History.

Pre-17th century.

As the purpose of a thimble is to prevent discomfort while sewing by providing a barrier between fingertips and the blunt end of a needle, it is likely that the earliest thimbles were created closely following the invention of sewing.  According to the United Kingdom Detector Finds Database, thimbles dating to the 10th century have been found in England, and thimbles were in widespread use there by the 14th century.  Although there are isolated examples of thimbles made of precious metals—Elizabeth I is said to have given one of her ladies-in-waiting a thimble set with precious stones—the vast majority of metal thimbles were made of brass. Medieval thimbles were either cast brass or made from hammered sheet. Early centers of thimble production were those places known for brass-working, starting with Nuremberg in the 15th century, and moving to Holland by the 17th.

17th century and later.

In 1693, a Dutch thimble manufacturer named John Lofting established a thimble manufactory in Islington, in London, England, expanding British thimble production to new heights. He later moved his mill to Buckinghamshire to take advantage of water-powered production, resulting in a capacity to produce more than two million thimbles per year. By the end of the 18th century, thimble making had moved to Birmingham, and shifted to the "deep drawing" method of manufacture, which alternated hammering of sheet metals with annealing, and produced a thinner-skinned thimble with a taller shape. At the same time, cheaper sources of silver from the Americas made silver thimbles a popular item for the first time.  Thimbles are usually made from metal, leather, rubber, and wood, and even glass or china. Early thimbles were sometimes made from whale bone, horn, or ivory. Natural sources were also utilized such as Connemara marble, bog oak, or mother of pearl. Rarer works from thimble makers utilized diamonds, sapphires, or rubies.  Advanced thimblemakers enhanced thimbles with semi-precious stones to adorn the apex or along the outer rim. Cabochon adornments are sometimes made of cinnabar, agate, moonstone, or amber. Thimble artists would also utilize enameling, or the Guilloché techniques advanced by Peter Carl Fabergé.

As collectibles.

Originally, thimbles were used simply solely for pushing a needle through fabric or leather as it was being sewn. Since then, however, they have gained many other uses. From the 16th century onwards silver thimbles were regarded as an ideal gift for ladies. Early Meissen porcelain and elaborate, decorated gold thimbles were also given as 'keepsakes' and were usually quite unsuitable for sewing. This tradition has continued to the present day. In the early modern period, thimbles were used to measure spirits, and gunpowder, which brought rise to the phrase "just a thimbleful". Prostitutes used them in the practice of thimble-knocking where they would tap on a window to announce their presence. Thimble-knocking also refers to the practice of Victorian schoolmistresses who would tap on the heads of unruly pupils with dames thimbles.  Before the 18th century the small dimples on the outside of a thimble were made by hand punching, but in the middle of that century, a machine was invented to do the job. If one finds a thimble with an irregular pattern of dimples, it was likely made before the 1850s. Another consequence of the mechanization of thimble production is that the shape and the thickness of the metal changed. Early thimbles tend to be quite thick and to have a pronounced dome on the top. The metal on later ones is thinner and the top is flatter.  Collecting thimbles became popular in the UK when many companies made special thimbles to commemorate the Great Exhibition held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. In the 19th century, many thimbles were made from silver; however, it was found that silver is too soft a metal and can be easily punctured by most needles. Charles Horner solved the problem by creating thimbles consisting of a steel core covered inside and out by silver, so that they retained their aesthetics but were now more practical and durable. He called his thimble the Dorcas, and these are now popular with collectors. There is a small display of his work in Bankfield Museum, Halifax, England.  Early American thimbles made of whale bone or tooth featuring miniature scrimshaw designs are considered valuable collectibles. Such rare thimbles are prominently featured in a number of New England Whaling Museums.  During the First World War, silver thimbles were collected from "those who had nothing to give" by the British government and melted down to buy hospital equipment. In the 1930s and 1940s glass-topped thimbles were used for advertising.  Leaving a sandalwood thimble in a fabric store was a common practice for keeping moths away. Thimbles have also been used as love-tokens and to commemorate important events. People who collect thimbles are known as digitabulists. One superstition about thimbles says that if you have three thimbles given to you, you will never be married.

Known thimble makers.

Most of these thimble makers no longer create thimbles.

Thimblette.

Thimblettes (also known as rubber finger, rubber thimbles and finger cones) are soft thimbles, made predominately of rubber, used primarily for leafing through or counting documents, bank notes, tickets, or forms. They also protect against paper cuts as a secondary function. Unlike thimbles, the softer thimblettes become worn over time. They are considered disposable and sold in boxes. The surface is dimpled with the dimples inverted to provide better grip. Thimblettes are sized from 00 through to 3.  A finger cot is a smooth rubber "glove finger" used to protect the finger or the item being handled.

Sewing palm.

A variation on the thimble used by sailmakers and leather workers is the sewing palm, known by various others names such as "seaming palm", "sail palm", "sailmaker's palm" or "roping palm". This item consists of a pitted hard plate set into a stiff leather band that is worn around the palm of the hand, with the plate resting against the first joint of the thumb. It is used by grasping a needle between the thumb and indexing finger, with the eye end of the needle against the pitted plate, and pushing the needle with the entire arm. This design permits the sewer to exert a great amount of force when pushing thick needles through very tough materials such as sail cloth, canvas or leather.

Cultural references.

In the Parker Brothers board game "Monopoly", first created in 1904, the thimble was one of the eight traditional metal game pieces used to mark a player's position on the game board. However, this piece is being replaced in the new versions of the board game in August 2017 following public consultation.  Thimbles are given as gifts in Peter Pan, who thinks thimbles are kisses.  In the 1992 movie "Batman Returns", Catwoman, played by Michelle Pfeiffer, used thimbles to create the base of her claws.  The popular TV show and comic strip "Popeye" was originally called "Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye".  The character Elizabeth in the video game "BioShock Infinite" uses a thimble to cover her severed little finger.  Video montages and series of clips are often called "thimble collections".  In the 2000 movie Chicken Run, Nick and Fetcher attempted to sell a couple of thimbles to Ginger as a "quality, hand crafted tea set", among a slew of other items.

Auction records.

On December 3, 1979, a London dealer bid the sum of $18,000 USD for a dentil shaped Meissen porcelain thimble, circa 1740, at Christie's auction in Geneva, Switzerland. The thimble, just over a half inch high, was painted in a rare lemon-yellow color about the band. It also had tiny harbor scene hand painted within gold-trimmed cartouches. The rim was scalloped with fired gold on its bottom edge. The thimble now belongs to a Meissen collector in Canada who wanted it for its lemon-yellow color.  During November 1994, Sirthey's saleroom yielded a one of a kind Meissen thimble bearing an armorial coat of arms at the price of GBP 26,000.  On 13 June 1995, Sotheby's sold a Meissen thimble adorned with two pugs for GBP 10,350.

A thimble is a small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle in sewing. Usually, thimbles with a closed top are used by dressmakers but special thimbles with an opening at the end are used by tailors as this allows them to manipulate the cloth more easily. Finger guards differ from tailors' thimbles in that they often have a top but are open on one side. Some finger guards are little more than a finger shield attached to a ring to maintain the guard in place. The Old English word "þȳmel", the ancestor of thimble, is derived from Old English "þūma", the ancestor of the English word ‘thumb’.

Un dé à coudre est un petit objet souvent cylindrique dans lequel on insère le bout du doigt pour le protéger de l'aiguille à coudre, généralement le majeur ou l'annulaire.


History.

The original Silver Screen Partners, L.P. was organized by New York film investment broker Roland W. Betts to fund movies for HBO in 1982. The limited partnerships (13,000) sold through EF Hutton were oversubscribed and raised $83 million. HBO made a 50% guarantee on their investment for exclusive cable rights. Another 40% was guaranteed by Thorn EMI, a British firm, for foreign distribution and foreign TV and videocassette markets. Additional income was lined up for domestic videocassette sales. HBO's film division was just starting out so film output was slow. For the Silver Screen/HBO films, the partnership was active in the process from selecting film pitches and negotiating release dates with the distributor. In 1984, the first HBO/Silver Screen movie, "Flashpoint", was released through TriStar Pictures as were all the HBO/Silver Screen films.  Organized in 1985, Silver Screen Partners II, L.P. financed films for The Walt Disney Company with $193 million from 20,000 limited partners. Silver Screen was hands off with Disney given its name and new management team led by Michael Eisner, formerly at Paramount. HBO was expecting that Silver Screen would return to them for its third limited partnership. However, in January 1987, Silver Screen III began financing movies for Disney with $300 million raised, the largest amount raised for a film financing limited partnership by E. F. Hutton.  Silver Screen's fourth limited partnership was also set up to finance Disney's studios. On October 23, 1990, The Walt Disney Company formed Touchwood Pacific Partners which supplanted the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios' primary source of funding. In 1991, Silver Screen Partners III, L.P. along with the other production companies were sued for copyright infringement over "Who Framed Roger Rabbit"'s "End Title" song.

Structure.

The partnerships paid for the movie's production costs and shared in the gross dollars in all markets from theater to television. Limited partners received their return before the production company could defray any of their expenses. This is preferred by investors as it guarantees some return if the film fails or has budget overrun and from the producer's overhead. Nor can profits from a single film be used to cover losses on other films, but this makes the partnership somewhat risky.

Silver Screen Partners refers to four limited partnerships organized as an alternative funding source for movies. The managing general partner for the partnerships was Silver Screen Management, Inc.

Silver Screen Partners était une société américaine de production de films fondée en 1983 par Roland W. Betts et Thomas Bernstein sous le nom de Silver Screen Management et dont le nom a changé plusieurs fois.


Club career.

Born in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Santi began playing professionally with hometown's Albacete Balompié. He made his La Liga debut at age 18, and automatically became an undisputed starter in a side that constantly managed to retain their top flight status.  In the summer of 1995, Santi signed with Atlético Madrid, being crowned league and Copa del Rey champion in his first season as part of a defensive line which also included club youth graduates Juan Manuel López and Roberto Solozábal. He appeared in 37 league matches during the campaign.  Following Atlético's 2000 relegation (he collected a career-worst 17 yellow cards), Santi gradually lost his importance in the team's plans. In 2004–05, after the signing of Pablo Ibáñez – who also came from Albacete – he featured in no games at all during the first half of the season, and was subsequently allowed to leave on loan in January 2005 for his first club. The move was made permanent in June and he retired after two more years, with Albacete now in the second division.  Santi eventually returned to Atlético Madrid in early February 2009, as assistant to newly appointed Abel Resino who had replaced Javier Aguirre. He was a caretaker manager for the game against RCD Mallorca on 24 October, before the appointment of Quique Sánchez Flores.

International career.

Santi was capped twice for Spain, his debut coming on 11 October 1997 in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Faroe Islands (3–1 in Gijón, playing the entire match). He still featured in a friendly win over Sweden in March 1998, but did not make the final cut for the final stages in France.  Previously, Santi appeared for the nation at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Honours.

Club.

Atlético Madrid

International.

Spain U21

Santiago Denia Sánchez (born 9 March 1974), commonly known as Santi, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender, and is a manager.

Santiago Denia Sánchez, surnommé Santi, est un footballeur international espagnol né le à Albacete. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur. Il devient ensuite entraîneur.


Early life.

Dirk Albert Felsenheimer was born in Spandau, the westernmost borough of Berlin. He has a twin sister named Diana and his parents separated when he was five years old. Felsenheimer graduated from the Carlo-Schmid-Oberschule. Afterwards he joined the police force, partly due to boredom and partly because of the influence of his uncle, who was also a police officer. However, shortly before joining the force Bela became punk, which seemed at odds with the conformity required of him in the police. Despite his reservations, he began police training, as he could think of no other viable option and he did not want his mother to worry about him. However, he quit the force soon after joining because he felt that he did not belong there and he began being harassed by the other recruits. He then worked in a warehouse for a short time before beginning a 3-year apprenticeship as a window-dresser for the department store Hertie.  Felsenheimer took his stage name from Dracula actor Béla Lugosi, whom he has admired since childhood. The B stands for Barney, as the German name of the fictional "The Flintstones" character Barney Rubble is "Barney Geröllheimer" and he was nicknamed after him because of the similarity to "Felsenheimer". Felsenheimer is actually registered with the German performing rights society GEMA as 'Bela Barney Felsenheimer'.  Bela B. lives with his girlfriend Konstanze Habermann and their son in Hamburg.

Musical career.

Die Ärzte.

Bela B. first played in the short-lived Soilent Grün before co-founding Die Ärzte in 1982 with singer/guitarist Farin Urlaub and bassist Hans Runge. The group soon appeared on the "20 Überschäumende Stimmungshits" compilation, and after winning an amateur band contest they spent their winnings on their 1983 debut EP, "Uns geht's prima...". They signed a record deal with Columbia Records, which issued the band's debut LP, "Debil", in 1984. After releasing several albums, the band broke up in 1988 and reunited in 1993.

Depp Jones.

After Die Ärzte split up, he soon formed a new band, S.U.M.P, with friend Rodrigo González and the band released an EP entitled "Get Wise, Get Ugly, Get S.U.M.P." featuring cover versions of popular songs. The band was later renamed Depp Jones, named after a character in the German version of the comic book series Lucky Luke. Their 1990 debut LP, "Return to Caramba!", failed to capitalise on the popularity of Die Ärzte, and its follow-ups "Welcome to Hell" and "At 2012 A.D." did even worse. Farin Urlaub's new band, King Køng, also struggled, and in 1993 he and Bela B. agreed to reform Die Ärzte, with former Depp Jones guitarist Rodrigo González joining them on bass.

Solo.

In 2006, Bela released his first solo album "Bingo", which was produced by Wayne Jackson and Olsen Involtini. The record combined many different music styles such as country, rockabilly, beat music and traditional rock elements. Bela's love for Horror can be heard in many of the songs on the album. He worked with country legend Lee Hazlewood and in return guested on his album "Cake or Death". Charlotte Roche and Bela's close friend, singer Lula, also feature on "Bingo". Bela's record reached number two at the German Top 100 and number five in Austria. Following the album release, Bela toured with his band Bela B. y Los Helmstedt, including appearances at several German festivals including Rock im Park, Rock am Ring, MTV Campus Invasion and Gurtenfestival. A follow-up record, Code B was released on 2 October 2009.

Musical Style.

Bela is a fan of horror, which is reflected in many of his songs, such as "Dein Vampyr" ("Your Vampire"), "Mysteryland", "Der Graf" ("The Count"), "Die Nacht" ("The Night"), "Wir werden schön" ("We Become Beautiful"), "Der Vampir mit dem Colt" ("The Vampire with the Colt"), "Licht am Ende des Sarges" ("Light at the End of the Coffin") and "Monsterparty".  One of Bela's particular features is that he usually plays drums standing up during performances. He has done this since he saw the Stray Cats perform in 1983. Up to that point he had performed sitting down for the first Die Ärzte concerts. However, he generally plays sitting down in the studio, and also performed seated during the "Rock'n'Roll Realschule" concert and in the unplugged sections of the "Jenseits der Grenze des Zumutbaren" ("Beyond The Reasonable Limit") and "Unrockstar" tours.

Hobbies and other projects.

Bela was the owner of the Leipzig comic book publisher Extrem Erfolgreich Enterprises (Extremely Successful Enterprises), which published horror comic books, including German versions of independent series such as "Faust" and "Satanika". Their titles also included their own publications such as "Schweinevogel" and a comic about Die Ärzte. In an interview with the Berlin magazine Zitty in September 2006, Bela B. announced that he was giving up his publishing project, "In recent years the publishing house has just slowly petered out. In 2005 we published the book "Zehn kleine Grufties" (Ten Little Goths) and three other books. That isn't much for a publishing house and that's why we have now decided to close down EEE".  As an author he has written for the vampire anthology "Liber Vampirorum: Last Blood" and for comic books published by his publishing house. Bela's other hobbies include acting and he has appeared in many German television productions, including episodes of "Alarm für Cobra 11" and "Tatort", as well as in "Gonger" for the German television channel ProSieben in 2008 and in the film "Ein Göttlicher Job". In 1985 Bela portrayed one of the main characters in "Richy Guitar", a film about an aspiring rock band which also starred his Die Ärzte bandmates Farin Urlaub and Hans Runge. More recently, Bela played the lead role of concentration camp prisoner Hans Steinbrück in the 2004 film "Edelweißpiraten". In 2005 Bela's acting roles included a role in the short film "Kingz" (directed by Benni Diez and Marinko Spahić), which was produced by the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg, as well as the role of Ronnie in Barbara Gebler's crime parody, "Salamander". In 2007 Bela interviewed his favourite director, Quentin Tarantino, about the film Death Proof for the German newspaper Die Welt and later had a cameo role as a cinema usher in Tarantino's 2009 film "Inglourious Basterds".  His voice-over work includes the voice of Clay in the German version of the MTV cartoon television series "Free for All". He also recorded the voices of various characters in the German version of the Danish film "Terkel in Trouble". Bela's work includes several audio dramas, such as "Faust vs. Mephisto" alongside Thomas D from the German band Fantastischen Vier and the audiobook "Venus in Furs" with German actress Catherine Flemming. Bela also recorded the audio version of a biography of Elvis Presley in 2007.  In early 2011, Bela recorded another audio book, Exit Mundi, a popular scientific book by the Dutch science journalist Maarten Keulemans discussing many possible and absurd end-of-world scenarios. The promotion tour took Bela on fifteen venues, reading on stage in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The tour also includes nice gimmicks, such as Bela reading from the book to the tune of R.E.M.'s hit single The End Of The World As We Know It.  Bela is a fan of the German football team FC St. Pauli. He is also a keen runner, having completed marathons in Hamburg and New York. In 2004 he also completed the 20 km event in the 26th Ahrensburg Lümmellauf and the Dracula Transylvania Marathon from Sighişoara to Mediaş, Romania.  He has also supported many anti-fascist projects, including the initiative "Kein Bock auf Nazis", which was started by the Berlin punk band ZSK. His anti-fascist stance has also been shown in songs such as "Schrei Nach Liebe" (Cry for Love) and also "Deutsche, Kauft Nicht Bei Nazis" (Germans, Don't Buy From Nazis). Bela made the latter available to download for free from his website. Bela has been a member of the anti-globalisation movement Attac since 2007. He has also supported PETA, appearing in their 'Ink, Not Mink' poster campaign with Franka Potente in 2004 and in a further campaign with Catherine Flemming in 2005.  Bela is also a big fan of The Simpsons and has expressed a wish to appear in the series.

Discography.

Solo artist.

Singles.

Charting singles Other singles

Dirk Felsenheimer (born 14 December 1962 in the Spandau borough of Berlin), better known under his stage name Bela B, is a German musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for being the drummer and one of the singers in the German band Die Ärzte. In 2006, he released his first solo album entitled "Bingo". Bela B is also an actor and has done several voice-overs for television and film.

Bela B. Felsenheimer, de son vrai nom Dirk Felsenheimer, né le à Berlin-Spandau, est un batteur, auteur-compositeur, chanteur, guitariste et acteur allemand. Il est principalement connu comme étant l'un des membres fondateurs du groupe de punk rock die Ärzte. Il a sorti son premier album solo, "Bingo", en 2006.


History.

The name of the paper comes from the fact that its preliminary editions as it was being developed had 12 pages. The name had already been chosen, thus the publishers opted to reserve the twelfth page for reports or news stories of central importance. Another version holds that the paper was going to be called "Reporter" but when the owners went to register the name, they were told that the name was taken. They then decided to count the number of pages in order to choose a name.  With a stark design, a daily circulation of 10,000 copies and a size of 16 pages that doubled within a few weeks, the paper was a sharp contrast with other Argentinian newspapers due to its progressive orientation, its in-depth articles (each one occupying more than a page on average) and rich analysis. Inspired by the French paper Libération, its style contrasted with the conventional Argentine press, where a higher priority was placed on showcasing a wide variety of information as opposed to more probing reports.  The editorial staff included journalists such as Horacio Verbitsky, writers Tomás Eloy Martínez, Osvaldo Soriano and José María Pasquini Durán, Juan Gelman, Eduardo Galeano, Osvaldo Bayer, Rodrigo Fresán, Alan Pauls, Juan Forn, Eduardo Berti, Ernesto Tenembaum, Homero Alsina Thevenet, José Pablo Feinmann, Juan Sasturain Miguel Repiso (Rep) who since the release of first edition has been in charge of illustrating the back cover and various sections of the paper, have been regular contributors. The first manager was Jorge Lanata, later replaced by Ernesto Tiffenberg.  The newspaper had a close relation with the governments of Néstor and Cristina Kirchner, and received huge amounts of state advertising as a result. Cristina Kirchner made a speech during the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the newspaper in 2012, praising the editorial line, journalists and authorities. She said that "there is a true cultural battle. We'll keep fighting in all fields, and Página/12 too. They will only defeat us when we cease to fight". She made reference to a conspiracy theory, frequent in the "Relato K", that considers that the Kirchners were attacked by a cabal of hegemonic groups.  Mauricio Macri was elected president in 2015, ending the Kirchnerite regime, and the advertising scheme that benefited Página/12. The newspaper had to seek private advertising as a result. The newspaper was also bought by Víctor Santa María, president of the Justicialist Party in the Buenos Aires city, and president of the Suterh union. Santa María had used the union funding to start the "Octubre" group, which also includes the newspaper "Diario Z", the magazines "Caras y Caretas" and "Planeta urbano" and two radios.

Editorial stance.

Página/12 is a Kirchnerite newspaper. The owner Víctor Santa María considers that, although it is not a complete advocate of the Kirchners, the newspaper supports most of their policies. In turn, it was also against the policies of the president Mauricio Macri.  Santa María considers that media independence and journalistic objectivity do not exist.

Controversies.

When Julio Nudler, who was the head of the economic department of Página/12, impeached the chief of the Kirchner cabinet with corruption allegations in 2004 the directorate of Página/12 refused to publish an article of Nudler. Nudler accused Página/12 of censorship and the article was finally published, with an added note from his colleague Horacio Verbitsky stating that some of the data in the article was wrong.  The government of the Kirchners favored Página/12 with a huge portion of the advertising media selection. State advertising was destined to media politically aligned to the Kirchners, instead of to the most sold ones; this was used as a reward to such media for their political support. The Kirchner administration ceased to release full numbers of this operation in 2009. As of 2010, the partial numbers released revealed that Página/12 received 33.9 million pesos, 26.5% of the total advertising. The media of Sergio Szpolski, also a vocal supporter to the Kirchners, got 21% of the total, and both of them combined received the 47.5% of all the advertising. In contrast, Clarín, the highest sold newspaper, only got 12.9 million, 10% of the total advertising. Mauricio Macri was elected president in 2015, and redefined the advertising scheme. Página/12 received 3.2 million in 2017 under the new scheme. Víctor Santa María considers that this is a campaign of defamation by a cabal of hegemonic groups, and that the freedom of the press is in danger. He was supported by a number of former populist Latin American presidents, who wrote a manifesto against the perceived censorship against Página/12.  When Jorge Bergoglio was elected as Pope Francis, Página/12 published renewed allegations about his actions during the Dirty War. However, due to the Pope's popularity in Argentina, Cristina Kirchner made what the political analyst Claudio Fantini called a "Copernican shift" in her relations with him and fully embraced the Francis phenomenon. Página/12 then removed their controversial articles about Bergoglio, written by Horacio Verbitsky, from their web page, as a result of this change.  A 2012 comic strip titled "An Adventure of David Gueto" featured a parody of a DJ, asking the prisoners of a Nazi concentration camp to dance, and a caricature of Adolf Hitler approved the idea, adding that "if they are relaxed, you get a better soap". Sergio Widder, director for Latin America office of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, said: "This so-called parody is beyond offensive. As a newspaper that has been a champion for human rights and fight against racism since its foundation, we expect the editors of Pagina/12 to immediately and publicly apologize for this distortion of history. Pagina/12 'Young Culture' section would better serve its youthful readers by teaching them the importance of preserving the memory of the Nazi genocide through remembrance, education and prevention of human rights violations". The newspaper issued an apology afterwards.  In July 2017, Aerolíneas Argentinas ceased distribution of the Pagina 12 newspapers on their planes. They argued that the newspaper had a debt on the payment for this distribution since the previous year. ADEPA voiced their concern, and asked both parts to find a satisfactory solution.  Kirchnerism returned to power in 2019, with the election of Alberto Fernández. A common Kirchnerite explanation for the ongoing crisis is that the IMF loan received during the 2018 Argentine monetary crisis was used to finance an illegal capital flight performed by friends of Mauricio Macri. Verbitsky wrote a report in 2020 to support it, detailing the Argentine people that bought the most US dollars during the presidency of Mauricio Macri. Journalist Carlos Pagni dismissed the report, pointing that it confuses legal and illegal capital flight, and that most acquisitions of dollars listed in it were completely legal. He also noted that former president Cristina Kirchner was absent from the list, although he detailed a large bought in her autobiography "Sinceramente", that would place her at the 91o position.

Awards.

In 2007, Casa América Catalunya, directed by the governments of Spain, Barcelona and Catalunya, gave Página/12 his annual prize for Freedom of expression for its "rigor and professionalism". placed at the service of justice and human rights" through hands of Spaniard musician Joan Manuel Serrat who said: "I think we are in this situation that often occurs in which those of us who participate knows perfectly what is happening, which is so important that it fills us with pride and is part of our memory, but outsiders don't really know. We must transmit this to others, transmitting what is Página/12, what these journalists of Argentina have done, those who made Página/12 possible and made other newspapers and publications possible, sometimes at risk of his own life"

Página/12 is a newspaper published in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was founded on May 25, 1987, by journalist Jorge Lanata in association with writer Osvaldo Soriano and Alberto Elizalde Leal. His first president was businessman Fernando Sokolowicz, in 1994 "Grupo Clarín" supposedly owned a share; Lanata claimed in a 2007 interview that businessman Rudy Ulloa (a businessman close to former President Néstor Kirchner) also owned a share. Since 2016 the newspaper is property of Grupo Octubre, an Argentine multimedia company created and directed by Víctor Santa María, president of the Justicialist Party in the Buenos Aires city.

En le site internet journal est rendu inaccessible par une cyber-attaque de grande ampleur. Les adresses IP impliquées dans cette attaque provenaient des canaux de l’entreprise Fibertel, le fournisseur d’accès internet du conglomérat médiatique Clarín.


Clerical career.

At the age of 10 he lost his father and two years later, after finishing his elementary education, he joined the monastery of Ayios Neophytos in Paphos. He also attended Paphos Gymnasium, graduating in 1963. On 3 November, of the same year, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Trimithounda, Georgios.  For five years, he served as trustee of the monastery and also worked on a ranch. In 1968 he enrolled in the Theological School of the University of Athens and graduated in 1972. On 19 October 1972, he was elected as the hegumen (abbot) of the Monastery of St. Neophytos. On 12 November 1972, he was ordained a presbyter and was elevated to hegumen by Archbishop Makarios III.  During Makarios III's presidency, he stood by the Archbishop against the Junta of Athens and the three metropolitans who led the Ecclesiastical coup.  He was elected Metropolitan (Bishop) of Paphos on 25 February 1978, and his episcopal consecration took place on 26 February 1978. During his time as a bishop he represented the Autocephalous of the Church of Cyprus in many conferences abroad, dedicated fifty new regional temples and chapels in the Paphos District, and maintained and attended all the churches of his metropolitan periphery. He also founded five Byzantine museums which contain the church treasures of the Paphos District. He played an important role in confronting and correcting irregularities and mismanagement in the Archdiocese, helping to preserve the Ecclesiastical fortune.  When Archbishop Chrysostomos I was removed from office (due to illness), Metropolitan Chrysostomos was elected as locum tenens, and Archiepiscopal elections were set for 24 September 2006. In October 2006, Metropolitan Chrysostomos became the new Archbishop of Cyprus as "Chrysostomos II".

Ministry and views.

Chrysostomos II is known for his social conservatism. He has, in a television interview, admitted that he supports the causes of Cyprus' National People’s Front (ELAM), a far-right, anti-Turkish Cypriot and antisemitist party. He stated that his support to ELAM included, but was not limited to the issues of immigration. This statement came months before a legislative election and after ELAM attacks on Turkish Cypriots and civilians they perceived as foreign, resulting in accusations of political interference by "Cyprus Mail". He further called ELAM members "educated persons who are sincerely interested in their country". This approach of Chrysostomos II has contributed to the legitimization of far-right views in society. Furthermore, he expressed his satisfaction after ELAM entered the Cypriot parliament in the 2016 legislative election. He has opposed illegal immigration into Cyprus, branding illegal immigrants as 'interlopers who do not belong on the island'. In another remark, he said "I would even back a black man, if we had the same views"; this remark was criticised by Operation Black Vote as blatant racism.  In 2014 he called for politicians to condemn homosexuality and claimed governments demonstrated 'weakening moral integrity' by introducing civil partnerships and same-sex marriage. His comments were attacked by Cypriot MEP Andreas Pitsillides as 'racist and homophobic' and stated 'I emphatically stress these are clearly against the spirit of the Gospel of love of Christ and certainly violate all European and international treaties protecting human rights against any form of discrimination based on race, gender, religion and sexual orientation'. Another MEP, Ulrike Lunacek, claimed the Orthodox Church was 'detached from reality'. In 2016, he announced church plans to establish schools that would teach children that homosexuality is unnatural, a sin and should be overcome through struggle. He further said that the schools were aimed at giving children "principles" and raising "proper people". These remarks were met with the anger of LGBT rights organizations.  Chrysostomos II was received in a historic private audience with Pope Benedict XVI in the Vatican, on 16 June 2007. Their discussions involved the safety of Christians in the Middle East as a result of an ongoing political tension between warring countries. They had another meeting on 28 March 2011.  On 20 March 2013, it was reported that Chrysostomos II said he would put the Cyprus Orthodox Church's assets at the country's disposal to help pull the country out of its financial crisis. He said the church was willing to mortgage its assets to invest in government bonds.

Scandals.

It was reported that Chrysostomos II was instrumental in Malaysian conman and fugitive, Jho Low, being granted Cypriot citizenship. Chrysostomos II reportedly had sent at least two letters to then Minister of Interior, Sokratis Hasikos, asking for Low to be granted citizenship. The Archbishop received a donation of €300,000 from Jho Low on the same day that Jho Low received his passport. At the time, Jho Low was already under investigation and investigators were closing in on him for his alleged money-laundering activities. He was granted a passport despite the fact that a background check on him raised several red flags because of his status as a politically exposed person as well as his alleged fraud and regulatory breaches.

Chrysostomos II (; born Irodotos Dimitriou (Greek: Ηρόδοτος Δημητρίου) on 10 April 1941) is the incumbent Archbishop of Cyprus. He was born in Tala village, Paphos.

Sa Béatitude Chrysostome II de Chypre (en grec "Chrysostomos B' "), né Herodotos Dimitriou dans le village de près de Paphos le, est l'actuel primat de l'Église orthodoxe de Chypre avec le titre d"'Archevêque de Nouvelle Justinienne et de tout Chypre" (depuis le ).


Plot.

The story revolves around Milagros and Ivo, two people who fall in love with each other in spite of the odds against them. It is a romantic comedy novela that also touches on issues of family, wealth, greed, deception, and most of all—love. Milagros was brought up in an orphanage when her mother died giving birth to her. She had no idea who her father was and spent all her years despising him for abandoning them.  She ends up becoming a house servant at the Di Carlo mansion when she turns 18, since she can no longer stay in the orphanage. In the mansion, she meets new friends, and people who treat her as family. But she also gains new foes who hate her for her tactless and feisty character. Most of all, she meets the love of her life, Ivo Di Carlo, the heir of the Di Carlo fortune. Theirs is a love-hate relationship, decorated with comedic antics they play on each other, and passion of their true love.  Ivo Di Carlo is a playboy, immature, and boastful. He has had everything handed to him on a silver platter. But he lacks the love of a father, as Federico Di Carlo makes him feel unwanted. Milagros, on the other hand, is religious, playful, and has a strong character. Their relationship survives many challenges, including issues that root from their parents' deceptive acts, secret love affairs, greediness, and ambition. As a playboy, Ivo also has several girls that go between him and Milagros, the most significant are Andrea, Florencia, and Pilar. Milagros also has flings of her own, she forges relationships with Pablo and Sergio.  At some points, the two even think they are siblings, as Federico Di Carlo is revealed to be Milagros' real father. However, it is also later revealed that Ivo is the son of Luisa Di Carlo's lover, Nestor Miranda. In the end, Ivo and Milagros survive the tests of their relationship and wed in front of the people they love.

Muñeca Brava (Wild Angel; lit. "Angry Doll") is an Argentine telenovela, produced by Telefe in 1998–1999. The television series was broadcast in more than 80 countries over the world, enjoying high ratings.

Cette série est inédite dans tous les pays francophones. Toutefois, elle sera diffusée dans les DOM-TOM en France sur les chaînes de RFO, appelé dorénavant La Première depuis 2010.


Campaign.

According to a poll released on the eve of the election, the Liberal Party entered the campaign with a lead over the Progressive Conservatives. This poll's accuracy was disputed by many, however, and even Liberal leader Dalton McGuinty cast doubt on it: noting that most polling companies claim to be accurate 19 times out of 20, he suggested that this might have been the 20th. Subsequent polls taken in the early period of the campaign showed the Progressive Conservatives with a commanding lead over the Liberals, in a manner more consistent with pre-election numbers.  Harris' government had delivered large tax cuts and significantly reduced the deficit, but they had also severely cut spending in the process. They had the support of the legendary Tory political machine, bolstered by a group of American experts imported from the United States' Republican Party. They targeted Dalton McGuinty as inexperienced ("Dalton McGuinty is not up to the job" was a Tory campaign slogan), and attacked him for lacking a clear vision. This was successful due to McGuinty having a reputation for being uncomfortable and stiff in the media. During the leader's debates, McGuinty had a poor performance, being unable to explain his party's platform clearly and being compared to fictional serial killer Norman Bates by NDP leader Howard Hampton.  The extensive use of attack ads and wedge issues by the Tories was a new development in Canadian politics, and some commentators worried the election process was becoming Americanized.  The third major party, the Ontario New Democratic Party led by Howard Hampton, spent much the campaign battling the memory of Bob Rae's unpopular government in the early 1990s. Despite Hampton's efforts to reach out to labour, the NDP were substantially weakened as the major unions deserted them in favour of the Liberals, hoping to defeat the Tories by strategic voting.  The province was enjoying strong economic growth at the time which also vindicated the Conservatives' deficit-cutting measures in the public. The Liberal Party managed to recover some support late in the campaign, but it was not enough and the Tories were re-elected with a second consecutive majority government.

Results.

Notes:  It is possible that some independent candidates were actually members of these or other unregistered parties.

Constituency results.

Note: Expenditure entries are taken from official candidate reports as listed by Elections Ontario. The figures cited are the "Total Candidate's Campaign Expenses Subject to Limitation", and include transfers from constituency associations.

Hamilton-Wentworth, Burlington & Niagara.

Stoney Creek

By-elections.

Six by-elections were held between the 1999 and 2003 elections.

The 1999 Ontario general election was held on June 3, 1999 to elect members of the 37th Legislative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, Canada.

L'élection générale ontarienne de 1999 se déroule le 3 juin 1999 afin d'élire les députés à l'Assemblée législative de l'Ontario (Canada). Le Parti progressiste-conservateur au pouvoir, dirigé par le premier ministre Mike Harris, est réélu pour former un second gouvernement majoritaire.


Biography.

Early life.

Mustapha Khaznadar was born of Greek ancestry as Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis on the island of Chios in 1817. In January 1822, rebels from the neighboring islands of Samos arrived on Chios and declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman sultan soon sent an army of about 40,000 to the island of Chios, where roughly 52,000 Greek inhabitants were massacred and tens of thousands of women and children were taken into slavery. During the Chios massacre, Georgios's father, the sailor Stephanis Kalkias Stravelakis, was killed, while Georgios along with his brother Yannis were captured and sold into slavery by the Ottomans. He was then taken to Smyrna and then Constantinople, where he was sold as a slave to an envoy of the Husainid Dynasty.

Religious conversion and political career.

While a slave Stravelakis converted to Islam and was given the name Mustapha. He was raised by the family of Mustapha Bey, then by his son Ahmad I Bey while he was still crown prince. Initially, he worked as the prince's private treasurer before becoming Ahmad's state treasurer ("khaznadar"). He managed to climb to the highest offices of the Tunisian state, married Princess Lalla Kalthoum in 1839 and was promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, made bey in 1840 and then president of the Grand Council from 1862 to 1878. In 1864, Mustapha Khaznadar, then Prime Minister, attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the Tunisian peasants; the countryside rebelled and rose in the Mejba Revolt, nearly overthrowing the regime. However the government was swift to act and ultimately suppressed the uprising through a combination of brutality and guile. Mustafa Khaznadar retained memories of his Greek origin and contact with his native Greece, even sending ten thousand riyals from the state treasury to pay for his two Greek nephews he was educating in Paris. Khaznadar died in 1878 and is buried in the mausoleum of Tourbet el Bey, in the heart of the Medina of Tunis.

Mustapha Khaznadar (,1878–1817; born Georgios Kalkias Stravelakis), was Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis from 1837 to 1873. He was one of the most influential people in modern Tunisian history.

Mustapha Khaznadar (), de son vrai nom Giorgios Kalkias Stravelakis, né en 1817 à Kardamila sur l'île de Chios et mort le à Tunis, est un homme politique tunisien d'origine grecque. "Khaznadar" signifie « trésorier ».


Jeans mass.

The Jeans mass is named after the British physicist Sir James Jeans, who considered the process of gravitational collapse within a gaseous cloud. He was able to show that, under appropriate conditions, a cloud, or part of one, would become unstable and begin to collapse when it lacked sufficient gaseous pressure support to balance the force of gravity. The cloud is stable for sufficiently small mass (at a given temperature and radius), but once this critical mass is exceeded, it will begin a process of runaway contraction until some other force can impede the collapse. He derived a formula for calculating this critical mass as a function of its density and temperature. The greater the mass of the cloud, the smaller its size, and the colder its temperature, the less stable it will be against gravitational collapse.  The approximate value of the Jeans mass may be derived through a simple physical argument. One begins with a spherical gaseous region of radius formula_8, mass formula_9, and with a gaseous sound speed formula_10. The gas is compressed slightly and it takes a time  for sound waves to cross the region and attempt to push back and re-establish the system in pressure balance. At the same time, gravity will attempt to contract the system even further, and will do so on a free-fall time,  where formula_6 is the universal gravitational constant, formula_14 is the gas density within the region, and formula_15 is the gas number density for mean mass per particle (formula_16 g is appropriate for molecular hydrogen with 20% helium by number). When the sound-crossing time is less than the free-fall time, pressure forces temporarily overcome gravity, and the system returns to a stable equilibrium. However, when the free-fall time is less than the sound-crossing time, gravity overcomes pressure forces, and the region undergoes gravitational collapse. The condition for gravitational collapse is therefore:  The resultant Jeans length formula_18 is approximately:  This length scale is known as the Jeans length. All scales larger than the Jeans length are unstable to gravitational collapse, whereas smaller scales are stable. The Jeans mass formula_20 is just the mass contained in a sphere of radius formula_21 (formula_22 is half the Jeans length):  It was later pointed out by other astrophysicists that in fact, the original analysis used by Jeans was flawed, for the following reason. In his formal analysis, Jeans assumed that the collapsing region of the cloud was surrounded by an infinite, static medium. In fact, because all scales greater than the Jeans length are also unstable to collapse, any initially static medium surrounding a collapsing region will also be collapsing. As a result, the growth rate of the gravitational instability relative to the density of the collapsing background is slower than that predicted by Jeans' original analysis. This flaw has come to be known as the "Jeans swindle".  The Jeans instability likely determines when star formation occurs in molecular clouds.  An alternative, arguably even simpler, derivation can be found using energy considerations. In the interstellar cloud, two opposing forces are at work. The gas pressure, caused by the thermal movement of the atoms or molecules comprising the cloud, tries to make the cloud expand, whereas gravitation tries to make the cloud collapse. The Jeans mass is the critical mass where both forces are in equilibrium with each other. In the following derivation numerical constants (such as π) and constants of nature (such as the gravitational constant) will be ignored. They will be reintroduced in the end result.  Consider a homogenous spherical gas cloud with radius "R". In order to compress this sphere to a radius "R – dR", work must be done against the gas pressure. During the compression, gravitational energy is released. When this energy equals the amount of work to be done on the gas, the critical mass is attained. Let "M" be the mass of the cloud, "T" the (absolute) temperature, "n" the particle density, and "p" the gas pressure. The work to be done equals "p dV". Using the ideal gas law, according to which "p=nT", one arrives at the following expression for the work:  The gravitational potential energy of a sphere with mass "M" and radius "R" is, apart from constants, given by the following expression:  The amount of energy released when the sphere contracts from radius "R" to radius "R – dR" is obtained by differentiation this expression to "R", so  The critical mass is attained as soon as the released gravitational energy is equal to the work done on the gas:  Next, the radius "R" must be expressed in terms of the particle density "n" and the mass "M". This can be done using the relation  A little algebra leads to the following expression for the critical mass.  If during the derivation all constants are taken along, the resulting expression is  where "k" is Boltzmann's constant, "G" the gravitational constant, and "m" the mass of a particle comprising the gas. Assuming the cloud to consist of atomic hydrogen, the prefactor can be calculated. If we take the solar mass as the unit of mass, the result is

Jeans' length.

Jeans' length is the critical radius of a cloud (typically a cloud of interstellar molecular gas and dust) where thermal energy, which causes the cloud to expand, is counteracted by gravity, which causes the cloud to collapse. It is named after the British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who concerned himself with the stability of spherical nebulae in the early 1900s.  The formula for Jeans length is:  where formula_33 is Boltzmann's constant, formula_34 is the temperature of the cloud, formula_35 is the mass per particle in the cloud, formula_6 is the gravitational constant,,formula_37 is the mass of a proton in kg, and formula_14 is the cloud's mass density (i.e. the cloud's mass divided by the cloud's volume).  Perhaps the easiest way to conceptualize Jeans' length is in terms of a close approximation, in which we discard the factors formula_39 and formula_40 and in which we rephrase formula_14 as formula_42. The formula for Jeans' length then becomes:  where formula_5 is the radius of the cloud.  It follows immediately that formula_45 when formula_46 i.e. the cloud's radius is the Jeans' length when thermal energy per particle equals gravitational work per particle. At this critical length the cloud neither expands nor contracts. It is only when thermal energy is not equal to gravitational work that the cloud either expands and cools or contracts and warms, a process that continues until equilibrium is reached.

Jeans' length as oscillation wavelength.

The Jeans' length is the oscillation wavelength below which stable oscillations rather than gravitational collapse will occur.  where G is the gravitational constant, formula_10 is the sound speed, and formula_14 is the enclosed mass density.  It is also the distance a sound wave would travel in the collapse time.

Fragmentation.

Jeans instability can also give rise to fragmentation in certain conditions. To derive the condition for fragmentation an adiabatic process is assumed in an ideal gas and also a polytropic equation of state is taken. The derivation is shown below through a dimensional analysis:  If the adiabatic index formula_55, the Jeans mass increases with increasing density, while if formula_56 the Jeans mass decreases with increasing density. During gravitational collapse density always increases, thus in the second case the Jeans mass will decrease during collapse, allowing smaller overdense regions to collapse, leading to fragmentation of the giant molecular cloud. For an ideal monatomic gas, the adiabatic index is 5/3. However, in astrophysical objects this value is usually close to 1 (for example, in partially ionized gas at temperatures low compared to the ionization energy). More generally, the process is not really adiabatic but involves cooling by radiation that is much faster than the contraction, so that the process can be modeled by an adiabatic index as low as 1. So the second case is the rule rather than an exception in stars. This is the reason why stars usually form in clusters.

In stellar physics, the Jeans instability causes the collapse of interstellar gas clouds and subsequent star formation, named after James Jeans. It occurs when the internal gas pressure is not strong enough to prevent gravitational collapse of a region filled with matter. For stability, the cloud must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, which in case of a spherical cloud translates to:

En astrophysique, une instabilité gravitationnelle ou encore instabilité de Jeans, nommée ainsi en hommage à son découvreur, le physicien britannique James Jeans en 1902, décrit le phénomène d'effondrement gravitationnel qui peut avoir lieu par exemple au sein d'un nuage de matière gazeux à partir d'un état faiblement inhomogène. L'instabilité de Jeans se produit quand l'attraction gravitationnelle causée par une surdensité d'un milieu devient supérieure aux forces de pression qui ont tendance à détendre une surdensité. Des considérations simples indiquent que dans un milieu peu dense, l'instabilité gravitationnelle ne peut se produire que sur des grandes échelles, et est absente à petite échelle. En pratique, elle ne se produit que sur des échelles de distances que l'on trouve en astronomie.


Liste des noms latins des villes d'Afrique

Background.

Until the Modern Era, Latin was the common language for scholarship and mapmaking. During the 19th and 20th centuries, German scholars in particular have made significant contributions to the study of historical place names, or "Ortsnamenkunde". These studies have, in turn, contributed to the study of genealogy. For genealogists and historians of pre-Modern Europe, knowing alternate names of places is vital to extracting information from both public and private records. Even specialists in this field point out, however, that the information can be easily taken out of context, since there is a great deal of repetition of place names throughout Europe; reliance purely on apparent connections should therefore be tempered with valid historical methodology.

Caveats and notes.

Latin place names are not always exclusive to one place — for example, there were several Roman cities whose names began with "Colonia" and then a more descriptive term. During the Middle Ages, these were often shortened to just "Colonia". One of these, "Colonia Agrippinensis", retains the name today in the form of Cologne.  Early sources for Roman names show numerous variants and spellings of the Latin names.  The modern canonical name is listed first. Sources are listed chronologically. In general, only the earliest source is shown for each name, although many of the names are recorded in more than one of the sources. Where the source differs in spelling, or has other alternatives, these are listed following the source. As an aid to searching, variants are spelled completely, and listed in most likely chronology.  Superscripts indicate:

References.

In order of likely publication:

This list includes African countries and regions that were part of the Roman Empire, or that were given Latin place names in historical references.

Cet article donne une liste de localités et cités d'Afrique dans l'Antiquité et au Moyen Âge dont le nom en latin (ou latinisé) semble être confirmé par l'archéologie.


Pre-Hispanic antecedents of Ixtlahuacán del Río.

"Ixtlahuacán" is a word of Nahuatl origin; the name means "flat place". It was founded by the Toltecs in approximately AD 610; it is hard to be certain of the exact date of founding, because none of the groups who inhabited the region — Tecuexes, Tepehuanes, Coanes, Cazcanos, and Zacatecos — had a written language in this period.

Toponymy.

Ixtlahuacán is a word of Nahuatl origin, it is the union of the words " "Ixtláhuatl" " (plains) and " "Can" " (place); therefore, it means: " "Place of Plains" ".

History.

It was founded by Toltecs at the beginning of 7th century when they passed through the region. Possibly he was first in Tlacotán where tribes settled totonacas, tepehuanes and coanes, the founders being the tepehuanes, who stood out for their belligerence.  The conquerors that approached Tlacotán were continually harassed by the aborigines of Ixtlahuacán. The conquest was carried out by Nuño de Guzmán who arrived in Tlacotán in 1529. It seemed a strategic place to defend and dominate the entire Atemajac Valley. Fines of 1531 gave the name of Nueva Galicia to everything conquered by Nuño de Guzmán, who was appointed governor, founding Guadalajara in Nochistlán; after not having followed, ordering his transfer to Tlacotán in May 1533, giving him the name of Guadalajara; the foundation was not carried out until 1535 and in 1539 royal ID was received granting the coat of arms to the town (Tlacotán), being seat of Guadalajara from 1535 to 1540.  In 1825 it had a town hall and from that date until 1910 it belonged to the 1st canton of Guadalajara; in 1838, it had a category of town and in 1878 it is already mentioned as a municipality. They had the police stations of Tepac, Tlacotán and the Congregation of San Antonio. On February 28, 1894, the Tepac police station was abolished and the Congregation of San Antonio was erected as a police station; and in March 1912, the Tlacotán police station moved to Trejos, and in 1922 the police station was restored.

Physical geography.

Location.

Ixtlahuacán del Río is almost in the center of the state, its extreme coordinates are 20o 42'40 "to 21o 05 '23" north latitude and 103o 63' 09 "to 103o 22 '35" west longitude; at an approximate height of 1655 meters above sea level. The municipality borders the state of Zacatecas to the north; to the east with the municipality of Cuquío; to the south with the municipalities of Zapotlanejo and Guadalajara; to the west with the municipalities of Zapopan and San Cristóbal de la Barranca.

Orography.

In general, its surface is semi-flat (40%) and flat (35%), there are rugged areas (25%), with heights up to 1,900 masl, highlighting the Monte Grande and the Higuera hill.

Soil.

The territory is made up of land belonging to tertiary period. The soil consists mostly of igneous rocks acidic extrusive with some moles of basalt, rhyolite and volcanic gap with tuff; in the highest parts the predominant types are: haplic feozem, pelvic vertisol, chernozem and lithosol. The municipality has a territorial area of 56,494 hectares, of which 14,200 are used for agricultural purposes, 23,270 in livestock, 12,900 are for forest use, 390 are urban land and 5,734 hectares have another use. As far as property is concerned, an area of 45,045 hectares is private and another of 11,449 is ejidal; no property

Hydrography.

Its hydrological resources are provided by the rivers and streams that make up the Juchipila-Santiago-Río Verde Grande Belén sub-basin of the Lerma-Chapala-Santiago Hydrological region. The main rivers are: Santiago, Achichilco, Cuquío, Verde and Juchipila; the streams: El Tigre, Carrizalillo, Los Cuartos, Saucitos, Tecomastes, Agua Colorada and San Pablo; the dams: San Antonio and Los Sauces.

Climate.

The climate is semi-dry, with dry spring and winter, and semi-warm, with mild winter. The average annual temperature is 19 °C, with a maximum of 25.6 °C and a minimum of 10.1 °C. The rainfall regime is recorded between the months of June, July, and August, with an average rainfall of 855.2 millimeters. The prevailing winds are heading north.

Flora and fauna.

The flora is composed of cedar, pine, oak, oak and ocote. The fauna is made up of deer, hawk, wildcat, coyote, skunk, armadillo, the tlacuache (zarigueya) and a great variety of birds.

Economy.

39.82% of the inhabitants are dedicated to primary sector, 23.41% to secondary sector, 34.80% to tertiary sector and the rest is not specified. 38.18% are economically active. The main economic activities are: agriculture, livestock, forestry and industry.

Infrastructure.

87.61% of the population is alphabeta, of which 30.99% has finished primary education. The municipality has 32 preschool, 61 primary education, 13 secondary s, three baccalaureate and an extension of the Higher Technological Institute of Tala.  Health care is attended by the State Department of Health, the Mexican Social Security Institute and private doctors. The System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF) is responsible for social welfare.  It has sports centers, where it is practiced: football, basketball, athletics and volleyball. It also has cultural centers, plaza, parks, gardens and library.  The municipality has potable water, telephone and internet services, sewerage, street lighting, markets, trail, cemeteries, roads, public toilets, public safety, parks, gardens and sports centers. 69.2% of the inhabitants have drinking water; 74.2% of sewerage and 95.9% of electrical energy.  It has mail, fax, telegraph, telephone and radiotelephony service. Transportation takes place through the Guadalajara-Saltillo highway, junction Ixtlahuacán del Río. It has a network of rural roads that connect the towns; Transportation is carried out by public buses or rental vehicles and individuals. Currently the municipal government has a small fleet of trucks that can provide services for free, these trucks have been donated by the State Government of Jalisco.

Religion.

98.53% profess the Catholic religion, there are also believers of Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, Protestant s and believers of other religions. 0.24% of the inhabitants showed not to practice any religion.

Government.

Its form of government is democratic and depends on state government and federal; Elections are held every 3 years, where the municipal president and his cabinet are elected. The municipal president is Pedro Haro Ocampo, a member of MC, who was elected during the democratic elections held on July 1 of 2018. The municipality has 179 locations, the most important being: Ixtlahuacán del Río (municipal capital), San Antonio de los Vázquez, Trejos, Tlacotán, Palos Altos, San Nicolás and Mascuala.

Ixtlahuacán del Rio is a town and municipality in the center of the Mexican state of Jalisco, a little less than 50 kilometers from state capital Guadalajara. It stands at 1,655 meters above sea level; the climate is semi-arid, with a mild winter and an average annual temperature of 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit).

Ixtlahuacán del Río est un bourg et une municipalité de la région Centre de l'État mexicain de Jalisco. La municipalité a en 2015.


Etymology.

The conquistador Hernando Martel gave Lagos de Moreno its original name, Villa de Santa Maria de los Lagos (Town of Saint Mary of the Lakes). The town's name was derived from Saint Mary, the townspeople's chosen patron saint, and the numerous lakes that used to be scattered across the valley. The town was renamed on April 9, 1829, as Lagos de Moreno in honor of Mexican independence hero Pedro Moreno, who was born in the city.

History.

Pre-hispanic era.

The origins of Lagos de Moreno date to its founding as Pechichitlán or Teziziatlan by Ahnuvic VII in about 1028 BCE. Then the city served as a capital for the Chichimecatlalli fiefdom. In the 12th century, semi-nomadic Guachichiles occupied the valley and dominated an extensive area stretching from present-day San Juan de los Lagos to southern Coahuila. Before the colonization of Mexico began, indigenous culture thrived in this area, with notable pre-Hispanic architecture being established at Rincón de Mesa, Sauceda, and El Maguey.

Colonial era.

After the fall of the Aztec Empire, explorers set out to explore the western frontier in the Bajio Region. The Spanish expansion in Nueva Galicia was slowed down by several tribes in the vicinity, such as the semi-nomadic Chichimecas and the Guachichiles. To the east of Pechititan, the Guamares inhabited the Guanajuato area, and to the west, the Zacatecos lived. The Zacateco caudillos (chiefs), Xiconaqui and Custique, along with the Chichimecas, struck down multiple Spanish invasions from 1550 to 1590 in the well-known Chichimeca War.  However, encomenderos gradually occupied the Bajio. Th e first Spaniard to build a hacienda in the "Laguense" valley was Don Diego de Ibarra. Even so, in 1551, a group of Chichimecas attacked his ranch (La Sauceda and San Antonio) and killed all his animals. The costant raids in the area made, for the time being, settlement of the Lagos region impossible.

Founding of Lagos.

After decades of constant combat and raids, the first Spanish authorities of the region were appointed; the priest of Teocaltiche and the Mayor of Teocaltiche had the region stretching from Teocaltiche to the Lagos valley as their jurisdiction. Later, the Royal Audiencia of Nueva Galicia ordered the Mayor of Teocaltiche, Don Hernando Martel from Seville, to establish a town in the vicinity of Pechichitan. The new settlement was founded jointly with the first priest and vicar of the local parish, father Juan de Cuenca Virues, who also participated in the official founding of the Real Comanja mine in 1561. As such, on March 31, 1563, "Villa de Santa María de los Lagos" was founded by Martel, Cuenca, and Captain Don Pedro de Anda, along with 72 or 73 Spanish noble families and their servants and slaves.  Development  The residents of Santa Maria chose the Virgin Mary as the namesake of their town and Saint Sebastian as a minor patron saint. The settlement and its surroundings became quite appealing to ranchers; by 1600 around 20,000 head of cattle were active in the Lagos valley, facilitating the eventual creation of the charreria-style rodeo. The increasing population of the area contributed to the naming of the first ordinary Mayor of Santa Maria de los Lagos, the miner Pedro Marfil from Guanajuato. Marfil would be succeeded by Gonzalo Vazquez Baladez, the first and only clergyman to-date to serve as mayor of the town.  The town continued to grow steadily in the 17th century, benefiting from the general prosperity of the Golden Age of the Spanish Empire. In 1615, a new jail was inaugurated, and 1621 saw the construction of a third parish temple with a tower that would be completed by 1685. Religious buildings were created often during this period; the Convent of the Poor Capuchins of Saint Joseph was founded and the construction of the Parish Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and the Temple of Our Lady of the Rosary began during this time.

Mexican War of Independence.

Santa Maria de los Lagos, like the rest of New Spain, underwent rapid political change in the early 1800s. The lawyer Francisco Primo de Verdad y Ramos spoke to Spanish authorities, advocating for Mexican independence. He subsequently died under mysterious circumstances in the dungeon of the Mexico City Trustee building. In the initial phase of the war, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla himself visited Santa Maria de los Lagos and provided religious services there, even recruiting some families for the fight against the forces of the Spanish Viceroy.

Independence to present.

In 1823, the "Convenio de Lagos" (Agreement of Lagos) was signed in Santa Maria by Nicolas Bravo, Pedro Celestino Negrete, and Luis Quintanar, establishing the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco. On March 27, 1824, Santa Maria was given the title of city. On April 9, 1829, the city was renamed as Lagos de Moreno in memory of insurgent General Pedro Moreno (1775-1817), a founding father of Mexico who led forces against Spanish authorities in the Mexican War of Independence.  In 1855, a second and similarly titled "Convenio de Lagos" (Agreement of Lagos) was signed in Lagos de Moreno, in which Manuel Doblado and Antonio de Haro y Tamariz recognized the Plan of Ayutla, thus joining the movement to topple conservative President Antonio López de Santa Ana. During the Reform War, Lagos de Moreno changed hands between liberal and conservative forces multiple times until an eventual liberal victory in 1861.  During the Mexican Revolution in the 1910s, residents of Lagos de Moreno like Mariano Azuela and Francisco Guerrero Ramirez joined the fighting. In the subsequent Cristero War, the nearby Mesa Redonda was the site of a battle between federal troops and rebel forces.  In 1963, Lagos de Moreno celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding. In recent times, the city has received several important titles. It has been named an Area of Historical Monuments by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) in 1989, a World Heritage Site on the Camino Real "Tierra Adentro" by UNESCO on August 1, 2010, and "Pueblo Mágico" by SECTUR on November 16, 2012.

Geography.

Climate.

Lagos de Moreno has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification "Cwb") with mild temperatures year round. Temperatures are generally similar for any given month, but daily high and low fluctuations can be very sharp in the winter due in part to the city's altitude and its uneven surroundings. Winters are mild with an average maximum temperature of in January although nighttime temperatures are often cold, with an average minimum temperature of. Many days are sunny, averaging around 15-19 clear days per month and precipitation is low. Nighttime temperatures regularly fall below but extended periods of frost are rare.  The Bajio's two main seasons are the wet season and the dry season. The wet season, which runs from June to October sees an increase in precipitation and humidity with July and August being the wettest months. The record high was on March 26, 1942 and the record low was on January 24, 1955. The table below shows detailed statistics on the climate of Lagos de Moreno.

Topography.

Lagos de Moreno is situated 1,942 meters (6,371 feet) above mean sea level. Lagos is located in the region of Los Altos de Jalisco, within the macroregion of the Bajío, one of the most highly developed areas in Latin America. The city's vicinity is quite mountainous and hilly, with the nearby Mesa Redonda being a particularly notable formation.

Flora and fauna.

The nearby Mesa Redonda is home to many unique species of flora. There, two species of cactus endemic only to Jalisco flourish, with one of these species only being endemic to the Mesa Redonda, particularly its very steep slopes, protecting it from predators.  Many animals call the Lagos valley home, with fauna including hares, rabbits, deers, and boars. Residents of nearby ranches have commented on the presence of coyotes and snakes in rural areas. Areas like the Mesa Redonda have been utilized by locals to gather vegetables straight from nature, particularly prickly pear cacti.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 153,817 inhabitants, making it the 6th largest city in the state of Jalisco. The estimate for the population in 2015 is 164,981 people. Lagos de Moreno has a slightly higher female population compared to males with 79,345 females compared to 74,472 males, meaning that the female population is 6.14% higher than the male population.

Transportation.

The city used to be served by the Francisco Primo de Verdad National Airport. The nearest airport, Del Bajio International Airport (IATA: BJX) is located near Silao, Guanajuato, an hour's drive away.

Lagos de Moreno () is a city and municipality in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. Lagos is located in the region of Los Altos de Jalisco, within the macroregion of the Bajío, one of the most highly developed areas in Latin America. Lagos de Moreno is occasionally known as the "Athens of Jalisco", owing to the numerous writers and poets who were born there.

Lagos de Moreno est une ville et sa municipalité environnante dans l'État de Jalisco au Mexique. Elle est située à une altitude de mètres à l'extrémité nord-est de l'État. Elle en est la.


Habitat.

This species' home range extends from Bordertown near the South Australian/Victorian Border through south-eastern Australia to northern Queensland. This species was thought to be extinct in South Australia since 1939 until a genetic test confirmed their inhabitance in this area.  The squirrel glider lives in south-eastern Australia in the dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands. In Queensland, however, they occupy a wetter eucalypt forest.  The glider will make a den in the hollow tree and line it with leaves. Here it will sleep and usually lives in groups of one male, 2 females, and offspring.

Appearance.

Like most of the wrist-winged gliders, the squirrel glider is endemic to Australia. It is about twice the size of the related sugar glider ("P. breviceps"). Its body is 18–23 cm long and its tail measures at 22–33 cm long. It weighs about 230g or 0.5 lbs. They have blue-grey or brown-grey fur on their back and a white belly. The end of their tail is black and they have a black stripe from their eyes to the mid-back. They have a flying membrane that extends from their 5th front toe to the back of their foot on both sides. When they glide their prehensile tail can act as a rudder, allowing them to steer which direction they want to go. They can glide up to 50m from tree to tree. They tend not to glide in captivity.

Reproduction.

The breeding season is between June and January. The gestation/pregnancy of a female is 18 days. The litter sizes are usually one to two offspring a year. The offspring will immediately crawl to the mother's marsupium and anchor itself to a teat where it will stay for about 3 months. The mother will wean off her offspring around 4 months while they stay in the den. The offspring become independent at 10 months and go off on their own. The life expectancy is 4–6 years.

Diet.

The squirrel glider eats mostly fruit and insects. It also feeds on tree sap, mainly eucalyptus or red bloodwood trees. In order to get the sap the squirrel glider will pierce the trunk of the tree causing sap to flow out of it. It also eats pollen, nectar, leaves, and bark.

Threats.

Natural predators of the squirrel glider include owls and introduced predators include dogs, cats and foxes. Habitat fragmentation and destruction by human agency is also impacting individual populations. However, due to large population sizes and occurrence in several protected areas, the species is currently classified as Least Concern (i.e. not yet threatened) by the IUCN.

Phylogeny.

The squirrel glider's closest relatives come from the same genus, "Petaurus", and they include the sugar glider ("P. breviceps"), mahogany glider ("P. gracilis"), northern glider ("P. abidi"), Biak glider ("P. biacensis") and yellow-bellied glider (P. australis). It is not yet known which species the gliders diverged from. The squirrel glider most likely evolved from a marsupial like a possum that had membranes for gliding. Other animals that have this same ancestor include Striped possum and Leadbeaters possum.

Analogous structures.

Squirrel gliders are often mistaken for flying squirrels of North America. These two species are not related at all. The flying squirrel is a placental mammal and the squirrel glider is a marsupial like koalas and kangaroos. Both have an adaptation for tree living – Patagia. This is the skin that extends from their front to hind legs allowing them to glide between the trees avoiding predators they might come into contact with on the ground. Because these animals are distantly related we call these characteristics analogous.

Homologous structures.

Squirrel gliders are able to curl their tails around branches to hold on. This feature is homologous to the ring tail possum (order of Diprodontia) which use their tail as an extra limb to grab hold of trees. It is longer but the squirrel gliders tail is bushier.

The squirrel glider ("Petaurus norfolcensis") is a nocturnal gliding possum. The squirrel glider is one of the wrist-winged gliders of the genus "Petaurus".

Le phalanger de Norfolk ("Petaurus norfolcensis" ; en anglais : "Squirrel Glider") est un opossum volant de la famille des Petauridae. Il appartient au genre "Petaurus", ces marsupiaux sont souvent qualifié à tort d'écureuils volants, à cause d'une ressemblance relevant de la convergence évolutive.


Early life.

Born Elizabeth Lynch, she grew up in the Whitfield area of Dundee and was a pupil of St Saviour's RC High School.  She joined her local athletics club, Hawkhill Harriers, aged 12 on the advice of her PE teacher Phil Kearns Coached by Harry Bennett, she soon discovered a talent for distance running and won her first UK titles aged 18. Following Bennett's death, McColgan coached herself in preparation for the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh in 1986. From 1987 to 1989 McColgan was coached by John Anderson, including at the 1988 Olympics, after which she coached herself to the world 10,000m title and to wins in the London, New York and Tokyo marathons. She then met Grete Waitz, who coached her from 1992 to her retirement in 1996.

Athletics career.

At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, as Liz Lynch, she took the gold medal in the 10,000 metres, finishing nearly 12 seconds ahead of the nearest competitor and giving the host country its only gold medal in athletics. Earlier that year, she had won the NCAA National Championship in the mile representing Alabama Crimson Tide in the American collegiate Indoor Track and Field national championships. In 1987, she won a silver medal at the World Cross Country Championships in Warsaw representing Scotland (Great Britain would not send a unified team to the World Cross until 1988). She finished behind Annette Sergent of France but ahead of Ingrid Kristiansen. In September, she improved the UK 10,000m record to 31:19.82 while finishing fifth at the World Championships in Rome, in a race won by Kristiansen.  In 1988, now competing as Liz McColgan, she improved her own UK record with 31:06.99 in July to defeat Kristiansen in Oslo. Almost three months later, she ran 31:08.44 to win an Olympic silver medal in the inaugural women's 10,000 metres at the Seoul Olympics. She was defeated by the Soviet Union's Olga Bondarenko. McColgan won silver in the 3,000 metres at the World Indoor Championships in 1989. In January 1990, she became the only Scot to successfully defend a Commonwealth title at the 1990 games in Auckland, New Zealand, when she again took the gold in the 10,000 metres, as well as bronze in the 3,000 metres. She missed the rest of the 1990 season due to pregnancy, giving birth to her daughter (future Olympic athlete) Eilish in November. Nike dropped her the moment she told them she was pregnant.  Just six weeks after her daughter Eilish was born, she contested an international 5km race in Florida and won a bronze medal at the 1991 World Cross Country Championships. In June 1991, she ran her lifetime best for the 10,000 m with 30:57.07 in Hengelo to move to second on the world all-time list behind Kristiansen and narrowly ahead of Bondarenko. In August 1991, she won gold in the 10,000 metres at the World Championships in Tokyo, Japan. In November of that year at the New York City Marathon, her first marathon, she won with a time of 2:27.23, breaking the record for a debut marathon by three minutes.  In March 1992, McColgan struggled to a 41st-place finish at the World Cross Country Championships in Boston. Then, in the summer, she finished fifth in the 10,000m final at the Barcelona Olympics. In September, she won the inaugural World Half Marathon Championships, where she also helped the British team claim the silver medal in the team competition. Two months later, she won the Tokyo International Women's Marathon.  After more than two years struggling with injuries, McColgan finished fifth in the 1995 London Marathon and sixth in the 10,000m final at the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg. In 1996, she won the London Marathon in a time of 2 hours, 27 minutes and 54 seconds, before finishing 16th in the marathon at the Atlanta Olympics. She finished second in the London Marathons of 1997 and 1998, running her career-best time of 2:26:52 in 1997. She gave her medal to a youngster in the crowd after the 1997 event.  McColgan retired from competing in August 2001 when she fractured a bone in her foot while training for selection for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. However, she returned in 2004 to win the Scottish Indoor Championships 3000 metres (in 9:31). In 2007, she ran the London Marathon, finishing 25th in 2:50:38. She also completed the 2010 New York Marathon in 3:10:54. In 2017, she completed the inaugural Stirling Scottish Marathon in 3:18:32.

Personal life.

In 1987 she married Northern Irish athlete Peter McColgan; they have five children: Eilish, Martin, Eamonn, Kieran and Orla. The eldest, Eilish, won the 2004 British cross country championships in her age-group, was ranked top in Scotland over 800 metres and 1500 metres in her age-group, competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 3000 metres steeplechase and won the Bronze medal in the 3000m at the 2017 European Indoor Athletics Championships. Eilish won a silver medal in the 5000 meters at the European championship 2018. The couple separated in November 2010 and finalised their divorce in March 2013. On 18 January 2014, McColgan married John Nuttall, a coach who has worked as head of endurance coaching for British Athletics and now coaches in Qatar

Awards.

In December 1991, McColgan appeared on "This Is Your Life" and was voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to sport in 1992 and inducted to the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame in 2004.

Elizabeth McColgan-Nuttall (née Lynch; born 24 May 1964) is a British former middle-distance and long-distance track and road-running athlete. She won the gold medal for the 10,000 metres at the 1991 World Championships, and a silver medal over the same distance at the 1988 Olympic Games. She was also a two-time gold medallist over the distance at the Commonwealth Games, as well as winning the 1992 World Half Marathon Championships, 1991 New York City Marathon, 1992 Tokyo Marathon and 1996 London Marathon. Her 10,000 metres best of 30:57.07 set in 1991, made her only the third woman in history to run the distance in under 31 minutes. Both that time and her marathon best of 2:26:52 in 1997, still stand as Scottish records (as of 2018).

Elizabeth « Liz » McColgan, née Lynch le à Dundee, est une ancienne athlète britannique. Elle a été sacrée championne du monde en 1991 sur neuf mois après la naissance de sa fille Eilish McColgan, du 3 000 m steeple des Championnats du monde 2013. Elle a aussi été aux jeux du Commonwealth en 1986 et remporté l'argent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1988 à Séoul.


Early life.

Born in the city of Esbjerg, Beich, in his youth, achieved a degree of fame amongst local musicians and fans. He played guitar with several Danish bands, and recorded an album in 1979 with a band called Rock Nalle & The Flames. He was also a member of Mercyful Fate for a brief time, before deciding to move to Los Angeles in pursuit of a career in music.

Career.

L.A. Guns (1983–1985).

L.A. Guns were first formed in 1983 by guitarist Tracii Guns and drummer Rob Gardner. The first lineup included Guns, Beich, Gardner and singer Michael Jagosz. The band recorded an EP "Collector's Edition No. 1". Shortly after, Jagosz left the band following an arrest involving a bar fight and was replaced by Bill Bailey (who would later change his name to Axl Rose). Bailey had previously fronted Rapidfire with Kevin Lawrence and Hollywood Rose with Izzy Stradlin and Chris Weber. Jagosz came back after Rose left playing with the band for 2 weeks and for 5 shows.  When L.A. Guns was reformed in 1985, Beich was replaced by Mick Cripps.

Guns N' Roses (1985).

Hollywood Rose reformed for a New Year's Eve show on New Year's Eve 1984, with Rose, Stradlin, Guns, Gardner and Steve Darrow. In March 1985 L.A. Guns merged with Hollywood Rose, changing their name to Guns N' Roses (combining the names of L.A. Guns and Hollywood Rose) with the lineup composed of Rose, Guns, Stradlin, Beich and Gardner.  Beich played his only show with the band on March 26, 1985 before being fired. He was replaced by Duff McKagan. Tracii Guns left the group; he was replaced by Slash. McKagan went on to book shows taking place between Sacramento and Seattle, which was dubbed “The Hell Tour“. During this time, Gardner quit the group and was replaced by Steven Adler. This lineup becoming known as the "classic lineup" of Guns N' Roses.

Death.

Beich died on October 16, 1991, drowning in Sankt Jørgens Lake in the center of Copenhagen. Not long before, on August 19, Guns N' Roses had performed in the city. His family believed that he became depressed after leaving Guns N' Roses in 1985 and was heavily abusing drugs before returning to Denmark in 1988. Heroin, and a blood alcohol content of.148, are thought to have contributed to his drowning, but his family still believes it was suicide.  Beich is buried in Esbjerg next to his father Aksel, who died in 1995.

Ole Beich (January 1, 1955 – October 16, 1991) was a Danish musician best known as the bass guitarist for the original lineups of L.A. Guns and Guns N' Roses.

Ole Beich, né le à Esbjerg et mort par noyade à Copenhague le, est un musicien danois surtout connu pour avoir été le bassiste de L.A. Guns et de Guns N' Roses.