Biography.

Espinàs was born on 7 March 1927 in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. He studied at Piarists schools until 1945, when he entered the School of Law of the Universitat de Barcelona, earning his degree in 1949. That same year he won the Guimerà prize with his first article. He practiced as an attorney until 1955, when he joined the publishing house Editorial Destino.  In 1983, he was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi.  Espinàs is cofounder of the publishing house La Campana. He has traveled extensively on foot through rural areas of Catalonia and other parts of Spain, publishing books about many of these voyages, and has also traveled on foot through much of Europe, Israel, India, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States.

Literary career.

In 1953 he became known as a writer when he obtained the Joanot Martorell Prize for the novel "Com ganivets o flames". From this point he began to enjoy success as an author with "Dotze bumerangs" (1954) i "El gandul" (1955). With "Tots som iguals" (1956), which appeared in English translation in the United States in 1961 as "By nature equal", he gained international recognition, earning critical acclaim from the "New York Herald Tribune", "New York Times", and "Washington Post" and the magazine "Book of the Month."  In 1961 he won the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la with "L'últim replà", and began a long period in which he produced few novels, the exceptions being "La collita del diable" (1968) and "Vermell i passa" (1992).  In 1986 he published letters addressed to his daughter, who has Down syndrome, under the title "El teu nom és Olga" ("Your name is Olga"). The book was a success and was translated into numerous languages.

La Nova Cançó.

In 1961 Espinàs was one of the founders, with Miquel Porter i Moix and Remei Margarit, of Els Setze Jutges. He sang and recorded Catalan versions of Georges Brassens songs, traditional Catalan songs, and original compositions to further the Nova Cançó movement, but when professional Catalan-language singers appeared he retired from singing. He also wrote and recorded a story for children, "Viatge a la Lluna" ("Voyage to the Moon"), with music by Xavier Montsalvatge.  In 2007 he was awarded the Medalla d'Honor of the Parliament of Catalonia in recognition of his work with Els Setze Jutges.

Journalism.

On 23 April 1976 he began to publish a daily column in the new Catalan-language daily "Avui", entitled "A la vora de...", which ran uninterrupted until January 1999, winning various awards. Later he moved to write for "El Periódico de Catalunya", with the opinion column, which he still writes.  He has also hosted television interview programs - "Personal i intrasferible" on Canal 33; "Identitats" on TV3, from 1984 to 1988; and "Senyals" on Canal 33, from 1989 to 1990.

Josep Maria Espinàs i Massip (; born 7 March 1927) is a Catalan language writer, journalist and publisher known for his novels, travel writing and newspaper articles.

Josep Maria Espinàs i Massip (Barcelone, 1927), est un écrivain, journaliste et éditeur catalan connu du grand public pour ses romans, ses chroniques de voyages et pour ses articles de journaux.


Route description.

Oregon.

The western terminus of US 30 is at an intersection with U.S. Route 101 at the southern end of the Astoria–Megler Bridge in downtown Astoria, Oregon, approximately from the Pacific Ocean. It heads east to Portland, where it uses a short section of freeway built for the canceled Interstate 505. From there it heads around the north side of downtown on Interstate 405 and Interstate 5 to reach Interstate 84 (I‐84(. Most of the rest of the route is concurrent with I‐84, with only about, under 1/5 of its remaining length, off the freeway, mainly on old alignments.

Idaho.

Upon entering Idaho, US 30 runs along its old surface route through Fruitland and New Plymouth before joining I‐84. It leaves at Bliss and soon crosses the Snake River, running south of it through Twin Falls and Burley before crossing it again and rejoining I‐84. At the split with Interstate 86 (I‐86), US 30 continues east with I‐86 almost to its end at Pocatello. US 30 cuts southeast through downtown Pocatello to Interstate 15, where it heads south to McCammon. There it exits and heads east and southeast into Wyoming, not paralleling an Interstate highway for the first time since Portland.  The Thousand Springs Scenic Byway is a picturesque section of old US 30 in southern Idaho between the towns of Bliss and Buhl, dipping down into the Hagerman Valley and a canyon of the Snake River. The byway takes its name from the numerous streams and rivulets springing forth out of the east wall of that canyon, many of them plainly visible from the road, with the panoramic river in the foreground. These springs are outlets from the Snake River Aquifer, which flows through thousands of square miles of porous volcanic rock and is one of the largest groundwater systems in the world. The aquifer is believed to be fed by the Lost River which disappears into lava flows near Arco, about northeast of Hagerman.

Wyoming.

In Wyoming, US 30 heads southeast through Kemmerer to Granger, where it joins Interstate 80 across the southern part of the state. It is also here that it joins the historic Lincoln Highway. As in the previous two states, US 30 remains with the Interstate highway for most of its path, only leaving for the old route in the following places:

Nebraska.

Unlike the three states to the west, Nebraska keeps US 30 completely separate from its parallel Interstates (Interstate 80 [I‐80] in this case). From the state line to Grand Island, US 30 closely parallels I‐80. East of Grand Island, US 30 diverges from I‐80 and runs northeast towards Columbus on a highway parallel to the Platte River. At Columbus, it turns east towards Schuyler and Fremont and crosses the Missouri River into Iowa east of Blair.

Iowa.

US 30 crosses Iowa from west to east approximately north of Interstate 80. Between Missouri Valley and Denison, US 30 runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction. Several freeway bypasses have been built around the major cities on US 30 - Ames, Marshalltown, Tama, Cedar Rapids and DeWitt. It crosses the Mississippi River into Illinois on the Gateway Bridge at Clinton.  U.S. Route 30S and U.S. Route 30A are two previous alternate alignments of US 30 in Iowa. They followed the original alignment of US 30 in the state. They both began in Nebraska, entered Iowa in Council Bluffs, and extended north to Missouri Valley via Crescent to meet the current highway.

Illinois.

US 30 heads east in Illinois to Rock Falls, where it begins to parallel Interstate 88. At Aurora it turns southeast to Joliet, where it is a major thoroughfare in the city of Joliet (Plainfield Road), and then back east through New Lenox, Frankfort, Mokena, Matteson, Olympia Fields, Park Forest, Chicago Heights, Ford Heights, and Lynwood to the Indiana state line, bypassing Chicago to the south. Notwithstanding, the original 1926 routing of US 30 ran directly through downtown Chicago.

Indiana.

US 30 in Indiana is a major rural divided highway. It is not a freeway except at Fort Wayne, where it runs around the north side on Interstate 69 (I‐69) and Interstate 469. Between Interstate 65 (at Merrillville) and I‐69 (Fort Wayne), there are over 40 traffic signals on this divided highway, hindering smooth traffic flow. This is especially pronounced near Warsaw and Columbia City, where the speed limit is reduced and there are many driveways from businesses, as well as traffic signals that are too near each other and poorly timed, causing frequent bottlenecks. Many of the other signals are concentrated between Hobart and Valparaiso, the two cities being about apart. It is, however, a four lane divided road through its entirety within Indiana, generally avoiding small towns. Speed limits range, but are generally.

Ohio.

US 30 continues into Ohio, Where it is mainly a 4 lane divided highway until in Canton. A proposal to make US 30 a limited access freeway from Trump Ave and OH 11 was set in 2019 & federal funding has set $18 Million to construct the new freeway. As of 2020 the only sections that are limited access freeways are in Van Wert, Bucyrus, Mansfield, Wooster, & Canton. A section between I-71 & US-250 is a divided 4 lane highway. Also a section between OH 57 & OH 172 is a 4 lane divided highway with Traffic Signals at 2 intersections. The highway passes through Van Wert. After Van Wert it travels through Upper Sandusky where, the highway runs concurrent with US 23. The section between Mansfield and Canton follows the old Lincoln Highway. The last remaining segments that will be upgraded to a freeway is passed Canton, currently the highway is a 2 lane route that passes through East Canton, Minerva, & Lisbon. After Lisbon it concurs with OH 45 for 3 miles and it becomes a freeway. Designated with signs marking routes OH 11, OH 7, OH 39, & US 30. After joining Ohio 11, Ohio 7 becomes a part of the freeway where all 3 routes split in East Liverpool where US 30 joins OH 39 for 1 mile and US 30 crosses the Ohio River into West Virginia.

West Virginia.

US 30 runs for only about in West Virginia. It crosses the Ohio River over the Jennings Randolph Bridge, continuing the freeway from the Ohio section. After cutting through the town of Chester with only one interchange, West Virginia Route 2 (Carolina Avenue), the freeway section ends not too long after. US 30 continues across the northernmost piece of the Northern Panhandle on a two-lane road.

Pennsylvania.

US 30 heads southeast into Pennsylvania, joining U.S. Route 22 (US 22) and then the Penn-Lincoln Parkway West west of Pittsburgh. It heads through downtown Pittsburgh on Interstate 376/US 22, leaving at Wilkinsburg for its own alignment. From there it roughly parallels the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 76 [I‐76]) to the Philadelphia area, though in many areas, particularly from York past Lancaster, and bypassing Coatesville, Downingtown, and Exton, it is far enough from the Pennsylvania Turnpike to require its own freeway. As it approaches Philadelphia, US 30 constitutes the main road of the "Main Line", a famous string of affluent suburbs west of the city; often called Lancaster Avenue and Lancaster Pike through this stretch. US 30 then briefly joins I‐76 near downtown Philadelphia, splitting onto Interstate 676 to cross the Delaware River on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge.

New Jersey.

US 30 splits from Interstate 676 just east of the Ben Franklin Bridge toll plaza in Camden and heads southeast to Atlantic City, generally parallel to the Atlantic City Expressway, passing through the New Jersey Pine Barrens. For most of its New Jersey run, it is known as the White Horse Pike. It ends in Atlantic City at Atlantic Avenue, about from the Atlantic Ocean.

History.

US 30 was originally proposed to run from Salt Lake City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey. West of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this was designated largely along the Lincoln Highway, as part of a promise to the Lincoln Highway Association to assign a single number to their road as much as possible. West of Salt Lake City, U.S. Route 40 continued to San Francisco, California, although it ran farther north than the Lincoln Highway east of Wadsworth, Nevada and west of Sacramento, California.  Around 1931, a split in Ohio was designated, from Delphos east to Mansfield. The original US 30 was assigned U.S. Route 30S (US 30S), and a straighter route became U.S. Route 30N (US 30N). US 30S was eliminated ca 1975, putting US 30 on former US 30N.  US 30 was rerouted ca 1931 to bypass Omaha, Nebraska and Council Bluffs, Iowa to the north. The former route, from Fremont, Nebraska to Missouri Valley, Iowa, was designated U.S. Route 30S. Around 1934 it was truncated to Omaha and c. 1939 it was changed from US 30S to US 30A and was removed from service in 1969 when the historic Douglas Street bridge was demolished.  Metropolitan Portland, Oregon has a signed US 30 "Bypass", beginning at the St. John's bridge, following (roughly) Lombard Street in North Portland, continuing along Sandy Boulevard, and rejoining the Interstate 84|/US 30 route in the center of the town of Wood Village. Junctions with Interstate 5, US 30 at the St. John's bridge, and Interstate 205 are all signed with "US-30 BYPASS" markers. Portland also had a U.S. 30 Business route along N.E. Sandy Boulevard, however the route was decommissioned in 2007.  During the planning stages US 30 was proposed to run through and terminate in Salt Lake City, Utah, but Idaho and Oregon objected. What is now US 30 through those states (west of Burley, Idaho) had been designated as part of U.S. Route 20, another transcontinental route, but it took a detour to the north through Yellowstone National Park, making it inaccessible during the winter season. The states agreed to take US 30 along that route, splitting from the route to Salt Lake City at Granger, Wyoming and running along what had been designated as U.S. Route 530 (US 530). (That number was then reused for the spur towards Salt Lake City.) The planned US 530 had ended at U.S. Route 91 at McCammon, Idaho, where the new US 30 turned north to Pocatello, meeting the planned US 20. (US 20 was truncated to Yellowstone but later extended along its own route to the Pacific Ocean.) What had been designated as U.S. Route 630 (US 630), from US 30 at Echo, Utah to Ogden, Utah, was to be extended east on former US 30 to US 30 at Granger and northwest on US 91 and what had been designated U.S. Route 191 to US 30 at Burley.  Utah objected to that plan, however, as it removed US 30 from that state, giving them only US 630, a branch. A compromise was reached, in which the US 630 route would become the main line of US 30, once improved to higher standards, but that was still not deemed completely satisfactory. Ultimately, in the final system, a split was approved between Burley, Idaho and Granger, Wyoming, with U.S. Rout 30N running along the modern routing US 30, and U.S. Route 30S taking the route through Utah (planned as US 630). In the final plan (dated November 11, 1926), the route towards Salt Lake City became U.S. Route 530, ending at U.S. Route 40 at Kimball Junction, Utah.  In 1988 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) engineers proposed that US 30 be rerouted and upgraded to a four-lane controlled-access expressway through a portion of Lancaster County. The American Farmland Trust (AFT) opposed the plan because, according to Jim Riggle, then Director of Operations at AFT, it "would have cut right through the heart of the best farmland [and] would probably have been the death knell of the Amish community." The plans were averted when more than a thousand Old Order Amish, people who do not usually participate in the public process, "drove their buggies to the meeting hall and expressed their concern by simply sitting quietly in the audience in their black homespun suits."

Special routes.

US 30 has had multiple alternate routes during it existence, but all have been finally eliminated. Although several business loops of US 30 have been decomission as well, nearly a dozen remain. In addition to these business loops, there is also one bypass, one emergency route, and one business alternate truck route.

U.S. Route 30 or U.S. Highway 30 (US 30) is an east–west main route in the system of the United States Numbered Highways, with the highway traveling across the northern tier of the country. With a length of, it is the third longest U.S. highway, after U.S. Route 20 (US 20) and U.S. Route 6. The western end of the highway is at US 101 in Astoria, Oregon; the eastern end is at Virginia Avenue, Absecon Boulevard, and Adriatic Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Despite long stretches of parallel and concurrent Interstate Highways, it has not been decommissioned unlike other long haul routes such as U.S. Route 66.

La U.S. Route 30 ou US 30 est une U.S. Route importante reliant la côte est à la côte ouest des États-Unis. Elle relie Astoria dans l'Oregon à Atlantic City dans le New Jersey.


Life.

Ahrenberg came from a Swedish-speaking Finnish family from Viborg. His father was a school headmaster and his mother engaged in a Christian revival movement. Jac Ahrenberg studied architecture, inspired by his friend Theodor Höijer, for Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander at the Royal Institute of Art in Stockholm. After finishing his studies he continued through study journeys that would take him to Europe, through the Balkans and to North Africa.  Back in Finland he took up a position at a government agency overseeing the construction of public buildings in 1877. He made a successful career at the agency and received a new and higher appointment there as late as 1910. Early in his career he became involved in the preparations of Finland's contributions to the world fair in Paris in 1878 and another exposition in Copenhagen in 1888, together with Robert Runeberg and Julius af Lindfors. He thus got an opportunity to develop his talent not only as an architect but also as an artist and designer. He was a close friend of artist Fanny Churberg and associated with the Friends of Finnish Handicraft group (engaged in designing and making textiles) although he later largely parted ways with this group. In 1885 he was responsible for the planning of the visit to Lappeenranta by Emperor Alexander III for a military exercise and also supplied the designs for the interior of a fishing cabin that was given as a gift to the Emperor. Ahrensberg's background in multicultural Vyborg and skill in languages may have made him appear suitable for jobs related to the Russian authorities (Finland was at the time an autonomous part of the Russian Empire).  Ahrenberg had published his first literary work in 1870 and continued writing all his life. Apart from books he also contributed to newspapers and magazines.  In 1876 he married artist Fredrika Widolfa Carolina von Engeström. The couple had one daughter, Signe, whose son Kaj Franck became a well-known Finnish designer.

Architecture.

In his official capacity Jac Ahrenberg was responsible for providing designs for public buildings, notably schools and churches. Hanko Church (1892), Kajaani Church (1896) and the Reserve Officer School in Hamina (1898) have been mentioned as some of his most accomplished work. As an architect, Ahrenberg was an eclectic on a classical foundation. He was one of the first architects in Finland who recognised the need for a systematic approach to building conservation even though he later received criticism for his somewhat schematic approach to the subject. In architecture he had a cosmopolitan outlook and was an admirer of Swedish culture, somewhat in opposition to National Romantic ideas of his time.

Design and art.

For the expositions in 1878 and 1888, Ahrenberg designed furniture and textiles and worked in a style that adhered to a pronounced European tradition but with details that were considered markedly Finnish. He later distanced himself from outspoken nationalistic ideals in design and adhered to the liberal ideas of art theorist Carl Gustaf Estlander. He was also an active painter throughout his life.

Literature.

Ahrenberg wrote in Swedish but was translated to Finnish as well as other languages. He produced a number of novels and short stories set in eastern Finland which became popular. They deal with everyday life in the region, e.g. the short story collections "Hemma" ("At home", 1887) and "Österut" ("Eastwards", 1890). His novel "Stockjunkarn" (1892) relates the story of the demise of a trading company in Viborg and has been described as the artistically most accomplished novel by Ahrenberg. Other novels that have been described as particularly noteworthy are "Familjen på Haapakoski" ("The family at Haapakoski", 1893) and "Vår landsman" ("Our countryman", 1897), in which he describes the life of russified Finnish officers and their families. He also published his memoirs in six volumes, "Människor jag känt", in which he relates lively anecdotes about many well-known people of his time whom he knew personally, e.g. Heinrich Schliemann, Vasily Vereshchagin, Ivan Turgenev, Viktor Rydberg, Charles Garnier and Arthur de Gobineau; the racist ideas of the latter influenced Ahrenberg to a certain degree. Overall, his literary production has been described as a skilled but somewhat uneven writer and his books "did not become classics".

Johan Jacob Ahrenberg, usually referred to as Jac (30 March 1847, in Vyborg – 10 October 1914, in Helsinki) was a Finnish architect, writer and artist. He designed a number of public buildings in Finland and is also remembered for his literary work which mainly deals with themes from contemporary everyday life in eastern Finland.

Johan Jacob Ahrenberg, né le à Viipuri et mort le à Helsinki, est un architecte, artiste peintre, critique d'art et écrivain finlandais.


Background.

Mariah Carey's second studio album, "Emotions" (1991), contained influences from mostly 1950s, 1960s and 1970s balladry and gospel, as well as her continued work of R&B and soul. The album, while praised by some as more mature and raw, failed to reach the critical or commercial heights of her debut effort, and could not introduce Carey to a different market. Following these events, Columbia decided to market the singer in a similar fashion to her debut,

Writing and recording.

Aside from her work as a vocalist and record artist, Carey was becoming known as a songwriter, having penned and produced all of her own material throughout her career. During the production of "Music Box", she was approached by Epic Records to write and record a song alongside Afanasieff, and release it on the soundtrack to the 1992 film "Hero", featuring Dustin Hoffman and Geena Davis. While Carey was interested in the project, Mottola was very adamant over allowing Carey to take part in anything involving film, fearing it would hurt her career. Additionally, Columbia felt uneasy about allowing their highest-selling recording artist to contribute to another label, even a branch of the same parent company, Sony. So they wanted to try the next best thing, which was to have us write something." Still interested in working for the film, Carey agreed to pen the feature song for the film, intended for fellow female singer, Gloria Estefan. Carey and Afanasieff sat together in a studio in New York, and over the course of two hours, composed the song's melody, lyric and concept. In an interview with Fred Bronson, Afanasieff discussed the process in which they had completed the rough version of the song:  I went to New York and we were in the studio and came to a break. I was sitting at the piano and told Mariah about this movie. Within two hours, we had this incredible seed for this

Composition and lyrical content.

"Hero" is a mid-tempo ballad. It was written and produced by Carey and Afanasieff, and was released as the second single from her third studio album, "Music Box". It incorporates music from several musical instruments, including the piano, guitar and organ. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 62 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of E major with Carey's vocal range spanning from the low-note of G to the high-note of E. The song's chorus has a basic chord progression of G–G–G/F–Em–G/D–C-G/B–Am. Originally, Carey felt the song was "too schmaltzy" and over the top for her, and not in line with her other work. However, after being convinced by Mottola to keep the song, Carey changed the song and personalized it, during which time she grew to feel a connection to the song and its lyrics. According to author Chris Nickson, "Hero" is one of Carey's most personal and inspirational ballads. Carey has described how the song was never her favorite, however, after all the fan letters and messages she received about the song, she felt the need to perform it as often as possible. In an interview with Fred Bronson, Carey described the song's meaning to her and to fans:  One person could say that 'Hero' is a schmaltzy piece of garbage, but another person can write to me a letter and say, 'I've considered committing suicide every day of my life for the last ten years until I

Copyright lawsuits.

"Hero" was the subject of two copyright plagiarism cases; one by Christopher Selletti and the other by Rhonda Dimmie, filed in 1993 and 1996. Selletti claimed he had written the song's lyrics in the form of a poem. One day, as he drove Sly Stone in a limousine to Long Island, he claimed to show him the poem. Selletti claimed Stone complimented the poem, taking it and promising to patent it and earn him royalties. After many months, the pair fell out of contact, leading Selletti to mail himself the envelope and poem, performing a "poor man's copyright". Three years later in 1996, he claimed to listen to Carey's album "Music Box" and was shocked when he noted the song's similar lyrics. He filed a lawsuit against Carey, Stone, Sony and Stone's manager Jerry Goldstein. Selletti claimed that Stone must have sold or contributed the lyrics to Carey during the recording of the album in late 1992. However, since Stone did not receive songwriting credits on "Hero", Selletti then dropped the suit against Stone, leaving him against Carey and Sony. Prior to their courtroom meeting, Carey told "New York Daily News" "I feel totally victimized. 'Hero' is my creation and it holds a very special meaning to me. I have every intention of fighting this all the way." In court, Carey provided evidence to her innocence, in the form of a dated lyrical and music notebook, with

Reception.

Critical response.

"The Baltimore Sun" critic J.D. Considine praised "Hero", writing, "[Hero] is a lavish, soul-stirring ballad, the sort of thing other singers would pay Diane Warren to write." Additionally, he called its chorus "uplifting" and "soaring", following praise towards Carey's vocal performance. Rik Ambelle from "Crawley News" noted in his review of "Music Box", that Carey "really is at her best" on ballads like "Hero". "Entertainment Weekly" wrote, "There’s a timelessness to “Hero” that’s almost jarring — it’s such a classic chest-pounder that it’s as if we’ve

Chart performance.

"Hero" became Carey's eighth chart topper on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It reached the number one position in its tenth week and spent four weeks at the top, from December 25, 1993 to January 15, 1994. It replaced "Again" by Janet Jackson, and was replaced by Bryan Adams, Rod Stewart and Sting's "All for Love". In total, the song remained in the top 40 for 25 weeks, with 16 of those spent in the top ten. On the "Billboard" year-end Charts for 1994, "Hero" finished at number five, number 53 on the decade-end chart and number three

Awards and accolades.

"Hero" was awarded and nominated for awards throughout the music industry. At the 12th ASCAP Awards, Carey took home the award for "Rhythm & Soul Songwriter". The following year, at the 13th annual

Music videos and re-recordings.

Prior to the song's release towards the end of 1993, Carey performed an intimate concert at Proctor's Theatre, New York on July 15, 1993. Following its taping, the concert was released as the home video titled, "Here Is Mariah Carey" (1993). Carey's performance of the song that night was edited and commissioned as the official music video, directed by Larry Jordan. The video was included on Carey's DVD "#1's" (1998). The video features her in a long dark dress, sporting long curly hair. On few international versions of the album, a Spanish version of the song was included, such as on the Mexican and Argentinian versions. It was titled "Héroe", and featured translation by Jorge Luis Piloto, a Spanish musician who had come to briefly work with Carey.  In 2001, following the September 11 attacks, Carey re-recorded the song as a medley with "Never Too Far", her single at the

Live performances.

Due to fan requests and its personal lyrical content, Carey has performed "Hero" on several occasions throughout her career. She first performed the song in July 1993 at the Proctor's Theater, later to be released as "Here Is Mariah Carey". Later, she performed the song live on "The Arsenio Hall Show" in November 1993, appearing on stage after a short interview wearing a mid-length black gown and sporting long brown locks. She was joined by three back-up vocalists, Trey Lorenz, Cindi Mizelle and Melodie Daniels. Carey continued stateside promotion of the song with a performance on "The Jay Leno Show" the following week. Throughout Europe and Australasia, Carey made appearances on "Sacrée Soirée" in France, "Platendaagse" in the Netherlands, "Sale El Dia" in Spain, "Sontagsoppet" in Sweden, and "Hey Hey It's Saturday" in Australia. On May 15, 1996, at the Annual National Peace Officers Memorial Service, held in the grounds of the US Capitol Building, Carey performed Hero in tribute to police officers killed in the line of duty. In attendance was the US president at the time, Bill Clinton. Following the release of her sixth studio album "Butterfly", Carey performed it alongside "Butterfly" on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on September 22, 1997. In between both performances, Winfrey interviewed Carey over her failed marriage to Mottola, as well as the several negative rumors that followed their divorce. Two years later, she performed "Hero" together with Luciano Pavarotti in Modena, Italy during the summer of 1999. Carey appeared on stage alongside him, wearing a long pink evening gown and sporting a long straightened hairstyle. The performance was filmed and released on VHS as "Pavarotti and Friends".  Carey sang "Hero" in Seoul, South Korea in June 1999 during the "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concert, which raised money for several charitable organizations. On September 21, 2001, following the September 11 attacks, Carey sang "Hero" as part of the "" telethon. Her appearance on the telethon was her first public appearance since her publicized breakdown and hospitalization, prior to the release of "Glitter". In 2003, Carey performed a medley of songs from her album, "Charmbracelet" (2002), during Michael Jordan's final NBA All-Star Game in 2003 Following the medley, she included "Hero" onto the short set-list, followed by Jordan's final game. On July 2, 2005, a benefit concert was held in Hyde Park, London titled Live 8. The televised event was watched by over

Cover versions and uses.

"Hero" has been covered several times through live performances, as well as recorded studio versions. Additionally, since its debut, it has achieved strong media attention. In 2009, prior to the election results, Barack Obama's wife Michelle played him the song to give him strength and inner support. A source close to Carey claimed that hearing the song's use meant a lot to her, saying, "She was blown away when she heard. She is so honoured to have played her part in such an occasion." At the 1994 Essence Awards, Aretha Franklin performed a live rendition of the song as a tribute to The Reverend Jesse Jackson. In 2001, Neal Schon performed an instrumental version on the album Voice. Filipino singers Regine Velasquez and Sarah Geronimo both performed the song live on television, with the former playing a medley of the song alongside Carey's "Anytime You Need a Friend". International male operatic pop group Il Divo included the Spanish version of the song on their

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the "Music Box" liner notes.  "Hero" was recorded at

"The X Factor UK" 2008 finalists version.

The twelve finalists from the fifth series of the British TV talent show "The X Factor" released a cover of the song on October 27, 2008 for the Help for Heroes and The Royal British Legion charities. The finalists performed the single for the first time on October 25, 2008 during Week 3 of the live broadcasts. The single was released on download on October 26, 2008, followed by the physical release the day after.  On October 30, it was announced that the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, would waive all tax on copies sold on the single. He said, "I support the efforts being made by the "X Factor" contestants and in recognition of that I'm proposing effectively to waive the VAT on the sale of these singles. We will do that by making a donation equivalent to the value of the VAT." Following the single's release, the music video was sent to music channels on November 8 before the fifth live show, when the finalists (excluding Diana Vickers, absent because of illness) sang it again. All the finalists appeared in the video, which also showed still images of soldiers in Iraq. The finalists performed the song again with Mariah Carey on November 8, 2008 during Week 5 of the live broadcasts, a week in which Carey's music and career served as the theme.

Chart performance.

Upon its release, the single was expected to top the charts in the United Kingdom, due to strong promotional push from Cowell and his management. On November 2, 2008, it debuted atop of the UK Singles Chart, staying there for three consecutive weeks and becoming the fastest-selling single of 2008. The song sold 100,000 copies in the first day of its release and 313,244 copies by the end of the week. It raised over £1 million for Help for Heroes.  It

"Hero" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on October 19, 1993, via Columbia Records as the second single from Carey's third studio album, "Music Box" (1993). Originally intended for Gloria Estefan, the song was written and produced by Mariah and Walter Afanasieff. While writing the song, Carey did not connect to its style or sound, therefore forfeiting it over to the soundtrack of the film of the same name. However, after being convinced to keep it, she changed some of the lyrics to more precisely fit her personality. Lyrically, the song is regarded as one of Carey's most inspirational and personal ballads, with its protagonist declaring that even though people may feel discouraged or down at times, in reality, they are "heroes" if they look inside themselves and see their own inner strength; in time, it will help them "find the way".

La chanson reçoit des critiques mitigées notamment pour les paroles alors que la prestation vocale de Carey est louée. À part les paroles, se compose de guitare, d'orgue et de piano. La chanson rencontre beaucoup de succès dans le monde et devient le huitième numéro un de Carey aux États-Unis. De plus, elle est à la onzième place du classement annuel et à la du classement décennal. En dehors des États-Unis, atteint le top 5 au Canada, en France, en Irlande, en Norvège, en Nouvelle-Zélande ainsi que le top 10 en Australie et au Royaume-Uni. Grâce à sa popularité, est reprise par les finalistes de X Factor 2008 et sortent un qui est numéro un en Irlande et au Royaume-Uni tout en devenant l'une des chansons les plus vendues au Royaume-Uni.


Hot launch and cold launch.

A vertical launch system can be either "hot launch", where the missile ignites in the cell, or "cold launch", where the missile is expelled by gas produced by a gas generator which is not part of the missile itself, and then the missile ignites. "Cold" means "relatively" cold compared with rocket engine exhaust. A hot launch system does not require an ejection mechanism, but does require some way of disposing of the missile's exhaust and heat as it leaves the cell. If the missile ignites in a cell without an ejection mechanism, the cell must withstand the tremendous heat generated without igniting the missiles in the adjacent cells.  An advantage of a hot-launch system is that the missile propels itself out of the launching cell using its own engine, which eliminates the need for a separate system to eject the missile from the launching tube. This potentially makes a hot-launch system relatively light, small, and economical to develop and produce, particularly when designed around smaller missiles. A potential disadvantage is that a malfunctioning missile could destroy the launch tube.  The advantage of the cold-launch system is in its safety: should a missile engine malfunction during launch, the cold-launch system can eject the missile thereby reducing or eliminating the threat. For this reason, Russian VLSs are often designed with a slant so that a malfunctioning missile will land in the water instead of on the ship's deck. As missile size grows, the benefits of ejection launching increase. Above a certain size, a missile booster cannot be safely ignited within the confines of a ship's hull. Most modern ICBMs and SLBMs are cold-launched.  American surface-ship VLSs have the missile cells arranged in a grid with one lid per cell and are "hot launch" systems; the engine ignites within the cell during the launch, and thus it requires exhaust piping for the missile flames and gasses. France, Italy and Britain use a similar hot-launching Sylver system in PAAMS. Russia produces both grid systems and a revolver design with more than one missile per lid. Russia also uses a cold launch system for some of its vertical launch missile systems, e.g., the Tor missile system. The People's Republic of China (PRC) uses a Concentric Canister Launch (CCL) system that can launch using both hot and cold method. Prior to the CCL, some of the surface combatants featured a circular "cold launch" system that ejects the missile from the launch tube before igniting the engine on the Type 052C destroyer, and other parts of the fleet featured rectangular ”hot launch" systems, with one lid per cell arranged in a grid on the Type 054A frigate.

Other platforms.

Transporter erector launchers are wheeled or tracked land vehicles for the launch of surface to air and surface to surface missiles. In most systems the missiles are transported in a horizontal out of battery configuration: in order to fire, the vehicle must stop and the transport/launch tube must be raised to the vertical before firing.  BAE has filed patents relating to the use of Vertical Launch missiles from modified passenger aircraft.

A vertical launching system (VLS) is an advanced system for holding and firing missiles on mobile naval platforms, such as surface ships and submarines. Each vertical launch system consists of a number of "cells", which can hold one or more missiles ready for firing. Typically, each cell can hold a number of different types of missiles, allowing the ship flexibility to load the best set for any given mission. Further, when new missiles are developed, they are typically fitted to the existing vertical launch systems of that nation, allowing existing ships to use new types of missiles without expensive rework. When the command is given, the missile flies straight up long enough to clear the cell and the ship, and then turns on course.

Un système de lancement vertical ( "vertical launching system", VLS) est un dispositif de lancement de missiles utilisé originellement à bord de navires ou sous-marins permettant comme son nom l'indique de tirer des missiles à la verticale depuis ceux-ci sans utiliser de rampe de lancement; dans les années 2010, certains sont installés dans des bases à terre. Contrairement aux anciens lanceurs de missiles qui ne peuvent tirer que leur armes dédiées, il dispose de plusieurs blocs permettant d'insérer divers types de missiles pour une plus grande polyvalence.


Background.

Weber dedicated "Invitation to the Dance" to his wife Caroline (they had been married only a few months). He labelled the work "rondeau brillante", and he wrote it while also writing his opera "Der Freischütz".  It was the first concert waltz to be written: that is, the first work in waltz form meant for listening rather than for dancing. John Warrack calls it "the first and still perhaps the most brilliant and poetic example of the Romantic concert waltz, creating within its little programmatic framework a tone poem that is also an apotheosis of the waltz in a manner that was to remain fruitful at least until Ravel's choreographic poem, "La valse"...".  It was also the first piece that, rather than being a tune for the dancers to dance to or a piece of abstract music, was a programmatic description of the dancers themselves.  "Invitation to the Dance" was part of the repertoire of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, and many other pianists. It has been recorded by great artists of the past such as Artur Schnabel, Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman and Yvonne Lefébure, through to those of the present day such as Stephen Hough, Jean-François Heisser, Michael Endres, Hamish Milne, and Balázs Szokolay. The Carl Tausig transcription has been recorded by Benno Moiseiwitsch and Philip Fowke.

Structure.

The piece was written in D-flat major. It has a slow introduction ("Moderato") leading to a fast section ("Allegro vivace"), then a lilting waltz theme. Other waltz tunes appear, and the fast section, exuberant scale passages ("Vivace") and the main waltz theme are all repeated. It comes to a rousing conclusion – or what sounds very much like one – then finishes with a quiet coda once more. Live audiences are prone to applaud at the false conclusion, believing the work is over.

Program.

The piece tells the story of a couple at a ball, starting with a young man politely asking a girl for a dance; they take several turns around the room; and they part politely.  Weber gave his wife and dedicatee the following program:

Orchestration.

In 1841, Hector Berlioz was asked to contribute to a production of Weber's opera "Der Freischütz" at the Paris Opera. It was the practice in France at that time that operas contain a ballet in Act II, which were not always by the same composer but often interpolations by other hands. Berlioz was a great admirer of Weber's, having been disappointed more than once in his quest to meet him, and referring repeatedly in his "Treatise on Instrumentation" to Weber's works. He agreed to participate, on condition that the opera be performed complete and unadapted (it had been cut and retitled "Robin des bois" for an Odéon production in the 1820s), and that it contain music only by Weber. For the ballet, he orchestrated the piano score of "Invitation to the Dance", transposing it from D-flat major to D major, being a more orchestrally manageable key and also producing a brighter sound. He called the ballet "L'Invitation à la valse"; as a result, the original piano work is sometimes referred to in English as "Invitation to the Waltz", but that is not its correct title.  This production of the opera was first heard on 7 June 1841, but Berlioz's orchestration immediately took on a life of its own, separate from the opera for which it was intended. Berlioz himself frequently conducted his orchestration of "Invitation to the Dance" in concert. The instrumentation was similar to that which he employed in the "Un bal" movement of his "Symphonie fantastique". It was first heard in the US in 1856, in Boston. By contrast, Weber's original piano rondo was not performed at Carnegie Hall until 1898, by Moriz Rosenthal.  Despite the popularity of the Berlioz arrangement, in 1873 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky described its use in "Der Freischütz" as "utterly incongruous", "tasteless" and "silly". In 1879 he again criticised the practice, having attended a performance of the opera in Paris in which Gabrielle Krauss sang Agatha. He wrote:

Ballet version.

In 1911, Michel Fokine used Berlioz's orchestration of Weber's "Invitation to the Dance" for a ballet for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, which he titled "Le Spectre de la Rose". The scenario was based on a poem by Théophile Gautier, which was also the basis of a song that Berlioz had set as part of his cycle "Les nuits d'été". The principal roles were created by Tamara Karsavina and Vaslav Nijinsky, and the designs were by Léon Bakst. It premiered at Monte Carlo on 19 April 1911.  The 1946 film "Specter of the Rose", directed by Ben Hecht, is unrelated to the ballet in its plot, but excerpts from the ballet and the Weber/Berlioz music are featured. The film score proper was written by George Antheil.

Other versions.

Orchestral.

Joseph Lanner quoted "Invitation to the Dance" in his waltz "Aufforderung zum Tänze", Op. 7.  In 1849, August Bournonville produced for the Royal Danish Ballet a vaudeville ballet called "Le Conservatoire", which uses Holger Simon Paulli's orchestrations of various pieces, including "Invitation to the Dance", and works by Chopin and Pierre Rode.  Felix Weingartner also orchestrated the piece.

Piano.

Adolf von Henselt produced an arrangement more suited for a virtuoso pianist.  Carl Tausig also wrote his own transcription.  Leopold Godowsky wrote a "Contrapuntal Paraphrase on C.M. Weber's "Invitation to the Dance"", for two pianos, with an optional part for a third piano.

Vocal.

It has been arranged for mixed voices SATB by Louis Lavater.

Other.

Benny Goodman based his theme song for the radio program "Let's Dance" on "Invitation to the Dance".

Legacy.

"Invitation to the Dance" lent the waltz a degree of respectability it hitherto lacked, and it was a precursor for the waltzes of Frédéric Chopin and others.  Film biographies of Carl Maria von Weber have appeared under the titles "Aufforderung zum Tanz" (1934), and "Invitation to the Waltz" (1935).

Invitation to the Dance ("Aufforderung zum Tanz"), Op. 65, J. 260, is a piano piece in rondo form written by Carl Maria von Weber in 1819. It is also well known in the 1841 orchestration by Hector Berlioz. It is sometimes called "Invitation to the Waltz", but this is a mistranslation of the original.

Invitation à la danse, op. 65 (), sous-titré « rondo brillant pour pianoforte », est une valse pour piano de Carl Maria von Weber composée en 1819. Elle est dédiée à Caroline Brandt, que le compositeur avait épousée en 1817.


Origins.

Karl Wilhelm von Toll was the son of Conrad Friedrich von Toll (27 March 1749 – 3 February 1821) and Justine Wilhelmine Ruckteschell (born 18 January 1752). His family was of Dutch origins, but had settled in Sweden in the 15th century. One of his forebears had served as an emissary for Sweden to Ivan the Terrible, and had been rewarded for this service with lands in Estonia.

Career.

Toll began his military career in 1796 after a period in the infantry cadet corps under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov. He first saw action in the Swiss expedition of Alexander Suvarov in 1799-1800 and took part in the war of the War of the Third Coalition in 1805. He fought at Austerlitz, in the Turkish campaigns from 1806 to 1809, and in the War of the Sixth Coalition, notably at Leipzig. In 1812 he was named Quartermaster General of the First Army and commanded the evacuation of Moscow. He subsequently led troops at Brienne and Fère-Champenoise, and entered Paris in 1815.  He was named general-adjutant to the emperor in 1823, and infantry general in 1825. In the 1829 campaign against the Turks, General von Toll was chief of the general staff. For his role in the victory at Kulevicha he was granted the title of count by Tsar Nicholas I. During the Polish campaign of 1831, he served as chief of the general staff of Hans Karl von Diebitsch, and succeeded von Diebitsch upon his death. He took part in the siege of Warsaw by Paskevich in September 1831 and succeeded wounded Paskevich as a commander in chief during the final stages of the assault of the city. In 1833 he served on the state council as minister of transport, in which capacity he paid special attention to the Institute of Transport Engineers. He subsequently retired to his estate in the Governorate of Estonia.  Count von Toll was the landowner of Aruküla Manor () in present-day Estonia, which he rebuilt in a neoclassical style. He is buried in the family chapel on the grounds of the estate. The chapel was restored in 1996.

Count Karl Wilhelm von Toll ( ; 9 April 1777, Keskvere, Governorate of Estonia – 5 May 1842) was a Baltic German aristocrat and Russian subject who served in the Imperial Russian Army in the campaigns against the Napoleonic Army.

Le comte Karl Wilhelm von Toll, né dans le gouvernement d'Estland le et mort le à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un aristocrate allemand de la Baltique, sujet de l'Empire russe qui fut général de l'armée impériale russe contre les armées napoléoniennes.


Features.

The building houses 165 apartments that were converted to co-ops in 1954. There are only 50 hotel rooms and suites, but in the tower above the 24th floor there are single apartments to a floor. The Neo-Romanesque/Neo-Gothic roofline with gargoyles disguises the water tower.

History.

The site had been occupied since the early 1890s by the Hotel New Netherland, designed by William Hume for William Waldorf Astor, a member of the prominent Astor family. The building that was to replace it would occupy the same footprint and frontage on Fifth Avenue.  Demolition began in the early winter of 1926, and construction began before the year was out, but the upper floors suffered a spectacular fire when wooden scaffolding caught alight on April 12, 1927 before the building was completed. The fire burned for 12 hours and flames were said to have been visible from Long Island. It ignited a debate in the press concerning the ability of the available technology to put out fires in high-rise buildings.  At the time of the hotel's construction, the Vanderbilt mansion, diagonally across Fifth Avenue, was being demolished. High relief carved limestone panels by Karl Bitter from the Vanderbilt's "porte-cochere" and ornamental frieze roundels from that mansion were installed in the Sherry's classicizing groin-vaulted lobby, where massive marble-veneered pilasters with gilded Italian Renaissance capitals articulate walls paneled in small rectangles, Jacobean-fashion. Because of Prohibition, the Sherry was designed with smaller public restaurant square footage than other pre-war hotels.  In March 1927, construction was almost completed and the property was turned over to Louis Sherry, Inc., a subsidiary of Boomer-duPont Properties Corporation. Lucius Boomer was a noted hotel operator and was also affiliated with the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, while Louis Sherry was a noted restaurateur, famous for ice creams and other confections, and had run a hotel and restaurant, Sherry's, at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, closing it soon after Prohibition. Sherry had died before his name became associated with the new venture.  In 1949, the hotel was sold to Floyd Odlum and Boyd Hatch's Atlas Corporation.  When the New York City Landmarks Commission created the Upper East Side Historic District on May 19, 1981, the Sherry-Netherland was included within its boundaries.  In 2014, the lobby ceiling was restored by Evergreene Architectural Arts. The frescoes on the ceiling were based on Raphael's frescoes in Cardinal Bibbienna's Loggetta at the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. The style was recreated by artist Joseph Aruta in the 1920s.

References.

Notes

The Sherry-Netherland is a 38-story apartment hotel located at 781 Fifth Avenue on the corner of East 59th Street in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was designed and built by Schultze & Weaver with Buchman & Kahn. The building is high, and was noted as the tallest apartment-hotel in New York City when it opened.

L'Hotel Sherry Netherland est un hôtel de 171 mètres de hauteur construit à New York aux États-Unis de 1925 à 1927. Le hall d'entrée de l'immeuble a été copié sur la Bibliothèque vaticane à Rome.


Performance history.

The premiere of the Ur-version (1887) of "Šárka" took place on 26 November 2010 at the Reduta Studio Theatre Brno as part of the Janáček Biennale, conducted from the piano by Ondrej Olos, with Lucie Kašparová in the title role. This first version (of which 30% of the music is retained in the score generally performed today) was sent to Dvořák for comment, but rested in the Janáček archive until 2010; the final version, with fewer motives and longer set-pieces, presages his mature works.  The composer had never completed the work, but, after the success of his later operas, "Šárka" was revised and the orchestration completed by his pupil Osvald Chlubna who had been given the task in preparation for the opera's eventual publication.  In 2000, Jiří Zahrádka edited a new edition of the score. A recording was made later that year based on this edition, with Sir Charles Mackerras conducting the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and with Eva Urbanová in the title role; it was issued the following year (Supraphon SU 3485-2-631).  The premiere stage setting designed the architect and painter Vlastislav Hofman.

Synopsis.

Before the opera begins, during Libuše's reign, women experienced a golden age and the female population had become the privileged members of society, but after her death this was not the case, causing a revolt that produced a female army, of whom Šárka was the fiercest warrior.  As the opera opens, the morale of the male troops is flagging, yet is restored by the young Ctirad, who guards Libuše's tomb. The women enter the sepulchre, but are scared by the appearance of Ctirad, and swear vengeance. Šárka plans to trap the young male warrior, and the maidens tie her to a tree, apparently open and helpless. Ctirad finds her, takes pity and unties her, falling in love with Šárka, but she also falls in love with him. As they sleep in each other's arms, Šárka remembers her resolve and uses her horn to call for the maidens to come and kill Ctirad and his warriors. During the funeral for Ctirad, Šárka, grief-stricken, throws herself onto his pyre and dies in the flames, the chorus sings a lament for the lovers.

Other musical depictions of Šárka.

Czech Bedřich Smetana composed the tone poem Šárka as the third part of his cycle "Má Vlast", which does not contain the final suicide narrated in the opera.

References.

Notes  Sources

Šárka is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by Julius Zeyer, based on Bohemian legends of Šárka in "Dalimil's Chronicle". Written in 1887, the opera lay unproduced for many years and was first performed at the "Divadlo na Hradbách" (today's Mahen Theatre) in Brno on 11 November 1925 in honour of Janáček’s 71st birthday.

Šárka (JW 1/1) est un opéra en trois actes de Leoš Janáček sur un livret de Julius Zeyer d'après son drame (1887). Composé en 1887, révisé en 1888, 1918-19 et 1924-25, il est créé à Brno le sous la direction de Frantisek Neumann. Le troisième acte a été orchestré par Oskar Chlubna.


Career.

Following a collegiate career which began at Burlington County College in New Jersey, then Vincennes University in Indiana, followed by Providence College in Rhode Island, the 6' 8" small forward was selected by the Boston Celtics with the 14th pick in the 1995 NBA Draft. He played two years with them before being traded to the Denver Nuggets during the 1997 offseason for a couple of second round draft picks. The Nuggets only got four games out of Williams during the 1997-98 campaign due to him tearing the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee. The following season, he returned, but only played in 38 of 82 regular season games with Denver before they repatriated him back to Boston along with Danny Fortson and Eric Washington plus a future draft pick in exchange for Ron Mercer, Ronald "Popeye" Jones, and Dwayne Schintzius. His second tenure with the Celtics lasted over four seasons until they traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers along with Tony Battie and Kedrick Brown in a swap for Ricky Davis, Chris Mihm, Michael Stewart, and a second round draft pick on December 15, 2003. He became a free agent after 50 games with the Cavaliers, and signed with the New Jersey Nets prior to the 2004-05 season. Williams was soon part of a blockbuster player trade when the Nets sent him, Aaron Williams, Alonzo Mourning and two future first-round draft picks to the Toronto Raptors for franchise player Vince Carter.  In 2005, Williams decided to launch his own line of clothing honoring the fictional Negro Basketball League.  On June 21, 2006, Williams was traded with Matt Bonner and a second round pick in the 2009 NBA Draft to San Antonio for Rasho Nesterovič and cash.  On February 13, 2007 he was traded along with the 2nd round pick in the 2009 NBA Draft that the Spurs got from the Raptors to the Charlotte Bobcats for Melvin Ely. On March 16, Williams was waived by the Bobcats to make room for Alan Anderson.  He holds career averages of 8.8 points, 3.3 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.

Life outside basketball.

Williams appeared in multiple episodes of the reality TV show "Basketball Wives", from seasons 1-4. Eric also went on to appear in the 2013 film "The Caribbean Heist". In 2015 Williams was featured in the painting, "Freedom from What," a critically acclaimed artwork by Pops Peterson based on "Freedom from Fear," by Norman Rockwell.

Eric C. Williams (born July 17, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player who, until 2007, had played in the National Basketball Association.

Eric Williams, né le à Newark, dans le New Jersey, est un ancien joueur américain de basket-ball. Il évoluait au poste d'ailier.


History.

The 1890s marked the beginning of the first women's ice hockey teams in Canadian universities. These universities included the University of Toronto in Toronto, Queen's University in Kingston, and McGill University in Montreal. In 1908, other schools such as the Calgary Collegiate Institute and Mount Royal University began to ice competitive teams as well. In the early years, teams played behind closed doors and men were not authorized to attend the matches. The referee was the only man present during the matches. Starting in 1900, male spectators were authorized to assist in women's matches in most of the Canadian provinces and some university teams. During this time, there was no university women's league and some university women's teams competed against rivals representing cities. Sometimes, they were forced to cross big geographical distances by train in order to participate in tournaments  The first provincial women's championship took place in 1914 in Picton, Ontario. Six teams participated in the event, including the University of Toronto. In 1921, the University of Toronto bested McGill University during the first Canadian women's university championship. The Toronto Lady Blues would gain 11 championship titles, compared with two titles for the Queen's Golden Gaels before the women's university league dissolved in 1933 During this time period, Elizabeth Graham, a Queen's University goaltender, carried a fencing mask during matches in 1927. She would be the first goaltender in ice hockey, before the famous Jacques Plante, to carry a protective face mask.  On December 16, 1922, the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association (LOHA) was formed, and included several Ontario university teams In 1923, the Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union (WIAU) is created with the aim of offering sporting events to students in Ontario. The WIAU coordinated the programs of the students, and several university women's teams were members there. In the autumn of 1923, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association held its annual meeting in Port Arthur, Ontario. It was here that the association decided not to give to the women official recognition as hockey players. From 1931 until 1941, the non-university team Preston Rivulettes were unbeaten in the LOHA and won ten consecutive championships. Numerous university women's teams are reluctant to join the LOHA because they estimated that they would be unable to compete against the Rivulettes. Due to the Great Depression, several university women's teams were dissolved. Consequently, ice hockey teams became rarer for numerous women's teams.  In 1941, the LOHA was dissolved and, in the aftermath, several teams begin to disappear. The Second World War also affected the level of participation in women's ice hockey in Canada. From 1936 to 1948, and from 1951 to 1960, there was no WIAU official women's competition. Women’s ice hockey would not return until the 1960s at the Canadian university level. The revival in the 1960s resulted in the creation of new women's teams in several Canadian universities. In 1969, the Canada West Universities Athletic Association, with a mission to organize championships in multiple sports for women university students in Western Canada, presented a proposal which eventually led to the creation of the Canadian Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CWIAU). The first recognized national women's championship was in volleyball, presented in March, 1970 at the University of Waterloo. While the CWIAU had been created, university women's ice hockey was still not prevalent outside Ontario, where the Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union (WIAU) merged with the Ontario-Quebec University Athletic Association (OQUAA) to form the Ontario Women's Interuniversity Athletic Association (OWIAA) in 1971. This resulted in university women's teams multiplying and several American university tournaments inviting Canadian teams. Regional women's university ice hockey championships began to grow elsewhere in Canada, and in March 1998, the first Canadian national university championship in women’s ice hockey took place. The Concordia Stingers, in Montreal, hosted the event and won the first U Sports championship.

Schedule structure.

In the U Sports regular season, 36 teams play between 20 and 28 matches in their respective regional conferences. At the end of the season, qualifying rounds (in each regional conference) determine the champion team in each of the four Canadian regions. Afterwards, a national tournament takes place consisting of eight teams: the winning team in each of the four regional championship conferences; (Atlantic University Sport, Quebec Student Sports Federation (in French, "Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec"), Ontario University Athletics and Canada West Universities Athletic Association). In addition, the organizing team of the national tournament (the university which hosts the annual event) and the defending champion, as well as the finalist from all four conferences qualify.

Participating universities.

For the 2019-20 season, the Canadian university women's ice hockey competition consisted of four conferences and 34 teams. The Bishop's Gaiters joined the RSEQ and starts play in 2020-21. The Lethbridge Pronghorns dropped their program following the 2019-20 season. The Trinity Western Spartans and MacEwan Griffins programs also start play in the 2020-2021 season, bringing the team total to 36.

National Champions.

The U Sports women's ice hockey championship is awarded annually to Canada's women's ice hockey champions at the university level. The championship has been competed for since 1998, when the sport was established in the league. Previously, the most important Canadian university women's ice hockey championship was the one from the Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union (WIAU) (from 1921 till 1971), along with that of the Ontario Women's Interuniversity Athletic Association (OWIAA) (from 1972 till 1997) which awarded the Dr. Judy McCaw trophy to the team champion.  The governing body was known as the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union (CIAU) when women's hockey was added to its championship roster. The body's name changed to Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) in 2001 and the current U Sports in 2016.  The award honours Marion Hillard, a top player on the University of Toronto Varsity Blues outstanding hockey team which captured six championships from 1922-27. Hillard was President of the University Hockey Club and was a member of the women's Athletic Directorate for four years. The award recognizes excellence in a student-athlete in three areas: hockey, academics and community involvement.

Awards and honours.

R.W. Pugh Fair Play Award.

The award recognizes the manners and the sportsmanship of one student-athlete on the ice rink:

Coach of the year.

2012-13 Graham Thomas, UBC Thunderbirds Reference

All Star Teams.

1998-99.

Reference  CIS championship MVP player: Lori Shupak, Alberta Pandas

1999-2000.

Reference

2000-01.

Reference

2001-02.

Reference

2002-03.

Reference

2003-04.

In 2003, U Sports, then known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS), added an All-Stars category for the playoffs.  Reference

2004-05.

In 2004, the then-CIS began selecting two All-Star teams (first All-Stars and now second All-Stars) and an All-Rookie Team, as well as maintaining the selection of All-Stars Team for the playoffs tournament.  Reference

2005-06.

Reference  Reference

2006-07.

Reference

2007-08.

Reference  Reference

2008-09.

Reference  Reference

2009-10.

Reference  Reference

2010-11.

Reference  Reference

2011-12.

Reference

U Sports women's ice hockey is the highest level of play at the university level under the auspices of U Sports, Canada's governing body for university sports. Women's ice hockey has been played in U Sports since the 1997-98 season, when the governing body was known as the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, following a long stint of teams only competing in the OUA. There are 36 teams, all of which are based in Canada, that are divided into four conferences that are eligible to compete for the year-end championship. As these players compete at the university level, they are obligated to follow the rule of standard eligibility of five years. This competition is considered as the second level in the pyramid of Canadian women's hockey, below the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL).

Le Championnat universitaire canadien féminin de hockey sur glace – en anglais – est le championnat universitaire de hockey féminin parrainé par U Sports. Ce championnat existe depuis la saison 1997-1998 et regroupe 34 équipes féminines de hockey sur glace des clubs omnisports universitaires au Canada.


Plot.

Chuck (voiced by Jerry Dexter) and Nancy (voiced by Janet Waldo) come across a cave off the coast of Maine where they find a mysterious chest containing halves of a strange ring. When they first joined the rings, they end up transported back to the fabled land of the "Arabian Nights" where they meet their genie Shazzan (voiced by Barney Phillips). Shazzan creates a magical flying camel named Kaboobie (voiced by Don Messick) to serve as their transportation. Shazzan tells Chuck and Nancy that he can't return them home until they deliver the two rings to his rightful owner.  Shazzan is very large, being able to hold Chuck, Nancy and Kaboobie in the open palm of his hand. He is wise and jolly in nature, usually appearing with a cheerful "Ho-ho ho-HO!" and addressing the two children as his "little masters". Chuck and Nancy each wear one half of the broken ring, which has to be joined to bring forth their magical servant. A frequent plot device is that the two teenagers became separated, most often by the act of a villain. They can not summon the omnipotent genie until they manage to find each other. Once Shazzan materializes, it is extremely bad news for the villain.

Style.

The series is similar in its style and production details to the other Alex Toth-created CBS Saturday morning cartoons of 1966–1968, relying heavily on music and sound effects earlier created for "Jonny Quest". As is typical for both animated and live-action TV series of the era that revolve around an ongoing dilemma (Dino Boy in the Lost Valley, Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor, Lost In Space, Gilligan's Island, Lidsville, etc.), the heroes never resolve their long-term situation. Chuck and Nancy never find the ring's owner and thus never return to their American teenage lives.

Voice cast.

The cast included:

Episodes.

Each half-hour episode consists of two 11-minute cartoons.

Other appearances.

Shazzan has appeared on an episode of "Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law" voiced by Maurice LaMarche. In the episode "Mufti Trouble," he had a long-standing rivalry with Mentok the Mindtaker.  Shazzan appeared in "The Final Encounter", an episode of "Space Ghost". It was last episode of the six part "The Council of Doom". Space Ghost falls in a trap that transports him to the dimension of Shazzan. Shazzan helps him defeat the Sultan of Flame and transports him back to his own dimension.  A satirized version of Shazzan named "Shazzang!" appeared as an animated short as part of Robert Smigel's "TV Funhouse" feature on the late night sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live", on the May 14, 2005 episode. The parody depicted the genie Shazzang quickly defeating the villain, but then maiming and executing the villain in an increasingly sadistic fashion, to the horror of Chuck, Nancy, and Kaboobie, eventually babbling about having to "please his dad". It is shown on the DVD version of the "SNL" special "The Best of TV Funhouse".

Home media.

Two episodes of "Shazzan" were released on a Saturday morning cartoon compilation, along with a short video containing some background information. On April 3, 2012, Warner Archive released "Shazzan: The Complete Series" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna–Barbera Classics Collection. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. All episodes, while not perfect, have been faithfully remastered for this release.

Shazzan is an American animated television series, created by Alex Toth and produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that aired on CBS from September 9, 1967 to January 20, 1968 and continued reruns until September 6, 1969. The series follows the adventures of two teenage siblings, Chuck and Nancy, traveling around a mystical Arabian world, mounted on Kaboobie the flying camel. During their journey they face several dangers, but they are aided by Shazzan, a genie with magical powers. 18 half-hour episodes were produced, made up of two 11-minute segments.

Shazzan est une série télévisée d'animation américaine en 36 épisodes de 30 minutes créée par Hanna-Barbera Productions et diffusée du au sur le réseau CBS.


History and culture.

Early history.

Prior to European colonisation, Waitara lay on the main overland route between the Waikato and Taranaki districts. Vestiges of numerous pā on all strategic heights in the district indicate close settlement and closely contested possession, just before and in early European times, by various tribes. Whalers and sealers, who had come from the northern hemisphere, gained help from and formed relationships with local Māori in the early 19th-century, but the area was largely vacated in the 1820s and 1830s following warfare between the resident Te Atiawa iwi (tribe) and those of iwi from north Auckland down to the Waikato. Some Te Atiawa were taken to Waikato as prisoners and slaves, but most migrated to the Cook Strait area in pursuit of guns and goods from whalers and traders.  Pākehā settlers who came to New Plymouth (founded in 1841) in the 1840s and 1850s viewed nearby Waitara as the most valuable of Taranaki's coastal lands because of its fertile soil and superior harbour. The New Zealand Company drew up plans for settlement from New Plymouth to beyond Waitara, and sold blocks to immigrants despite a lack of proof that the company's initial purchase of the land had been legitimate. The company claimed that Te Atiawa had either abandoned the land or lost possession of it, owing to conquest by Waikato Māori. (The Land Claims Commission later upheld this view, but subsequently Governor Robert FitzRoy (in office 1843–1845) rejected it, as did the Waitangi Tribunal in 1996.)

First Taranaki War.

Tensions between settlers and local Māori began as early as July 1842, when settlers who had taken up land north of the Waitara River were driven from their farms. A year later 100 men, women and children sat in a surveyors' path to disrupt the surveying of land for sale.  Between March and November 1848 Wiremu Kīngi, a Te Atiawa chief who staunchly opposed the sale of land in the Waitara area, returned to the district from Waikanae with almost 600 men, women and children and some livestock to retake possession of the land. They established substantial cultivations of wheat, oats, maize and potatoes, selling it to settlers and also for export; his followers also laboured on settler farms. The Waitangi Tribunal noted that the group allegedly eventually owned 150 horses and up to 300 head of cattle.  Despite Kingi's opposition however, payments were made by government agents secretly to Maori individuals for prospective sales of land in the Waitara area, prompting spates of violence between those supporting and opposing land sales.  In 1857 the issue came to a head with the offer for sale of land at Waitara and at Turangi, further to the north, by two individuals, Ihaia Te Kirikumara and a minor chief, Pokikake Te Teira. Teira's 600-acre (240 hectare) Waitara block, located on the west side of the Waitara River and known as the Pekapeka block, became the focal point of a dispute between the colonial government (chiefly representing settlers) and Māori over the right of individuals to sell land that Māori custom regarded as owned by the community.  The dispute ultimately led to the outbreak of war in Waitara on 17 March 1860, when 500 troops began a bombardment of Kingi's Te Kohia pā. The war, in which 2300 Imperial troops fought about 1400 Māori, ran for 12 months before a ceasefire was negotiated.  Later campaigns during the war included the major British defeat in the Battle of Puketakauere, close to Te Kohia pā, on 27 June 1860 which cost the lives of 32 Imperial troops and of five Māori. A major British sapping operation at the strongly defended Te Arei pā up the Waitara River began in February 1861, but was abandoned when a ceasefire was effected the following month. As a result of this operation, Colour Sergeant John Lucas was awarded the Victoria Cross.

Second Taranaki War.

In May 1863 war resumed in Taranaki. The government immediately renounced the earlier Waitara purchase, abandoning all claims to it, and instead created a plan for the confiscation of greater tracts of land under new laws, supposedly as a reprisal for the Oakura killings. In 1865 the Pekapeka block that had been at the heart of the initial dispute with Kingi was confiscated–therefore finding its way back into government control–on the basis that Kingi was at war, though the Waitangi Tribunal concluded there was no evidence he had engaged in hostilities after 1861.  In 1884 the Government returned as "Native reserves" 103,000 hectares of the 526,000 hectares of Taranaki land it had confiscated, although the land remained in government control. By 1990 half of the "reserves" had been sold to Pākehā settlers by the Native Trustee without reference to Maori. The remainder was leased to settlers with Maori receiving only a "peppercorn" rental return.  The Pekapeka Block–which had been the catalyst of the Taranaki Wars and, by extension, the policy of land confiscation–was divided up and given as endowments, or gifts, to the Waitara Borough Council and Taranaki Harbours Board. In 1989 the land was transferred to the New Plymouth District Council, which in turn voted in March 2004 to sell it to the Government with the intention of it being passed to Te Atiawa as part of the Waitangi Treaty settlement. That process was blocked by the High Court in November 2005 after a challenge by the Waitara Leaseholders Association. Association members, each of whom owns a house but leases the (once confiscated) land on which it stands, want to own the land freehold.

Treaty settlement.

In September 1990 the Waitangi Tribunal began hearing 21 Treaty of Waitangi claims concerning the Taranaki district. Much of the tribunal's investigation focused on events around Waitara from 1840 to 1859.  The tribunal presented its report to the Government in June 1996, noting: "The Taranaki claims could be the largest in the country. There may be no others where as many Treaty breaches had equivalent force and effect over a comparable time. For the Taranaki hapu, conflict and struggle have been present since the first European settlement in 1841... Taranaki Maori were dispossessed of their land, leadership, means of livelihood, personal freedom, and social structure and values. As Maori, they were denied their rights of autonomy, and as British subjects, their civil rights were removed. For decades, they were subjected to sustained attacks on their property and persons."  In its report, the tribunal observed that to the offence of local Maori, many street names in Waitara honoured the architects of the illegal land confiscation, including chief crown purchasing agent Donald McLean, Land Purchase Commissioner Robert Parris, Governor Thomas Gore Browne and military officers Charles Emilius Gold and Peter Cracroft. It said: "It is our view that name changes are needed. It is when leaders like Kingi, who understood the prerequisites for peace, are similarly memorialised on the land and embedded in public consciousness that those names will cease to stand for conquest and the Waitara war will end."  In November 1999 the New Zealand Government signed a Heads of Agreement with Te Atiawa to settle its claims, a process that would provide financial compensation and an apology for the confiscation of land.

Marae.

Waitara has two marae. Kairau Marae features Te Hungaririki meeting house, and is a meeting ground for the Pukerangiora hapū of Te Āti Awa. Ōwae or Manukorihi Marae features Te Ikaroa a Māui meeting house and is a marae of Te Āti Awa hapū of Manukorihi, Ngāti Rāhiri and Ngāti Te Whiti.

Economy.

The first port in Taranaki to engage in international trade was Waitara, in 1823, when the barque "William Stoveld" anchored in the river mouth and traded with the Maori. With the establishment of the freezing works in 1872 the river port became even more important to the Province. However the river has a bar at its entrance which can only be crossed at high tide. With the development of a breakwater at the port in New Plymouth, and the railway to New Plymouth the Waitara port quickly became unimportant.  Construction of a railway line between Waitara and New Plymouth began in August 1873. By the time the line opened on 14 October 1875, the town had a harbour board, two printing houses, a soap and candle factory, an iron foundry, a boat-building yard, two breweries, a wool-scouring plant and a tannery.  From 1887 the economy of Waitara became dependent on the frozen meat trade–first to Great Britain and since the creation of the European Common Market, to Asian countries. Except for some very early shipments from Waitara, frozen meat was transported to the port of New Plymouth by rail.  In 1902 Thomas Borthwick and Sons (Australasia) Ltd, a subsidiary of a UK company, bought the Waitara Freezing and Cold Storage Company plant at Waitara. Until 1998, the freezing works employed between 1000 and 1500 workers, by far the largest employer in a town with a population of between 3000 and 5000. In 1990, Borthwicks sold the Waitara works to AFFCO Holdings.  In 1995 AFFCO closed the Waitara works with the consequent severe loss of employment in the town. The shutdown followed the closure of a Swanndri clothing factory, a small-scale but locally significant Subaru car assembly plant and a wool scouring plant. The number of registered unemployed in the town rose from 700 to 1000, helping to boost the unemployment rate for the Taranaki region, which includes New Plymouth and Waitara, to 9.8 percent, compared with the national average of 6.7 percent.  The loss of jobs affected Maori workers disproportionately because they were heavily represented in the work's labour force. Maori were 3.4 times more likely than non-Maori to be living in a "deprived" situation.  After the closure, the majority of buildings making up the Waitara freezing works were demolished, significantly changing the townscape (the area on the right on the far side of the river in the image of Waitara below, was the site of the freezing works).  ANZCO Foods Group subsequently built a plant to manufacture smallgoods such as salami, sausages and hamburger patties on the site of the freezing works. However, AFFCO went to court to enforce a 20-year encumbrance which restricts meat processing and associated activities on the site. It succeeded in both the High Court and the Court of Appeal in preventing the new plant from opening, although an ANZCO subsidiary was allowed to continue using freezer and coolstore facilities there. The two companies are said to have reached an agreement. ANZCO now operates from the site, and has become one of the major employers in the township.  Although the freezing works had been the economic backbone of Waitara, for over 75 years the plants had discharged blood, waste and effluent from the slaughter houses, chains and tanneries directly into the Waitara River, less than 3 km from the sea, well within the tidal zone.  Even after an ocean outfall was built in collaboration with the town council's sewerage system, at Waitangi Tribunal hearings in Waitara, local Maori gave evidence that they had "...historic associations with the coastline in this area and depend upon the sea resources to provide them with the diet to which they have been accustomed for many centuries.....thus the contamination of one reef would deprive hapu which customarily was entitled to the sea food from the reef".  Two large petrochemical plants are now the most important industrial activity in Waitara. The Waitara Valley plant is dedicated to production of methanol from natural gas (about 1500 tonnes per day). The Motunui plant, originally designed to produce synthetic petrol from methanol was modified to produce chemical grade methanol for export.  The high cost of synthetic petrol production and low market prices made the process uneconomical at the time. Motunui has the two largest wooden structures in the southern hemisphere and they are only exceeded in size, anywhere in the world, by the Buddhist temple Tōdai-ji in Nara, Japan. The Motunui plant was closed in December 2004, and restarted in 2008. An onshore production facility for the Pohokura oilfield has been built immediately adjacent to it.  The town continues to be a service centre for the farming sector, particularly to the north and northeast.  Farming in the Waitara catchment includes dairying, beef cattle for meat, sheep for both meat and wool, fruit—mainly kiwifruit—other horticulture including tree and shrub nurseries, and poultry for meat and eggs.

Education.

Waitara High School is the only secondary (years 9–13) school in Waitara with a roll of 343. The school celebrated 60 years in 2007.  Manukorihi Intermediate is an intermediate (years 7–8) school with a roll of 196. It celebrated its 25th jubilee in 1999.  Waitara Central School and Waitara East School are contributing primary (years 1–6) schools with rolls of 116 and 251, respectively. Waitara Central celebrated its 125th jubilee in 2000.  St Joseph's School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 161. It is a state integrated Catholic school.  All these schools are coeducational.

Sport.

The original Waitara Cricket Club was formed in October 1878, with Mr. J. Elliot elected club captain. Mr L. Issit as secretary and treasurer and a committee consisting of Messrs. Bayly, Tutty and Smith. Annual subscriptions for members were set at 10s. The club colours were chosen to be the same as the Waitara Boating Club, "scarlet and white".

Waitara is a town in the northern part of the Taranaki region of the North Island of New Zealand. Waitara is located just off State Highway 3, northeast of New Plymouth. Its population was 6312 in the 2013 census, an increase of 24 from 2006.

Waitara est le nom d'une ville et d'une rivière en Nouvelle-Zélande. La ville est située à au nord est de New Plymouth.


Etymology.

The name "Teutamos" appears to contain the Proto-Indo-European root *"teutéha-", a word meaning "people" or "tribe". The root also appears in Celtic names, such as Celtic deity "Toutatis".. The root is also present in the name of ancient Illyrian ruler Teuta.  Joseph Vendryes had suggested that compound names with the root *"teutéha-" seem to be common around the southeast and the Balkans, although the name "is attested... in Messapic, in Osco-Umbrian, in Venetic, in Gaulish, in Celtiberian, in Brittonic languages, in Welsh, in German and in the Baltic languages".

History.

The details of his military career and promotion are unknown until the present moment.  When Eumenes, after escaping from Nora, joined the Argyraspids in Cilicia, Antigenes and Teutamus at first, in obedience to the orders of the regent Polyperchon and Olympias, placed themselves under his command but they secretly regarded him with jealousy, and Teutamus even listened to the overtures of Ptolemy, and would have joined in a plot against the life of Eumenes, had he not been dissuaded by his more prudent colleague. But though they continued to follow the guidance of Eumenes, and with the troops under their command, bore an important part in his campaigns against Antigonus, they took every opportunity of displaying their envy and jealousy, which their general in vain tried to allay, by avoiding all appearance of the exercise of authority. During the winter campaign in Gabiene (316 BC) the two leaders of the Argyraspids were the prime movers of a plot for the destruction of Eumenes; and after the final action, Teutamus was the first to open negotiations with Antigonus for the recovery of the baggage of the Argyraspids by the betrayal of his rival into his hands. By this act of treachery he probably hoped to secure the favour of Antigonus, as well as to supplant his own colleague or leader, Antigenes; but we find no farther mention of his name, and it is probable that he was sent, with the greater part of the Argyraspids, to perish in Arachosia.

Teutamus (; lived 4th century BC) was a Macedonian officer, who, in 319 BC, shared with Antigenes the command of the select troops called the Argyraspids.

Teutamos ou Teutamus (en grec ancien / ) est un officier macédonien qui de 319 à 316 av. J.-C. partage avec Antigénès le commandement des argyraspides ou « Boucliers d'argent ».


Early life.

Irmingard was born at her father's residence, Schloss Berchtesgaden. She spent her childhood between m Berchtesgaden and her other residences, the Leuchtenberg Palais in Munich, Schloss Leutstetten, and Schloss Hohenschwangau. In 1936 she was sent to England to be educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Roehampton (later Woldingham School) where several of her cousins, princesses of Luxembourg, were also enrolled.  In early 1940 Irmingard and her siblings were allowed to go to Italy and join their father who had left Germany to avoid conflict with the Nazi authorities. She spent the rest of the war mostly in Rome, Florence, and Padua.  In September 1944, Irmingard was arrested by the Nazis who had been unsuccessful in trying to find and arrest her father. She fell ill from typhus and was sent to a prison hospital in Innsbruck. When she recovered, she was sent to the concentration camp at Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen, where she was reunited with other members of her family who had also been arrested. Later they were transferred to the concentration camps at Flossenbürg and Dachau, before being freed by the Third American Army on 30 April 1945.  Irmingard and her sisters sought refuge in Luxembourg, where their mother's sister Charlotte reigned. After a brief return to Germany, she went to the United States for a year, where her uncle Prince Adolf of Schwarzenberg had a ranch in Montana.

Marriage and children.

On 20 July 1950, Irmingard married her first cousin Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (22 June 1913 in Munich — 17 October 2008 in Leutstetten), son of Prince Franz of Bavaria and Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ. The civil wedding took place at Leutstetten, and the religious ceremony followed a day later at Schloss Nymphenburg in Munich. The couple had three children, five grandchildren and four great-grandchildren:  After her father's death in 1955, Irmingard and her husband moved into Schloss Leutstetten, where she continued to live after her husband's death in 2008.

Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (29 May 1923 – 23 October 2010) was the daughter of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and his second wife, Princess Antonia of Luxembourg. She was a half-sister of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria.

Irmingard Marie-Josèphe, princesse de Bavière ( à Berchtesgaden - † au château de Leutstetten) était membre de la famille Wittelsbach.


Biography.

Zorin was born in Dresden around the end of World War II, after which Dresden became part of East Germany. He later moved to France and became a leading businessman through energy trading, eventually transitioning into the electronics industry and operating on the microchip market. According to a briefing by M and Frederick Gray, Zorin is outwardly a staunch anti-communist with high influence in the French government. However, it is revealed later in the movie that he was the product of Nazi medical experimentation during the war, in which pregnant women were injected with massive quantities of steroids in an attempt to create "super-children." Most of the pregnancies failed. The few surviving babies grew to become extraordinarily intelligent—but also psychopathic. After the war, Dr. Hans Glaub (alias Dr. Carl Mortner), the German scientist who conducted the experiments, was spirited away by the Soviet Union, where he continued his experiments with steroids. It is strongly implied that the young Zorin was raised by Mortner as his own father, who was one of Zorin's closest allies in the movie, and explicitly stated that Zorin was trained by and long-affiliated with the KGB. Among other activities, Mortner organizes a doping programme for Zorin's thoroughbred race horses, allowing Zorin to win horse races with ease by activating illegal horse steroids by means of implanted microchips; since the drugs are 'administered' during the race, they do not show up on blood tests taken beforehand, and the dose is so minute that they dissolve into the system before tests can be taken afterwards.  Despite Zorin's longtime KGB affiliation, his outside activities draw attention that the KGB sees as unwelcome, and at a meeting between Zorin and KGB head General Gogol, Gogol rebukes him. Zorin responds by telling Gogol that he no longer considers himself a KGB employee.  Zorin is completely ruthless and displays a near-total lack of loyalty to his own men, as shown when he oversaw the execution of a Soviet spy who attempted to sabotage his oil well operations and when he personally massacres dozens of his own mine workers with a 9mm UZI submachine gun to ensure the success of his own plans. Despite his long-standing and intimate relationship with his right-hand woman May Day, he willingly sacrifices her for the sake of his plans, although this betrayal would backfire on him later on.  Zorin forms a plan to destroy his only competition in Silicon Valley by triggering a massive earthquake in the San Andreas Fault at high tide, causing the valley to flood. Such a disaster would effectively wipe out all computer companies competing against Zorin in the world microchip market and leave him as the leading supplier of microchips; it would also kill millions of people. He plans to use his vast resources to set off a super-earthquake in both the San Andreas Fault and Hayward Fault by flooding them both with water from San Andreas Lake and then breaking the geological lock that forbade both faults from moving simultaneously. To accomplish this, Zorin mines underneath the lakes and plans to blast through the lake beds in order to flood the fault, further exacerbating it by pumping water into them via a vast system of oil wells. Once the floodwaters came in, he would set off the explosives necessary to break the lock.  Zorin's plan is foiled by Bond and Zorin's former lover and henchwoman May Day, who joins Bond's side after Zorin attempts to kill her. She pushes a trailer full of explosives out of the valley and into open air, sacrificing her own life in the process. Bond and Stacey Sutton both witness the explosion, which infuriates Zorin and makes him even more determined to get revenge on Bond. When leaving the valley in his airship with Scarpine and Mortner, he captures Stacey and makes away with her, only for Bond to grab hold of a mooring rope as the airship heads for the Golden Gate Bridge. Zorin attempts to kill Bond by flying him into the framework of the bridge, but Bond manages to hold on and bring the airship to a halt by mooring it to the framework. Stacey attacks Zorin and in the scuffle both Scarpine and Mortner are knocked out. She escapes onto the bridge with Bond, and Zorin attempts to attack them both with an axe, but in the scuffle he loses his grip of the framework and falls to his death into San Francisco Bay.

Behind the scenes.

The role was initially offered to David Bowie, who turned it down, saying, "I didn't want to spend five months watching my stunt double fall off cliffs." Rutger Hauer also turned down the part, before Christopher Walken signed on.  Legal problems arose before the film's release when producers became aware there was a pre-existing company named the Zoran Corporation which makes microchips. The Zoran Corporation threatened to sue for defamation. Pre-production crew had neglected to do a trademark search prior to filming. The parties came to an agreement and, because of this, "A View to a Kill" is the first 007 film with a legal disclaimer inserted.

Maximillian "Max" Zorin is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 1985 James Bond film "A View to a Kill". He is portrayed by Christopher Walken.

Maximillian "Max" Zorin est un personnage de fiction de la série cinématographique James Bond. Antagoniste principal du film "Dangereusement vôtre, " il est interprété par l'acteur américain Christopher Walken.


Life.

Theophan the Recluse, also known as Theophan Zatvornik or Theophanes the Recluse or (in the Library of Congress Name Authority File, and therefore in many library catalogs) as "<unk>eofan, Saint, Bishop of Tambov and Shatsk, 1815-1894" (Russian: Феофа́н Затво́рник; January 10, 1815 – January 6, 1894) was born on January 10, 1815 as Georgy Vasilievich Govorov (Георгий Васильевич Говоров), in the village of Chernavsk, in the Oryol Governorate of the Russian Empire. His father was a Russian Orthodox priest. He was educated in the seminaries at Livny, Oryol and Kiev. In 1841 he was ordained, became a monk, and adopted the name Theophan. He later became the Bishop of Tambov.  He is especially well-known today through the many books he wrote concerning the spiritual life, especially on the subjects of the Christian life and the training of youth in the faith. He also played an important role in translating the "Philokalia" from Church Slavonic into Russian. The "Philokalia" is a classic of orthodox spirituality, composed of the collected works of a number of church fathers which were edited and placed in a four volume set in the 17th and 18th centuries. A persistent theme is developing an interior life of continuous prayer, learning to "pray without ceasing" as St. Paul teaches in his first letter to the Thessalonians.  He died on January 6, 1894 and lay in state for three days in his church. Even after that length of time there was no sign of decay in his unembalmed body. Theophan the Recluse was buried in the Kazan church of the Vysha Monastery.

"The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It".

"The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It" was originally written in response to Theophan's encounter with a young woman. While at a ball, this upper class Moscow woman began having irrational thoughts about the meaning of life and the immortality of man. After contacting Theophan, the two began corresponding through letters, the lady writing on her spiritual difficulties and Theophan responding with spiritual advice. This correspondence had a significant impact on the woman; she later became a nun. The Saint Herman Press, the publisher of the illustrated edition of "The Spiritual Life and How to Be Attuned To It," notes that it was of great importance to Theophan that the young woman should "be able to keenly hear the right "tone" of spiritual life."

Veneration as a saint.

Theophan was canonized by the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of 1988. The act of canonization declared that his "deep theological understanding of the Christian teaching, as well as its performance in practice, and, as a consequence of this, the loftiness and holiness of the life of the "sviatitel"' allow for his writings to be regarded as a development of the teaching of the Holy Fathers, preserving the same Orthodox purity and Divine enlightenment." His feast day is celebrated January 6 or January 10.

Theophan the Recluse, also known as Theophan Zatvornik or Theophanes the Recluse (Russian: Феофа́н Затво́рник; January 10, 1815 – January 6, 1894) is a well-known saint in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Théophane le Reclus ou saint Théophane le Reclus (en russe : Феофан Затворник), né Gueorgui Vassilievitch Govorov (en russe : Гео́ргий Васи́льевич Го́воров), né à Chernavsk (oblast de Lipetsk) le et mort le (dans le calendrier grégorien), est un évêque russe et saint de l'Église orthodoxe du. Il est connu pour ses ouvrages de vie spirituelle.