History.

The foundation stone for the basic fortification was laid out in 1640. A year later, in January 1641, the fort saw its first battle, during the Catalan Revolt when the Principality of Catalonia challenged Spain's authority. On orders from the King of Spain, Pedro Fajardo, heading an army of 26,000 men, proceeded to crush the revolt. The Spanish recaptured several cities, but they were defeated at the Battle of Montjuïc by Catalan, led by Francesc de Tamarit.  Fifty years later, in 1694, new bastions and battlements were erected and the fortress became a castle. In the Siege of Barcelona (1705) the fortress was captured by the British 6th Regiment of Foot led by Lt.-Col William Southwell, paving the way for the siege of Barcelona itself. Southwell was afterwards made Governor of the castle.  The old fort was however demolished in 1751 by the Spanish engineer and architect Juan Martin Cermeño, creating the current structure, still standing. The final shape of the castle took form during 1779 and 1799, when major construction works took place in order to improve the castle and accommodate the needs. It was also during this time that the castle was equipped with 120 cannons.  During the Napoleonic Wars, the French Army entered Barcelona, and, on orders from Napoleon, they also captured the castle without firing a shot as the troops guarding the castle were ordered not to fight the French.  In the last 350 years Montjuïc Castle has played a decisive role in the history of Barcelona, becoming a symbol after the Catalan defeat to Spain in 1714, date that has become of significant importance. Since then the Montjuïc cannons have bombarded the city and its citizens on various occasions, and Montjuïc has been used as a prison and torture centre repeatedly for three centuries.  The castle is infamous in Catalan history books because of its role in the civil war from 1936 to 1939 when both sides of the conflict imprisoned, tortured and shot political prisoners at Montjuïc, among them Lluís Companys, who was the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War. Companys was executed upon orders from the Spanish State at Montjuïc Castle in 1940.  Later in the 20th century, the castle became a military museum. In June 1963, Francisco Franco inaugurated the Military Armor Museum, the official name given to the institution.

Current status.

In April 2007, the government transferred the castle to Barcelona City Council. Following discussions over the next months, the castle became a municipal facility. Subsequently, in 2010 the museum was closed and the City Council started a project of restoration and waterproofing of the roof and a watchtower.  The current plans for the castle include L’Espai de la Memòria, El Centre d’Interpretació de la Muntanya de Montjuïc, and cultural activities.  The castle can be accessed by the Montjuïc cable car, a gondola lift that has its upper station near the castle entrance and connects, via the Montjuïc funicular, with the Barcelona Metro at Paral·lel station.

Montjuïc Castle (, ) is an old military fortress, with roots dating back from 1640, built on top of Montjuïc hill in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It currently serves as a Barcelona municipal facility.

Le château de Montjuïc est une forteresse militaire qui surplombe la ville de Barcelone depuis la colline de Montjuïc à d'altitude. Il a été transformé en musée militaire après la guerre civile espagnole. Le château est en cours de transformation en centre international pour la paix.


Early life.

Leeteuk was born on July 1, 1983. He has an elder sister, Park In-young, who is a singer and an actress. His father, Park Yong-in, and his mother divorced in 1998. He has spoken about his parents' relationship publicly in several variety shows.

Career.

2000–2005: Pre-debut.

When Leeteuk traveled to Apgujeong-dong for sightseeing in early 2000, he was recommended by a talent scout to audition for SM Entertainment's Starlight Casting System. After several test recordings and performances, he signed with SM Entertainment and became a trainee. That same year, he appeared as an extra in the MBC Korean drama "All About Eve", and briefly as a model for Pepsi in 2002. In 2003, he was put into five-member boyband Smile, with future bandmate Donghae and aimed to be a rival group of TVXQ. The project was dropped and they were then put into rotational group Super Junior along with ten other boys. Being older than the other trainees, Leeteuk became the leader of the group.  Leeteuk has explained that he uses a stage name due to his desire to have a name with the same effects as Kangta, and also to prevent confusion between veteran actress Park Jung-soo and himself. His stage name Leeteuk, meant "special". He previously rejected two of the stage names designated to him by his agency. The agency's chairman at the time, Lee Soo-man called him "a special child" and said the name Leeteuk suited him better.

2005–2008: Debut with Super Junior and sub-groups.

Leeteuk officially debuted as part of the 12-member project group, Super Junior'05 on November 6, 2005 on SBS' music program "Popular Songs", performing their first single, "Twins (Knock Out)". Their debut album "SuperJunior05 (Twins)" was released a month later on December 5, 2005 and debuted at number three on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts.  In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation. However, this was met with fans' objections and strong opposition to the rotational style (much like popular rotational groups in Japan's pop music industry) that the group intended to be. Thus, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on June 7, 2006, which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009.  Leeteuk has partnered with Eunhyuk as host DJs for KBS "Super Junior's Kiss The Radio" (popularly known as SUKIRA) since 2006. With the exception of four months from March to June 2011, where bandmate Yesung temporarily replaced Eunhyuk while he was away on promotional activities for Super Junior-M's third EP "Perfection".  In February 2007, Leeteuk was placed in the trot-singing Super Junior-T. A year later, Leeteuk became a member of Super Junior-H.

2009–2011: Variety shows and MC roles.

From 2009 onwards, Leeteuk, along with Eunhyuk and Shindong, were regular guests on SBS' "Strong Heart", where they hosted a special segment, Boom Academy, headed by entertainer Boom. In October 2009, when Boom enlisted for mandatory military service, Leeteuk took over and the segment's name was temporarily changed to Teukigayo, or Teuk Academy. He was a frequent guest on "Star King", also on SBS, with fellow Super Junior members.  In 2010, Leeteuk became the new MC for MBC Enjoy Today, replacing Big Bang's Seungri who left to focus on Big Bang's new album. On the show, Leeteuk sang with f(x)'s Krystal for the song "Grumbing". Leeteuk was also the MC for MBC's "Love Chaser" alongside Yesung.  In 2011, following Kang Ho-dong's retirement from the entertainment industry, Leeteuk and Boom took over as co-MCs of "Star King". From September to November, Leeteuk became a dad in "Hello Baby season 4" with girl group Sistar. Leeteuk also became part of MBC reality show "We Got Married", as a new on-screen couple, with actress Kang So-ra becoming his on-screen wife. As of the April 10, 2012 broadcast, following the change in MCs and the departure of Shindong from "Strong Heart", the show was re-vamped with Leeteuk and Eunhyuk billed as two of the'six-fixed guests'.

2012–2016: Comeback with Super Junior, military service and solo activities.

In June 2012, Leeteuk reunited with his Super Junior band-mates for their sixth studio album, "Sexy, Free & Single" released on July 4, 2012. On June 23, Leeteuk's teaser photo was released showing him with platinum silver hair, a gold necklace and heavy black eye makeup. On June 25, he also tweeted another version of his teaser photo with the same outfit but in a different pose, leaning on his hand looking as though he was deep in contemplation. In the repackaged edition of the album, re-titled "Spy", Leeteuk composed "Only U" and co-wrote the lyrics with Donghae.  During the Indonesia leg of the SMTown Live World Tour III concert in Jakarta on September 22, Leeteuk was unable to perform with his label mates due to exhaustion and enteritis, for which he made an apology the following day, via his Twitter account.  Leeteuk stated in September 2011 that he planned to enlist for his mandatory military service in 2012. He made his final appearance before enlistment at the Style Icon Awards on October 25, 2012. On October 30, 2012 he reported to the 306 Reserve Battalion training camp in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi Province, to undergo five weeks of basic training, followed by active duty for 21 months. He was initially ineligible for active duty following a car crash in 2007 and an aggravated herniated disk, but after receiving treatment he was able to enlist for active duty.  In January 2013, Leeteuk co-starred in military musical "The Promise". It was co-produced by the Ministry of National Defense and Korea Musical Theatre Association, to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the signing of the armistice. It ran from January 9 to 20 at the National Theater of Korea, co-starring actors Ji Hyun-woo, Kim Mu-yeol, Jung Tae-woo; as well as singers Yoon Hak of Supernova, and Lee Hyun of 8Eight. The musical is centered around a group of soldiers who keeps a promise made to each other during the Korean War.  Leeteuk completed his military service on July 29, 2014. He returned to the line-up for the August performance at "Music Bank", marking the first time he, Heechul and Kangin had been together in the line-up since they each completed their military service. With Super Junior on a temporary hiatus for much of 2016 due to the enlistment of four other members, Leeteuk has returned to hosting and co-hosts "I Can See Your Voice" with Yoo Se-yoon and Kim Jong-kook. In June 2016, he collaborated with Suho, Kassy and songwriter Cho Young-soo in a song titled "My Hero", part of SM Entertainment's music project SM Station, as a tribute to South Korean Olympians past and present in honor of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

2017–present: Acting roles and further solo activities.

Leeteuk became the host of "The Best Cooking Secrets" in January 2017, replacing's Hwang Kwanghee, who enlisted in the military. His first episode as the host was broadcast on EBS on January 30, 2017. On February 22, 2017, he hosted the 6th Gaon Chart Music Awards with Mamamoo's Solar. On March 31, 2017, he appeared on JTBC's new quiz game show "The Sixth Sense Hit Show 1/N" as host, alongside band member Shindong.  In May 2017, he hosted the reality show "Produce 101 Season 2", as a stand-in for BoA, who had a conflicting work schedule in Japan. He also hosted the 2017 Asia Song Festival with Jackson Wang on September 24, 2017.  He hosted the 7th Gaon Chart Music Awards with Twice's Dahyun on February 14, 2018. He returned as the host of the fifth season of "I Can See Your Voice" from January to April 2018, along with Kim Jong-kook and Yoo Se-yoon. Leeteuk wrote and composed the song "Super Duper", which was released through SM Station on March 23, 2018. The song was later inserted into Super Junior eighth repackage album, "Replay".  In August 2018, he joined the cast and hosted the second season of Real Life Men and Women. The show looked into everyday life of celebrities and compared the differences between men's and women's. He became the host of 2018 edition of Quiz on Korea alongside Sam Okyere. The recording was held on September 8 while the program aired on KBS1 on September 24, 2018. He also became the host of the 2018 Asia Song Festival on October 2 and October 3, 2018. On December 20, 2018, he hosted the first Korea Popular Music Awards, (KPMA) with Jin Se-yeon.  He appeared as a special host on the twelfth episode of the reality show "Under Nineteen", which aired on January 19, 2019 as a stand-in for the regular host Kim So-hyun, who had conflicting work schedule. He also hosted the final episode with Kim So-Hyun, which was broadcast live on February 9, 2019. From January to April 2019, he hosted the music game show, "I Can See Your Voice" for its sixth consecutive season, along with fellow co-hosts Kim Jong-kook and Yoo Se-yoon.  From May to July 2019, Leeteuk hosted a Thailand based variety show, "Beauty No.9", which focused on Korean beauty products. His hosting act was well received by the locals and media. In August 2019, it was announced that Leeteuk is set to publish a cookbook, which was targeted for single-person households and he became the first idol to publish a cookbook. It was published on January 20, 2020. On September 12, 2019, he hosted "Idol Star Athletics Championships (ISAC) 2019" alongside Jun Hyun-moo and Twice's Dahyun.  He starred on a YouTube Original series "Analog Trip" with fellow band members, Eunhyuk, Donghae and Shindong, and TVXQ's Yunho and Changmin. The program aired on YouTube Premium starting in September 2019. "Analog Trip" is a travelling show where the cast travelled across Indonesia, mixed with the element of time travel where they are supposedly travel back to 2002 before their debut. They have to accomplish a few goals and compose a theme song along the way to return to the current time. He was credited as one of the composers of the show's soundtrack, "Come a Little Closer".  He was cast as a host for "Melody Bookstore" in September 2019, which aired on JTBC beginning October 6. In the show, the hosts have to choose a book and create a theme song according to the chosen book. He wrote and composed the soundtrack for the show, ""This Is Me"", which was sung by Sunwoo Jung-a and Suran. He also became the host of "Hidden Track" in October 2019. The program focused on introducing song that are not one's title tracks. The show was jointly produced by JTBC and KT, and was aired live on Olleh TV for eight weeks, starting from October 2, 2019.  He joined his band members for the release their ninth studio album, "Time Slip" in October 2019. He participated in the production of the album by composing and writing one of its songs, "No Drama".  He hosted the 4th Asia Artist Awards on November 26, 2019, which was held at Mỹ Đình National Stadium in Vietnam. On December 6, it was announced that Leeteuk would be returning as the host for "Idol Star Athletics Championships (ISAC)" in 2020, along with Twice's Dahyun and Jun Hyun-moo. Pre-recording of the show is set to begin on December 16. He also hosted the 9th Gaon Chart Music Awards on January 8, 2020 for the fifth time, with Itzy's Lia as co-host.  He returned as the host of the seventh season of "I Can See Your Voice", alongside Kim Jong-kook and Yoo Se-yoon on January 2020.

Personal life.

Car accident.

On April 19, 2007, almost two months after Super Junior-T's release of their first single "Rokuko", Leeteuk was seriously injured in a car accident, along with Shindong, Eunhyuk, Kyuhyun, and two managers. When returning home after a recording of the radio show "Super Junior Kiss the Radio", they were on the highway when the front left tire burst as the driver was switching lanes. The van ran into the guard rail/median on the driver's side, and skidded for about 30 metres. At some point, the momentum caused the van to flip over on its right side.  While Shindong and Eunhyuk suffered minor injuries, Leeteuk and Kyuhyun sustained more serious injuries, which required both to be hospitalised. Leeteuk had glass shards embedded in his back and above his eyes, requiring over 170 stitches. Leeteuk was discharged from the hospital on April 30, 2007.  Due to this accident, Leeteuk did not take part in Super Junior's debut big-screen production, "Attack on the Pin-Up Boys" in 2007. He was credited as the panda mascot at the end of the film, while it was later confirmed that it had been Ryeowook who portrayed it throughout most of the film.

Death of father and grandparents.

On January 6, 2014, Leeteuk's father, Park Yong-in, and his grandparents were found dead in their home. SM initially released a statement saying that the trio had died in a car accident, but it was later discovered that it had been a murder-suicide, with Yong-in strangling his parents and then hanging himself. A note left near the bodies read "I will bring my parents with me. My children, I am sorry. Please forgive me." It was later revealed that Park Yong-in had been dealing with depression for a long time, and a police report stated "We discovered that Leeteuk's father was trying to make ends meet in order to take care of his parents. Both his parents were suffering from dementia, and Park Yong-in struggled with financial problems. Park Yong-in must've felt too much burden on his shoulders, leaving him no choice but to end his parents' life as well as his." The funeral was held on January 8, with the Super Junior members in attendance.  On January 11, 2014, Leeteuk resumed his mandatory military service and was discharged on July 29, 2014.

Park Jeong-su (born July 1, 1983), known professionally as Leeteuk, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, presenter, radio personality and actor. At the age of sixteen, he was discovered by SM Entertainment and became a trainee at SM Entertainment's Starlight Academy. After five years of training, he debuted as a member of boy group Super Junior in November 2005 and since then, he also further participated in the agency's projects Super Junior-T and Super Junior-H.

Park Jeong-su (coréen: 박정수) (né le à Séoul), mieux connu sous son nom de scène Leeteuk (coréen: 이특), est un chanteur et danseur sud-coréen, surtout connu comme étant le leader du groupe de K-pop Super Junior.


Biography.

Bolocco was born in Santiago, Chile, to businessman Enzo Bolocco Cintolesi, of Italian-Arbëreshë descent, and Rose Marie Fonck Assler, of German descent. She attended primary and secondary school at Santiago College. Her siblings are: Cecilia, John Paul, Veronica, and Rodrigo (1986).  Her first television appearance was at age 9 years. She also appeared in an advertisement for the cosmetics brand Pamela Grant.  On 26 November 1999, she married Gonzalo Cisternas, with whom she had two sons, Pedro and Gonzalo. After studying journalism at the Catholic University of Chile in 2001, she was part of her sister Cecilia's website, but the website was closed a year and a half later for lack of funds. She also worked on the production of the show "La Noche de Cecilia", issued by Megavisión.  In 2006, she separated from her husband and decided to devote herself to television. She debuted on the program "Locos por el baile" (2006) from Channel 13, where she served as a reporter backstage and co-host of Sergio Lagos.  She was named Queen of the XLVIII Viña del Mar International Song Festival in February 2007. On 15 October the same year opened the second season of "Mad About Dance", where Diana was the host of Sergio Lagos.  She continues to work on Channel 13 and will be international panel of judges at the "Viña del Mar International Song Festival" in 2010. In 2011, she hosted the program "". She also started dating Cristián Sánchez.  From 2012 she and Martin Carcamo host Vértigo, a TV success that has kept them on the top of the Chilean TV business until now. Next year she married Cristian Sanchez, with whom she has two more children.

Diana Catalina Bolocco Fonck (born 30 July 1977) is a Chilean journalist, known as sister of Cecilia Bolocco, Miss Universe 1987.

Diana Catalina Bolocco Fonck (née le à Santiago du Chili), est un journaliste et présentatrice de télévision chilienne. Connu comme la sœur de Cecilia Bolocco, Miss Univers 1987.


Description.

The initial phase has very variable colouration. The smaller fishes can be a uniform dark brown to light gray and they may or may not possess a light band surrounding a dark spot on the caudal peduncle. Larger specimens can show a series of irregular rows of small, light spots towards the tail or they may have the light band surrounding the dark spot on the caudal peduncle. The terminal phase, male, is also variable and may have a large tan area on the flanks or on its caudal peduncle. It has a rounded snout. "Chlorurus sordidus" is a medium size fish and can reach a maximum size of length.

Distribution.

"Chlorurus sordidus" is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, Red Sea included.

Habitat and biology.

Before going to sleep, "Chlorurus sordidus" secretes a mucus which surrounds the fish in a complete cocoon. The purpose of this mucus cocoon is not completely understood, but one theory is that it protects the fish from parasitic gnathidds. This species is known to be predated on by the honeycomb grouper ("Epinephelus merra") and the coral trout ("Plectropomus leopardus"), its parasites include the monogenean "Benedenia scari".It is a sociable fish which schools with other parrotfishes such as "Scarus psittacus".  "Chlorurus sordidus" is one of the most widespread species of parrotfish, and it is highly variable with some of the geographically determined forms probably being at least subspecies. It occurs in both coral rich and open pavement areas of shallow reef flats, in lagoon reefs and seaward reefs, it can also be found at drop-offs. The juveniles inhabit areas of coral rubble in reef flats and lagoons. The juveniles and females in their initial phase form large groups that move long distances between their feeding grounds and the areas used for sleeping at night. They feed on benthic algae. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and the sex change occurs when the attain a total length of.

Taxonomy.

"Chlorurus sordidus" has been split by some authorities and the Red Sea dn Indian Ocean populations are regarded as "C. sordidus"while "Chlorurus spilurus" occurs in the Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean, this is based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing and on morphological data. It is also probable that the Red Sea population will also be demonstrated to be specifically distinct. "Scarus sordidus" was described by the Swedish explorer, orientalist and naturalist Peter Forsskål (1732-1763), the description was published in 1775 with the type locality being Hurghada in Egypt.

Chlorurus sordidus, known commonly as the daisy parrotfish or bullethead parrotfish, is a species of marine fish in the family Scaridae.

Chlorurus sordidus, communément nommé Poisson-perroquet brûlé pour le mâle et Poisson-perroquet grenat pour la femelle, est une espèce de poisson marin de la famille des Scaridae.


Significance.

There is no official meaning to justify the colours of the flag, but blue and white colours have been identified on the island of Tenerife for centuries. Traditionally, navy blue has been identified with the sea and the white to the snow-covered peaks of Mount Teide in winter.  Juba II and Ancient Romans referred to Tenerife as Nivaria, derived from the Latin words "nix", "nivis" or "nives", meaning snow, in clear reference to the snow-covered peak of the Teide volcano.  The name of Tenerife is derived from the language of the Benehaorits - the natives of nearby La Palma. "Tene" means "mountain" and "ife" means "white". After colonisation by Spain, the letter "r" was added, uniting both words.

History.

The flag was first adopted as a maritime registry flag of the maritime province of the Canary Islands. It was initially adopted in 1845 by Royal Order and was adopted as the flag of Tenerife by an Order issued on 9 May 1989, with the order appearing in the Boletín Oficial de Canarias on 22 May 1989.  The flag closely resembles the flag of Scotland, the difference being a darker shade of blue. There are two popular traditions on the island of Tenerife trying to explain the resemblance. One is that the flag was adopted as a mark of respect to the bravery of the Scottish sailors in the Battle of Santa Cruz.  An alternative theory is the most influential masters of the island of Tenerife chose a design similar to the Scottish flag belonging to the Masonic Grand Lodge of Scotland and proposed a similar flag for the maritime province of the Canary Islands, which later became the flag of Tenerife.

The flag of Tenerife is a white saltire (or Cross of Burgundy or St Andrew's Cross) over a blue field. The arms of the cross are approximately one fifth the width of the flag and the field is navy blue ("azul marino").

Le drapeau de Tenerife arbore un sautoir blanc, une (Croix de saint André ou Croix de Bourgogne) sur un fond bleu.


Character background.

Cersei is the only daughter and the eldest child of Tywin Lannister and his wife, Joanna; her twin brother, Jaime, was born soon after Cersei. Cersei and Jaime looked so similar as children that Cersei occasionally wore Jaime's clothes and was mistaken for him.  The twins experimented sexually at an early age but were discovered by a servant, who informed their mother. Joanna tasked a guard to keep the twins separated and kept the matter a secret from their father, threatening the twins that she would inform him if they ever repeated it.  Soon afterward, Joanna died giving birth to the twins' younger dwarf brother, Tyrion. Cersei blamed Tyrion for Joanna's death and started to abuse him as a baby. Martin said in "Rolling Stone":  From the time she was very young, Tywin hoped his daughter would marry Rhaegar Targaryen, and he rejected the Princess of Dorne's proposal to betroth Oberyn Martell and Elia Martell to Cersei and Jaime, respectively. Cersei became infatuated with Rhaegar; feelings she hid from her brother as her father advised her.  At the age of 11, Jaime was sent away to serve as a squire for Lord Sumner Crakehall. A year later, Aerys Targaryen rejected the proposal that Cersei marry his son, humiliating Tywin. Tywin took Cersei to King's Landing and, in the following years, refused every offer of marriage for her. In 281 AC, when Cersei and Jaime were 15, Jaime, newly knighted on the battlefield and on his way to Casterly Rock, came to King's Landing to visit his sister, from whom he had been separated for four years. She informed Jaime that their father planned to marry him to Lysa Tully and persuaded him to join the Kingsguard in order to be near her, after the twins had slept together for the first time. Thus started an affair that continued throughout Cersei's marriage to Robert Baratheon.  While she was initially happy about marrying Robert, he didn't return Cersei's affections and repeatedly cheated on her. She then resumed her incestuous affair with Jaime, resulting in the births of Joffrey, Myrcella, and Tommen.  During her teenage years, believing that her betrothal to Rhaegar would soon be announced, Cersei brought her companions Melara Hetherspoon and Jeyne Farman to a witch named Maggy the Frog. Jeyne was instantly frightened and left the tent. Cersei and Melara stayed and tried to get the witch to tell them a prophecy. In the face of Cersei's threats, Maggy agreed to answer three questions. In response to those questions, Maggy told Cersei she would marry the king and not the prince, that she would be overthrown by a younger and more beautiful queen, that Cersei's children would die during Cersei's lifetime, and that the "valonqar" (High Valyrian for "little brother") would come to end her life.  Melara then asked if she would marry Jaime; Maggy answered that Melara wouldn't marry anyone and would die that night. It is implied that Cersei killed the girl to prevent her from speaking of the prophecies and for having ideas above her social status. Cersei spends her entire adult life attempting to subvert the prophecy and develops a strong paranoia, which eventually causes the prophecy to come to fruition.

Storylines.

"A Game of Thrones".

Robert, Cersei, and most of the court visit the North to appoint Eddard Stark as Hand of the King. During the royal visit to Winterfell, Eddard's son Bran finds Cersei and Jaime committing incest in a tower. To prevent their adultery and incest from being revealed, Jaime pushes Bran from the tower. Bran survives, but has no memory of the fall and is left paraplegic.  Eddard eventually discovers the truth of Cersei's infidelity and confronts her, giving her the opportunity to flee into exile and thus spare her children certain execution. Cersei had already arranged Robert's death in a hunting "accident"; when he dies, Cersei seizes control as regent and has Eddard arrested for treason. Cersei intends for Eddard to publicly confess and join the Night's Watch as punishment, but instead Joffrey orders Ned executed.

"A Clash of Kings".

Frustrated with Cersei's many political blunders as well as her failure to control Joffrey, Tywin appoints Tyrion Hand of the King, with explicit instructions to control Cersei and Joffrey. Once at the capital, Tyrion enters into a bitter power struggle with Cersei, subverting her authority and removing her supporters from positions of power.  In Jaime's absence, Cersei takes their cousin Lancel Lannister as her lover, an affair that Tyrion discovers. When Stannis Baratheon sails on King's Landing, Cersei and Joffrey stay enclosed in the Red Keep, leaving Tyrion to mastermind the defense of the city. Ultimately, Tywin and the Tyrell armies arrive in time to force Stannis to retreat and save the city.

"A Storm of Swords".

After formally assuming his position as Hand of the King, Tywin makes it clear to Cersei that she is no longer welcome at the small council meetings, "de facto" stripping her of political authority. Furthermore, Tywin intends to wed Cersei to Wilas Tyrell in order to form an alliance with House Tyrell. This state of affairs is shaken when Joffrey is poisoned at his wedding feast. Maddened with grief at the loss of her eldest child, Cersei lashes out against Tyrion, accusing him of poisoning the king out of revenge.  Cersei manipulates Tyrion's trial to ensure a guilty verdict, by bribing and intimidating witnesses. When Tyrion demands a trial by combat, Cersei selects the imposing Gregor Clegane, "The Mountain," as the Crown's champion. The Mountain prevails, killing Tyrion's champion Oberyn Martell. Tywin then pronounces Tyrion guilty and sentences him to death, but Tyrion escapes prison and kills Tywin. Cersei is once again in complete control of the capital.

"A Feast for Crows".

With the deaths of her father and elder son, Cersei's youngest child, the 8-year-old Tommen Baratheon, is crowned king, and Cersei rules the Seven Kingdoms as Queen Regent. Cersei's rule descends into a series of political and economic blunders due to her short temper, egotism, and paranoia, greatly damaging her relationship with Jaime and alienating allies such as Pycelle and Kevan Lannister. She defaults on debts to the Iron Bank of Braavos and to the Faith, allowing the latter to rebuild its military orders in exchange for cancellation of the debt, and fills government posts with ineffective and untrustworthy cronies and sycophants. At the same time, the Tyrells begin to build power in the capital, much to Cersei's consternation.  Cersei is haunted by the prophecy of the valonqar, whom she considers Tyrion, so she promises a lordship to whomever brings her Tyrion's head. This, however, only leads to many wrongful executions throughout the realm. In an attempt to undermine the Tyrells, and release her son from his marriage to Margaery Tyrell, Cersei attempts to frame Margaery for adultery and treason. However, this plot backfires as the investigation into Margaery reveals evidence of Cersei's own adultery and her complicity in Robert's death, resulting in her arrest by the Faith. Cersei sends a letter to Jaime, asking him for help, but he ignores her request and burns her letter.

"A Dance with Dragons".

To gain release from her imprisonment, Cersei confesses to several of the lesser charges against her, including post-marital affairs, but does not confess to having murdered her husband King Robert, nor that her children are the product of incest. Cersei is nevertheless punished with a walk of atonement, forcing her to strip and walk naked through the capital in full view of the public.  With Cersei confined to the Red Keep awaiting trial, the realm is governed by Pycelle and Kevan. However, at the nadir of Cersei's fortunes, Varys reappears at the capital and assassinates both Pycelle and Kevan, as their competent leadership threatened to undo the damage Cersei's misrule had done.

TV adaptation.

Cersei Lannister is played by Lena Headey in the television adaption of the book series.  In October 2014, Headey and several other key cast members, all contracted for six seasons of the series, renegotiated their deals to include a potential seventh season and salary increases for seasons 5, 6, and 7. "The Hollywood Reporter" called the raises "huge", noting that the deal would make the performers "among the highest-paid actors on cable TV". "Deadline Hollywood" put the number for season 5 at "close to $300,000 an episode" for each actor, and "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid "upward of $500,000 per episode" for season 7 and the potential season 8. In 2017, Headey became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £2 million per episode for the show.

Storylines.

Much of Cersei's storyline from the first and second seasons in the television series is unchanged from the books. However, a notable change in the show is Joffrey's authorising the purge of Robert's bastards, rather than Cersei.

Season 1.

Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his. Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip, before Ned Stark tells him the truth about his children. Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son, Joffrey, on the throne, with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent. Joffrey, however, quickly shows signs of independence.

Season 2.

Tywin decides that Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son and sends Tyrion as an additional political advisor. Cersei and Tyrion do not get along, and constantly try to undermine each other's authority over the crown. As of the end of season 2, Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne, has shipped Cersei's only daughter off against Cersei's will to be married to the Prince of Dorne, and is forcing their cousin Lancel, with whom Cersei is having an affair, to inform on her. Tywin's arrival with the Tyrell army robs both siblings of their influence at the last possible moment.

Season 3.

Cersei comes to fear that Margaery Tyrell intends to usurp her as queen and unsuccessfully tries to alienate Joffrey from her. Cersei is delighted when Tywin learns of the Tyrells' plan to wed Sansa Stark to Margaery's brother Loras, and he intervenes by having Tyrion marry Sansa instead, but is furious when Tywin also orders Cersei to marry Loras. When Jaime returns to King's Landing, he immediately seeks out Cersei, who is shocked to discover that his sword hand has been cut off.

Season 4.

Cersei has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned. Mourning and vindictive, it's implied that guilty or innocent, she wants Tyrion dead, while Jaime refuses to believe Tyrion is capable of familial regicide. Indeed, at Tyrion's trial, it is apparent Cersei has manipulated the proceedings so that the witnesses give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder. When Tyrion demands a trial by combat, Cersei chooses Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane as royal champion, to further diminish Tyrion's chances, and bribes Bronn via betrothal to a noblewoman, to secure his veto as Tyrion's champion. Cersei's wish comes true when Tyrion's champion, Oberyn Martell, is killed by Clegane. She still refuses to marry Loras, threatening even to reveal the truth of her incestuous relationship with Jaime and their three blond children. Tywin is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterward.

Season 5.

Cersei receives a threat from Dorne, where Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell, and sends Jaime to Dorne to retrieve her. Tommen is married to Margaery, who tries to manipulate Tommen into sending Cersei to Casterly Rock. Fearful of losing her power, Cersei meets the religious leader, the High Sparrow, appoints him as the High Septon, and gives him authority to re-establish the Faith Militant. In order to destabilise House Tyrell, Cersei arranges for the High Sparrow to arrest Loras for his homosexuality, and have Margaery also arrested for perjury after lying to defend Loras. However, Cersei's plot backfires when Lancel, now a member of the Faith Militant, confesses to his affair with Cersei and his role in Robert's assassination, and accuses Cersei of incest, prompting the High Sparrow to arrest her. Cersei is eventually allowed to return to the Red Keep after confessing to having committed adultery with Lancel, but has her hair cut off and is forced to walk naked through the streets of King's Landing as atonement. Cersei returns, distraught from the abuse directed at her by the smallfolk of King's Landing, but is consoled by Qyburn's successful reanimation of Ser Gregor Clegane.

Season 6.

Cersei remains in the Red Keep, confined to her chambers and stripped of her authority. Although she accepts Tommen's apology for his lack of action in her arrest and walk of atonement, she remains looked down upon by other members of the court. Cersei learns from Tommen that the High Sparrow plans to have Margaery do a walk of atonement before Cersei's trial and conspires with the Small Council to have the Tyrell army march on the Sept of Baelor to secure Margaery's and Loras' release. Their plan backfires when it is revealed that Margaery has joined the Faith of the Seven and has convinced Tommen to merge the Faith and the Crown. Despite being stripped of her allies, Cersei opts to remain in King's Landing, having named Ser Gregor as her champion in her trial by combat. However, Tommen announces that trial by combat has been abolished and replaced by trial by the Seven. Cersei arranges for a cache of wildfire to be detonated beneath the Sept during Loras' trial, which kills the High Sparrow, Margaery, Loras, and the rest of the Small Council. As a result of Cersei's actions, Tommen commits suicide. In the power vacuum following Tommen's death, Cersei claims the Iron Throne as the first ever Queen Regnant of the Seven Kingdoms.

Season 7.

Despite nominally being ruler of Westeros, Cersei's grip on the throne is tenuous, with the Riverlands in upheaval following Arya Stark's massacre of House Frey, the Vale and the North's declaration of Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow King in the North, and Tyrion, Yara Greyjoy, Dorne, and the Reach all supporting Daenerys Targaryen, whose fleet has seized Dragonstone. Cersei remains cold and distant after Tommen's suicide, viewing it as a betrayal of their family. With no children left to protect, Cersei's malice and vindictiveness have grown, and she relentlessly seeks to expand her power and destroy her enemies. Cersei reaches out to the King of the Iron Islands, Euron Greyjoy, to form an alliance, but rejects Euron's marriage proposal as she considers him untrustworthy. Euron later ambushes Daenerys' fleet and captures Yara Greyjoy, Ellaria, and Tyene Sand, and presents them as a "gift" to Cersei. She agrees to marry Euron after the war is won; however, she continues her affair with Jaime, no longer attempting to hide their relationship from their servants. Cersei imprisons Ellaria and Tyene in the dungeons, kills Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella, and keeps Ellaria alive to watch her daughter die.  Tycho Nestoris of the Iron Bank arrives in King's Landing to request repayment of their debt. Cersei requests a fortnight in order to comply. She then has the Lannister and Tarly armies attack Highgarden, defeating the Tyrells. Olenna Tyrell commits suicide following the defeat and gloats to Jaime that she was responsible for poisoning Joffrey. The Tyrells' wealth is transported safely to King's Landing, but the food the Lannisters steal from the Reach is destroyed when Daenerys attacks the caravan with her Dothraki horde and dragon, Drogon. Jaime barely survives the battle and encourages Cersei to consider a ceasefire.  Tyrion infiltrates the capital to meet with Jaime, and Jaime tells Cersei that Daenerys and Jon want to meet with Cersei to negotiate an armistice while mankind fights the threat of the White Walkers. Cersei is skeptical but agrees, and tells Jaime that she is pregnant. Daenerys and Jon meet with Cersei in the Dragonpit on the outskirts of King's Landing, and present to her a wight captured from the White Walkers as evidence of their threat. Although terrified, Cersei initially refuses to agree to an armistice, as Jon refuses to remain neutral in the war between the Lannisters and Targaryens. Tyrion speaks to Cersei in private, and apparently persuades her to ally with the rival monarchs. However, she later reveals to Jaime that she intends for her enemies to wipe each other out and then attack the victor, and has sent Euron to Essos to transport the Golden Company to Westeros. Disgusted by Cersei's selfishness and shortsightedness, Jaime finally abandons her side and goes north on his own, leaving Cersei alone.

Season 8.

Cersei is informed that the White Walkers have breached the Wall, to her delight. Euron Greyjoy returns to King's Landing with the Golden Company, and Cersei finally has sex with him. Cersei tasks Qyburn with hiring Bronn to kill Jaime and Tyrion, using the crossbow with which Tyrion had killed Tywin.  Cersei permits civilians to seek refuge in the Red Keep – ostensibly to protect them from an invasion of King's Landing, but in reality she plans to use them as human shields to deter an attack. The Iron Fleet kills one of Daenerys' dragons, Rhaegal, and takes her advisor Missandei captive. When Euron returns to King's Landing, Cersei reveals that she is pregnant and lies that it is his. Daenerys, Tyrion, and her other advisors travel to King's Landing demanding Cersei's surrender, but Cersei is unmoved and has the Mountain behead Missandei in front of Daenerys. Daenerys subsequently launches an attack on the Iron Fleet, the Red Keep, and the anti-dragon defenses Cersei has had installed on King's Landing's walls, but then continues to burn the rest of the city. Cersei attempts to take shelter and is found by Jaime, who had infiltrated the Red Keep on Tyrion's orders to evacuate her. However, their passage is blocked by rubble. The Red Keep begins to collapse, and Jaime comforts Cersei in their final moments as they are crushed by falling debris. Their bodies are later found by Tyrion, whose subsequent grief leads him to renounce his loyalty to Daenerys and persuade Jon Snow to kill her.

Appearances in other media.

In 2019, Lena Headey and Peter Dinklage appeared as Cersei and Tyrion Lannister alongside Elmo in a "Sesame Street" PSA on the importance of being respectful to one another, as part of Sesame Street's ""Respect Brings Us Together"" campaign.

Recognition and awards.

Cersei has been continuously praised as one of the most complex and multi-faceted characters in either version of the story. "Rolling Stone" ranked her at No.5 on a list of the "Top 40 "Game of Thrones" Characters", describing Cersei as a character who'd "rather die than give you control". On a similar list made by "Rolling Stone" ranking the "30 Best "Game of Thrones" Villains", Cersei was ranked No.1 and described as the "most dangerous human being in Westeros" as well as "one of the most complex and fascinating characters on television...she's also a strangely sympathetic figure, warped by being treated like an expensive brood mare by powerful men her entire life and genuine in her affections". Alyssa Rosenburg of "The Washington Post" wrote, "As the men...destroy themselves and each other, leaving a generation of women without husbands, sons, and marriage partners, [Cersei] may be the only [person] left to repair the shattered world". James Hibberd of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote glowingly of Headey's Cersei: "Many members of the show's cast have improved over the years, but Headey has been winning raves from critics from the very start — since the early episodes of season 1 Headey has perfectly delivered Cersei’s uniquely toxic mix of pride, vindictiveness, impatience, cunning, and spite. Given Cersei’s long list of murderous sins, the character by all rights should be considered GoT’s outright villain. Yet thanks to the show’s textured writing and Headey’s delivery, Cersei has never been anything less than a fully realized character."  Lena Headey has received much critical praise and acclaim for her portrayal of Cersei, and has received multiple accolades including the Portal Award for Best Actress in 2012, the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama in 2012, the Women's Image Network Award for Actress Drama Series in 2014, and the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2015 and 2016. Andrew Anthony in "The Guardian" opined that "Game of Thrones" was "most often at its best when Headey was on screen and radiating cold calculation and ruthless intrigue." He described Headey's Cersei as "a study in tyranny as a seductive art. There was something magnetically human about her inhumanity. You were drawn to her devious charms even as you recoiled from her brutal deeds."  Headey has received several award nominations for her performance in the series, including five nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film in 2016. Other nominations include the Portal Award for Best Actress in 2011, the Women's Image Network Awards for Actress Drama Series in 2011, the Golden Nymph Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012, the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2012 and 2017, the Gold Derby TV Award Best Drama Supporting Actress in 2012 and 2014, the SFX Awards for Best Actress in 2013, the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2016, the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016, and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2017.

Cersei Lannister is a fictional character in the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation "Game of Thrones", where she is portrayed by English actress Lena Headey. In the later novels of the series, she is a point of view character.

Cersei Lannister est l'un des personnages principaux de la saga "Le Trône de fer" écrite par George R. R. Martin. C'est la fille de lord Tywin Lannister et la sœur jumelle de Jaime Lannister, et elle est d'abord devenue reine consort des Sept Couronnes en épousant Robert Baratheon. Femme très ambitieuse et réputée pour sa beauté, elle supporte mal les restrictions que lui impose son sexe et n'a que du mépris pour son mari.


Description.

"Komintern" normally displaced. The ship had an overall length of, a beam of and a mean draft of about. She was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which developed a total of and gave a maximum speed of. The engines were powered by 16 coal-fired Belleville boilers. The ship had a range of at a speed of. "Komintern"s crew consisted of 573 officers and men.  The ship was rearmed during World War I with fourteen 55-caliber /55 B7 Pattern 1913 guns in single mounts, four of which were mounted in casemates. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of two guns. She also mounted six submerged torpedo tubes, three on each broadside.  "Komintern"s armored deck and her casemates were thick. The armor of the conning tower was thick.

Service history.

"Pamiat' Merkuria" was originally named "Kagul" and did not receive her name until 25 March 1907. This has caused much confusion between her and her sister "Ochakov" regarding construction data. Some of the data presented here is taken from Russian-language sources.

World War I.

On 18 November 1914 "Pamiat' Merkuria" was escorting five pre-dreadnought battleships of the Black Sea Fleet off Cape Sarych when they encountered the German battlecruiser and the light cruiser. The Germans sheered off after an early hit on one of "Goeben"s casemates that started an ammunition fire.  In January 1915 "Pamiat' Merkuria" and her sister "Kagul" twice encountered "Breslau" and the Ottoman protected cruiser, also spelled "Hamidieh", but the Ottoman ships escaped both times without either side inflicting any damage.  On 10 May 1915 the Black Sea Fleet bombarded the Ottoman forts defending the Bosporus. Two cruisers, "Pamiat' Merkuria" and her sister "Kagul" were posted further out as pickets. "Pamiat' Merkuria" was spotted by "Goeben", which was returning from a patrol off Eregli, east of the Bosporus. "Goeben" immediately set off in pursuit while "Pamiat' Merkuria" headed at full speed for the main body, dodging shells from the German battlecruiser. The Russian pre-dreadnoughts quickly hit "Goeben" three times, and the battlecruiser broke off the engagement using her superior speed. "Pamiat' Merkuria" was not damaged during the battle.  Her 6-inch guns were exchanged for sixteen /55 guns during her refit from December 1916 to April 1917. She was dispatched to Constanta on 1 November 1917 to destroy the oil depot abandoned by the Romanians before it was captured by the Germans. A false submarine alarm caused her to abandon the bombardment before she inflicted any damage. But on 4 November "Pamiat' Merkuria" returned and fired 231 shells, destroying 15 of the 37 oil tanks. The crew of "Pamiat' Merkuria" pledged its allegiance to the Ukrainian People's Republic on 12 November 1917 soon after the October Revolution. The occupation of the Ukrainian People's Republic by the Red Army early in 1918 led it to lay up on 28 March 1918 with her guns stripped by Bolsheviks to equip armoured trains. She was captured by the Germans on 1 May 1918 after being left behind in Sevastopol due to its uselessness and used as a barracks ship. She was renamed to "Hetman Ivan Mazepa" on 17 September 1918 and formally handed over to the Ukrainian State's Navy.  Upon the end of World War I and withdrawal of the Armed Forces of Central powers, she fell into the hands of the Whites under the support of the Triple Entente in November 1918. She had her engines sabotaged in April 1919 by order of the British when the Whites temporarily lost control of Sevastopol. She was further damaged by the explosion of a mine when the Whites abandoned the Crimea in 1920. Once she fell into Soviet hands she spent several years under repair, which required parts and material from her sisters that were even more damaged. She was given the proper revolutionary name of "Komintern", after the Communist International on 31 December 1922 and was recommissioned in June 1923. She was refitted in 1930 as a training cruiser and lost four boilers which were converted to classrooms. Six of her waist guns were replaced by four obsolete 75 mm/50 guns. Her submerged broadside torpedo tubes were also removed during this refit. She collided with in 1932 and seriously damaged the forecastle of the latter ship. Sources are unclear when she was rearmed, but it probably wasn't until the late 1930s, probably when her forward smokestack was also removed. She landed all of her 75 mm/50 guns in exchange for a modern suite of anti-aircraft guns: three single 34-K, three single 21-K, two single and five machine guns. In 1941 she was modified as a minelayer and could carry 195 mines, but her speed had been reduced to 12 knots.

World War II.

"Komintern", in company with the cruisers "Krasny Kavkaz", and a number of destroyers, laid down a defensive mine barrage protecting the Black Sea Fleet base at Sevastopol on 22 June. "Komintern", along with the destroyers "Nezamozhinsk" and "Shaumyan", was assigned to cooperate with the Separate Coastal Army on 8 August 1941 and spent much of the next month bombarding Romanian positions and coast defenses. During the Siege of Odessa she escorted a number of convoys to and from the besieged city. During the Crimean Campaign "Komintern" delivered supplies to the 44th Army at Feodosiya on 1 January 1942 and ferried troops and supplies to Sevastopol for the next several months.  She was badly damaged by a German air attack on 11 March, but was able to continue under her own power. She was damaged again in Novorossiysk by "I. Gruppe, Kampfgeschwader 76" on 2 July 1942 and moved to Poti shortly afterwards. She was so severely damaged again, or sunk, by another German air attack on 16 July 1942 at Poti that she was deemed non-repairable. She was disarmed in August—September 1942, her guns forming coast defense batteries at Tuapse, and hulked. If she was sunk, she was refloated at some point and on 10 October she was towed to the mouth of the Khobi river, just north of Poti, and sunk as a breakwater.

Komintern was a Soviet light cruiser originally named "Pamiat' Merkuria" ("Memory of Mercury"), a protected cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy. She saw service during World War I in the Black Sea and survived the Russian Civil War, although heavily damaged. She was repaired by the Soviet Navy and put into service as a training cruiser. In 1941 she was reclassified as a minelayer and provided gunfire support and transported troops during the Siege of Odessa, Siege of Sevastopol, and the Kerch-Feodosiya Operation in the winter of 1941–42. She was damaged beyond repair at Poti by a German air attack on 16 July 1942. Afterwards she was disarmed and hulked. At some point she was towed to the mouth of the Khobi river and sunk there as a breakwater on 10 October 1942.

Le Souvenir de Mercure ou "Mémoire de Mercure" (en, "Pamiat Merkouria") est un croiseur protégé de la de la Marine impériale russe, construit en 1901-1902.


Early life.

He was born in Fredrikstad as the son of mechanic Karl Ludvig Hoff and his wife Olga Kristine Karlsen. After taking the examen artium in 1921, he moved to Kristiania to attend the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry. He also briefly attended the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts as well as a painting school in Paris.

Athletics career.

Hoff set his first world record in the pole vault on 22 July 1922 in Copenhagen with 4.12 metres. He increased this record to 4.21 metres exactly one year later in the same city, then to 4.23 metres on 13 August 1925 in Oslo, and finally on 27 September 1925 when he jumped 4.25 metres at a meet in Turku. The record stood until May 1927, when American Sabin Carr jumped 4.27 metres. Hoff was the first Norwegian athlete to establish a world record, the only to do so before World War II, and the only Norwegian ever to do so in a jumping event. After World War II, world records have been set by several Norwegian throwers and runners: Sverre Strandli, Audun Boysen, Egil Danielsen, Terje Pedersen, Grete Waitz, Ingrid Kristiansen and Trine Hattestad.  Internationally he competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics, in both 400 and 800 metres. He reached the semi-final in the 400 metres and finished eighth in the 800 metres final. He did not participate in the pole vault due to an injured ankle. He was the Norwegian champion in the 200 metres from 1923 and 1924, in the 400 metres from 1924, in the pole vault from 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1933, and in the triple jump from 1922 and 1923. Representing the sports club Torshaug IF, Hoff won the King's Cup twice. In total he held fourteen Norwegian records in 200, 400 and 800 metres, long jump and pole vault.  In the winter of 1926, Hoff toured the United States, staging show competitions as a part of a varieté performance group. Among other things he beat Olympic gold medalist Harold Osborn in a heptathlon competition. He also set several unofficial world indoor records. Following this tour, however, he was considered to be a professional sportsperson. This affected his eligibility to compete in the sport of athletics as a whole, since the sport was governed under amateur rules at the time. Hoff explained that the paid performances were necessary to earn a living, as the Amateur Athletic Union had withheld some money that had been promised to Hoff in advance, but to no avail. Thus, when jumping a new world record of 4.32 metres in Hønefoss on 27 September 1931, the record was not ratified by the International Amateur Athletics Federation.

Non-active career.

In December 1925 he married Heddy Aubert, a daughter of the Director General of Norsk Hydro, Axel Aubert. The marriage was dissolved after a few years, but Hoff married for the second time, this time to Aase Synnøve Bing Nilsen. Hoff was also a brother-in-law of Per Mørch Hansson.  From 1927 to 1936 he was the editor of the sports magazine "Sportsmanden". He made his mark on "Sportsmanden" by emphasizing sensationalist news, front page headlines and the inclusion of pictures. The overall layout, which Hoff in retrospect described as "revolutionary", was inspired by his time in the United States. As a writer he was not uncontroversial, though, and after he was found guilty of libel, he was pressured by the magazine owner to resign. He found a new job as sports editor of "Oslo Illustrerte" from 1936 to 1940, and also wrote for the Nasjonal Samling party newspaper "Fritt Folk" in the late 1930s. He was also a coach in the Norwegian Athletics Association.

World War II.

When Norway was invaded by Germany in April 1940, many Norwegian athletes volunteered to fight in the Norwegian Campaign. Hoff then made his mark as he called on the fighters to lay down their weapons and return to the sports field. For this he was sacked by the Norwegian Athletics Association. However, Germany was able to establish an occupation of Norway, and soon moved to tighten their grip on Norwegian society. At this point Hoff contacted the "Reichskommissariat" to propose a Nazi reorganization of sports life in Norway. In September 1940 he was given the position as deputy under-secretary of state in the new Ministry of Labour and Sports, which was headed by Axel Heiberg Stang. He also joined the Nasjonal Samling at that time.  However, the Nazi interference with sports resulted in a nationwide boycott of official athletics meetings in Norway from the end of 1940. When the reorganization of sports life was implemented in November 1940, the Germans, knowing that Hoff was unpopular, kept him out of the spotlight. Egil Reichborn-Kjennerud was installed as leader of the Norwegian Confederation of Sports, while Hoff used the Hird as an arena for his work. In the spring of 1942, it became clear that Reichborn-Kjennerud had failed to deal with the still-ongoing sports boycott, and Hoff became the new leader of the Confederation of Sports. He had a number of grand plans; sports in Norway should be state-led, and the aim was to produce a broad range of athletes rather than a few stars. In addition to the physical dimension, the "spiritual" dimension should be emphasized. He originally received generous funding, but from 1943 Germany lost interest in his projects, and in 1944 the projects were largely disestablished. Hoff protested this decision, and was removed from his position as a result.

Post-war life.

As a part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II in 1947 he was sentenced to nine years of forced labour. A number of his ideas were actually realized some years later, including a national school of sport sciences and a state-owned gambling company. Norsk Tipping was established already in 1948, and the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences in 1968.  After serving his sentence, Hoff worked as an editor in the publishing house Hauge & Co. In 1952 he published the crime novel "Døden i Bygdø Allé", under the pseudonym Texas Bang. He had formerly published the novel "Systemet" in 1925 as well as a retelling of his experiences in the United States, titled, in 1927. Hoff died in 1985 in Oslo.

Charles Hoff (9 May 1902 – 19 February 1985) was a Norwegian athlete, coach, sports journalist, novelist and sports administrator.

Charles Hoff (né le à Fredrikstad et mort le à Oslo) est un athlète norvégien polyvalent spécialiste du saut à la perche, du saut en longueur, du triple saut, du sprint et du demi-fond. Athlète olympique en 1924, il est finaliste du avant de déclarer forfait à son épreuve de prédilection, le saut à la perche, pour une blessure à la cheville. Expatrié aux États-Unis pour vivre de ses talents sportifs, il a battu à plusieurs reprises le record du monde de la spectaculaire discipline du saut à la perche ; il est expulsé quelques mois plus tard par le nouveau règlement interdisant les tournées américaines de sportifs étrangers. Considéré comme un professionnel, son saut à en 1931, alors le record du monde, n'est pas reconnu par la fédération internationale.


Biography.

Bohdan Eugène Junod was born on 28 December 1899. His birthplace however is not certain, sources mention Warsaw, Łódź and Geneva, Switzerland. His mother was Jadwiga Anna Dorota née Dylewska. His father, Teodor Junod, was a Swiss citizen who moved to Russian-held Poland and in 1903 settled in Łódź. There he opened a revue-cinema "Urania" – the first permanent cinema theatre in that city. It was there that Bodo made his stage debut at the age of six.  In 1917 Junod moved to Poznań where he joined "Teatr Apollo". In 1919 (under a new stage name of Eugeniusz Bodo, the surname created from the initials of his own first name Bohdan and his mother's – Dorota) he started acting in various Warsaw-based theatres, variétés and cabarets ("Qui Pro Quo", "Perskie Oko" and "Cyrulik Warszawski" being the most famous). He also played major roles in Warsaw-based "Teatr Polski" and Wilno-based "Teatr Lutnia".  He is best known for his film roles; he played in more than thirty films. His screen debut was a 1925 silent film "Rywale". With the advent of sound film Bodo in a matter of years became one of the best-known Polish actors. Usually appearing in musical comedies, already in 1932 he was voted the "King of Polish Actors" by "Film" magazine's readers. His popularity rose following three "mistaken identity" comedies: 1933 "His Excellency, The Shop Assistant", 1935 "His Excellency, the Chauffeur" (both directed by Michał Waszyński and co-starring Ina Benita) and 1934 "Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?" (co-starring Jadwiga Smosarska). Always appearing well-dressed, in 1936 Bodo was awarded the title of "King of Style" by the readers of Film magazine.  In 1931 Bodo became a co-founder of the B.W.B. film studio, and, in 1933, he opened a private producers' company "Urania", named after his fathers' cinema in Łódź. His best-known film was 1937 "Piętro wyżej", which he wrote and produced himself. On 10 January 1939 Bodo with his business partner Zygmunt Woyciechowski opened a restaurant and a café – the "Café Bodo" – at Warsaw's prestigious Pierackiego street (modern Foksal). By that time his popularity reached far beyond the borders of Poland, to the extent that Yugoslavian press dubbed him "Polish Maurice Chevalier". Bodo himself toured Germany promoting Polish-made feature films on that market. During the invasion of Poland he organized recitals for the Polish soldiers and civilians during the Siege of Warsaw. He then fled to Lwów, where he joined the "Tea-Jazz" band led by Henryk Wars. With that troupe he toured Soviet Union in 1940, he also published a record containing Russian-language versions of his songs. Simultaneously he started efforts to leave the Soviet Union using his Swiss passport. However, shortly after the German invasion of the Soviet Union he was arrested by the NKVD and sentenced to 5 years of lager/labor camp as a result of NKVD Interrogation carried out by NKVD chief Pyotr Fedotov signed on 20 October 1942 (source: documents sent to Poland by the Russian Red Cross in 1992). Initially imprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow, he was not released following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement as the Soviet authorities argued that he was not a Pole but rather a Swiss citizen and hence the Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union did not apply to him. Eugeniusz Bodo starved to death on his way to a remote Soviet gulag camp, in Kotlas. He was declared dead on 7 October 1943.  His whereabouts remained unknown for another 50 years, before the collapse of communism in 1989 the Soviets gave the false version that Bodo had been murdered by the Germans in 1941. This version is repeated even in some modern publications. It was only in 1991 that the Soviet authorities revealed his fate. The tragic circumstances surrounding Bodo's death became the subject of a documentary by Stanisław Janicki "Eugeniusz Bodo: Za winy niepopełnione" ("For Crimes Not Committed"). The title of the 1997 documentary refers to a 1938 film in which Bodo starred.  In October 2011 in Kotlas, where he died, a cenotaph in his honor was unveiled at a local cemetery.

Eugeniusz Bodo (born Bohdan Eugène Junod; 18991943) was a film director, producer and one of the most popular Polish actors and comedians of the inter-war period. He starred in some of the most popular Polish film productions of the 1930s, including "His Excellency, The Shop Assistant" (Polish: "Jego ekscelencja subiekt"), "Czy Lucyna to dziewczyna?" and "Pieśniarz Warszawy". A skilled singer, he became one of the icons of Polish musical comedies of the time and a "symbol of Polish commercial cinema". Towards the end of that decade he also became a successful entrepreneur, a co-owner of a successful film studio, a café and a producers company. Arrested by the Soviets in the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, he perished in the Gulag.

Eugeniusz Bodo, né Bohdan Eugène Junod le à Genève et mort au Goulag le près de Kotlas, en URSS, a été un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur de cinéma, ingénieur du son, et acteur polonais d'origine suisse. C'était un comédien très connu pendant l'entre-deux-guerres.


Early life.

Brandon was born in 1912 in Berlin, Germany, the son of Hildagard and Hugo R. von Kleinbach, a merchant. His parents emigrated to the United States while he was still an infant. After attending Stanford University, where he was a member of the "Alpha Sigma Phi" fraternity, he trained as a theatre actor at the Pasadena Community Playhouse and subsequently performed on Broadway, continuing to return to the stage periodically throughout his career.

Film career.

He made his motion picture debut in 1932 as an uncredited spectator at the Colosseum in "The Sign of the Cross". At age 22 in 1934, he played the role of Silas Barnaby, the villain in the Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy classic "Babes in Toyland". In 1936, having until then been performing under his real name of Henry Kleinbach, he adopted the stage name of Henry Brandon.  He portrayed the villainous manager of an opera company in "Our Gang Follies of 1938". He played the character of Renouf, a deserter from the French Foreign Legion, in the 1939 remake of "Beau Geste". In 1940, he featured in the title role of the successful Republic serial "Drums of Fu Manchu". In 1943, he played Major Ruck, a British secret agent in the guise of an SS officer in Edge of Darkness. Brandon, standing at 6 ft 4" in height, managed to make Errol Flynn look short in the scenes in which they appeared together in "Edge of Darkness" in spite of Flynn's height of 6 ft 2". In 1948 he appeared as Giles de Rais in "Joan of Arc".  He played a French army captain in "Vera Cruz" (1954). He portrayed Jesse James in "Hell's Crossroads" (1957). In 1958, he portrayed Acacius Page in "Auntie Mame". In 1959, he played the role of Gator Joe in "Woman in the River" in the crime drama "Bourbon Street Beat".  On October 12, 1959 he played the role of Jason in Euripides' "Medea" as a part of the "Play of the Week" television series.

As non-European characters.

Brandon often played non-European characters, especially Native Americans in Westerns. He also played the Chinese villain Fu Manchu. The successful serial "Drums of Fu Manchu" (1940) with Brandon in the title role was cancelled by its producer Republic Pictures at the express request of the State Department in 1941 after the U.S. entry into World War II out of concern that it was inciting anti-Chinese sentiment in the American public, which conflicted both with the interests of the Chinese-American population and the international relationship with China as an allied power in the war against Japan.  He appeared as the African tribal chieftain M'Tara in "Tarzan and the She-Devil" (1953). In 1956, he played the chief villain, a Comanche chieftain called Scar, in John Ford's "The Searchers". In 1960, he played a Native American character again as Running Wolf in the episode "Gold Seeker" in the television series "The Rebel". He played Asian characters in two 1961 episodes, viz. "Angel of Death" and "The Assassins", of the television series "Adventures in Paradise". In 1961, he played an American Indian chieftain again in John Ford's "Two Rode Together". In 1965, he played the Shug chief in the pilot episode of "F Troop".

Personal life.

Brandon married in 1941, the marriage produced one son before ending in 1946. He subsequently had a long relationship with the actor Mark Herron. Herron left Brandon in the mid-1960s, and was briefly the fourth husband of Judy Garland. Herron and Garland separated after five months of marriage, after which Herron returned to Brandon and remained with him until Brandon's death.

Death.

Brandon lived in West Hollywood in his final years. He died on 15 February 1990 at the age of 77 of a heart attack at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles. His body was cremated, and the ashes reportedly were scattered at an undisclosed theatre location.

References.

Notes Sources  Further reading

Henry Brandon (born Heinrich von Kleinbach; June 8, 1912 – February 15, 1990) was a German-American film and stage character actor with a career spanning almost 60 years, involving more than 100 films; he specialized in playing a wide diversity of ethnic roles.

Henry Brandon (, Berlin -, Los Angeles) est un acteur germano-américain connu essentiellement pour deux rôles : celui du terrible "Scar" dans "La Prisonnière du désert" de John Ford et celui de l'aristocrate "Capitaine Danette" dans "Vera Cruz" de Robert Aldrich.


Playing career.

Born in Lambhill, Glasgow, McPhail attended St Mungo's Academy before signing for the club he supported, in October 1941, aged just 17. He initially played as a right half and soon earned a nickname, "Hooky" due to his tendency to kick the football with the outside of his boot. The name stuck with him throughout his life. His early years with Celtic coincided with a period of domination by their Old Firm rivals, Rangers. In 1948, McPhail was part of the Celtic team that only narrowly avoided relegation on the last day of the season. However, he did earn a winners medal in the Victory In Europe Cup in 1945.  In 1950 McPhail was transformed into a centre forward, a move that revitalised his career. During this season, he was "his side's inspiration, and the idol of the supporters", according to author and historian Tom Campbell in "Glasgow Celtic 1945-1970". He captained the team to a Scottish Cup victory in 1951, scoring 7 of the club's 19 goals in that competition, and the only goal of the final. This marked the first Cup success for the club in 14 years; it was followed by with a Coronation Cup victory in 1953 and a league championship title in 1954. It was in this period McPhail earned 5 caps for Scotland, scoring 3 goals. He also played for the Scottish League.  By 1954 McPhail had begun to struggle to maintain his match fitness and he only played for the Celtic first team intermittently. Journalist, Archie Macpherson recounts that McPhail admitted to him that he began to adopt the "ageing remedy of the Hungarian international Ferenc Puskás, shortening the stride and increasing the number of steps he took to lend the false impression of pace." Additional problems curtailed his career further, including a family crisis and bankruptcy as a business venture went wrong.  His younger brother, Billy McPhail also played for Celtic, and is widely remembered for scoring a hat-trick in Celtic's 7-1 victory over rivals Rangers in the 1957 Scottish League Cup. John McPhail also scored three goals against Rangers, in the 1950 Glasgow Merchants' Charity Cup. This is the only occasion in Old Firm history that brothers have achieved this feat.

Retirement.

On 5 May 1956 McPhail retired from professional football, having spent 14 years with just one senior club. He went on to work as a journalist with the "Daily Record" for over ten years. He then wrote for "The Celtic View" in the years following its launch.  McPhail was married, and had two daughters and a son, also called John. He died in Glasgow on 6 November 2000.

John McPhail (27 December 1923 – 6 November 2000) was a Scottish international footballer who spent his entire playing career with Celtic. On his retirement from playing football, he wrote for the "Daily Record" and "The Celtic View". He was the elder brother of Billy McPhail, also a former Celtic player.

John McPhail (né le à Glasgow et mort le dans la même ville) est un footballeur écossais des années 1940 et 1950. Il est le frère de Billy McPhail, joueur du Celtic des années 1950.


General shear stress.

The formula to calculate average shear stress is force per unit area.: where:

Other forms.

Pure.

Pure shear stress is related to pure shear strain, denoted, by the following equation: where is the shear modulus of the isotropic material, given by Here is Young's modulus and is Poisson's ratio.

Beam shear.

Beam shear is defined as the internal shear stress of a beam caused by the shear force applied to the beam. where The beam shear formula is also known as Zhuravskii shear stress formula after Dmitrii Ivanovich Zhuravskii who derived it in 1855.

Semi-monocoque shear.

Shear stresses within a semi-monocoque structure may be calculated by idealizing the cross-section of the structure into a set of stringers (carrying only axial loads) and webs (carrying only shear flows). Dividing the shear flow by the thickness of a given portion of the semi-monocoque structure yields the shear stress. Thus, the maximum shear stress will occur either in the web of maximum shear flow or minimum thickness  Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear; e.g., the weight of an earth-filled dam or dike may cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

Impact shear.

The maximum shear stress created in a solid round bar subject to impact is given as the equation: where and

Shear stress in fluids.

Any real fluids (liquids and gases included) moving along a solid boundary will incur a shear stress at that boundary. The no-slip condition dictates that the speed of the fluid at the boundary (relative to the boundary) is zero; although at some height from the boundary the flow speed must equal that of the fluid. The region between these two points is named the boundary layer. For all Newtonian fluids in laminar flow, the shear stress is proportional to the strain rate in the fluid, where the viscosity is the constant of proportionality. For non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity is not constant. The shear stress is imparted onto the boundary as a result of this loss of velocity.  For a Newtonian fluid, the shear stress at a surface element parallel to a flat plate at the point is given by: where  Specifically, the wall shear stress is defined as:  The Newton's constitutive law, for any general geometry (including the flat plate above mentioned), states that shear tensor (a second-order tensor) is proportional to the flow velocity gradient (the velocity is a vector, so its gradient is a second-order tensor):  and the constant of proportionality is named "dynamic viscosity". For an isotropic Newtonian flow it is a scalar, while for anisotropic Newtonian flows it can be a second-order tensor too. The fundamental aspect is that for a Newtonian fluid the dynamic viscosity is independent on flow velocity (i.e., the shear stress constitutive law is "linear"), while non-Newtonian flows this is not true, and one should allow for the modification:  The above formula is no longer the Newton's law but a generic tensorial identity: one could always find an expression of the viscosity as function of the flow velocity given any expression of the shear stress as function of the flow velocity. On the other hand, given a shear stress as function of the flow velocity, it represents a Newtonian flow only if it can be expressed as a constant for the gradient of the flow velocity. The constant one finds in this case is the dynamic viscosity of the flow.

Example.

Considering a 2D space in cartesian coordinates (x,y) (the flow velocity components are respectively (u,v)), the shear stress matrix given by:  represents a Newtonian flow, in fact it can be expressed as:  i.e., an anisotropic flow with the viscosity tensor:  which is nonuniform (depends on space coordinates) and transient, but relevantly it is independent on the flow velocity:  This flow is therefore newtonian. On the other hand, a flow in which the viscosity were:  is Nonnewtonian since the viscosity depends on flow velocity. This nonnewtonian flow is isotropic (the matrix is proportional to the identity matrix), so the viscosity is simply a scalar:

Measurement with sensors.

Diverging fringe shear stress sensor.

This relationship can be exploited to measure the wall shear stress. If a sensor could directly measure the gradient of the velocity profile at the wall, then multiplying by the dynamic viscosity would yield the shear stress. Such a sensor was demonstrated by A. A. Naqwi and W. C. Reynolds. The interference pattern generated by sending a beam of light through two parallel slits forms a network of linearly diverging fringes that seem to originate from the plane of the two slits (see double-slit experiment). As a particle in a fluid passes through the fringes, a receiver detects the reflection of the fringe pattern. The signal can be processed, and knowing the fringe angle, the height and velocity of the particle can be extrapolated. The measured value of wall velocity gradient is independent of the fluid properties and as a result does not require calibration. Recent advancements in the micro-optic fabrication technologies have made it possible to use integrated diffractive optical element to fabricate diverging fringe shear stress sensors usable both in air and liquid.

Micro-pillar shear-stress sensor.

A further measurement technique is that of slender wall-mounted micro-pillars made of the flexible polymer PDMS, which bend in reaction to the applying drag forces in the vicinity of the wall. The sensor thereby belongs to the indirect measurement principles relying on the relationship between near-wall velocity gradients and the local wall-shear stress.

Shear stress, often denoted by (Greek: tau), is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. It arises from the shear force, the component of force vector parallel to the material cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cross section on which it acts.

Une contrainte de cisaillement τ (lettre grecque « tau ») est une contrainte mécanique appliquée de manière parallèle ou tangentielle à une face d'un matériau, par opposition aux contraintes normales qui sont appliquées de manière perpendiculaire. C'est le rapport d'une force à une surface. Elle possède donc la dimension d'une pression, exprimée en pascals ou pour les grandes valeurs en mégapascals (MPa).


Plot summary.

This novel is part of the series that follows the life of Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom from 1960 to 1990. "Rabbit at Rest" focuses on the years 1988–89. Harry, nearly 40 years after his glory days as a high school basketball star in a mid-sized Pennsylvania city, has retired with Janice, his wife of 33 years, to sunny Florida during the cold months, where Harry is depressed, dangerously overweight and desperate for reasons to keep on living.  Unable to stop nibbling corn chips, macadamia nuts and other junk food, Rabbit nearly dies after a heart attack while sunfishing with his nine-year-old granddaughter, Judy. In a "redemption" of the drowning death of his infant daughter Rebecca in the earlier novel "Rabbit, Run", he saves Judy from drowning during their sunfishing afternoon. He is distracted from his own existential worries by the acts of his drug-addicted son, Nelson, to whom Janice (the actual owner of the Angstroms' wealth) has given control of the family's thriving business, a Pennsylvania Toyota dealership. The discovery that Nelson has been stealing from the company to support his drug habit causes Harry to lose the family business. Despite his multiplying difficulties, Rabbit manages to take solace in the presence of Judy, who has matured into a beautiful and charming young lady, reminding him of his high-school glory days. He is less attached to his four-year-old grandson Roy, who seems wary and fearful of Rabbit, much like Nelson.  While recuperating from heart surgery, Rabbit recognizes a nurse, Annabelle Byer, as his illegitimate daughter by his old girlfriend, Ruth. He spends time with her without identifying himself as her likely father. Then, his long-term mistress, Thelma Harrison (wife of his high-school nemesis Ron), dies of lupus. Ron confronts Harry at Thelma's funeral, but the men later reconcile over golf. Harry also encounters Cindy Murkett at the funeral, a woman he had once been obsessed with, and is saddened to see she has become an obese and bitter divorcee.  After Nelson comes back from a treatment program, and Janice begins work as a real estate agent, the family finds out that Harry has had a one-night stand with Pru, Nelson's wife, on the night after he was released from the hospital. Janice's anger over this betrayal prompts Harry to escape to Florida. While in hiding, Harry has a heart attack shortly after winning a one-on-one basketball game with a local youth (echoing the opening of "Rabbit, Run" in which Harry impulsively joins a group of teenagers playing basketball). Nelson and Janice reach Harry's bedside while he is still alive. Janice forgives him for his infidelities and he reconciles with his son. His personal business now largely resolved, Rabbit dies.

Themes.

The novel deals with the passage of time, and generational change. Harry's decline mirrors the decline of the United States which, in the period the novel is set, lacks what Harry saw as its animating purpose: the Cold War.

Rabbit at Rest is a 1990 novel by John Updike. It is the fourth and final novel in a tetralogy, succeeding "Rabbit, Run"; "Rabbit Redux"; and "Rabbit Is Rich." A related novella, "Rabbit Remembered", was published in 2001. "Rabbit at Rest" won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1991, the second "Rabbit" novel to garner that award.

Rabbit en paix (titre original en anglais "Rabbit at Rest") est un roman américain de John Updike publié originellement en aux États-Unis et en français le aux éditions Gallimard. Il constitue le quatrième et dernier volume du cycle Rabbit mettant en scène la vie du personnage Harry « Rabbit » Angstrom, bien qu'un épilogue ("Souvenirs de Rabbit") sous forme d'une nouvelle ait été publiée en 2001.


History.

Excavations have uncovered signs of human occupation from as far back as the Middle Bronze Age (1650-1550 BC) in the form of a tomb that held pottery and scarab seals. During the Iron Age, the Citadel was called Rabbath-Ammon. The Amman Citadel Inscription comes from this period, an example of early Phoenician writing. It came to be occupied by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. When it was conquered by the Greeks in 331 BC, the city was renamed Philadelphia. From the Hellenistic Period, there were not many architectural changes, but pottery provides evidence for their occupation. The site became Roman around 30 BC, and finally came under Muslim rule in AD 661. The Citadel declined in importance under Ayyubid rule in the 13th century, but a watchtower was added to the site during this period.  Amman Citadel Mosque is an example of early mosques that imitated the Persian-style apadana hall; these mosques are normally found only in Persia and Iraq.

Contents.

The Temple of Hercules located at the site dates to the Roman occupation of the Citadel in the 2nd century AD.  During the Umayyad period (AD 661-750), a palace structure, known in Arabic as "al-Qasr", ("القصر") was built at the Citadel. The Umayyad Palace was probably used as an administrative building or the residence of an Umayyad official. The palace draws on Byzantine style. For example, the entrance hall is shaped in a Greek cross plan. The palace may have been built on top of an existing Byzantine structure in this shape. There is a huge water reservoir dug into the ground adjacent to the palace, along with a Byzantine church on the other side.

Tourism.

Starting in 1995-6, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Jordan in partnership with USAID began a project to conserve and restore this site to benefit tourists and the local community. The Amman Citadel is also the site of Jordan Archaeological Museum, which is home to a collection of artifacts from the Citadel and other Jordanian historic sites.

The Amman Citadel () is a historical site at the center of downtown Amman, the capital of Jordan. The L-shaped hill is one of the seven hills ("jabals") that originally made up Amman.

Jabal al-Qal'a ("جبل القلعة", en arabe) ou citadelle d'Amman en français est un site historique national situé au cœur d'Amman, capitale de la Jordanie. Sise au sommet d'une colline en forme de L, elle est l'une des sept "jabal" qui formaient la ville antique. Il est aujourd'hui un musée archéologique en plein-air.


Etymology.

The term is thought to have derived from the Brittonic *"kagro-" and to be cognate with "cae" ("field, enclosed piece of land"). Although stone castles were largely introduced to Wales by the invading Normans, "caer" was and remains used to describe the settlements around some of them as well. An example is the Roman fort at Caernarfon, formerly known in Welsh as'from its position on the Seiont; the later Edwardian castle and its community were distinguished as'("fort in the land opposite Anglesey"). However, the modern names of the Roman fort and Edwardian castle themselves are now'or ', while the communities carry on the name "caer".  Note that the term is not believed to be related to the Irish "cathair" ("city"), which is instead derived from Proto-Celtic *"katrixs", *"catarax" ("fortification").

Britain.

Gildas's account of the Saxon invasions of Britain claimed that there were 28 fortified Roman cities () on the island, without listing them. The "History of the Britons" traditionally attributed to Nennius includes a list of the 28, all of which are called "caer". Controversy exists over whether this list includes only Roman cities or a mixture of Roman cities and non-Roman settlements. Some of the place names that have been proposed include:

Wales.

Examples in modern Wales include:

England.

Modern Welsh exonyms for English cities include:

Scotland.

Southern Scotland, the former Old North of the Romano-Britons, contains many modern placenames with variant forms of "caer", including:

Caer (; or "") is a placename element in Welsh meaning "stronghold", "fortress", or "citadel", roughly equivalent to an Old English suffix ("-ceaster") now variously written as and.

Ker est un appellatif toponymique breton utilisé le plus souvent comme premier élément d'un toponyme. Il désigne un lieu habité.


History.

The Genesis of the project began in the early 1990s and was originally designed as a "point tower" exceeding 40 stories for a Canadian developer. The design of the 'point tower' was crafted by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill/San Francisco under the direction of Larry Doane and Steve O'Brien and won what at the time was a 'beauty competition' managed through the San Francisco Building Department. The project was voted through just before the economy for Class A office buildings fell into a severe recession and the developer for the project developed financial difficulties. The site changed hands and is currently managed by Hines. The site sat dormant and was redesigned around 1994 by Steve O'Brien. O'Brien's masterful massing partii is what survives to this day. The reorganization of SOM and the ongoing sluggish economy affected the final outcome of the design of 101 Second Street although much of the structure, including the public atrium and stepping down towards Second Street, can be attributed to O'Brien. Design Partners Brian Lee and Craig Hartman picked up the final detailing of the project after Larry Doane and Steve O'Brien.  Prior to September 11, 2001, a public loggia had been proposed for the upper floor to provide San Franciscans with a public open space unparalleled in any American City at that time. Even today, the proposal for a public open air, open space 24 stories in the air is unrivaled in the United States. Due to security and operational concerns, the concept was abandoned and the requisite open space requirements were placed in a mezzanine that is part of the atrium facing Second Street.  101 Second Street was developed by a partnership of Cousins Properties Incorporated and Myers Development Company, along with 55 Second Street. Both properties were sold to an affiliate of Hines Interests Limited Partnership in September 2004 for US$282 million, of which US$144 million was for 101 Second Street. Hines sold 101 Second Street to Invesco Real Estate for about $297 million in January 2014.

101 Second Street is an office tower located in the South of Market district in San Francisco, California on Mission Street. The building was completed in 2000 and has 26 floors with for offices. It is known for its glass-clad, four-story atrium which functions as public space. Its art pavilion has included commissions by painter Charles Arnoldi and sculptor Larry Bell. On warm days, the building at street level is opened.

Le 101 Second Street est un gratte-ciel de 108 mètres de hauteur construit à San Francisco en Californie (États-Unis) en 1999.


Reception.

The Allmusic review by Joslyn Layne awarded the album 3 stars stating "Although certainly a younger effort, there is a lot of good music on this first film works compilation. It is interesting to hear where Zorn's scores began". Guy Peters stated "With releases like this, Zorn was basically working outside the jazz-frame and experimenting with avant-garde compositions, but a lot of the music owes so much to jazz that his crossover tactics can be found at full-effect. Like all of his music that is laden with shifts, gimmicks, cut-up techniques and the complete lack of convention, this volume of Filmworks may strike one as too self-conscious and studied (as in the structured improvisation of the game pieces), but it also shows you a fearless musician and composer at work, willing to take risks and not afraid to fail once in a while. It's certainly not an easy listen".

Track Listing and Liner Notes.

White and Lazy (1986) Director - Rob Schwebber  Robert Quine - guitar Arto Lindsay - guitar, vocals Melvin Gibbs - bass Anton Fier - drums Carol Emanuel - harp David Weinstein - keyboards Ned Rothenberg - bass clarinet  Recorded and mixed June 1986 at Radio City Studios, New York City by Don Hünerberg. The Golden Boat (1990) Director - Raúl Ruiz 07. "Fanfare" - 0:30 08. "Theme" - 2:59 09. "Jazz 1" - 2:51 10. "Horror Organ" - 1:06 11. "Mexico" - 1:56 12. "Mood" - 3:17 13. "Rockabilly" - 2:01 14. "Slow" - 2:47 15. "Jazz Oboes" - 2:33 16. "The Golden Boat (Turntable Mix)" - 2:58 17. "End Titles" - 2:53  Vicki Bodner - oboe John Zorn - alto sax Robert Quine - guitar Anthony Coleman - keyboards Carol Emanuel - harp David Shae - turntable, vocals Mark Dresser - bass Ciro Baptista - Brazilian percussion Robert Previte - drums, marimba  Recorded May 1990 at Platinum Island Studio, NY by Ricky Belt.  Mixed August 1990 at Science Lab, NYC by Jerry Gottus. The Good, The Bad and The Ugly (1987) 18. "The Good, The Bad and The Ugly" - 1:04  Robert Quine - guitar Bill Frisell - guitar Fred Frith - bass Wayne Horvitz - hammond organ David Weinstein - keyboards Carol Emanuel - harp Robert Previte - drums, percussion, vocal  Recorded and mixed April 1987 at Radio City Studios, New York City by Don Hünerberg. She Must Be Seeing Things (1986) Director - Sheila McLaughlin 19. "Main Title" - 1:04 20. "Swirling Shot" - 1:20 21. "Homecoming" - 3:22 22. "Catalina Flash" - 0:28 23. "Seduction" - 4:54 24. "Sex Shop Boogaloo" - 2:47 25. "Catalina Escapes" - 1:11 26. "Worms" - 1:04 27. "Death Waltz Fantasy" - 1:24 28. "Following Sequence" - 3:03 29. "Movie Set" - 1:20 30. "Climax" - 2:55 31. "Going To Dinner" - 2:38 32. "End Titles" - 3:27  Shelley Hirsch - voice John Zorn - alto sax Marty Ehrlich - tenor sax, clarinet Tom Varner - French horn Jim Staley - trombone Bill Frisell - guitar Carol Emanuel - harp Anthony Coleman - piano, organ, celeste, harpsichord Wayne Horvitz - hammond organ, piano, DX7 David Weinstein - mirage, CZ101 keyboards David Hofstra - bass Naná Vasconcelos - Brazilian percussion Robert Previte - drums, percussion, vibes, timpani, orchestra bells  Recorded and mixed December 1986 at Radio City Studios, New York City by Don Hünerberg.

Filmworks 1986–1990 features the first released film scores of John Zorn. The album was originally released on the Japanese labels Wave and Eva in 1990, on the Nonesuch Records label in 1992, and subsequently re-released on Zorn's own label, Tzadik Records, in 1997 after being out of print for several years.

Filmworks I: 1986-1990 est un album de John Zorn paru en 1991 sur le label japonais Wave, puis sur Nonesuch en 1992, et réédité en 1997 par Tzadik. Il présente les premières musiques de films composées par John Zorn. Les trois films en question sont : "White and Lazy" (1986) de Rob Schwebber; "The Golden Boat" (1990) de Raul Ruiz; "She Must Be Seeing Things" (1986) de Sheila McLaughlin. S'y ajoute un arrangement de la pièce "The Good, The Bad and The Ugly" de Ennio Morricone.