æthelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. He ruled until his death in 1035. After his death another of Æthelred's sons, Alfred Aetheling, tried to retake the English throne, but he was betrayed and captured by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who supported Cnut's son, Harold Harefoot. Alfred was blinded, and died soon after.  Harold ruled until 1040, although his mother Ælfgifu may have ruled during part of his reign. Harold initially shared England with his half brother Harthacnut, the son of Cnut and Emma. Harold ruled in Mercia and Northumbria, and Harthacnut ruled in Wessex. However Harthacnut was also king of Denmark (as Cnut III), and spent most of his time there, so that Harold was effectively sole ruler of England.  Harthacnut succeeded Harold as king of England (he is sometimes also known as Cnut II). He died two years later, and his half-brother Edward the Confessor became king. Edward was the son of Æthelred and Emma, and so with his succession to the throne the House of Wessex was restored.

England after the House of Knýtlinga.

Edward the Confessor ruled until 1066. His brother in law, Harold Godwinson—the son of Alfred's betrayer—became king, provoking the Norman conquest of England in the same year. Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king to rule over England.  The Normans were descended from Vikings who had settled in Normandy, and although they had adopted the French language, their heritage and self-image were essentially Viking. In this manner, the Vikings ultimately (if indirectly) finally conquered and kept England after all.  In 1085–86 King Cnut IV of Denmark planned one last Danish invasion of England, but he was assassinated by Danish rebels before he could carry it out. This was the last time the Vikings attempted to attack Western Europe, and Cnut's death is regarded as the end of the Viking Age.

Family tree.

Main genealogy.

The parentage of Strut-Harald and Gunnhild Konungamóðir is disputed; both of them had issue. The existence of Gunhild of Wenden and Sigrid the Haughty is disputed, some details of their lives can be exchanged to each other or associated to another figures.

The Danish House of Knýtlinga (English: "House of Cnut's Descendants") was a ruling royal house in Middle Age Scandinavia and England. Its most famous king was Cnut the Great, who gave his name to this dynasty. Other notable members were Cnut's father Sweyn Forkbeard, grandfather Harald Bluetooth, and sons Harthacnut, Harold Harefoot, and Svein Knutsson. It has also been called the House of Canute, the House of Denmark, the House of Gorm, or the Jelling dynasty.

La maison de Jelling (' en danois) est une dynastie originaire de Jelling qui a donné des rois au Danemark, à la Norvège et à l'Angleterre aux. Elle est également appelée maison de Gorm (') en référence à son premier membre historiquement attesté, Gorm l'Ancien, ou maison de Knýtlinga en référence à son membre le plus célèbre, Knut le Grand.


History.

19th century.

The city of Bowie owes its existence to the railway. In 1853, Colonel William Duckett Bowie obtained a charter from the Maryland legislature to construct a rail line into Southern Maryland. In 1869, the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Company began the construction of a railroad from Baltimore to Southern Maryland, terminating in Pope's Creek. The area had already been dotted with small farms and large tobacco plantations in an economy based on agriculture and slavery. In 1870, Ben Plumb, a land speculator and developer, sold building lots around the railroad junction and named the settlement Huntington City. By 1872, the line was completed, together with a "spur" to Washington, D.C. and the entire line through Southern Maryland was completed in 1873.  In 1880, Huntington City was rechartered as Bowie, named for Colonel Bowie's son and business partner Oden Bowie, the former Governor of Maryland and then-president of the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad. In the early days the land was subdivided by developers into more than 500 residential building lots, to create a large town site at a junction of the Baltimore and Potomac's main line to southern Maryland, and the branch line to Washington, D.C.

20th century.

By 1902 the Baltimore & Potomac was purchased by the powerful Pennsylvania Railroad. A second railroad entered the community when the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway electric trolley line commenced service in 1908. The large interurban cars brought rapid transit to the area, with trains running hourly. Bowie area stations included High Bridge, Hillmeade, and the Race Track.  The convergence of the two rail systems induced the Southern Maryland Agricultural Society to build the Bowie Race Track in 1914. The track enabled the Belair Stud to become one of Maryland's premier areas for thoroughbreds. Also in 1914, a teacher-training college, or normal school as it was referred to then, was built for African-Americans, just outside the town. This now has become Bowie State University. The town of Bowie was incorporated in 1916.

Belair at Bowie.

In 1957, the firm of Levitt and Sons acquired the nearby Belair Estate, the original colonial plantation of the Provincial Governor of Maryland, Samuel Ogle, and developed the residential community of Belair at Bowie. Two years later the town of Bowie annexed the Levitt properties, and then re-incorporated the now-larger area as a city in 1963. The overwhelming majority of Bowie residents today live in this 1960s Levitt planned community, whose street names are arranged in alliterative sections. Levitt & Sons had a long history of prohibiting the sale of houses (including resale by owners) to African Americans which led to protests during the Civil Rights Movement in Bowie in 1963.

Belair Estate.

The original Belair Estate contains the Belair Mansion (circa 1745), the five-part Georgian plantation house of Governor Samuel Ogle and his son Governor Benjamin Ogle. It was purchased in 1898 by the wealthy banker James T. Woodward who, on his passing in 1910, left it to his nephew, William Woodward, Sr., who became a famous horseman. Restored to reflect its 250-year-old legacy, the Mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  Belair Stable, on the Estate, was part of the famous Belair Stud, one of the premier racing stables in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s. Owned and operated by William Woodward, Sr. (1876–1953), it closed in 1957 following the death of his son, Billy Woodward. Belair had been the oldest continually operating thoroughbred horse farm in the country.

21st century.

Bowie has an area of and about 50,000 residents with nearly set aside as parks or open space. It has 72 ball fields, three community centers, an ice arena at Allen Pond Park, the Bowie Town Center, the 800-seat Bowie Center for the Performing Arts, a 150-seat theatrical playhouse, a golf course, and three museums.  Bowie's rail town history is on display via the Huntington Railroad Museum, within the local rail station's restored railroad buildings. In 2006, the city reopened the Bowie Building Association building, a small brick and block structure constructed circa 1930, as a Welcome Center; it originally housed the Bowie Building Association, which helped finance much of the community's early development.  Bowie is home to the Bowie Baysox, a Class AA Eastern League professional baseball team affiliated with the Baltimore Orioles. The Baysox moved to Bowie from Hagerstown in 1993 and began play at Prince George's Stadium in 1994. In 2015, the Baysox captured their first Eastern League Championship, defeating the Reading Fightin Phils in five games.  The city operates a senior citizens center and a gymnasium for community programs.

Geography.

Bowie is located at (38.964727, −76.744531).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water.

ZIP codes.

ZIP codes for mail delivery in Bowie are: 20715, 20716, 20717, 20718, 20719, 20720, 20721

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bowie has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $99,105, and the median income for a family was $109,157. Males had a median income of $52,284 versus $40,471 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,703. About 0.7% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 54,727 people, 19,950 households, and 14,264 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 20,687 housing units at an average density of.  The ethnic makeup of the city was 41.4% White, 48.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.6% of the population.  There were 19,950 households of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.5% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.23.  The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 24.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

Government.

The City of Bowie operates under a council-manager government as established by the city charter. This means that the mayor and council are responsible for making policy, passing ordinances, voting appropriations, and having overall supervisory authority in the city government.  The U.S. Postal Service operates multiple post offices including Mitchellville, West Bowie, and Bowie/Mitchellville Carrier Annex (adjacent to the city limits).

Law enforcement.

The primary law enforcement agency for the city is the Bowie Police Department aided by the Prince George's County Police, the Maryland-National Capital Park Police Department, and the Sheriff's Office as directed by authority.  Prince George's County Police Department District 2 Station in Brock Hall CDP, with a Bowie postal address, serves the community.

Transportation.

Bowie is served by several significant highways. The most prominent of these is Interstate 595/U.S. Route 50, the John Hanson Highway, which follows an east–west route through the city. Via I-595/US 50, Bowie has direct connections westward to Washington, D.C. and eastward to Annapolis and the Eastern Shore of Maryland. U.S. Route 301 and Maryland Route 3 skim the eastern edge of the city, providing connections southward to Waldorf and La Plata and northward to Baltimore. Other state highways serving the city include Maryland Route 197, Maryland Route 214, Maryland Route 450 and Maryland Route 564.

Economy.

Largest employers.

According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Public schools.

Bowie is within the Prince George's County Public Schools system.  Area residents are zoned to Benjamin Tasker Middle School or Samuel Ogle Middle School, and Bowie High School. Some Bowie residents also attend Eleanor Roosevelt High School in their STEM program.  Elementary schools in Bowie include Heather Hills, Kenilworth, Northview, Pointer Ridge, Rockledge, Tulip Grove, Whitehall, and Yorktown Elementary Schools. Elementary schools not in Bowie and serving Bowie include High Bridge and Woodmore. Two special education centers are Chapel Forge and C. Elizabeth Reig. A voc/tech school is located at Tall Oaks High School.  Samuel Ogle was previously a junior high school, then an elementary school; around 2005, PGCPS planned to convert it into a middle school.  From 1950 to 1964, during the era of legally-required racial segregation of schools, black students from Bowie attended Fairmont Heights High School, then near Fairmount Heights.

Private schools.

Bowie is home to several private schools:

Colleges and universities.

Bowie State University, located north of Bowie, has been open since 1865.

Public libraries.

Prince George's County Memorial Library System operates two public libraries in Bowie: Bowie Branch and South Bowie Branch.

Historic sites.

The following is a list of historic sites in the city of Bowie and vicinity identified by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission:

Sister Cities.

In June 2016, Mayor Robinson gave honorary Bowie citizenship to Mayor Luigi Lucchi of Berceto, Italy as part of an International Youth Festival being held there.

Bowie () is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The population was 54,727 at the 2010 U.S. Census. Bowie has grown from a small railroad stop to the largest municipality in Prince George's County, and the fifth most populous city and third largest city by area in the U.S. state of Maryland. In 2014, CNN Money ranked Bowie 28th in its Best Places to Live (in the United States) list.

Bowie est une ville du comté de Prince George, au Maryland, aux États-Unis. Elle est nommée d'après William Duckett Bowie et Oden Bowie.


Biography.

His father was the painter, Vladimir Makovsky, who gave him his first art lessons. His uncles, Konstantin and Nikolay were also painters.  In 1884, he enrolled at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he studied with Illarion Pryanishnikov and Vasily Polenov as well as continuing to work with his father. While there, he was awarded several silver medals. From 1889 to 1893, he was in Paris, attending a private art school operated by Fernand Cormon. Upon completing his courses, he was named an "Artist First-Class" by the Academy.  The following year, he returned to the Academy and entered the workshops of Ilya Repin. He graduated in 1895. Two years later, he became the curator of textbooks at the Academy's library and, in 1898, was promoted to supervisor of teacher training. He was also the author of numerous textbooks on drawing and painting.  Later, he opened a private art studio. One of his most notable students was Vitaly Tikhov. In 1902, he became a member of the Peredvizhniki, with whom he been periodically exhibiting since 1893. From 1907 to 1922, he served as a member of the governing board.  In 1911, he was named an "Academician" and, two years later, was named a Professor at the Academy and appointed head of the Higher Art School. After the Academy was abolished, he taught at the Naval College. In 1919, he participated in the first "State Free Exhibition". Just before his death, he had a showing at an exhibition of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia.

Aleksandr Vladimirovich Makovsky (Russian: Александр Владимирович Маковский; 5 April 1869, Moscow - 26 October 1924, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian Realist painter and graphic artist; associated with the Peredvizhniki.

Alexandre Vladimirovitch Makovski (en ), né le à Moscou et mort le à Leningrad, est un peintre russe, graphiste membre de la société des Ambulants, académicien et professeur à l'Académie russe des beaux-arts. Fils du peintre Vladimir Makovski, neveu des peintres Constantin Makovski, Nikolaï Makovski, Vladimir Makovski et de la peintre Alexandra Makovskaïa.


Etymology.

The modern name derives from the ancient Cumbric "Peartoc" (as in the modern Welsh word "perth", meaning "bush or thicket").  This was adopted into Scottish Gaelic as "Peart(h)aig", giving modern Gaelic "Pearraig" or "Pàrtaig" (the latter is used on signs at Partick railway station). Older anglicised forms include "Perdyc" and "Perthick". Partick, of old Perdyec, from the Gaelic "aper dhu ec", meaning the place at the confluence or mouth of the dark river.

History.

Although Partick remained a village until the middle of the 18th century, it is an ancient place. The Kings of Strathclyde had a residence there, and in 1136 David I (1124–53) granted the lands of "Perdyc" to the see of Glasgow. The Bishops of Glasgow had a country seat in Partick. It was later the site of Partick Castle, a country home of George Hutcheson (demolished 1836).

Areas.

It is historically divided into three social areas; south of Dumbarton Road, north of Dumbarton Road and the Partick Hill grand villas. Being within the sphere of influence of the University of Glasgow and neighbouring Glasgow's salubrious "West End" it has a high student population. Traditional industries for the area were shipbuilding and the huge Meadowside Granary (recently demolished to make way for the new Glasgow Harbour residential development) employed many residents also. The main street in Partick, Dumbarton Road, has a number of services for residents to use.

Community.

Partick Burgh Hall is a venue (much like a community centre) located within Partick. It regularly holds community events and is owned and managed by Culture & Sport Glasgow (part of Glasgow City Council). The hall was originally built in 1872 and has multiple rooms. The hall is staffed in order to accommodate events and to handle security. Private events are also held in the hall.  Partick Community Council is an organization which exists in the area to deal with issues within the community. It is the oldest community group in Partick and consists of around twenty elected members. The boundary of this council runs from Byres Road to Crow Road and from the River Clyde to Highburgh Road. The council is funded by Glasgow City Council by way of an annual grant.  Examples of activities of the Community Council include:

Sport.

Partick is home to the West of Scotland Cricket Club's Hamilton Crescent ground, which was the site of the first ever international football match (between Scotland and England) on 30 November 1872.  Partick Thistle Football Club were formed in the area in 1876, but left to play in the Maryhill area of Glasgow in 1909.

Transport.

Partick railway station is a trunk station serving as an interchange between the local rail, Glasgow Subway and local bus systems. As well as being the fifth busiest train station in Scotland, it is the only transport hub to connect three different types of public transport. It replaced the former Partickhill railway station in 1979. There were previously three other stations in the area, Partick Central railway station (renamed Kelvin Hall station in 1959), Merkland Street and Partick West railway station.  The Partick interchange was redeveloped in 2012 due to its immense potential as a top-class interchange not only between Rail, Bus and Subway but also as the main interchange station between the Argyle and North Clyde rail lines.

Religion.

There is an old Quaker burial ground, the 'Quakers Graveyard', situated at the bottom of Keith Street. Now a visitors' attraction the graveyard was given over to the city of Glasgow. It was last used in 1857. Purdon Street, which runs parallel with Keith Street, was named after John Purdon, a prominent Quaker who lived in Partick in the 17th century. His wife is buried in the graveyard.  Partick's Catholic community is served by St Peter’s church situated in Hyndland Street and St Simon's church located at Bridge Street.

Partick (, ) is an area of Glasgow on the north bank of the River Clyde, just across from Govan. To the west lies Whiteinch, to the east Yorkhill and Kelvingrove Park (across the River Kelvin), and to the north Broomhill, Hyndland, Dowanhill, Hillhead, areas which form part of the West End of Glasgow. Partick was a Police burgh from 1852 until 1912 when it was incorporated into the city. Partick is the area of the city most connected with the Highlands, and several Gaelic agencies, such as the Gaelic Books Council () are located in the area. Some ATMs in the area display Gaelic.

Partick ("Pàrtaig" en gaélique écossais ; "Pairtick" en scots ) est un district de Glasgow. Il est situé sur les rives nord de la Clyde juste en face du district de Govan. Il se trouve entre les districts de Whiteinch (à l'ouest), de Hillhead (à l'est) et de (au nord). Il constituait un burgh de 1852 à 1912, date à laquelle il a été incorporé dans Glasgow.


Family background.

Alfred Freddy Krupa comes from a multiethnic Silesian family of long tradition in visual arts. His family appears in archives of the International Tracing Service as the registered victims of Nazi persecution. His grandfather and first mentor Alfred Krupa Sr.(Alfred Joseph Kruppa, Mikolow, Poland 1915 - Karlovac, Croatia/Yugoslavia 1989, related to the Oppenheim family ) the former pupil of Józef Mehoffer was one of the 13 core artists of the Art of Croatian Antifascist Movement (he exhibited at the historic first Partisan exhibition held in Topusko in 1944 on the free territory of Yugoslavia) and founder of the Watercolor Biennal of Yugoslavia (BAJ,1979). His son Mladen Krupa created the portable metal steel bunker called Kruppa-M91 used during Croatian Homeland War, now under Croatian state protection. According to the Eupedia Krupa belongs to the rare Ashkenazi branch of haplogroup Q and through that paternal lineage is related to J. Robert Oppenheimer, Vilna Gaon, Henry Heimlich, Tony Kushner, Anson Williams, Nicky Oppenheimer, the Piątkowski h. Pomian family and other notables.

Education.

Krupa graduated in 1995 at the Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb (est. 1907 as the Royal College for Arts and Crafts (Croatian: Kraljevsko zemaljsko više obrazovalište za umjetnost i umjetni obrt). Krupa also studied Art History (non-degree research) at the University of Zagreb (1997,1998) and in 1998/99 as the postgraduate research student (The ) at the Tokyo Gakugei University (東京学芸大学) or Gakudai (学大). In 2005 Krupa finished additional art education study and has been given formal permanent title of "Professor of Drawing and Painting" by the Croatian State Institute for Education (today "Education and Teacher Training Agency"- ETTA/AZOO)

Artwork.

Krupas work has attracted public and professional attention from the beginning. For the first time his name was introduced to the general public in 1990 at the then mega-popular Yugoslav weekly "Vikend/Weekend". In the same year his first solo exhibition was held.  Since the early 1990s A.F. Krupa exhibited frequently. His works has been presented on multiple occasions together with artists such as Edo Murtić, Miroslav Šutej, Ivan Kožarić, Marijan Jevšovar, Mersad Berber, Đuro Seder, Ana Sladetić, Marino Tartaglia, Josip Vaništa, Vlaho Bukovac, Bela Čikoš Sesija, Dario Ortiz, Liu Yi and many others. Artfacts.net Global Artists Historical Ranking (all media) positioned A. F. Krupa around the 1300th place in 1997 based on the international exhibition history, with the similar rank for around 2 decades and in the TOP 10 Modern Ink painters (the list published on 22/02/2019).  Internationally Krupa is known as a painter of portraits, so among other things, he portrayed Croatian President Franjo Tudjman (1996) and Rwandan King Kigeli V. (2013).  Significant/exquisite are his ink paintings, on rice paper using the technique Hakubyou. Krupa also enters into contemporary interpretation of Haboku (破墨) and Hatsuboku (溌墨) and concentrates on essential and represents a simplified stylistic motifs.  This visible/non-visible choice demonstrates, in effect, the strong productivity of Krupa at the level of deep and symbolic significance.  Krupa, the creator of New Ink Art Manifesto, is considered the pivotal figure in Western New Ink Art movement. In the Manifesto Krupa describes his ink painting as an interpretation of western modern art with the means of East Asian ink technique, as a combination of contemporary painting and traditional Chinese-Japanese calligraphy.  His work in ink is considered to be of vital importance for the global integrity of the Modern ink painting, and he is considered as one of the essential representatives of national and international present-day art, in particular of the New Ink Movement (New Ink Art) Always exploring an amalgamation of various styles, as well as weaving different connections between scientific and artistic theories, he creates ink-on-paper works that reflect a minimalist, mathematical approach. Each of Krupa's pieces are spontaneous, raw and direct, achieving a personal and authentic artistic signature.  In his photographic works, Krupa demonstrates the same minimalist approach and philosophy, placing the focus on composition and contrast.  Krupas original works on paper can be researched at Tate - London (Special Library Collection), Silesian Museum in Katowice (Poland), Modern Gallery, Zagreb, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts – Dept. of Prints and Drawings (Zagreb, Croatia), Alfredo Guati Rojo National Watercolor Museum (Museo Nacional de Acuarela Alfredo Guati Rojo)-Mexico City (Mexico), Office of the President of the Republic of Croatia (Zagreb, Croatia) and other public, corporate and private collections.  According to the Badan Rynkowych Institute (Warsaw) survey report from 2007 ("Opinie internautów o Muzeum Sztuki Nowoczesnej w Warszawie, nagrodzonym projekcie budynku i wirtualnym Forum sztuki"), Krupa appears among 70 most wanted currently working/creating artists in the future collections of the Museum of Modern Art, Warsaw (MSN).  Alfred Freddy Krupa is included in the 36th edition of Who's Who in American Art and in the artist's database of the "documenta" in Kassel. Documenta is recognized as the world's most renowned and debated international exhibition of contemporary art.  In 2016, as invited speaker Alfred F. Krupa held a rare public lecture (by a painter) on modern ink painting (and its European contribution) at the Dag Hammarskjöld University College of International Relations and Diplomacy during the Days of Japan. in front of Japanese and Croatian listeners  In 2018 Krupa has become the first living Croatian artist to be included on Ranker’s list of famous painters. Ranker is popular Los Angeles based digital media company.

Alfred Freddy Krupa (Krūppa) GCCR (14 June 1971, Karlovac, Yugoslavia) is a Croatian contemporary painter, master draughtsman, book artist, art photographer and art teacher. Multidisciplinary artist Alfred Freddy Krupa is considered a pioneering force and the western proponent in the New Ink Art movement, for which he has gained international recognition.

Alfred Krūppa (ou Krupa), dit également Freddy Krupa, né le, est un artiste peintre contemporain croate, enseignant, maître dessinateur, artiste du livre et de l'art.


Biography.

Housewright was born and raised in St. Paul, Minnesota. He is the son of Eugene Housewright, Sr., a businessman, and Patricia Langevin Housewright. He attended Cretin High School where he was editor of the school newspaper until he was fired for printing an editorial opposing the Vietnam War. "“I attended an all-boys Catholic military school during the height of Vietnam war. Of course they fired me. You would have fired me, too,”" Housewright told the "Wild River Review." He earned a degree in Journalism from the University of St. Thomas. He now lives with his wife, writer and theater critic Renee Marie Valois, in Roseville, MN.

Career.

Literary career.

Housewright’s first book, "Penance" (1995), which introduced detective Holland Taylor, won the 1996 Edgar Award for Best First Novel from the Mystery Writers of America and was short listed for a Shamus Award from the Private Eye Writers of America. The second book in the series, "Practice to Deceive" (1997) won the 1998 Minnesota Book Award and was optioned for the movies. In 2004, he introduced unlicensed P.I. Rushmore McKenzie with "A Hard Ticket Home." The sixth novel in the series, "Jelly’s Gold" (2009) also won the Minnesota Book Award, as did "Curse of the Jade Lily" (2013). "Tin City" (2004), "The Taking of Libbie, SD" (2010) and "Stealing the Countess" (2017) were also nominated for the same prize. In 2012, Housewright released two stand-alone novels – "The Devil and the Diva" (written with Renee Valois) – a 2013 Minnesota Book Award nominee – and a young adult crime novel entitled "Finders Keepers." He was elected President of the Private Eye Writers of America in June, 2014. That same year the Minnesota Historical Society and The Friends of the Saint Paul Public Library added Housewright's name and face to Minnesota Writers on the Map, joining such luminaries as Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Maud Hart Lovelace, Laura Ingalls Wilder, August Wilson, Louise Erdrich, William Kent Krueger and Charles M. Schulz.

Advertising career.

Before starting a career as a novelist, Housewright worked as a copywriter and creative director for Twin Cities advertising agencies such as Kamstra Communications, DBK&O, Blaisdell & Westlie and his own shop Gerber-Housewright, as well as Andersen Windows. His clients included Federal Express, 3M, Hormel Foods, Tony's Pizza, Jim Beam, the California Institute of Technology, Champion Batteries, and Partnership for a Drug-Free America. His work has been cited for a number of industry awards including the CLIO, One Show, Communication Arts, The Show, Silver Microphone, Telly, Olivers, Pro-Comm, ACE, IABC, ARC, ECHO, and NAMA and has been featured in ADWEEK, Archive and ADS magazines.

Journalism career.

Housewright honed his research, interviewing, writing and editing skills while working as a news and sports reporter for the "Owatonna People’s Press" (summer internship), "Minneapolis Tribune," Albert Lea (MN) "Evening Tribune" and the Grand Forks (ND) "Herald." His articles have also appeared in publications such as "Format Magazine, ADWEEK, Crimespree Magazine" and "The History Channel Magazine.".

Teaching career.

Housewright’s success as a novelist led to an invitation to teach a course on the Modern American Mystery Novel at the University of Minnesota. He frequently works as a writing instructor for the Loft Literary Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota where he teaches a course on novel writing.

David Housewright is an Edgar Award winning author of crime fiction and past President of the Private Eye Writers of America who's best known for his Holland Taylor and Rushmore McKenzie detective novels. Housewright won the Edgar from the Mystery Writers of America as well as a nomination from the PWA for his first novel "Penance." He has also earned three Minnesota Book Awards. Most of his novels take place in and around the greater St. Paul and Minneapolis area of Minnesota, USA and have been favorably compared to Raymond Chandler, Ross MacDonald and Robert B. Parker.

David Housewright, né le à Saint Paul, dans le Minnesota, aux États-Unis, est un écrivain américain, auteur de roman policier. Ses écrits ne sont pas traduits en français.


Life.

She was the eldest daughter and heiress of the Parliamentarian and landowner August Tamm and Baroness Emma Åkerhielm af Margrethelund. She and her sister Märta was schooled at home by a governess, and was also instructed in how to manage an estate by their father. She attended lectures at the Uppsala University; however, in 1905 she inherited Fogelstad Manor from her father, and abandoned her plans to study in order to attend to her estate. She never married.  Her father being a politician, Tamm showed an early interest in politics and the growing women's movement.

Political career.

Being an unmarried woman of legal majority as well as wealthy, she fulfilled the criteria which made her qualify to vote in municipal elections, and when women became eligible in municipal elections in 1909, she became engaged in local politics.  She was the deputy chairman of the Communal Council of Julita in 1913, the chairman in 1916, and a member of the board of directors of the city council in 1919–1930. She was the chairman of the independent non-party political women's organisation "Frisinnade kvinnors riksförbund" of Södermanland in 1922–1931, and municipal communal speaker for Julita in 1933–1936.  In 1921, she became one of the five first women to be elected to the Swedish Parliament after women suffrage alongside Nelly Thüring (Social Democrat), Agda Östlund (Social Democrat) and Bertha Wellin (Conservative) in the Lower chamber, and Kerstin Hesselgren in the Upper chamber. She focused on women's rights issues, such as equal salaries for women and the access to all official professions for both sexes. She was originally engaged within a Liberal party, but was from 1924 an independent. She served as MP until 1924.  She continued to be active in municipal politics after she left parliament. She retired from politics for health reasons in 1936.

Women's rights work.

Tamm wrote for the women's rights movements papers "Tidevarvet" and "Vi kvinnor". She also financed "Tidevarvet" and a Norwegian women's magazine "Kvinnen og Tiden" (1945-1955).  In 1925, she initiated the "Kvinnliga Medborgarskolan" ('Citizen School for Women') on her estate Fogelstad, where she served as chairman.  She was also active within ecology and wrote the book "Fred med jorden" (Peace with Earth) with Elin Wägner in 1940.

Elisabeth Tamm (30 June 1880, on the manor Fogelstad in Julita, Södermanlands län – 23 September 1958) was a Swedish liberal politician and women's rights activist. She was known in the parliament as "Tamm i Fogelstad" ("Tamm of Fogelstad").

Elisabeth Tamm, connue sous le nom "Tamm i Fogelstad" ( - ), est une femme politique suédoise libérale et militante des droits des femmes.


Description.

"Grammistes sexlineatus" is a middle sized fish, which can grow to a maximum length of 30 cm. Its background body color is dark brown with a maximum of six white to yellow horizontal lines. The number of lines depends on the maturity of the fish. Juveniles have white to yellow dots on a dark background until an approximate size of 17.5 mm. Thereafter, the points gradually become lines. At a length of 5 cm, these soap fish have three horizontal lines. Only from 8 cm long that the soapfish gets the six distinctive horizontal lines. Note that in adult specimens close to the maximum size, these lines tend to sever to form small strokes and points.

Distribution and habitat.

The six lined soapfish is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area from the eastern coast of Africa to the oceanic islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii and the Red Sea. And from south Japan to north New Zealand.  This soapfish occurs in coastal rocky and coral reefs from shallow to 40–50 meters depth.

Biology.

Individuals are generally solitary in their reef habitat. They usually stay hidden in crevices, and are most active at night.  Like other fish in the subfamily Grammistinae, this species produces a toxin from the skin. The toxins in the skin secretions are known as grammistins. These secretions resemble lathered soap and are the basis for the common name of Soap Fish. This is not caught as a food fish because the flesh reportedly has a bitter, unpleasant taste.

Grammistes sexlineatus is a species of fish in the family Serranidae. Its common names include goldenstriped soapfish, six-lined soapfish, and skunkfish.

Grammistes sexlineatus, communément nommé poisson savon bagnard, poisson savon à six lignes ou savon rayé d'or entre autres noms vernaculaires, est une espèce de poisson marin de la famille des Serranidae.


Biography.

Education and military career.

Francisco Javier de Balmis was born in Alicante on December 2, 1753 and was baptized three days later at the Basilica of Santa Maria. His parents were Antonio Balmis, a barber surgeon of French origin and Luisa Berenguer. He followed the family tradition and at age 17 began studying at the military hospital of Alicante, where he stayed for five years.  In 1775, he enlisted in the Spanish Navy and joined an expedition under the command of Alejandro O'Reilly which aimed to put an end to the incursions of the Barbary pirates in the Spanish Levante.  Two years later he passed his examination and in 1778 obtained the authorization to perform surgery in Valencia. Due to the siege of Gibraltar, he joined the core of military surgeons as assistant second surgeon. By April 8, 1781 he had attained the rank of surgeon and joined the regiment at Zamora. As part of this regiment he went to America in the expedition of the Marquess of Socorro. From the Venezuelan port of La Guaira, he embarked for Havana, then for Verzcruz, and was the director of the hospital of Xalapa for three months. In 1786 he was appointed surgeon-major of the military hospital of San Juan de Dios in Mexico City, then the capital of New Spain. After the merger of this hospital with that of San Andres in 1790, Balmis become director of venereal disease ward. In recognition of his work he was admitted to the Real Academia Médica Matritense (the predecessor to the Royal Academy of Medicine) and received his bachelor of arts from the University of Mexico.

Scientific work.

During 1788, on temporary leave from the army, he traveled throughout Mexico to devote himself to the study of local flora and traditional remedies used by natives. He conducted a series of experiments at the hospital of San Juan de Dios, publishing "Tratado de las virtudes del agave y la begonia" ("Treatise on the benefits of agave and begonia") in Madrid in 1794.  Back in Spain, he became the physician of King Charles IV. He persuaded the king to send an expedition to America to propagate the recently discovered vaccine against smallpox. Balmis was named head of the expedition, which sailed from Spain in 1804. He traveled to Puerto Rico, Puerto Cabello, Caracas, Havana, Mérida, Veracruz and Mexico City. The vaccine was carried as far as Texas in the north and New Granada in the south.  In Mexico City, he had to convince the viceroy, José de Iturrigaray, but he did so, and the viceroy had his son vaccinated.  In 1806 Balmis sailed from Acapulco for Manila, and in 1806 he arrived back in Spain. He returned to Mexico again in 1810.  He wrote "Instrucción sobre la introducción y conservación de la vacuna" ("Instructions for the introduction and conservation of the vaccine"), and translated Moreau's work on the same subject, "Tratado histórico-práctico", from the French. He died at Madrid in 1819.  Miguel Muñoz conserved and spread the vaccine in Mexico until 1844, when the project was taken over by his son Luis. After Luis Muñoz, Luis Malanco was in charge of the project.

Francisco Javier de Balmis (2 December 1753 – 12 February 1819) was a Spanish physician who headed an 1803 expedition to Spanish America to vaccinate the populations against smallpox. His expedition is considered one of the most important events in the history of medicine and has inspired for example Dr. Carlos Canseco, President of Rotary International, to start the worldwide program Polio Plus to eradicate the polio disease.

Francisco Javier Balmis y Berenguer (Alicante, 1753 — Madrid, 1819) était un chirurgien militaire, médecin, botaniste et infectiologue espagnol. À l’issue de sa formation comme chirurgien militaire, il s’enrôla dans l’armée, participa à une expédition contre Alger, puis vint à mener une carrière de chirurgien hospitalier en Nouvelle-Espagne, s’occupant plus particulièrement des malades vénériens. Son intérêt pour la botanique et pour la médecine indienne traditionnelle le conduisit à examiner scientifiquement les effets d’un remède de guérisseur, à base d’agave et de bégonia, puis, convaincu de son efficacité, le préconisa dans son "Traité sur les vertus de l'agave et le bégonia" paru en 1794 ; cette thérapeutique, si elle fut assez largement adoptée, demeura cependant controversée.


Critical Reception.

Alpha & Omega received generally positive reviews from music critics. David Jeffries of AllMusic gave the album 3.5/5 stars, stating "While his former crew, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, turned to religion once in a while and mysticism on occasion, Bizzy Bone's solo career has been heavy with prophecy and sky-gazing wonder. It's driven him for a while now, but on Alpha and Omega, it has set him on fire. Lyrically, this is the best Bizzy Bone album, but the subject matter and numerous references to Bizzy's posse, the 7th Sign Regime, are the dividing line -- hard to follow if you're not a fan, rich with insight if you're down. All of the guests on the album are 7th Sign Regime members, and if it weren't for Biggie, 2Pac, and Left Eye getting their shoutouts on "Thug World" -- an inspired interpolation of Slick Rick's "Hey Young World" -- Alpha and Omega would exist entirely outside the world of mainstream hip-hop. If you even have a passing interest in Bizzy, go right out and pick it up. The urgency of the record is exciting and there's a ton of Bone prose to devour. Is it worth starting here for a newbie? Check fiery numbers like "Capo," "My Niggaz," and the extremely funky "Sit Back Relax," and you'll probably be swayed. That Bizzy doesn't give two flips about current trends and what people think makes him both unique and somewhat unapproachable. Although Alpha and Omega is his strongest album yet, it follows a cryptic rule book and requires a lot of effort for non-7th Sign Regime members."

Alpha and Omega is the third solo album by Bizzy Bone, released on October 19, 2004. "I Understand" was released as a single with a music video. The original copies of the album contained a bonus DVD that showed behind-the-scenes footage of the making of the album.

Alpha and Omega est le troisième album studio de Bizzy Bone, sorti le. L'album s'est classé au Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums et au Billboard 200.


Differences from lead ship.

"Kalinin" was constructed differently from the lead ship of the class. On the forward part of the ship, the twin SS-N-14 ASW missile launcher was replaced with eight SA-N-9 surface-to-air missile vertical launchers (not installed). The forward 30 mm CIWS cannons were replaced by CADS-N-1. On the aft part, a single twin AK-130 130 mm gun, similar to the guns used on "Slava" and "Sovremennyy", was used instead of two 100 mm guns. Near the flight deck, the 30 mm CIWS cannons were replaced by Kashtan CIWS and moved to the aft superstructure and replaced with eight SA-N-9 vertical launchers (not installed).

History.

"Kalinin" was laid down on 17 May 1983 at Baltiysky Naval Shipyard, Leningrad, launched on 25 April 1986, commissioned on 30 December 1988. It joined the Northern Fleet on 21 April 1989 though GlobalSecurity noted the cruiser was a Pacific fleet unit. On 4 January 1991 she went on long voyage to the Mediterranean Sea. After the end of the Cold War the cruiser was rarely deployed and by 1999 it was permanently docked in Sevmash awaiting repairs.

Reactivation.

In 2006, a decision was made to modernize this ship instead of completing the construction of the submarine. Later in 2006, she was undergoing refit at Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk, but was reported finished ahead of schedule and was announced to again be in service with the Northern Fleet. However, later reports state that the cruiser has been docked at Sevmash since 1999 without any activity. On 30 October 2008, Russian Navy representatives of the Northern Fleet announced that the first modification on "Admiral Nakhimov" had been started and that the ship would re-join the Russian fleet by 2012. In November 2010 the director of Sevmash, Nikolai Kalistratov, repeated this statement confirming that the Russian government had appropriated money for "Admiral Nakhimov" to be repaired in 2011 (costing over 50 billion rubles.) However he also said that the funds were insufficient and more were needed to bring the ship back to active service. After finishing repairs, "Admiral Nakhimov" is to join the Russian Pacific Fleet.  In December 2011 the Sevmash shipyard stated that the refit of the ship would not be finished until after 2012. According to Sevmash General-Director Andrei Dyachkov the repairs were stopped because it was senseless to continue without having determined the final variant of modernization.  Work on modernizing "Admiral Nakhimov" was resumed in January 2014 with the vessel being projected to rejoin the Russian Navy in 2018. "Admiral Nakhimov" is slated to carry the P-800 Oniks supersonic anti-ship missile and a navalized variant of the S-400 (missile) SAM system, among other weapons. According to Sevmash as of 2 November 2015 work on removing the battlecruiser's old equipment had been completed, and work to install its replacement was about to be commenced.  In 2018, Aleksey Rakhimov, the leader of the United Shipbuilding Corporation, stated that the end date of the reconstruction remained 2021 or 2022, but additional changes made by the Ministry of Defense had made would require an amendment to the contract or a new contract. Trials are due to begin in 2020. In September 2019, state news agency TASS quoted Russian deputy defense minister Alexsey Krivoruchko that "It will be the most powerful navy warship. We inspected the project, the ship is now about 50% ready. As was agreed with Sevmash shipyard, we expect to receive the ship in late 2022." as reported by Jane's.  She's expected to be launched in July 2020 and start mooring trials about a year later. It's expected to receive 174 VLS tubes: 80 for anti-surface and 94 for anti-air warfare

Admiral Nakhimov () is the third battlecruiser of the Russian Navy's. The ship was originally commissioned into service with the Soviet Navy in the 1980s, known back then as "Kalinin" ("Калинин"), a name the ship kept until 1992. "Admiral Nakhimov" is currently undergoing a refit to receive new and improved weaponry and is scheduled to re-enter service with the Russian Navy by 2021.

L’Admiral Nakhimov (en ) est le troisième croiseur à propulsion nucléaire de la de la Marine soviétique puis de la Marine russe. Le bâtiment est nommé "Kalinine" () jusqu'en 1992, en l'honneur de Mikhaïl Kalinine. Il est renommé à la chute de l'Union soviétique en l'honneur de l'amiral Pavel Nakhimov.


Early life.

Anna Whitlock was the daughter of the merchant Gustaf Whitlock and Sophie Forsgrén, and the sister of the feminist and author Ellen Whitlock (1848-1936). When her father, a moderately well off businessman, was ruined, the family was supported by her mother, who was many years younger than her father, and who educated herself as a photographer and worked as a translator to support the family. It is said that Anna Whitlock was given her interest in women's issues from her mother: after an inheritance, Sophie Whitlock engaged in building, and had apartment buildings set up for female professionals, and she also worked as a secretary for the women's organisation Fredrika Bremer Association. Anna Whitlock studied at the Rossander Course. She worked as a teacher at the Adolf Fredriks folkskola in Stockholm in 1869–70 and as a governess in Finland in 1870–72 before enlisting as a student at the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm, from which she graduated in 1875. Between 1876 and 1878, she studied language and pedagogy in Switzerland, Italy and France. During her study in France, she was the correspondent of "Aftonbladet" in Paris.

Educational reformer.

In 1878, she founded a school in Stockholm with Ellen Key, known later as the "Stockholms nya samskola" (New Co-educational School of Stockholm) and later as "Whitlockska samskolan" (Whitlock Co-educational School), and served as its principal from its foundation to 1918. This was a pioneer institution. The school was made co-educational in 1893, which was very progressive, as normally only primary schools for children were co-educational in Sweden at the time, and it became one of the first schools over primary educational level to be co-educational in Sweden. She also introduced innovations such as students councils, parent days, free choice of subject, voluntary education in religion and vacation colonies for school children. Because of the strict religious tolerance of her school, it became popular among non-Lutherans such as Jews. Her school was successful and was granted government support and the right to issue professional degrees.

Social reformer and suffragist.

Described as a liberal and updated character with modern progressive views, she was also active in politics, the public debate and reform. She was a member of the board in the "Föreningen för religionsfrihet" (Freedom for Religious Liberty) for several years in the 1880s. She expressed her liberal views regarding religion as a speaker, and published a work on this issue: "Skolans ställning till religionsundervisningen i Sverige och andra länder" (The Position of the School regarding the teaching of Religion in Sweden and other nations). At that time, the subject of religion in school education normally only consisted of education of the student in their own religion, that of the state, and nothing else. Whitlock opposed this and made the subject voluntarily in her school. She was active as a speaker on geography at the "Stockholms arbetarinstitut" (Stockholm Workers Institution) from 1882 to 1897. She was also a member of the board of the association, "Frisinnade kvinnor" (now "Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund") in 1914–1923.  Anna Whitlock is one of the leading pioneers of the women suffrage movement in Sweden. She was one of the co-founders of the National Association for Women's Suffrage. In 1902, two motions regarding women suffrage reform were presented to the Swedish Parliament. One was from the Minister of Justice Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, who suggested that married men be given two votes, as they could be regarded to vote in place of their wives as well. The other motion was presented by Carl Lindhagen, who suggested women suffrage. The Hammarskjöld suggestion aroused anger among women's rights activists, who formed a support group for the Lindhagen motion. On 4 June 1902, National Association for Women's Suffrage ("Föreningen för Kvinnans Politiska Rösträtt") or FKPR was founded: initially a local Stockholm society, it became a national organization the year after.  She was a member of the board and served as chairperson twice: in 1903–1907 and 1911–1912. She wrote the first public appeal to the women of Sweden to form a suffrage movement in the press, and she organized the rules of the association. She had a very good relation to her vice chairperson, Signe Bergman, and was respected for her ability to, though personally a liberal, maintain the political neutrality of the association. In 1911, when the suffrage movement was forced to make a political stand against the Conservatives, because their party was by then the only one to oppose women suffrage, the conservative Lydia Wahlström stepped down as chairperson: it was because of the respected ability to be neutral that Anna Whitlock was elected for her second term in office as chairperson in 1911.  In 1905, she founded Home for Women ("Svenska hem") a cooperative association which attempted to ensure better food quality. This association still exists today.

Award.

Anna Whitlock was awarded the Swedish royal medal "Illis quorum meruere labores" (commonly called "Illis Quorum") by King Gustaf V of Sweden in 1918.

Legacy.

The Anna Whitlock Memorial Fund ("Anna Whitlocks Minnesfond") was founded after her school was discontinued in 1976, and still grants scholarships to students.

In popular culture.

The main character of the 2013 TV-series "Fröken Frimans krig" (""Miss Frimans war""), Dagmar Friman (portrayed by Sissela Kyle), was based on Anna Whitlock.

Anna Whitlock (13June 185216June 1930), was a Swedish reform pedagogue, journalist, suffragette and feminist. She was co-founder and twice chairperson of the National Association for Women's Suffrage.

Anna Whitlock ( – ) est une journaliste, pionnière de l'éducation et féministe suédoise. Elle est la présidente de l'Association nationale pour le droit de vote des femmes de 1903 à 1907 puis de 1911 à 1914.


Plot summary.

While investigating the deaths of a large number of marine animals, Dirk Pitt and Al Giordino encounter a group of tourists on Seymour Island. Aboard the tourists' cruise ship (the "Polar Queen"), a mysterious "disease" has killed everyone on board. The tourists are brought to the "Ice Hunter", a research vessel for the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA). Here, they find out that the "Polar Queen" is missing and will not respond to their calls. After some searching, Pitt and Al discover that the missing ship is heading towards a cliff. After being winched onto the ship from a helicopter, Pitt steers and manages to narrowly avoid the crash. But he finds only one surviving passenger on board: Deirdre. Maeve, the tour guide from Seymour Island, is Deirdre's sister, and she seems perplexed to find Deirdre aboard.  Pitt and Al uncover more evidence to suggest that the passengers of the "Polar Queen" were killed by extremely high-powered soundwaves. At this time, more outbreaks occur on a cargo ship and a Chinese junk. The cargo ship blows up while a boarding party from a passing ship is aboard; in the distance, a futuristic yacht is spotted heading away from the scene. We learn that the yacht belongs to the Dorsett Consolidated Mining Company, a gemstone mining company headed by the ruthless Arthur Dorsett. Dorsett is also the father of Maeve, Deirdre and a third daughter, Boudicca. Of Dorsett's three daughters, Maeve is the only one who does not work for his company. As a young girl, she ran away from home, broke all bonds with her family, and changed her last name to Fletcher.  By borrowing the US Navy sonar net in the Pacific, NUMA discovers that the acoustic plague appears to be caused by a convergence of soundwaves from four sources around the Pacific: in the southwest, Gladiator Island; in the northwest, one of the Commander Islands; in the northeast, Kunghit Island; and in the southeast, Easter Island. Since Kunghit Island is located not far from the United States, Pitt decides to go there to investigate. He enlists the help of Mason Broadmoor, a Native American fisherman who, along with his associates, delivers fish to the Kunghit Island mine every week. During one such visit, Pitt is smuggled onto the island and given a tour of the mine by a disgruntled employee, who, Pitt finds out, is Clive Cussler. The mine has a revolutionary mining method in which high-powered soundwaves are used to dig through clay containing diamonds. Pitt learns that the Dorsetts have kidnapped both of Maeve's sons and are holding them hostage. The company security force captures Pitt as he leaves the island, but Broadmoor rescues him, and the two escape using jet skis.  Soon after returning to the US, Pitt, Al and Maeve are sent to Wellington to board another research vessel, the "Ocean Angler". Their mission is to covertly infiltrate Gladiator Island, find Maeve's sons, and bring everybody back to the vessel. However, the plan is derailed when the pickup car drives them to a Dorsett company warehouse instead of to the research vessel. After a failed escape attempt, they are all brought onto the Dorsett yacht and immediately put out to sea. After about a day, Pitt, Al and Maeve are abandoned in the southwest Pacific Ocean, in a small craft and far away from ordinary shipping routes; in addition, a tropical cyclone is quickly approaching.  Meanwhile, the NUMA computer center in Washington discovers a way to predict the coming convergence zones, and in a few weeks the Hawaiian island of Oahu will be hit. The head of NUMA, Admiral James Sandecker, fails to convince the President of the looming threat, so he launches a clandestine operation to avert the disaster. The plan is to reflect the soundwaves from the convergence zone back towards Gladiator Island. A giant reflector is obtained from a government agency; it is dismantled, loaded onto the Famous Deep-sea recovery ship Glomar Explorer, and brought into the convergence zone.  Pitt, Al, and Maeve have successfully endured the storm and finally stumbled upon a small island. Here they find the remains of a sailboat, which they use along with their own battered craft to build a small sailship. With this ship, they set course for Gladiator Island, planning to rescue Maeve's sons from her evil family. As they climb ashore, the sound reflector outside Oahu successfully reflects the high-powered soundwave toward Gladiator Island. At the same time, scientists realize that this could cause both volcanoes on the island to erupt. Admiral Sandecker is shocked when he receives a call from Pitt, using Mr. Dorsett's phone.  Pitt and Al rescue Maeve's sons and kill Arthur, Boudicca and Deirdre Dorsett—however, Deirdre fatally shoots Maeve before Pitt kills her. Pitt and Al flee, using the Dorsett yacht to make their escape. Al takes the children aboard a helicopter that was parked on the yacht, and as they fly away from the island, Al sees the yacht become engulfed by a pyroclastic ash cloud with Pitt still on board.  Al arrives to a safe landing point, where he is recruited by rescue officials to fly back to the island. Al is concerned about what he will find there, but he has already decided to fly back and try to rescue his friend Pitt. Al also agrees to take a load of food, fresh water, and medical supplies to the islanders, who will most certainly need the items in the days following the eruptions. Upon his arrival at the island, Al is told that the authorities have received no radio communication to suggest that Pitt is still alive. As Al begins to mourn the loss of his best friend, he hears new information about a stranded yacht that has been seen floating several miles from the island. Al, feeling it might be Pitt, flies the helicopter to the coordinates hoping to find Pitt alive.  Al indeed finds that Pitt is alive, having survived by barricading himself from the searing heat of the ash cloud. Sadly, however, Maeve is discovered dead from the injuries she sustained at the hand of her sister. We also discover that, prior to her untimely death, she and Pitt had pledged their deepest love for each other.  After Pitt is rescued, he flies back to D.C. on a commercial jet flight and heads home, but not before spending some time in a hospital recovering from his very serious injuries.

Shock Wave is a book written by Clive Cussler. First published in 1996, it is the thirteenth book in Cussler's Dirk Pitt series. The events in the book take place between January and March 2000.

Onde de choc (titre original : "Shock Wave") est un roman policier américain de Clive Cussler paru en 1996. En 1859, un clipper anglais qui transporte des forcats vers une colonie pénitentiaire, en Australie, fait naufrage. Deux d'entre eux, Betsy Fletcher et Jess Dorsett, restene sur l'île où ils découvrent une immense mine de diamants : ils fondent une dynastie puissante et riche... Cent quarante ans plus tard, Maeve Dorsett, une de leurs descendantes, est abandonnée avec un groupe de touristes par un navire de croisière, sur une île désolée de l'Antarctique... c'est Dirk Pitt, l'explorateur, qui les sauvé de la mort. Il enquête dans ces eaux sur une épidémie étrange, monstrueuse, qui ravage la faune. Le responsable du massacre, c'est le père de Maeve, Arthur Dorsett, diamantaire richissime et sans scrupules, qui extrait les diamants à coups d'onde de choc, balayant ainsi la vie des océans et des terres... Une poursuite mortelle s'engage entre les deux hommes. Courageux, inventif, Dirk Pitt pourra-t-il, avec l'aide de la délicieuse Maeve Dorsett, empêcher une opération ultime et sauvage qui tuerait la faune et la flore de toutes les mers du Sud?


Historical significance.

Himera was the ancient name of two rivers in Sicily, the Imera Settentrionale flowing to the north into the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Salso to the south coast of the island, but which, by a strange confusion, were regarded by many ancient writers as one and the same river, which is in consequence described as rising in the center of the island, and flowing in two different directions, so as completely to divide Sicily into two parts. According to Vibius Sequester, this idea dates back to the time of Stesichorus, who was himself a native of the city of Himera. Pomponius Mela is, however, the only ancient geographer who adopts it.  The Salso enters the sea at Licata (the ancient Phintias). In the upper part of its course it is composed of two branches, running nearly parallel with one another; the one now called the Imera Settentrionale rising near Gangi, the other, called the Fiume di Petralia, from the town of the same name: it is only after the junction of the two that the river is called Salso. It is impossible to say which of the two branches was regarded by the ancients as the true Himera; but in either case that river has a course of above from north to south, and its sources are not more than from the north coast of the island. Hence Polybius and Livy's statement that the Himera nearly divides the whole of Sicily into two parts, is accurate. But it is evidently this circumstance, coupled with the fact that there was another river of the same name flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea, which gave rise to the fable above noticed. Strabo, who does not mention the southern Himera, applies (evidently by mistake) very nearly the same words as Polybius to the northern river of the name. Ptolemy correctly places the mouth of the southern Himera to the east of Agrigento; he is the only one of the geographers who mentions both rivers of the name. Diodorus mentions the brackish quality of the waters of the Himera, which gives rise to its modern name of Fiume Salso: this is caused by the junction of a small stream near Caltanisetta, that flows from the salt mines in that vicinity. Solinus erroneously ascribes this quality to the northern Himera; while Vitruvius rightly attributes it to the southern river only.  According to Diodorus Siculus after a series of conflicts between the Siculi and the Sicani in prehistoric times, the River Salso was made the boundary between their respective territories, the Siculi dwelling to its east, the Sicani to its west. In 446 BCE, the Agrigentines were defeated by the Syracusans at the river. The river formed the eastern edge of the Carthaginian territory in Sicily from the treaty with Dionysius I in 374 BCE until it was shifted west to the Platani in 339 BCE as a result of the treaty with Timoleon. In 311 BCE, the Carthaginians won a great victory over Agathocles, the Tyrant of Syracuse near the mouth of the river, where the Carthaginians had occupied the hill of Ecnomus, while Agathocles was encamped on the east bank. Around 280 BCE, the king of Agrigento, Phintias, founded a city at the mouth of the Salso, which he named Phintias after himself, requiring all the inhabitants of Gela to relocate there. During the Second Punic War, Carthage and Hieronymus of Syracuse, agreed to divide the whole of Sicily between them, so the river Himera (Salso) would have again been the boundary of their respective dominions. A battle between Marcellus and the Carthaginian forces under Hanno and Epicydes of Syracuse followed, in which the latter were defeated and driven to take shelter within the walls of Agrigento. As a result of the Roman victory the agreement between Carthage and Hieronymus was never carried into effect.  An inscription bearing the dedication "ΑΣΚΑΗΠΙΩ KAI IMEPA ΠΟΤΑΜΩ" ("To Asclepius and the Himera River"), must refer to the southern Himera (i.e., the Salso) since it was found at Caltanisetta.  The name Salso is also given to a tributary of the Simeto in eastern Sicily.

The Salso (Sicilian: Salsu), also known as the Imera Meridionale (Greek: ; Latin Himera), is a river of Sicily. It rises in the Madonie Mountains (Latin: Nebrodes Mons; Sicilian: Munti Madunìi) and, traversing the provinces of Enna and Caltanissetta, flows into the Mediterranean at the western end of the Gulf of Gela at the seaport of Licata, in the Province of Agrigento. Its small deltaic system there is dominated by marine processes rather than fluvial ones. It is a seasonal torrent, with brief but violent floods during the winter rains (from November to February), and all but dry in summer droughts. In November 1915 the iron bridge across the river's mouth collapsed during floods, and 119 people were swept away in the flood and lost. The Salso, which is the longest river of Sicily at, has a drainage basin area of.

Imera méridionale ou encore est un cours d'eau de la Sicile centrale et sud-occidentale qui a son embouchure dans le canal de Sicile.


Biography.

At the age of seven, Anthony Cedric Vuagniaux falls on his uncle's old synthesizer Roland. That day, he discovers a great fascination for sounds. His mother, in response to this love, subscribes him to the Geneva Conservatory.  The boy continued to compose by himself with his synthesizer, other instruments and tape recorder. These first devices allowed him to work his music in his studio.  He built, in 1991, a rock formation. The meetings are linked, especially with a band, Desdemona, for which he composed and performed as a drummer at concerts in first parts of groups Dionysos (French band) and Astonvilla (French bands).  In the 2000s, he created his own label, Plombage Records, while composing under the name "Tony Snake" pseudonym to honor his herpetologist deceased father, an electronic music project revealed in the albums : "Rendez-vous chez le dentiste" and "Foufounes Alkantara" mastered by the Björk and Daft Punk London's engineer "Nilesh Patel", and a remix for Detroit Grand Pubahs, delivering performances in places such "La Java" and Chez Régine in Paris.  In 2010, Anthony Cedric Vuagniaux comes back in his old love, privileging his music with machines such as tape recorders, Minimoog, Mellotron, Crumar, Farfisa, Solina, Clavinet, Fender Rhodes piano, old drum machines, and instruments of all ethnicities or even atonal like Waterphone.  Then, he released the album " La Bobine Magique "; supported in Parisian magazines "Trax" and "Technikart".  In December 2011, Anthony Cedric composed music for video by photographer Régis Golay and La Compagnie 7273, dancers and designers of Swatch watches "Climax", "Nil" et "Romance-S". Then won an award in 2012 at the Munich Film Festival.  In April 2012, he released the album "La Virago", in which involved artists such as Alain Carre, Caroline Duris, Marion Devaud, Choral circle of Geneva and Sahoko Sakai.  In 2014, Anthony Cedric works with François Corbier on the track "Le Tango du maître chanteur" released in "Le Clan des guimauves" album.  In 2015, for the season 2015-2016, Anthony Cedric composes the official soundtrack of "La Comédie de Genève".  In 2018, he is part of the jury of the Science Trophy of the University of Geneva. A title and a certificate of title of recognition are also awarded

Awards.

—2019--  —2018--  —2017--  —2016--

Anthony Cedric Vuagniaux, (born April 27, 1977 in Geneva, Switzerland, is a multi-instrumentalist composer. He is the founder of Plombage Records and also produce his own movies.

Anthony Cédric Vuagniaux, né le, est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et multi-instrumentiste genevois. Il est le fondateur du label Plombage Records. Il produit et réalise également ses propres vidéos.


Life and career.

Costa was born in Barcelona, Spain. She starred in the critically acclaimed 2015 film "Victoria", which was almost entirely improvised by the actors; the 134-minute film was shot in a single take. Costa won the Lola for Best Actress and was nominated for a European Film Awards for Best European Actress. Her performance also garnered her a nomination for the prestigious BAFTA EE Rising Star Award.  Costa starred along Nicholas Hoult in Drake Doremus' "Newness" (Sundance Film Festival 2017). In addition to co-starring with Mia Wasikowska and Christopher Abbott in Nicolas Pesce's "Piercing" (Sundance Film Festival 2018), she is the lead of two films which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival 2018, Miguel Arteta's "Duck Butter" with Alia Shawkat and "Maine" with Thomas Mann. Also in 2018, Costa co-starred in Amazon/Dan Fogelman's drama film "Life Itself" with Oscar Isaac and Antonio Banderas.  Costa starred alongside Josh O'Connor in Harry Wootliff's critically acclaimed directorial debut Only You, which premiered in competition at The London Film Festival, on 19 October 2018.  "The New York Times" includes her in 2015’s "Breakthrough Performances of the Fall Season".  She is currently filming the upcoming international co-produced Italian English language television series "Diavoli" co-starring along Patrick Dempsey based on the international bestseller novel of the same name by Guido Maria Brera. She also starred in "Cites", the Catalan remake of the British TV series "Dates", and "Polseres Vermelles", winner of the International Emmy Award for Best Kids TV Series, adapted by Steven Spielberg for North America as "Red Band Society".

Studies.

Costa obtained a degree in advertising, public relations, and marketing at the Blanquerna-Ramon Llull University's School of Communication and International Relations. She speaks fluent Catalan, Spanish, French, and English.

Laia Costa Bertrán (; born 18 February 1985) is a Spanish actress who has worked in Spain, Russia, Germany, Argentina, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States.

Laia Costa Bertrán, née à Barcelone le, est une actrice espagnole. Elle est notamment connue pour avoir joué le rôle-titre du film allemand "Victoria" (2015), mais aussi pour avoir interprété une jeune femme ayant le cancer dans la série catalane "Les Bracelets rouges".


Artists.

The earliest artist to make very small intricate engravings was Altdorfer in 1506–7, probably following the example of Italian niello prints, although their size was in fact no smaller than the bottom end of the very cheap devotional woodcuts made throughout the 15th century. However Altdorfer's printmaking developed in different directions, though he continued to produce some small engravings until the 1520s, by which time the style had been taken up by the Nuremberg artists, the Beham brothers and their close friend Pencz.  Hans Sebald Beham and Pencz continued to produce engravings until shortly before their deaths in 1550, which effectively ended the style; Barthel Beham had died in 1540. Barthel is generally considered the most inventive of the Nuremberg trio, but his brother Sebald was much more productive, with perhaps the finest technique, and also copied some of Barthel's prints after his death. Aldegrever was a convinced Lutheran who developed Anabaptist leanings, which perhaps led to him spending much of his time producing ornament prints with no human figures. Their engraving style was based on the work of Nuremberg master printmaker Albrecht Dürer, who was still living in the city until 1527, and in whose workshop Pencz at least may have trained, and the Italian Marcantonio Raimondi, with whom Barthel Beham is supposed to have worked in Rome. Raimondi, and the exterior fresco friezes of Polidoro di Caravaggio, influenced their choice of subjects and compositional style, to which Northern themes of death (Death appears personified in many prints, as above) and humour are added. The prints of Hans Baldung Grien contain similar treatments of sexual themes.  Compared to their contemporaries, devotional subjects are notably absent in the work of the Nuremberg artists, who were all expelled from the city for their religious views in 1525 – an episode that still remains rather unclear. Their prints were very widely disseminated, and both drawn copies and examples of the originals have been found in albums from Mughal India, and their figurative compositions were copied in Limoges enamel and various other decorative media, from bronze plaques to stoneware pottery. In addition many of their prints were "ornament prints", consisting entirely of ornament in the Renaissance style, which as well as being collected were designed to be used as patterns for craftsmen in various media. Minor members of the group were Jacob Binck and Hans Brosamer, and there are some prints by a "Master IB", named after his monogram, who may be either Pencz, Sebald Beham, or a separate artist. Other artists who did some work on a similar small scale, but are not usually classified as part of the "Little Masters" group, include: Virgil Solis, Matthias Zundt, Jost Amman, and Conrad Saldörfer in Germany, Hans Holbein the Younger in Switzerland and England, and Dirk Vellert (in etching) and "Master S" in the Netherlands. The etched work of the Hopfer family is often similar in size and must have appealed to a similar market, as did the rather later work of the French printmaker Etienne Delaune.

The Little Masters ("Kleinmeister" in German), were a group of German printmakers who worked in the first half of the 16th century, primarily in engraving. They specialized in very small finely detailed prints, some no larger than a postage stamp. The leading members were Hans Sebald Beham, his brother Barthel, and George Pencz, all from Nuremberg, and Heinrich Aldegrever and Albrecht Altdorfer. Many of the Little Masters' subjects were mythological or Old Testament stories, often treated erotically, or genre scenes of peasant life. The size and subject matter of the prints shows that they were designed for a market of collectors who would keep them in albums, of which a number have survived.

Les Petits Maîtres allemands (traduction erronée de l' — « Maîtres du petit »), sont un groupe de graveurs allemands actifs dans la première moitié du.