Background.

The Duggars live in Tontitown, Arkansas, near Springdale, and originally appeared in several TLC and Discovery Health one-hour specials, mostly focused on four of Michelle's last five deliveries. Jim Bob Duggar has an older sister, Deanna, who occasionally appears on the show. Michelle Duggar (née Ruark) has six older siblings (Pamela Ethel, Kathie Ann, Evelyn Alice, Carolyn Jeannite, Freda Louise, and Garrett Floyd Jr.). The couple met in the early 1980s when Duggar and a fellow church member were sent for a follow-up visit after Michelle experienced a religious conversion. The Duggars were married on July 21, 1984, just after Michelle's high school graduation. When they married, she was 17 and he was 19; neither attended college. Together they first launched a used-car business, then towing and real estate businesses, and both are licensed real estate agents.  The Duggars initially chose to wait before having children and used birth control pills in the early years of their marriage. Their eldest child, Joshua, was born in 1988. They resumed using oral contraceptives after his birth but conceived again despite this precaution; however, Michelle miscarried. She has mentioned that they named that child Caleb, despite not knowing the baby's gender. After consulting a doctor, the Duggars were told that birth control can in some cases allow conception but cause miscarriage (though oral contraceptives do not induce miscarriage). As a result, they decided to stop using birth control and allow God to determine the number of children they would have. Michelle soon became pregnant again, this time with her first set of twins, Jana and John-David. Michelle gave birth 17 times (twice with twins) over a period of 21 years, approximately one birth every 15 months on average.  The Duggars are devout independent Baptists. They only watch programs they consider to be wholesome family television and various historical events. Their Internet service is filtered. They adhere to certain standards of modesty in clothing in accordance with their religious beliefs. Shorts and tank tops are prohibited, and the women do not wear skirts that go above the knee. According to Michelle Duggar, such standards are mandated by scripture. They believe that baring the thigh is "nakedness and shame", and runs the risk of "defrauding" others—or stirring up and arousing "desires in someone else that cannot be righteously fulfilled." They avoid beaches and public swimming areas "because it's just too hard for the guys to try to keep their eyes averted in those situations." Female family members keep their hair long, and males are clean-shaven and short-haired. They practice chaperoned courtship, where the couple gets to know each other in a group setting. The Duggars describe this as "dating with a purpose".  Jim Bob Duggar served as a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002. He was defeated for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate by incumbent Tim Hutchinson in 2002 by a vote of 71,576 to 20,546. He later became a real estate agent and investor. The Duggars' income is derived from rental proceeds of commercial properties they own. Prior to the scandal surrounding son Josh, they lived debt-free.  Construction of their house began in 2000 when they bought the lot and ordered two steel frames. One of the frames was not drilled correctly, so the Duggars received a third frame which was used to make the girls' room and the industrial kitchen. Discovery Networks completed it, finding local Arkansas construction workers to donate their skills and time. The home was completed on January 20, 2006. Some of the painting, decorating, furnishings, appliances, and other finishing touches—such as a stocked pantry—were provided by Discovery Networks and corporate sponsors as part of the one-hour television special entitled "16 Children and Moving In".

Events during the series.

Michelle Duggar gave birth via emergency Caesarean section to Josie Brooklyn Duggar on December 10, 2009, six months into her pregnancy. When she was rushed to the hospital for gallstones, doctors discovered that she was pre-eclamptic and performed an emergency delivery. Josie Duggar was premature at only at birth. Nearly four months later, on April 6, 2010, the Duggars were able to take the infant to their temporary rental home in Little Rock while they awaited medical approval to take her home to Tontitown.  The Duggars took Josie home to Tontitown for good on June 23, 2010. By that December she weighed.  On December 2, 2008, Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar's book "The Duggars: 20 and Counting!" was released. Their second book, "A Love That Multiplies", was released on June 7, 2011. The eldest four girls—Jana, Jill, Jessa, and Jinger—authored "Growing Up Duggar: It's All About Relationships", which was released March 4, 2014.  On November 8, 2011, Michelle Duggar and family appeared on NBC's "Today Show" to announce she was expecting their 20th child. On December 8, 2011, the Duggars announced she had miscarried. Six days later, they held a memorial service for the stillborn baby girl that they named Jubilee Shalom (which means celebration and peace).  A few months after the birth of their daughter Mackynzie, Josh and Anna Duggar learned that she was pregnant with their second child, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. On their daughter's first birthday, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting again. The couple welcomed their second child, Michael James, on June 15, 2011. They learned that they were expecting again in September 2012.  Josh Duggar was offered a job at the Family Research Council during his wife's pregnancy with their third child. Marcus Anthony was delivered by a midwife on June 2, 2013. Duggar announced he was hired to be the executive director of the Family Research Council's political action committee, FRC Action, on June 18, 2013, and the family would move to Washington, D.C.  On December 2, 2014, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting their fourth child. The couple welcomed their fourth child, Meredith Grace, on July 16, 2015. They announced her birth on July 19, 2015 through the Duggar family website.  The Duggars issued an announcement that Jessa Duggar was in a courtship with Ben Seewald on September 18, 2013. The couple met through their church. On August 15, 2014, after eleven months of courtship, the couple announced their engagement and were married on November 1, 2014.  Jill Duggar's courtship with Derick Dillard was announced on March 31, 2014. They were introduced by Jim Bob Duggar and became further acquainted via supervised Skype and text conversations while Dillard was serving as a missionary in Nepal. Jill Duggar and her father traveled to Nepal to meet Dillard in person and began a formal courtship in November 2013. The couple announced their engagement on April 9, 2014, and were married on June 21, 2014.  The Dillards announced their first pregnancy on August 20, 2014. Their son, Israel David Dillard, was born on April 6, 2015.  The Seewalds announced their first pregnancy on April 21, 2015, waiting until the second trimester.  On July 16, 2015, TLC announced that the series was officially canceled.

Reception.

Arnold Hamilton of "The Dallas Morning News" described "19 Kids and Counting" as "part "Little House on the Prairie," part "Yours, Mine & Ours"–except the only blending in this real-life family occurs with restaurant like precision at mealtimes." He described the Duggars as acting "against the trend", considering the 2002 US Census found that only 0.3 percent of women ages 15 to 44 have given birth to seven or more children and that this number has declined steadily since 1976.  In an op-ed for "The New York Observer", Nina Burleigh described the Duggars as "Good TV. Good, sugarcoated rat poison, politically speaking", referring to the Duggars political activity such as their opposition to abortion and their lobbying efforts against legislation which would allow transgender people use of public restrooms matching their gender identity.  In an article published in the "Journal of Religion and Popular Culture", Christy Mesaros-Winckles described the Duggars as "unofficial spokespeople for the Quiverfull movement". Referring to the first season of the show, Mesaros-Winckles said the Duggars introduced themselves and their religious beliefs with the "subtle and disturbing" message of conformity and "rigid male hierarchy" associated with the Quiverfull movement. Mesaros-Winckles asserts that the show provides a platform for the legitimization of this movement, while downplaying "patriarchal gender roles and strict family conformity." Mesaros-Winckles also said the Duggars "try to convince the audience that their way of life is best for raising healthy, godly children" and that a large family is a "biblical mandate." She concluded that despite the small size of the Quiverfull movement, with perhaps only several thousand followers, the show "19 Kids and Counting" has brought the movement to the forefront of American culture.  Feminist Amanda Marcotte referred to the Duggars as part of the "Christian patriarchy movement", which she described as interchangeable with the Quiverfull movement, saying the Duggars promote sexist values which run counter to mainstream American culture. The Duggars have said they are not part of the Quiverfull movement, stating: "we are simply Bible-believing Christians who desire to follow God's Word and apply it to our lives".

Criticism.

The Duggar family has received criticism due to their stance on LGBT issues. In August 2014, Michelle Duggar recorded a political robocall regarding legislation affecting transgender individuals, which "The Huffington Post" described as "transphobic" and "The Washington Post" described as "anti-anti-discrimination." The robocall includes Michelle saying: "The Fayetteville City Council is voting on an ordinance this Tuesday night that would allow men – yes I said men – to use women's and girls restrooms, locker rooms, showers, sleeping areas and other areas that are designated for females only. I don't believe the citizens of Fayetteville would want males with past child predator convictions that claim they are female to have a legal right to enter private areas that are reserved for women and girls." In response to this robocall, a petition was started on Change.org calling for TLC to cancel the show "19 Kids and Counting", which received over 100,000 signatures. In response to the first petition, a second petition was started asking TLC to keep the show on the air, and it also received over 100,000 signatures.  In November 2014, the Duggars asked married couples to take a picture while kissing and share it on their Facebook page. Several users noted that pictures of same-sex couples were deleted from the Duggar's Facebook page. While working for the Family Research Council, the Duggar's eldest son, Josh Duggar, said "I truly believe every child deserves a mother and a father"; the Family Research Council has been labeled as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, with SPLC saying they were designated as such due to their publication of "anti-gay propaganda." Josh Duggar has been described as an "anti-gay activist" by GLAAD.

Josh Duggar molestation controversy.

On May 21, 2015, a police report from 2006 was revealed to the public by "In Touch Weekly" magazine, stating sexual molestation allegations against the Duggars' eldest son, Josh Duggar. The report states that in 2002–2003, Josh – then 14 to 15 years old – fondled five girls, including four of his sisters, by touching their breasts and genital regions on multiple occasions while they were asleep and in a few cases while awake. These events occurred prior to the beginning of the reality series. The case was never fully investigated, and the statute of limitations has expired. On May 22, 2015, TLC removed all reruns of the show that were previously set to air from its current airing schedule, with the statement, "we are deeply saddened and troubled by this heartbreaking situation, and our thoughts and prayers are with the family and victims at this difficult time."  In the wake of the controversy, more than 20 advertisers, including General Mills, Walgreens, Payless ShoeSource, Choice Hotels, Pizza Hut, Sweet Leaf Tea, and Crayola announced that they were pulling their ads from the show; Hulu also removed the show's entire back catalog of episodes from the streaming service. Public reaction to the revelation led to several petitions calling for TLC to cancel the series on Change.org, citing conflict between the reported events and the show's promotion of family values.  Josh, along with his wife and his parents, responded to the revelations. Josh apologized, stating he had "acted inexcusably", and resigned from his position at the Family Research Council. Anna stated she knew about Josh's actions two years before she married him, and believed that the counseling he received after the incidents "changed his life." The Duggars described this time as a dark period in their lives and said it caused their family "to seek God like never before." They were featured in an interview with Megyn Kelly on Fox News Channel's "The Kelly File" on June 3, 2015, where they answered questions regarding the scandal.

Cancellation.

On July 16, 2015, Discovery Communications, parent company of TLC, confirmed to CNN that the show was officially canceled and that all further production would be ceased. In the wake of the allegations, the network announced that it would produce a one-hour, commercial-free documentary special on child abuse, that will include Jill and Jessa.  TLC paid the Duggar family an estimate of 25,000 to per episode. Due to the show cancellation, the loss of endorsements, speaking engagements, and book deals based on the show would result in a loss of an estimate of 25 million a year.  A 3-part spin-off series, "Jill and Jessa: Counting On", focusing on newlyweds Jill and Derick Dillard, Jessa and Ben Seewald, Anna Duggar, and several of the other adult Duggar children (sans Josh) aired in December 2015. Its first episode attracted more than 2.2 million viewers, according to a report by The Nielsen Company. The third episode garnered the highest ratings and viewership, at 2.5 million viewers, and ranked in the Top 5 cable shows for the night. In March 2016, it was announced "Counting On" had been picked up for a full season, that premiered March 15, 2016.

Duggar family.

Parents.

They were married on July 21, 1984, and have 19 children and permanent custody of Michelle's great-nephew Tyler.

19 Kids and Counting (formerly 17 Kids and Counting and 18 Kids and Counting) is an American reality television show that aired on the cable channel TLC for seven years until its cancellation in 2015. The show features the Duggar family: parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar and their 19 children: nine girls and ten boys, all of whose names begin with the letter "J". During the life of the show, two children were born, three children were married, and four grandchildren were born.

La famille Duggar est une famille américaine baptiste de l'Arkansas qui est régulièrement citée dans les médias américains pour sa grande descendance. Jim Bob Duggar et Michelle Duggar (mariés en juillet 1984) ont dix-neuf enfants, nés entre mars 1988 et décembre 2009. Michelle fait une fausse couche tardive en décembre 2011, une petite fille du nom de Jubilee Shalom. Ils affirment souvent être totalement ouverts à d'autres grossesses, et même à l'adoption pour agrandir leur famille.


Life and career.

Early life.

McPhatter was born in the community of Hayti, in Durham, North Carolina on November 15, although the year is disputed. Some sources cite 1932. Author Colin Escott cites 1931, stating that "most biographies quote 1933 or 1934, although government documents cite the earlier year". His grave marker cites his birth year as 1932.  He was raised in a Baptist family, the son of Rev. George McPhatter and his wife Beulah (some accounts refer to her as Eva). Starting at the age of five, he sang in his father's church gospel choir along with his three brothers and three sisters. When he was ten, Clyde was the soprano-voiced soloist for the choir.  In 1945, Rev. McPhatter moved his family to Teaneck, New Jersey, where Clyde attended Chelsior High School. He worked part-time as a grocery store clerk and was promoted to shift manager upon graduating high school. The family then relocated to New York City, where Clyde formed a gospel group, the Mount Lebanon Singers.

With Billy Ward & the Dominoes (1950–53).

In 1950, after winning the coveted Amateur Night at Harlem's Apollo Theater contest, McPhatter returned to his job as a store manager but was later recruited by Billy Ward and his Dominoes and was present for the recording of "Sixty Minute Man" for Federal Records, produced by Ralph Bass.  Billy Ward and his Dominoes was one of the top R&B vocal groups in the country, garnering more popularity than the Clovers, the Ravens and the Five Keys, largely due to McPhatter's fervent, high-pitched tenor. In his book "The Drifters", Bill Millar named Ben E. King, Smokey Robinson of the Miracles, Sammy Turner, and Marv Johnson among the many vocalists who patterned themselves after McPhatter. "Most important," he concluded, "McPhatter took hold of the Ink Spots' simple major chord harmonies, drenched them in call-and-response patterns and sang as if he were back in church. In doing so, he created a revolutionary musical style from which—thankfully—popular music will never recover."  After recording several more songs with the Dominoes, including "Have Mercy Baby", "Do Something for Me," and "The Bells", McPhatter left the Dominoes on May 7, 1953. He was sometimes passed off as "Clyde Ward, Billy's little brother." Others assumed it was Billy Ward doing the lead singing. As a member of the Dominoes, McPhatter did not earn much money; Ward paid him $100 a week, minus deductions for food, taxes, motel bills, etc. In an interview in 1971 McPhatter told journalist Marcia Vance that "whenever I'd get back on the block where everybody'd heard my records—half the time I couldn't afford a Coca-Cola."  Due to such occurrences, and, as he was frequently at odds with Ward, McPhatter decided he would quit the Dominoes, intent on making a name for himself. He announced his intention to quit the group, and Ward agreed to his leaving provided that McPhatter stayed long enough to coach a replacement. Auditions for a replacement were later held at Detroit's Fox Theater, and a young Jackie Wilson eventually took over as lead tenor for the Dominoes. The position influenced Wilson's singing style and stage presence. "I fell in love with the man's voice. I toured with the group and watched Clyde and listened..."—and apparently learned.  Privately, McPhatter and Ward often argued, but publicly McPhatter expressed his appreciation of Ward for giving him his start in entertainment. "I think Billy Ward is a very wonderful musician and entertainer. I appreciate all he did for me in giving me my start in show business."

The Drifters (1953–54).

Ahmet Ertegun, founder of Atlantic Records and Jerry Wexler, eagerly sought McPhatter after noticing he was not present for an appearance the Dominoes once made at Birdland, which was "an odd booking for the Dominoes", in Ertegun's words.  After locating him, McPhatter was then signed to Atlantic on the condition that he form his own group. McPhatter promptly assembled a group and called them the Drifters. They recorded a few tracks in June 1953, including a song called "Lucille," written by McPhatter himself. This group of Drifters did not have the sound Atlantic executives were looking for however, and Clyde was prompted to assemble another group of singers. The initial members of the Drifters McPhatter assembled were mostly from the Mount Lebanon Singers.  The revised lineup recorded and released such hits as "Money Honey," "Such a Night," "Honey Love," "White Christmas" and "Whatcha Gonna Do," with the record label displaying the group name "Clyde McPhatter & the Drifters" on the first two singles, later changed to "The Drifters featuring Clyde McPhatter".  In late 1954, McPhatter was inducted into the U.S. Army and assigned to Special Services in the continental United States, which allowed him to continue recording. After his tour of duty, he left the Drifters and launched a solo career. The Drifters continued as a successful group, but with many changes in personnel, and the group assembled by McPhatter was long gone by the time of their greatest successes after he left the group.  Upon his departure from The Drifters, McPhatter unwisely sold his share of the group to the band's manager George Treadwell, a decision that he later came to regret, after realizing that he caused his fellow musicians to experience unprofitability and the group essentially became a revolving door line-up with recycled members on a ridiculous $100 weekly salary and paid virtually no royalties.

Solo career.

Just after his military discharge, McPhatter recorded his first solo hit, "Love Has Joined Us Together", with Ruth Brown. He released several R&B recordings in the next few years, including "Rock and Cry", "Seven Days" (later a bigger hit for Tom Jones), "Treasure of Love", "Let Me Know", "Just to Hold My Hand", and his biggest solo hit, "A Lover's Question," written by Brook Benton and Jimmy T. Williams, which peaked at number 6 in 1958.  McPhatter's 1956 recording "Treasure of Love" was his first number 1 hit on the R&B charts as a solo artist and spent one week in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number 16 on the U.S. pop charts, sold over two million copies in the United States alone, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.  After leaving Atlantic Records, McPhatter then signed with MGM Records and released several more songs, including "I Told Myself a Lie" and "Think Me a Kiss" (1960) and his first single for Mercury Records, "Ta Ta." His tenure on these labels proved to be less fruitful than his time with Atlantic. He moved to other record labels and recorded more singles, including "I Never Knew" and his final Top Ten hit, "Lover Please", written by country artist Billy Swan, which made it to number 7 in 1962. After "Lover Please", McPhatter's career took a downward turn, as musical styles and tastes were constantly changing during the 1960s. He turned to alcohol abuse, sporadically releasing recordings that failed to chart.  In 1968, McPhatter moved to England, where he still had something of a following, utilizing the UK band ICE as backup.

Death.

McPhatter returned to the U.S. in 1970, making a few appearances in rock-and-roll revival tours, but lived mostly as a recluse. Hopes for a major comeback with a Decca album were crushed on June 13, 1972, when he died in his sleep at the age of 39, of complications of heart, liver, and kidney disease, brought on by alcohol abuse – behavior fueled by a failed career and resentment he harbored towards the fans he felt deserted him. In his interview with journalist Marcia Vance, McPhatter said, "I have no fans." He died at 1165 East 229th Street, Bronx, New York, where he had been living with Bertha M. Reid. They were traveling together as he tried to make a comeback.  McPhatter was a resident of Teaneck, New Jersey, at the time of his death. He was buried at George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey.  Ruth Brown acknowledged in her later years that McPhatter was the father of her son Ronald, born in 1954. Ron now tours with his own group named after his father – Clyde McPhatter's Drifters.  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Clyde McPhatter among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Clyde Lensley McPhatter (November 15, c. 1932 – June 13, 1972) was an American rhythm and blues, soul and rock and roll singer. He was one of the most widely imitated R&B singers of the 1950s and early 1960s and was a key figure in the shaping of doo-wop and R&B.

Clyde McPhatter ( à Durham, Caroline du Nord – à Teaneck, New Jersey), est un chanteur de rhythm and blues américain. Il fut aussi l'un des premiers chanteurs à utiliser le gospel dans les arrangements de certaines de ces chansons.


History.

Because of its advancement by the Liudolfings (the family of the Ottonian Emperors) the abbey became "reichsunmittelbar" (an Imperial abbey) sometime between 874 and 947. Its best years began in 973 under the Abbess Mathilde, granddaughter of Otto I and thus herself a Liudolfing, who governed the abbey until 1011. In her time the most important of the art treasures of what is now the Essen Cathedral treasury came to Essen. The next two abbesses to succeed her were also from the Liudolfing family and were thus able further to increase the wealth and power of the foundation. In 1228 the abbesses were designated "Princesses" for the first time. From 1300 they took up residence in Schloss Borbeck, where they spent increasing amounts of time.  The abbey's territorial lordship, to which belonged the town of Essen that was centered on the monastery, grew up between the Emscher and the Ruhr, The town's efforts to become an independent Imperial city were frustrated by the abbey in 1399 and again, conclusively, in 1670. In the north of the territory was located the abbey's monastery of Stoppenberg, founded in 1073; to the south was the collegiate foundation of Rellinghausen. Also among the possessions of the abbey was the area round Huckarde, on the borders of the County of Dortmund and separated from the territory of Essen by the County of the Mark. Approximately 3,000 farms in the area owed dues to the abbey, in Vest Recklinghausen, on the Hellweg and round Breisig and Godesberg. From 1512 to its dissolution the Imperial abbey belonged to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle.  The abbey's "Vögte" were, in sequence:  In 1495 the abbey signed a contract with the Dukes of Cleves and Mark regarding the inheritance of the "Vogtei", whereby it lost some of its political independence in that it was no longer able to choose its own "Vogt".  From 1802 the territory was occupied by Prussian troops. The abbey was dissolved in 1803. The spiritual territory of passed to Prussia, then between 1806/1807 to 1813 to the Duchy of Berg and afterwards to Prussia again. The last abbess, Maria Kunigunde von Sachsen, died on 8 April 1826 in Dresden.  When in 1958 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen was created, the former abbey church became Essen Cathedral, to which the abbey's treasury ("Essener Domschatz"), including the famous Golden Madonna of Essen, also passed.

List of the Abbesses, later Princess-Abbesses, of Essen.

The dates of the rule of the abbesses are incompletely preserved. The sequence of the abbesses between Gerswid II and Ida is uncertain, particularly in regard to the Abbess Agana.

Essen Abbey ("Stift Essen") was a monastery of secular canonesses for women of high nobility in Essen, Germany. It was founded about 845 by the Saxon Altfrid (died 874), later Bishop of Hildesheim and saint, near a royal estate called "Astnidhi", which later gave its name to the religious house and to the town. The first abbess was Altfrid's kinswoman, Gerswit.

L'abbaye d'Essen ("Stift Essen") était une communauté de femmes nobles située à Essen, fondée vers 845 par saint Altfrid (mort en 874). Elle a été sécularisée en 1803.


History.

Adventure Island started out in 1918 as Sunken Gardens, a sea-side garden that in the 1920s installed a few children's rides. In 1976, the land to the west of the pier was purchased by the Miller family. They developed the amusement park on the site from the rudimentary original and the entire site was redeveloped extensively.  In 1995 the park was vastly expanded when the land to the east of the pier was purchased to form part of the park.  Complementing the park is Southend Pier, the longest pleasure pier in the world (built in 1830 as a wooden pier, rebuilt as a steel pier in 1889); it extends more than a mile (1,34 miles/2,16 km) toward the ocean. The pier train runs the entire length of the pier to the Lifeboat Museum. The park's mascot is called Snappy.  Adventure Island is not divided into specific areas but divides its rides into the following categories: Big Adventure (blue rides), Junior (green rides) and Mini (red rides). The park is separated into the East side of the pier and the West side of the pier.  In 1999, the park debuted the roller coaster "Green Scream". It was once described as the park's signature ride, but this title has now been taken by "Rage". The "Green Scream" does not have any inversions and the drops are quite tame. The second roller coaster at the park is the "Barnstormer", which opened in 2000. The third roller coaster is named the "Mighty Mini Mega", which opened in 2002. "Kiddi Koasta", a children's roller coaster, opened to the public on 30 April 2011.  The fifth roller coaster, "Rage", opened in February 2007. It is one of the biggest investments the park has ever made. The ride cost in the region of £3 million and is located on the former "Raging River" Log Flume site. The "Sky Drop" and "Vortex" rides were relocated to new positions in the park to make way. The ride is about in height and has a 97 degree drop, a vertical lift hill, a vertical loop, a zero-g roll and tight turns. It was named "Rage" after a competition in the newspaper Southend Echo to decide a name for the ride. The slogan is "For Superheroes only!" which is said before the first drop of the roller coaster.  In 2014 Adventure Island demolished the "Pirate Boat", which was one of their oldest attractions, to make way for "Adventure Inside" in spring 2015.  In September 2016 the park retained a top five status in the "Friendliest Park In The World" category at the annual Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards.

Rides and attractions.

Past rides.

A list of the past rides include:

Adventure Island is a theme park in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England. The site of the theme park flanks the north end of Southend Pier and has been a theme park since 1976 when the land now forming the west side of the park was purchased by the Miller family. The park used to be known as Peter Pan's Playground and later Peter Pan's Adventure Island before becoming Adventure Island. The site is owned and managed by Stockvale Limited. The park contains thirty three rides, retail outlets, and numerous catering outlets.

Adventure Island est un parc d'attractions situé à Southend-on-Sea dans le comté d'Essex. L'accès au parc est libre et les attractions sont accessibles grâce à un système de tickets dont le nombre varie en fonction de l'attraction.


Early years.

Myron Carlton Bradshaw was born in Youngstown, Ohio, the son of Cicero P. Bradshaw and his wife Lillian Boggess. Bradshaw graduated from high school in Youngstown. After graduating from Wilberforce University with a degree in psychology, Bradshaw turned to music for a living. In Ohio, he sang and played drums with Horace Henderson's campus oriented "Collegians". Then, in 1932, Bradshaw relocated to New York City, where he drummed for Marion Hardy's Alabamians, the Charleston Bearcats (later the Savoy Bearcats), and the Mills Blue Rhythm Band, and sang for Luis Russell.

Bandleader.

In 1934, Bradshaw formed his own swing orchestra, which recorded eight sides in two separate sessions for Decca Records that year in New York City. The band's next recording date was in 1944 for Manor Records, at which point its music was closer to rhythm and blues. He recorded in 1947 for Savoy Records.  The band recorded extensively for the rhythm and blues market with King Records between late 1949 and early 1955, and had five hits on the "Billboard" R&B chart. His most successful record at the time was "Well Oh Well", which reached no.2 on the R&B chart in 1950 and stayed on the chart for 21 weeks. Two follow-ups, "I'm Going To Have Myself A Ball" (no.5, 1950) and "Walkin' The Chalk Line" (no.10, 1951) also made the chart before a break of almost two years.  What is now Bradshaw's best known recording was "The Train Kept A-Rollin'" (1951) — not a chart hit at the time — which passed from rhythm and blues history into rock's legacy. The song was recorded by Johnny Burnette & The Rock 'N' Roll Trio in 1956 and by The Yardbirds with Jeff Beck in 1965. It was covered again by Aerosmith in 1974 and by Motörhead in 1977. Furthermore, Jimmy Page reported in an interview that the first song played, at the very first rehearsal of what would become the English rock band Led Zeppelin was "The Train Kept A-Rollin'".  Bradshaw returned to the R&B chart in 1953 with "Soft" (no.3), an instrumental later recorded by Bill Doggett, and "Heavy Juice" (no.9). Both of these 1953 hits featured Red Prysock on tenor saxophone.  Bradshaw's later career was hampered by severe health problems, including two strokes, the first in 1954, that left him partially paralyzed. He made a return to touring in 1958. His last session that year resulted in two recordings, "Short Shorts" and "Bushes" (King 5114), which proved an unsuccessful attempt to reach out to the emerging teenage record market.  Weakened by the successive strokes as well as the rigors of his profession, Bradshaw died in his adopted hometown of Cincinnati from another stroke in 1958. He was 51 years old.

Legacy.

Bradshaw is remembered for a string of rhythm and blues hits. As a bandleader, he was an invaluable mentor to important musicians and arrangers including Sil Austin, Happy Caldwell, Shad Collins, Wild Bill Davis, Talib Dawud, Gil Fuller, Gigi Gryce, George "Big Nick" Nicholas, Russell Procope, Red Prysock, Curly Russell, Calvin "Eagle Eye" Shields, Sonny Stitt, Noble "Thin Man" Watts, and Shadow Wilson.

Discography.

Singles.

Decca Records  Regis Records  Manor Records  Savoy Records  King Records

Myron Carlton "Tiny" Bradshaw (September 23, 1907 – November 26, 1958) was an American jazz and rhythm and blues bandleader, singer, composer, pianist, and drummer. His biggest hit was "Well Oh Well" in 1950, and the following year he recorded "The Train Kept A-Rollin'", important to the later development of rock and roll; he co-wrote and sang on both records.

Myron ("Tiny") Bradshaw ( - ) est un chanteur et compositeur de jazz et de rhythm and blues américain originaire de Youngstown en Ohio. Il jouait aussi du piano et de la batterie.


Content.

The song contains a sample replay of Chapter 8's 1979 R&B hit "Ready For Your Love".

Track listings.

"Many versions of "Borderline" were released, including:"<br> Digital single #1 (UK) Digital single #2 (UK) Digital single #1 (UK/Ireland) Digital single #2 (UK/Ireland) Digital single #3 (UK/Ireland) Digital single #4 (UK/Ireland) Digital single #1 (Belgium/Luxembourg) Digital single #2 (Belgium/Luxembourg/Netherlands) Digital single (Italy) |valign="top"| Digital single (USA/Canada) Digital single (Denmark) Digital single #1 (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) Digital single #2 (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) Physical/Digital single (Australia) Physical single (UK/Ireland) Vinyl #1 Vinyl #2 There were now two extra versions of the single because there was a mix-up on the UK and Ireland iTunes Store.

Music video.

The music video does not include Michael Gray or Shelly Poole. It features dancer Keeley Malone lying on a sun chair touching another dancer and lipsynching parts of the song - this scene switches back and forth through others which are of female dancers (including Shelina Gallacher among others) on rooftops of buildings in London (St. Paul's Cathedral can be seen at times in the background, and at least one location is believed to be 8-10 New Fetter Ln, EC4). The outfits in the video consist of what looks like; a white schoolgirl top and black tie, a black coat, a black bikini bottom, black stockings and black heels (as seen in the video screenshot). The video has been banned on 3 UK TV channels as a result. It was directed by Phil Griffin.

"Borderline" is a song by British producer Michael Gray featuring Shelly Poole. It was released in July 2006 as his second single. While "Borderline" failed to match the success of its predecessor "The Weekend" it entered the top twenty on various charts including - the Official UK. Singles Chart and Dance Chart, UK. Upfront Club and Australian ARIA Club charts. It often fell off then re-entered the Australian ARIA Dance chart, for example it charted at #20 on 10 October 2006, months after its initial release.

Borderline est une chanson du DJ et compositeur britannique Michael Gray sortie le 31 juillet 2006, interprétée et coécrite par la chanteuse britannique Shelly Poole.


History.

With the discovery of mines near Ouro Preto around 1700, 1/5 of the Brazilian population, mainly slaves, occupied a vast territory, moving from the Northeast and shifting the economic hub of the colony towards the Southeast.  The mining cycle caused a huge impact and stimulus to the production of staple foods and this is when cheese bread was created. The Northeast and the nearest regions obtained beans, rice, corn and its cornmeal, pork and lard, milk and cheese. More distant areas such as the gaucho pampa, began to offer kind of beef meat. It is said that the cheese bread was offered by slave women to the farmers. At the time, wheat flour, the raw material of classical baking, was hard to find. Typical of temperate regions, the ancient cereal never combined with the warmth of the Brazilian Northeast, and was then imported from Europe to Brazil to serve the King's noblemen.  Creatively, Minas Gerais cooks replaced the non-existent wheat with starch derived from cassava tuber with tupiniquins origins. Added the mass cured cheese chips, hardened and grated, and taken to the oven, turned out to like being called "bread".

Main ingredients.

There are several different recipes of Brazilian cheese bread where the ingredients and the type of cheese vary widely - as well as the final result. Some of them use sweet starch, other sour, or even both. But what gives it its main feature is that it is based on starch cassava and some kind of cheese.  The fat - lard, vegetable oil, butter or margarine - acts as a molecular lubrificant,  The egg gives colour and flavour to the recipe.  The type of cheese varies according to preference or availability. The most used are mozzarella, parmesan, and the more traditional ripened cheese and standard cheese, both also from Minas Gerais. The cheese gives the typical flavor of the cheese bread, hence its name.  There is also the boiled cheese bread with a preparation technique that requires boiling water while preparing, sometimes mixed with vegetable oil in flour. The boiled cheese bread has the closest taste of natural, as in the boiling process the dough is pre-cooked.  Some recipes use potato.

Preparation.

Pães de queijo are formed into small balls, around 3-5 centimeters in diameter (though they may be larger) and about 50 calories in each roll. The cassava flour is a powerful starch which is key to the texture of the pão de queijo; unlike other types of bread, pão de queijo is not leavened. Small pockets of air within the dough expand during baking and are contained by the elasticity of the starch paste. The tapioca starch used in pão de queijo makes this snack gluten free. Varieties of stuffed pães de queijo with catupiry, hot and melted goiabada, doce de leite and other variations can be found in Brazil.

Availability.

Brazil.

In Brazil, "pão de queijo" is a popular breakfast dish and snack. It continues to be widely sold at snack bars and bakeries and it can also be bought frozen to bake at home. In Brazil, cheese puff mix packages are easily found in most supermarkets.

United States.

Given its growing popularity in the US, the frozen packages of "pao de queijo" can now be found in some American grocery stores such as Costco, County Market, HEB, Publix, World Market and Whole Foods.

Japan / East Asia.

Pão de queijo arrived in Japan with the dekasegi. It is usually made with rice flour instead of the cassava (tapioca) starch.

Pão de queijo (, "cheese bread" in Portuguese) or Brazilian cheese bread is a small, baked cheese roll or cheese bun, a popular snack and breakfast food in Brazil. It is a traditional Brazilian recipe, from the states of Minas Gerais. Though its origins are uncertain, it is speculated that the recipe has existed since the eighteenth century, although it became popular around the 1950s.

Le pão de queijo ([ˈpɐ̃w dʒi 'kejʒʊ], "pain au fromage" en portugais) est une recette typique de l'État de Minas Gerais au Brésil, que l'on retrouve aussi au Paraguay et au nord de l'Argentine sous le nom de chipá.


Early life.

Rand was born in the village of Elkton, Hickory County, Missouri. Her father, William Beck, was a West Point graduate and retired U.S. Army colonel, while her mother, Nettie (Grove) Beck, was a school teacher and part-time newspaper correspondent. The family moved to Jackson County, Missouri while she was still in grade school.  Helen got her start on the stage quite early, working as a chorus girl at Kansas City's Empress Theater when she was only 13. An early supporter of her talent was Goodman Ace, drama critic for the "Kansas City Journal" who saw her performing in a Kansas City nightclub and wrote glowing reviews. After studying ballet and drama in Kansas City, the teenage Helen decided her future lay in Hollywood. For a short time as she worked her way to the west coast, she was employed as an acrobat in the Ringling Brothers Circus. She also performed in summer stock and traveling theater, including working with a then-unknown Humphrey Bogart.

Career.

During the 1920s, she acted on stage and appeared in silent films. Cecil B. DeMille gave her the name Sally Rand, inspired by a Rand McNally atlas. She was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1927.  After the introduction of sound films, she became a dancer, known for the fan dance, which she popularized starting at the Paramount Club, at 15 E. Huron, in Chicago. Her most famous appearance was at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, known as the Century of Progress, accompanied by her backing orchestra, directed by Art Frasik. She would play peek-a-boo with her body by manipulating her fans in front and behind her, like a winged bird as she swooped and twirled on the stage, usually to "Clair de Lune". She was arrested four times in a single day during the fair due to perceived indecent exposure after a fan dance performance and while riding a white horse down the streets of Chicago, where the nudity was only an illusion, and again after being bodypainted by Max Factor Sr. with his new makeup formulated for Hollywood films. She also conceived and developed the bubble dance, in part to cope with wind while performing outdoors. She performed the fan dance on film in "Bolero", released in 1934. She performed the bubble dance in the film "Sunset Murder Case" (1938) available for watching on YouTube.  In 1936, she purchased The Music Box burlesque hall in San Francisco, which would later become the Great American Music Hall. She starred in "Sally Rand's Nude Ranch" at the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco in 1939 and 1940.  In the early 1940s, Rand did summer stock in Woodstock, New York. She signed on to star in Rain and Little Foxes whose cast also included Karl Malden. He remembered being stressed that she was unprepared and seemed to care more about her costumes than learning her lines, which he admitted were dazzling, to the point that he forgot his own lines during a performance. “Her burlesque days were written all over her, especially in her hygiene habits,” wrote Malden in his memoirs. “One could assume she rarely bathed, and the college kids who cleaned the rooms at the playhouse confirmed that the tub was never used. Instead she just kept dousing herself with perfume and shoveling on the makeup, layer upon layer, until it began to cake and separate so that you could see the dirt buildup in the creases around her neck.”  She was arrested twice in San Francisco in 1946; while performing at Club Savoy, she was arrested by six police officers in the audience as she danced, seemingly nude, in silhouette behind a large white fan; the judge, Daniel R. Shoemaker, granted her immunity should she be arrested for the same offense while on trial; however she was arrested during a night of the trial while performing her act, despite her immunity and the fact that she was wearing long underwear and a note that read "CENSORED. S.F.P.D." that time. In an unusual move, the judge viewed her performance at the Savoy and cleared her of all charges after deeming that "anyone who could find something lewd about the dance as she puts it on has to have a perverted idea of morals".  In the early '50s she was traveling with a 17-member troupe around the midwest appearing at state fairs and small theaters. Edith Dahl, accompanied Miss Rand's famous fan dance, the finale of the show, on the violin and "cracked a few jokes." According to local newspaper accounts, Miss Rand's large white feathered fans acted as "a guard to keep too much of mother nature from showing." "Smutty jokes" were at minimum in the afternoon performances." The tour was across Oklahoma and Texas then west toward Washington before returning east. She refused to divulge her age to reporters at the time but was known to be approaching 50.  She appeared on television in March 12, 1957, in episode 13 of the first season of "To Tell the Truth" with host Bud Collyer and panelists Polly Bergen, Ralph Bellamy, Kitty Carlisle, and Carl Reiner. She did not "stump the panel" but was correctly identified by all four panelists (she was introduced as Helen Beck, her birth name).  She continued to appear on stage doing her fan dance into the 1970s. Rand once replaced Ann Corio in the stage show, "This Was Burlesque", appeared at the Mitchell Brothers club in San Francisco in the early 1970s and toured as one of the stars of the 1972 nostalgia revue "Big Show of 1928," which played major concert venues, including New York's Madison Square Garden. Describing her 40-year career, Rand said, "I haven’t been out of work since the day I took my pants off."

Death.

Rand died on August 31, 1979, at Foothill Presbyterian Hospital, in Glendora, California, aged 75, from congestive heart failure. She was deeply in debt at her death. Rand's adopted son told an interviewer that Sammy Davis Jr. stepped in and wrote a $10,000 check which took care of Rand's expenses.

Football play.

Football coaches at the University of Delaware named a football play after Sally Rand. One explanation is that the play misdirected the defense, or in other words, like the dancer herself, the offense was showing more than they actually had. The name migrated to Canada, where a "naked bootleg" became known as a "Sally Rand" and was used to great effect by the B.C. Lions.

Sally Rand (born Helen Gould Beck; April 3, 1904 – August 31, 1979) was an American burlesque dancer, vedette and actress, most noted for her ostrich feather fan dance and balloon bubble dance. She also performed under the name Billie Beck.

Sally Rand (Harriet Helen Gould Beck), née dans le Comté de Hickory (Missouri) le et morte à Glendora (Californie) le, est une actrice et danseuse américaine, célèbre pour ses danses « à l'éventail » (représentée dans le film "L'Étoffe des héros") et « à la bulle » (également reprise dans le dessin animé de Tex Avery "Hollywood Steps Out", 1941), qu'elle a interprétées jusque dans les années 1970, la soixantaine passée.


History.

The name is an allusion to the DD statement found in IBM's Job Control Language (JCL), in which the initials stand for "Data Definition". The command's syntax resembles a JCL statement more than other Unix commands do, so much that Eric S. Raymond says "the interface design was clearly a prank". The interface is redesigned in Plan 9's dd command to use a command-line option style.  Originally intended to convert between ASCII and EBCDIC, first appeared in Version 5 Unix. The command is specified since the X/Open Portability Guide issue 2 of 1987. This is inherted into IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (POSIX), which is part of the Single UNIX Specification.  The version of codice_1 bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp.

Usage.

The command line syntax of differs from many other Unix programs. It uses the syntax for its command-line options rather than the more standard or formats. By default, reads from stdin and writes to stdout, but these can be changed by using the (input file) and (output file) options.  Certain features of will depend on the computer system capabilities, such as's ability to implement an option for direct memory access. Sending a SIGINFO signal (or a USR1 signal on Linux) to a running process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error once and then continue copying. can read standard input from the keyboard. When end-of-file (EOF) is reached, will exit. Signals and EOF are determined by the software. For example, Unix tools ported to Windows vary as to the EOF: Cygwin uses (the usual Unix EOF) and MKS Toolkit uses (the usual Windows EOF).  The non-standarized parts of dd invocation vary among implementations.

Output messages.

On completion, prints to the stderr stream about statistics of the data transfer. The format is standarized in POSIX. The manual page for GNU dd does not describe this format, but the BSD manuals do.  Each of the "Records in" and "Records out" lines shows the number of complete blocks transferred + the number of partial blocks, e.g. because the physical medium ended before a complete block was read, or a physical error prevented reading the complete block.

Block size.

A block is a unit measuring the number of bytes that are read, written, or converted at one time. Command-line options can specify a different block size for input/reading () compared to output/writing (), though the block size () option will override both and. The default value for both input and output block sizes is 512 bytes (the traditional block size of disks, and POSIX-mandated size of "a block"). The option for copying is measured in blocks, as are both the count for reading and count for writing. Conversion operations are also affected by the "conversion block size" ().  The value provided for block size options is interpreted as a decimal (base 10) integer number of bytes. It can also contain suffixes to indicate that the block size is an integer number of larger units than bytes. POSIX only specifies the suffixes (blocks) for 512 and (kibibytes) for 1024. Implementation differ on the additional suffixes they support: (Free)BSD uses lowercase (mebibytes), (gigibytes), and so on for tebibytes, exbibytes, pebibytes, zebibytes, and yobibytes, while GNU uses and for the same units, with,, and used for their SI unit counterparts (kilobytes). For example, for GNU, indicates a blocksize of 16 mebibytes (16777216 bytes) and specifies 3000 bytes.  Additionally, some implementations understand the character as a multiplication operator for both block size and count parameters. For example, is interpreted as 2 × 80 × 18 × 512 =, the exact size of a 1440 KiB floppy disk. This is required in POSIX, but GNU does not seem to support it. As a result, it is more portable to use the POSIX shell arithmetic syntax of bs=$((2*80*18))b.  Block size has an effect on performance of copying commands. Doing many small reads or writes is often slower than doing fewer large ones. Using large blocks requires more RAM and can complicate error recovery. When is used with variable-block-size devices such as tape drives or networks, the block size may determine the tape record size or packet size, depending on the network protocol used.

Uses.

The command can be used for a variety of purposes. For plain-copying commands it tends to be slower than the domain-specific alternatives, but it excels at its unique ability to "overwrite or truncate a file at any point or seek in a file", a fairly low-level interface to the Unix file API.  The examples below assume the use of GNU dd, mainly in the block size argument. To make them portable, replace e.g. with the shell arithmetic expression or (written equivalently with a bit shift).

Data transfer.

can duplicate data across files, devices, partitions and volumes. The data may be input or output to and from any of these; but there are important differences concerning the output when going to a partition. Also, during the transfer, the data can be modified using the options to suit the medium. (For this purpose, however, is slower than.)  An attempt to copy the entire disk using may omit the final block if it is of an unexpected length; whereas may succeed. The source and destination disks should have the same size.  The option means to keep going if there is an error, while the option causes output blocks to be padded.

In-place modification.

can modify data in place. For example, this overwrites the first 512 bytes of a file with null bytes:  The conversion option means do not truncate the output file — that is, if the output file already exists, just replace the specified bytes and leave the rest of the output file alone. Without this option, would create an output file 512 bytes long.

Master boot record backup and restore.

The example above can also be used to back up and restore any region of a device to a file, such as a master boot record.  To duplicate the first two sectors of a floppy drive:

Disk wipe.

For security reasons, it is sometimes necessary to have a disk wipe of a discarded device. This can be achived by a "data transfer" from the Unix special files.  When compared to the data modification example above, conversion option is not required as it has no effect when the's output file is a block device.  The option makes dd read and write 16 mebibytes at a time. For modern systems, an even greater block size may be faster. Note that filling the drive with random data may take longer than zeroing the drive, because the random data must be created by the CPU, while creating zeroes is very fast. On modern hard-disk drives, zeroing the drive will render most data it contains permanently irrecoverable. However, with other kinds of drives such as flash memories, much data may still be recoverable by data remanence.  Modern hard disk drives contain a Secure Erase command designed to permanently and securely erase every accessible and inaccessible portion of a drive. It may also work for some solid-state drives (flash drives). As of 2017, it does not work on USB flash drives nor on Secure Digital flash memories. When available, this is both faster than using dd, and more secure. On Linux machines it is accessible via the hdparm command's option.  The shred program offers multiple overwrites, as well as more secure deletion of individual files.

Data recovery.

Data recovery involves reading from a drive with some parts potentially inaccessible. is a good fit with this job with its flexible skipping () and other low-level settings. The vanilla, however, is clumsy to use as the user has to read the error messages and manually calculate the regions that can be read. The single block size also limits the granuality of the recovery, as a trade-off has to be made: either use a small one for more data recovered or use a large one for speed.  A C program called was written in October 1999. It did away with the conversion functionality of, and supports two block sizes to deal with the dilemma. If a read using a large size fails, it falls back to the smaller size to gather as much as data possible. It can also run backwards. In 2003, a script was written to automate the process of using, keeping track of what areas have been read on its own.  In 2004, GNU wrote a separate utility, unrelated to, called. It has a more sophiscated dynamic block-size algorithm and keeps track of what has been read internally. The authors of both and considers it superior to their implementation. To help distinguish the newer GNU program from the older script, alternate names are sometimes used for GNU's, including (the name on freecode.com and freshmeat.net), (Debian package name), and (openSUSE package name).  Another open-source program called uses a sophisticated algorithm, but it also requires the installation of its own programming-language interpreter.

Benchmarking drive performance.

To make drive benchmark test and analyze the sequential (and usually single-threaded) system read and write performance for 1024-byte blocks:

Generating a file with random data.

To make a file of 100 random bytes using the kernel random driver:

Converting a file to upper case.

To convert a file to uppercase:

Progress indicator.

Being a program mainly designed as a filter, normally does not provide any progress indication. This can be overcome by sending an signal to the running GNU process, resulting in printing the current number of transferred blocks.  The following one-liner results in continuous output of progress every 10 seconds until the transfer is finished, when is replaced by the process-id of : Newer versions of GNU support the option, which enables periodic printing of transfer statistics to stderr.

Forks.

dcfldd.

"" is a fork of GNU that is an enhanced version developed by Nick Harbour, who at the time was working for the United States' Department of Defense Computer Forensics Lab. Compared to, allows more than one output file, supports simultaneous multiple checksum calculations, provides a verification mode for file matching, and can display the percentage progress of an operation. The last release was in 2006.

dc3dd.

is another enhanced GNU from the United States Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3). It can be seen as a continuation of the dcfldd, with a stated aim of updating whenever the GNU upstream is updated. Its last release was in 2018.

dd is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the primary purpose of which is to convert and copy files.

codice_1 est une commande unix permettant de copier un fichier – avec ou sans conversion(s) au passage – en ne sélectionnant qu'une partie de données à copier. Il est particulièrement adapté à la copie sur des périphériques blocs tel que des disques durs ou des lecteurs CD-ROM.


History.

The county is one of sixteen formed when chief Greenwood LeFlore ceded the lands in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which resulted in the removal of the Choctaw Nation from their ancestral lands to Oklahoma.  In 1863, during the American Civil War, the Union Army under Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson, marched through Louisville with 900 troops on a raid through Mississippi. There was no fighting in Winston County and no significant destruction of property.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.5%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 19,198 people living in the county. 51.9% were White, 45.6% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% of some other race and 0.9% of two or more races. 1.0% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).  At the 2000 census, there were 20,160 people, 7,578 households and 5,471 families living in the county. The population density was 33 per square mile (13/km2). There were 8,472 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 55.26% White, 43.25% Black or African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. 1.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 7,578 households of which 33.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.90% were married couples living together, 18.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 25.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.  26.80% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 26.10% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 15.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males.  The median household income was $28,256, and the median family income was $33,602. Males had a median income of $28,665 versus $18,210 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,548. About 19.40% of families and 23.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.90% of those under age 18 and 18.90% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

There are three public high schools in Winston County, Louisville High School (Louisville Wildcats), Nanih Waiya Attendance Center (Nanih Waiya Warriors) and Noxapater Attendance Center (Noxapater Tigers). In addition, there are two private schools Winston Academy also known as (W.A.) or (Winston Patriots) was established in 1969 as an alternative for white students who wished to experience a segregated education. The second is Grace Christian School (Eagles) in Louisville which was founded in 1970, at the time "Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education" forced the integration of public schools, and chartered in 1977.

Notable people.

Andy Kennedy - basketball player and coach

Winston County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. In the 2010 census, the population was 19,198. Its county seat is Louisville. The county is named for Louis Winston (1784–1824), a colonel in the militia, a prominent lawyer, and a judge of the Mississippi Supreme Court.

Le comté de Winston est situé dans l’État du Mississippi, aux États-Unis. Il comptait habitants en 2000. Son siège est Louisville.


Life.

In the late 2nd century BC, together with their neighbors, allies and possible relatives, the Cimbri, the Teutons attacked south into the Danube valley, southern Gaul and northern Italy. Here they began to intrude upon the lands of Rome (Julius Caesar, in his Gallic Wars account "De Bello Gallico", reports that it was the Boii who had attacked Noricum). The inevitable conflict which followed is called the Cimbrian War. The Cimbri (under their King Boiorix) and the Teutons, won the opening battles of this war, defeating tribes allied with the Romans and destroying a huge Roman army at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. But Rome regrouped and reorganized under Consul Gaius Marius. In 104 BC the Cimbri left the Rhône valley to raid Spain, while the Teutons remained in Gaul, still strong but not powerful enough to march on Rome on their own. This gave Marius time to build a new army and in 102 BC he moved against the Teutons. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae the Teutons were virtually annihilated and Teutobod along with, reportedly, 20,000 of his people were captured. After this, he and his tribe drop out from history. He most likely was sent to Rome for a triumphal procession to celebrate his defeat, then ritually executed afterwards. The following year, the Cimbri would suffer a similar fate at the Battle of Vercellae, where two of their leaders, Caesorix and Claodicus, were captured, while two other leaders, Boiorix and Lugius, were killed.

Teutobod was a king of the Teutons, who, together with the Cimbri invaded the Roman Republic in the Cimbrian War, won a spectacular victory at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. He was captured at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae in 102 BC.

Teutobod fut un roi des Teutons, qui avec les Cimbres et les Ambrons, envahit la République romaine durant le.


History.

Early years (1989–2002).

Oomph! incorporated many styles of music such as metal, industrial, alternative rock, electronica and gothic to create their sound. Their style changed between their self-titled debut, "Oomph!" (1992), and its successor "Sperm" (1994). Though they started with very much a dance-laden industrial sound, they quickly moved to a much more heavily guitar-driven metal sound, while still acknowledging their electronic roots. This guitar-driven and electronic accompanied sound inspired numerous musicians, most famously Rammstein, Megaherz, and Eisbrecher, to follow their lead.  Oomph! finally signed on Virgin Schallplatten. Between 1998 and 2001, they released three albums on the Virgin label. The first, "Unrein", was released in 1998, which became their debut album in the Media Control Charts, peaking at No. 37, and the Austrian top 40 at No. 38. A single called "Gekreuzigt" was released in 1998 to promote "Unrein" and became the band's debut single on the German charts, peaking at No. 81.  The second Virgin album, "Plastik", was released in 1999 and peaked in Germany at No. 23. The third, "Ego", was released in 2001, peaking at No. 21 in the Media Control Charts. This fulfilled their contract with Virgin; the band did not continue with the record company, feeling that it never fully explored their potential. With the benefits of major-label status, however, Oomph! gained a larger following and toured with labelmates Skunk Anansie in 1999, later opening for the Finnish rock band HIM in fall 2001.  In 2002, Oomph! played at the Ozzfest in Germany, alongside Black Label Society, Tool and Ozzy Osbourne on 20 May. The band appeared at the With Full Force Festival on July 5, 2002. On December 19, 2002, Oomph! opened for Apoptygma Berzerk.

"Wahrheit oder Pflicht" and "GlaubeLiebeTod" (2004–2007).

In 2004, Oomph! released their first single "Augen Auf!" ("Open your Eyes!") on a new label, this time on Supersonic Records, part of the Sony BMG group of music companies, from their eighth album "Wahrheit oder Pflicht". It marks their first number one hit in Germany, thus eventually bringing forth their major commercial breakthrough. The album hit number 2 in the Media Control Charts.  In June 2004, Oomph! played at two major European music festivals: the Dynamo Open Air Festival on June 5, in the Netherlands and on June 25 at the Graspop Metal Meeting in Belgium.  "Augen auf!" became part of the "FIFA 2005" soundtrack. Oomph! appeared for the first time at Wacken Open Air on August 4, 2005.  The band's ninth album, "GlaubeLiebeTod" ("FaithLoveDeath") was released in March 2006, including the controversial single "Gott ist ein Popstar!" ("God is a Popstar!"), its follow-up "Das letzte Streichholz", "Die Schlinge" and "Träumst Du?".  In August 2006, Virgin released the compilation album "". It contains tracks from Oomph!'s three Virgin albums as well as a few unreleased tracks. The band distanced itself from this best-of release and asked that fans not buy it, as the band's current label GUN had scheduled a best-of compilation as well.  On June 15, 2006, Oomph! played at the Nova Rock Festival in Austria.  On December 1, 2006, Oomph!'s official best-of album, "Delikatessen" ("Delicacies") was released under the GUN label. The songs on it were hand-picked by the band itself. It contains tracks from all nine Oomph! albums, b-sides, remixes and never-heard before tracks like "The Power of Love" and "Gekreuzigt 2006". By November 17, 2006, Oomph! released those two songs in a form of double single to promote the new compilation release.  On February 9, 2007, the band released their final "GlaubeLiebeTod" single – "Träumst Du?", featuring the female vocalist from Die Happy, Marta Jandová. The single peaked at number 9 in the media control charts. Oomph! performed the song live the same day at the 2007 edition of Bundesvision Song Contest, representing Lower Saxony in the competition, coming in first place.  On July 6, 2007, Oomph! opened for Metallica in Vienna, Austria.  Oomph!'s first DVD was "Rohstoff", which contains live footage consisting of 23 songs, most of the videos the band has created, making-of videos, and an exclusive interview. The DVD was released on July 20, 2007.

"Monster" and "Truth or Dare" (2008–2010).

A new song called "Wach Auf!" appeared in the film ""; the single was released on January 4, 2008. Oomph! made their first appearances at the Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Festivals on June 6, 2008.  Oomph! released their tenth album, "Monster", on August 22, 2008, which peaked in the Media Control Charts at number 8. The band's most successful single from the new album is "Labyrinth", released in September 2008, which peaked at number 26 in the Media Control Charts. The remaining tracks were to be released as B-sides on the upcoming singles. The first and only was "Sandmann", released in February 2009. "Monster" was reissued in June 2009 to include "Sandmann".  Oomph! opened for Marilyn Manson on June 24, 2009 in Linz, Austria.  Oomph! recorded a version of "Entern was wir säen" by Die Fantastischen Vier for the 2009 compilation album "A Tribute to Die Fantastischen Vier".  On February 26, 2010, the band released their fourth compilation album, "Truth or Dare", with their German songs re-recorded in English. Then, from April 24 to October 22, the band toured Europe to promote the new compilation album.  On September 10, 2010, Oomph! debuted the song "Sieger" (German for "Winner"), which was written for the ESL Pro Series 17, to a worldwide audience. The song had previously only been heard at the Gamescom 2010 trade fair.

"Des Wahnsinns fette Beute and XXV" (2011–2018).

Flux announced on October 8, 2011, on the official Oomph! Facebook page, that recording of a new album would be finished by the end of November. Dero also said that after so much time, only 20 tracks would be chosen and then they would select 12 or 14 of the best of them.  Announced on the band's official website, the new album is titled "Des Wahnsinns fette Beute". The first single, "Zwei Schritte vor", was released on May 4, 2012. The album was released on May 18, 2012.  Oomph! then went on a European tour starting on 24 May in Russia and will continue into October. Countries confirmed so far are Russia, Ukraine, Switzerland, (Germany), Austria, Lithuania, Netherlands, Spain and France. Festivals confirmed so far are Nova Rock Festival, Wacken Open Air and the Summer Breeze Open Air festivals.  The band gained two new live members in 2012: Okusa (percussion) and El Friede (keyboards).  Announced via the band's official Facebook page on August 29, 2012, live drummer, Leo departed Oomph! to take on new musical challenges. Leo's last show with the band was at the KRock U Maibutne Festival in Kherson, Ukraine on September 1, 2012. The band also announced that Leo's replacement will be announced soon and that the European tour in September and October will go ahead as scheduled. Oomph!'s new drummer, Sylvestri, was announced on the band's official Facebook page on September 14, 2012.  On May 16, 2014 Dero mentioned in a recent interview with "Global Metal Apocalypse" that the band has been working on a new album slated for an early 2015 release and that the band does have plans to tour the UK in 2015 as well.  Oomph! announced via their official Facebook page on May 23, 2014 that they have a new live drummer, Martin Bode, and will perform with the band for the first time in June at the Wave Gotik Treffen Festival.  The band announced on their official website on April 17, 2015 that their upcoming studio album would be released on July 31, 2015. On 17 May, the band announced that their album will be named XXV.  The first single from "XXV" is "Alles aus Liebe" and was released on July 17, 2015. In September 2015 Oomph! announced that their album "GlaubLiebeTod" attained Gold status after selling more than 100,000 copies in Germany, 9 years after its initial release. This is the band's first album to achieve gold and the band's second release to achieve it after their single "Augen Auf".  On December 5, Oomph! had announced that they have been nominated for 3 GMA (Global Metal Apocalypse) awards. GMA Vocalist of the Year 2015 (Dero), GMA Music Video of the Year ("Alles Aus Liebe") and GMA ALbum of the Year ("XXV").  Oomph! embarked on their European tour in April,2016 to promote "XXV".  Oomph! performed a concert in Mexico on December 3, 2016. This was the band's first show in North America.  Oomph! remained quiet throughout 2017, only going on a small tour in Russia early in the year, and Gothic Meets Klassik festival in Leipzig in November.

"Ritual" (2018–present).

Oomph! announced a string of festival appearances for 2018, incl. Greenfield Festival, Wacken Open Air and the 2nd edition of the "Volle Kraft Voraus" Festival with NDH band Eisbrecher.  Oomph! signed a worldwide deal with their new record Label Napalm Records in April 2018. Oomph! also announced plans to release their 13th studio album in 2019.  On the 12th of November 2018, Oomph! teased some artwork for the new album with the caption "Achtung! Achtung!" (Attention, attention!), as well as another post announcing a number of radio interviews in Berlin and an expected release date for the new album of 18th of January 2019. On the 13th, another picture captioned "Seid ihr bereit?" (Are you (all) ready?) was posted. On the 15th of November, a picture of the album artwork and its title "Ritual" was posted. The album's first single, "Kein Liebeslied", was released on November 30th, 2018 with an accompanying lyric video.  Ritual was released on January 18th and went on to become the bands first ever album to debut at #1 on the German charts. The band then went on a month long European tour in March, 2019 to support the album.

Discography.

Albums

Oomph! is a German rock band from Wolfsburg, formed in 1989. The band pioneered the Neue Deutsche Härte movement. Since the band's formation there have been no line-up changes, except for temporary personnel for live performances. They use lyrics in both English and German with a shift from mainly English songs to more German ones on recent albums with the exception of their recent Compilation albums, "Delikatessen" and "Truth or Dare". ("GlaubeLiebeTod", "Monster", "Des Wahnsinns fette Beute", "XXV", and "Ritual" are entirely in German).

Oomph!, également typographié OOMPH!, est un groupe de metal industriel allemand, originaire de Brunswick. Formé en 1989, le groupe chante en allemand et en anglais, et le style musical, aux forts accents martiaux, est un assemblage de guitares électriques, d'échantillons et d'électroniques comparable à celle jouée par d'autres groupes de la Neue Deutsche Härte, dont le plus connu est Rammstein.


History.

The area has been inhabited almost without interruption since the stone age. Its history stretches back to the 13th century when Krnov acquired town rights. The town was founded in 1221 and served as the capital of an independent duchy from 1377 to 1523. From 1938 to 1945 it was one of the municipalities in Sudetenland.  According to the Austrian census of 1910, the town had 16,681 inhabitants, 15,647 of whom had permanent residence there. The census had asked people for their native language; 15,390 (98.4%) were German-speaking and 247 (1.5%) were Czech-speaking. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish, thus most of them declared German as their native language. The most populous religious groups were Roman Catholics with 15,290 (91.7%), followed by Protestants with 885 (5.3%) and the Jews with 459 (2.8%). After World War II the German population was expelled in 1945-46, completely altering the traditional language and culture of the town and its region.

Economy.

Krnov is industrial center of the Upper-Silesian region. A factory producing the cola-based drink Kofola is located in the town. Another one of the largest local companies is the company Rieger–Kloss which manufactures pipe organs. Notable is also textile industry (especially woolens production).  Tourism is significant for Krnov. The town is a summer resort and a winter sport area with close access to the Jeseníky Mountains, the second-highest mountain range in the country.

Sights.

Krnov has an 18th-century castle, several churches and abbeys as well as a lookout tower from 1903. The Krnov Synagogue is one of the few large synagogues to have survived the Nazi occupation of Europe.

Transportation.

Krnov has two railway stations, a central station and a rail station called Cvilín.

International relations.

Twin towns — Sister cities.

Krnov is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:

External links.

[[Category:Krnov| ]] [[Category:Cities in Silesia]] [[Category:Populated places in Bruntál District]] [[Category:1221 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Cities and towns in the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Czech Republic–Poland border crossings]]

Krnov (;, Polish: "Karniów" or "Krnów", ) is an Upper Silesian town in the northeastern Czech Republic, in the Moravian-Silesian Region, the District of Bruntál. It lies at the confluence of the rivers Opava and Opavice, near the Polish border.

Krnov (en ; en ou ; en ) est une ville du district de Bruntál, dans la région de Moravie-Silésie, en République tchèque. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2018.


History.

This area of Mississippi was inhabited by indigenous peoples at the time of European colonization; the French were the first settlers and traders in the area. They imported African slaves as laborers, and in time a Creole class of free people of color developed.  After the United States conducted Indian Removal in the 1830s, more Protestant Americans migrated into this area, but it retained French and African Catholic influences. Located on the Gulf Coast, the county was regularly hit by hurricanes but its residents learned to handle these incidents.  In 2005, the county was the scene of the final landfall of the eye of Hurricane Katrina, and its communities and infrastructure suffered some of the most intense damage inflicted by that storm. Over the entire beach front, not one building or home was left intact. Nearly the entire first block off the beach was destroyed for the entire stretch.  Homes as far inland as were flooded by the historic storm surge, which occurred during a full moon high tide. All rivers and waterways were inundated by the surge. Highway 603 south from Interstate 10 was completely submerged, and the Highway 90 - Bay St. Louis Bridge was left looking like a stack of dominoes.  Houses were floated off their foundations. In Waveland and Bay St. Louis, some homes were stranded atop the railroad tracks and others in the middle of streets. Towns like Pearlington, Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Diamondhead, and Kiln suffered catastrophic damage.

Recovery from Hurricane Katrina.

A loosely knit group of hippies called the "Rainbow Family" arrived in Hancock County soon after Hurricane Katrina. From early September 2005 to early December 2005, they ran the "New Waveland Cafe and Clinic" located in the parking lot of Fred's Dept Store on Highway 90.  The café provided free hot meals three times a day. The clinic was staffed by volunteer doctors and nurses from around the United States who saw more than 5000 patients during the duration. They provided treatment free of charge and dispensed free medications. Donations of medications and supplies came from a multitude of sources, with International Aid arranging the most donations. This was the first experience of the Rainbow Family in running a disaster relief center. The Bastrop Christian Outreach Center also volunteered with the Rainbow Family.  Local churches were central points of recovery in Bay St. Louis, Waveland, and Diamondhead. Some churches provided shelter, meals, clothing, and various clean-up supplies. The churches also provided distribution points where supplies could be donated and easily passed on to those who needed help. Other disaster relief agencies that were active in Hancock County include Samaritan's Purse, Southern Baptist Convention Disaster Relief, Red Cross, Rotary International and Salvation Army.  Businesses became operational as quickly as possible. The Waveland Wal-Mart operated out of a tent for 3 months following the storm; Diamondhead Discount Drug was opened within 2 days following Katrina, although the owner's store and home were both severely damaged. Other business such as Dairy Queen and Subway donated their foodstuffs, before it could spoil, in order to feed survivors.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (14%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 42,967 people, 16,897 households, and 11,827 families residing in the county. The population density was 90 people per square mile (35/km2). There were 21,072 housing units at an average density of 44 per square mile (17/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 90.19% White, 6.83% Black or African American, 0.60% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. 1.80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 16,897 households out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.90% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.00% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the county, the population was spread out with 25.10% under the age of 18, 7.30% from 18 to 24, 28.00% from 25 to 44, 25.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.50 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $35,202, and the median income for a family was $40,307. Males had a median income of $32,229 versus $22,066 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,748. About 11.20% of families and 14.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.90% of those under age 18 and 10.30% of those age 65 or over.  Hancock County has the eighth highest per capita income in the State of Mississippi.

Hancock County is the southernmost county of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,929. Its county seat is Bay St. Louis. The county is named for Founding Father John Hancock.

Le comté de Hancock est situé dans l’État du Mississippi, aux États-Unis. Il comptait habitants en 2000. Son siège est Bay St. Louis.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.6%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 17,786 people, 6,165 households, and 4,539 families residing in the county. The population density was 39.9 people per square mile (15.33/km2). There were 7,161 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 78.6% White, 19.1% Black or African American, with 2.3% being of other racial categories. 1.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  31.5% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male household with no wife present, and 26.4% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13.  24.4% were under the age of 18, 29.4% were under the age of 20, 32.3% from 20 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.9 years. 50.1% of the population was male, and 49.9% was female.  The median income for a household in the county was $42,862, and the median family income was $48,083. Males had a median income of $42,773 versus $31,000 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,806. About 14.1% of families and 18.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.9% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture.

On April 25, during the 2012 regular session of the Mississippi Legislature, Concurrent Resolution 643 was adopted by the state Senate and state House of Representatives, stating that Stone County be named and declared the "Mural County of Mississippi". During the previous 8 years, a Telling Trees Project was developed in Stone County to document and celebrate Stone County's history and heritage. As part of that project, 23 murals, in the form of paintings and mosaic tiles, were created in cooperation with the Art Department, Perkinston campus of Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College and are on public display throughout the county. The murals tell visual stories of Stone County's ecosystems, people, landmarks, and industries.

Stone County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,786. Its county seat is Wiggins. Stone County was formed from the northern portion of Harrison County on June 5, 1916. The county was named for John M. Stone, who served as Governor of Mississippi from 1876 to 1882 and again from 1890 to 1896.

Le comté de Stone est situé dans l’État du Mississippi, aux États-Unis. Il comptait habitants en 2000. Son siège est Wiggins.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (31%) is water. It is the largest county in Mississippi by total area.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 131,420 people, 47,676 households, and 35,709 families residing in the county. The population density was 181 people per square mile (70/km2). There were 51,678 housing units at an average density of 71 per square mile (27/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 75.35% White, 20.87% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.57% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.72% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. 2.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 47,676 households out of which 37.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.70% were married couples living together, 14.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.10% were non-families. 20.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.14.  In the county, the population was spread out with 27.70% under the age of 18, 9.30% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 10.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.90 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $39,118, and the median income for a family was $45,091. Males had a median income of $32,996 versus $22,770 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,768. About 10.50% of families and 12.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.80% of those under age 18 and 12.10% of those age 65 or over.  Jackson County has the fifth highest per capita income in the State of Mississippi.

Public Safety.

The Jackson County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement services for communities in the county that do not have their own local law enforcement. These communities are known as Census-Designated Places, or CDP's.

Education.

The Jackson County School District serves the Hurley, Wade, Big Point, Three Rivers, Harleston, Vestry, Latimer, and Vancleave communities, along with parts of Ocean Springs and Escatawpa. The Pascagoula-Gautier School District serves Pascagoula and the City of Gautier. The Moss Point School District serves Moss Point, Mississippi, and part of Escatawpa, Mississippi. The Ocean Springs School District serves most of Ocean Springs.

Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 139,668, making it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Pascagoula. The county was named for Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States.

Le comté de Jackson est situé dans l’État du Mississippi, aux États-Unis. Il comptait habitants en 2000. Son siège est Pascagoula.


System.

Eta Orionis is listed in multiple star catalogues as having two companions: a bright component B less than 2" away; and a faint component C nearly 2' away.  The primary star, Eta Orionis A, is itself a spectroscopic triple star, known from multiple spectral lines with varying radial velocities. The most distant component Ac, has been resolved using speckle interferometry, at a separation of about 0.04" It orbits the other two in 9.4 years. The two closest stars, Aa and Ab, are separated by only about a tenth of an astronomical unit and orbit in just under eight days.  The system lies within the Orion OB1 association, a group of massive stars that includes most of the bright stars of Orion. It is assigned to the oldest and closest part of the association, known as OB1a.

Variability.

Eta Orionis drops in brightness every four days from a combined apparent magnitude of 3.31 to about magnitude 3.6. This is due to eclipses between the two closest components, Aa and Ab. The primary and secondary eclipses are very similar, 0.24 and 0.23 magnitudes deep respectively.  It has also been suggested that component Ab is intrinsically variable with a period of 0.3 days and a very small amplitude. This star has unusual variable spectral lines and lies with the β Cephei variable instability strip. However, it is now thought that the variable component is either B and Ac, possibly due to an unseen companion or rotational modulation. The actual period is 0.432 days and the 0.3-day period was an alias.

Eta Orionis (η Orionis) is a multiple star in the constellation Orion. It lies a little to the west of Orion's belt between Delta Orionis and Rigel, being closer to Delta Orionis than to Rigel. It lies at a distance of around 1,000 light years from Earth and is part of the Orion OB1 association.

Eta Orionis (η Ori / η Orionis, ') est une étoile de la constellation d'Orion. Elle porte également les noms traditionnels Saïph, Algjebbah, ou Ensis""' (latin pour « épée », puisque l'étoile représente l'arme gainée d'Orion).