History of Atlantis.

The suburb of Atlantis was established during the 1970s by the Apartheid government as an industrial centre and a community for the coloured population of Cape Town under the Group Areas Act. In order to attract industry and residents to Atlantis the government introduced various incentives to attract manufacturing firms via a system of relocation tax credit. In its heyday in the early to mid-1980s there were approximately 50 industrialists in Atlantis employing people drawn from nearly 8 000 households. These industries included large manufacturing concerns such as Tedelex and Atlantis Diesel Engines.  Manufacturing activities in Atlantis declined with the termination of the incentive programmes and the defence manufacturing contracts from the mid-1980s. The withdrawal of incentives significantly reduced the attractiveness of the area and while Atlantis has since been through a series of mini economic booms and busts the trend declined in the economy of the area. Currently, only about 3% of the original companies still have business in Atlantis but numerous new factories and businesses have started to operate in Atlantis. Over the past three years over R1bn has been invested into Atlantis by large multinationals. Hisense opened a factory in the town in June 2013[2] injecting ZAR 350 million into the first phase of the Atlantis plant, creating 300 production positions and accompanied by a skills-transfer programme led by technicians and engineers from China.  Over R600m has been invested by the green manufacturing industry, for the manufacture of wind towers, wind tower internals and solar panels and the like. The investment is the result of cooperation between the City of Cape Town, the Western Cape Provincial Government, the South African Department of Trade and Industry and GreenCape. In 2013, the City of Cape Town in cooperation with the Western Cape Provincial Government declared Atlantis as a priority area for economic development, establishing a Greentech hub for manufacturing of components for the renewable energy and other green industries. An application has also been submitted for the Atlantis Industrial Area to be declared a Special Economic Zone with the focus on green technology. The SEZ status will provide investors a range of incentives, including the benefits of co-location, and access to established markets.  There have been a range of other interventions to revitalize the local economy:  The biggest new investment is the GRI South Africa factory which manufactures wind turbine towers, the investment is about R400m and created 230 new jobs. Currently, there are 94 factories and 77 services businesses in Atlantis.

Atlantis is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa, and a suburb of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality. Atlantis is north of the Cape Town Central Business District (CBD). As of 2011, it has 67,491 residents. Unemployment, lack of housing and crime are major challenges in the area.

Atlantis est un faubourg d'Afrique du Sud, située dans la province du Cap-Occidental et rattaché à la métropole du Cap en Afrique du Sud.


Shootings.

At about 10:30 a.m. EDT, Jiverly Wong barricaded the rear door of the Binghamton American Civic Association building with a vehicle registered in his father's name. He was described as wearing a bullet-proof vest, a bright green nylon jacket, and dark-rimmed glasses.  Wong entered through the front door, firing a number of bullets at people in his path. At 10:30 am, Broome County Communications received several 911 calls, and the first police were dispatched to the scene. Two of the Civic Association's receptionists were among the first victims shot. While one of the receptionists was reported to have been shot through the head and killed, the second, shot in the stomach, feigned death and, when the gunman moved on, took cover under a desk and called 911. The receptionist's call was taken by 911 staff at 10:38 am. The wounded receptionist, 61-year-old Shirley DeLucia, remained on the line for 39 minutes, despite her gunshot wound, and relayed information until she was rescued. She later recounted that the gunman had opened fire without saying anything.  The gunman entered a classroom just off the main reception areas, where an ESL class was being given to students. Out of the 16 people in the room, Wong hit 13 of them, including the professor. He then took dozens of other students hostage. Police arrived within minutes of the 911 calls. Hearing the alarms, Wong committed suicide by shooting himself at 10:33 am, three minutes after he first opened fire. In all, Wong fired 99 rounds: 88 from a 9mm Beretta and 11 from a.45-caliber Beretta.

Police response.

Police remained at the perimeter of the property, having locked down nearby Binghamton High School and a number of streets in the area. At one point, not knowing if the gunman was alive or dead, police summoned Broome Community College Assistant Professor Tuong Hung Nguyen, who is fluent in Vietnamese, to help communicate with Wong in the event of contact.  SWAT members entered the Civic Center building and began clearing it at 11:13 am—43 minutes after the first call to the police at 10:30 am, and 40 minutes after patrol officers first arrived on the scene at 10:33 am. At the time of their entry, they had not yet confirmed that Wong had committed suicide, and they proceeded with caution. At approximately 12:00 pm, ten people left the building, with another ten following approximately forty minutes later. Some of the hostages had escaped to a basement, while more than a dozen remained hidden in a closet. Thanh Huynh, a high school teacher of Vietnamese background, was asked to translate so the Vietnamese survivors could be interviewed by the police.  Wong was found dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, in the first-floor classroom with his victims. Items found on Wong's body included a hunting knife in the waistband of his pants; a bag of ammunition which was tied around his neck; and two semi-automatic pistols (a.45-caliber Beretta Px4 Storm and a 9mm Beretta 92FS Vertec Inox matching the serial numbers on his New York State pistol license). Also found at the scene were a number of unspent magazines, at least two empty magazines with a 30-round capacity each, and a firearm laser sight.  By 2:33 pm, SWAT had completed the clearing of the building, and all those inside had been evacuated.

Perpetrator.

Jiverly Antares Wong (born Linh Phat Voong; December 8, 1967 – April 3, 2009), a resident of Johnson City, New York, was identified as the perpetrator of the shootings.  Wong was born into an ethnic Chinese (Hoa) family in South Vietnam. He and his parents, Henry Voong and Mui Thong, immigrated to New York in the late 1980s; he moved to California some time later. In 1992, Wong was arrested there and convicted of a misdemeanor charge of fraud for forgery. Wong became a naturalized American citizen in November 1995; the following year, he registered a gun in Broome County, New York. Sometime after that, he left the United States to live in Ottawa, Ontario, in Canada.  He returned to the U.S., taking up residence in Inglewood, California, in December 1999. In California, Wong registered another gun. While living there, Wong married and later divorced Xiu Ping Jiang. The couple had no children. Wong worked for almost seven years as a delivery man for Kikka Sushi, a catering company located in Los Angeles.  Wong failed to show up to work one day in July 2007, having moved to Binghamton, New York, that month, near his parents. Later, he called the company to get a copy of his W-2 earnings statement in 2008, asking that it be forwarded to a New York state address. Although early reports suggested Wong had recently lost his job at a local IBM plant in nearby Endicott, New York, IBM said they had no records showing Wong had ever worked for the company. Wong worked at a local Shop-Vac vacuum cleaner plant until it closed in November 2008.  Wong had been taking English classes at the center, beginning in January 2009 and continuing through March. His attendance was intermittent, and he stopped coming altogether. He shot the students and teacher in the classroom where he had formerly attended sessions.

Possible motives.

Several sources suggested possible motives for Wong's attack, including feelings of being "degraded and disrespected" for his poor English language skills, depression over losing his job, and difficulty in finding work in New York. A few years before the killings, he had worked as an engineer at Endicott Interconnect Technologies, a high-tech electronics company. In 2004, the company laid off five percent of its workforce. A coworker from that time said of him, "He was quiet—not a violent person" and "I can't believe he would do something like this." Press TV noted that Taliban leader Baituallah Mehsud claimed responsibility for the shootings, stating, "They were my men. I gave them orders in reaction to US drone attacks." However, a spokesman for the Federal Bureau of Investigation discounted the claim as inconsistent with their evidence that Wong was the lone gunman.  Binghamton Police Chief Joseph Zikuski said, "From the people close to him... this action he took was not a surprise to them." Wong had allegedly made comments such as "America sucks" and talked about assassinating President Barack Obama to his former coworkers at Shop Vac.

Package mailed to TV station.

Several days after the shooting, an envelope was received by the Syracuse, New York, TV station News 10 Now dated March 18, 2009, and postmarked April 3, 2009, the day of the shootings. The three stamps used for the postage were a Liberty Bell and two Purple Hearts.  The package contained a two-page handwritten letter; photos of Wong, holding guns while smiling; a gun permit; and Wong's driver's license. Of the letter itself, most of its content was a rambling, paranoid accusation of perceived police misconduct and persecution of him, especially through "secret" visits to his residences.

Text of letter.

Following is the verbatim text of Wong's letter to News 10 Now (it includes his errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation). The two-page letter was handwritten, using (nearly) all capital letters. While it was not signed, authorities believe that it was written by Wong.

Victims.

During this incident, Wong killed 13 people and critically wounded four. An account of each of the victims was published in "The New York Times" on April 6, 2009.

Wounded.

The injured were treated for gunshot wounds at Wilson Medical Center in Johnson City and Our Lady of Lourdes Memorial Hospital in Binghamton.

The Binghamton shootings took place on April 3, 2009, at the American Civic Association immigration center in Binghamton, New York. At approximately 10:30 a.m. EDT, Jiverly Antares Wong (also known as Jiverly Voong), a 41-year-old naturalized American citizen from Vietnam, entered the facility and shot numerous people inside. Wong had taken English language classes there from January to March 2009 before dropping out.

La fusillade de Binghamton est une tuerie de masse qui eut lieu le à Binghamton, dans l'État de New York, aux États-Unis. Le tueur, Jiverly Antares Wong (aussi connu sous le nom de Jiverly Voong), un citoyen naturalisé américain venant du Viêt Nam, pénètre dans les locaux d’un centre d’aide aux immigrés de Binghamton et abat 13 personnes et en blesse 4 autres avant de se suicider.


Eruptive history.

Tongoa and Epi islands once formed part of a larger island called Kuwae. Local folklore tells of a cataclysmic eruption that split this island into two smaller islands with an oval 12 x 6 km caldera in between (but the story tells of an eruption south of Tongoa). Collapse associated with caldera formation may have been as much as 1100 m. Around 32–39 km3 of magma was erupted, making the Kuwae eruption one of the largest in the last 10,000 years.  In Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, a major eruption or series of eruptions is revealed as a spike in sulfate concentration, showing that the release in form of particles was higher than any other eruption since. Also, analysis of the ice cores pinpointed the event to late 1452 or early 1453. The volume of expelled matter is more than six times larger than that of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and would have caused severe cooling of the entire planet the following three years. The link between the sulphur spike and the Kuwae caldera is questioned in a 2007 study by Károly Németh, "et al." proposing the Tofua caldera as an alternative source candidate.

Recent activity.

Since the eruption of c. 1452, Kuwae caldera has had several smaller eruptions with Volcanic Explosivity Indexes (VEIs) of 0 to 3. The latest confirmed eruption occurred on 4 February 1974 ± 4 days. It had a VEI of 0, and was a submarine eruption that formed a new island.  Islands have regularly formed in Kuwae caldera. The 1897–1901 eruption built an island 1 km long and 15 m high. It disappeared within 6 months. The 1948–1949 eruption formed an island and built a cone 1.6 km in diameter and 100 m high. That island also lasted less than one year. All the islands have disappeared from wave action and caldera floor movements. In 1959, the island reappeared for a short time and again in 1971. The last structure remained an island until 1975.  Activity at present at Kuwae is confined to intermittent fumarole activity, which stain the water yellow. Over the top of the volcano hydrogen sulfide bubbles reach the surface.

Climatic consequences of 1452–1453 event.

The Kuwae eruption has been linked with the second pulse of the Little Ice Age, which had started two centuries earlier with a series of four unidentified eruptions.  A study by Dr Kevin Pang of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory drew on evidence found in tree rings, ice cores and in the historic records of civilizations in Europe and China. Oak panels of British portrait paintings had abnormally narrow rings in 1453–55.  In Sweden, grain tithes fell to zero as the crops failed; Western US bristlecone pines show frost damage in 1453; and the growth of European and Chinese trees was stunted in 1453–57.  Mexican codices describe autumn frosts in 1453 that affected agriculture throughout central Mexico.  According to the history of the Ming Dynasty in China in the spring of 1453, "Nonstop snow damaged wheat crops". Later that year, as the dust obscured the sunlight, "Several feet of snow fell in six provinces; tens of thousands of people froze to death".  Early in 1454, "it snowed for 40 days south of the Yangtze River and countless died of cold and famine". Lakes and rivers were frozen, and the Yellow Sea was icebound out to 20 km from shore.  The eruption occurred just before the Fall of Constantinople, the last bastion of the once-mighty Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmed II, laid siege to the city on 5 April 1453 and conquered it on 29 May 1453. Pang found mention of the volcano's after-effects in chronicles of the city's last days. Historians noted that the city's gardens, that spring, produced very little. On the night of 22 May 1453, the moon, the symbol of Constantinople, rose in dark eclipse, fulfilling a prophecy of the city's demise. On 25 May 1453, a thunderstorm burst on the city: "It was impossible to stand up against the hail, and the rain came down in such torrents that whole streets were flooded". The next day, on 26 May 1453, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition that is unknown in that part of the world in that month.  When the fog lifted that evening, "flames engulfed the dome of the Hagia Sophia, and lights, too, could be seen from the walls, glimmering in the distant countryside far behind the Turkish camp (to the west)", historians noted. Residents of the city thought the strange light was from reflection from a fire set by the Turkish attackers. Pang said, however, that the "fire" was an optical illusion by the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere. Many such false fire alarms were reported worldwide after the 1883 Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia.  Pang said, "I conclude that Kuwae erupted in early 1453... The residual volcanic cloud could have made the apocalyptic June 1456 apparition of the Comet Halley look'red' with a 'golden' tail, as reported by contemporary astronomers".

Kuwae is a submarine caldera between the Epi and Tongoa islands in Vanuatu. Kuwae Caldera cuts through the flank of the Tavani Ruru volcano on Epi and the northwestern end of Tongoa.

Kuwae est une caldeira sous-marine situé entre les îles Epi et Tongoa de l’archipel du Vanuatu. La caldeira se situe plus précisément entre le flanc du volcan Tavani Ruru sur Epi et le nord-ouest de Tongoa.


World War II.

Duhalde learned to fly with the Air Club of Chile in Santiago. At the outbreak of World War II, Duhalde volunteered with a French-Chilean group and travelled by ship to Europe with the intention of joining the French Free Forces as a pilot. She arrived in Liverpool, England, in April 1941, and was initially detained in jail in London for five days as a suspected spy. Upon her release, she was informed that the French Free Forces did not accept women pilots, and she was instead assigned domestic work and kitchen chores. She subsequently learned that the Royal Air Force was willing to accept women pilots, and she applied to join the Air Transport Auxiliary of the RAF, an organisation responsible for transporting aircraft.  Although she spoke almost no English, she was trained as a transport pilot to enable her to fly both single and twin-engine aircraft, and both British and American machines. Over the next four years, Duhalde moved more than 900 aircraft, of 70 different types, from English bases to combat zones in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. She rose to become a first officer in the ATA.

Post-war.

After the war, in 1945, Duhalde flew warplanes for the French Air Force. She was France's first female combat pilot. She served as a transport pilot for the French, based in Meknes, Morocco. In 1946, the French asked her to complete a tour of South America demonstrating French aircraft; she travelled to Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil and Chile.  She returned to Chile in 1947; however, the national airline LAN did not hire women as pilots at that time. Instead, she took a job as a private pilot for a prominent businessman until 1949. She later opened her own flying school and worked as a flight instructor and as an air traffic controller in the air force. She was Chile's first female air traffic controller, and continued until she was 81 years old. Duhalde died in Santiago at the age of 97 on 5 February 2018.

Honours and awards.

In 1946 Duhalde was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour, and in 2007 she was made a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour. In 2009 Duhalde received the Veteran's Badge from the British ambassador in Santiago, Howard Drake, for her work with the British Air Transport Auxiliary during World War II.

Margot Duhalde Sotomayor (12 December 1920 – 5 February 2018) was a Chilean pilot who served with the Air Transport Auxiliary of the Royal Air Force in World War II. She was Chile's first female military pilot and first female air traffic controller.

Margot Duhalde, née le à Río Bueno au Chili et morte le à Santiago du Chili, est la seule aviatrice des Forces françaises libres pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Biography.

Vecchi was born sometime around the year 1551 and educated in the Vercelli Cathedral. In 1580 Vecchi was nominated by Charles Borromeo for the post of the newly created position of "maestro di cappella" at Santa Maria alla Scala, in good part because of the combination of his youth and training. Borromeo vested him with minor orders in 1581, in order to meet the requirements of a 1565 cathedral rule that stated musicians were to be chosen from clergy. Nonetheless, Vecchi's appointment to the position remained controversial, and he vacated two years later in favor of the same position at the Vercelli Cathedral. He returned to Santa Maria alla Scala after another four years. There he was unsuccessfully nominated for a position of chaplain at the altar of San Giovanni. In 1591 he applied for the position of mansionarius at Santa Maria alla Scala, in which he sang Ambrosian plainchant. This effort was successful. He died in 1603.

Impact.

He was prolific as a church composer in the post-Tridentine style, and became the foremost sacred music composer in Milan in his time. His tenure at Santa Maria alla Scala returned the institution to its leading place among musical establishments in Milan. His influence on English composer Peter Philips was significant. His reputation was such that a collection of his work was published (though at no benefit to himself) in its entirety outside Milan.

Compositions.

He is best known for his two collections of "sacred madrigals", "La Donna vestita di sole" (1590) and "Scielta de Mardrigali" (1604). The second of these, published by his brother a year after his death, contains works borrowed from the secular madrigals of other composers, and modified into motets with Latin sacred texts substituting for the original lyrics. Vecchi has been noted for arranging his works in such a manner as to render the words in an appreciable manner to the listener. It has also been noted the speed at which he was able to write music for large ensembles. His output of motets, psalms, masses, and other musical works was unmatched in his time.

Orfeo Vecchi (ca. 15511603) was an Italian composer and choirmaster. His most important appointment as choirmaster was at Santa Maria alla Scala, Milan. His extant compositions date as early as 1588.

Orfeo Vecchi (ca. 1551-1603) né à Verceil est un compositeur et chef de chœur italien. Sa nomination la plus importante fut celle de maître de chapelle à Santa Maria de la Scala à Milan. Ses premières compositions encore existantes datent de 1588.


Plot.

In the distant future, Rigby leads Benson, Skips, Hi-Five Ghost, Muscle Man, and Pops against an evil man named Mr. Ross, who is erasing time. They find Mr. Ross' weapon is guarded by a cyborg version of Mordecai, who attempts to kill Rigby for a transgression he did in the past. When the entire team is killed, Benson sacrifices himself so that Rigby can use a timeship to reach the past and stop the chaos. Rigby does so, but not before Mordecai shoots him with a plasma shotgun.  In the present, Mordecai and Rigby barely convince Benson not to fire them after running late due to Rigby's idea to get breakfast burritos. When the timeship crash lands in the park, future Rigby appears to tell Mordecai, Rigby and their co-workers that when Mordecai and Rigby were in high school, they created a time machine that backfired and created a "Time-nado", a tornado with the ability to travel through space and time, which was harnessed and weaponized by their former science teacher and volleyball coach, Mr. Ross, who was held responsible for the incident and sent to prison. Future Mr. Ross now intends to use the weaponized Time-nado to erase all of time. Before dying, future Rigby also reveals future Mordecai shot him (to the shock of the group as they don't believe it's possible) and says Rigby must soon reveal a secret from his past in order to save the universe, even if it costs him his friendship with Mordecai. When questioned for details, Mordecai explains they created the time machine because Rigby got into their dream college, College University, but Mordecai did not. Benson tries to convince everyone the whole thing is a hoax until Muscle Man finds future Rigby's plasma shotgun and blows up Benson's car with it.  After preparing for the mission, the employees use the timeship to travel back in time to Mordecai and Rigby's high school days, but damage the ship's engines in the process. Skips, Muscle Man and Hi-Five Ghost stay behind to repair the ship's engines while Benson and Pops follow Mordecai and Rigby to the science lab to find the time machine that Mordecai and Rigby's past selves were working on with past Mr. Ross, who is angry at Rigby for costing the volleyball team the championship, but was forced to let him do an extra credit assignment to pass his class. However, the volleyball team attack Benson and Pops, thinking they were spies from their rival school, Riverdale, forcing Mordecai and Rigby to get help from their past selves.  After convincing past Rigby to make a model volcano instead, the group destroy the time machine and return to the timeship only to find the repairs stalled due to an encounter with Muscle Man and Hi-Five Ghost's past selves. Complicating matters further is that temporal ruptures begin appearing just as the repairs are finished. Rigby, who had slipped away earlier, alerts them that past Mordecai and past Rigby are heading to the high school to finish a second time machine future Mr. Ross planted. The employees race back to the science lab but are held up by future Mr. Ross and future Mordecai, allowing past Mordecai and past Rigby to botch the second time machine and create the Time-nado. Future Mr. Ross then forces Rigby to admit the truth while holding Mordecai hostage: he never got into College U, but Mordecai did and he created Mordecai's fake rejection letter in order to maintain their friendship. Future Mr. Ross tries to kill Mordecai with a volleyball bomb in the confusion, but future Mordecai, having a change of heart, jumps into the bomb's path, taking a heavy wound and forcing future Mr. Ross to retreat.  Enraged over the duplicity that has affected his life, Mordecai ends his friendship with Rigby completely, blaming him for holding him back the entire time. This prompts a heartbroken Rigby to run off with the timeship, leaving the group behind. Before dying, future Mordecai gives his present version his timeship and instructs him to patch things up, saying what Rigby did was no excuse to side with future Mr. Ross. As the group tries to rebound, a distress call from future Gene the Vending Machine prompts them to help out. Meanwhile, after a failed suicide attempt to fly into the Sun, Rigby encounters Father Time, who is falling apart due to the Time-nado, and convinces Rigby to apologize to Mordecai. Rigby heads to the future and races back to the Time-nado space station, but gets intercepted along with Mordecai by Mr. Ross at the temporal crystal power core. With help from Techmo, they manage to kill Ross and restore their friendship before using the plutonium from Mordecai's timeship to destroy the Time-nado. They later return to the past and convince past Rigby to apologize to past Mr. Ross before he's taken to jail for life, thus ending the feud between them.  In the present, Mordecai and Rigby agree that, despite how cool their future selves turned out, they won't let their friendship degrade into trying to kill each other, which alters the future and erases their dead future selves from the timeline. The next day, as Benson catches them out of the park, the pair race back in the timeship from a fast food place with Rigby saying they'll "never be late again" before using the timeship to travel back in time to the point before Benson catches them.

Production.

The film was first announced in February 2015 during the Cartoon Network upfront. Series creator J.G. Quintel announced on June 11, 2015 via Twitter that the production of the film had been completed. A trailer for the film was shown at the 2015 Comic Con International event on July 10, 2015 and was later released online on July 12, 2015. Despite the film being announced in February 2015, the film began production in 2014.  During production of the fourth season, the network asked the creator if he would like to do a forty-minute special episode. Quintel turned down the offer and asked to do a film instead. The network agreed. The idea was then put into development.  Quintel confirmed that the film is canon and is set in the middle of season six and season seven.  The sixth season of "Regular Show" was affected by the film. It was set to have 40 episodes, but due to the production of the film, only 31 were produced. Season seven featured 39 episodes.

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack for the film featured three real-life songs including, "March of the Swivel Heads", "The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" and "Pale Blue Eyes".

Release.

Theatrical release.

The film first screened at the L.A. Downtown Independent on August 14, 2015 and continued to screen until August 20, 2015. The film also screened at select Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas across the United States and it had a select showtime at the SVA Theatre of New York and at the Cinema Montrereal CANADA during October 2015.

Television premiere.

"Regular Show: The Movie" premiered on Cartoon Network United States and Cartoon Network Canada on November 25, 2015. It premiered on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland and Cartoon Network in Australia and New Zealand on November 28, 2015. The film premiered in Asia (including Philippines) on November 30, 2015 and in Central and Latin America on December 7, 2015.  The film was premiered in France on November 22, 2015 on Cartoon Network.

Home media release.

The film was released on digital platforms such as iTunes and Google Play Movies & TV on September 1, 2015. The movie was later released to DVD by Warner Home Video on October 13, 2015. The movie is estimated to have grossed $150,509 in domestic DVD sales.

Ratings.

The film was watched by 2.17 million viewers and received a 4.5 rating in adults 18-49.

Regular Show: The Movie is a 2015 American animated sci-fi comedy film based on animated series, "Regular Show". It was produced by Cartoon Network Studios. The film features the voices of William Salyers, J. G. Quintel, Sam Marin, and Mark Hamill reprising their respective roles from the series, while Jason Mantzoukas joined the cast.

Regular Show : Le Film est un film d'animation américain basé sur la série "Regular Show", réalisé par J. G. Quintel et sorti en 2015.


Club career.

Early years and breakthrough.

Born in Cambridge, Morris began his career in the youth system at Norwich City at the age of 11. He became an academy scholar in the summer of 2012 and won the FA Youth Cup with Norwich in May 2013. In December 2013, he signed a professional contract until the summer of 2016. Morris signed a one-year contract extension with the Canaries on 22 May 2019. Football Journalist, Gary Stevenson, spoke out about the extension "it's pretty pointless really as he is never going to play, he's been 6ft 2 since he was 4 but clearly if he was ever going to do anything he'd be in the squad by now, it's over".

2014–15.

On 4 August 2014, Morris joined Oxford United on loan until 1 January 2015. He made his debut on 9 August 2014, starting in a 1–0 defeat to Burton Albion in League Two. He scored his first goal in professional football in his next appearance on 12 August 2014, starting again as Oxford defeated Bristol City in the first round of the League Cup. After 10 appearances, he was recalled by Norwich on 23 October 2014.  On 27 November 2014, Morris joined another League Two club, York City, on loan until 4 January 2015. He made his debut two days later as a 77th-minute substitute for Wes Fletcher in York's 1–1 away draw with Plymouth Argyle. His loan was extended for another month in January 2015 before returning to Norwich on 9 February having made eight appearances for York.

2015–16.

On 15 July 2015, Morris joined Hamilton Academical on a six-month loan, shortly after signing a new two-year contract with Norwich. He made his Scottish Premiership debut on 1 August in Hamilton's 0–0 home draw with Partick Thistle. On 18 August 2015, Morris scored his first goal for Hamilton in a 4–0 home victory over Dundee United. On 2 January 2016, he extended his stay with Hamilton until the end of the 2015–16 season. Morris returned to Norwich in May 2016, following 10 months on loan at Hamilton having featured in 33 matches, scoring eight goals.

2016–17.

After featuring for Norwich under-23s in the EFL Trophy, Morris joined Championship club Rotherham United on 31 January 2017 on loan until the end of 2016–17, although he did not link up with the team until mid March due to injury. He made his debut as a substitute in the 5–1 defeat away to Queens Park Rangers on 18 March 2017.

2017–18.

On 11 July 2017, Morris joined League One club Shrewsbury Town on a season-long loan, becoming their ninth summer signing. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3−2 victory over Rochdale at New Meadow on 19 August. Morris suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in Shrewsbury Town's League One play-off final defeat to Rotherham United.

2018–19.

Morris missed almost the entire season while recovering from his ACL injury, only making a few appearances for Norwich City's Under-23 squad.

2019–20.

Immediately upon signing a one-year contract extension with Norwich City Morris was loaned out to Rotherham United with whom he had been a member during their 2016–17 season.  His spell at Rotherham was cut short after scoring three league goals for them in the first half of the 2019–20 season. He then signed for Milton Keynes Dons on 7 January 2020 on a loan deal for the rest of the season.

International career.

Morris has represented England at under-19 level.

Style of play.

Morris has been described as strong and as being able to hold up the ball.

Honours.

Shrewsbury Town

Carlton John Morris (born 16 December 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Norwich City.

Carlton John Morris, né le à Cambridge en Angleterre, est un footballeur anglais. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant pour le club de Milton Keynes Dons en prêt de Norwich City.


History.

Through the intercession of Bishop Felix the city of Treviso was spared during the Lombard invasion (569) and became the seat of a duchy. Charlemagne made it a marquisate, extending from Belluno to Ceneda, and from the Adige to the Tagliamento. In 922 Treviso, which was under episcopal jurisdiction, was sacked by the Hungarians.  Treviso probably was Christianized from Aquileia. The first bishop of certain date was Jucundus, who in 421 took part in the consecration of the church of the Rialto in Venice. The bishops of Treviso who participated in the schism of the Three Chapters were: Felix (see above); Rusticus, present at the Council of Murano (588); and Felix II, who signed the petition to the Emperor Maurice.  In 905 Bishop Adelbert received from Berengar I of Italy the temporal jurisdiction of the city, which extended to Rozo (969–1001) and Rolando who adhered to the schism of Clement III. Bishop Tiso (1212–1245) suffered from the tyranny of Ezzelino, and Alberto Ricco, O. M. (1255), was imprisoned for preaching against him.  Other bishops were:  In 1818 Treviso passed from the metropolitan see of Aquileia (Udine) to the archdiocese of Venice. Bishop Giuseppe Grasser (1822) healed the conflicts caused by the interregnum. Bishop Giovanni Antonio Farina (1850) conferred sacred orders on Giuseppe Sarto, later Pope Pius X.  United with Treviso is the ancient Diocese of Asolo, the bishops of which are unknown from 587 (Agnellus) until 1049 (Ugo); and the diocese of Heraclea (diocese of Città Nova), a city founded in the times of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, as a refuge for the inhabitants of Opitergium (Oderzo), who with their bishop (Magnus) had been exiled by the Lombards. Twenty-six bishops are known, from 814 until the union of the see with Treviso, 1440.

Ordinaries.

Diocese of Treviso.

"Erected: 4th Century"
 "Latin Name: Dioecesis Tarvisina"
 "Metropolitan: Patriarchate of Venice"

The Italian Catholic Diocese of Treviso () is in the Veneto. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Venice.

Le diocèse de Trévise (en latin: "Dioecesis Tarvisina") est une entité de l'Église catholique faisant partie du Patriarcat de Venise. Il relève de la région ecclésiastique des Trois Vénéties. Son territoire couvre une partie de la province trévisane et possède aussi des paroisses dans les provinces padouane, vénitienne et vicentine. Il compte en 2014, toutefois, il n'y a que baptisées. Il est actuellement géré par Michele Tomasi.


History.

The museum opened at Raadi Manor in 1922 with the Finnish ethnographer Ilmari Manninen as its director. Manninen had been working for Tartu University since 1919. Raadi Manor had been the ancestral home of art collectors like Karl Eduard and his son Ernst Friedrich von Liphart. They had moved away in 1860 but their collections remained although the most valuable parts had been sold starting in 1920. Although they were lovers of art the Lipharts were not well regarded by the local Estonians. They were seen as "culturally revolting" Baltic German's at that time.  Raadi Airfield was built on the manor's land in 1940. Raadi Manor, the main building of the museum, was destroyed in the Tartu Offensive during World War II. After this the airfield dominated not just the museum but the whole of the city. The airfield became a secret Soviet bomber base and there was no room for the museum's collection. During this time Tartu's culture was hidden. The museum's artefacts had to be stored in churches and other spare space around the city and the air base meant that foreigners were not allowed to visit the city.  In 2005 the Estonian Ministry of Culture and the Union of Estonian Architects announced together with the museum an international competition for the Estonian National Museum’s new building. The project was won by an international collaboration of architects for the work "Memory Field": Dan Dorell (Paris, France), Lina Ghotmeh (Paris, France), and Tsuyoshi Tane (Paris, France).  The grand opening took place in Autumn 2016. The new single storey building houses the museum as well as supplying conference space and a cinema. The building design incorporates the history of the site including the manor, the war and the airfield.

The Estonian National Museum () founded 1909 in Tartu is a museum devoted to folklorist Jakob Hurt's heritage, to Estonian ethnography and folk art. The first items for the museum were originally collected in the latter part of the 19th century.

Le Musée national estonien () est un musée situé à Tartu en Estonie. Il présente l'histoire, la vie quotidienne et les traditions des Estoniens ainsi que des peuples finno-ougriens et d'autres minorités composant la population.


Early life.

William Jackson Palmer was born in 1836 to a Hicksite sect Quaker family on their Kinsdale Farm in 1836, near Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware. His parents were John and Matilda (Jackson) Palmer. When he was five years old, his family moved to Germantown, then an independent city outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the private Friends School, and then public schools: Zane Street School and Boys' Central High School.

Pennsylvania railroads.

In 1851, Palmer went to work at the age of 15 in western Pennsylvania as a clerk for Hempfield Railroad's engineering department. Two years later, at age 17, he worked under chief engineer Charles Ellet, Jr. as a rodman. Palmer became transitman for Hempfield in 1854.  Frank H. Jackson, president of Westmoreland Coal Company and Palmer's maternal uncle, encouraged him to go to England to study coal mining and railroads, which he believed were going to be key to United States development. The young Palmer was particularly interested in whether railroad engines could run on anthracite coal rather than wood as fuel. He left in the summer of 1855 for a six-month period, having arranged to write paid articles for "Miner's Journal" of Pottsville, Pennsylvania to finance the trip abroad. He also borrowed money from his uncle. While in England, Palmer met with noted railroad engineers such as Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Robert Stephenson,—and visited railroads, mills, and coal mines.  In 1856, his uncle Jackson hired Palmer to work at Westmoreland Coal Company as the secretary and treasurer. The following year he worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became private secretary to President John Edgar Thomson, a successful Quaker businessman. At this time, future industrialist Andrew Carnegie was a peer and secretary to a company vice president. Palmer wrote, "Reports of Experiments with Coal Burning Locomotives" and learned about running a railroad from Thomson. Palmer began an evaluation of converting steam engines to run on coal, which was more abundant, rather than wood. His findings were key to changing the type of fuel used to fuel the country's locomotives. He began a relationship with Thomas A. Scott at the Pennsylvania Railroad. Scott was later appointed as Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation during the Civil War.

Civil War service.

As the American Civil War began in 1861, although his Quaker upbringing made Palmer abhor violence, his passionate abolitionism compelled him in keeping with the dictates of his conscience to enlist in the Pennsylvania volunteers. Palmer took a commission in the Union Army. He organized the Anderson Troop, an independent company of Pennsylvania cavalry, in the fall of 1861 and was elected its captain. Originally formed to act as a bodyguard for Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson, it instead served as the headquarters cavalry for General Don Carlos Buell, commanding the Army of the Ohio. Impressed with the "elite scouts" that Palmer had assembled, Buell detailed Palmer and 12 of his men to go back to Pennsylvania to recruit more men to form a battalion around the Anderson Troop that would be known as the "1st Anderson Cavalry".  In ten days of recruiting, however, Palmer received enough applications for enlistment to form a regiment, which was authorized as the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry. He was appointed the regiment's colonel. Before Palmer was able to organize the regiment at Camp Alabama in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, he and a portion of it were ordered on September 9 to help the Army of the Potomac resist the Confederates invasion of Maryland. For nearly a week Palmer, accompanied by a telegrapher, personally sought information of Lee's movements every night in civilian clothing, and transmitted his findings to General George B. McClellan via telegraph connections.  Two days after the Battle of Antietam, Palmer was captured while scouting at the personal direction of McClellan, seeking information on any preparations by Lee's army to cross the Potomac River back into Virginia. He was on the Confederate side of the river, again garbed in civilian clothes and accompanied by a local blacksmith and a parson as his guides, attempting to recross to the Union side after midnight when he was captured by Confederate artillerymen sent to guard the dam he used for the crossing. When questioned, Palmer gave his name as "W.J. Peters," and claimed to be an engineer on an inspection trip. He was interrogated by General William N. Pendleton, who thought he was a spy. He was detained and sent to Richmond, Virginia, with a rambling note from Pendleton that was ignored.  Palmer was incarcerated at the notorious Castle Thunder prison on Tobacco Row, Richmond where his true identity was never uncovered. Doubts about his identity were apparently reinforced by publication of a fictitious dispatch in the Philadelphia newspapers that purported that Palmer was in Washington, D.C. after scouting in Virginia. When he was freed after four months of confinement, he found that his guide, the Reverend J.J. Stine, had escaped but been arrested by Union authorities, accused of betraying him to the enemy. Rather than risk Palmer's life by publication of the circumstances in the Northern press, Stine had remained imprisoned in Fort Delaware until Palmer's personal application to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton resulted in his release.  Palmer was set free in a prisoner exchange for a prominent Richmond citizen, recuperated two weeks, and rejoined his regiment in February 1863. During his period of imprisonment, the regiment had become mutinous because of a failure to have officers appointed and other enlistment inducements it felt had not been honored. 212 troopers faced court-martial and the possibility of going before a firing squad for refusing to fight in the Battle of Stone's River. Palmer reorganized the regiment, personally appointed officers in whose abilities he had great trust, and had the charges against the confined soldiers dropped on the condition that they behaved going forward. The severely demoralized group of men rallied and distinguished themselves during the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign, the Battle of Chickamauga, the capture of Brig. Gen. Robert B. Vance's raiding cavalry and re-capture of 28 wagons of a foraging train in January 1864, and the Franklin–Nashville Campaign.  At Chickamauga, Palmer's regiment was detailed as headquarters guard for the Army of the Cumberland with many troopers doled out to the various corps as couriers and scouts. When Longstreet unexpectedly attacked the union right near Rosecrans' headquarters, Palmer gathered all the men of his regiment available and prepared to counterattack with a saber charge. The Union right flank dissolved, however, and after attempting to rally the panicked infantry, his regiment crossed the battlefield in good order under Confederate artillery fire to protect the Union artillery. During the army's retreat to Chattanooga, the 15th Pennsylvania provided escort for the army's supply train. Not easily impressed, Major General George H. Thomas (the "Rock of Chickamauga") recommended that Palmer receive a brigadier's star for his success at turning a highly demoralized group of men to an effective group of soldiers.  Palmer was vigorous in pursuing Confederate General John Bell Hood after the Battle of Nashville in 1864. On March 9, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Palmer for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers at the age of 28, with the U.S. Senate confirming the appointment on March 10, 1865. On March 16 he was promoted to command of the 1st Brigade of the Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, consisting of the 15th Pennsylvania, the 10th Michigan and the 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiments. A month later he assumed command of the division after General Alvan C. Gillem was promoted to command of the District of East Tennessee.Palmer was in the vanguard of Stoneman's (Union General George Stoneman) raid into Virginia and North Carolina in the last two months of the Civil War. At Martinsville, Virginia on April 8, 1865 Palmer's cavalry defeated a Confederate force of Cavalry commanded by Colonel James Wheeler, the cousin of Confederate Cavalry commander Fighting Joe Wheeler. If Palmer had pushed on to Danville, only 20 miles to the north, he might very well have captured Jefferson Davis, who up till then had not left the last capital of the Confederacy (Davis left the next day, upon receiving word of Lee's surrender). This was a little-known campaign immortalized in the Band's epic, "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down".  Palmer commanded the cavalry pursuit of Jefferson Davis following the surrender by General Joseph E. Johnston. Davis was followed through North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia and driven into the hands of General James H. Wilson. During the pursuit Palmer's former command overtook and captured near Covington, Georgia wagons carrying millions of dollars of specie, bonds, securities, notes, and other Confederate assets that had been kept in the Bank of Macon (Georgia). Palmer was mustered out of the Union Army on June 21, 1865.  General George Henry Thomas wrote of Palmer: On February 24, 1894, Palmer was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions as colonel leading the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry at Red Hill, Alabama, January 14, 1865 where "with less than 200 men, [he] attacked and defeated a superior force of the enemy, captured their fieldpiece and about 100 prisoners without losing a man." Six former officers of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry had nominated him the previous October to receive the honor, but for the scouting efforts in mufti during the Antietam Campaign that resulted in his capture. The War Department rejected that nomination on the basis that the acts, while valorous, had not been performed of a field of battle. They then submitted a new nomination for the action at Red Hill, which was approved.

Western railroads.

Kansas Pacific Railway.

After the War, Palmer resumed the railroad career he had started previous to the conflict. In 1867, a very optimistic, eager 30-year-old Palmer, and his 21-year-old chief assistant Edward Hibberd Johnson, headed west from their hometown of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Palmer worked the Kansas Pacific Railway first as secretary and treasurer and then as managing director responsible for extending service through south central Colorado. With Kansas Pacific chief engineer Colonel William Henry Greenwood, Palmer organized a surveying expedition that recommended in 1868 that the route to the coast be diverted at Ellsworth, Kansas to Pueblo, Colorado and through the Royal Gorge to the San Luis Valley where it would turn south to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The route was rejected by the Kansas Pacific's board of directors in favor of a line through Denver, which was completed in 1870.

Denver and Rio Grande Railway.

While in the Colorado Territory, Palmer went to Colorado City (now Old Colorado City) to consider a north-south route from Denver for his own railway. Palmer had a vision to build a railroad south from Denver through New Mexico and El Paso to Mexico City. Palmer founded—with Greenwood, Colonel D.C. Dodge, Governor Alexander Cameron Hunt, Charles B. Lambord and others—and was elected president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1870.  The first section of the railway included the first narrow gauge railroad tracks in the West. The line ran south of Denver and across the Palmer Divide, which separates the Platte River and Arkansas River watersheds, and to Colorado Springs by 1871. The line went to Pueblo in 1872, and further south to coal fields beyond Trinidad in 1873. The railroad had service along the Arkansas River canyon to other coal mining locations, to the metal mining town of Leadville, and the iron mines in Saguache County, Colorado. Palmer stepped down as president in 1883 to focus greater attention on developing the Mexican line.

Rio Grande Western Railway.

Palmer was president of the Rio Grande Western Railway from 1881 or 1883 to 1901. He built lines from the terminus of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway in Grand Junction to the Utah cities of Ogden and Salt Lake City. This provided direct service from Denver to Utah via narrow-gauge railway.

Mexican National Railway.

In the spring of 1880, Palmer was made president of the Mexican National Railway (now National Railroad of Mexico). He hired Greenwood again as chief engineer in May, only to have Greenwood robbed and murdered on a survey near Mexico City on August 29. Most of the line was completed by 1883. The railroad made it to Mexico City.

Colorado Springs and Manitou Springs.

Palmer came to the Colorado Territory as a surveyor with the Kansas Pacific Railway in search of possible railroad routes. Dr. William Abraham Bell from England was also part of the survey party. On July 31, 1871, Palmer and Bell founded Fountain Colony (later Colorado Springs), downstream of Colorado City, and it was laid out by the Colorado Springs Company that year. It was named for springs found along Monument Creek as early as 1871. Four chalybeate mineral springs were later discovered along Monument Creek in October 1880.  He also founded the town of Manitou (later Manitou Springs) as a resort town at the base of Pikes Peak. Palmer spent about $1,000,000 () on the construction of roads and development of parks in Manitou Springs, Old Colorado City, Colorado Springs, and Manitou Park.  In Colorado Springs, Palmer provided funding for Colorado College and within two years, Colorado Springs the town had 1,500 residents, schools, churches, banks, and a newspaper. Palmer donated land to establish the first city park, Acacia, and additional parks: Antlers Park, Monument Valley Park, North Cheyenne Cañon Park, Palmer Park, Pioneer Square Park (South Park), Prospect Lake and Bear Creek Cañon Park. He donated a total of 1,270 acres of land, some of which was also used for scenic drives, tree-lined roadways and foot and bridle paths. Palmer also provided the land and funding for the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, a tuberculosis sanatorium, and multiple libraries. With the land that he gave for parks, churches, libraries, hospitals, and schools, he donated a total of 1,638 acres. Palmer also founded the "Colorado Springs Gazette" newspaper.  In 1883, he built the Antlers Hotel. When it burned down in 1898, he rebuilt the hotel with Italian Renaissance architecture. In 1901 Palmer honored Zebulon Montgomery Pike with a marble statue placed near the main entrance of the hotel. In 1904, Palmer located a mineral spring that had been used by the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad company in 1871, but was covered in sands by flooding along Monument Creek; he next directed engineers to install a concrete vault to maintain the spring water's purity and a hand pump to bring water to the surface. Palmer announced his intention to build a pavilion and to name the spring after Zebulon Pike’s Indian guide, "Rising Moose," who was known by many names including Tahama.  Other towns were founded by Palmer along his railroad lines, include Salida, Alamosa, and Durango.

Colorado Coal and Iron Company.

Palmer envisioned "an integrated industrial complex based on steel manufacturing" in which all necessary resources were controlled by one company. In 1880, Palmer constructed Colorado Coal and Iron Company's (CC&I) steel mill south of Pueblo and laid out the town of Bessemer (now incorporated in Pueblo). The Minnequa plant became one of the greatest iron and steel plants in the country. His dream became a reality for his successors when, in 1892, CC&I merged with the Colorado Fuel Company to form Colorado Fuel and Iron.

Personal life.

Over the course of his life, Palmer was a member of the Denver Club, Colorado Springs Country Club, El Paso Country Club, City Midday Club (New York), and the Metropolitan Club (New York).

Marriage.

Palmer met Mary Lincoln (Queen) Mellen in April 1869 while she and her father, William Proctor Mellen, were on a train returning from a trip to see the West. They were married November 7, 1870 in Flushing, New York where the Mellen family lived at the time. They spent their honeymoon in Europe. They had three daughters, Elsie, Dorothy, and Marjory.  Palmer built a house that would eventually become Glen Eyrie Castle, Scottish for "Valley of the Eagle's Nest," in 1871 near Colorado Springs, as a home for his wife and family. While they lived there, Queen taught at Colorado Springs' first school.  Palmer had apartments in London and New York, a castle near Mexico City, and property throughout Colorado. The Palmers traveled frequently with their children and governesses to New York and London for William's business and lived part-time at Glen Eyrie in Colorado.  Queen was of frail health, possibly aggravated by living at high altitude. While pregnant with their middle daughter Dorothy in 1880, Queen suffered a heart attack in Leadville during a vacation. Dorothy was born a few weeks later at Glen Eyrie. Then, their third daughter, Marjorie, was born in England. Two maids and a doctor had accompanied them on the trip. Over the next four years, Queen often lived on the East Coast or England, with visits by Palmer. In 1885, she left Glen Eyrie permanently, due to ongoing health concerns, and needing to live at a lower altitude, she returned to her home in England. In about 1887, Queen began renting Ightham Mote in Kent, where she lived for 3 years. William and Queen vacationed in France and Italy in the spring of 1889. Following other heart attacks which prevented any return to Colorado, Queen died in England on December 27, 1894, at the age of 44.

Retirement.

When Palmer retired from business, he devoted himself to philanthropic endeavors, giving away $4 million (). In the autumn of 1906, Palmer suffered a fall from a horse and was partially paralyzed. Left with a broken spine, Palmer was thereafter confined to a wheelchair. Palmer sustained a C6 incomplete spinal cord injury, which would have paralyzed him from the neck down, making him a quadrapalegic.  Unable to travel, Palmer hosted the veterans of his 15th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment troopers for their annual reunion in August 1907 at Glen Eyrie. He provided a special train and paid the travel expenses for 208 of about 260 surviving veterans. Mrs. J.A. Hayes, the wife of a prominent Colorado Springs banker and daughter of Jefferson Davis, was an honored guest at the reunion.  William Jackson Palmer died on March 13, 1909 at the age of 72. On the day of his death schools, businesses, and trains stopped and flags flew at half mast in Colorado Springs. The mayor said Palmer was "the soldier, the builder of an empire, the philanthropist, the friend of the people, whose life was a blessing." "Gazette" journalist Dave Phillips said that he was "an ardent pacifist, humanitarian and champion of preserving wildlands at a time when conservation was almost unheard of." His and Queen's ashes are buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Medal of Honor citation.

The medal is on permanent display at the Colorado Springs Pioneer Museum.

William Jackson Palmer (September 18, 1836 – March 13, 1909) was an American civil engineer, veteran of the Civil War, industrialist, and philanthropist. During the American Civil War, he was promoted to Brevet Brigadier General and received a Medal of Honor for his actions.

William Jackson Palmer, né le à Leipsic et mort le à Colorado Springs, est un industriel et soldat américain. Il est le fondateur de la ville de Colorado Springs et de la Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad.


Structure and function.

MAC is composed of a complex of four complement proteins (C5b, C6, C7, and C8) that bind to the outer surface of the plasma membrane, and many copies of a fifth protein (C9) that hook up to one another, forming a ring in the membrane. C6-C9 all contain a common MACPF domain. This region is homologous to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from Gram-positive bacteria.  The ring structure formed by C9 is a pore in the membrane that allows free diffusion of molecules in and out of the cell. If enough pores form, the cell is no longer able to survive.  If the pre-MAC complexes of C5b-7, C5b-8 or C5b-9 do not insert into a membrane, they can form inactive complexes with Protein S (sC5b-7, sC5b-8 and sC5b-9). These fluid phase complexes do not bind to cell membranes and are ultimately scavenged by clusterin and vitronectin, two regulators of complement.

Initiation: C5-C7.

The membrane attack complex is initiated when the complement protein C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b. All three pathways of the complement system (classical, lectin and alternative pathways) initiate the formation of MAC.  Another complement protein, C6, binds to C5b.  The C5bC6 complex is bound by C7.  This junction alters the configuration of the protein molecules exposing a hydrophobic site on C7 that allows the C7 to insert into the phospholipid bilayer of the pathogen.

Polymerization: C8-C9.

Similar hydrophobic sites on C8 and C9 molecules are exposed when they bind to the complex, so they can also insert into the bilayer.  C8 is a complex made of the two proteins C8-beta and C8 alpha-gamma.  C8 alpha-gamma has the hydrophobic area that inserts into the bilayer. C8 alpha-gamma induces the polymerization of 10-16 molecules of C9 into a pore-forming structure known as the membrane attack complex.  Multiple molecules of C9 can join spontaneously in concentrated solution to form polymers of C9. These polymers can also form a tube-like structure.

Inhibition.

CD59 acts to inhibit the complex. This exists on body cells to protect them from MAC. A rare condition, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, results in red blood cells that lack CD59. These cells can, therefore, be lysed by MAC.

Pathology.

Deficiencies of C5 to C9 components does not lead to generic infections, but only to increased susceptibility to "Neisseria" spp., since these bacteria have a thick cell wall and glycocalyx.

The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a structure typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is one of the effector proteins of the immune system. The membrane-attack complex (MAC) forms transmembrane channels. These channels disrupt the cell membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death.

L'activation du complexe d'attaque membranaire est une phase de la cascade du système du complément. C'est le résultat de la polymérisation de la protéine C9, qui se fixe aux protéines C5b, C6, C7 et C8 ayant commencé à attaquer le film lipidique membranaire. Cette activation a pour rôle de créer des pores sur la membrane cellulaire permettant l'entrée de l'eau et des ions conduisant à la destruction de la cellule.


Aviation cadet centers.

From 1947, the Aviation Cadet program was run by the now-independent U.S. Air Force from Lackland, Kelly, Randolph, or Brooks AFB, all located in San Antonio, Texas. The Air Force program stopped taking civilian and enlisted pilot candidates in 1961 and navigator candidates in 1965.

Enlisted Pilots (1912-42).

The first enlisted U.S. Army pilot was Corporal Vernon L. Burge, a crew chief at the U.S. Army's flight school in the Philippines. When Captain Frank P. Lahm, the school's commander, couldn't find enough commissioned officer applicants, he trained Burge, who received his FAI pilot's license on 14 June 1912. Although the practice was officially condemned, the Army later relented, as Burge was already a trained aviator.  The second was Corporal William A. Lamkey. Lamkey entered the Army Signal Corps in 1913, but had already received his FAI license from the Moisant Aviation School in 1912. Lamkey later left the Army to work as a mercenary pilot.  The third pilot was Sergeant William C. Ocker. Ocker was denied pilot training because he was an enlisted man, so he became an aircraft mechanic instead. In his off hours he exchanged work for flight lessons from the nearby Curtiss Flying School. Eventually, he qualified for his FAI license on 20 April 1914, receiving certificate #293. Ocker did mostly test pilot work to accrue flight hours and tested many experimental or early prototype aircraft. He is famous for inventing "blind flying" training to teach pilots to fly by instruments in cloudy or dark conditions.

World War I (1914-18).

Only 29 enlisted pilots were created by 1914 and most were commissioned as second lieutenants in 1917.  From 1914 to 1918, sixty mechanics were trained as pilots. They were used as ferry pilots and did not fly in combat. Their primary job was to transfer new and repaired aircraft from rear areas to air bases and forward air fields. They would then fly patched-up damaged aircraft back for more thorough repairs.  The "Army Air Corps Act of 1926" set certain standards as part of a five-year program to expand and improve the aviation arm of the U.S. Army. It set a quota that 20% of a tactical aviation unit's pilot billets must be manned by enlisted pilots by 1929. By 1930, only 4% of all pilots were enlisted. New pilots were usually commissioned to meet the need for pilot-rated officers in Air Corps administrative and command billets. Enlisted pilots didn't have a place in the hierarchy when they stopped flying and either reverted to their old pre-flying trade or were discharged.  In 1933, the training and creation of enlisted pilots was discontinued due to budget cuts and lack of funds.

World War II (1939-45).

In 1939 there were only 55 enlisted pilots in the then-U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC).  On 3 June 1941, Public Law 99 was enacted, allowing enlisted men to apply to flight training. Candidates had to be between the ages of 18 and 22, have a high school diploma with at least 1.5 credit hours worth of math, and have graduated in the top half of their class. In November 1941, this was reduced to being at least 18 years old and possessing a high school diploma. After demand lifted in mid-1944, the requirements went back to college-educated or college graduate candidates.  Enlisted pilots were called flying sergeants. Graduating enlisted pilots were graded as flight staff sergeants while pilots who graduated at the top of their class were graded as flight technical sergeants. They were usually assigned to flying transport and liaison aircraft. Their pilot status was only indicated by their pilot's wings, often leading to enlisted aviators being mistaken for air crew or harassed for impersonating a pilot. This caused a lot of bad feelings between the enlisted pilots (who had more dangerous jobs for lower pay and no privileges) and the officer pilots (who received the same pay, promotability, and privileges as officers).  The first enlisted pilot cadets were part of class 42C (enrolling in November, 1941 and graduating on 7 March 1942), which trained at Kelly Field and Ellington Field, Texas. 93 enlisted graduates became P-38 fighter pilots and were assigned to the 82nd Fighter Group in North Africa. Members of this class shot down 130 enemy aircraft and nine became aces.  The program created 2,576 enlisted pilots from 1941 to 1942. 332 enlisted pilots served overseas and 217 of them flew combat missions. Enlisted pilots destroyed 249.5 enemy aircraft and 18 became aces. Lt. William J. Sloan was the leading ace of the 12th Air Force with 12 victories.  When Public Law 658 (Flight Officer Act) was passed on 8 July 1942 most enlisted pilots were promoted to the new rank of flight officer and newly-graduating enlisted pilots were graded as flight officers or second lieutenants depending on merit. This ended the creation of enlisted pilots in the U.S. Army.

Overview.

The U.S. Army created almost 3,000 enlisted pilots from 1912 to 1942. Seven pre-War enlisted pilots and four World War II enlisted pilots became U.S. Air Force generals.

Last Enlisted Pilot.

The U.S. Air Force's last enlisted pilot was Master Sergeant George H. Holmes (b.1898-d.1965). Holmes had enlisted in the Army as a mechanic in 1919, became a pilot with the rank of corporal in 1921, and was promoted to lieutenant's rank in the Army Reserve in 1924. The Army later made Holmes an enlisted man and he served as both a mechanic and a pilot in the 1920s and 1930s. He was promoted to captain in 1942 and achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel in 1946. He resigned his commission and reverted to his enlisted rank of master sergeant in 1946. He continued to fly as a non-commissioned officer until he retired in May 1957.

Flying Cadet Program (1918–40).

In 1918, flying cadets wore standard Army uniform and were differenced by a white piqué hatband on the service cap or service hat and white brassards on both sleeves. Flying cadets were dubbed "Twelve-and-a-halfs" because they were considered between pay grade 12 (officer cadet) and pay grade 13a (regimental sergeant major) in rank, being neither officer nor enlisted. Cadets were paid the same as Privates, but earned a 50% bonus for flight pay.  In June 1918, the Air Service insignia of a winged single-prop propeller replaced the Signal Corps insignia. In 1925, they were allowed to wear the overseas cap and had branch of service piping of ultramarine blue with threads of golden orange.  From 1928 to 1942, flying cadets wore a distinctive slate-blue uniform. Visor-cap insignia was a pair of gold wings (3 inches wide) and a silver propeller (2 inches high). Flight cadet insignia was worn on the lower right sleeve. Rank insignia was worn on the upper sleeves and consisted of 1 to 4-point-down black mohair chevrons on slate blue backing to indicate the following equivalent ranks: cadet corporal (1 chevron), cadet sergeant (2 chevrons), cadet lieutenant (3 chevrons), and cadet captain (4 chevrons). Chevrons were 2.875-inches wide for jackets and shirts and 7-inches wide for overcoats.

1907–17.

The U.S. Army Signal Corps Aviation School was first based at College Park, Maryland from 1907 to 1912. It later moved in 1912 to Rockwell Field, North Island, San Diego, California.  In 1912 the requirements and rank of "Military Aviator" were created for heavier-than-air aircraft pilots; the rank of "Military Aeronaut" was for lighter-than-air aircraft pilots. (Previous to this all American military pilots were certified by civilian aviation bodies). The first 24 certified pilots awarded this distinction (and the accompanying Signals Corps Military Aviator badge) were listed in "War Department General Order No. 39" (27 May 1913). This was later split in 1914 into the ranks of "Student Pilot" (which granted a 25% increase in pay), "Junior Military Aviator" (for certified Enlisted Pilots and Lieutenants, granting a 50% increase in pay) and "Military Aviator" (for Captains and above; granting a 75% increase in pay but also requiring 3 years of flight experience). Junior Military Aviators who participated in regular and full-time flight would be paid at the next pay grade (e.g., Flight 2nd Lieutenants would be paid the same as a 1st Lieutenant). "Reserve Military Aviators" had a commission in the Army Reserves; this meant they had fewer billets, a slower career progression, and less job security than Regular Army pilots.

1917–18.

To meet the increased demand for pilots, the Signal Corps Aviation School was shut down during World War I and its functions moved to other facilities. Rockwell Field was closed in 1920 and just used for storage.  Student training was in three stages:  During World War I the rank of Junior Military Aviator was indicated by a US Shield with one wing. The rank of Military Aviator was indicated by a US shield flanked by a pair of wings.  On 9 July 1918 the rank of Flying Cadet was created by act of Congress.

1919–21.

Cadet training was in two stages.

1922–26.

The Air Service consolidated all its training at San Antonio, Texas in June 1922. This was to save money and provide good year-round flying conditions.

1926–38.

The "Army Air Corps Act" of 1926 set certain reforms as part of a five-year program to expand and improve the aviation arm of the Army. The U.S. Army Air Service would have its name changed to the U.S. Army Air Corps, to reflect its new role as a combatant military force. The post of "Assistant Secretary of War for Air" post was created to foster development of military aviation and an Aviation Section was added to each division of the Army General Staff. Around 90% of an aviation unit's officers had to receive pilot or observer rating and only flight-rated officers could command aviation units.  The Air Corps Training Center was built at Duncan Field, near Kelly Field, in 1926. This was moved to Randolph Field on 1 October 1931.

1939–40.

In 1938 the U.S. Army Air Corps was expanded to 24 groups by 1939. This required an influx of cadets to meet the requirements. There were three 12-week cycles (or about nine months total).

Aviation Cadet Program (USAAF), 1940–47.

1940–41.

Cadet flight training was reduced in 1940 to seven months of training and only 200 flight hours to meet a potential demand for military pilots. From 30 June 1940 to 30 June 1941 the US Army Air Corps tripled in size from 51,165 men (19.1% of the Army's total strength) to 152,125 men (10.4% of the Army's total strength).

1941–47.

On 20 June 1941, the air arm of the U.S. Army previously known as the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC) became the "U.S. Army Air Forces" (USAAF). The grade of Aviation Cadet was created for pilot candidates and the program was renamed the Aviation Cadet Training Program (AvCad). Cadets were paid $75 a month ($50 base pay + $25 "flight pay") – the same rate as Army Air Corps privates with flight status - and a uniform allowance of $150. As junior officers, cadets were addressed as "Mister" by all ranks. The program was expanded in May 1942 to also cover training navigators and bombardiers and Moffett Field became the first center to give "pre-flight" training to them. Other specialties covered included communications, armament, meteorology, and radar operation; they were conventional Army warrant officers who attended an appropriate USAAF warrant officer school.  From May 1942 to 1947, aviation cadets wore the same uniform as Army officers, except they lacked the mohair cuffband of a full officer. The service cap differed in that it had a blue hatband (with olive drab uniform) or brown hatband (with Khaki uniform) and the general issue eagle was replaced by the winged propeller insignia of the Army Air Forces. The garrison cap was worn with the army Air Forces insignia on the left side.  Rank stripes were light olive drab (brown) on a dark blue backing and were 3.125-inches wide on shirts and coats and 7.5-inches wide on overcoats. This created a problem because the new stripes were just being produced and the old stripes were becoming scarce. Therefore, in January 1943 the Army authorized training center commanders to procure commercially-made versions to meet demand. This led to non-standard designs (like dark blue or black chevrons on olive drab backings) and unique duty position insignias.  The USAAF rank of flight officer was created by Public Law 658 (Flight Officer Act). Its insignia was similar to the warrant officer (junior grade) insignia except for the color of its enamel backing. It was in blue enamel for Air ratings (pilot, navigator, bombardier, Flight Engineer, or Fire Control Officer - graduates of the aviation cadet program) and brown enamel for Ground ratings (radar operator, armorer, meteorologist, etc. - graduates of the USAAF's warrant officer schools). Air ratings were promotable to second lieutenant and Ground ratings were promotable to chief warrant officer. Air ratings outranked Ground ratings.  The warrant officer's bars were worn horizontally on the shoulder straps of the shirt or jacket, like a lieutenant's or captain's bars. Co-pilot Flight Officers - an Air rating - wore brown-enamel ground chief warrant officer insignia when flying. This was so they would not be confused with a pilot flight officer, the plane's commander.  After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States' entry into the war, the number of volunteers for pilot training was enormous. Fearing that they would lose them to the general draft, aviation cadet-applicants were given exemption from 1942 until the demand lessened in July, 1944.  Demand for pilots meant that training had to be modified to accommodate the large numbers of pilot candidates. Training came in four stages (extended to five stages in April 1942 with the creation of the pre-flight stage). Classification lasted one week and the education and training stages were nine weeks each. Each 9-week stage was divided into two 4.5-week (63-day) halves: a lower half and an upper half. The lower half was made up of students just beginning the stage and the upper half was made up of the students who were half-finished. The more experienced cadets would hopefully help the new cadets get through the section before they were promoted to the next stage.

USAAF schools.

Pilot School  Graduates were usually graded as flight officers (warrant officers). Cadets who graduated at the top of their class were graded as second lieutenants. Aviation cadets who washed out of pilot training were sent to navigator or bombardier school. Aviation cadets who washed out of navigator or bombardier training were usually sent to Flexible Gunnery School to become aerial gunners.  Liaison Pilot School lasted 60 flight hours. It was an option for cadets who had passed primary training, but had washed out of basic or advanced training. They were trained to fly single-engined light aircraft similar to the light trainers they flew in Primary and were given training in takeoffs over obstacles, short-field landings, and low-altitude navigation. Their duties included transportation of troops and supplies, medical evacuation, aerial photography, and low-level reconnaissance. Graduates received liaison pilot wings. They were originally graded as flight staff sergeants until 1942, when they were graded as flight officers.  Bombardier School lasted 18 weeks. It consisted of 425 hours of ground instruction in the proficiencies of a bombardier (plus familiarity with the tasks of the pilot, radioman, or navigator in case of an emergency). After 3 weeks this included 120 hours of air training in which the cadet began with practice runs and ended by performing bombing runs with live ordnance. Graduates received a bombardier's wings.  Navigator School lasted 18 weeks. It consisted of 500 hours of ground instruction in the duties of a navigator (charting, directional bearings, computed headings, airspeed, radio codes, celestial navigation, etc.). This was combined with familiarity with the tasks of a pilot or radioman in case of emergency. After four weeks the cadet acted as a navigator in day and night flights in Advanced Navigator trainers like the AT-7 Navigator or AT-11A Kansan. Graduates received a navigator's wings.  Radio Operator School lasted 18 weeks and was run by the U.S. Army Signals Corps. Graduates received the rank of Sergeant, with the top percentage receiving the rank of Staff Sergeant. They wore the Army Air Corps insignia. There was no official Radio Operator's wings - there were many tailor-made ones cast or made from regular wings by jewelers or embroidered on cloth.  Flexible Gunnery School was a six-week program that taught the cadet how to man a flexible-mount machinegun or a powered turret. All aircrew had to attend gunnery school in case of emergencies and had to qualify before they could join an aircrew. Bombardiers and navigators attended either before or after they attended their training school.

Aviation Cadet Training (USAF), 1947 - 1961/1965.

In September 1947, the U.S. Army Air Forces became a separate and independent service, renamed the United States Air Force (USAF). At the time, the newly created Air Force had no service academy of its own yet (the USMA and USNA had options for their cadets and midshipmen, respectively, to become USAF officers). Separate Air Force ROTC and Officer Candidate School (later retitled Officer Training School) programs were still being established. The Aviation Cadet Training Program continued to remain as a principal source of the Air Force's pilots and navigators and they wore the same basic uniform as Air Force officers.

1952–1961.

In 1952, the Air Training Command (ATC) implemented a four-phase pilot training program: pre-flight, primary, basic, and advanced / crew.  Pilots  Navigators  Navigator training of the period commenced in the TC-45 Expeditor or TB-25 Mitchell, followed by transition to the T-29 Flying Classroom, although by the late 1950s, all aircrew training had been consolidated in the T-29. Navigator training for Aviation Cadets was merged with that for commissioned officers and conducted at James Connally AFB, Texas; Harlingen AFB, Texas; Ellington AFB, Texas and Mather AFB, California. Follow-on training qualified some of these navigators in additional fields, such as radar navigator/bombardier, electronic warfare officer or radar intercept officer.

End of AvCad.

The USAF Aviation Cadet program ended for pilots in 1961 and navigators in 1965. In 1960, the Air Force implemented the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) concept. From now on the United States Air Force Academy (started in the fall semester of 1959), The Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, and the Air Force Officer Training School were to provide all of its pilots and navigators.

Last Aviation Cadet Pilot.

The last Aviation Cadet pilot classes were Webb AFB class 61G and Reese AFB class 62A. The last Aviation Cadet pilot to graduate was 2nd Lieutenant William F. Wesson, the only member of Reese AFB class 62B-2, on 11 October 1961. Wesson was originally a member of class 62A but was injured during a training accident and had to recover and requalify before he could graduate.

Last Aviation Cadet Navigator.

The last Aviation Cadet navigator class was 65–15 at James Connally AFB. It was made up of Eulalio Arzaga, Jr., James J. Crowling, Jr., Ronald M. Durgee, Harry W. Elliott, Timothy J. Geary, Robert E. Girvan, Glen D. Green, Paul J. Gringot, Jr., William P. Hagopian, Steven V. Harper, Robert D. Humphrey, Hollis D. Jones, Evert F. Larson, Gerald J. Lawrence, Thomas J. Mitchell, Ronald W. Oberender, Raymond E. Powell, Victor B. Putz, Milton Spivack, Donald E. Templeman, and Herbert F. Turney. These aviation cadets became USAF 2nd lieutenants. and were awarded their navigator wings on 3 March 1965. Class 65-15 chose classmate Cadet Steven V. Harper of Miami, Florida, for the honor of "Last Aviation Cadet" based on his high academic, military, and flying grades.

Last Aviation Cadet in USAF Service.

On 1 November 2002 Lt Gen. Russell C. Davis retired after 44 years of service (5 years in the Air Force and 39 years in the Air National Guard). He was the first Black USAF officer to reach the rank of Brigadier General and was the first Black general officer to command the National Guard Bureau (1998-2002).

The Flying / Aviation Cadet Pilot Training Program was originally created by the U.S. Army to train its pilots. Originally created in 1907 by the U.S. Army Signal Corps, it expanded as the Army's air assets increased. Candidates originally had to be between the ages of 19 and 25, athletic, and honest. Two years of college or three years of a scientific or technical education were required. Cadets were supposed to be unmarried and pledged not to marry during training. From 1907 to 1920, pilot officers were considered part of the Signal Corps or the Signal Officer Reserve Corps. After 1920, they were considered part of their own separate organization, the U.S. Army Air Service (1918–1926).

L' ("programme de formation des cadets de l'aviation") est créé en 1907 par l'United States Army pour former ses pilotes. Les candidats devaient avoir age compris entre 19 et 25 ans et disposer d'une bonne condition physique ainsi que d'une formation de deux années de collège ou de trois ans de formation scientifique ou technique. Les cadets ne devaient pas être mariés et s'engager à ne pas se marier pendant la durée de la formation. De 1907 à 1920, les officiers pilotes dépendent de l'US Army Signal Corps, puis ils sont rattachés à l'United States Army Air Service.


History.

The original 1848 Volition Repeating Rifle design by Hunt was revolutionary, introducing an early iteration of the lever action repeating mechanism and the tubular magazine still common today. However, Hunt's design was far from perfect, and only a couple of prototypes were developed; the only one known is currently in the Firearms Museum in Cody, Wyoming. Lewis Jennings patented an improved version of Hunt's design in 1849, and versions of the Jenning's patent design were built by Robbins & Lawrence Co. (under the direction of shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry) and sold by C. P. Dixon. Horace Smith was also hired by Courtlandt Palmer to improve the Jennings Rifle, patenting the Smith-Jennings in 1851. It is estimated that fewer than 2000 of these two models were made until 1852, when financial troubles ceased production.  In 1854, partners Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson joined with Courtlandt Palmer, the businessman who had purchased the Jennings and Smith-Jennings patent rights, and further improved on the operating mechanism, developing the Smith & Wesson Lever pistol, and a new Volcanic cartridge. Production was in the shop of Horace Smith in Norwich, Connecticut. The new cartridge improved upon the Hunt Rocket Ball with the addition of a primer. Originally using the name "Smith & Wesson Company", the name was changed to "Volcanic Repeating Arms Company" in 1855, with the addition of new investors, one of which was Oliver Winchester. The Volcanic Repeating Arms Company obtained all rights for the Volcanic designs (both rifle and pistol versions were in production by this time) as well as the ammunition, from the Smith & Wesson Company. Wesson remained as plant manager for 8 months before rejoining Smith to found the "Smith & Wesson Revolver Company" upon obtaining the licensing of the Rollin White rear loading cylinder patent.  Winchester forced the insolvency of the Volcanic Arms Company in late 1856, took over ownership and moved the plant to New Haven, Connecticut, where it was reorganized as the New Haven Arms Company in April 1857. B. Tyler Henry was hired as plant superintendent when Robbins & Lawrence suffered financial difficulties and Henry left their employ. While continuing to make the Volcanic rifle and pistol, Henry began to experiment with the new rimfire ammunition, and modified the Volcanic lever action design to use it. The result was the Henry rifle. By 1866, the company once again reorganized, this time as the Winchester Repeating Arms company, and the name of Winchester became synonymous with lever action rifles.

In popular culture.

The Rider, the title character of Edward M. Erdelac's Judeocentric Lovecraftian weird west series "Merkabah Rider", carries a Volcanic pistol inlaid with gold and silver and bearing various Solomonic talismans and wards, including a jeweled Tree of Sephiroth on the handle.  In the video games "Red Dead Redemption" and "Red Dead Redemption 2" and the latter game online modes "Red Dead Online", the protagonists can wield the Volcanic pistol.

The Volcanic Repeating Arms Company was an American company formed in 1855 by partners Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson to develop Walter Hunt's Rocket Ball ammunition and lever action mechanism. Volcanic made an improved version of the Rocket Ball ammunition, and a carbine and pistol version of the lever action gun to fire it. While the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company was short-lived, its descendants, Smith & Wesson and Winchester Repeating Arms Company, became major firearms manufactures.

La société Volcanic Repeating Arms Company est une entreprise américaine fondée en 1855 par l'association des hommes d'affaires Horace Smith et Daniel B. Wesson dans le but de commercialiser les cartouches "Rocket Ball" et le levier de sous-garde inventées par Walter Hunt. La société "Volcanic" mis au point une version améliorée de la cartouche "Rocket Ball", ainsi qu'une carabine militaire et un pistolet dotés d'un mécanisme de levier de sous-garde. Même si la "Volcanic Repeating Arms Company" n'a eu qu'une durée de vie très éphémère, ses descendants, Smith & Wesson et Winchester Repeating Arms Company, devinrent des manufactures d'armes à feu de première importance dans l'histoire des États-Unis


Music career.

Brahim became famous when he participated in Belgian first inaugural season of the "Idool" series, the Belgian Flanders version of the Idol series. He finished fourth overall. Despite this loss, he still got a record deal as his song "Turn the Music Up" hit the top of the Ultratop 50 Flanders Singles Chart, and the follow-up "I Wanna Be" also reached #8.  He gained fame in Morocco through a cover of "Didi", an English language remake of Cheb Khaled's song. The single was successful in Belgium reaching #10 on Ultratop 50 charts. A French language added rap segment featured Nessa.  Brahim has tried twice to represent Belgium in Eurovision Song Contest. In 2006, he took part in Eurosong '06, the Belgian selection process for Eurovision, singing "P.O.W.E.R.", in a bid to represent Belgium in the competition. Passing the semi-finals he earned a wildcard to the finals, but finished only fourth.  In 2008, he tried yet again for Eurovision by taking part in Eurosong '08 with "What I Like About You". Coming second in the initial round, he reached the finals finishing fourth overall.

Radio and television career.

Brahim has also been a successful radio and television personality. In March 2011, he started the programme "I-CLiPS" as presenter. The show was on VRT children channel Ketnet. He also presented the 2-hour radio show "MNM Dance 50" VRT radio station known as MNM. In 2012, he returned to Ketnet with I-fan.  He also spearheaded an anti-bullying campaign with the song "Move" in collaboration with Charlotte Leysen. It was picked as "Radio 2 Zomerhit 2012" (Radio 2's Summer Hit of 2012) for the "Best children pop category.  In late 2012, he stopped presenting "MNM Dance 50", but coming back with a similar format show called Urban 50 again on MNM radio station.  In 2012, Brahim became host of "In de mix", a popular television program bringing in artist from pop and hip hop tradition, in an attempt to make through remakes and cover, crossover hits in between various genres of music. The program broadcast on Eén Belgian Flemish station is an adaptation of a series of shows by Moroccan-Dutch artist Ali B on TROS entitled "Ali B op volle toeren".

Discography.

Singles.

Featured in

Brahim Attaeb better known by his stage name and mononym Brahim (born in Torhout, Belgium on 24 February 1984), is a Belgian R&B singer and presenter of Moroccan descent.

Brahim Attaeb est un chanteur et présentateur belge né le à Torhout. Au début de 2012, il sort son single "Move tegen pesten" qui a fait le buzz dans toute la Belgique ainsi qu'aux Pays-Bas. Le single s'est classé parmi les plus recherchés de la Belgique sur YouTube.


Biography.

She grew up in Uppsala, Uppland, and was the Swedish national decathlon champion before she competed in the pageant. A remarkable athlete, Rombin excelled in gymnastics, track & field, and downhill skiing. After winning the pageant, she left Sweden for Hollywood to fulfill her acting contract with Universal Pictures, part of the prize package as Miss Universe. She studied acting along with John Gavin, Clint Eastwood, and Barbara Eden, among the other contract actors. Universal put her in a couple films, with just one or two lines, to give her some exposure and experience. She was credited for small speaking roles in two films. In "The Benny Goodman Story" (1955) she asks for an autograph and in "Istanbul" (1957) she appears as a flight attendant near the film's end.  During her year reign as Miss Universe, while traveling around the U.S., she met her future husband G. David Schine, whose family was in the hotel business and would later himself be in the film and music businesses. She discontinued her acting career to focus on married life, soon starting a large family with Schine. They had six children, and their marriage lasted almost 40 years until their deaths together in 1996.  She, her husband, and one of their sons died in a plane crash in 1996, the result of an engine failure shortly after take-off. She was 62 years old and the first Miss Universe to pass away. She and her husband and their son are buried together at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.

Hillevi Rombin Schine (September 14, 1933 – June 19, 1996) was a Swedish actress and beauty queen who was crowned as Miss Sweden and is the fourth winner of Miss Universe in 1955. She was crowned Miss Sweden Universe 1955 by Miss Sweden Universe 1954, Ragnhild Olausson. In 1996, she became the first Miss Universe title holder to die.

Hillevi Rombin, née le à Alfta, Gävleborg en Suède, et décédée le à Los Angeles, est une ancienne actrice suédoise, qui a été élue Miss Suède 1955 et Miss Univers la même année.


Club career.

Youth career.

Born in Nguidile, Louga Region, Thiam left for Italy at young age. He was selected to Veneto region "Allievi" team for Coppa Nazionale Primavera, a competition against other Italy regional representatives in 2007–08 season. At club level he played for Real San Marco, from, mainland area of Venice municipality. In 2008, he was signed by Veneto club Treviso. In January 2009 he was signed by Internazionale from Treviso along with Samuel Longo. He immediately entered Inter's "Allievi Nazionali" under-17 team, scoring 4 goals in regular season (group stage). Due to Inter's "Primavera" under-20 team had many strikers, namely Denis Alibec, Mattia Destro, Simone Dell'Agnello, Giuseppe Angarano and Longo, Thiam left for Sassuolo's "Primavera" team in August 2009. The Emilia-Romagna side also borrowed Alberto Gallinetta and kept numbers of former Inter players by extended the loans or excised the option to sign outright from Inter, such as Pellegrino Albanese, Raffaele Conforto and Giorgio Schiavini. Thiam was the starting forward along with Diego Falcinelli, who also from Inter academy. However the coach also used other formation and preferred Falcinelli as sole centre forward despite Thiam also played that role few time. That season Thiam scored 4 times.  During the season, Inter formed a complex deal with Sassuolo, which allowed Thiam to join Sassuolo for free in January 2010 (Inter registered a loss of €71,000), then Thiam re-joined Inter on 30 August in co-ownership deal, with Thiam's contract treated as a financial asset in Sassuolo's account and an intangible asset in Inter account, as well as the "parent" club of the co-ownership contract became Sassuolo instead of Inter. With Inter "Primavera" team, he scored 4 goals in the regular season, behind strikers Dell'Agnello, Alibec and midfielder Milan Jirásek. He also won 2011 Torneo di Viareggio with the reserves.

Serie C1 loans.

On 30 August 2011 he left for Avellino from Inter Milan. Thiam made his professional debut on 25 September (round 4), substituted Gianluca De Angelis. He made his first start in the next game, partnering Gianmarco Zigoni (round 5). He played the successive game, scoring on 13, 16 and 30 October (round 7, 8 and 10), partnering Zigoni, Fabrizio Lasagna and De Angelis respectively. However, after a goal drought Thiam lost the starting place, and became the backup of De Angelis and Zigoni. He returned to starting XI again on 7 March 2012, partnering Zigoni. In June 2012 Inter also acquired Thiam outright, as Sassuolo gave up their 50% registration rights of Thiam.  On 12 July 2012, Thiam moved to another third level club, South Tyrol (, ).

Lanciano and Juventus.

On 15 July 2013, Thiam joined Serie B club Lanciano on a free transfer. On 30 January 2014, Lanciano signed goalkeeper Laurențiu Brănescu in a co-ownership deal for €250,000 cash plus 50% registration rights of Thiam (50% "card" of Thiam was valued at €1.4 million; 50% "card" of Brănescu was valued €1.65 million). Thiam signed a 41⁄2-year contract with "The Old Lady".  Thiam spent the rest of the 2013–14 season in Lanciano. He continues in Lanciano in the 2014–2015 season. In June 2015 Juventus signed Thiam outright for another €800,000; on 8 July Lanciano signed Filippo Penna (about €340,000) and Marco Di Benedetto (undisclosed) as compensations.

Zulte Waregem (loan).

On 26 July 2015, Thiam signed with Zulte Waregem in a temporary deal. The move made Juventus had a signing quota for non-European Union nationals (another quota was from Carlos Tevez), which the club later signed Alex Sandro, who counted as a non-EU.  After the loan Thiam returned to Juventus for their pre-season camp.

PAOK (loan).

On 31 August 2016, Thiam joined PAOK on loan.

Empoli (loan).

On 13 January 2017, Thiam signed with Empoli in a temporary deal. He scored a goal against A.C. Milan on 23 April 2017, giving Empoli a crucial 3-points for their battle from relegation. He also played in the last round of the season, which Empoli relegated by losing to already relegated Palermo.  After the loan, Thiam returned to Turin once again for their pre-season camp. It was reported that he canceled the contract with Juventus in a mutual consent in September 2017.

Esteghlal.

On 6 February 2018, Thiam signed a 11⁄2-year contract with Esteghlal after he passed the medical examination. He was assigned the number 25 shirt to wear in the league, however he chose to wear his favourite number 7 in the AFC Champions League as it was vacant.  Thiam made his debut on 8 February in a 3–0 victory against Sepidrood coming on as a substitute for Ali Ghorbani in the 82nd minute. He started his first match for Esteghlal in the Champions League match against Al-Hilal in which he his first goal for the club. The goal was Esteghlal's 200th goal in AFC Champions League history and they became the first Iranian team to reach that milestone. Esteghlal eventually won 1–0 and Thiam was named Man of the match for his performance. On 24 February, Thiam opened his scoring account in the league with a brace in a 4–1 away victory against Foolad. He also provided an assist for another goal in that match. On 6 March, he scored another brace in a 2–2 champions league draw against Al-Ain, and was named "Man of the match" for the second consecutive time. On 3 May, Thiam scored Esteghlal's only goal to defeat Khooneh be Khooneh 1–0 in the 2018 Hazfi Cup Final, winning his first piece of silverware with the club. On 15 May, he scored his first hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Zob Ahan. His three goals saw him become the club's all-time foreign leading goalscorer, overtaking Jlloyd Samuel's record of 11 goals on the day of his death. Due to his performance, he was named round of 16's second leg player of the week and was included in round of 16's team of the week. Thiam finished his season with twelve goals in all competitions in 13 appearances, the club finished 3rd in the league that season.

Ajman.

On 8 August 2018, Thiam joined UAE team Ajman from Esteghlal FC on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Thiam made his debut for the club on 30 August, in a 1–0 league victory over Al-Nasr in which he scored his first goal for the club.

Kasımpaşa.

On 24 June 2019, Thiam joined Turkish Süper Lig side Kasımpaşa on a two-year contract. He made his debut for the club on 18 August against Trabzonspor. In the next match, he scored his first for the club in a 4–1 defeat against Alanyaspor.

Honours.

Esteghlal

Mame Baba Thiam (born 9 October 1992) is a Senegalese professional footballer who currently plays as a forward for Kasımpaşa in the Süper Lig.

Mame Baba Thiam, né le à Nguidilé, est un footballeur sénégalais. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant pour le club de Kasımpaşa SK.