Development and release.

"Too Lost in You" is a rendition of "Quand j'ai peur de tout" (""When I'm Afraid of Everything""), a 1997 song performed by French singer Patricia Kaas. It was written in English by American songwriter Diane Warren for the Sugababes' third studio album, "Three" (2003). Warren composes her songs in an uncleaned room, where she is seated on an old stool and surrounded by keyboards, drum machines, and a tape recorder. Group member Heidi Range commented on the experience of collaborating with Warren, saying: "It could be easy to turn around and make people feel not as important as you. She made us feel 100 percent comfortable." The song was produced by Andy Bradfield and the Australian musician Rob Dougan, and mixed by Bradfield. It was recorded at Realsongs, which is located in Hollywood and shares the name of Warren's publishing company. "Too Lost in You" was programmed by Yoad Nevo, who also provided the instruments. The group members' vocals were engineered by Mario Luccy and produced by Khris Kellow. According to Range, "Too Lost in You" represented all three group members' romantic lives, saying: "You need that comfort when you go home."  "Too Lost in You" is prominently featured on the soundtrack to the romantic comedy film "Love Actually", which was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom on 21 November 2003. The director, Richard Curtis, specifically chose the song for the film, and described the soundtrack as "the life and soul of the film." According to Heather Phares of AllMusic, "[a]n emphasis on songs from British artists, such as Sugababes' "Too Lost in You" [...] keep the soundtrack from becoming too predictable". "Too Lost in You" is the second single from "Three", and was released as a CD single and 12-inch single in the United Kingdom on 15 December 2003. The song's release around Christmas time prompted several media outlets to classify it as a contender for the 2003 Christmas number one.

Composition.

"Too Lost in You" is a downtempo pop rock and R&B ballad, backed by an orchestral music arrangement that consists of a piano and strings. A writer from "Music Week" noted that Dougan's production of the song provides it with a "dramatic, string-soaked feel". According to the digital sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing, the song was composed in the key of C sharp minor using common time signature, at a tempo of 98 beats per minute. The Sugababes' vocal range in the song spans from the lower note of E to the higher note of C#. Like many of Warren's compositions, the lyrics follow the verse-chorus form; the song also includes a middle eight performed by Range. "Too Lost in You" is emotive and melodic, and presents the group's dark harmonies throughout. According to Harry Rubenstein of "The Jerusalem Post", "[in 'Too Lost in You'] we're led to believe that these girls are actually losing control in a moment of passion, but the song refrains from moving into typical pop fairy-land characters". A survey conducted by scientists in 2004 found that the song's slow tempo can assist in the prevention of accidents and promotion of safer driving.

Critical response.

The song received generally positive reviews from most critics. Simon Evans of musicOMH described "Too Lost in You" as "instantly, infectiously likeable" and called it one of the album's best tracks. According to Alan Braidwood of BBC Music, the ballads from "Three", including "Too Lost in You", match the quality of the group's songs "New Year" and "Stronger". Dan Gennoe of Yahoo! Music interpreted the song as a reminder that the Sugababes "handle trip-hop melancholy with the same devastating confidence as their seething club stomps". "Herald Sun" critic Cameron Adams wrote that the group made "Too Lost in You" sound edgy and described it as "stunning". Writing for "Hot Press", Phil Udell praised the Sugababes' performance of the ballad, which he considered a transition from Warren's "big radio number" into "something genuinely lovely".  Becky Howard and Andrew Williams of the "London Evening Standard" wrote that "Too Lost in You" "[sweeps] you up all misty-eyed" and regarded it as "utterly brilliant" in comparison to "Caught in a Moment", another ballad from "Three". "The Observer"s Kitty Empire was unfavourable and criticised the song's "dead maturity", while Stuart McCaighy of "This Is Fake DIY" regarded the song as turgid. Fiona Shepherd of "The Scotsman" dismissed lines such as "Flowing into your arms, falling into your eyes" as "lyrical gubbins" and stated that the song's release would be "for the name behind [it] rather than any individual merits". In 2007, Udell described "Too Lost in You" as one of the finest pop songs of the 2000s. James Mortlock of the "Eastern Daily Press" considered it to be one of the group's classic pop singles, while "Daily Star"s Sarah-Louise James similarly regarded the song as a "goose-pimpling" classic.

Commercial performance.

"Too Lost in You" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 18 December 2003 at number 16 and peaked at number 13 in the issue dated 15 January 2004. The song achieved more success in the group's native United Kingdom; it entered the UK Singles Chart on 25 December 2003 at number ten, a position it held for two consecutive weeks. By early 2010, it had sold 145,000 copies in the United Kingdom, ranking as the Sugababes' tenth highest-selling single in the country. "Too Lost in You" was also a top-ten hit in various other European countries. The song peaked at number seven on the Norwegian Singles Chart and became the group's fifth top-ten hit in Norway. On the Swiss Singles Chart, it debuted at number 26 on 18 January 2004 and peaked at number eight on 1 February 2004. The single was the band's fourth top-ten single in Switzerland, spent 18 weeks on the chart, and ranked 53rd on the chart's 2004 year-end list. "Too Lost in You" entered the Dutch Top 40 chart at number 24 and reached number eight four weeks later, continuing the trio's string of top-ten singles in the Netherlands. The song peaked at number 13 on the Hungarian Dance Chart, 14 on the German Singles Chart, and number 17 on the Danish Singles Chart. It became the band's first top-forty hit on the French Singles Chart, where it appeared at number 22. "Too Lost in You" also reached the top forty on the singles charts of Australia, Austria, Belgium, New Zealand and Sweden.

Music video.

The music video for "Too Lost in You" was directed by Andy Morahan and filmed at London Stansted Airport in November 2003 over a two-day period. It premiered on the Sugababes' official website in the same month, and was included on the song's CD release. The video begins with the trio walking together in the airport. Buchanan captures the attention of a passenger and begins to have fantasies about him, in which she positions him into a chair and touches his body. In subsequent scenes, the man is shown handcuffed. Buena fantasizes about a worker who she sees in the airport and slices his shirt off with a sword. Range gets the attention of a flight attendant and has dream sequences of touching and kissing him; she also throws a large bag full of ice onto him.

Live performances.

The Sugababes performed "Too Lost in You" on the British television programme "TRL" in December 2003, and at the MTV Asia Awards on 14 February 2004. The song was one of six tracks that they played on 20 June 2004 at Live & Loud, a music event held at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland. The group performed "Too Lost in You", along with "Hole in the Head" and "In the Middle", at Birmingham's Party in the Park festival on 10 July 2004. The song was played as part of a gig in August 2004 at Delamere Forest, Cheshire, in which a critic from the "Manchester Evening News" wrote that the Sugababes "showed they can handle a ballad as well as the uptempo material in their vast pop catalogue". The group sang "Too Lost in You" at the Edinburgh Corn Exchange on 18 August 2004 as part of a set list. The song was performed as part of the Sugababes' 2006 tour in support of "Taller in More Ways". They played it during a gig at the 100 Club, London on 3 October 2006 in promotion of their 2006 greatest hits album, "", and on the album's accompanying 2007 tour in the UK and Ireland. The group performed an acoustic version at the Peel Bay Festival during June 2007 in Peel, Isle of Man, as part of a set list; the event contained a crowd of 25,000 people.  The band played "Too Lost in You" in July 2007 at the Liverpool Summer Pops festival, which was held at the Aintree Pavilion. The group performed the single on 14 September 2007 at London's music club indig02, and according to Nick Levine of Digital Spy, their harmonies managed "the unfathomable trick of sounding both delicate and sturdy". "Too Lost in You" was included in the set list for their 2008 Change Tour. The trio played it on 3 July 2008 at the Liverpool Summer Pops, held in Echo Arena Liverpool. In June 2009, they performed the single at the Cannock Chase Forrest as part of a 75-minute show, and at Canterbury, Kent as the sixth song on the set list. During the latter performance, members of the crowd began to leave the event after Range forgot the words to the song. The Sugababes performed "Too Lost in You" on 10 July 2009 at the Riverside Ground in County Durham, England, as part of a set list, and on 12 July 2009 at the Cornbury Music Festival. In early 2010, the fourth line-up of the Sugababes, comprising Range, Amelle Berrabah and Jade Ewen, played the single during the album launch for "Sweet 7" as the fourth song on the set list. In November 2010, the three singers performed "Too Lost in You" at the Yas Hotel in Abu Dhabi along with many other of the group's songs.  Mutya Keisha Siobhan, the group's original line-up, performed the song along with Promises, Overload, Run For Cover, Freak Like Me, Push The Button, Hole In The Head and Stronger as part of the Sacred Three tour.

Credits and personnel.

Recording  Personnel  Credits are adapted from the liner notes of "" (2006).

"Too Lost in You" is a song by English girl group Sugababes, from their third studio album "Three" (2003). It was written by American songwriter Diane Warren as an English rendition of the song "Quand j'ai peur de tout" ("When I'm Afraid of Everything") by French singer Patricia Kaas (which had lyrics in French by Jean-Jacques Goldman). The song was produced by the Australian musician Rob Dougan in collaboration with Andy Bradfield, and recorded at the Realsongs studio in Hollywood. "Too Lost in You" is prominently featured in the soundtrack to the 2003 film "Love Actually", and was chosen for the film specifically by its director Richard Curtis. It is a pop rock and R&B ballad composed of an orchestral music arrangement and dark harmonies.

La version originale est "Quand j'ai peur de tout" de l'artiste française Patricia Kaas. "Too Lost in You" atteint le top 10 au Royaume-Uni, en Norvège, en Suisse, en Taïwan et aux Pays-Bas. Un de la chanson est utilisé pour la bande annonce du film britannique sortie en 2003 "Love Actually".


History.

The proposal for Dworshak Dam originated in a 1953 USACE survey of the lower Snake River drainage basin for suitable sites to develop reservoir storage and hydroelectric power generation. Dworshak was one of seven dam sites considered on the Snake, Salmon and Clearwater River systems. The final site for Dworshak Dam was chosen at a point on the North Fork of the Clearwater above its confluence with the larger Clearwater River. The project was authorized on October 23, 1962, as Bruces Eddy the name was later changed to honor Senator Henry Dworshak (1894–1962), who was instrumental in gaining congressional approval for the  The dam was controversial from the start, because it would block fish migration and its reservoir would flood a large portion of the winter range of elk in the Clearwater River basin. The North Fork of the Clearwater River had an excellent run of steelhead trout and "may have been the finest population of large-size steelhead in the world". However, proponents of the project held that the construction of a fish hatchery would maintain the river's steelhead runs, and that the construction of the dam would render other dam projects in the Clearwater River basin unnecessary. Another big incentive for the project was flood control; supporters of Dworshak cited a devastating flood in 1948, when the Clearwater River reached a peak of —eleven times its normal flow—as further reason for the construction of a large storage dam.  While clearing and preparations at the dam site were underway as early as June 1965, actual construction did not begin until early 1966 with the excavation of a diameter diversion tunnel and the creation of a high cofferdam to divert the river around the dam site. Excavation of keyways in the canyon walls to provide future foundations for the concrete commenced in 1966, and continued through 1968. The first bucket of concrete was placed in early 1968, and by May 28, 1969, more than had been poured in the dam. Concrete placement was accomplished by a cableway system supported by three movable towers on the canyon rims, transporting buckets that each had a capacity of of wet concrete. The diversion tunnel was closed on September 27, 1971, allowing the reservoir to begin filling, and the last concrete was poured on the dam crest on January 27, 1973. Three generating units of the power plant were also installed in 1973, and by March 1, the reservoir had risen to a sufficient level to allow power generation to begin. The reservoir first reached full capacity on July 3, 1973.  After the dam was completed, the USACE acquired of land adjacent to the reservoir (later expanded to ), and has since managed it for winter habitat of elk and white-tailed deer. Because Dworshak Dam is too high for a fish ladder to be economically feasible, the USACE constructed the Dworshak National Fish Hatchery (DNFH) at a cost of $21 million to mitigate losses of the North Fork steelhead run caused by Dworshak Dam. The hatchery is located on the small peninsula of land between the North Fork and the main Clearwater River directly above their confluence. Now operated by the National Fish Hatchery System, the fish hatchery actually went into operation in April 1969, four years before the dam was completed. The hatchery has a capacity of 6,000 adult fish, and releases about 3.4 million juveniles into the river system each year.  The Dworshak Dam power station was designed to accommodate six generating units for purposes of peaking power production. However, this form of operation would cause excessively large flow fluctuations on the North Fork Clearwater River, and the main Clearwater River below their confluence at Ahsahka. A dam was to be built on the Clearwater River above Lenore to provide a forebay for smoothing out Dworshak releases, but due to opposition by local residents it was never built. Although it would have been fitted with a fish ladder, the Lenore dam would have affected steelhead and salmon migration to the entire upper Clearwater River and its tributaries, including the South Fork, Middle Fork, Lochsa, and Selway Rivers. In addition, the flooding caused by its -long reservoir would require the relocation of the Dworshak fish hatchery. The proposed fifth and sixth units of the plant were deauthorized in 1990, and the fourth unit was deauthorized in 1995.  During initial filling of the reservoir, the dam developed several large vertical cracks on the upstream side – some more than long – due to the rapid change of water pressure from the rising reservoir. Workers had to drill diameter drain holes between the cracks and the dam's existing foundation drainage system, or "drainage gallery", at intervals, relieving the pressure on the dam's backside. In June 1980, the dam again experienced leakage problems when a crack opened on its upstream face, sending more than of water spraying across the downstream side of the dam. Seventy drainage holes were drilled into the crack to relieve pressure before the crack was permanently sealed by an aggregate of cement, volcanic ash, and sawdust. The cost of the repair exceeded $1 million.  The suspension Dent Bridge was constructed upstream of the dam, and the deck truss Grandad Bridge was built upstream.

Specifications.

Dworshak Dam is a concrete gravity dam with a sloped downstream face and vertical upstream face, standing high from the foundations, above the riverbed and measuring long along its crest. The top of the dam is wide at an elevation of above sea level. The main body of the structure contains approximately of concrete. High water releases are controlled by a set of outlet works with four gates, capable of releasing, and a spillway controlled by two tainter gates. The spillway has a capacity of at maximum reservoir elevation. Dworshak Reservoir is the name of the lake formed behind the dam. At normal maximum water levels of above sea level, the reservoir stretches upstream, covering and containing of water with of shoreline.  The hydroelectric plant located at the base of the dam is a long concrete structure and contains one 346,000 horsepower (hp) and two turbines that power one 220 megawatt (MW) and two 90 MW generators, respectively, for a total capacity of 400 MW. The rated hydraulic head for the powerhouse is, with a maximum of when the reservoir is full and a minimum of required for power generation. Up to of water can be released through the power plant at maximum capacity. The overload capacity of the two small units is 103.5 MW and for the large unit is 253.0 MW, for a total of 460 MW. If installed, Units 4, 5, and 6, each with a capacity of 220 MW, would bring the total generating capacity to 1,060 MW, making it one of the largest hydroelectric plants in Idaho.

Operations.

The total usable storage capacity or active capacity of Dworshak Reservoir, including flood control, is. The inactive capacity (the portion of the reservoir's capacity below the power generating outlets and the lower river outlet works) is, and the dead pool (below the river outlet works) corresponds to a storage of. In addition, the reservoir has a surcharge capacity (above the spillway gates) of, bringing the maximum amount of water that can be retained behind the dam to.  Most of the active capacity not used for flood control is utilized for power production. Because the Lenore dam on the Clearwater River was never built, Dworshak cannot be used as a peaking power facility. Thus, the power plant is operated as a base load plant, with a relatively constant release. Discharge rates from the dam only increase significantly during high water summers, when flooding requires the opening of the spillways. The power plant generates an average of 1.693 billion KWh each year. Water releases from Dworshak Dam are also controlled to optimize power generation at four downstream dams on the Snake River and four more on the Columbia River.  Each winter, the level of Dworshak Reservoir is drawn down an average of to prepare for the North Fork's annual freshet, which once could reach more than after a heavy snowmelt. The reservoir is required to maintain a minimum of of winter flood-storage space, and dam releases are operated so that water levels reach a maximum of in July. However, annual flood control reservations vary with the amount of snowpack in the drainage basin above the dam. The annual flood-control drawdown generally begins in September and ends on April 1 of the following year; snowmelt floods are captured in the reservoir between April and July. Although the reservoir covers more than at full pool, the surface area decreases to at the lowest point of the drawdown. Flood storage space in Dworshak can be interchanged with other major dams in the Columbia River system, including large Columbia mainstem dams such as Grand Coulee, depending on varying flood control requirements in the Columbia Basin.  Water releases from Dworshak are also timed to benefit Pacific salmon and steelhead migration in the Clearwater, Snake and Columbia Rivers. During late summer through the fall, large volumes of cold water are released through the dam's low level outlets to help cool water in downstream rivers, creating more suitable temperatures for these fish species. These environmental or "flow augmentation" releases significantly increase water levels during the late summer, with up to being released through the dam in August and in September. The temperature of the released water generally varies from.

Tourism and economy.

One of the major benefits touted by proponents of the Dworshak Dam was that it would provide recreation and associated economic benefits to local residents. The annual visitation to Dworshak is estimated at between 110,000 and 140,000 people, mostly during the summer high water months. Recreational activities include boating, water-skiing, camping, fishing, hiking and hunting; six boat ramps lie adjacent to the reservoir. Idaho's Dworshak State Park is located on Dworshak Reservoir about north of the dam. The uppermost arm of the reservoir extends into the Clearwater National Forest. A regional visitor center is located at Dworshak Dam, and tours are available of the dam itself. However, the large annual drawdown of the reservoir causes boat ramps and marinas to be out of reach for months each year and an unsightly "bathtub ring" to be visible along the shoreline. A study by the University of Idaho calculated that this mode of operation causes the loss of between $4.5–5.9 million of tourism revenues each year.  The creation of a slackwater pool along of the North Fork formerly assisted logging operations in the region, although the scale of the lumber industry has decreased significantly since the 20th century. About 81 million board feet were transported on Dworshak Reservoir between 1988 and 1991; however, logs have not been barged on the lake since 1991. This is in part because of the implementation of a late-summer flow augmentation scheme that requires greater drawdowns of the reservoir, putting log-handling facilities well above the water level, and also because of the development of backcountry logging roads that allow more efficient transport by truck. It has been suggested that some of Dworshak's flood control space be shifted to Grand Coulee Dam in northern Washington in order to provide increased water for flow augmentation; this would carry the added benefits of improving recreation on the lake.

Dworshak Dam is a concrete gravity dam in the western United States, on the North Fork Clearwater River in Clearwater County, Idaho. The dam is located approximately northwest of Orofino and impounds the Dworshak Reservoir for flood control and hydroelectricity generation. With a height of, Dworshak is the third tallest dam in the United States and the tallest straight-axis concrete dam in the Western Hemisphere. Lacking fish ladders, Dworshak Dam blocks fish passage and completely extirpated anadromous fish migration into the upper reaches of the North Fork Clearwater River and its tributaries in Idaho. Construction of the dam by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began in 1966 and was completed in 1973.

Le barrage Dworshak est un barrage en États-Unis, dans l'État de l'Idaho, sur la. Il est associé à une centrale hydroélectrique de.


Geography.

The Valencian Albufera Nature Park and lagoon lies just south of Valencia, in the municipal areas of 13 towns and four "pedanies" (former towns) adjoined to the capital city, these in turn lying within four comarques or counties, namely, in Horta Sud: Albal, Alfafar, Beniparrell, Catarroja, Massanassa, Sedaví and Silla; in Ribera Baixa: Albalat de la Ribera, Cullera, Sollana, Sueca and El Mareny de Barraquetes; in Ribera Alta: Algemesí; and in the County of Valencia and greater metropolitan area of València, in the "pedanies" of Pinedo, El Palmar, El Saler and El Perellonet. Its proximity to the capital city of the Valencian Land and easy access facilitate nature experiences and birdwatching.  Since 1990, the Valencian Albufera Nature Reserve has been included as a Ramsar Site in the list of wetlands of international importance for birds, established in the Ramsar Convention of 1971. Since 1991 the "Parc Natural de l'Albufera de València" has also been included in the Special Protection Areas ("Zepa" in Spanish).

Fishing.

The most important human use of the lagoon has traditionally been and continues to be fishing.

History.

From prehistoric times the rich fishing has attracted people specializing in this activity there. Fishing was legally recognised in year 1250, when regulations were laid down for the El Palmar Fishing Association (residents of the Valencia extramural parish of Russafa who settled permanently on the island of El Palmar to work more conveniently) and which would then be applied to the fisheries of Silla and Catarroja.

Present day.

Until the lagoon's catchment area started to become industrialised, fishing generated substantial profits, as the clean waters of the lake provided a great diversity and abundance of fish ("gambeta", "petxinot", eels, bass, etc.).  At present, catches of bass and eels have dropped considerably, while those of mullet and American blue crab (a species introduced in the 1980s) have increased.

Agriculture.

Rice growing is another traditional use, though more recent (since the 18th century); it has great economic and environmental importance because plant and animal species that have disappeared from the lake itself still live in the rice fields (where the water of the lagoon is purified). These rice paddies also provide food and shelter for many birds.

Microbes of the Albufera.

L'Albufera is heavily dominated by Cyanobacteria, particularly Synechococcus. The natural microbial population of Albufera has been recently described.

The Albufera, or L'Albufera de València (, meaning "lagoon" in Valencian, from Arabic البحيرة "al-buhayra", "small sea"), is a freshwater lagoon and estuary on the Gulf of Valencia coast of the Valencian Community in eastern Spain. It is the main portion of the "Parc Natural de l'Albufera de València" ("Valencian Albufera Natural Park"), with a surface area of. The natural biodiversity of the nature reserve allows a great variety of flora and fauna to thrive and be observed year-round. Though once a saltwater lagoon, dilution due to irrigation and canals draining into the estuary and the sand bars increasing in size had converted it to freshwater by the seventeenth century.

Le parc naturel de l'Albufera est un site naturel d'Espagne situé à dix kilomètres au sud de Valence, dans l'horta, autour de l'albufera (de l'arabe البحيرة al-buhayra, "la petite mer"), une lagune d'eau douce en bordure de la Méditerranée, avec laquelle elle communique.


Distribution.

English-language distribution rights to the series were acquired by 4Kids Entertainment from worldwide distributor Fun Game Media, Munich and began airing as part of The CW4Kids block on The CW on September 13, 2008, under the name GoGoRiki. "GoGoRiki" began its second season in the United States on August 22, 2009. Fun Game Media was also producing a European version, which began airing on KI.KA on December 8, 2008. Since February 2017, all rights to Kikoriki and PinCode outside of the CIS territories, including Kikoriki episodes in all languages other than Russian, are owned by FUN Union.

Creators.

The series was created as part of the cultural-educational project "World Without Violence" within the Russian federal program "Forming bulwarks of tolerance and preventing extremism in Russian society". It is made with the help of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and with the participation of the company "Master-Film" at the computer animation studio "Peterburg", which was created in March 2000 specifically for "Smeshariki".

Films.

On January 24, 2007, it was announced that a "Smeshariki" feature film was to be made by the St. Petersburg company "Marmelad-media" (which owns the brand) to be released in December 2011. This movie was shot in 3D CGI, unlike the 2D Flash-animated series. An initial budget of $1 million was given to produce a "test film" to show to international partners. According to Marmelad-media's general director Ilya Popov, the final budget would depend on a number of factors, such as whether it will be sold internationally (in which case the budget would be up to $15 million) or limited to Russia (in which case it will cost around $3–4 million). Popov considered spending anything over $5 million to be unprofitable (the highest-grossing Russian animated film to date, "Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber", cost $2.5 million and made just under $10 million; since around half of the profits usually go to the distributors, if it had cost over $5 million it would not have been profitable). The film was released domestically in December 2011, but received a limited release in the UK in early 2012. The film is considered a well thought-through prequel, its plot explaining events that brought the nine animal characters together in the first place.  Two other films, titled "Kikoriki: Legend of the Golden Dragon" and "Kikoriki: Deja Vu" were released on March 17, 2016 and April 26, 2018.

Spin-offs of Kikoriki.

The ABCs of Safety (2006–2012).

"The ABCs of Safety of the Kikoriki" () — a series of instructional and educational short cartoons. A total of 73 episodes were issued, lasting either one minute and thirty seconds, or the conventional six minutes and thirty seconds. Each episode was part of several categories: traffic safety,, health, morals, reading skills, children's rights, etc.  After a long hiatus, in August 2017, a new category of episodes, titled "ABCs of the Internet" debuted, where the characters are taught to work on the Internet.

New Adventures.

"Kikoriki. New Adventures" () — a series of 3D CGI shorts starring the original characters, designed as a continuation of the original 2D shorts. It was broadcast from October 27, 2012 to December 28, 2013, consisting of 57 episodes. This series was scheduled for November 11, 2011, but the actual premiere on the "Channel One" was held on October 27, 2012.

Sport.

A continuation of "Kikoriki. New Adventures" which also uses 3D CG graphics. The premiere is dated September 1, 2017 and took place on the official YouTube channel of this animated series.

Pin-Code.

"Pin-Code" () — an educational spin-off designed to develop interest in inventing, programming and science in children from 4 to 14 years old. Initially, it was supposed to be done in flash-animation (such as the pilot episode "Rescuing the Departing"), but later this idea was abandoned and production began in 3D computer animation instead. The show airs on Channel One on Sundays at 8:45 at Moscow time. From January 18, 2015 to February 7, 2016, the new season of the series aired under the title "Leap to the Future".  In the first season, the characters travel on Sharolyot, a ship invented by Pin, which can travel through the air, under the water, underground, and even in space. The adventures of the heroes are accompanied by stories of Losyash and Pin about the world around them. Each episode of the season, having the subtitle "Nobel Season", ends with information about Nobel Prize winners (narrated by Andrei Levin).  The plot of the second season "Jump to the Future" is built around time travel, in which the characters are sent using the unique invention, the "Sharoscope-3000" (), capable of answering any scientific questions. Pin thinks that it is impossible to interfere with the opening of the future, and Losyash, on the contrary, is obsessed with the idea of knowing everything. Now all the Smeshariki are used to the Sharoscope and they learn about the inventions of the future. September 1, 2017 marked the premiere of the new, third season of the "Pin-Code". It is planned to create 6 seasons, 182 episodes.

BabyRiki.

A pre-school version of this series was created with the same company named BabyRiki

Merchandise.

Character stickers on bananas depicting a Kikoriki character holding a peeled banana have been used by Russian company Navkus (Навкус) and a banana sticker promoting the show has the line “Попробуй Мультик на вкус” (Try Cartoon on taste).

Video Game.

A video game based on the series was released titled "Шарарам" in Russian.

Kikoriki, known in the United States as GoGoRiki and in Russia as Smeshariki (), is a Russian animated television series consisting of 209 episodes of 6 minutes and 30 seconds each, aimed at children of 3 to 8 years. The first episode premiered in Russia on May 17, 2004. The Smeshariki are stylized rounded animals. The series includes complex themes and specific cultural references. The series is aired in 60 countries, is translated to 15 languages and has an everyday audience of 50 million people. The audience in China surpasses the audience in Russia.

Smechariki (en, de, boules amusantes) est une série animée russe pour enfants créée avec le soutien du. Les protagonistes, chacun étant à l'image d'un animal, aux caractères bien distincts, évoluent dans un monde marqué par l'absence de personnages négatifs. La série explore les thèmes sociétaux basiques (relations entre les personnes, respect mutuel), et parfois des thèmes plus philosophiques. La série connait un grand succès jusqu'à voir imprimer les personnages sur des boites de lait.


History.

While the theorem is named after the eponymous author who published his paper in 1972, the same result had been published 20 years earlier by Gerrit Lekkerkerker. As such, the theorem is an example of Stigler's Law of Eponymy.

Proof.

Zeckendorf's theorem has two parts:  The first part of Zeckendorf's theorem (existence) can be proven by induction. For it is clearly true (as these are Fibonacci numbers), for we have. If is a Fibonacci number then we're done. Else there exists such that. Now suppose each has a Zeckendorf representation (induction hypothesis) and consider. Since, has a Zeckendorf representation. At the same time,, so the Zeckendorf representation of does not contain. As a result, can be represented as the sum of and the Zeckendorf representation of.  The second part of Zeckendorf's theorem (uniqueness) requires the following lemma:  The lemma can be proven by induction on.  Now take two non-empty sets of distinct non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers and which have the same sum. Consider sets and which are equal to and from which the common elements have been removed (i.e. and ). Since and had equal sum, and we have removed exactly the elements from formula_2 from both sets, and must have the same sum as well.  Now we will show by contradiction that at least one of and is empty. Assume the contrary, i.e. that and are both non-empty and let the largest member of be and the largest member of be. Because and contain no common elements,. Without loss of generality, suppose. Then by the lemma, the sum of is strictly less than and so is strictly less than, whereas the sum of is clearly at least. This contradicts the fact that and have the same sum, and we can conclude that either or must be empty.  Now assume (again without loss of generality) that is empty. Then has sum 0, and so must. But since can only contain positive integers, it must be empty too. To conclude: ∅ which implies, proving that each Zeckendorf representation is unique.

Fibonacci multiplication.

One can define the following operation formula_3 on natural numbers, : given the Zeckendorf representations formula_4 and formula_5 we define the Fibonacci product formula_6  For example, the Zeckendorf representation of 2 is formula_7, and the Zeckendorf representation of 4 is formula_8 (formula_9 is disallowed from representations), so formula_10  A simple rearrangement of sums shows that this is a commutative operation; however, Donald Knuth proved the surprising fact that this operation is also associative.

Representation with negafibonacci numbers.

The Fibonacci sequence can be extended to negative index using the re-arranged recurrence relation which yields the sequence of "negafibonacci" numbers satisfying  Any integer can be uniquely represented as a sum of negafibonacci numbers in which no two consecutive negafibonacci numbers are used. For example: , for example, so the uniqueness of the representation does depend on the condition that no two consecutive negafibonacci numbers are used.  This gives a system of coding integers, similar to the representation of Zeckendorf's theorem. In the string representing the integer, the digit is 1 if appears in the sum that represents ; that digit is 0 otherwise. For example, 24 may be represented by the string 100101001, which has the digit 1 in places 9, 6, 4, and 1, because. The integer is represented by a string of odd length if and only if.

Zeckendorf's theorem, named after Belgian mathematician Edouard Zeckendorf, is a theorem about the representation of integers as sums of Fibonacci numbers.

Le <dfn>théorème de Zeckendorf</dfn>, dénommé ainsi d'après le mathématicien belge Édouard Zeckendorf, est un théorème de théorie additive des nombres qui garantit que tout entier naturel formula_1 peut être représenté, de manière unique, comme somme de nombres de Fibonacci distincts et non consécutifs. Cette représentation est appelée la représentation de Zeckendorf de formula_1.


Before European contact.

In the Pre-Columbian era, the northern areas of the relaxing Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. Most notable among these were the Maya peoples, who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and the Aztecs, who had created a vast empire. The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo-Colombian Area.

Spanish Colonial Era.

Central America is composed of seven independent nations: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. After the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, most of the inhabitants of Central America shared a similar history. The exception was the Western Caribbean Zone, which included the Caribbean coast and encompassed both semi-independent indigenous polities, runaway slave communities, and settlers, especially British settlers who would eventually form British Honduras (the modern-day nation of Belize), a sparsely populated area that was inhabited by the British through the Treaty of Madrid from Spain. When Spain failed to regain control over British Honduras, the British continued to inhabit the country and eventually colonized it. When Guatemala gained its independence, they assumed inheritance of British Honduras from Spain. British Honduras had been a British settlement, not a colony (the treaty between Spain and The United Kingdom prohibited British colonies in the territory) for several years. After many years of controversy, a treaty was signed between Guatemala and the United Kingdom in which the Guatemalan President of the time recognized the original territory (granted by the kingdom of Spain to the British Crown) of Belize. Within this treaty, was also an agreement for a cart road to be built from Guatemala City through British Honduras to the Caribbean Sea. Since the cart road was never built, Guatemala declared the treaty null and void. British Honduras, as the British called it, and Belize as the Spaniards and Guatemalans said, gained its independence from Great Britain in 1981 and adopted the name "Belize". Guatemala still disputes the Belizean territory.  From the 16th century through 1821, Central America formed the Captaincy General of Guatemala, sometimes known also as the Kingdom of Guatemala, composed by a part of the state of Chiapas (nowadays part of Mexico), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Officially, the Captaincy was part of the Vice royalty of New Spain and therefore under the supervision of the Spanish viceroy in Mexico City. It was, however, administered not by the viceroy or his deputies, but by an independently appointed Captain General headquartered first in Antigua and later in Guatemala City.

Independence.

In 1811, independence movements broke out in El Salvador in reaction to events in the Peninsular War, and again in 1814 after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. Both revolts were easily suppressed and the political unrest was subsumed into the general political process in the Spanish world that led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Between 1810 and 1814, the Captaincy General elected seven representatives to the Cádiz Cortes, in addition to forming a locally elected Provincial Deputation. In 1821 a congress of Central American "Criollos" in Guatemala City composed the Act of Independence of Central America to declare the region's independence from Spain, effective on 15 September of that year. That date is still marked as independence day by most Central American nations. The Spanish Captain General, Gabino Gaínza, sympathized with the rebels and it was decided that he should stay on as interim leader until a new government could be formed. Independence was short-lived, for the conservative leaders in Guatemala welcomed annexation by the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide on 5 January 1822. Central American liberals objected to this, but an army from Mexico under General Vicente Filisola occupied Guatemala City and quelled dissent.  When Mexico became a republic the following year, it acknowledged Central America's right to determine its own destiny. On 1 July 1823, the congress of Central America declared absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republican system of government, was established.

Federal Republic of Central America.

In 1823, the Federal Republic of Central America was formed. It was intended to be a federal republic modeled after the United States of America. It was provisionally known as "The United Provinces of Central America," while the final name according to the Constitution of 1824 was "The Federal Republic of Central America." It is sometimes incorrectly referred in English as "The United States of Central America." The Central American nation consisted of the states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In the 1830s, an additional state was added, Los Altos, with its capital in Quetzaltenango, occupying parts of what is now the western highlands of Guatemala as well as part of Chiapas (now part of Mexico), but this state was reincorporated into Guatemala and Mexico respectively in 1840.  Central American liberals had high hopes for the federal republic, which they believed would evolve into a modern, democratic nation, enriched by trade crossing through it between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. These aspirations are reflected in the emblems of the federal republic: The flag shows a white band between two blue stripes, representing the land between two oceans. The coat of arms shows five mountains (one for each state) between two oceans, surmounted by a Phrygian cap, the emblem of the French Revolution.  The Union dissolved in civil war between 1838 and 1840. Its disintegration began when Nicaragua separated from the federation on November 5, 1838. The United Provinces of Central America (or PUCA- Provincias Unidas De Centro-America in Spanish) is the name given to the different states of Central America in the time after Central America's independence and before becoming their own distinct nations (between 1823-1840). It was a political movement that strived to unify the regions of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala (Panama and Belize at the time were under separate ownership) under a liberal federal government and believed that united they would be a stronger political unit. Unfortunately, due to many strong political disagreements within the different states, the UPCA eventually disbanded and the regions became separate nations with devastating political and economic civil wars that are still felt today.  The kingdom of Guatemala, as Central America was more commonly known as during Spanish and Mexican rule, was annexed into Mexico in 1822 under the rule of emperor Agustín de Iturbide. Shortly after, opposition from Central Americans began against the monarch and they pushed for independence from Mexico. Iturbide's unsuccessful leadership of Central America caused his party to fail against the uprising rebels and on July 1, 1823, Central America gained its independence. After independence, officials from the different regions gathered in a junta to decide the future of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala. They decided to unite into a federation of five autonomous states, thus creating the UPCA, a term coined by Brigadier General Vicente Filisola, who was stationed in Guatemala City.  The UPCA's aims were to be a liberal government with political principles modeled after the United States, and also to remain united. They felt that the “provinces alone were too small and weak economically to survive as sovereign states” so they “avert[ed] fragmentation of the isthmus” and pushed for union. However, the UPCA soon noticed that there were many political ideals between the regions and conservative parties on the other end of the political spectrum actively showed their discontent under the new liberal regime. Despite this, the beginning of the federation went relatively smoothly and negotiations helped them reform borders, capital cities were moved to accommodate the citizens, and economies of coffee grew high. All the while, tensions between the liberals and conservatives and power struggles within the different economies increasingly grew.  One the most notable key figures of UPCA was Francisco Morazan, a liberal advocate who was chosen president of the UPCA. In the 1820s and through the 1830s Morazan took an active role in liberal movements throughout Central America, especially in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras against conservative parties. These battles between parties increasingly divided the nation causing sour relationships and distance between them. Differences between liberals who wanted free trade, favored a republic and had anti-clerical views contested those of the conservatives who wanted a monarchy, trade under close control and power to the church. These conflicts, along with cholera outbreaks, foreign intervention, and distress among those in poverty caused many insurgencies, resulting in various civil wars throughout Central America.  Morazan was captured in Costa Rica by the conservative party and they assassinated him on September 15, 1842), which marked the official end of the UPCA. Upon notification of his death, greater turmoil and fights among the opposing liberal and conservative parties increased. It is said that the conservative-liberal struggles that Morazan campaigned for are still in effect today. In addition, lacking a central authority proved to be unproductive and created more disputes and distrust within the different nations. In fact, foreigners who were looking to make economic and/or political negations were told that they had to go to each individual region for consultations and found it inconvenient. The desire for power and their inability to overcome bad relations among each other led to the fall of the UPCA. Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica seceded from the union in 1838. In 1839 Guatemala seceded, and in 1840 El Salvador did the same.  The provinces shortly after became their own separate republican nations, of which we are more familiar with today and eventually Panama and Belize came to be seen as part of what we know today as "Central America." Tensions among the different nations, however, continued to grow more aggressive throughout the rest of the 19th century. Despite knowing that unification would overall work better for Central America, they remained separate. Though many attempts to reunite the nations have been attempted throughout the years, none has succeeded. Civil wars continued to be part of Central America through the 20th into the 21st century.

Greater Republic of Central America.

Various attempts were made to reunite Central America in the 19th century, but none succeeded for any length of time. The first attempt was in 1842 by former President Francisco Morazán, who was quickly captured and executed. The abortive attempt proposed to restore the union as the Confederation of Central America and planned to include El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This first attempt lasted until 1844.  A second attempt was made and lasted from October to November 1852, when El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua created a Federation of Central America (). Guatemalan President Justo Rufino Barrios attempted to reunite the nation by force of arms in the 1880s and was killed in the process, like his 1842 predecessor.  The third union of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador as the Greater Republic of Central America or "Republica Mayor de Centroamerica" lasted from 1896 to 1898. The last attempt occurred between June 1921 and January 1922 when El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica formed a (second) Federation of Central America. The treaty establishing this federation was signed at San José, Costa Rica on January 19, 1921. This second Federation was nearly moribund from the start, having only a provisional Federal Council made up of delegates from each state.  Despite the failure of a lasting political union, the concept of Central American reunification, though lacking enthusiasm from the leaders of the individual countries, arose from time to time. In 1856–1857, the region successfully established a military coalition to repel an invasion by American adventurer William Walker. Today, all five nations fly flags that retain the old federal motif of two outer blue bands bounding an inner white stripe. Costa Rica, traditionally the least committed of the five to regional integration, modified its flag significantly in 1848 by darkening the blue and adding a double-wide inner red band, in honor of the French tricolor.

The liberal reforms period.

Even though the dates for this period change from country to country, they approximately correspond to the years between 1870 and 1930. During this time, political elites in the five Central American countries advanced reforms on agriculture, commerce, and redefined the relationship between the state, society and the economy. The most relevant political figures during this period were the presidents Justo Rufino Barrios in Guatemala, Rafael Zaldivar in El Salvador, Braulio Carrillo Colina and Tomas Guardia in Costa Rica, Marco Aurelio Soto in Honduras, and Jose Santos Zelaya in Nicaragua. The key result of this period in all the Central American countries was a transition from communal to private ownership of land. The extent to which liberals targeted common lands for privatization varied from country to country. Likewise, there were important differences in the size of the commercial landholding estate. Another variation among the policies promoted by the liberal governments was the use of coercion and security organizations in to implement reforms to the land ownership policies.

20th century.

In 1907, a Central American Court of Justice was created. On December 13, 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the Central American Common Market (CACM). Costa Rica chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of import substitution industrialization policies. The project was an immediate economic success but was abandoned after the 1969 "Football War" between El Salvador and Honduras.  By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase Banana republic.  A Central American Parliament has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. The regional parliament seat deputies from the four former members of the Union (Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras), as well as from Panama and the Dominican Republic.  Another initiative is known as Free Movement of Persons in the CA-4, which has opened the borders between Nicaragua and Guatemala removing the need to carry a passport to cross borders, just a national ID (cédula de identidad) is enough to cross borders. This initiative is the result of negotiations of the Central American Commission of Directors of Migration (OCAM) with the support of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This initiative has been in effect since 2007.

When studying the history of Central America one must first clarify just what Central America is. Today (2019) it is commonly taken to include Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. This definition matches modern political borders. However, in some senses and at some times Central America begins in Mexico, at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the former country of Yucatán was part of Central America. At the other end, before its independence in 1903 Panama was politically and culturally part of the South American country of Colombia, or its predecessors. At times English-speaking Belize, with a quite different history, has been considered as apart from Central America.

Au cours de l'époque précolombienne, les territoires de l'Amérique centrale sont occupés par des sociétés autochtones assurant la transition entre les civilisations mésoaméricaines et celles de l'Amérique du Sud. L'Histoire de l'Amérique centrale prend un certain relief à partir de l'exploration et de la colonisation espagnoles.


Background.

On 19 November 2011, MRT invited Kaliopi to represent Macedonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. After this announcement, Kaliopi and MRT held a press conference where Kaliopi revealed that she was unsure about what type of song she would take to the competition, but that she would consider her own compositions as well as those of her colleagues and international submissions. The instrumental composition for Crno i belo was sent to Kaliopi by former band member and ex-husband Romeo Grill, with whom she had extensively collaborated with previously on solo material, as well as decades prior when the band "Kaliopi" was still active. Kaliopi wrote lyrics for the composition and proceeded with recording the song in early 2012 with Grill at the MRT studio in Skopje.

Eurovision Song Contest.

On 29 February, in an hour and a half long program aired by MRT, Kaliopi was joined by musical guests from the region where she performed songs from her repertoire, as well as unveiling Crno i belo for the first time. In the same evening Kaliopi also performed the English version of the song, Black and White.  Macedonia was drawn to compete 2nd at the second semi-finals on 24 May. The song eventually advanced into the finals and was drawn to perform 22nd in the line-up. At the grand final, held on 26 May, the song eventually placed 13th, with 71 points. It scored the same as 12th placed Romania's Mandinga, but the latter earned points from more countries, causing Kaliopi to place 13th instead.

Music video.

The music video for "Crno i belo", directed by Aleksandar Ristovski - Princ, was filmed in Bitola. The video premiered on 17 March 2012. It is set in an empty theatre and abandoned building. Kaliopi performs the song with a piano on stage while supporting musicians are filmed at other locations. The video was submitted as the official preview video for Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest.

Crno i belo ("Black and White"; ) is a song by Macedonian singer-songwriter Kaliopi. The song was written by Kaliopi and Romeo Grill and produced by Grill. It is best known as Macedonia's entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The song qualified Macedonia to the final evening of the competition after a preceding four-year period of non-qualifying entries. The song placed 13th in the competition with a total of 71 points, receiving top marks from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.

Crno i belo () est la chanson de l'artiste nord-macédonienne Kaliopi qui représente la Macédoine au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2012 à Bakou, en Azerbaïdjan.


Origins.

The Hata are said to have come to Japan from China through the Chinese Lelang Commandery, then through the Kingdom of Baekje (both on the Korean peninsula). Lelang, near what is today Pyongyang, was the greatest of the Four Commanderies of Han created in 108 BC in the areas captured after the conquest of the Wiman Joseon state (194 BC – 108 BC), which corresponds to the current North Korea, by Emperor Wu of the Chinese Han dynasty. A flux of Chinese immigration into the Korean peninsula continued without cessation, implanting Chinese culture and technology there. Some scholars say the Hata clan did not come from Baekje, but from the Silla or Gaya area.  The first leader of the Hata in Japan, Uzumasa-no-Kimi-Sukune, arrived during the reign of Emperor Chūai, in the 2nd century CE. According to the "Nihon Shoki", a Heian-period Japanese chronicle, he and his followers were greeted warmly, and Uzumasa was granted a high government position.  Roughly one hundred years later, during the reign of Emperor Ōjin, a Korean prince,, visited Japan from the Kingdom of Baekje, in Korea. He had long wanted to emigrate to Japan, but the Kingdom of Silla would not permit him to do so. Having enjoyed the experience of meeting 120 people of his clan at Mimana.  Yuzuki no Kimi left Japan but soon returned, in 283, with additional members of his clan "from 120 districts of his own land", as well as a massive hoard of treasures, including jewels, exotic textiles, and silver and gold, which were presented to the Emperor as a gift. The Hata are said to be descended from Yuzuki no kimi, who was allegedly a descendant of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty.

Spread.

The Hata were the most prominent inhabitants of the Kyoto basin at the time the area entered into history, in the 6th and 7th centuries.  The Hata are said to have been adept at financial matters, and to have introduced silk raising and weaving to Japan. For this reason, they may have been associated with the "kagome" crest, a lattice shape found in basket-weaving. During the reign of Emperor Nintoku (313-399), the members of the clan were sent to different parts of the country to spread the knowledge and practice of sericulture. Members of this clan also served as financial advisors to the Yamato Court for several centuries. Originally landing and settling in Izumo and the San'yō region, the Hata eventually settled in the areas where Japan's most important cities are now. They are said to have aided in the establishment of Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto), and of many Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, including Fushimi Inari Taisha, Matsunoo Taisha, and Kōryū-ji. Emperor Yūryaku granted the clan the family name of Uzumasa in 471, in honor of Sake no kimi's contributions to the spread of sericulture. Over the next few centuries, they were given the right to the status ("kabane") of Miyatsuko, and later Imiki.  A number of samurai clans, including the Chōsokabe clan of Shikoku, the Kawakatsu clan of Tanba, and the Jinbō clan of Echigo province, claimed descent from the Hata. The Koremune clan, also allegedly descended from the Emperor of Qin, were related to the Hata as well. Prince Koman-O came to dwell in Japan in the reign of Emperor Ōjin (c. 310). His successors received the name Hata. This name was changed to Koremune in 880. The wife of Shimazu Tadahisa (1179–1227) (son of Minamoto no Yoritomo and ancestor of the Shimazu clan of Kyūshū), was a daughter of Koremune Hironobu.  The population of Neyagawa in Osaka Prefecture includes a number of people who claim descent from the Hata. The cities of Ōhata and Yahata are not directly related to Hata clan.  The Hata were also claimed as ancestors by Zeami Motokiyo, the premiere Noh playwright in history, who attributed the origins of Noh to Hata no Kawakatsu. According to Zeami's writings, Kōkatsu, the ancestor of both the Kanze and Komparu Noh lineages, was the first to introduce "kagura" Shinto ritual dances to Japan in the sixth century; this form would later evolve into "sarugaku" and then into Noh.

Jewish ancestry theory.

The hypothesis that the Hata clan were a Jewish Nestorian tribe was proposed by Saeki Yoshiro in 1908. Saeki developed a theory described by Ben-Ami Shillony as being "somewhat similar" to that advanced by Norman McLeod in 1879.  In 1879 the Scottish businessman Norman McLeod, who had lived in Japan since 1867, published in Nagasaki "Japan and the Lost Tribes of Israel". Based on "personal research and observation", the book identified the Japanese as the descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes... Over thirty years later, in 1908, Saeki Yoshiro (1872-1965), a Waseda University professor, a Christian, and expert on Chinese Nestorians, published a book in which he developed a somewhat similar theory. According to Saeki, the Hata clan, which arrived from Korea and settled in Japan in the third century, was a Jewish-Nestorian tribe... Saeki's writings spread the theory about "the common ancestry of the Japanese and the Jews" ("Nichi-Yu dosoron") in Japan, a theory that was endorsed by some Christian groups.  There is no evidence available, including modern DNA analysis, to support this hypothesis. A recently published study of the genetic origins of Japanese people does not support a genealogical link as put forward by Saeki. Researcher and author Jon Entine emphasizes that DNA evidence excludes the possibility of significant links between Japanese and Jews.

The was an immigrant clan active in Japan since the Kofun period (250–538), according to the history of Japan laid out in "Nihon Shoki".

Le est un clan immigré actif au Japon depuis la période Kofun selon le récit épique "Nihonshoki". « Hata » est la lecture japonaise du nom chinois 秦 (« État et dynastie ») donné à la dynastie Qin (le vrai nom de famille est « Ying ») et donné à leurs descendants installés au Japon. Le "Nihonshoki" présente le clan comme un clan ou une maison mais pas comme une tribu. Par ailleurs, seuls les membres de la famille principale ont le droit d'utiliser le nom « Hata ».


Mission.

The constellation of WGS satellites increases the communications capabilities of the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Australia by providing additional bandwidth and communications capabilities for tactical command and control, communications, and computers; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR); battle management; and combat support information. Canada has also signed on to become a partner.  WGS also augments the current Ka-band Global Broadcast Service (on UHF F/O satellites) by providing additional information broadcast capabilities as well as providing new two-way capability on that band. It provides services to the US DoD and Australian Department of Defence. The IWS System supports continuous 24-hour-per-day wideband satellite services to tactical users and some fixed infrastructure users. Limited protected services will be provided under conditions of stress to selected users employing terrestrial modems capable of providing protection against jamming.

Capabilities.

The WGS satellites will complement the DSCS III Service Life Enhancement Program (SLEP) and GBS payloads and will offset the eventual decline in DSCS III capability. WGS will offer 4.875 GHz of instantaneous switchable bandwidth, thus each WGS can supply more than 10 times the capacity of a DSCS III Service Life Enhancement Program (SLEP) satellite. Once the full constellation of 6 WGS satellites is operational, they will replace the DSCS system. WGS-1 with its 2.4 Gbit/s wideband capacity, provided greater capability and bandwidth than all the DSCS satellites combined.

Segments.

Operation and usage of the system is broken into 3 segments.  The end users of the communication services provided by the WGS are described by the DoD as the terminal segment. Users include the Australian Defence Force and U.S. Army ground mobile terminals, U.S. Navy ships and submarines, national command authorities for the nuclear forces, and various national security/allied national forces. Additionally, the Air Force Satellite Control Network will also use the WGS in a similar manner as the DSCS III constellation is used to route ATM packets through the DISA "cloud" to establish command and control streams with various satellite constellations. One of the emerging applications is SATCOM-ON-The-Move which is now being extensively used on the military tactical vehicles for Blue Force Tracking and C3 missions.  The satellite operators in charge of commanding and monitoring the satellite's bus and payload systems as well as managing the network operating over the satellite are the control segment. Like the DSCS constellation that WGS will replace, spacecraft bus will be commanded by the 4th Space Operations Squadron of Schriever AFB, Colorado. Payload commanding and network control is handled by the Army 53rd Signal Battalion headquartered at nearby Peterson AFB, Colorado with subordinate elements A Co. at Fort Detrick, Maryland, B Co. at Fort Meade, Maryland, E Co. at Fort Buckner, Okinawa Japan, C Co. Landstuhl Germany, and, D Co. Wahiawa, Hawaii.  The primary contractor for the satellites themselves is Boeing Satellite Development Center, which is building them around the Boeing 702 satellite platform. Originally five satellites were planned. On October 3, 2007, Australia's Department of Defence announced that the country would fund a sixth satellite in the constellation. Once in their orbits at an altitude of, each will weigh approximately. The program intends to use both the Delta IV and the Atlas V as launch vehicles. The Air Force Space Command estimates each satellite will cost approximately US$300 million.  The first three WGS satellites form Block I of the space segment. The next three, WGS satellites 4, 5, and 6, make up Block II. The next four, WGS 7, 8, 9, and 10, make up Block II Follow-On.

Launches.

Block I.

The first launch (WGS-1) was conducted by United Launch Alliance (ULA) on 1 October 10, 2007. The satellite was carried by an Atlas V (421) lifting off from LC-41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). After launch, the WGS-1 satellite was given the US military designation "USA-195". Its coverage area stretches from the U.S. western coast to Southeast Asia.  Launch of the second satellite (WGS-2) was also conducted by ULA, at 01:31 UTC on April 4, 2009, using an Atlas V 421. A ULA Delta IV flying from LC-37B at CCAFS launched the third spacecraft on 6 December 2009. The WGS-2 satellite was positioned over the equator around 60° East longitude (over the Indian Ocean) for use by U.S. Central Command in Afghanistan, Iraq and other parts of Southwest Asia. Originally, the second spacecraft was to fly on the Delta, and the third on the Atlas, but they were switched for an undisclosed reason.  WGS-3 was launched on December 6, 2009, covers the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The satellite was launched by a Delta IV "Medium+ (5,4)" rocket (originally Atlas V but switched with WGS-2; see above).

Block II.

WGS-4, the first of the Block II, was launched by United Launch Alliance from SLC-37B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station by a Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) on January 20, 2012, 00:38 AM UTC.  WGS-5 was successfully launched by a Delta IV rocket flying in the Medium+(5,4) configuration, with lift-off taking place from SLC-37B in Florida at 20:27 local time on May 24, 2013.  In May 2013, Boeing reported that the WGS-6 satellite had been shipped to Florida, WGS-6 was launched on a Delta IV rocket at 20:29 EDT (00:29 GMT) on 7 August 2013 from Cape Canaveral Airforce Base.  These satellites represent the Block II WGS satellites.

Block II Follow-On.

On August 23, 2010, Boeing was awarded an Air Force contract worth $182 million to begin work on the seventh WGS satellite. The new spacecraft was procured under the WGS Block II follow-on contract which included options for production of up to six WGS satellites.  WGS-7 was successfully launched by a Delta IV rocket, with lift-off taking place from Complex 37 in Florida at 0007 GMT (20:07 local time) on 24 July 2015.  WGS-8 was successfully launched by a Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) rocket on December 7, 2016 at 2353 GMT (6:53 p.m. EST) from SLC-37B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The Delta IV's Delta Cryogenic Second Stage deployed the satellite as planned at 0035 GMT on December 8, 2016 (December 7, 2016 7:35 p.m. EST).  WGS-9 was launched on March 18, 2017. It was launched on a Delta IV launch vehicle. The satellite was partially-funded by allied nations, including Canada, for military access to the entire WGS constellation  WGS-10 was launched atop a Delta IV rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on March 15, 2019. WGS-10 is the latest part of a constellation of highly-capable communications satellites that serve the armed forces of the United States and its allies. It carries Ka-band and X-band transponders with 8.088 gigahertz of bandwidth – offering downlink speeds of up to 11 gigabits per second.  In 2019, Boeing received a contract to build an 11th WGS satellite. WGS-11 is to be completed by Boeing by November 20, 2023 under a $605 million contract.

The Wideband Global SATCOM system (WGS) is a high capacity satellite communications system planned for use in partnership by the United States Department of Defense (DoD), Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) and the Australian Department of Defence. The system is composed of the "Space Segment" satellites, the "Terminal Segment" users and the "Control Segment" operators.

Wideband Global SATCOM ou WGS (avant 2007 "Wideband Gapfiller Satellite", appelé "Système mondial de communications par satellite à large bande" par le Canada) est un système de télécommunications militaire américain à haut débit reposant sur une constellation de satellites de télécommunications placés en orbite géostationnaire dont le déploiement est en cours en 2012. Il est développé par le département de la Défense des États-Unis avec une participation de l'Australie. Les utilisateurs sont les armées américaine, australienne, canadienne, danoise, néerlandaise, néo-zélandaise et luxembourgeoise. Il doit dans un premier temps compléter les systèmes de télécommunications DSCS et avant de les remplacer. La capacité de chaque satellite WGS est 10 fois supérieure à celle de l'ensemble des satellites DSCS III.


Background.

According to Allee Willis, "Neutron Dance" was written in hopes of being placed on the soundtrack of the film "Streets of Fire": "We were told that there was a scene on a bus that was leaving town after there had been this nuclear holocaust, and that a '50s doo-wop black group was going to be at the back of the bus that the lead couple was escaping on... Danny Sembello and I just met that day... I was very disinterested in songwriting at that point, and I'm writing with this kid who's never had a record before, and I just wanted to get him in and out. He was a phenomenal keyboard player, and I just said: 'Play the most common sounding old fashioned '50s black music bass line that you can think of.' And he just started doing the [rhythm for "Neutron Dance"]. And I'm someone who could write a melody to a spoon falling on the table. So I literally sang that melody down. First time down, he just kind of followed and went to the right places. And then I said, Let's just write this quick lyric... we're taking a half an hour on the lyric, and this thing's gonna get done."  Willis adds that the lyric theme of "Neutron Dance" was due to "all this stuff going on in my life: "I don't want to take it anymore, I'll just stay here locked behind the door. Just no time to stop and get away, because I work so hard to make it every day." Really a lyric about all these things falling apart in your life, and you know what, just get it together and change your life." According to Willis while working on the lyrics with Sembello she looked through a window and saw someone attempting to break into her car: while running outside to scare off the thief Willis called out to Sembello: "Someone stole my brand new Chevrolet", and the line was included in the song.

The Pointer Sisters version / "Beverly Hills Cop".

"Neutron Dance" featuring Ruth Pointer on lead vocal was introduced on the Pointer Sisters' October 1983 album release "Break Out"; Ruth Pointer would recall: "When I first heard 'Neutron Dance' I didn't want to sing it. I liked [its] rhythm and vigorous arrangement but to me the word 'neutron' had a violent connotation on account of the neutron bomb then so much in the news." Ruth Pointer recalls suggesting to Allee Willis that the song's lyric be modified: "she told me to quit overthinking it and just sing the damn song! Luckily I shut up and listened. I gave 'Neutron Dance' a gospel feel and nailed it in a few takes."  Despite four singles being released from "Breakout" in its initial year of release "Neutron Dance" was issued as a single in November 1984, the major factor in the track's single release being the placement of the song on the soundtrack of the upcoming film "Beverly Hills Cop" which was released December 5, 1984. In "Beverly Hills Cop", "Neutron Dance" was prominently featured during a key car chase sequence with whose action the song proved musically and lyrically compatible: Allee Willis would describe the experience of witnessing her composition featured in the film as "mind-bogglingon that line,'someone stole my brand new Chevrolet,' this cigarette truck that Eddie Murphy is locked up in the back of, screaming through the streets of Detroit, slams into this Chevrolet. And 'I'm just burning, doing the Neutron Dance,' which to me meant someone could push the button tomorrow and we could all go up in smoke, so make your change now. On that line, a car explodes. I mean, I couldn't have written a better song for a movie scene if my life depended on it." According to Ruth Pointer, although "Neutron Dance" proved effective when utilized in the rough cut of the film's car chase sequence, the producers of "Beverly Hills Cop" were disinclined to retain the song, instead asking Richard Perry to create a new similarly-styled track to score the car chase sequence in the completed film: however, Perry demurred opining that "Neutron Dance" was a "one in a million song."  Concurrent with the single's release, a video for "Neutron Dance" began airing on MTV. The music video stars the Pointer Sisters as discontented theatre ushers, and also features future "Perfect Strangers" star Bronson Pinchot as their boss; the setting was a cinema where "Beverly Hills Cop" was screening, allowing for the promotion of the movie via many clips from it being displayed in the video. Pinchot himself plays a minor role in the film as "Serge", a salesman in Jenny Summers' art gallery.  In March 1985 "Neutron Dance" became the fourth Top Ten single issued from the "Breakout" album rising as high as #6 and consolidating the career zenith of the Pointer Sisters who prior to the success of "Jump (For My Love)" subsequent to that of "Automatic" - the second and third singles from "Breakout" - had never had back-to-back Top 20 singles. "Neutron Dance" would prove to be the group's final Top Ten hit: after a sixth single release from "Breakout": "Baby Come & Get It", fell short of the Top 40, "Dare Me", the lead single from the follow-up album to "Breakout": "Contact", stalled at #11 and the group's sole further Top 40 charting: "Goldmine" (1986), rose no higher than #33. The Pointer Sisters did just miss the Top 40 with "Be There", a track in the vein of "Neutron Dance" - being co-written by Allee Willis with Franne Golde and featuring Ruth Pointer on lead - for the soundtrack of "Beverly Hills Cop II", "Be There"'s peak being #42.  Released at the height of the Cold War, "Neutron Dance" was misinterpreted by the Russian Government as a song about nuclear war.

Track listings.

7" single

References.

2. Referenced in P.M. Dawn's 1991 single "Set Adrift On Memory Bliss"

"Neutron Dance" is a song written by Allee Willis and Danny Sembello which was introduced by the Pointer Sisters on their 1983 album "Break Out". The song became a Top Ten hit in 1985, its success augmented by being prominently featured on the soundtrack of motion picture "Beverly Hills Cop".

Neutron Dance est une chanson du groupe The Pointer Sisters, paru sur l'album "Break Out" fin 1983, puis en single en 1984.


Overview.

Much like the continuous Galerkin (CG) method, the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is a finite element method formulated relative to a weak formulation of a particular model system. Unlike traditional CG methods that are conforming, the DG method works over a trial space of functions that are only piecewise continuous, and thus often comprise more inclusive function spaces than the finite-dimensional inner product subspaces utilized in conforming methods.  As an example, consider the continuity equation for a scalar unknown formula_1 in a spatial domain formula_2 without "sources" or "sinks" :  where formula_4 is the flux of formula_1.  Now consider the finite-dimensional space of discontinuous piecewise polynomial functions over the spatial domain formula_2 restricted to a discrete triangulation formula_7, written as  The index formula_13 should show the relation to an underlying discretization given by formula_14. Note here that formula_9 is not uniquely defined at the intersection points formula_16.  At first we make use of a specific polynomial basis on the interval formula_17, the Legendre polynomials formula_18, i.e., Note especially the orthogonality relations Transformation onto the interval formula_21, and normalization is achieved by functions formula_22 which fulfill the orthonormality relation Transformation onto an interval formula_10 is given by formula_26 which fulfill For formula_29-normalization we define formula_30, and for formula_31-normalization we define formula_32, s.t.  Finally, we can define the basis representation of our solutions formula_34 Note here, that formula_34 is not defined at the interface positions.  Besides, prism bases are employed for planar-like structures, and are capable for 2-D/3-D hybridation.

DG-scheme.

The conservation law is transformed into its weak form by multiplying with test functions, and integration over test intervals By using partial integration one is left with The fluxes at the interfaces are approximated by numerical fluxes formula_39 with where formula_41 denotes the left- and right-hand sided limits. Finally, the "DG-Scheme" can be written as

Scalar elliptic equation.

A scalar elliptic equation is of the form  This equation is the steady-state heat equation, where formula_44 is the temperature. Space discretization is the same as above. We recall that the interval formula_45 is partitioned into formula_46 intervals of length formula_47.  We introduce jump formula_48 and average formula_49 and The linear forms formula_51 and formula_52 are and  The penalty parameter formula_55 is a positive constant. Increasing its value will reduce the jumps in the discontinuous solution. The term formula_56 is chosen to be equal to formula_57 for the symmetric interior penalty Galerkin method; it is equal to formula_58 for the non-symmetric interior penalty Galerkin method.

In applied mathematics, discontinuous Galerkin methods (DG methods) form a class of numerical methods for solving differential equations. They combine features of the finite element and the finite volume framework and have been successfully applied to hyperbolic, elliptic, parabolic and mixed form problems arising from a wide range of applications. DG methods have in particular received considerable interest for problems with a dominant first-order part, e.g. in electrodynamics, fluid mechanics and plasma physics.

Les méthodes de Galerkine discontinues (méthodes GD, en abrégé) sont une classe de méthode numérique de résolution des équations aux dérivées partielles, nommées en référence au mathématicien Boris Galerkine. Elle réunit des propriétés de la méthode des éléments finis (approximation polynomiale de la solution par cellule) et de la méthode des volumes finis (définition locale de l'approximation et calcul des flux aux interfaces des cellules du maillage). Cette définition lui permet d'être appliquée à des systèmes d'équations hyperboliques, elliptiques et paraboliques, plus particulièrement aux problèmes dont le terme de premier ordre est dominant (équations de transport, électrodynamique, mécanique des fluides et physique des plasmas).


Personal.

Chen was born in Taiwan. He earned a BA degree (1971) and MA degree (1973) in law from the National Taiwan University.

Politics.

FSC Chairmanship.

Sean Chen's popularity grew in Taiwan when he was the Chairman of the Financial Supervisory Commission who signed three Memoranda of Understanding with his Mainland Chinese counter parties in January 2010 in the field of Banking, Insurance and Investments. This was viewed as a major milestone in furthering economic ties with the Chinese, allowing Taiwanese financial institutions access to the Mainland's vast and fast growing markets. In a discussion with Sam Radwan that appeared in an article in Bloomberg Businessweek he showed confidence that he would be able to achieve preferential treatment for Taiwan in what is considered by many foreign financial services institutions to be a market where Chinese regulators have not provided a level playing field.

ROC Premiership.

On 6 February 2012, Chen was appointed Premier of the Republic of China in succession to Wu Den-yih. After one year of economic challenges and considerable public criticism, he stepped down from his office on health grounds on 1 February 2013, to be replaced by the Vice Premier Jiang Yi-huah.

Cross-strait relations.

In March 2012, Chen gave his view on cross-strait relations at the Legislative Yuan. He agrees to the One-China policy, and that China is the Republic of China. Chinese mainland area belongs to the same country as Taiwan area, but it's just that Mainland China is not under the effective control of the ROC government.

Chen Chun (; born 13 October 1949), also known as Sean Chen in English, is a former Premier of the Republic of China, a member of the Kuomintang.

Sean Chen (), né le à Taïwan, a été Premier ministre de Taïwan du au, date à laquelle il démissionne. Il avait succédé à Wu Den-yih, nommé vice-président.


History.

British Airways' sale of BA Connect to Flybe in 2007 did not include the London City Airport operations and its associated fleet of ten Avro RJ100 regional jet aircraft. This led to British Airways' decision to resurrect erstwhile Gatwick-based CityFlyer Express (which BA had integrated into its Gatwick mainline short-haul operation in 2001, following the acquisition of CityFlyer Express in 1999) as a new wholly owned subsidiary to take over this operation,. BA CityFlyer was awarded an Air Operators Certificate on 8 February 2007, and started operations on 25 March 2007.  In February 2016, BA CityFlyer announced that it would commence operating flights from London-Stansted in May 2016. In January and February 2017, they announced that they would commence summer seasonal services from Manchester, Bristol, Edinburgh, Dublin and Birmingham to a variety of destinations in Spain, Italy, Greece and France. This marks the return of BA to the regions after an absence of nearly 10 years. Flights will also operate in the summer between London City and Manchester, operating with Embraer 190 aircraft.  In 2018, the airline reported nearly doubled profits, with profits increasing 28% and revenue up by 18%. Recently, the airline has pulled out from operating at both Birmingham and Bristol and has made several changes to its schedule increasing frequency and adding new services to Rome.

Fleet.

, the BA CityFlyer fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Destinations.

In addition to their scheduled flights from London City, the airline also operates a number of charter flights from Edinburgh, Glasgow, Humberside and the Isle of Man.  On weekends, London City Airport operates under restricted hours to prevent noise pollution. During the summer, BA CityFlyer operates weekend flights from London Stansted and Manchester to various European destinations.

Statistics.

BA CityFlyer carried over 2.8 million passengers in 2019, a 4.8% increase from 2018.

Accidents and incidents.

On 13 February 2009, BA CityFlyer Flight 8456 (an Avro RJ100, registered G-BXAR, flying from Amsterdam) suffered a nose-gear collapse whilst landing at London City Airport. None of the 67 passengers or five crew members was seriously injured in the incident, but three passengers suffered minor injuries, two of whom were kept in hospital overnight. After a normal approach the nose landing-gear fractured as it was lowered onto the runway, due to the presence of a fatigue-crack in the upper internal bore of the landing-gear main fitting.  It was found that the crack had formed as a result of poor surface finish during manufacture, and the incomplete embodiment of a manufacturer's service bulletin, which the landing-gear maintenance records showed as being implemented at its last overhaul in June 2006. The aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair, and was written off by insurers in May 2009.

BA CityFlyer is a wholly owned subsidiary airline of British Airways with its head office in the Didsbury area of Manchester, England. It operates a network of domestic and European services from its main bases at London City Airport and Edinburgh Airport as well as other minor UK bases. All services operate with BA's full colours, titles and flight numbers. BA Cityflyer Limited holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, meaning that it is permitted to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

BA CityFlyer est une compagnie aérienne britannique fondée en 2007 à Manchester. Filiale à 100 % de British Airways, elle opère depuis sa base à l’aéroport de Londres City vers des destinations au Royaume-Uni et en Europe. Ces avions portent les couleurs et numéros de vol de sa maison-mère. Elle a transporté près de 1,2 million de passagers en 2012.


History.

In 1948, Chamberlin reported results of the first market experiment. Since then the acceptability, recognition, role, and methods of experimental economics have evolved. From the early 1980s on a similar pattern emerged in experimental finance. The foundational work in experimental finance was the work of Forsythe, Palfrey and Plott (1980), Plott and Sunder (1982), and Smith, Suchanek and Williams (1988).

Scientific value.

Financial economics has one of the most detailed and updated observational data available of all branches of economics. Consequently, finance is characterized by strong empirical traditions. Lots of analysis is done on data from stock exchanges including bids, asks, transaction prices, volume, etc. There is also data available from information services on actions and events that may influence markets. Data from these sources is not able to report on expectations, on which theory of financial markets is built. In experimental markets the researcher is able to know expectations, and control fundamental values, trading institutions, and market parameters such as available liquidity and the total stock of the asset. This gives the researcher the ability to know the price and other predictions of alternative theories. This creates the opportunity to do powerful tests on the robustness of theories which were not possible from field data, since there is little knowledge on the parameters and expectations from field data.

Advantages.

Financial data analysis is based on data drawn from settings created for a purpose other than answering a specific research question. This results in the situation where any interpretation of the results may be challenged since it ignores other variables that have changed. Traditional data analysis issues include omitted-variables biases, self-selection biases, unobservable independent variables, and unobservable dependent variables.  Properly designed experiments are able to avoid several problems:  Omitted-variables bias: Multiple experiments can be created with settings that differ from one another in exactly one independent variable. This way all other variables of the setting are controlled, which eliminates alternative explanations for observed differences in the dependent variable.  Self-selection: By randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups, the experimenters avoid issues caused by self-selection and are able to directly observe the changes in the dependent variable by changing by altering certain independent variables.  Unobservable independent variables: Experimentalists can create experimental settings themselves. This makes them able to observe all variables. Traditional data analysis may not be able to observe some variables, but sometimes experimenters cannot directly elicit certain information from subjects either. Without directly knowing a certain independent variable, good experimental design can create measures that to a large extent reflects the unobservable independent variable and the problem is therefore avoided.  Unobservable dependent variables: In traditional data studies, extracting the cause for the dependent variable to change may prove to be difficult. Experimentalists have the ability to create certain tasks that elicit the dependent variable.

Types of experiments.

Laboratory experiments.

Laboratory experiments are the most common form of experimentation. Here the idea is to construct a highly controlled setting in a laboratory. The use of lab experiments increased due to growing interest in issues such as economic cooperation, trust, and neuroeconomics. In this type of experiments, treatment is assigned randomly to a group of individuals in order to compare their economic actions and behavior to an untreated control group within the artificial laboratory environment. The ability to control the variables in the experiment provides for more accurate assessment of causality.

Controlled field studies or randomized field experiments.

Controlled field experiments also randomize treatments but do so in real world applications. Average effects on people's behavior can then be consistently estimated by comparing behavior before and after the allocation.

Natural experiments.

A natural experiment happens when some feature of the real world is randomly changed which allows using the exogenous variation due to this change to study causal effects of an otherwise endogenous explanatory variable. Natural experiments are popular in economic and finance research since they offer intuitive interpretation of the underlying identifying assumptions and enable a broader audience to check their consistency, this compared to purely statistical identification.

Main findings.

Experimental methods in finance offer complementary methodologies that have allowed for the observation and manipulation of underlying determinants of prices, such as fundamental values or insider information. Experimental studies complement empirical work, particularly in the area of theory testing and development. Exploiting this experimental methodology has revealed some important findings over the past years. These findings could not have been reached by traditional field data analysis alone and are therefore experimental finance’s main contributions to the field of finance:

The goals of experimental finance are to understand human and market behavior in settings relevant to finance. Experiments are synthetic economic environments created by researchers specifically to answer research questions. This might involve, for example, establishing different market settings and environments to observe experimentally and analyze agents' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows, information diffusion and aggregation, price setting mechanism and returns processes.

La finance expérimentale est une branche de l'Économie expérimentale visant à valider ou approfondir des théories financières, par le biais de l'étude de simulations au sein de petits groupes observés, se livrant à des échanges sur un marché informatisé factice. Ces simulations de micro-marché peuvent porter sur le marché boursier, le marché des changes, le marché à terme, Dans une structure de marché factice pré-déterminée, l'expérimentation étudie les comportements et décisions d'un groupe d'investisseurs pour révéler les propriétés d'un marché.


Background.

Initial recording sessions for "Transnational Speedway League" began in January 1993 at Razor's Edge Studio in San Francisco, California with producer Jonathan Burnside, during which the songs "Binge and Purge", "Bacchanal", "Earthworm", "Heirloom", "Walking in the Great Shining Path of Monster Trucks" and "Effigy" were recorded and mixed. After a short break, Clutch returned to the studio in April to complete the album, working with producer Steven Haigler at Spa Studio Inc. in New York City, New York on the remaining songs, "A Shogun Named Marcus", "El Jefe Speaks", "12 Ounce Epilogue", "Milk of Human Kindness" and "Rats".  "Transnational Speedway League" has been described by commentators as one of the heaviest releases of Clutch's career. "Metal Hammer" writer Mörat described the album as "a stark reminder of just how good angry music could sound", noting its presence in a scene dominated by "the grunge explosion" which was much less heavy. According to Mörat, opening song "A Shogun Named Marcus" had to be removed from the band's live set lists for several years "because it incited people to kick the shit out of each other". The album received a Parental Advisory sticker for the repeated use of the word "motherfucker" in the song "Binge and Purge".  The album was promoted by the release of a music video for the song "A Shogun Named Marcus", which was directed by Dan Winters who also provided photography for the album. The band toured throughout 1994 in promotion of the album, including support dates for Brazilian groove metal band Sepultura, American industrial metal band Fear Factory and British sludge metal band Fudge Tunnel.

Reception.

Media response to "Transnational Speedway League" was generally positive. Jeremy Ulrey of AllMusic praised the album for its "dogged hard rocking and consistent songwriting prowess", highlighting the first half of the album over the second half but overall dubbing it "one of the brighter debuts to emerge in the '90s". In a feature published in 2016, "Metal Hammer" columnist Mörat ranked "Binge and Purge" on his list of "The top 10 best Clutch songs", outlining that "it doesn't get much heavier than this, the third track from Clutch's debut album", and describing the song as "quite simply, music to kill people to". In an earlier feature, in which he hailed the album as being "in a class of its own", Mörat also praised opening track "A Shogun Named Marcus", which he credited as "the moment when many a rock fan became a Clutch devotee... the 'wow' moment".

Transnational Speedway League: Anthems, Anecdotes and Undeniable Truths (often shorted to Transnational Speedway League) is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Clutch. Recorded at Razor's Edge Studio in San Francisco, California with producer Jonathan Burnside and at Spa Studio Inc. in New York City, New York with producer Steven Haigler, it was released by EastWest Records on August 17, 1993. The album was promoted by a music video for opening track "A Shogun Named Marcus", directed by Dan Winters.

Transnational Speedway League: Anthems, Anecdotes, and Undeniable Truths est le premier album du groupe américain de stoner rock Clutch, publié le, par East West Records.