Plot.

"Bridegroom" chronicles the story of Shane Bitney Crone and his partner Thomas Lee "Tom" Bridegroom, who died in 2011 following an accidental fall from the rooftop of a four-story apartment building in Los Angeles. After Bridegroom's death, Crone found himself cut off and deprived of any legal protection. The film tells the story of their 6-year-long relationship, and the struggles Crone faced after Bridegroom's death, including the family not allowing Crone to attend the funeral of his life partner.

Production.

The film had its origins in "It Could Happen to You", a short film Crone released on YouTube in 2012 to mark the first anniversary of Bridegroom's death. Following extensive promotion of the video through social networking, Bloodworth-Thomason, who had once met the couple at a wedding in Palm Springs, California, contacted Crone about expanding it into a full-length film. Production began in the summer of 2012.  The film's budget of $384,375 was raised on the crowd-funding site Kickstarter, outperforming its $300,000 goal and becoming the most-funded documentary film project in the history of crowd-funding to date.

Music.

The songs used in the film include original music from the couple's friends; Colleen McMahon (solo and a duet with Tom), Ben Rector (performed by Colleen and Shane), Allison Gray (with Tom on keyboard), several snippets of Tom's own recordings, and a song from Adam Lambert who had met Shane after seeing "It Could Happen To You" on YouTube. Other original songs are performed by Benjy Gaither, Margo Rey, Nathan Young, and Lana Ranahan. The soundtrack also includes popular music from Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and Fun.. The soundtrack is listed on iMDb as follows:  The original song "If I Fall" performed by Tom and Allison Gray in a scene in the film was never studio recorded, but a video of a home performance of the full song was posted on YouTube in November 2013. ()

Reception.

"Bridegroom" received very positive reviews; on Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 82% "fresh" rating. On Metacritic, the film has an 85/100 rating, indicating "universal acclaim".  "Bridegroom" has been positively reviewed by the "Los Angeles Times", the "New York Times", and "Variety". "The documentary 'Bridegroom,' written and directed by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason (of "Designing Women" fame), is a poignant, powerful tale of first love and untimely death as well as a practical, frankly undeniable, plea for marriage equality... Despite the pain, sadness and vast emotional upheaval depicted here, "Bridegroom" is also a movie filled with hope and passion, dignity and pride, and many stirring pockets of joy."  Peter Debruge of "Variety" wrote: "Inspired by a viral YouTube video and deftly directed by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason ("Designing Women"), "Bridegroom" is about an unmarried gay couple in their 20s and what happens when one of them dies. That's the simple summary of this simply told but exceptionally moving documentary. What 'Bridegroom' celebrates is not simply gay rights; it's the human spirit." Another review stated, "For many, it's precisely the sort of emotional eye-opener needed for young people to find inspiration and naysayers to reconsider their attitudes.". The reviewer went on to say, "In lieu of telling the story via simple white captions, the documentary relies on straightforward talking-head interviews with Crone's family and the couple's shared circle of friends, who describe how these two closeted small-town guys clicked when they met in Los Angeles, quickly forming the kind of relationship that romantics everywhere envy."

Distribution.

"Bridegroom" made its television premiere on October 27, 2013, on the Oprah Winfrey Network. The film was released for instant streaming on Netflix and on DVD on November 19, 2013.

Bridegroom (full title: Bridegroom: A Love Story, Unequaled) is a 2013 American documentary film about the relationship between two young gay men, produced and directed by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason. "Bridegroom" premiered at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival on April 23, 2013, and attracted further press coverage because its premiere screening at the festival was introduced by former President Bill Clinton.

Le film relate « une histoire d’amour américaine » entre deux jeunes hommes. La première de "Bridegroom" a eu lieu le lors du Festival du film de TriBeCa 2013. La projection a été introduite par l’ancien Président des États-Unis Bill Clinton ce qui lui a valu une couverture médiatique importante. Le film a remporté le « Prix du Meilleur film documentaire » décerné par le public du festival.


Summary.

This summary recounts the story of the older of the two main recensions of "Bósa saga", which is the one that is usually edited and translated.

The setup.

The story begins with King Hring ("Hringr") of Östergötland, who is said to be son of King Gauti son of King Odin of Sweden and half-brother to King Gautrekr the Generous, who appears as king of Västergötland in "Gautreks saga". But chronology is flattened so that Hring is made a contemporary of Harald Wartooth, King of Denmark and Sweden. Hring's wife is Sylgja daughter of Jarl Sæfara ('Seafarer') of Småland. Sæfara also has two sons, named Dagfari ("Dayfarer") and Náttfari ("Nightfarer"), who serve King Harald.  Herraud, the primary hero of the saga, is the son of Hring and his wife Sylgja. But Hring also has an illegitimate son named Sjód ("Sjóðr"), who serves as Hring's treasurer and tax collector and from whose name, according to the saga, the word "sjóðr" ("purse") derives. Hring prefers Sjód to Herraud.  Herraud's best friend is Bósi, the younger son of a former viking named Thvari or Bryn-Thvari by Brynhild, a former shieldmaiden and a daughter of King Agnar of Nóatún. (Thvari had formerly partially maimed Brynhild in a duel, whence she was known as Bögu-Brynhild "Stunt-Brynhild", for she never fully recovered. Thvari then married Brynhild, who bore him two sons, Smid ("Smiðr") and Bósi. Smid learned some magic from their foster mother Busla, who was a powerful sorceress.) Bósi is sometimes called Bögu-Bósi after his mother.  Bósi is a rough boy who is eventually outlawed for maiming some other folk in a ball-game. Herraud, discontented, gains permission from his father, over Sjód's objections, be allowed to set off on a Viking expedition with five ships. Herraud is eventually joined by the exiled Bósi and they successfully plunder for five years. Meanwhile, back in East Götaland, Herraud's half-brother Sjód extorts funds from Bósi's father Thvari under the pretence that this is legal compensation for those men whom Bósi has injured. Now it chances that Bósi's ship was driven to Wendland, where Sjód happens to be on a purchasing expedition for King Hring. Bósi and Sjód quarrel over the matter and Bósi kills Sjód.  Herraud then returns to his father's court, offering to make compensation for Sjód's death; but King Hring refuses all offers. Civil war breaks out between father and son. Hring manages to capture Herraud and Bósi and prepares to execute them. But that night Busla, Bósi's foster-mother, noted for her magic powers, appears suddenly in King Hring's bedchamber, and harasses the king with a curses known as "Buslubæn" ('Busla's prayer') until the helpless king agrees to make peace with Herraud and Bósi to the extent of sending them on a dangerous quest instead of executing them.

The quest.

The following day Hring exiles both Herraud and Bósi, Herraud for life and Bósi the same unless Bósi can find and bring back a vulture's egg inscribed with golden letters.  The two head off to Bjarmaland and have many adventures. An erotic encounter between Bósi and a farmer's daughter is told in amusingly explicit riddling dialogue. The two companions are able to kill a vulture that guards the temple of Jomali in Bjarmaland, obtaining its egg; they slay the priestess Kolfrosta, the mother of King Harek of Bjarmaland; and they rescue Hleid ("Hleið"), the sister of King Godmund ("Guðmundr") of Glæsisvellir, who has been magically brought there to be turned into the new priestess. Herraud takes Hleid as his wife and they and Bósi return to East Götaland where King Hring, on receiving the shell of the vulture's egg, is reconciled with Bósi and his son.

Further adventures.

At that point Herraud and Bósi head off to aid King Harald in the famous Battle of Bråvalla and are among the few survivors.  Meanwhile, King Godmund of Glæsisvellir, not knowing what has become of his sister Hleid, promises Siggeir, son of King Harek of Bjarmaland, that Siggeir can have her as his wife if he can find her. Siggeir and his brother Hrærek learn about Hleid's abduction from Bjarmaland by Herraud and Bósi and their destruction of the temple, and they set out for Götaland. There they attack King Hring who has small strength with him, most of his forces having gone to Bråvalla. Hring is killed in battle and Hleid is taken back to Glæsisvellir.  On their return from Bråvalla, Herraud and Bósi, accompanied by Bósi's brother Smid and Bosi's foster-moster Busla, set out to rescue Hleid. They accomplish their goal after many further adventures (and two further erotic encounters between Bósi and two maidens with riddling dialogues). Herraud regains Hleid and Bósi abducts King Harek's daughter Edda. Both Smid and Busla show their magical prowess. When King Harek of Bjarmaland attacks in the form of a giant boar, a giant bitch (apparently Busla) opposes him. Both fall into the sea and are never heard of again.

Epilogue.

Herraud becomes king of East Götaland as heir to his father while Bósi becomes king of Bjarmaland by his marriage to Edda. By one of his other erotic encounters Bósi becomes the father of Svidi the Bold, the father of Vilmund the Absentminded.  Meanwhile, Herraud and Hleid become the parents of a daughter, that same famous Þóra Town-Hart ("Þóra Borgarhjörtr") who kept a serpent in her bower and only he who could slay it could gain her hand in marriage. The eventual slayer and husband is the famous Ragnar Lódbrok. The tale explains at the end that this serpent had sprung from the vulture's egg which Herraud and Bósi had obtained in their quest.

Other references to Herraud.

This tale of Ragnar and the serpent also appears in "Ragnars saga loðbrókar" and "Þáttr af Ragnars sonum", though in the former Herraud appears as Jarl Herrud ("Herruðr") of Gautland and in the latter as Herraud, Jarl of West Götaland. But Herraud's father is also called Hring in this version. A variant with two serpents instead of one appears in Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum" (Book 9) where Herraud appears as Herothus King of Sweden. None of these accounts explain the origin of the serpent or serpents and it would seem that the story of Herraud and Bósi was in part invented as a prequel to fill that gap.

Influences.

The saga influenced "Sigrgarðs saga frœkna".

Bósa saga ok Herrauds or Saga of Bósi and Herraud is a legendary saga written around 1300, whose earliest copies are preserved in three 15th-century manuscripts, relating the fantastic adventures of the two companions Herraud (Old Norse "Herrauðr") and Bósi.

Bósa saga ok Herrauðs (en français : "Saga de Bósi et Herraud") est une saga légendaire écrite vers l'an 1300 et conservée dans trois manuscrits du. Elle raconte les aventures des deux amis, le prince "Herraud" (vieux norrois "Herrauðr") et le coquin "Bósi".


Waterfalls and rapids.

The Rhine Falls, which are the largest plain waterfalls of Europe, are in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen. They are wide and high. In the winter months, the average water flow is, while in the summer, the average water flow is.  The rapids in the High Rhine should be viewed in the context of the relatively high slope—from above sea level in just —and the change of the river's course during the Würm ice age. In Neuhausen am Rheinfall, the river falls into a previously buried stream channel, forming the Rhine Falls at Schaffhausen. The next rapids are the Kadelburg Rapids at Koblenz. Near Laufenburg, the post-glacial Rhine failed to find the old silted-up channel and hit a spur of Black Forest crystal. The river cut itself a gorge, containing the Laufenburg Rapids. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids have been artificially eliminated by blowing up the rocks and raising the water level with dams.

Interventions.

The character of the river has been changed over long distances by the construction of hydropower station. The Laufenburg and Schwörstadt Rapids were removed by blowing up rocks, originally to improve navigation, and later flooded due to the hydropower dams.  Between Diessenhofen and Stein am Rhein, the High Rhine has yet to be dammed. The first power plant of the Rhine is currently at Schaffhausen; it has a damming effect to slightly above Diessenhofen. The next power plant (the "Kraftwerk Reckingen") is located at Rekingen and Küssaberg. After Rekingen, the High Rhine flows freely through the Koblenz Rapids to the confluence with the Aare. The next hydropower plant (the "Kraftwerk Albbruck-Dogern"), is at Leibstadt and Dogern. There are seven more power plant between here and Basel. Altogether, the High Rhine has eleven dams and twelve hydropower plants (there are two plants at the Augst/Wyhlen Dam.

Geography.

Towns.

Some parts of the High Rhine valley are fairly wide; others are more gorge-like. The population density varies accordingly. Prominent towns on the High Rhine include Stein am Rhein, Schaffhausen, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Waldshut, Laufenburg, Bad Säckingen, Rheinfelden and Basel.  The most important organizations for cross-border cooperation on the High Rhine are High Rhine Commission and High Rhine Agency.

Tributaries.

Larger tributaries of the High Rhine are Biber, Thur, Töss, Glatt, Wutach, Aare, Alb, Murg, Sissle, Wehra, Ergolz and Birs.  The Aare with has a larger discharge than the Rhine with. From hydrological point of view, therefore, the Rhine is a tributary of the Aare, not vice versa. The Rhine is, however, generally considered the main stream, because it is slightly longer than the Aare.

Areas.

Numerous areas along the High Rhine are currently, or were historically considered important. From west to east, they are Dinkelberg, Augstgau, Fricktal, Tabel Jura, Albgau, Aargau, Hotzenwald, Klettgau, Zurzibiet, Zürichgau and Thurgau.  Authorities on the Baden-Württemberg side of the river are organized in a framework called "Regionalverband Hochrhein-Bodensee" ("Regional cooperation High Rhine — Lake Constance").

Radioactive waste.

Switzerland plans to bury its nuclear waste at Benken, near the border with Germany.

The High Rhine () is the name used for the beginning of the Rhine and specifically the portion that flows westbound from Lake Constance to Basel. The High Rhine begins at the out flow of the Rhine from the Untersee in Stein am Rhein and turns into the Upper Rhine in Basel. In contrast to the Alpine Rhine and Upper Rhine, the High Rhine flows mostly to the west.

Le Haut-Rhin, appelé "" en allemand, est une subdivision du Rhin qui débute après Stein am Rhein, à l'extrémité ouest du lac de Constance. Il coule vers l'Ouest et passe de d'altitude à.


Background.

In 1976, Alan Dean Foster was contracted to ghostwrite a. Foster was given some drafts of the script, rough footage and production paintings for use as source material in fleshing out the novel.  Foster's contract also required a second novel, to be used as a basis for a low-budget sequel to "Star Wars" in case the film was not successful. Though Foster was granted a great deal of leeway in developing the story, a key requirement was that many of the props from the previous production could be reused when shooting the new film. Foster's decision to place his story on a misty jungle planet was also intended to reduce set and background costs for a film adaptation. Han Solo and Chewbacca were also left out as Harrison Ford had not signed a contract to film any of the sequels at the time of the novel contract. Lucas's only request upon inspecting the manuscript was the removal of a space dogfight undertaken by Luke and Leia before crash-landing on the planet, which would have been effects-heavy and expensive to film.  The Kaiburr concept originated in the early drafts of the original "Star Wars" film, where it featured as a MacGuffin the Jedi needed to retrieve from the Sith. It was also the antecedent of the kyber crystal which was canonized as the power crystal used in both lightsabers and the Death Star.

Plot.

Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia are traveling with R2-D2 and C-3PO to the planet Circarpous IV to persuade its inhabitants to join the Rebel Alliance. A strange energy storm forces them to crash land on the swampy Circarpous V, known to the locals as Mimban. They begin looking for a space port to get off the planet but instead find a town, near which agents of the Empire have an energy mine—the cause of the crash. Forced to keep their identities secret, Luke and Leia take refuge in a nearby bar. An old woman named Halla approaches them, identifies Luke as strong with the Force, and shows him a splinter of what she claims to be the Kaiburr crystal, which focuses the Force. Halla strikes a deal with Luke and Leia to help her find the whole crystal, and in return she will help them get off the planet. A squabble between Luke and Leia attracts the attention of miners emerging from the pub, who claim that fighting in public is against Imperial law; they all get into a brawl. Imperial stormtroopers intervene and incarcerate Luke and Leia. They are questioned by Imperial Captain-Supervisor Grammel, who confiscates the crystal shard along with Luke's weapons. Luke and Leia are placed in a maximum-security cell with two drunk but friendly Yuzzem, hairy creatures called Hin and Kee. Grammel reports the incident and gives the crystal shard to the Imperial governor of the star system. Halla uses the Force to help Luke, Leia and the two Yuzzem. The Yuzzem rampage through the jail, while Luke and Leia escape.  The four meet Halla and the droids to find the Temple of Pomojema, which Halla believes to be the location of the Kaiburr crystal. They travel through the swampy wilds of Mimban, during which they encounter a wandrella, a huge worm-like creature, which pursues them and separates Luke and Leia from the others. Luke and Leia hide in a well, down which the wandrella falls, leaving the two trapped. From the lip of the well, Halla suggests that there must be an escape route underground, at the end of which Halla and the others will rejoin them. Luke and Leia journey underground, floating across a lake on lily pads, and fending off sea creatures with Luke's lightsaber. On the other side of the lake, they encounter the secretive residents of the caves, the Coway, who have captured Halla, the droids and the Yuzzem. To save his friends, Luke defeats the Coway's champion fighter and thus impresses the tribe. At a tribal banquet, Luke senses Darth Vader, confirmed by Coway patrols—Imperials, led by Vader and Grammel, are approaching.  When the Imperials arrive, they are surprised by the Coway tribe's resistance in battle. Vader and Grammel retreat with the handful of surviving stormtroopers, though Vader loses patience with Grammel for the defeat and kills him. Luke and company steal a recently abandoned Imperial transport, and travel to the temple, where they find the Kaiburr crystal. They encounter a monster and unsuccessfully try to fight it off with blasters. Luke cuts down one of the pillars holding up the temple, crushing the monster, but Luke's leg is pinned under a boulder. Vader then enters the temple, announcing that he killed Hin and Kee. Leia takes up Luke's lightsaber and begins fighting Vader, who gives her multiple superficial burns with his own saber. Hin, mortally wounded, shows up and lifts the rock off of Luke before perishing. Luke fights Vader, showing more skill than expected, deflecting some Force-based attacks and eventually slicing off Vader's arm. Despite this, the Sith lord seems about to win, but then falls into a pit. Luke senses that this is not the end of Vader. He and Leia, healed by the crystal, drive off with Halla into the mists of Mimban.

Legacy.

An additional sequel novel was planned, but by the time "Splinter" was published, "Star Wars" had broken box office records. The film adaptation of "Splinter of the Mind's Eye" was abandoned in favor of Lucas's vision of a big-budget sequel ("The Empire Strikes Back"). Nevertheless, riding on the success of the film in its first year of release, the book became a bestseller.  The book was reprinted in 1994 as "Classic Star Wars: Splinter of the Mind's Eye", and retroactively placed two years after the original film, or one year before "The Empire Strikes Back".  The "AP" listed "Splinter of the Mind's Eye" as one of the most essential works of the "Star Wars" Expanded Universe.  With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film were rebranded as "Legends" and declared non-canon in April 2014. However, concept art for "Rogue One" (2016) used Mimban as a name for the city which eventually developed into Jedha (another source of kyber), and a planet called Mimban was featured in 2018's "". Additionally, Marvel Comics' "The Rise of Kylo Ren" features Ben Solo traveling to Mimban, where he learns of the Mindsplinter—possibly the Kaiburr crystal by another name.

Comic book adaptation.

The book was adapted as a graphic novel by Terry Austin and Chris Sprouse and published by Dark Horse Comics in 1996. It incorporated characters from "The Empire Strikes Back" who did not appear in the original novel.

References.

Footnotes Citations

Splinter of the Mind's Eye is a science-fiction novel written by Alan Dean Foster as a sequel to the film "Star Wars" (1977). Originally published in 1978 by Del Rey, a division of Ballantine Books, the book was written with the intention of being adapted as a low-budget sequel to "Star Wars" in the event that the original film was not successful enough to spawn the franchise it would ultimately go on to produce.

Initialement, ce roman a été écrit au cas où le film "" n'aurait pas été un succès, pour pouvoir être adapté et tourné en film comme une suite à petit budget.


Playing career.

Early career.

Grubauer began his career in Germany, playing for the junior (U18) team of his hometown Starbulls Rosenheim beginning in 2006 at the age of 15. The following season, 2007–08, Grubauer played 23 games for the Starbulls U18 team, as well as five games with the senior club. Following the 2007–08 season, Grubauer moved to North America to play with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) after being selected 25th overall in the 2008 CHL Import Draft. Grubauer served as the Bulls' back-up goaltender in the 2008–09, but became the team's starter in 2009–10. That season, he played in 31 games for the Bulls before being traded in January 2010 to the Windsor Spitfires in a seven-player deal. The Spitfires won the Memorial Cup for the second consecutive year that May, and Grubauer led all goaltenders in the tournament with a.930 save percentage and a 2.14 goals against average (GAA).  On 26 June 2010, Grubauer was selected in the fourth round, 112th overall, by the Washington Capitals in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft.  Just a few days after the NHL Draft, Grubauer, along with Windsor's first-round 2010 CHL Import Draft pick, was traded to the Kingston Frontenacs in exchange for Nick Czinder, A. J. Jarosz, Kingston's first-round pick in the 2010 CHL Import Draft and Kingston's second- and seventh-round (conditional) picks in the 2011 OHL Priority Draft.  Grubauer signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Capitals on 4 October 2010, as his season with the Frontenacs began.  Grubauer played 38 games for the Frontenacs before falling ill with mononucleosis in February. He returned to Germany to recuperate and missed the rest of the season, his final age-eligible season in the OHL.

Professional.

Washington Capitals.

Grubauer returned to the ice for the first time since his bout with mononucleosis at the Capitals' 2011–12 season development camp. He reported that he had lost 20 pounds while ill. Following training camp in September, Grubauer was eventually assigned to the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL, a minor league affiliate of the Capitals. Grubauer was recalled to the American Hockey League (AHL)'s Hershey Bears on 12 October 2011, but did not play any games and returned to the Stingrays on 23 October. On 8 November 2011, the ECHL announced that Grubauer had been named the Reebok Hockey ECHL Goaltender of the Week for the week of 31 October to 6 November. Grubauer was 3–0–0 with one shutout, a 1.00 GAA and a.960 save percentage during that span. Grubauer was named the ECHL's Goaltender of the Month for November. In eight games with the Stingrays in November, he went 6–1–1 with one shutout, a 1.73 GAA and a.935 save percentage. Grubauer was named ECHL Rookie of the Month in January and at the conclusion of the season, was named to the ECHL All-Rookie Team for 2011–12. In the 2012–13 season, the Washington Capitals' ECHL affiliation became the Reading Royals, and Grubauer split the season between Reading and Hershey, moving up to Hershey when the NHL ended their labour lockout and when goaltender Braden Holtby was promoted to Washington full-time for the 2012–13 season. Grubauer made his NHL debut in relief of Braden Holtby in a 4–1 loss to the Philadelphia Flyers on 27 February 2013, stopping all 14 shots faced in just over 25 minutes of play. Grubauer then made his first NHL start on 9 March 2013, in a 5–2 loss to the New York Islanders. He faced 45 shots in the game, stopping 40.  On 6 July 2017, the Capitals re-signed Grubauer to a one-year, $1.5 million contract. During the 2017–18 season, Grubauer recorded a career-high 15 wins in 28 starts. Grubauer was the Capitals' starter to begin the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs after a strong (7-3-0) record in 10 of the final 16 games in the Capitals' regular season. Grubauer made 23 saves in a 4-3 overtime loss in Game One against the Columbus Blue Jackets. However, Holtby permanently took over the goaltending duties from Grubauer after replacing him during Game 2 of the series. The Capitals ended up winning the Stanley Cup after defeating the Vegas Golden Knights in five games.

Colorado Avalanche.

On 22 June 2018, Grubauer, alongside Brooks Orpik was traded to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for a 2018 2nd-round pick during the 2018 NHL Entry Draft. The following day, the Avalanche re-signed Grubauer to a three-year, $10 million contract extension.  He recorded an 18-9-5 record during the regular season, but a second-half surge led Grubauer to be named Colorado's starting goaltender for the 2019 Stanley Cup Playoffs. He helped lead the Avalanche to a first-round upset over the first-place Calgary Flames, but lost in Round 2 to the San Jose Sharks in seven games. Grubauer recorded a 7-5 record with a 2.30 goals against average during the playoffs.  During the 2019 offseason, goaltender Semyon Varlamov signed a free-agent deal with the New York Islanders, cementing Grubauer's place as Colorado's starter.

International play.

Grubauer has appeared in several international competitions, representing Germany. He participated in the 2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge, where Germany placed ninth in the tournament; Grubauer was named to the tournament's All-Star team after posting a.909 save percentage and 3.49 GAA.  Three months following the 2008 U-17 Hockey Challenge, Grubauer, sharing goaltending duties with Felix Brückmann, played in the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships, held in Kazan, Russia. Germany placed fifth in the tournament, and Grubauer was selected as Germany's Player of the Game in Germany's 9–2 loss to Canada on the first day of round robin play.  At the age of 17, Grubauer participated in the 2009 World Junior Championships in Ottawa, Ontario. However, Germany won just one game in the tournament, and following a ninth-place finish, were relegated to Division I for the 2010 World Junior Championships.  Grubauer gained attention while competing for Germany in Division I of the 2010 World Junior Championships in Megève and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, France. Germany placed first in their group, winning all five of their games in order to put them back in the Top Division for the 2011 World Junior Championships. Germany's success was largely due to the play of Grubauer, who posted a 0.64 GAA and a.974 save percentage in five games.  Grubauer then participated in the 2011 World Junior Championships in Buffalo and Lewiston, New York, but Germany performed similarly to the 2009 World Junior Championships and finished tenth, sending them back to Division I for 2012. Grubauer recorded losses for all four games he started in the tournament.

Philipp Grubauer (born 25 November 1991) is a German professional ice hockey goaltender for the Colorado Avalanche in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Philipp Grubauer (né le à Rosenheim en Allemagne) est un joueur professionnel allemand de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de gardien de but.


Playing career.

Amateur.

He was named best defenceman in the British Columbia Hockey League Coastal Conference two years in a row, 2007 and 2008, while playing for the Nanaimo Clippers. He continued his career playing at the college level for the UMass Minutemen of Hockey East.

Professional.

San Jose Sharks.

As an undrafted free agent, Irwin agreed to a contract with the Worcester Sharks of the AHL. Irwin scored 73 points in his first two seasons, and was signed by parent affiliate, the San Jose Sharks after injuries to Jason Demers and Brent Burns.  Irwin scored his first NHL goal on January 26, 2013 against Semyon Varlamov of the Colorado Avalanche. In 38 games with the Sharks in 2013, Irwin scored six goals and six assists, while averaging 2.1 shots on goal per game, the most by a rookie defenceman.  On April 3, 2013, Irwin signed a two-year, $2 million contract extension with the Sharks.

Boston Bruins.

On July 10, 2015, Irwin signed a one-year, $800,000 contract with the Boston Bruins. Irwin made the opening-night roster with Boston for the 2015–16 season. On October 11, 2015, Irwin was waived by Boston after a -5 plus/minus in his first two games. He was reassigned to Boston's AHL affiliate, the Providence Bruins, the following day.

Nashville Predators.

On July 1, 2016, having concluded his contract with the Bruins, Irwin left as a free agent to sign a one-year, two-way contract worth $575,000 with the Nashville Predators. After a few months with the team, Irwin was signed to a one-year, $650,000 contract extension. Irwin spent majority of the season with the Predators, recording 14 points in 74 games. Irwin also appeared in 22 games for the team during the 2017 playoffs, where the Predators fell in six games to the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2017 Stanley Cup Finals.  On January 9, 2018, the Predators re-signed Irwin to a two-year, $1.35 million contract extension.

Anaheim Ducks.

On February 24, 2020, after making 27 appearances with the Predators, Irwin was dealt to the Ducks in exchange for Korbinian Holzer, along with a 2022 sixth-round pick.

Matthew Irwin (born November 29, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing under contract with the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Irwin has previously played in the NHL for the San Jose Sharks, Boston Bruins and Nashville Predators.

Matthew Irwin (né le à Brentwood Bay en Colombie-Britannique, province du Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de défenseur


Historical accounts.

Broteas was consumed on a pyre as a propitiating sacrifice. The mythic rationale, that he was a famous hunter who refused to honour Artemis. Artemis then drove him mad, causing him to immolate himself.  He can be compared to the hunter Actaeon, whose sacrifice is also justified as retribution. There's also a tradition that Broteas was exceptionally ugly, and thus killed himself for that reason.  Broteas had a son Tantalus, like his grandfather.  A Hesiodic papyrus fragment from Oxyrhyncus connects Dardanus, Broteas and Pandion, in a tradition of which there is no further evidence.

Manisa relief.

This ancient rock carving was famous in antiquity. It's located near the town of Magnesia ad Sipylum, and it was believed to have been carved by Broteas. He was said to have carved the most ancient image of the Great Mother of the Gods (Cybele), an image that in Pausanias' day (2nd century CE) was still held sacred by the Magnesians.  The sculpture was carved into the rock-face of the crag Coddinus, north of Spil Mount-Mount Sipylus, whose "daemon" was one of the mythographers' candidates for Broteas' grandfather.  The rock-cut carving mentioned by Pausanias was identified with the Manisa relief in 1881 by W. M. Ramsay and is still to be seen above the road about 6 or 7 km east of Manisa (the modern descendant of Magnesia ad Sipylum), though the head has partly cleaved away, from natural causes. The figure 8–10 metres high carved in a recess in the a cliff-face a hundred metres above the marshy plain near the village of Akpinar, has come to be confused with a nearby natural rock formation associated with Niobe, the "Niobe of Sipylus" (the "Weeping Rock", in Turkish "Ağlayan Kaya"), also mentioned by Pausanias.  Apart from the badly damaged head, the sitting figure is clear enough to be made out by a non-professional. The goddess with the polos headgear holds her breasts with her hands; a vague trace of four Hittite hieroglyphics could be seen on a squared section to the right of her head. The site is Hittite, second millennium BCE.  Nearby, other archaeological sites traditionally associated with the House of Tantalus since Antiquity are also in fact Hittite. Some 2 km east of Akpınar there are another two monuments on Spil Mount, which are also mentioned by Pausanias: the tomb of Tantalus (Christianized as "Saint Charalambos' tomb") and the "throne of Pelops", in fact a rocky altar.

Brotheus and Renaissance invective.

In literature of the Renaissance and later, Broteas is most often called "Brotheus" and described as a son of Vulcan who cast himself into the flames, sometimes specified as those of Mount Aetna, because of his deformity. The immediate source for the Renaissance trope of Brotheus and his self-immolation was Ovid's curse poem "Ibis", an erudite rant of gruesome threats cataloguing the fates of numerous mythic and historical figures. Ovid's reference is minimal: "May you consign your body parts, set on fire, to the pyre to be cremated, as they say Broteas did out of a desire for death."  The Italian humanist and literary agitator Domizio Calderini, also known in Latin as Domitius Calderinus, appended the "Ibis" to his annotated edition of Martial (1474). Calderini's note says that Brotheus was the son of Vulcan and Minerva; scorned because of his ugliness, he cast himself into a burning pyre. The same year, drawing on his classical sources, Calderini published a "Defensio adversus Brotheum" ("Defense against Brotheus"), an attack on his literary rivals Angelo Sabino and Niccolò Perotti under the pseudonyms "Fidentinus," after the plagiarist in Book 1 of Martial's epigrams, and "Brotheus." The literary feud is mentioned in several sources, including Gyraldus, and its notoriety helped establish the predominant version of the myth in the 15th–18th centuries.  The idiosyncratic but enormously influential "Mythologiae" of Natalis Comes (1567) uses this version in a chapter on the aspects of Vulcan and his progeny: "Brotheus, who was mocked by everyone because of his ill-formed appearance, hurled himself into the fire, as if to escape libel by death." This description is repeated closely in "The Anatomy of Melancholy" (1621) by Robert Burton, and early 19th-century versions of Samuel Johnson's "Dictionary" specify that Brotheus "threw himself into Mount Ætna."

21st-century Brotheus.

Broteas, under the Renaissance spelling Brotheus, is also a character in "Anakhronismos," a long-form poem with mock annotations by Mike Ladd. In the poem, Brotheus is called a philosopher and attends the cinema with the poem's speaker, the fictional Aponius Maso. The note identifies Brotheus as the "deformed son of Vulcan and Minerva who burned himself because of the ridicule he suffered."

In Greek mythology, Broteas (Ancient Greek: Βροτέας), a hunter, was the son of Tantalus (by Dione, Euryanassa or Eurythemista), whose other offspring were Niobe and Pelops.

Dans la mythologie grecque, Brotéas est l'un des fils de Tantale et Dioné, le plus mal-aimé de la famille, frère de Pélops, de Niobé.


History.

Desaster formed in 1988. The band had line-up issues before Infernal, the only remaining member of the original line-up, found musicians to continue Desaster in 1990. Okkulto and Odin joined the band in 1992.  After the two demos, "The Fog of Avalon" and "Lost in the Ages" (which Alexander von Meilenwald of Nagelfar and The Ruins of Beverast considers to be one of the five most important recordings for the German scene), Merciless Records released a split-7" with Ungod in 1995, the band's vinyl-debut. In 1996 the first album "A Touch of Medieval Darkness" was released. The line-up for their following release, the 1997 "Stormbringer" mini-album, included new drummer Tormentor.  In 1998, the band released the limited "Ride on for Revenge" picture-single; one of the songs was also released on the "Thrashing Holocaust" compilation CD released via Necropolis Records in 1999. "Hellfire's Dominion", the second album, was released in 1998, which included the song "Metalized Blood" with guest vocals from Wannes of Pentacle, Lemmy of the German speed metal band Violent Force, and Toto of Living Death. By the time it was released, Desaster were considered the most important German black metal band by "Rock Hard" journalist Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann and, according to his review, the whole underground scene; his colleague Götz Kühnemund would later call them "Germany's leading black thrashers". During the recording sessions of the second album, Desaster also recorded the song "Proselytism Real" for the Sodom tribute CD "Homage to the Gods", which was released as a bonus CD of the "Code Red" album's limited edition.  The band celebrated their 10th anniversary in late 1999 with the "Ten Years of Total Desaster" double LP. In 2000, they released a split 10” with the Dutch band Pentacle via Iron Pegasus Records and their third full-length album "Tyrants of the Netherworld", which featured Beliar from Mayhemic Truth as a guest musician.  In summer 2001 Desaster contributed the song "Darkness and Evil" with Sabbat vocalist Gezol on guest-vocals for a Brazilian Sabbat tribute LP. After the band had played several festival-shows (e.g., Fuck the Commerce and Wacken Open Air), vocalist Okkulto decided to leave the band; he was replaced by Sataniac, the former vocalist of the German black/thrash band Divine Genocide. The "Souls of Infernity" 7” (2001) was Okkulto's last release with Desaster. "Divine Blasphemies", featuring the Divine Genocide cover song "Necrolord" and Kreator vocalist Mille Petrozza as a guest vocalist on "Nighthawk", was released in 2002. A show in São Paulo, Brazil, in front of 900 spectators was considered "a special highlight of 2003" by the band; a recording of the show was released as a double LP/CD and DVD on the Brazilian label Mutilation Records. The band moved to Metal Blade Records who released their fifth album "Angelwhore" in 2005, which was also released on vinyl via Iron Pegasus Records.  After performances in Germany, England, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, The Netherlands, Switzerland and other countries, a mini-tour through Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Austria and Slovenia and the South American Tour through Brazil, Peru and Colombia, the band released a 12” vinyl single called "Infernal Voices" with one new song, the re-recorded “Fields of triumph” and a cover version of Unleashed's “Before the creation of time”.  In May 2007 Desaster entered the Harrows Studio, Holland (Asphyx, Pentacle, Occult, Soulburn etc.) to record the sixth studio album "Satan’s Soldiers Syndicate". It features guest appearances by Proscriptor (Absu), A.A. Nemtheanga (Primordial) and Ashmedi (Melechesh).

Musical style.

When Desaster formed, they were inspired by bands like Venom, Hellhammer and Destruction; the name of the band comes from the Destruction song "Total Desaster". They describe their song "Metalized Blood" as a "neck breaking Speed Metal hymn" and their typical style as "thrashing, blacking riff metal without mercy where there is no space for any innovation and modern elements! It’s what Desaster is all about: 'A FIST IN YOUR FACE METAL ATTACK'!" Kühnemund described them as "raw, dirty, honest, heavy and punchy". Desaster's style is closer to traditional thrash metal than to the Norwegian black metal style; although they are often referred to as a black metal band, Frank Stöver considers them a pure thrash metal band whose style, strongly influenced by the old German thrash metal, still sounds "refreshing and honest", unlike many other bands that had black metal roots and then started to play thrash metal. Robert Pöpperl-Berenda described songs like "Victim of My Force", "Tyrants of the Netherworld" and "Call on the Beast" as "primordial Teutonic thrash" and "Nekropolis Karthago" as "black metallic rage". With Sataniac's vocals, Desaster sound "still a bit harder and more uncompromising".

Desaster are a black/thrash metal band formed in Koblenz, Germany in 1988. Their lyrical themes involve war, hate and Satanism.

Desaster est un groupe de black-thrash metal allemand, originaire de Coblence. Il est formé en 1988. Leur thème lyrique implique la guerre, la haine et le satanisme.


Background.

The dignified and respectable Eliska Vincent (1841–1914) founded the feminist group "Equality of Asnières" in 1888, which engaged in a moderate form of activism for women's suffrage that drew support from bourgeois women. She succeeded Hubertine Auclert (1848–1914) as the generally recognized leader of the suffrage movement in Paris when Auclert moved to Algeria in 1888.  During the 1900 World Exposition in Paris there were several women's congresses and meetings. Feminists differed on subjects such as the responsibility of fathers for illegitimate children, where paternal recognition would give a child the right to bear their father's name and to inherit from him, but would also in some cases give the father the right of custody. At one of the conferences Maria Pognon, who would be one of the founders of the CNFF, argued against paternity suits and for a national maternity fund to support unwed mothers and their children. Her proposal was rejected by the majority of attendees.  The 1900 meetings included the philanthropic and educational Congress of Women's Works and Institutions ("Congrès des Œuvres et Institutions Féminines") and the Congress on the Status and Rights of Women ("Congrès de la Condition et des Droits de la Femme") which called for full gender equality. The two groups decided to combine to form the CNFF, defined as a federation of associations with the purpose of improving the condition of women in education, economics, society, philanthropy and politics. By this time Eliska Vincent had lost her enthusiasm for Equality, and resigned when it joined the National Council of French Women.

Foundation.

The CNFF was formally launched on 18 April 1901. The initial committee was headed by Isabelle Bogelot. It included Sarah Monod (1836–1912), Avril de Sainte-Croix (1855–1939) and Julie Siegfried (1848–1922) from the Congress of Women's Works and Institutions, and Marie Bonnevial, Madame Wiggishoff and Maria Pognon from the Congress on the Status and Rights of Women. Although Maria Pognon was concerned that Sarah Monod was for many the "standard-bearer of Protestantism," the choice of the majority was for Sarah Monod to be president due to her high moral and intellectual character.  The majority of the members of the council were moderate bourgeois Republicans. There was a tiny minority of socialists headed by Louise Saumoneau and Elisabeth Renaud, balanced by the Catholic Right led by Marie Maugeret. The teacher Marie Bonnevial, a contributor to the feminist daily "La Fronde", and a well-known feminist by the start of the 20th century, was deeply involved in both the CNFF and in the French league for women's rights ("Ligue française pour le droit des femmes"). At its inaugural meeting the CNFF claimed to have 35 associated organizations with 21,000 members. These did not include Catholic women's groups, who were more likely to affiliate with the Patriotic League of Frenchwomen ("Ligue Patriotique des Françaises"). Most Catholic women philanthropists accepted the patriarchal view of the family promulgated by their church and did not participate in the CNFF.

History.

Pre-World War I.

The CNFF peaked in the period before World War I (1914-18), an era when feminist movements flourished in Europe and elsewhere. The CNFF joined the International Council of Women (ICW), created in 1888 in the United States. On 10 May 1902 the CNFF, with 40 federated associations representing 28,000 members, passed a unanimous motion that women's suffrage was the most basic of all women's demands. From 1902 Avril de Sainte-Croix was a strong advocate of women's suffrage in the CNFF. In 1903 Sainte-Croix was secretary general of the CNFF and also of the French branch of the International Abolitionist Federation, which she ran from her home at 1 Avenue Malakoff. Pauline Kergomard was president of the CNFF section on education from 1905 to 1920.  The CNFF passed a resolution against abortion in 1906, citing the maternal mission and the altruistic function of mothers. The majority of feminists in France felt that delinquent fathers of illegitimate children should be forced to provide support, but did not deserve paternal rights. In 1903 the CNFF and the French Group for Feminist Studies led a group that proposed a law in which paternity would be based on a reasonable presumption rather than absolute proof, the father would be required to pay to support the child, but the mother would retain parental power. The supporters of the feminists in the Chamber of Deputies would not accept this proposal, since they felt it did not encourage marriage and paternal responsibility. A law passed in 1912 required proof of paternity in writing, did not allow recognition of children of incest or adultery, and imposed heavy fines on women whose attempts to prove paternity were rejected.  The CNFF, at first moderate in stating its position, was very active between 1909 and 1914 in advocating women's suffrage. By 1910 the CNFF had almost 75,000 members. On 11 November 1911 Sarah Monod received the Legion of Honor from the hands of Senator Camille Ferdinand Dreyfus. The French government noted a number of reforms that had been inspired or recommended by the CNFF under her leadership: Julie Siegfried (1848-1922), from a Protestant and deeply Republican bourgeois family, took over the leadership of the CNFF from Monod in 1912. Gabrielle Duchêne, a wealthy philanthropist who helped organize seamstresses in Paris, was president of the labor section of the CNFF from 1913 to 1915. On the eve of World War I there were 150 societies in the CNFF including the French Union of Woman Suffrage, with 80 branches, the Society for the Improvement of Women's Lot and the Fraternal Union of women.

World War I.

When World War I (1914–18) began feminists were expected to suspend their demands and support their country in its struggle. During the war the CNFF would not support the pacifist movement. The official line was that French women had always been sympathetic to pacifism and sought "peace and international understanding, if not in the entire world, at least in Europe." However, "until the German women protested to their own government against its violations of international law and the crimes of its army against civilians, any cooperation with them would be a betrayal of the nation; the fact that they belong to the female sex was quite irrelevant."

Inter-war years.

Unlike other European countries, women in France did not gain the right to vote after the war, but the CNFF gained influence and prestige. In 1919 Avril de Sainte-Croix and the CNFF engaged in a campaign to convince the Allied leaders at the Versailles Peace Conference to address women and their problems in the charter of the new League of Nations, with partial success. The CNFF also worked to convince the French senators to pass the bill for women's suffrage. Julie Siegfried's husband, Jules Siegfried, was a deputy and won passage of the right for women to vote in 1919, but the law was rejected by the Senate. Julie Siegfried was decorated with the Knight's cross of the Legion of Honor by Alexandre Millerand.  Avril de Sainte-Croix organized the CNFF congress in 1919. The congress was held in Strasbourg on 8-9 October 1919. At this meeting it called for a reform to the laws so that a French woman who married a foreigner could choose to retain her nationality. A draft change to the law was proposed under which a French woman would remain French unless she chose to take her husband's nationality. This was proclaimed as "a big step taken in just a few years" at the CNFF meeting in 1922, but the CNFF also asked for reciprocity, the right for a foreign woman who had married a French man to automatically have the right to French citizenship. This eventually found its way into the law of 10 August 1927.  In the postwar period the CNFF prepared arguments for reform of the laws to make it easier to submit paternity suits, while retaining the mother's right to custody of the child. In 1919 the CNFF felt women should contribute to the "struggle against depopulation", and demanded improvements in aid to large families and in child welfare services. They also demanded that women should have equal access to work and equal pay whether or not they were married or had children. Some feminists noted that schemes where the father received child support payments were unlikely to achieve the desired effect. The CNFF issued a position paper in 1919 that demanded an end to the legal disadvantages to which married women were subject, allowing them to make decisions without the approval of their husband, and demanded equal parental rights with any disagreement to be decided in court. In 1922 Avril de Sainte-Croix succeeded Julie Siegfried as president of the CNFF, holding this position until 1932 when she was replaced by Marguerite Pichon-Landry. In 1925 the CNFF had 125,000 members. Sainte-Croix campaigned in 1927 to have women admitted to the police force. She presided over the CNFF's États-Généraux du Féminisme congresses in 1929, 1930 and 1931. These congresses focused in successive years on women's legal rights, economic standing and position in the colonies. In 1929 the Estates General of Feminism endorsed child allowances. Marguerite Pichon-Landry (1878–1972) chaired the Legislation section of the CNFF from 1914 to 1927, and was secretary-general from 1929 to 1932. She was president from 1932 to 1952. Pichon-Landry was awarded the medal of the resistance and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honor.

Post World War II.

Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux (1904–64) was active in the CNFF after World War II. Lefaucheux was also very active in the Association of Women of the French Union ("Association des Femmes de l'Union Française"), and served as a link between this organization and the CNFF. Lefaucheux was president of the CNFF from 1954 to 1964, and president of the International Council of Women from 1957 to 1963. She was also a member of the secretariat of the Commission on Women of the United Nations and the French delegation to the United Nations. She achieved major advances for African women. Françoise Bouteiller, president of the CNFF in 1998, testified to the praise given to Lafaucheux by women she had met when she toured Africa for the council in 1975. The "Foundation Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux" was established to assist African women.  In 1962 the CNFF joined the European Center of the International Council of Women, established in 1962. The CNFF campaigned against social ills including alcoholism, prostitution and the explosion of pornography in the 1970s. The CNFF works discreetly, and with mostly middle-aged members has a bourgeois image. It is today the oldest active French feminist association. The CNFF today has an Executive Committee of which one third is renewed every three years, elected by the General Assembly of the affiliated associations and individual members. The General Assembly is the decision-making body. The Executive Committee has a president and five vice-presidents, a secretary general and deputy secretary general, a treasurer and assistant treasurer. The goal of the CNFF in collaboration with its member organizations is to affirm the place and role of women in society, to ensure respect for their rights, and to contribute to building a united world where women are fairly represented.

Presidents.

The presidents of the CNFF have been:

The National Council of French Women (, CNFF) is a society formed in 1901 to promote women's rights. The first members were mainly prosperous women who believed in using non-violent means to obtain rights by presenting the justice of the cause. Issues in the first half century included the right to vote, legal equality between husband and wife, paternal child support, social support for children, equal employment opportunity, equal pay for equal work and acquisition of citizenship on marriage. The National Council of French Women is affiliated with the International Council of Women (ICW). Now the oldest of French feminist organizations, it continues to work for causes related to the rights of women.

Le Conseil national des femmes françaises (CNFF) est une association féminine non mixte créée le, affiliée au Conseil international des femmes. Constitué en fédération, il rassemble des associations féminines et admet des membres à titre individuel. Il vise à améliorer la situation des femmes dans la famille et la société, travaillant étroitement avec les institutions.


History.

Shortly after the 1821 creation of Henderson County, a site near its center was chosen as a county seat, and was named in honor of Lexington, Massachusetts, site of the first battle of the American Revolution. The first county courthouse was built in 1823; Lexington was incorporated in 1824 and by 1830 had a population of 260.  As the lead-up to the Civil War began, Henderson County voted against secession. As the war progressed, both Union and Confederate regiments were recruited in the county. The area in and around Lexington was the site of a skirmish on December 18, 1862. Union Colonel Robert Ingersoll sent his troops to destroy a bridge over Beech Creek to disallow the Confederate army moving into the area. However, Ingersoll's troops did not destroy the bridge, and General Nathan Bedford Forrest's troops headed into Lexington. Forrest's troops overtook the Union soldiers, taking over 140 men, including Colonel Ingersoll, and collected artillery and supplies left behind by Union soldiers who escaped.  In 1918, an African-American man called Berry Noyse who was accused of killing the sheriff was lynched by a mob in the courthouse square and burned in the street.

Geography.

Lexington is in central Henderson County. U.S. Route 412 (Church Street) is the main road through the city, leading east to Columbia and west to Jackson. Tennessee State Route 22 (Broad Street) crosses US 412 in the center of Lexington, leading north to Interstate 40 at Parkers Crossroads and south to Milledgeville.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Lexington has a total area of, of which are land and, or 1.34%, are water. The Beech River, an east-flowing tributary of the Tennessee River, runs through the southwestern part of the city.  Lexington is southwest of Natchez Trace State Park.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, the population density was 640.4 people per square mile (247.4/km2). There were 3,371 housing units at an average density of 292.0 per square mile (112.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.50% White, 13.07% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.  There were 3,039 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.88.  In the city, the population was spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $29,725, and the median income for a family was $41,429. Males had a median income of $31,558 versus $23,212 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,368. About 10.2% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Public schools in Lexington are operated by the Henderson County School System and the Lexington City School System. There are three schools: Paul G. Caywood Elementary School, Lexington Middle School and Lexington High School. Lexington High School is in the Henderson County School System, while Paul G. Caywood Elementary School, often shortened to "Caywood," and Lexington Middle School, or LMS, are both in the Lexington City School System.  Lexington is home to the Lexington-Henderson County Center of Jackson State Community College, which opened in 1999. The center offers all courses required to earn an associate degree in General Studies, and offers other courses that may be credited towards additional degrees from the main campus in Jackson, Tennessee, or may be transferred to other universities. It has become a popular choice of graduates from Lexington High School, Scotts Hill High School, and other area high schools as a means of continuing their education. The center has become more popular since the introduction of the Tennessee Promise, a state program that provides two years of tuition-free attendance at community colleges and technical colleges in Tennessee.

Arts and culture.

The Lexington-Henderson County Everett Horn Public Library serves the city.  Lexington is home to the very popular Beech Lake. Lexington has one museum, Beech River Heritage Museum, that holds a variety of historical artifacts of Lexington and Henderson County.  Lexington was the setting of a 1994 episode of "The X-Files" called "E.B.E."  Lexington claims to be the barbecue capital of the country; it supposedly has more barbecue restaurants per capita than any other city in the United States.

Infrastructure.

Henderson County Community Hospital is located in and serves the Lexington area.

Sports.

From 1935 to 1938, Lexington was home to a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League. Known as the Lexington Giants from 1935 to 1938, the team was renamed the Lexington Bees when it became a farm club of the National League's Boston Bees in 1938.

Lexington is a city in Henderson County, Tennessee, United States. Lexington is midway between Memphis and Nashville, lying south of Interstate 40, which connects the two cities. The population was 7,652 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Henderson County.

La ville américaine de est le siège du comté de Henderson, dans l’État du Tennessee. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s’élevait à. Elle a par ailleurs été estimée à en 2016.


Premise.

Abby Ableman (Robin Weigert), a lesbian with a domestic life and obligations, is accidentally hit in the head with a baseball by her son Jake. After being diagnosed with a concussion Abby starts to rethink her life, wanting more of a sex life, after having her wife fall asleep on her.  In contemplation, Abby decides to seek out a lover eventually making arrangements to sleep with a woman by the name of Gretchen for a one time splurge. The two women discuss how Gretchen uses this line of work to pay for college, that she loves having access to sexual encounters and that she incidentally appreciated being pleased by Abby, as well. Abby in realizing that she has enjoyed the access to sexual encounters, decides to partake in things on a more frequent basis. Soon enough she ends up having encounters with a number of women, eventually becoming intrigued with Sam, whom she recognizes from spin class. Like Abby, Sam finds herself in a familial configuration including a successful husband, children; plenty of money to go with. Abby appears to become intrigued with Sam, potentially wanting to move beyond a strictly hourly encounter. In time, Abby's own wife catches onto these encounters, then owns up to the fact that she “doesn’t want to have anyone”, including Abby. Abby runs into Sam at the supermarket, observing Sam flirt with her own husband, enjoying "This" life, perhaps finding it good enough, yet seeming pleasantly enthused to have run into Abby. In the second to last scene Abby and Sam find themselves in a suburban moment, one taking out the garbage, the other taking their dog for a walk. Abby shares with Sam an observation, that their encounters were simply due to Sam's boredom, that this was all Sam was seeking out in their encounters and nothing more. And that this is why Abby has chosen to not see Sam anymore. In the final scene, Abby is out in the garden with her wife, listening to her contemplate the building of a new porch for the house. Abby settles back into her domestic life with a wife who doesn't desire her.

Release.

The film premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and the 2013 Berlin International Film Festival. At Sundance, it secured a deal with The Weinstein Company for general release later in 2013. At Berlin, the film won a Teddy Award Jury Prize as an outstanding film about LGBT themes.

Critical reception.

"Concussion" received generally positive reviews, currently holding a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 59 reviews, with an average score of 6.47/10; the consensus states: "Smart, nuanced, and sexy, "Concussion" transcends its more awkward moments thanks to Robin Weigert's remarkable starring performance." On Metacritic, the film has a 56/100 rating, based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Concussion is a 2013 American drama film written and directed by Stacie Passon and starring Robin Weigert. Although not autobiographical, the story was partially inspired by Passon herself suffering a mild concussion, in the same manner depicted in the film, shortly before she began writing the screenplay.

Le film fait partie de la sélection officielle du festival de Sundance, de la Berlinale, du festival du film de Los Angeles, de Chéries-Chéris, et il a gagné le Teddy Award du jury en 2013 à Berlin.


History and origin.

Medusahead was first described "Elymus caput-medusae" by Carl Linnaeus. Nevski recommended in 1934 that the Russian types of medusahead should be classified in a separate genus, "Taeniatherum". In the 1960s, it was suggested by Jack Major of the University of California that there are three geographic and morphologically distinct taxa: "T. caput-medusae", "T. asperum", and "T. crinitum". After traveling in Russia, Major thought the proper classification for the plant introduced to North America was "Taeniatherum asperum". The genus was revised in 1986 by the Danish scientist Signe Frederiksen. He made the previously mentioned distinct taxa into subspecies of "Taeniatherum caput-medusae".  The subspecies "caput-medusae" is a native species to Europe, and is mostly restricted to Spain, Portugal, southern France, Algeria, and Morocco. Subspecies "crinitum" is found from Greece and the Balkans east into Asia, and the range of subspecies "asperum" completely overlaps the other two subspecies.  In Asia, medusahead is widespread in Turkmenistan, Iran, Syria, and in the northern portion of Israel, inhabiting low mountains and plateau areas. It is both an agronomic and rangeland weed. It prefers soils rich in nitrogen, and is often found on stony or gravelly soils. Carbonized seeds of this weed have been found in early agricultural archaeological sites in Iran. Seeds were first found in strata corresponding to the early days of sheep and goat husbandry.

Life cycle and growing habits.

Medusahead is a winter annual, germinating in the fall and undergoing root growth in the winter and early spring. Since its roots develop early and reach deep in the soil, it outcompetes native plants for moisture. It flowers in early spring, and by June or July its seeds, which are covered with tiny barbs, are mature. The barbs help the seeds attach to livestock, humans or vehicles that pass by. As the grass grows it accumulates silica, making it unpalatable to livestock except for early in its life cycle. It creates a dense layer of litter, and because of the silica content, the litter decomposes more slowly than that of other plants. This litter suppresses native plant growth while encouraging the germination of its own seed, and after a few years it creates an enormous load of dry fuel that can lead to wildfires.  Stands of medusahead vary in density from several hundred to 2,000 plants per square foot. This variance is directly related to annual precipitation, soil type, and other vegetation in the area. Research has suggested that medusahead is highly adaptable and can produce more seeds at a density of one plant per square foot than 1,000 plants per square foot. Since it matures later than most other annuals, it is easy to identify as it is often bright green when the other annuals are brown. As it matures, it turns shades of purple and eventually tan.  Medusahead seeds disperse relatively short distances and dispersal decreases as distance from the plant increases. Seeds are very well adapted for dispersal by adhesion to moving objects. The relatively long period of medusahead seed dispersal from July to October may be an adaptation to increase the likelihood of adhesion to animals.

Identification.

Medusahead ranges in height from 20 to 60 centimeters. It has slender, weak stems that often branch at the base. It has spike inflorescences similar to those of wheat or rye. The lemmas have long awns and the glumes have shorter ones, giving the seed head a layered look. As the awns dry, they twist and spread in all directions, similar to the snake-covered head of the mythological Medusa. The barbs on the awns help the seed drive into the soil. The grainlike seed may remain viable in the soil for a number of years.

Effects on wildlife and grazing.

The grazing capacity of land infested with medusahead can be reduced by up to 80%. Wildlife habitat and biodiversity also suffer, and the weed can eventually lead to alterations in ecosystem functions. The impact medusahead can have on species relying on sagebrush is rarely mentioned. It can exacerbate the decline of sage-grouse (genus "Centrocercus") as it replaces plant communities that provide critical habitat for the bird.  Other species, such as mule deer and chukar partridges, tend to avoid areas overrun with medusahead because it is not a good food source. In the case of mule deer, a study in Oregon found that even though extensive stands of medusahead were available, those areas (when compared to other plant communities) were least preferred by feeding mule deer in winter, summer, and fall; and they ranked low in the spring. This decrease in feeding was related back to the dominance of medusahead, which deer do not eat, and the subsequent lack of forbs. Chukar partridges will ingest medusahead seeds ( caryopses ) if given no other choice. However, if they are given free access to all the medusahead seeds they will eat, they suffered from a significant loss in body weight. Largely undamaged seeds were found in their droppings, suggesting that the digestibility of medusahead by the birds was low.

Control methods.

No single control method will eradicate medusahead. For best results, it is often necessary use a form of integrated pest management that combines two or more of the following methods.

Mechanical.

Plowing and disking are two methods of mechanical control. Both methods can effectively control medusahead and can reduce infestation by 65% to 95% the next growing season. Eradication of medusahead by mechanical control by itself is nearly impossible, but when followed by chemical control or revegetation chances for eradication increase dramatically.

Burning.

Fire is often considered a low cost method of improving rangeland condition. It has been given attention in the control of medusahead because many of the areas infested with it are too rocky or steep for other treatments. Control of medusahead with fire had differing results in California. In some areas, more desirable plant communities came back after a fire, while in other areas medusahead continued to dominate after fire. There are a few guidelines that should be followed when burning medusahead. The burn should be conducted when the seed is in the soft dough stage (when the seeds exude a milky substance when squeezed) in the late spring. The initial fire should be one that is slow burning, something that is easily achieved by burning into the wind. This prevents the fire from advancing too rapidly and ensures that the current year's herbage is burned and periods of maximum temperature are long enough to kill medusahead caryopses. Viable medusahead caryopses are found almost entirely in the litter and on the soil surface.  Past studies on the effectiveness of burning may have given researchers false hope. The caryopses have severe temperature dependent afterripening requirements which prevent seeds from germinating at temperatures above 10 ̊C for about 180 days after maturity. If these conditions are met, many medusahead caryopses from the litter and soil in burned plots were viable. Since the seeds did not germinate during the afterripening period, researchers were misled into believing they were accomplishing more by burning than was actually the case.

Chemical.

Chemical control can be effective if used in conjunction with other control methods. Glyphosate (Roundup) applied at 0.375 lbs/acre in the early spring before seeds are produced can provide good results. This timing will also limit the damage to nontarget species that develop later in the growing season. Research suggests that burning before chemical application is more effective than chemicals alone. In the late 1960s, a study was conducted that determined the effectiveness of paraquat on medusahead control in different areas of the United States. This study found that paraquat was effective in controlling medusahead in California, but did not suppress the grass in Reno, Nevada. This was significant because it determined that there was no effective herbicide for the simultaneous spraying and reseeding of medusahead infestations.

Biological.

Medusahead was found to be susceptible to certain root rot fungi including crown rot and take-all, but it was not susceptible to barepatch, browning root rot, and common root rot. The diseases did not reduce the overall weight of the roots, but take-all significantly reduced the overall dry weight of the aboveground shoots. Soil-borne pathogens can have a severe effect on grasses as long as the environmental conditions for the diseases are optimized. Take-all is associated with plants growing in high soil moisture, and like crown rot, it affected medusahead. In contrast, crown rot had the greatest impact on water-stressed plants and therefore may be an effective biological control of grassy weeds in the arid regions of the western U.S. It is also promising because it did not have a significant negative impact on desirable grasses such as western wheatgrass.

Grazing.

Grazing alone is not a good method of medusahead control. For best results, grazing is used as part of an integrated program. It is an efficient management tool as long as the timing and duration of grazing are controlled properly. For example, if grazing is carried out in conjunction with revegetation, the desirable grasses must be established before the grazing can take place, otherwise the revegetation will be futile. In areas where desirable grasses have completed their life cycle by the winter or early spring, grazing during this time can help reduce medusahead. It should still be in a vegetative stage and therefore more palatable to livestock. Grazing in the late spring, summer, and fall is not recommended because it will give medusahead a competitive advantage as cattle graze species other than medusahead. If livestock grazing is a method used to control mature stands of medusahead, the livestock must be moved to a holding area for 10 days to two weeks and fed weed-free feed before they are moved to weed-free areas. This will prevent the seeds that pass through the animals from germinating in areas that are free of medusahead.

Restoration.

Revegetation should be a part of any medusahead management plan. If medusahead is not first controlled, reseeding an infested area will not be successful. The existing medusahead has to be controlled and especially not allowed to produce more seed, and the seed bank in the soil also has to be reduced. This usually takes two or three years, depending on soil moisture and growing conditions. After this, seedling of desirable species can become established. Combining a tillage treatment followed by herbicide is most effective in controlling the weed and promoting desirable plant growth. Squirreltail, bluebunch wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, Thurber's needlegrass, needle and thread, Indian ricegrass, sandberg bluegrass, and sheep fescue are all competitive grasses that work well when renovating an area previously infested with medusahead in the western United States.

Prevention.

Since medusahead seeds are often spread by adhering to humans, animals, and vehicles, it is recommended to restrict these kinds of traffic in infestations to prevent the spread of medusahead. Narrow containment zones of around 3 meters would successfully suppress the invasion of medusahead to surrounding areas.  Plant communities that have high densities of large perennial bunchgrasses are more resistant to medusahead invasion, so managing rangelands to promote and maintain large perennial bunchgrasses is critical to prevent the spread of medusahead. This will reduce the establishment of new infestations, but successful management will also require searching for and eradicating new infestations. Controlling new infestations is more effective, and often more feasible, than trying to control large infestations.  Even if attempts to prevent and control new infestations are not entirely successful, these efforts will slow the rate of spread and give researchers and land managers more time to develop better prevention, restoration, and control methods. Also, slowing the rate of invasion helps promote rangeland health and productivity in areas that are most at risk of invasion. Without an active prevention program, this weed will continue to spread and increase its negative ecological and economical impacts. Managing medusahead may seem expensive per acre, but when all the acres that are protected by managing an infestation are considered, the price is very reasonable. And, when taking into account the rising land prices, the cost of medusahead management to the individual livestock producer is rapidly becoming more reasonable compared to purchasing additional acreage to offset production losses from medusahead invasion.

Taeniatherum is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family known by the common name medusahead.

"Taeniatherum" est un genre de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des "Poaceae" (graminées), originaire du bassin méditerranéen et d'Asie occidentale.


Plot.

Two years following their success in the 21 Jump Street program, Schmidt and Jenko are back on the streets chasing narcotics. However, after failing in the pursuit of a group of drug dealers led by The Ghost, Deputy Chief Hardy puts the duo back on the program to work for Captain Dickson – now located across the street at 22 Jump Street. Their assignment is to go undercover as college students and locate the supplier of a drug known as "WHY-PHY" (Work Hard? Yes, Play Hard? Yes) that killed a student photographed buying it on campus from a dealer.  At college, Jenko quickly makes friends with a pair of jocks named Zook and Rooster, they later become the prime suspects of the investigation. Jenko starts attending parties with the jocks who do not take as kindly to Schmidt. Meanwhile, Schmidt gets the attention of an art student, Maya, by feigning an interest in slam poetry. The two sleep together, to the disapproval of Maya's roommate Mercedes, and Schmidt later finds that Maya is the daughter of Captain Dickson, whom Schmidt bragged to about "getting laid", much to Dickson's fury. Despite sleeping together, Maya tells Schmidt not to take it seriously, and he starts to feel left out as Jenko bonds more and more with Zook who encourages him to join the football team.  When Schmidt and Jenko are unable to identify the dealer, they visit Mr. Walters and Eric in jail for advice. After confessing the two are having regular intercourse, Walters points out a unique tattoo on the arm of the dealer in the photograph. Whilst hanging out with Zook and Rooster, Jenko notices that Rooster does not have the tattoo but sees it on Zook's arm. Schmidt and Jenko are invited to join the fraternity led by the jocks, but Schmidt refuses, furthering the tension between the two as Jenko passes their requirements. They later realize that Zook is not the dealer but rather another customer. Soon afterwards, they find The Ghost and his men on campus, but The Ghost again evades them. Jenko reveals to Schmidt that he has been offered a football scholarship with Zook and is uncertain about his future as a police officer. Afterwards, Schmidt reveals his true identity and moves out of the dorm, angering Maya.  Spring break arrives, and Schmidt goes after The Ghost. He is joined by Jenko, so the two can have one final mission together. The pair head to the beach where The Ghost is likely to be dealing WHY-PHY. Inside a bar, they find Mercedes, who is The Ghost's daughter, giving instructions to other dealers. The pair, backed up by Dickson and the rest of Jump Street, ambush the meeting. The Ghost flees, while Mercedes is knocked out by Schmidt. While pursuing The Ghost, Jenko is shot in the shoulder. The Ghost attempts to escape in a helicopter; Schmidt and Jenko manage to jump across to it, but they fall into the sea and Jenko is able to throw a grenade into the helicopter. The Ghost celebrates his victory prematurely while the grenade explodes, sending the totaled remains into the sea. Jenko tells Schmidt that he still wants to be a police officer as he believes their differences help their partnership, and the two reconcile in front of a cheering crowd. Dickson approaches them claiming to have a new mission undercover at a med school.  During the credits, Jenko and Schmidt go on to a variety of undercover missions to different schools, which are portrayed as 22 fictional sequels, an animated series, a video game, and a toy line. One mission features Detective Booker while another sees the return of The Ghost, who survived the helicopter explosion. In a post-credits scene, Walters reveals to Eric that he is late, implying he is pregnant with his baby, much to Eric's horror.

Production.

On March 17, 2012, Sony Pictures announced that it was pursuing a sequel to "21 Jump Street", signing a deal that would see Jonah Hill and Michael Bacall return to write a script treatment that would be again developed by Bacall and undergo rewrites by Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman. The film was originally scheduled to be released on June 6, 2014. On May 8, 2013, it was announced that the film would be pushed back a week until June 13, 2014. In June 2013, it was announced the film would be titled "22 Jump Street". In July 2013, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller confirmed they would return to direct the film. On September 6, 2013, Amber Stevens joined the cast of the film. On September 27, 2013, Kurt Russell mentioned that his son Wyatt turned down a role for "The Hunger Games" sequels to star in "22 Jump Street". Principal photography began on September 28, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana, with shots in San Juan, Puerto Rico as well (acting for the shots in the movie as the spring break in "Puerto Mexico") and ended on December 15, 2013.  The end titles, featuring satirical concepts for an ongoing series of Jump Street films and merchandise, were designed by the studio Alma Mater.

Music.

The score for the film was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh and was released by La-La Land Records on a double disc album, limited to 2,000 copies, in September 2014. The second disc of the album also contains the score from the film's predecessor, "21 Jump Street", composed by Mothersbaugh as well.

Release.

Box office.

"22 Jump Street" grossed $191.7 million in North America and $139.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $331.3 million, against a budget of $84.5 million. It outgrossed the first "Jump Street" film, which made a total of $201.6 million during its theatrical run. "Deadline Hollywood" calculated the net profit of the film to be $144.4 million, when factoring together "production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, with box office grosses, and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV," placing it 10th on their list of 2014's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".  "22 Jump Street" grossed $5.5 million at its early Thursday night showings. On its opening day it grossed $25 million, including the early Thursday showings. In North America, the film opened at number one in its first weekend, with $57.1 million. In its second weekend, the film dropped to number two, grossing an additional $27.5 million. In its third weekend, the film stayed at number two, grossing $15.8 million. In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number three, grossing $9.8 million.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 218 reviews, with an average rating of 6.97/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Boasting even more of the bromantic chemistry between its stars -- and even more of the goofy, good-natured humor that made its predecessor so much fun – "22 Jump Street" is the rare sequel that improves upon the original." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.  Inkoo Kang of "The Wrap" gave the film a positive review, saying "If "22" isn't as trim and tight as its predecessor, it's certainly smarter and more heartfelt. Whether this sequel is better than the original is up for debate, but the franchise has definitely grown up." Chris Nashawaty of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B−, saying "Hill's neurotic-motormouth act and Tatum's lovable-lunkhead shtick still shoot giddy sparks." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "This is the ultimate meta movie. The repetition is exactly the point." Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "What's the difference between "21 Jump Street" and "22 Jump Street"? Same as the difference between getting a 21 and a 22 at blackjack."  Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Hill and Tatum... have a Laurel-and-Hardy-like implausible chemistry that keeps you laughing pretty much no matter what they're doing." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film four out of five stars, saying "What makes it all work is the chemistry between Hill and Tatum, which in turn, of course, is a rich source of the film's humor." Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The peculiar sweetness of "21 Jump Street" has taken a hiatus in "22 Jump Street", a brazen sequel that's both slightly disappointing and a reliable, often riotous 'laffer' in the old "Variety" trade-magazine parlance." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""22 Jump Street" is damn funny, sometimes outrageously so. It laughs at its own dumb logic and invites us in on the fun." Joe Neumaier of the "New York Daily News" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Like its stars, "Jump Street" gets extra credit for getting by on charm while sticking to the rules." Ian Buckwalter of NPR gave the film a seven out of ten, saying "What separates "22 Jump Street" from sequel mediocrity is that everyone's in on the joke."  Sean Fitz-Gerald of "The Denver Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""Jump Street" knows you know about the predictability and cheapness of sequels and rip-offs – and in this case, to avoid the downfalls of other summer comedy sagas, embracing that problem might have been the best move for this absurd, unique franchise." Betsy Sharkey of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a positive review, saying "This sequel's spoof of its predecessor's riff on the original 1980s-era buddy-cop TV show coalesces into a raucous, raunchy, irreverent, imperfect riot." Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Lord and Miller are on a roll, and there may be no better moviemakers at playing to our modern need for irony – at giving us the entertainment we crave while acknowledging our distrust of it." Rene Rodriguez of the "Miami Herald" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "There's something going on at the edges of the frame in practically every scene of "22 Jump Street", a testament to the care and attention to detail directors Lord and Miller bring to this potentially silly material." Stephen Whitty of the "Newark Star-Ledger" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "At what point is sarcasm just a cheap substitute for wit? Exactly when does joking about how all sequels are just lame, repetitive cash-grabs start to suggest that maybe yours is, too? Actually, in this case, about 40 minutes in." Bill Zwecker of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Though I enjoyed enormously this latest offering in the rebooted Jump franchise, it's the effortless, unexpected bromance/partnership between the two unlikely undercover cops is what makes this franchise work."  James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "There are times when "22 Jump Street" is borderline brilliant. Unfortunately, those instances are outnumbered by segments that don't work for one reason or another." Jaime N. Christley of "Slant Magazine" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "As funny and batshit insane as the movie often is, the fact that "22 Jump Street" knows it's a tiresome sequel doesn't save it from being a tiresome sequel, even as Lord and Miller struggle to conceal the bitter pill of convention in the sweet tapioca pudding of wall-to-wall jokes." Scott Tobias of The Dissolve gave the film three and a half stars out of five, saying ""22 Jump Street" squeezes every last drop of comic inspiration it can get from Tatum and Hill, as well as the very notion of a sequel to such a superfluous enterprise."  Steve Persall of the "Tampa Bay Times" gave the film a B, saying ""22 Jump Street" is a mixed bag of clever spoofery and miscalculated outrageousness. The unveiled homoeroticism of practically all interaction between Jenko and Schmidt is amusing to the point when it isn't." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "This is a sequel that wears its well-worn formula, mocking inside jokes and gleeful taste for overkill proudly, flying the high-lowbrow flag for audiences that like their comedy just smart enough to be not-too-dumb." Scott Foundas of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, saying ""22 Jump Street" hits far more often than it misses, and even when it misses by a mile, the effort is so delightfully zany that it's hard not to give Lord and Miller an 'A' for effort."  Peter Howell of the "Toronto Star" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "If it seemed Channing Tatum and Jonah Hill couldn't possibly exceed their over-the-top buddy cop antics of "21 Jump Street", you lost that bet." Tom Long of "The Detroit News" gave the film a B-, saying "There's no real reason "22 Jump Street" should work. Yet it does." Joe Williams of the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "A self-aware sequel has to hop over hurdles to keep from swallowing its own tail, but the sharp writing and tag-team antics lift "22 Jump Street" to a high level." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the film three out of four stars, saying ""22 Jump Street" is exactly what comedy is today. It's coarse, free-flowing and playful." In 2016, James Charisma of "Playboy" ranked the film #13 on a list of "15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals".

"My name is Jeff".

A line from the film, "My name is Jeff", has become a meme. In the scene with this line, while undercover, Tatum's character Jenko mistakenly states in an unidentifiable accent that his "name is Jeff" after Hill's character Schmidt attempts to identify him as the boss, which is ""jefe"" in Spanish. After the film's release in 2014, this segment started to trend on Vine and the meme eventually died out. Although the initial impact had faded, in late 2016 and early 2017, it saw a resurgence as social media users and popular Youtube creators used the phrase in an ironic yet self-aware context.

Home media.

"22 Jump Street" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2014.

Future.

On September 10, 2014, "23 Jump Street" was confirmed. Channing Tatum had yet to sign on to the project, stating, "I don't know if that joke works three times, so we'll see." On August 7, 2015, it was revealed that Lord and Miller would not direct the film, but instead write and produce. A first draft of the film's script has been completed. On December 10, 2014, it was revealed that Sony was planning a crossover between "Men in Black" and "Jump Street". The news was leaked after Sony's system was hacked and then confirmed by the directors of the films, Lord and Miller, during an interview about it. James Bobin was announced as the director in March 2016. The title of the crossover was later revealed as "MIB 23", and it was revealed that the crossover would replace a "23 Jump Street" film. However, the project was canceled in January 2019. Phil Lord has since stated that a third sequel, "24 Jump Street", is in development.  In early 2015, a female-driven "21 Jump Street" film was rumored to also be in the works. In December 2016, Rodney Rothman was confirmed to direct the film. In December 2018, Tiffany Haddish was confirmed to lead the film and Awkwafina is in talks.

22 Jump Street is a 2014 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, written by Jonah Hill, Michael Bacall, Oren Uziel and Rodney Rothman and produced by and starring Hill and Channing Tatum. Ice Cube, Peter Stormare, Jillian Bell, Amber Stevens, and Wyatt Russell also star. It is the sequel to the 2012 film "21 Jump Street", which is in turn based on the television series of the same name. The plot follows police officers Schmidt and Jenko as they go undercover at a college in order to find the supplier of a new drug.

22 Jump Street est une comédie policière américaine réalisée par Phil Lord et Chris Miller sortie en 2014. Il s'agit de la suite de "21 Jump Street" (2012), qui était l'adaptation cinématographique de la série télévisée éponyme américaine, diffusée dès 1987.


Strategic decision and the flood.

Following the onset of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army marched rapidly into the heart of Chinese territory. By June 1938, the Japanese had control of all of North China. On June 6, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take over Zhengzhou, the junction of the arterial Pinghan and Longhai Railways. Japanese success here would have directly endangered the major city of Wuhan.  To stop further Japanese advances into western and southern China, Chiang Kai-shek, at the suggestion of Chen Guofu, determined to open up the dykes on the Yellow River near Zhengzhou. The original plan was to destroy the dyke at Zhaokou, but due to difficulties at that location, the dyke at Huayuankou, on the south bank, was destroyed on June 5 and June 7 via excavation, with waters flooding into Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu. The floods covered and destroyed thousands of square kilometres of farmland and shifted the mouth of the Yellow River hundreds of kilometres to the south. Thousands of villages were inundated or destroyed and several million villagers driven from their homes and made refugees. An unknown number of Japanese soldiers were killed by the flood. An official Kuomintang post-war commission estimated that the total number of casualties may be as high as 800,000 killed by the flood.

Controversy over the strategy.

The strategic value of the flood has been questioned. Japanese troops were out of its range, either to the north and east or to the south. Their advance on Zhengzhou was halted, but they took Wuhan in October by attacking from a different direction. The Japanese did not occupy much of Henan until late in the war and their hold on Anhui and Jiangsu remained tenuous. Most of the towns and transport lines in the areas which were flooded had already been captured by the Japanese; after the flood, they could not consolidate their control over the area, and large parts of it became guerrilla areas.

Controversy over the number of casualties.

The number of casualties in the flood remains disputed and estimates have been revised by the Chinese government and other researchers in the decades after the event. There is no way of accurately assessing the casualties: much of the population, including officials, had already fled, leaving no government control and no one to count the dead. In the shifting battles between bandits, Nationalists, Communists, and Japanese, counting casualties was not a high priority. The Nationalist government, after initially claiming that the breach was caused by Japanese bombing, used the heavy casualties to demonstrate the scale of sacrifice required of the Chinese people; it claimed that 12 million people had been affected by the flood, and in 1948 it estimated the number of deaths including hundreds of thousands of Japanese who perished during the flooding at 800,000. A 1994 PRC (People's Republic of China) official history of the war put the dead in the flood at 900,000 and the refugees at nearly 10 million. Scholars exploring the archives now give much lower figures: 400,000–500,000 dead, 3 million refugees, and 5 million people affected (another estimate puts the number of dead at 500,000, and the number of homeless at 500,000).

Aftermath.

Besides the massive death toll, the flooded areas were affected for years to come. The flooded countryside was more or less abandoned and all the crops destroyed. Upon the recession of the waters, much of the ground was uncultivable as much of the soil was covered in silt. Many of the public structures and housing were also destroyed, leaving any survivors destitute. The irrigation channels were also ruined, further adding to the toll on the farmlands. The destruction also had a long-term psychological effect on the Chinese population. Unable to fully decide which group deserved more blame for the catastrophe, the Chinese Government or the invading Japanese, many survivors blamed both sides. However, because there were many Chinese civilians killed during the flood by the KMT, most of the civilians residing in that area began to cooperate with the Japanese. Believing that the civilians would help them, the Chinese Communists turned the flooded area into a recruiting ground, directing survivors' anger towards a common enemy to bring them into their ranks. By the 1940s the area had evolved into a major guerrilla base known as the Yuwansu Base Area.

Repairs.

Attempts to seal the breach and return the river to its former course were made in 1946, by the KMT with assistance from UNRRA. Work began in March and were complete in June, but the dams were destroyed by large summer flows. Subsequent repairs succeeded and completed in March 1947.  The repairs became a political issue between the KMT and CPC; the KMT controlled areas around the breach whereas the CPC controlled the areas around the original downstream course. The river's pre-1938 bed had become a productive swath of farmland populated by 400,000 people; there were disputes around relocating and compensating these people, and whether to complete downstream dykes before sealing the breach.

The 1938 Yellow River flood (, literally "Huayuankou embankment breach incident") was a flood created by the Nationalist Government in central China during the early stage of the Second Sino-Japanese War in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of Japanese forces. It has been called the "largest act of environmental warfare in history".

L'inondation du fleuve Jaune de 1938 (花园口决堤事件, "huāyuán kǒu juédī shìjiàn") est provoquée par le Kuomintang dans le Centre de la Chine au début de la Seconde Guerre sino-japonaise pour tenter d'arrêter la rapide avancée des forces japonaises. Elle est considérée comme le « plus grand désastre écologique militaire de l'histoire ».