Early life.

Gary Daniels was born in London, England, on 9 May 1963. Inspired by the Bruce Lee film "Enter the Dragon", Daniels began training in martial arts at the age of 8 at a local school where he learned a hybrid martial art known as "Mongolian Kung Fu" that combined wing chun, boxing, Mongolian Wrestling and Wushu, that was founded in the late 1960s. He then took up taekwondo at 12 years old and received his black belt after 3 years. At 16, he became a 2nd dan and began competing in ITF taekwondo tournaments. His aggressive style did not sit well with British officials, however, and he lost 3 fights by disqualification. Daniels also trains kickboxing, muay thai and kung fu.

Career.

1980-1987 Amateur kickboxing career.

Daniels began kickboxing at the age of seventeen under the tutelage of former British Army boxing champion Mickey Byrne. He debuted in 1979, and compiled a record of 13 victories (13 knockouts) and 3 defeats. Daniels early matches in England and in the United States were amateur matches.  In 1980, Daniels decided to leave England and move to the state of Florida in the United States to continue his career.  Daniels had an amateur kickboxing record of 31 wins, 30 by knockout and 4 defeats.

1988-1991 Professional kickboxing career and early action lead roles.

In 1988,Daniels began his film career in the Philippines, with the release of his first two lead roles in the action martial arts films "Final Reprisal" by Teddy Page, and "The Secret of King Mahis Island."  By the late 1980s, Daniels moved to California and began practicing Muay Thai at Benny Urquidez's Jet Center and Yuki Horiuchi's Piston Kickboxing Gym. He also became a professional kick-boxer.  In November 1990, Daniels won the WKBA California State Light Heavyweight Championship and the PKA World Light Heavyweight Championship in England within the space of a month.  On 3 December 1991 in Birmingham, England, Daniels fought a 3-round, No Decision, exhibition match with 11-time World Kickboxing Champion Don "The Dragon" Wilson (also an action film star) at the World Martial Arts Extravaganza.  Daniels retired with an undefeated professional kickboxing record of 4-0-0 with 2 knockouts.  Shortly after, he had a supporting role in "Ring of Fire" (1991) starring Don "The Dragon" Wilson. His second release that year was his first starring role in an American film. It was David Huey's "Capital Punishment" co-starring David Carradine, Tadashi Yamashita, Mel Novak, and Ava Fabian. The final movie he was in that year was "In Between" in a supporting role alongside Robert Forster, Wings Hauser, Robin Mattson, and Alexandra Paul.

1992 to 1999 Action film star.

On February 7, 1992, "Final Impact" starring Lorenzo Lamas started its theatrical run where Daniels played the supporting role of a fighter. Daniels appeared in two other supporting roles that year with "Deadly Bet" with Jeff Wincott, Charlene Tilton, and Michael Delano, also "" his second film collaboration with Don "The Dragon" Wilson. After these releases he was the lead in the action film "American Streetfighter."  The following year, he played a villain alongside Richard Norton in the film adaptation of "City Hunter" starring Jackie Chan; he was particularly known for a fight scene where he and Chan transform into various characters from the video game "Street Fighter II". Afterward, Daniels had a supporting role in Albert Pyun' "Knights" a science fiction film with Kathy Long, Kris Kristofferson, Lance Henriksen, Scott Paulin, Nicholas Guest, and Vincent Klyn. He was also the lead in the action film "Full Impact." Daniels played cop turned bounty hunter, who is asked to investigate a serial killer's case. Finally for 1993, he shared the top billing with Chad McQueen in science fiction film "Firepower." The film takes place in futuristic world where gangs control certain neighbourhoods where cops can't go, however two officers played by Daniels and McQueen are sent to investigate undercover.  In 1994, he starred in "Deadly Target" am action/martial arts film co-starring Max Gail, and Byron Mann. Daniels stars as a Hong Kong police detective Charles Prince arrives in Los Angeles to extradite a notorious Chinese gangster back to Hong Kong for trial. But soon, his suspect escapes. He gets caught in the middle of an explosive Triad Gang War.  In 1995, Daniels played the role he is still best known for, the heroic Kenshiro, which he portrayed the American live-action version of in the movie adaptation of the Japanese manga "Fist of the North Star". Directed by Tony Randel, and co-stars Costas Mandylor, Isako Washio, Malcolm McDowell, Chris Penn, Melvin Van Peebles, and many others. The film adapts parts of the first story arc of its source, which centers on Ken (Daniels), the lone master of the "North Star" martial art school, who wanders the post-apocalyptic Earth in search of his nemesis Lord Shin (Mandylor), a ruthless dictator, who killed his master and kidnapped his fiancée Julia (Washio). Also in 1995, Daniels played Xao a bio-enhanced kickboxing champion in Albert Pyun's science fiction-martial arts film "Heatseeker" against leading men Keith Cooke who plays Chance O'Brien the only completely human fighter. The CEO (Norbert Weisser) of the fight division forces O'Brien against his will to participate in a tournament. In a third film that year, Daniels got a producer credit as well as being the lead actor in Joseph Merhi's "Rage". In the film Daniels plays a school teacher, who accidentally gets captured for a scientific experiment. He escapes and is chased by authorities.  In 1996, Daniels starred in the martial art movie "White Tiger." In it he plays a DEA agent who's partner's death leads him to investigate in the Chinese criminal underground. That year Daniels also acted in "Hawk's Vengeance," in it he plays a cop who's partner as been killed by a skinhead. He decides to make his own investigation while the official one in ongoing. Also that year, Daniels shared the top billing with Sugar Ray Leonard in Joseph Merhi's urban crime thriller "Riot". Daniels plays a British SAS officer and Leonard a major, who must go through a riot in order to save the daughter of a British ambassador.  In 1997 he had a supporting role in "Pocket Ninjas". Following this he was the lead in "Bloodmoon", co-starring Chuck Jeffreys and Darren Shahlavi. In the film Daniels plays a fighter who's being chased by a serial killer who's victims are all fighters.  In 1998, he starred and was an associate producer in Art Camacho's "Recoil". It's an action thriller, where Daniels plays a police officer, who with some of his colleagues kill a young bank robber after a brutal bank heist. The slain criminal's father is a mob boss who vows revenge with everyone involved with his death. Also that year he starred in "Spoiler" an American action sci-fi film directed by Jeff Burr and co-starring Meg Foster. It is set in a futuristic, cyber-punk New York City, convicted felon Roger Mason (Daniels) is serving a sentence and is locked away in a high security prison facility, where Cryonics are applied to some of the inmates, including Mason, to keep them in a state of suspended animation. Mason, despite all the security measures applied at his confinement, manages to escape repeatedly to see his daughter, while he remains practically the same age and she grows older.  On March 20, 1999, Daniels acted in the episode "Daddy's girl" of TV show "Sons of Thunder". He was also one of the leads in Master P's "No Tomorrow" co-starring Pam Grier, Gary Busey, and Jeff Fahey. His last lead role that year was in Isaac Florentine's "Cold Harvest". In a post apocalyptic world, Daniels plays a pair of twin brothers who grow up to be different, one is stable married medical researcher and the other a bounty hunter"." The married one is eventually killed on his way to share a plague vaccine that would cure many, which leads the bounty hunter to bring the cure to safety.

2000 to 2009 subsequent films.

In 2000, he starred alongside Jeff Fahey and Traci Lords in the disaster film "Epicenter". That year he followed up with lead roles in action oriented film such as "Fatal Blade, City of Fear", and "".  In 2001, he starred in three action films "Black Friday, Queen's Messenger", and "Witness to a Kill."  In 2004 Daniels acted in the Dolph Lundgren film "Retrograde".  In 2005, Daniels was seen in the Steven Seagal project "Submerged" (2005), directed by Anthony Hickox.  In 2006, Daniels starred in "Reptilicant."  In 2008, Daniels made a one-fight comeback in Thailand at the age of 45 and he lost by decision after 5 rounds. Also in 2008, he played the role of Ed Parker in biographical mini series "The Legend of Bruce Lee". It stars Hong Kong actor Danny Chan as Bruce Lee. Other martial artists such as Mark Dacascos, Ray Park, Ernest Miller, and Michael Jai White are also featured. Later in 2008 he acted in the film "Cold Earth."  In 2009, Daniels acted in "Kiss of the Vampire". Also that year, in "La Linea" an action-crime film directed by James Cotten, Daniels was among an ensemble cast that includes Ray Liotta, Armand Assante, Valerie Cruz, Esai Morales, and Andy García.

2010 to present day current works.

In 2010, Gary portrayed Bryan Fury in the film version of the popular video game series "Tekken". He also that year he co-starred in Sylvester Stallone's "The Expendables," many of the cast includes some of his action film star contemporaries such as Jason Statham, Jet Li, Dolph Lundgren, Steve Austin, and Randy Couture. As well as fellow actors Terry Crews, Eric Roberts, David Zayas and Mickey Rourke. The film is about a group of elite mercenaries called The Expendables (Stallone, Staham, Li, Lundgren, Couture, and Crews) who are on a mission to overthrow dictator General Garza (Zayas) in Vilena, an island in the Gulf of Mexico. It is revealed that an ex-CIA officer James Munroe (Roberts) is keeping Garza in power as a figurehead for his own profiteering operations. With his two deadly bodyguards Dan Paine (Austin) and The Brit (Daniels), they become a major obstacle in the way of our heroes. Shortly after Daniels re-teamed with Steve Austin and Eric Roberts in "Hunt to Kill". The next film he co-starred in was "" is a 2010 action film starring Aidan Quinn, alongside Andy García, Mario Van Peebles, Jordan Belfi, Corbin Bernsen, Luke Goss, Bokeem Woodbine, etc. The film follows a banker (Quinn) who escapes the U.S. with billions after he is revealed to be a fraud, as well as the authorities (Van Peebles and Belfi) and mercenaries (Daniels and Woodbine) tracking him down. His last film that year was the supernatural thriller "The Lazarus Papers," where he played the main villain who maliciously captures girls from small village and leads them into sex trafficking. It featured an ensemble cast that included Danny Trejo, Bai Ling, and Tom Lister Jr.  In 2011, he played the main villain in the Wesley Snipes vehicle "Game of Death", co-starring Zoë Bell, Robert Davi, Aunjanue Ellis, Ernie Hudson, etc. Following this release he had a small part in the film "Johnny's Gone". His third role that year was a leading part in the action film "Forced to Fight" co-starring Peter Weller.  In 2012 he played a role "" the second instalment in "The Encounter" franchise. Shortly after he was the main villain in "The Mark" with Craig Sheffer, Eric Roberts, and Sonia Couling. The film is about Chad Turner (Sheffer) who is implanted with a biometric computer chip called the Mark of the Beast. The Rapture occurs, and Joseph Pike (Daniels) searches for Turner in hopes of gaining control of the chip. His third release that year was a role in "Angels." In his final release that year, he played in the David DeCoteau's Christmas movie "Santa's Summer House" with an ensemble cast that also includes Cynthia Rothrock, Daniel Bernhardt, Christopher Mitchum, and Kathy Long.  In 2013, he returned to his role of Joseph Pike in "The Mark 2: Redemption", taking place right after the ending of the first film. The plot follows the main cast from the first film right after the events of the last film. His second release that year played a supporting role in "A Stranger in Paradise" alongside Colin Egglesfield, Catalina Sandino Moreno and Stuart Townsend.  Finally for 2013, he played the role of Hector in the video game and television series "Payday 2".  In 2014, he returned to the role of Bryan Fury in "". Shortly after he was the lead in the thriller "Misfire." The film centers around a seasoned Drug Enforcement Administration agent Cole (Daniels), who descends into the underworld of Tijuana drug mafia in search of his journalist ex-wife who he believes has been abducted by a charismatic drug cartel boss with aspirations for public office.  In 2015 he acted in "Zero Tolerance" alongside. Dustin Nguyen, and Scott Adkins. Following this he played the lead protagonist in "Skin Traffik" with Mickey Rourke, Daryl Hannah, Eric Roberts, Michael Madsen, Jeff Fahey, Dominique Swain, and Alan Ford. It's about a jaded former hitman (Daniels) who encounters a savage pimp (Rourke) and a desperate woman under his control, he embarks on a quest to save a young girl from the clutches of the brutal gangsters who trade human beings as currency. In his third release that year he played a supporting role in "Quyên." Finally that year, he played a supporting role in David Winters' "" in the musical dance romance film starring Witney Carson. The film is about a young passionate dancer named Jennifer (Carson). She is set to spend the summer in Florida in a hotel owed by her distant father Jerry (Daniels), who disapproves of a relationship she starts with another dancer.  In 2016, he played in David DeCocteau's "The Wrong Child" with Vivica A. Fox.  In 2018, he played a supporting role in "I am Vengeance" starring Stu Bennett. The story is about a British military veteran (Bennett) who goes to a small town to investigate the death of his friend. He finds out that a group of former soldiers turned drug dealers who work under a man named Hatcher (Daniels), may be behind it. He followed it with the science fiction film "Astro." His third role that year was the lead role in the action film "Rumble."

Missed roles.

Daniels was once considered for the role of Johnny Cage in the movie version of "Mortal Kombat".  He was also a front runner for the lead role in the hit series "" but lost the role to Adrian Paul.

Martial art style.

Compared to martial arts actors such as Jet Li or Steven Seagal, Daniels's fighting style is much less classifiable. He has studied muay thai, kickboxing, taekwondo, boxing, ninjitsu, and Northern Shaolin kung fu. In his films, he employs a mixed martial arts style, leading with strong, sweeping kicks and sometimes engaging in close quarters fights with complex hand to hand choreography. As he mentioned on the commentary track on the "Fist of the North Star" DVD, his main discipline is the hybrid kung fu art, Siu Lum Wong Gar Kune (Shaolin Wong Family Fist), which he studied under Sifu Winston Omega, who also served as fight choreographer on "Fist of the North Star".

Gary Edward Daniels (born 9 May 1963) is an English actor, producer, martial artist, fight coordinator and former World Light-heavyweight Kickboxing Champion (P.K.A.). At a young age, Daniels started to train in the martial arts. At seventeen, Daniels began kickboxing and compiled a record of 13 victories in England. Daniels moved to United States to pursue his kickboxing career and it led him to a professional career, with 33 knockout victories and held the title. Daniels who was also interested in films, starred in two motion pictures in 1988 made in the Philippines. These were Teddy Page's action martial arts film "Final Reprisal", and the jungle adventure, "The Secret of King Mathis Island." Daniels returned to the US, and continued competing. From 1991 to 1994, Daniels was seen acting in several action and martial arts films, within those he had a supporting role in Albert Pyun's "Knights," and played an adversary who had showdowns with Jackie Chan in "City Hunter", and Don "The Dragon" Wilson in "Ring of Fire," and "." On his own, Daniels was the star of the action films "Capital Punishment, American Streetfighter, Firepower, Final Impact," and "Deadly Target."

Gary Edward Daniels, né le dans le Surrey, dans la banlieue de Londres (Angleterre), est un acteur et ancien kickboxer britannique, spécialisé dans le cinéma d'action et d'arts martiaux.


Collection and activities.

The museum's collection, focusing on furniture and interior design, is centered on the bequest of U.S. designers Charles and Ray Eames, as well as numerous works of designers such as George Nelson, Alvar Aalto, Verner Panton, Dieter Rams, Jean Prouvé, Richard Hutten and Michael Thonet. It is one of the world's largest collections of modern furniture design, including pieces representative of all major periods and styles from the beginning of the nineteenth century onwards.  These works, originally the private collection of Rolf Fehlbaum, are now permanently on display at the newly completed Schaudepot building on the Vitra premises. In addition, the museum puts on temporary exhibitions in the main building, often with loans from other collections. In turn, parts of the collection are lent to other institutions around the world.  In addition, the museum produces workshops, publications and museum products, as well as maintaining an archive, a restoration and conservation laboratory, and a research library. It also organises guided tours of the Vitra premises, a major attraction to those interested in modern architecture. The museum produced the travelling exhibition 'Rudolf Steiner - Alchemy of the Everyday', a major retrospective exhibition drawn from its own collection and borrowed exhibits, coinciding with the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of its subject.

Museum building.

The museum building, an architectural attraction in its own right, was Frank O. Gehry's first building in Europe, realised in cooperation with the Lörrach architect Günter Pfeifer. Together with the museum, which was originally just designed to house Rolf Fehlbaum's private collection, Gehry also built a more functional-looking production hall and a gatehouse for the close-by Vitra factory.  Although Gehry used his trademark sculptural deconstructivist style for the museum building, he did not opt for his usual mix of materials, but limited himself to white plaster and a titanium–zinc alloy. For the first time, he allowed curved forms to break up his more usual angular shapes. The sloping white forms appear to echo the Notre Dame du Haut chapel by Le Corbusier in Ronchamp, France, not far from Weil.  Architecture critic Paul Heyer described the general impression on the visitor as The building backs the factory fence and is embedded in a meadow adorned with cherry trees. Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen's prominent sculpture "Balancing Tools" provides a colourful contrast, while Tadao Ando's nearby conference pavilion gives a more muted one.

The Vitra Design Museum is a privately owned museum for design in Weil am Rhein, Germany. Former Vitra CEO, and son of Vitra founders Willi and Erika Fehlbaum, Rolf Fehlbaum founded the museum in 1989 as an independent private foundation. The Vitra corporation provides it with a financial subsidy, the use of Vitra architecture, and organizational cooperation.

Le Vitra Design Museum, sis à Weil am Rhein en Allemagne près de la frontière suisse, au sein de l'aire urbaine tri-nationale de Bâle, est un musée à fonds privés consacré au design et au mobilier.


Early life.

Francis Younghusband was born in 1863 at Murree, British India (now Pakistan), to a British military family, being the brother of Major-General George Younghusband and the second son of Major-General John W. Younghusband and his wife Clara Jane Shaw. Clara's brother, Robert Shaw, was a noted explorer of Central Asia. His uncle Lieutenant-General Charles Younghusband CB FRS, was a British Army officer and meteorologist.  As an infant, Francis was taken to live in England by his mother. When Clara returned to India in 1867 she left her son in the care of two austere and strictly religious aunts. In 1870 his mother and father returned to England and reunited the family. In 1876 at age thirteen, Francis entered Clifton College, Bristol. In 1881 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a subaltern in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1882.

Military career.

Having read General MacGregor's book "Defence of India" he could have justifiably called himself an expert on the "Great Game" of espionage that was unfolding on the Steppes of Asia. In 1886–1887, on leave from his regiment, Younghusband made an expedition across Asia though still a young officer. After sailing to China his party set out, with Colonel Mark Bell's permission, to cross 1200 miles of desert with the ostensible authority to survey the geography; but in reality the purposes were to ascertain the strength of the Russian physical threats to the Raj. Departing Peking with a senior colleague, Henry E. M. James (on leave from his Indian Civil Service position) and a young British consular officer from Newchwang, Harry English Fulford, on 4 April 1887, Lieut Younghusband explored Manchuria, visiting the frontier areas of Chinese settlement in the region of the Changbai Mountains.  On arrival in India he was granted three months' leave by the Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Lord Roberts; the scientific results of this travel would prove vital information to the Royal Geographical Society. Younghusband had already carried out numerous scientific observations in particular, showing that the Changbai Mountains's highest peak, Baekdu Mountain, is only around 8,000 feet tall, even though the travellers' British maps showed [nonexistent] snow-capped peaks 10,000-12,000 ft tall in the area. Fulford provided the travellers with language and cultural expertise. Younghusband crossed the most inhospitable terrain in the world to the Himalayas before being ordered to make his way home. Parting with his British companions, he crossed the Taklamakan Desert to Chinese Turkestan, and pioneered a route from Kashgar to India through the uncharted Mustagh Pass. He reported to the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, his crossing through the Karakoram Range, the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs and where the range converged with the Himalayas; the nexus of three great empires. In the 1880s the region of the Upper Oxus was still largely unmapped. For this achievement, aged still only 24, he was elected the youngest member of the Royal Geographical Society and received the society's 1890 Patron's Gold Medal. In 1889, he made captain, and was dispatched with a small escort of Gurkha soldiers to investigate an uncharted region north of Ladakh, where raiders from Hunza had disrupted trade between Yarkand and India the previous year. Whilst encamped in the valley of the Yarkand River, Younghusband received a messenger at his camp, inviting him to dinner with Captain Bronislav Grombchevsky, his Russian counterpart in "The Great Game". Younghusband accepted the invitation to Grombchevsky's camp, and after dinner the two rivals talked into the night, sharing brandy and vodka, and discussing the possibility of a Russian invasion of British India. Grombchevsky impressed Younghusband with the horsemanship skills of his Cossack escort, and Younghusband impressed Grombchevsky with the rifle drill of his Gurkhas. After their meeting in this remote frontier region, Grombchevsky resumed his expedition in the direction of Tibet and Younghusband continued his exploration of the Karakoram.  Younghusband received a telegram from Simla, to attend the Intelligence Department (ID) to be interviewed by Foreign Secretary Sir Mortimer Durand, transferred to the Indian Political Service. He served as a political officer on secondment from the British Army. He refused a request to visit Lhasa as an interpreter, disguised as a Yarkandi trader, a cover not guaranteed to fool the Russians, after Andrew Dalgleish, a Scots merchant, had been brutally hacked to death. Younghusband was accompanied by a Gurkha escort, celebrated for their ferocity in combat. The Forward policy was circumscribed by a legal offer to all travellers of a peaceable security crossing borders. Departure from Leh on 8 August 1889 on the caravan route took them up the mountain pass of Shimshal towards Hunza, his aim being to restore the tea trade to Xinjiang and prevent any further raids into Kashmir. Colonel Durand from Gilgit joined him. Younghusband probed the villages to gauge the reception: calculating it was a den of thieves, they ascended the steep ravine. The Hunza was barred to them, a trap was sprung; the parley terms took him inside to negotiate. The nervous reception over, they were all relieved to find safety; Younghusband wanted to know who was waylaying innocent civilian traders, and why. The ruler, Safdar Ali extended a letter of welcome to his Kashmiri kingdom; the British investigated from whence came the Russian infiltrators under Agent Gromchevsky. Further south at Ladakh, he kept close watch on their movements. Reluctantly, Younghusband dined with the Cossack leaders, who divulged the secrets of their common rivalry. Gromchevsky explained that the Raj had invited enmity for meddling in the Black Sea ports. The Russian displayed little grasp of strategy, but basic raw courage; he betrayed the confidence of Abdul Rahman as no friend to the British. Younghusband tentatively concluded that their possessions at Bokhara and Samarkand were vulnerable. Having drunk large quantities of vodka and brandy, the Cossacks presented arms in cordial salute and they parted in peace. Woefully unprepared for winter, the British garrison at Ladakh refused them entry.  Younghusband finally arrived at Gulmit to a 13-gun salute. In khaki, the envoy greeted Safdar Ali at the marquee on the Karakoram Highway, the men of Hunza kneeling at their ruler's feet. This was colonial diplomacy, based on protocol and etiquette, but Younghusband had not come for merely trivial discussions. Reinforced by Durand's troops, Younghusband's arguments were to prevent the criminal looting, murder and highway robbery. Impervious to reason though Safdar Ali was, Younghusband was not prepared to allow him to laugh at the Raj. A demonstration of firepower "caused quite a sensation", he wrote in his diaries. The British major was disdainful, but content when he left on 23 November to return to India, which he reached by Christmas.  In 1890, Younghusband was sent on a mission to Chinese Turkestan, accompanied by George Macartney as interpreter. He spent the winter in Kashgar, where he left Macartney as British consul. Younghusband wanted to investigate the Pamir Gap, a possible Russian entry route to India, but he had had to ensure that the Chinese at Kashgar were sorted out, to prevent a tripartite attempt by the Hunza clans. It was for this reason he recruited a Mandarin interpreter, junior officer George Macartney, to accompany his missions into the frozen mountains. They wintered in Kashgar as a listening post, meeting in conference with the Russian Nikolai Petrovsky, who had always resisted trade with Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The Russian agent was well-informed about British India, but proved unscrupulous. Believing he had succeeded, Younghusband did not reckon on Petrovsky's deal with the "Taotai," the Chinese governor of Hunza.  In July 1891, they were still in the Pamirs when news reached them that the Russians intended to send troops "to note and report with the Chinese and Afghans". At Bozai Gumbaz in the Little Pamir on 12 August he encountered Cossack soldiers, who forced him to leave the area. This was one of the incidents which provoked the Hunza-Nagar Campaign. The troop of 20 or so soldiers planted a flag on what they anticipated was unclaimed territory, 150 miles south of the Russian border. However, the British considered the area to be Afghan territory. Colonel, decorated with the Order of St George, approached his camp to announce that the area now belonged to the Tsar. Younghusband learnt that they had raided the Chitral territory; furthermore, they had penetrated the Darkot Pass into the Yasin Valley. They were joined by eager intelligence officer Lieutenant Davison, but the British were disabused by Ivanov of British sovereignty: Younghusband remained polite, maintained protocol but hospitable to the big Russian bear hug.  During his service in Kashmir, he wrote a book called "Kashmir" at the request of Edward Molyneux. Younghusband's descriptions went hand in glove with Molyneux's paintings of the valley. In the book, Younghusband declared his immense admiration of the natural beauty of Kashmir and its history. The Great Game, between Britain and Russia, continued beyond the start of the 20th century until officially ended by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty. Younghusband, among other explorers such as Sven Hedin, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Shoqan Walikhanov and Sir Auriel Stein, had participated in earnest. Rumours of Russian expansion into the Hindu Kush with a Russian presence in Tibet prompted the new Viceroy of India Lord Curzon to appoint Younghusband, by then a major, British commissioner to Tibet from 1902–1904.

Invasion of Tibet and massacre at Guru.

In 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband head of the Tibet Frontier Commission with John Claude White, political officer of Sikkim, and E. C. Wilton as deputy commissioners. He subsequently led the 1903-04 British expedition to Tibet, whose putative aim was to settle disputes over the Sikkim-Tibet border, but by exceeding instructions from London, the expedition controversially became a "de facto" invasion of Tibet.  About inside Tibet, on the way to Gyantse, thence to the capital of Lhasa, a confrontation outside the hamlet of Guru led to a victory by the expedition over 600-700 Tibetan militia, largely monks. Some estimates of Tibetan casualties are far higher; inciting other conflicts, Younghusband's well-trained troops were armed with rifles and machine guns, confronting disorganized monks wielding hoes, swords, and flintlocks. Some accounts estimated that more than 5,000 Tibetans were killed during the campaign, while the total number of British casualties was about five.  The British force was supported by King Ugyen Wangchuck of Bhutan, who was knighted in return for his services. The incident, portrayed by Chinese sources as a "massacre", embarrassed the British Government, which desired good relations with China for the sake of the coastal Chinese trade. Accordingly, the British repudiated the treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa that Younghusband's services had obtained.  In 1891, Younghusband received the Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, which was upgraded to Knight Commander in 1904; and in 1917, he was awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. He was also awarded the Kaisar-I-Hind Medal (gold) in 1901 and the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1905.  In 1906, Younghusband settled in Kashmir as the British representative before returning to Britain, where he was an active member of many clubs and societies. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. During the First World War, his patriotic Fight for Right campaign commissioned the song "Jerusalem".

Himalaya and mountaineering.

Younghusband was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society in 1919, and two years later became Chairman of the Mount Everest Committee which was set up to coordinate the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition to Mount Everest. He actively encouraged the accomplished climber George Mallory to attempt the first ascent of Mount Everest, and they followed the same initial route as the earlier Tibet Mission. Younghusband remained Chairman through the subsequent 1922 and 1924 British Expeditions.  In 1938 Younghusband encouraged Ernst Schäfer, who was about to lead a German expedition to "sneak over the border" when faced with British intransigence towards Schäfer's efforts to reach Tibet.

Personal life.

In 1897 Younghusband married Helen Augusta Magniac, the daughter of Charles Magniac, MP. Augusta's brother, Vernon, served as Younghusband's private secretary during the expedition to Tibet. The Younghusbands had a son who died in infancy, and a daughter, Eileen Younghusband (1902–1981), who became a prominent social worker.  From 1921 to 1937 the couple lived at Westerham, Kent, but Helen did not accompany her husband on his travels. In July 1942 Younghusband suffered a stroke after addressing a meeting of the World Congress of Faiths in Birmingham. He died of cardiac failure on 31 July 1942 at Madeline Lees' home Post Green House, at Lytchett Minster, Dorset. He was buried in the village churchyard.

Spiritual life.

Biographer Patrick French described Younghusband's religious belief as one who was brought up an Evangelical Christian, read his way into Tolstoyan simplicity, experienced a revelatory vision in the mountains of Tibet, toyed with telepathy in Kashmir, proposed a new faith based on virile racial theory, then transformed it into what Bertrand Russell called 'a religion of atheism.' Ultimately he became a spiritualist and "premature hippie" who "had great faith in the power of cosmic rays, and claimed that there are extraterrestrials with translucent flesh on the planet Altair."  During his 1904 retreat from Tibet, Younghusband had a mystical experience which suffused him with "love for the whole world" and convinced him that "men at heart are divine." This conviction was tinged with regret for the invasion of Tibet, and eventually, in 1936, profound religious convictions invited a founder's address to the World Congress of Faiths (in imitation of the World Parliament of Religions). Younghusband published a number of books with what one might call New Age themes, with titles like "The Gleam: Being an account of the life of Nija Svabhava, pseud." (1923); "Mother World (in Travail for the Christ that is to be)" (1924); and "Life in the Stars: An Exposition of the View that on some Planets of some Stars exist Beings higher than Ourselves, and on one a World-Leader, the Supreme Embodiment of the Eternal Spirit which animates the Whole" (1927). The last drew the admiration of Lord Baden-Powell, the Boy Scouts founder. Key concepts consisted of the central belief that would come to be known as the Gaia hypothesis, pantheism, and a Christlike "world leader" living on the planet "Altair" (or "Stellair"), exploring the theology of spiritualism, and guidance by means of telepathy.  Younghusband allegedly believed in free love ("freedom to unite when and how a man and a woman please"), marriage laws examined as a matter of "outdated custom." One of Younghusband's domestic servants, Gladys Aylward, became a Christian missionary in China.

Fictional portrayal.

The Ingrid Bergman film "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" (1958) is based on Gladys Aylward's life, with Ronald Squire portraying Younghusband.

Works.

Younghusband wrote 26 books in all between 1885 and 1942. Subjects ranged from Asian events, exploration, mountaineering, philosophy, spirituality, politics and more.

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer, and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by himself, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and President of the Royal Geographical Society.

Francis Edward Younghusband (né le 31 mai 1863 à Murree aux Indes britanniques et mort le 31 juillet 1942 à Lytchett Minster dans le Dorset en Angleterre) était un lieutenant-colonel de l'armée britannique et un explorateur. Il est connu principalement pour ses périples en Extrême-Orient et en Asie centrale et leur relation. Son nom est attaché à celui de l'expédition militaire britannique au Tibet de 1903 à 1904 qu'il conduisit en tant que Commissaire aux affaires de la frontière tibétaine ("Commissioner for Tibetan Frontier Matters"), et au massacre de soldats tibétains qui se produisit à Guru.


Background.

During Ringo Starr's tenure with the Beatles he had dabbled with country music: the band covered the country song "Act Naturally", and Starr co-wrote the country-influenced track "What Goes On" and wrote the country song "Don't Pass Me By". While playing on sessions for George Harrison's "All Things Must Pass", Starr – a long-time country and western fan – met American guitarist Pete Drake, in May 1970. Starr had to pick up Drake from the airport so that the pair could record with Harrison; Drake noticed the number of country albums Starr had in his vehicle. Realising Drake's deep connection to country, Starr asked him if they could collaborate on an album together. Drake told Starr his musician friends could compose more than an album's worth of material in a week, which Starr thought was "impossible". Starr was very keen and agreed. Starr promptly flew to Nashville on 22 June.

Recording.

Starr's original idea was to have the sessions take place in England and send the master tapes of the finished tracks to Drake. However, Drake convinced him to have the sessions take place in Nashville instead. All of the tracks were cut in three days, on 25, 26 and 27 June, at Music City Recorders. Sessions were engineered by Scotty Moore. All the material for the album was written purposely for Starr. Guitarist Charlie Daniels recalled the sessions as "pretty typical Nashville sessions. You know, three songs in three hours. It was go in, sit down and work. Here's the songs, here's the chords, let's get it done. It was not a Beatles-type leisurely session. It was work."  Starr sang a duet with Jeannie Kendall on the track "I Wouldn't Have You Any Other Way". Also recorded during the sessions was the B-side to the title track, "Coochy Coochy", which originally ran to 28 minutes in length. The sessions went exceedingly well, according to Starr, who has said that they recorded "a few other tracks that we didn't put out" and ended the sessions with two long jam sessions, one lasting 18 minutes and the other 20 minutes. Session drummer D. J. Fontana recalled that Starr "never varied from that tempo. He had the greatest conception of tempo I've ever heard in my life. I have never heard anybody play that steady in my life, and that's a long time." Acetate discs of the album, which were titled "Ringo in Nashville", were sold at an auction in August 1992, featured a different track order and included songs not featured on the released version of the album. It was clear to all that Starr's vocals were much more suited to the genre of country than the old standards that characterised "Sentimental Journey". For Starr, making "Beaucoups of Blues" had fulfilled a lifelong ambition.

Release.

"Beaucoups of Blues" was released on 25 September 1970 in the UK and on 28 September in the US. The title track was released as a single only in the US, backed with the non-album track "Coochy Coochy" on 5 October 1970. As with "Sentimental Journey", the fan base was bemused by Starr's abrupt change in style. "Beaucoups of Blues" did not perform nearly as well as its predecessor, missing the UK charts and reaching only number 65 in the US. The album fared better in other countries, peaking at number 34 in Canada, number 33 in Australia, and number 21 in Norway.  The front cover of "Beaucoups of Blues", according to Sorrells Pickard, was taken outside musician Tracy Nelson's (Mother Earth – The Blues Broads) smokehouse in Nashville by Marshall Fallwell, Jr. The back cover featured a photo of a large majority of the musicians that appeared on the album. In light of the tepid commercial reaction, Starr would refrain from further album releases for the time being, preferring to concentrate on his second vocation, film acting. On 18 October, Apple announced that a second album of the Nashville recordings would be released; however, the album never materialised. "Beaucoups of Blues" was remastered and reissued on CD in 1995, on 1 May in the UK, and on 1 August in the US. This edition came with two bonus tracks: "Coochy Coochy" and a jam with all the musicians titled "Nashville Jam".

Critical reception.

Writing for "Rolling Stone", Charles Burton remarked: "If "Beaucoups of Blues" reminds one of any record, it's "Nashville Skyline", only instead of being lovable, spaced-out Bobby Dylan in front of those luxurious Nashville backups, it's lovable Richard Starkey who is crooning his heart out." In an interview with Jann Wenner of "Rolling Stone" on 8 December 1970, John Lennon called the album "a good record", but qualified that comment by saying he "didn't feel as embarrassed as I did about [Starr's] first record".  In "Melody Maker", Richard Williams remarked on Starr's limitations as a vocalist but found that his "conviction and charm" were such that "Beaucoups of Blues" "forces one to abdicate from any hip posture and admit, just this once, to sheer uncomplicated enjoyment". Williams acknowledged the key roles played by Drake and guitarist Chuck Howard, before concluding: "One can imagine... that Ringo had a ball making this album. I had a ball listening to it." In his combined review of all the former Beatles' 1970 solo releases, Geoffrey Cannon of "The Guardian" rated "Beaucoups of Blues" as his favourite, saying: "The result is superb. Not because Ringo is a good singer, but because, this time, he's let himself be used well. People who work with men like Pete Drake and Charlie McCoy don't go wrong." Writing in "Saturday Review" magazine, Ellen Sander described the LP as "so protective and perfect a presentation of a vastly underestimated singing talent" and paired it with Harrison's "All Things Must Pass" as solo albums that "delight in their individuality while recognizing, but not relying on, a former mode of expression". "Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau believed Starr was trying to impersonate Buck Owens while singing flat, if not entirely faint, but concluded that "both the songs and Pete Drake's production bespeak a high-quality obsession — the music sticks. And Ringo is still Ringo, which means he's good at making himself felt."  Although it was only moderately successful at the time, some critics have since stated that "Beaucoups of Blues" is one of Starr's best albums. Bob Woffinden wrote in his 1981 book "The Beatles Apart": "Ringo took his chance well and his homely lugubrious voice suited those typically maudlin country songs like a charm. It's one of the best Beatle solo albums." Among reviews of the 1995 reissue, "Q" magazine described it as "always likable and original" and "a collection of contemporary country songs, delivered by Ringo Starr in a languidly melancholic style curiously reminiscent of Michael Nesmith". "Mojo" editor Paul Du Noyer admired the "stellar cast of country players" on the recordings and added that "the groove is loose and fluent."

Beaucoups of Blues is the second studio album by the English rock musician and former Beatle Ringo Starr. It was released in September 1970, five months after his debut solo album, "Sentimental Journey". "Beaucoups of Blues" is very far removed in style from its pop-based predecessor, relying on country and western influences. A longtime fan of the genre, Starr recorded the album over three days in Nashville with producer Pete Drake. "Beaucoups of Blues" failed to chart in Britain but achieved moderate commercial success in the United States, where it reached number 35 on "Billboard"s Country Albums list and number 65 on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart.

Pete Drake, qui avait déjà travaillé sur un autre monument de musique country, "" de Bob Dylan, lui suggère d'enregistrer son propre album de musique country et l'invite à le rejoindre à Nashville, où l'album est enregistré les 25, 26 et. À l'exception d'une chanson écrite deux ans auparavant, toutes les autres ont été composées dans l'optique de cet enregistrement par des musiciens de country/western locaux.


Composition and recording.

After their previous two albums, "Nightlife" and "Fighting", failed to generate sales, Thin Lizzy were given one last chance by their label, Vertigo Records. The band wrote songs and collected ideas in a studio in Buckinghamshire in late 1975, then convened at Ramport Studios in London in the new year. The band selected John Alcock as their producer, as he had worked in the studio extensively. The band worked diligently through February on the album. However, guitarists Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson felt that the speed at which it was completed adversely affected its quality. Both stated that the tightness of the songs made the album feel rigid. In particular, Robertson said he would have liked more freedom to improvise his lead guitar parts. Gorham also criticized Alcock's production, saying that he didn't particularly care for his guitar tone on the album.  "When I wrote 'Warriors'..." frontman and songwriter Phil Lynott remarked in 1976, "the only way I could give any sense of heavy drug takers was by describing them as warriors; that they actually go out and do it. People like Hendrix and Duane Allman were perfectly aware of the position they were getting into. They weren't slowly being hooked. It was a conscious decision to go out and take the thing as far as it can go."  Initially, the song "Running Back" was chosen to be a single ahead of "The Boys Are Back in Town", the latter being seen as possibly too aggressive for some radio stations to play. Lynott and producer John Alcock decided to employ session musicians to add more commercial elements to some of the tracks and try to produce a hit single, so Tim Hinkley was brought in to add keyboard parts to "Running Back". Robertson was against the idea, as he liked the song as it had originally been arranged, in a blues format with his own additions of piano and bottleneck guitar. He later said, "I took enormous offence to [the changes]. I couldn't understand why they'd pay this guy a fortune just for playing what he did. Listen to it and tell me it's not bollocks." Robertson did not play on the finished version of the song and Hinkley is not credited on the album sleeve. Lynott said at the time that "Running Back" was "very much influenced by Van Morrison. I really like that song." Hinkley later recalled, "Robbo and Scott were not keen on it at all but they were overruled." Thirty-five years later, Robertson recorded his own versions of the song on his 2011 album "Diamonds and Dirt".  Scott Gorham also revealed that "Romeo and the Lonely Girl" was also brought up as an option for a single, but was ultimately discarded, as "nobody was overexcited about it."

Tour.

While touring to promote the album, in the US, Lynott was stricken with hepatitis. Finally, the tour management decided to cancel the remaining tour dates allowing him time to recuperate.

Reception.

"Village Voice" critic Robert Christgau likened the album's songs to Bruce Springsteen cast-offs, finding Lynott's lyrical ideas "boring" and Gorham's guitar lines "second-hand". Stuart Bailie of "Classic Rock" magazine referred back to Christgau's appraisal, writing that both Springsteen and Lynott "were indebted to Van Morrison and his Celtic soul", and remarked how on "Jailbreak" "Lynott's best attributes were coming on strong."  In a retrospective assessment for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine describes "Jailbreak" as a "truly exceptional album", with "a dimension of richness that sustains, but there's such kinetic energy to the band that it still sounds immediate no matter how many times it's played". Highlighting Lynott's songs as "lovingly florid... crammed with specifics and overflowing with life", he says that Gorham and Robertson's guitar work is "intertwined, dual-lead guitar interplay that was one of the most distinctive sounds of '70s rock". In his review Martin Popoff described "Jailbreak" as "the band's last album where eclecticism outweighs the cohesive signals" which made later releases "much more singular in intent". He praised "Gorham and Robertson's sharpest metal to date" and remarked how the album is made of "a coterie of songs that very often struck the same emotional heartstrings of Springsteen."

Track listings.

On the 1996 Mercury CD reissue, "Angel from the Coast" and "Running Back" are listed as the second track with only one running time, making it appear to be a single song called "Angel from the Coast Running Back", and there is no third track listed. However, all the songs are sequenced as on the original LP release.

Remastered edition.

On 24 January 2011, a new remastered and expanded version of "Jailbreak" was released. This new edition is a 2-CD set, with the original album on disc one, and bonus material on disc two. On the original vinyl release of the album, the back cover included a short story, which is also reprinted inside some editions of the new deluxe edition.  However, the track listing on the back cover of the first release was incorrect, listing only ten songs, while the actual CD contains eleven tracks. Also, the songs are not in the correct order. The track listing was corrected on later versions of the release.  Only the bonus material on disc two has been remastered in 2010 (despite what it says on the back of the CD booklet). Disc one uses the same remaster as the 1996 edition. New remasters were made, but scrapped at the last minute before the release, for reasons unknown.

Jailbreak is the sixth studio album by Irish hard rock band Thin Lizzy, released in 1976. It proved to be the band's commercial breakthrough in the US, and the only Thin Lizzy album with a certification (in this case, Gold) in that country. The singles include "Jailbreak" and "The Boys Are Back in Town", the latter being Thin Lizzy's biggest US hit, winning the 1976 NME Award for Best Single.

Jailbreak est le sixième album studio du groupe de rock irlandais Thin Lizzy. Il sorti le sur le label Vertigo Records (Mercury pour les États-Unis) et a été produit par John Alcock.


Early life and education.

Mahony was born in 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, to Jeremiah Mahony, a journalist, poet, and teacher from Cork, Ireland, and Clara Hamilton, a schoolteacher.  Her family moved to nearby Winnetka in 1880 after the Great Chicago Fire. In her memoir, Mahoney vividly describes her mother carrying her as an infant in a clothes basket, as they escape from the fire. Growing up in Winnetka, she became fascinated by the quickly disappearing landscape as suburban homes filled the area. She was influenced by her first cousin, architect Dwight Perkins, and decided to further her education. She graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in 1894. She was the second woman to do so, after Sophia Hayden, the designer of the Woman's building at the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. Though highly talented, she sometimes struggled with her place in both society and the field. She was unsure of her ability to complete the thesis required for her bachelor's degree, but her professor, Constant-Désiré Despradelle, pushed her forward.  Griffin was a vegetarian who preferred to drink carrot juice.

Architectural career.

Work with Frank Lloyd Wright.

After graduation, Mahony returned to Chicago, where she became the first woman to be licensed to practice architecture in Illinois. She worked in her cousin's architecture firm, which was located in Steinway Hall at 64 E. Van Buren in downtown Chicago. The space was shared with many other architects, including Robert C. Spencer, Myron Hunt, Webster Tomlinson, Irving Pond and Allen Bartlitt Pond, Adamo Boari, Birch Long and Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1895, Mahony, the first employee hired by Frank Lloyd Wright, went to work designing buildings, furniture, stained glass windows and decorative panels. Her beautiful watercolor renderings of buildings and landscapes became known as a staple of Wright's style, though she was never given credit by the famous architect. Over a century later she would be known as one of the greatest delineators of the architecture field, but during her life her talent was seen as only an extension of the work done by male architects. She was associated with Wright's studio for almost fifteen years and was an important contributor to his reputation, particularly for the influential "Wasmuth Portfolio", for which Mahony created more than half of the numerous renderings. Architectural writer Reyner Banham called her the "greatest architectural delineator of her generation." Her rendering of the K. C. DeRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana, was praised by Wright upon its completion and by many critics.  Wright understated the contributions of others of the Prairie School, Mahony included. A clear understanding of Marion Mahony's contribution to the architecture of the Oak Park Studio comes from Wright's son, John Lloyd Wright, who says that William Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert Chase McArthur, Marion Mahony, Isabel Roberts and George Willis were the draftsmen—the five men and two women who each made valuable contributions to Prairie style architecture for which Wright became famous. During this time Mahony designed the Gerald Mahony Residence (1907) in Elkhart, Indiana for her brother and sister-in-law.  When Wright eloped to Europe with Mamah Borthwick Cheney in 1909, he offered the Studio's work to Mahony but she declined. After Wright had gone, Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken on Wright's commissions, hired Mahony with the stipulation that she would have control of design. In this capacity, Mahony was the architect for a number of commissions Wright had abandoned. Two examples were the first (unbuilt) design for Henry Ford's Dearborn mansion, Fair Lane and the "Amberg House" in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Work with Walter Burley Griffin.

Mahony recommended Walter Burley Griffin to von Holst to develop landscaping for the area surrounding the three houses commissioned from Wright in Decatur, Illinois. Griffin was a fellow architect, a fellow ex-employee of Wright, and a leading member of the Prairie School of architecture. Mahony and Griffin worked on the Decatur project before their marriage; afterwards, Mahony worked in Griffin's practice. A Walter Burley Griffin/Marion Mahony designed development that is home to an outstanding collection of Prairie School dwellings, Rock Crest – Rock Glen in Mason City, Iowa, is seen as their most dramatic American design development of the decade. It is the largest collection of Prairie Style homes surrounding a natural setting.  Mahony and Griffin married in 1911, a partnership that lasted 26 years. Mahony's watercolor perspectives of Griffins's design for Canberra, the new Australian capital, were instrumental in securing first prize in the international competition for the plan of the city. In 1914 the couple moved to Australia to oversee the building of Canberra. Mahony managed the Sydney office and was responsible for the design of their private commissions. In Australia, Mahony and Griffin were introduced to Anthroposophy and the ideas of Rudolf Steiner which they embraced enthusiastically, and in Sydney they joined the Anthroposophy Society. In Australia, they pioneered the Knitlock construction method, inexactly emulated by Wright in his California textile block houses of the 1920s.  Walter was invited to design a library for the University of Lucknow in India, and travelled there in September 1935, and soon gained numerous other commissions. Marion arrived in April 1936, and soon took charge of the office, where she oversaw the design of many buildings. Less that a year later, in Feb 1937. Walter died of peritonitis following a cholecystectomy. Mahony then would up the office, leaving many projects unbuilt, and returned to Australia. Mahony and Griffin spread the Prairie Style to two continents, far from its origins. She credited Louis Sullivan as the impetus for the Prairie School philosophy. She thought Wright's habit of taking credit for the movement explained its early death, in the United States.

Death and legacy.

Marion Mahony Griffin did not stay long in Australia. By then in her late 60s, she returned to the United States and afterward was largely retired from her architectural career. "The one time she addressed the Illinois Society of Architects, she made no mention of her work, instead lectured the crowd on anthroposophy, a philosophy of spiritual knowledge developed by Rudolf Steiner."  She did however spend the next twenty years working on a biography of the life and work of her husband, a massive volume of 1400 pages and 650 illustrations, which she titled "The Magic of America", which was never published. A manuscript deposited at the Art Institute of Chicago in c1949 was digitized, and is since 2007 has been available on-line.  She died in 1961 aged 90, and is buried in Graceland Cemetery, with other noted architects: David Adler, Louis Sullivan, Daniel H. Burnham, Bruce Goff, William Holabird, Howard Van Doren Shaw and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.  In 2015, the beach at Jarvis Avenue in Rogers Park, Chicago was named in Mahony Griffin's honor. When she returned to the United States in 1939, after her husband's death, she lived near the beach. The Australian Counsel General, Roger Price, attended the beach's dedication for the woman who was instrumental in the design the Australian capital.  An exhibition of some of her work was held at the Block Museum of Northwestern University in 2015. In 2016-17, an exhibit of her work is on display at the Elmhurst History Museum.  In the United States there are a few surviving works attributed to Mahony. There is a small mural in George B. Armstrong elementary school in Chicago attributed to Mahony, and several homes in Decatur.  The Australian Institute of Architects, NSW Chapter, honors her work with an annual award, the Marion Mahony Griffin Prize, for a distinctive body of work by a female architect for architectural education, journalism, research, theory, professional practice or built architectural work..

Marion Mahony Griffin (February 14, 1871 – August 10, 1961) was an American architect and artist. She was one of the first licensed female architects in the world, and is considered an original member of the Prairie School. Her work in the United States developed and expanded the American Prairie School. Her work in India and Australia reflected Prairie School ideals of indigenous landscape and materials in the newly formed democracies. The scholar Deborah Wood has stated that Griffin "did the drawings people think when they think Frank Lloyd Wright (one of her collaborating architects)." During her career, she produced some of the best architectural drawing in America and was instrumental in envisioning the design plans for then new capital city of Australia, Canberra.

Marion Lucy Mahony Griffin (née le à Chicago et morte le à Chicago) fut une des premières Américaines à obtenir son diplôme d'architecte. Elle est considérée comme membre de la "Prairie School".


The trial and his execution.

Seyid Riza was tried and sentenced after a trial. The trial ended after three hearings and in two weeks. The final judgement was given on a Saturday, a day which the courts do not work normally. The cause behind it was Atatürk's forthcoming visit to the region and the government's fear for a possible amnesty claim for Rıza during the visit. The head judge of the court resisted to give his final decision on a holiday and alleged the lack of electricity at night time and a hangman. After giving the guarantees on lighting the courtroom with car lights and to make ready a hangman, everything was ready for the final stage. Eleven men including Seyit Rıza himself, his son Uşene Seyid, Aliye Mırze Sili, Cıvrail Ağa, Hesen Ağa, Fındık Ağa, Resik Hüseyin and Hesene İvraime Qıji were sentenced to the death. Four of the eleven death sentences was mitigated to 30 years imprisonment sentence. Seyit Rıza was almost 78 years old when the sentence was announced. This made it impossible to hang him. Yet the court accepted that he was 54, not 78. Rıza did not understand the meaning of the judgement till he sees the gallows. His final moments were witnessed by the then by Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil: " "Seyit Rıza understood the situation immediately after he sees the gallows. "You will hang me." he said. Then he turned to me and asked: "Did you come from Ankara to hang me?" We exchanged glances. It was the first time I faced a man who was going to be hanged. He flashed a smile at me. The prosecutor asked whether he wanted to pray. He didn't want it. We asked for his last words. "I have forty liras and a watch. You will give them to my son." he said... We brought him to the square. It was cold and there were nobody around. However, Seyit Rıza addressed to the silence and emptiness like the square is full of people. "We are the son of Karbala. We are blameless. It is shame. It is cruel. It is murder!" he said. I had goose bumps. This old man swept to the gallows, pushed the gypsy. He stringed the rope on his neck. He kicked the chair, executed himself. However, It's hard to feel sorry for a human who hanged a boy(Turkish soldier) as young as his own boy...When Seyit Rıza was hanged his sons voice could be heard from the side "I'll be your slave! I'll be your muse! Feel some pity for my youth, don't kill me!." ""

His grave.

Seyid Riza was buried in a secret place and its whereabouts is still unknown. There is an ongoing campaign to find his grave. In his latest visit to Tunceli, president Abdullah Gül was requested to disclose the location of the grave of Seyit Rıza and his companions, who were executed back then. "This is not a difficult issue, it is in the state archives." said Hüseyin Aygün a lawmaker from Dersim/Tunceli, representing the province in Turkish parliament for opposition party CHP.

Memorial.

In 2010 in the entrance of the city of Tunceli a statue of Seyit Riza was erected and the park around the statue was named after him.

Seyid Riza (, born 1863 in Ovacık, Dersim, died 15 November 1937) was an Alevi Zaza Kurdish political leader of the Alevi Zazas of Dersim, a religious figure and the leader of the Dersim-movement in Turkey during the 1937–1938 Dersim Rebellion.

Seyid Rıza (en zazaki ː "Sey Rıza", en kurmandji ː "Seyîd Riza"), parfois écrit Seyit Rıza, né probablement en 1863 à Dersim et mort le à Elâzığ, est un important pir et chef tribal kurde zaza qui a dirigé la révolte de Dersim (1937-1938) contre l'armée turque.


Geography.

The ultimate source of the river is at the head of the Makarora River, close to the saddle of the Haast Pass, which flows into the northern end of Lake Wanaka. The southern end of the lake drains into the nascent Clutha close to Albert Town, where it is met by its first main tributary, the Hāwea River, the outflow of Lake Wanaka's twin, Lake Hāwea. It is also met here by the Cardrona River.  From here the river flows swiftly through the Upper Clutha Valley between ancient glacial terraces, negotiating a long section called the 'Snake' before reaching a rare switchback feature called the Devil's Nook near the town of Luggate. The river soon narrows as it passes through the Maori Gorge at Queensberry. Shortly thereafter it is joined by another tributary, the Lindis, before widening as it enters Lake Dunstan, an artificial lake created behind the massive hydroelectric dam at Clyde.  Fifty kilometres south of Lake Wanaka, the Clutha reaches the town of Cromwell, which was substantially altered when the Clyde Dam project was commissioned in 1992. Here the river is joined by the waters of the Kawarau, which flows from Lake Wakatipu. Prior to the construction of the Clyde Dam, this river junction, known as the Cromwell Junction, was renowned for the difference in colour between the two rivers’ waters.  The river then flows southeast through the inundated Cromwell Gorge to Clyde and nearby Alexandra, where it is joined by the waters of the Manuherikia River. South of Alexandra the river widens again to form Lake Roxburgh, another artificial lake, behind the Roxburgh Dam, which was commissioned in 1956. The hydroelectric reservoir flooded the Roxburgh Gorge and several large rapids including the Molyneux Falls and the Golden Falls. The town of Roxburgh sits close to the river, downstream from Lake Wanaka.  From here the river continues southeast past the towns of Ettrick, Millers Flat, and Beaumont, before flowing through the Rongahere Gorge, which is admired for its native bush corridor and for the Birch Island native reserve. Beyond here, the river is met by the Tuapeka River at Tuapeka Mouth. At this point the river turns southward, before being met by its last major tributary, the Pomahaka River, which joins the Clutha from the coast. The river passes the town of Balclutha before widening into the Clutha delta which contains the large flat island of Inch Clutha. Here the river divides into two distributary branches, the Matau (northern), which flows past Kaitangata, and Koau (southern). Both branches flow into the Pacific Ocean at Molyneux Bay.  The Clutha's average discharge is estimated at, comparable to many much larger rivers. This heavy flow, combined with the relatively small size of the river in global terms, makes the Clutha notoriously fast-flowing, and it is often listed as one of the world's most swiftly flowing rivers, alongside Australia's Macleay and Fitzroy Rivers, the Amazon and Atrato Rivers in South America, and the Teesta River in the Himalaya. The highest recorded flow on the Clutha was during heavy storms in June 2015, peaking at.  The waters of the Upper Clutha are clear turquoise, the result of glacial and snow-melt filtering when the water flows through Lake Wanaka. This is a rare characteristic for a high volume river. Below Cromwell, where the silt-laden Kawarau enters, the waters are less turquoise.

Beyond the river's mouth.

Such is the nature of the geology of the New Zealand region that the true river tells only half the story of the Clutha's course. Beyond its mouth, a submarine canyon system extends for over into the South Pacific Ocean, eventually becoming the Bounty Trough. The canyon system bears a remarkable resemblance to the pattern of river and tributaries visible on land, so much so that many of the rivers which empty into the sea along the Otago coast can virtually be considered tributaries of the Clutha's submarine system. These rivers include the Tokomairaro, Taieri, Waikouaiti, Shag, and even the Waitaki. The quartz and schist geology of much of the Clutha River catchment leads to the river transporting white quartz material downstream and depositing this on coastal beaches. The general northerly current in the Pacific Ocean leads to this sand being transported and eventually deposited on beaches north to the Otago Peninsula and beyond. The Roxburgh Hydro Scheme provides a barrier to the transportation of this material which has been linked to the erosion of beaches further north, notably St. Kilda Beach and St. Clair Beach, Dunedin, and along the Coastal Road at Kakanui.

History.

The upper reaches of the river once abounded in flightless moa, predated upon by the Haast's eagle. The river was known by the Māori as "Mata-au", meaning current or eddy in an expanse of water. This name, now more frequently rendered as "Matau", is still used for one of the two main channels of the Clutha delta. In the early days of European exploration there was at least one settlement of some 250-300 Māori close to the river's banks. The river takes its European name from "Cluaidh", the Scots Gaelic name for the River Clyde in Scotland which runs through Glasgow. During New Zealand's early colonial history it was known as the Molyneux, that name given to it by Captain Cook. During early European settlement, a whaling station was established close to the river's mouth at Port Molyneux, and during this period the sea was the source of almost all of the area's economy.

Gold rush.

The river featured greatly in the Central Otago goldrush. The first major gold deposits in Otago were discovered around the Tuapeka River at Gabriel's Gully by Gabriel Read in 1861, and the following year large amounts of the precious metal were discovered close to the site of modern Cromwell.  By Christmas 1861, 14,000 prospectors were on the Tuapeka and Waipori fields. The gold rush was short-lived, with most of the alluvial gold played out by 1863, but prospectors continued to arrive, swelling to a maximum of 18,000 miners in February 1864.

Floods.

Several major floods have occurred on the Clutha, most notably the “Hundred year floods” of 14–16 October 1878 and 13–15 October 1978. The 1878 flood is regarded as New Zealand's greatest known flood. During this, a bridge at Clydevale was washed downstream, where it collided with the Balclutha Road Bridge, destroying the latter. The course of the river near its mouth was greatly affected, with the mouth moving north from its former outlet to create two new outlets at its current mouth. The thriving town of Port Molyneux, which was located at the river's (former) mouth, dwindled as a result and today no longer exists.  The 1978 flood, in which rivers from the Oreti in the south to the Tokomairaro in the north breached their banks, led to the inundation of over of land and the loss of over 21,000 livestock. Towns and areas affected stretched from Makarora in the north to Invercargill in the south. The town of Wyndham was completely evacuated, and the towns of Balclutha, Milton and Mataura were seriously affected with many residents moved. The small settlement of Kelso on the banks of the Pomahaka River was completely abandoned and was not rebuilt once the waters subsided. At its peak, at 6.00 a.m. on the 15th, the Clutha's flow was measured at just over.  A major flood in 1999 caused serious damage to river communities, especially Alexandra. The flooding in Alexandra was attributed to a rise in the riverbed, resulting from silt loading in the Roxburgh reservoir behind the Roxburgh Dam downriver from the town. The 1999 flood had significantly higher water levels in Alexandra than the 1878 flood, despite being only 80% of the volume of the latter.

Water usage.

There are two hydroelectric power stations, the Clyde Dam and the Roxburgh Dam, located on the river providing electricity to the New Zealand power grid. Other dams had been proposed in the past but the projects were cancelled.  Several Local Authorities along the Clutha River use it as a source for treatment plants to provide communities with potable water.  The Clutha also provides irrigation for stone fruit orchards around Cromwell, Alexandra, and Roxburgh, which provide apples, apricots, nectarines, cherries, and peaches. Several small vineyards are also found in the upper reaches of the river.  The spectacular scenery of Central Otago makes the upper Clutha a popular holiday destination, especially for adventure tourism. Jetboating, kayaking, rafting, riverboarding, and guided fishing occurs on the river, and waterskiing, tandem parachuting and parapenting operators are all to be found in the area. The upper Clutha is also used for multi-sports events, and Lake Dunstan is an important rowing venue. Several major ski courses are found close to the river. Curling is also played close to the Clutha in the harsh Central Otago winters.

The Clutha River / Mata-Au is the second longest river in New Zealand and the longest in the South Island. It flows south-southeast through Central and South Otago from Lake Wanaka in the Southern Alps to the Pacific Ocean, south west of Dunedin. It is the highest volume river in New Zealand, and the swiftest, with a catchment of, discharging a mean flow of. The Clutha River is known for its scenery, gold-rush history, and swift turquoise waters. A river conservation group, the Clutha Mata-Au River Parkway Group, is working to establish a regional river parkway, with a trail, along the entire river corridor. The name of the river was changed to a dual name by the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.

Le fleuve Clutha () est le second cours d'eau de la Nouvelle-Zélande par sa longueur. Il coule vers le sud-sud-est sur, dans l'Otago central et austral, et se déverse dans l'océan Pacifique, à environ au sud-ouest de la ville de Dunedin.


Life.

Oğuz Atay was born October 12, 1934, in the Turkish town of İnebolu, in the province of Kastamonu. His father, Cemil Atay was a judge and also a Member of Parliament from Republican People's Party (Turkey). He went to elementary and middle school in Ankara, completed his high school education at Ankara Maarif Koleji, and his undergraduate degree at ITU School of Civil Engineering. He joined the same university as a faculty member, and became an Associate Professor in 1975.  His most notable novel Tutunamayanlar was published in 1971-72, and his second novel Tehlikeli Oyunlar was published in 1973. He wrote several plays, short-stories, and a biography. He died of a tumor inside his brain in December 13, 1977 before he could complete his final great project "Türkiye'nin Ruhu".

Works.

The literary works are now all published by Iletişim. What he had hoped would be his magnum opus, "Türkiye'nin Ruhu" (The Spirit of Turkey), was cut short by his death. It is not known what form he intended for it.

Influences and achievements.

The secondary literature, mostly in Turkish but also in German and English, is very extensive. See, for example, the report of a conference on his work, "Oğuz Atay'a Armağan" (2007), with some 150 contributions and a bibliography of over 500 items. This brief account does not attempt to summarise this material.  Atay was of a generation deeply committed to the westernising, scientific, secular culture encouraged by the revolution of the 1920s; he had no nostalgia for the corruption of the late Ottoman Empire, though he knew its literature, and was in particular well versed in Divan poetry. Yet the Western culture he saw around him was largely a form of colonialism, tending to crush what he saw was best about Turkish life. He had no patience with the traditionalists, who countered Western culture with improbable stories of early Turkish history. He soon lost patience with the underground socialists of the 1960s. And, although some good writers, such as Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, had written fiction dealing with the modernisation of Turkey, there were none that came near to dealing with life as he saw it lived. In fact, almost the only Turkish writer of the Republican period whose name appears in his work is the poet Nâzim Hikmet.  The solution lay in using the West for his own ends. His subject matter is frequently the detritus of Western culture — translations of tenth-rate historical novels, Hollywood fantasy films, trivialities of encyclopaedias, Turkish tangos. To the fracturing of Turkish life there corresponds the fracturing of language: the flowery Ottoman, the artificial purified Turkish, the rank colloquialism. From the West Atay took one of his favourite motifs, but so changed as to be new, intercourse between people as playing games: the free games of love and friendship, the ritualised games of superficial acquaintance, the mechanical games of bureaucracy.  Since the publication of "Tutunamayanlar" many Turkish novelists have broken away from traditional styles, first the slightly older writer Adalet Ağaoğlu, then others including Orhan Pamuk and Latife Tekin.

Oğuz Atay (October 12, 1934 – December 13, 1977) was a pioneer of the modern novel in Turkey. His first novel, "Tutunamayanlar" ("The Disconnected"), appeared 1971-72. Never reprinted in his lifetime and controversial among critics, it has become a best-seller since a new edition came out in 1984. It has been described as “probably the most eminent novel of twentieth-century Turkish literature”: this reference is due to a UNESCO survey, which goes on: “it poses an earnest challenge to even the most skilled translator with its kaleidoscope of colloquialisms and sheer size.” In fact three translations have so far been published: into Dutch, as "Het leven in stukken", translated by Hanneke van der Heijden and Margreet Dorleijn (Athenaeum-Polak & v Gennep, 2011); into German, as "Die Haltlosen", translated by Johannes Neuner (Binooki, 2016); into English, as "The Disconnected", translated by Sevin Seydi (Olric Press, 2017: ): an excerpt from this won the Dryden Translation Prize in 2008 (Comparative Critical Studies, vol. V (2008) 99).

Oğuz Atay, né le à İnebolu et mort le à Istanbul, est un écrivain turc, pionnier du roman moderne et postmoderne en Turquie. Il est aujourd'hui considéré comme un auteur culte et une figure majeure de la littérature turque.


Festival international du film Expresión en Corto

Venues.

More than 400 films are screened from 10am until 4am each day in 20 venues, which include such unusual locations as: the Jardín Principal (main square) of San Miguel de Allende; the classical open-air staircase of the University of Guanajuato; the subterranean streets and tunnels beneath the city of Guanajuato where underground films are screened; as well as horror films in the infamous Museum of the Mummies of Guanajuato and both municipal graveyards (panteónes). There are also screenings in more conventional spaces such as Teatro Ángela Peralta (SMA), Centro Cultural Ignacio Ramirez - El Nigromante (SMA), Teatro Santa Ana (SMA), Galería Kunsthaus Santa Fe (SMA), the Auditorio del Estado de Guanajuato and the Teatro Principal.

Categories in competition and prizes.

The international competition is the largest in Mexico, with films competing in a variety of categories that include: Short Fiction, Short Animation, Short Experimental, Short Documentary, Feature Documentary and both Mexican and International Feature Length Opera Prima (or debut features by first-time directors). GIFF awards winners with 35mm and 16mm film stock, developing services, video-to-film transfers, production equipment packages and post-production services as well as scholarships for undergraduate and graduate film study.  Recipients of the festival's prizes in the categories of Short Fiction and Short Animation will qualify for consideration in the Short Films category of the Annual Academy Awards provided the film complies with the Academy rules which can be found on: www.oscars.org  As a BAFTA recognized film festival, all films accepted and screened at the Guanajuato International Film Festival qualify to be considered for the Orange British Academy Short Film Awards.

Special screenings.

Movies with Mummy  From the stroke of midnight onward, both San Miguel de Allende and Guanajuato Capital open their graveyards for the festival's "Cine entre muertos", which screens horror films among the tombstones, the mausoleums and the dead. The appropriately dubbed "Movies with Mummy", screens horror films in Guanajuato's infamous Museum of the Mummies of Guanajuato.  Midnight Madness  The contemporary art gallery Kunsthaus Santa Fe in San Miguel de Allende and the tunnels beneath Guanajuato Capital are converted into makeshift theaters for a celebration of sexual diversity called "Midnight Madness", which includes gay, lesbian, erotic, experimental and underground films.  Oscar's Night  Academy Award winners and nominated short films and documentaries are presented by their directors, who share their experiences with the festival audience.

National tributes.

Each year GIFF pays homage to the men and women that have given their lives to film, a tribute which demonstrates Mexico's immense respect, admiration and gratitude for their work. The festival has bestowed this recognition upon both National and International filmmakers, including:  Tim Burton, Oliver Stone, Peter Greenaway, Spike Lee, Kenneth Anger, Deepa Mehta, Shyam Benegal, Alejandro González Iñárritu, Eliseo Subiela, Bong Joon-ho, Park Chan-wook, Tongolele, Joaquín Cordero, Irvin Kershner, Gaspar Noé, Felipe Cazals, Josefina Echanove, Patricia Reyes Spíndola, Diana Bracho, María Rojo, Miguel Zacarías, Rafael Inclán, Julio Alemán, Don Manuel Esperón, and Marga López, to name a few.

Women in Film and Television International.

GIFF, in association with Women In Film and Television International, celebrates cinema's most accomplished women who have invigorated life into the medium and have exported the Mexican feminine image beyond Mexico's borders. This yearly reunion salutes the individuals whose invaluable work supports the dignity of women worldwide and their contribution to cinematography.  Past honorees have included: Bertha Navarro, Lucrecia Martel, Graciela Borges, Brigitte Broch, Katy Jurado, Angélica Aragón, Gloria Schoemann, Carmen Montejo, Silvia Pinal, Ana Ofelia Murguía, Ofelia Medina, Carla Estrada y María Elena Velasco, Adriana Barraza and Marcela Fernández Violente, to name a few.

Spotlight countries.

Yearly GIFF contends with the participation of a guest country of honor, which presents the best of that country's film, music and culture. By way of special delegates who offer conferences, workshops, retrospectives, as well as present their country's industry; this cultural exchange reinforces the relationships between the creators of both nations while promoting artistic co-production. In previous years Canada, Spain, Germany, Brazil, France, the US, India, the U.K., Argentina and South Korea have all been Spotlight Countries. For the fifteenth edition of the festival ( 2012) the Netherlands was their most honored guests.  World-recognized film institutions that have participated in the past include: Cannes Film Festival, Festival du Court-Métrage de Clermont-Ferrand, Interfilm Berlin, International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, Festival de Cine de Huesca, Annecy International Animated Film Festival, Canal+, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, Museum of Modern Art, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Frameline, Outfest, MIX NYC, South by Southwest, Palm Springs International Film Festival, Chicago International Film Festival, Tribeca Film Festival, Sundance Institute, the Vancouver Film School, and the University of Southern California and the University of Texas at Austin film departments.

International Pitching Market.

Each year the festival hosts an annual International Pitching Market, which summons international producers, directors, distributors, production services providers, theater owners, and diverse film financing institutions from around the world who are interested in participating in co-productions with the top Mexican feature film projects currently in development. The Pitching Market includes panels pertinent to obtaining current sources of financing for films, focusing on the current and future possibilities of international co-productions, with particular emphasis on the Mexican and Spotlight Country's film industries.

MexiCannes Summer Residence Program.

In May 2008 GIFF announced a partnership with the Cinéfondation which was created by the Cannes Film Festival, to launch a program called the MexiCannes Summer Residence Program. This program serves as an extension to the Cinéfondation La Residence, which yearly selects a dozen of the very best young filmmakers in the world and offers them a platform designed to propel their careers. GIFF additionally nominates 2 of the top Mexican filmmakers to MexiCannes, which includes private master's classes, workshops and meetings with producers, distributors and film financiers during the International Pitching Market, helping them secure financing for their film projects. Since the second session of The Résidence runs until mid-July, just before GIFF begins, it is the first opportunity for many producers to learn about these projects and meet the filmmakers themselves.

Incubator.

INCUBATOR is a project focused on nurturing and developing the next generation of Mexican producers and international filmmakers. Incubator extends an invitation to all Mexican and international filmmakers selected for competition, as well as the Cinéfondation Residence Laureates, to participate in conferences and receive one-on-one advice from industry professionals on the subjects of the development and appraisal of scripts, financing, pitching, packaging and promoting their projects at film festivals, markets and professional business meetings. These instructive conferences are organized to illustrate the process by which a project in need of financing is prepared and brought to a financier or co-producer.  Participants will take part in one-on-one advising sessions, during which they meet personally with industry delegates and receive advice on their own specific projects. In these conferences and advising sessions, experts from the industry give the novice producers tools on how to develop and present their projects professionally.  Participants in INCUBATOR will be chosen based upon their professional career thus far (short film, feature film, television drama, video clip or commercial) and the theme, synopsis, script or material in development they have prepared for their next feature film or project.

48-Hour Collegiate Production Rally.

Each year GIFF invites eight film schools and universities from across Mexico to participate in the 48-Hour Collegiate Production Rally. Universities are invited to submit 3-5 minute short fiction scripts, with open theme and subject matter, written by currently enrolled university students. The eight selected universities will be invited to compete against each other in Guanajuato Capital during the festival, as they attempt to shoot a film in High Definition Video, edit and present their short within 48 hours.  Each selected university will assemble a 10-person production team, consisting of a: Producer, Director, Cinematographer, Sound Technician, Lighting Technician, Editor(s), Set Designer, Wardrobe, Make-up, Production Assistants, etc., and will be assigned 2 professional Actors. All locations, sets, props and wardrobe must be sourced within Guanajuato, meaning the eight teams will have to literally knock on the doors of the Guanajuato community and ask for these items to be lent for the production. Each script must contain at least 2 main characters/actors, 4 separate shooting locations, including 2 daytime scenes and 2 nighttime scenes, and both indoor and outdoor scenes.  The 8 films will be presented during the Festival and the best films will be awarded prizes on the night of the Closing Ceremonies.

Themes.

Each edition of GIFF explores a chosen theme through its special programs, installations and guest speakers. Previous themes have included: "In the Land of the Blind", "Seven Virtues and Seven Sins", "Censorship, Self-Censorship and Provocation", "Breakout Filmmaking", "Identity" and "Liberty". In 2011 the festival's central theme will be "Tolerance".

The Expresión en Corto International Film Festival is now known as the Guanajuato International Film Festival, or GIFF by its initials, and is an annual international film festival, held since 1998 during the final week of July in the cities of San Miguel de Allende and Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Le Festival International de Cinéma Expresión en Corto est un festival de cinéma international annuel, qui se déroule depuis 1997 durant la dernière semaine de juillet dans les villes de San Miguel de Allende et Guanajuato au Mexique.


Life.

May was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of a leather goods manufacturer. His education from 1908 through 1912 included time in the United Kingdom, studying under Raymond Unwin, and absorbing the lessons and principles of the garden city movement. He finished a study at the Technical University of Munich, working with Friedrich von Thiersch and Theodor Fischer, a co-founder of the Deutscher Werkbund.  Working for himself and others through the 1910s, in 1921 he helped win a competition for rural housing estate developments in Breslau. His concepts of decentralized planning, some of which had been imported from the garden city movement, he won the job of city architect and planner for his home city from 1925 through 1930. Working under Mayor Ludwig Landmann, the position gave him broad powers of zoning, financing, and hiring. There was copious funding and an available labor pool. He used them.

The New Frankfurt.

In the context of a housing shortage and a degree of political instability, May assembled a powerful staff of progressive architects and initiated the large-scale housing development program New Frankfurt. May's developments were remarkable for the time for being compact, semi-independent, well-equipped with community elements like playgrounds, schools, theatres, and common washing areas. For the sake of economy and construction speed May used simplified, prefabricated forms. These settlements are still marked by their functionality and the way they manifest egalitarian ideals such as equal access to sunlight, air, and common areas. Of these settlements the best known is probably Siedlung Römerstadt, and some of the structures are colloquially known as "Zickzackhausen" (zig-zag houses).  In 1926 May sent for Austrian architect Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky to join him in Frankfurt. Lihotzky was a kindred spirit and applied the same sort of functional clarity to household problems, and so in Frankfurt, after much analysis of work habits and footsteps, she developed the prototype of the modern installed kitchen, and pursued her idea that "housing is the organized implementation of living habits".  May's Frankfurt was a civic and critical success. This has been described (by John R. Mullin) as "one of the most remarkable city planning experiments in the twentieth century". In two years May produced more than 5,000 building units, up to 15,000 units in five years, published his own magazine ("Zeitschrift Das Neue Frankfurt") and in 1929 won international attention at the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne. This also brought him to the attention of the Soviet Union.  Catherine Bauer Wurster visited the buildings in 1930 and was inspired by the work of May

The 'May Brigade' in the USSR.

In 1930 May took virtually his entire New Frankfurt-team to the USSR. "May's Brigade" amounted to a task force of 17 people, including Lihotzky, her husband Wilhelm Schuette, Arthur Korn, the Hungarian-born Fred Forbat, the Swiss Hans Schmidt, the Austrian-born Erich Mauthner and the Dutch Mart Stam. The promise of the "Socialist paradise" was still fresh, and May's Brigade and other groups of western planners had the hope of constructing entire cities. The first was to be Magnitogorsk. Although May's group is indeed credited with building 20 cities in three years, the reality was that May found Magnitogorsk already under construction and the town site dominated by the mine and blast furnaces under construction. Officials were indecisive, then distrustful, corruption and delay frustrated their efforts, and May himself made misjudgements about the climate. May's contract expired in 1933, and he left for British East Africa (Kenya). Some of his architects found themselves unwanted by Russia, and stateless.  The 1995 documentary film ("Socialist Cities") interviewed some of the last survivors of these groups: Lihotzky, Jan Rutgers, and Phillipp Tolziner of the Bauhaus Brigade, and visited four of the planned cities: Magnitogorsk, Orsk, Novokuznetsk and Kemerovo.  After May's departure, the Soviet government began promoting the criticism of his ideas, methods and achievements. Criticism was severe, widespread, and had ideological underpinnings. He was characterized as an undesirable capitalistic and Western influence that should be contraposed to the socialistic and Soviet architectural trends. In the mid-1930s, the Soviet government adopted the policy of not inviting any foreign architects.

Ernst May in Kenya and post-war Germany.

May worked as a farmer in Kenya, but soon sold his farm and opened an architectural office, designing commercial buildings, hotels and schools. In some projects he collaborated with architect and urban planner Erica Mann: for instance his Oceanic Hotel in Mombasa was a landmark within the master plan drawn up for Coast Province by Mann. In 1953 the Mau-Mau uprisings made it difficult to work. At the same time May was invited to return to Germany and work on housing projects. In December 1953 he sailed to Germany and started again as an architect. From 1954 through 1956 he led the planning department in Hamburg, and was involved in several large housing projects in other cities. Several of the most famous German postwar settlements and reconstruction plans, such as New-Altona in Hamburg and Neue-Vahr in Bremen, are associated with his name.  He was the first person ever awarded an honorary Dr.-Ing. of the Hannover Technical University. From 1957 he taught as an honorary professor of the Technische Universität Darmstadt. During this time May also wrote several books on urbanism. He died in Hamburg in 1970, aged 84.  His eldest son, Klaus May, also became an architect and worked in the office of his father. His most famous work is the new synagogue in Hamburg, which became a protected landmark. His youngest son, Thomas May, moved from the family home in Kenya in 1947 to obtain an engineering degree at Syracuse University, USA. Thomas May produced many craft works of distinction, including cabinetry, chairs, tables and lighting after debuting his designs in the seminal Museum of Contemporary Crafts show in New York City in 1957.

Ernst May (27 July 1886 – 11 September 1970) was a German architect and. May successfully applied urban design techniques to the city of Frankfurt am Main during the Weimar Republic period, and in 1930 less successfully exported those ideas to Soviet Union cities, newly created under Stalinist rule. It is said May's "brigade" of German architects and planners established twenty cities in three years, including Magnitogorsk. May's travels left him stateless when the Nazis seized power in Germany, and he spent many years in African exile before returning to Germany near the end of his life.

Ernst May (né le à Francfort-sur-le-Main et mort le à Hambourg) est un architecte et urbaniste allemand. Ernst May appliqua avec succès des techniques novatrices d'urbanisme à Francfort-sur-le-Main pendant la période de la république de Weimar. Il exporta avec moins de succès ces techniques dans les années 1930 sur les villes soviétiques nouvellement créées selon les règles du stalinisme. On estime que la « brigade » de May, constituée de jeunes architectes et urbanistes, a planifié vingt villes nouvelles en trois ans, dont Magnitogorsk. Les voyages de May l'ont rendu apatride quand les nazis sont arrivés au pouvoir, et il subit alors un long exil, surtout en Afrique, avant de retourner en Allemagne quelques années avant de mourir.