Teams and match details.

Group stage.

Substitute: Brian Nicholas (QPR), on for Saunders 37'.
 Scorers: Firmani 35', Holton 37', 43', 74', Hooper 81'.  Team: Ted Ditchburn (Tot), Peter Sillett (Che), Stan Willemse (Che), Danny Blanchflower (Tot), Charlie Hurley (Mil), Cyril Hammond (Cha), Vic Groves (Ley), Bobby Robson (Ful), Bedford Jezzard (Ful), Roy Bentley (Che), Charlie Mitten (Ful).
 Scorers: Jezzard 46', 76', Robson 60'.  Team: Jack Kelsey (Ars), Peter Sillett (Che), John Hewie (Cha), Danny Blanchflower (Tot), Stan Wicks (Che), Ken Coote (Bre), Jim Lewis (Che), Derek Tapscott (Ars), Cliff Holton (Ars), Bobby Cameron (QPR), George Robb (Tot).
 Scorers: Robb 87'.  Team: Ron Reynolds (Tot), John Bond (Wes), Peter Sillett (Che), Ken Armstrong (Che), Malcolm Allison (Wes), Tony Marchi (Tot), Terry Medwin (Tot), Stuart Leary (Cha), David Herd (Ars), Johnny Haynes (Ful), Billy Kiernan (Cha).  Team: Ted Ditchburn (Tot), Stan Charlton (Ars), Dennis Evans (Ars), Brian Nicholas (Che), Jim Fotheringham (Ars), Phil McKnight (Ley), Peter Berry (Cry), Geoff Truett (Cry), Les Stubbs (Che), Phil Woosnam (Ley), Joe Haverty (Ars).

Semi-finals.

"Scorers:" Haverty 70'.  Team: Jack Kelsey (Ars), Stan Charlton (Ars), Peter Sillett (Che), Ken Coote (Bre), Bill Dodgin (Ars), Derek Saunders (Che), Roy Dwight (Ful), Jimmy Greaves (Che), Cliff Holton (Ars), Johnny Haynes (Ful), Billy Kiernan (Cha).
 Scorers: Greaves 10', Holton 76'.  "London won 3–2 on aggregate"  Team: Jack Kelsey (Ars), Peter Sillett (Che), Jim Langley (Ful), Danny Blanchflower (Tot), Maurice Norman (Tot), Ken Coote (Bre), Vic Groves (Ars), Jimmy Greaves (Che), Bobby Smith (Tot), Johnny Haynes (Ful), George Robb (Tot).

Final.

Scorers: Greaves 10', Langley (pen) 88'.  Team: Jack Kelsey (Ars), George Wright (Ley), Noel Cantwell (Wes), Danny Blanchflower (Tot), Ken Brown (Wes), Dave Bowen (Ars), Terry Medwin (Tot), Vic Groves (Ars), Bobby Smith (Tot), Jimmy Bloomfield (Ars), Jim Lewis (Che)  "CF Barcelona won 8–2 on aggregate"  Ars – Arsenal; Bre – Brentford; Cha – Charlton Athletic; Che – Chelsea; Cry – Crystal Palace; Ful – Fulham; Ley – Leyton Orient; Mil – Millwall; QPR – Queens Park Rangers; Tot – Tottenham Hotspur; Wes – West Ham United

The London XI was a football team that represented the city of London in the 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The competition began in 1955, and the first tournament took three years to complete. The entrants were the major football team of each city which held a Trade Fair. Like many cities taking part, London had several strong teams; however, rules stated that there could only be a single team from each city. It was decided to create a team especially for the tournament, using the best players from each London-based club. Membership of the team varied considerably between matches, to the effect that as many as 54 players took part in the 8 matches of the campaign.

La Sélection de Londres ou Londres XI ou London XI était une équipe de football basée à Londres, spécialement créée pour la Coupe des villes de foires 1955-1958.


Procedure.

Under the classical assumptions, ordinary least squares is the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), i.e., it is unbiased and efficient. It remains unbiased under heteroskedasticity, but efficiency is lost. Before deciding upon an estimation method, one may conduct the Breusch–Pagan test to examine the presence of heteroskedasticity. The Breusch–Pagan test is based on models of the type formula_4 for the variances of the observations where formula_5 explain the difference in the variances. The null hypothesis is equivalent to the formula_6 parameter restrictions: The following Lagrange multiplier (LM) yields the test statistic for the Breusch–Pagan test: This test can be implemented via the following three-step procedure: where the "z" terms will typically but not necessarily be the same as the original covariates "x". where TSS is the sum of squared deviations of the formula_11 from their mean of 1, and SSR is the sum of squared residuals from the auxiliary regression. The test statistic is asymptotically distributed as formula_16 under the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity, as proved by Breusch and Pagan in their 1979 paper.

Robust variant.

A variant of this test, robust in the case of a non-Gaussian error term, was proposed by Roger Koenker. In this variant, the dependent variable in the auxiliary regression is just the squared residual from the Step 1 regression, formula_17, and the test statistic is formula_18 from the auxiliary regression. As Koenker notes (1981, page 111), while the revised statistic has correct asymptotic size its power "may be quite poor except under idealized Gaussian conditions."

Software.

In R, this test is performed by the function ncvTest available in the car package, the function bptest available in the lmtest package, or the function plmtest available in the plm package.  In Stata, one specifies the full regression, and then enters the command codice_1 followed by all independent variables.  In SAS, Breusch–Pagan can be obtained using the Proc Model option.  In Python, there is a method het_breuschpagan in statsmodels.stats.diagnostic (the statsmodels package) for Breusch–Pagan test.  In gretl, the command codice_2 can be applied following an OLS regression.

In statistics, the Breusch–Pagan test, developed in 1979 by Trevor Breusch and Adrian Pagan, is used to test for heteroskedasticity in a linear regression model. It was independently suggested with some extension by R. Dennis Cook and Sanford Weisberg in 1983. Derived from the Lagrange multiplier test principle, it tests whether the variance of the errors from a regression is dependent on the values of the independent variables. In that case, heteroskedasticity is present.

En statistiques, le test de Breusch-Pagan permet de tester l'hypothèse d'homoscédasticité du terme d'erreur d'un modèle de régression linéaire. Il a été proposé par et dans un article publié en 1979 dans la revue "Econometrica". Il cherche à déterminer la nature de la variance du terme d'erreurs : si la variance est constante, alors on a de l'homoscédasticité ; en revanche, si elle varie, on a de l'hétéroscédasticité.


Early life.

Jean Pasquin, the father of Nicolas Pasquin, lived in La Poterie, France as early as 1612. Nicolas was born on April 5, 1648. He came to New France in 1672.  After completing his apprenticeship as master carpenter, Nicolas Pasquin was hired by Jean Deschamps to his son Jean-Baptiste François Deschamps, sieur de the Bouteillerie, established in Canada since 1671. He signed a 3 year contract.

Immigration to New France.

Nicolas left France in the spring of 1672 in the direction of the New France to arrive in Quebec City during the summer of the same year. He worked 3 years for the sieur de Bouteillerie for three years, in the seigneury of the Rivière-Ouelle, Quebec.  Subsequently, Nicolas joined to the factory Château-Richer, near Quebec City. There, he met his future wife, Marie-Françoise Plante. Marie-Françoise was the daughter of the sieur Jean Plante and Marie-Françoise Boucher. It was one of the first children of French, to emerge in the new France family. She was born January 27, 1655, Château-Richer.  Nicolas and Marie-Françoise was married November 18, 1676 the church Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation, in the parish of Château Richer. Note that this marriage was greatly famous because the plant had much knowledge in the colony because they had spent a good part of their lives. In addition, the plant family had a large number of its members in this country and all were present at this happy event. Following their marriage, both spouses elected domicile at the Côte de Beaupré, Château Richer, and Nicolas continued to work at the factory for a while. In the first year of their marriage, Marie-Françoise gave birth to her first child she named Nicolas, just like her husband. In 1678, Marie-Françoise gave birth to the second child of the couple that they taken Geneviève. In this same year, Nicolas bought a land on the île d'Orléans, in the parish of Sainte-Famille. This earth, he bought it from a man named Jean Moreau. Compared to soldiers and labourers who earned that sixty pounds per year of work, Nicolas en earned one hundred fifty pounds, so Nicolas earned more than double the average salary of that time.  Note that this land in the cadastre of new-France, in the parish of Sainte-Famille of the St. Lawrence Island, numbered 11. The current cadastre this land lies at number 231-233, either the last dwelling of the parish of Ste-Famille toward the St. Peter parish. The Paquin appear to have been prosperous people in this era of colonization. Although he cultivated a great land and it auto-suffisait on many plans, Nicolas still continued to offer its services to master-carpenter for so make sure to avoid periods of food shortages.  In 1693, Nicolas was hospitalized at the Hotel-Dieu de Québec and it is not known why. Despite their many family responsibilities, Nicolas and Marie-Françoise is involved in the community. For example, in this same year of 1698, when the Committee of helping the poor was founded in the île d'Orléans, it is Nicolas who was appointed Director of the passers-by. It was he who took care of those who sought charity from parishioners. His wife, Marie-Françoise and three of her companions were charged to collect alms.  In 1700, the Lord of the Bouteillerie, where Nicolas was committed to working in 1672, owed him still one hundred ninety pounds salary and Nicolas in was don verbally at his parish of Sainte-Famille. Thus, the Church could be reimbursed this money which was due to Nicolas, by the Sieur de the Bouteillerie. In Exchange, the parish joined to say annually four masses for the repose of the soul of Nicolas, his wife and their children following their dead.  It was on 10 October 1705, that Marie-Françoise and Nicolas attended the first wedding of one of their children, Nicolas II. The latter married Marie-Anne Perreault. Then, it was already established in the seigneury of Mr. Deschambault., since 1702. June 12, 1708, it was the turn of Marie to marry. She married Jean-Baptiste Marcotte, the Church of the Holy Family parish, at the île d'Orléans.

Death.

Nicolas Paquin died December 16, 1708, at the age of sixty years, probably worn out by work. He had done it its duty of good Christian also working by the sweat of his brow, from dawn until dark, his life during.  Following the death of Nicolas, was son-in-law Marcotte, married in the same year with Marie Paquin, who became his mother-in-law support and the support of the Paquin family, still young. At the death of Nicolas, most children were still at home. So, Marie-Françoise had ended rearing her four minor children, by sharing his home with his daughter Mary and son-in-law Jean-Baptiste Marcotte. On July 23, 1711 was a great day for the Paquin family since that day it y had a double wedding of the two daughters of Marie-Françoise, or Mary Magdalene and Geneviève. Mary Magdalene was twenty-one years old and she married Jacques Perrault. Geneviève, for its part, was 23 years old and she married Jean-François Naud. The two girls will go to settle at Dennis, Lordship where their husbands already each have a land.  Marie-Françoise had more than two children under his charge, either Marie-Anne and Jean-Baptiste. She could now help Marie, his daughter giving him help with his own daughters. Together Mary and Marie-Françoise raised three daughters of the union of Mary and Jean-Baptiste Marcotte.  In 1720, while she was only sixteen, Marie-Anne married Pierre Groleau, a resident of Deschambault, she had probably met during one of his visits to this Lordship to go see his sisters and his brothers Nicolas, who were already settled there for some time. Jean-Baptiste, the youngest of the family was nineteen years old and worked on the family land. So we can say that Marie had finished to raise all her children, at this time.  Marie-Françoise, widow of Nicolas died on 18 April 1726 and she was buried in the parish of Sainte-Famille on the île d'Orléans. It had therefore survived him eighteen years. Shortly after the death of his mother, Jean-Baptiste just like his sisters and brother, went to settle in the seigneury of Deschambault. He was married in 1731 with Marguerite Chapelain.  Nicolas Paquin and Marie-Françoise, the strain of this lineage of the Paquins couple, had an eventful life by the various events of everyday life, but otherwise they had a peaceful life.

Family.

The children of Nicolas and Marie-Françoise:

Name Variations.

If France, the name Pasquin continued.  In Canada the s was dropped and became Paquin.  In the United States, other name variations have evolved including Paquin and Pacquin.

Nicolas Paquin (April 5, 1648 – November 26, 1708) was an early pioneer in New France now Quebec, Canada), a carpenter and the ancestor of virtually all of the Paquins in North America.

Nicolas Pasquin ( – ) est le premier ancêtre des lignées des Paquin à être venu s'établir en Nouvelle-France en 1672. Il a été un pionnier en Nouvelle-France (maintenant Québec, Canada), un menuisier et l'ancêtre de presque tous les Paquin en Amérique du Nord. Né en 1648 à la Poterie, Normandie, Nicolas était le fils de Jean Pasquin et de Renée Frémont de la Poterie, Pays de Caux, Normandie, France.


Life.

Amiroutzes was born in Trebizond. His first appearance in the historical record was as a lay advisor to the imperial delegation from Trebizond to the Council of Ferrara-Florence. There he strongly supported the union of churches but upon return to Constantinople he made statements against the papal primacy and Filioque. According to a papal document 100 florins were given to "protonotarios" George as a subsidy; it was conjectured that Amiroutzes was thus bribed to support the union.  The Genoese archives document Amiroutzes leading a diplomatic mission on behalf of Emperor John IV, seeking marriage alliance between a member of the Komnenos family, and a daughter of the Genoese doge Lodovico di Campofregoso.  However, he was denounced by his fellow Greeks as an opportunist, a traitor and a renegade for his familiarity with Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. He was a nephew to the Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha of the Ottoman Empire, and while serving as "protovestiarios" Amiroutzes helped speed the fall of the Empire of Trebizond by persuading Emperor David to surrender to the Ottomans to prevent bloodshed to its inhabitants. Mehmed sent the Emperor, his family, and nobles (including Amiroutzes himself) to Constantinople on one of his ships. He divided the rest of the inhabitants of Trebizond into three classes: the first became the servants and slaves of Mehmed and his followers; the second were transported to Constantinople to settle there; and the third part were exiled from the city.  Some years later, David, was executed. The traditional story says that David received a letter from his niece, Theodora, the wife of Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu, asking that one of his sons or his nephew Alexios be sent to her. This letter fell into the hands of Amiroutzes, who passed it on to Mehmed in order to prove his loyalty to the Sultan. The Sultan claimed the letter was proof of treason and executed the inconvenient former emperor and his sons.  George Amiroutzes himself was very popular with the Ottoman court, and one of the advisors of Mehmed on Christianity and Greco-Roman philosophy. He was granted land by the Ottoman Sultan and one of his sons, named after Mehmed, was charged with responsibility for the Greek "scriptoria" in the Empire.  After Athens fell to the Ottoman forces, Amiroutzes fell in love with one of the prisoners from that conquest, the widow of the last Duke of Athens. He desired to marry her, despite the fact his own wife and children were still alive. When the patriarch Joasaph Kokkas refused to consent to this marriage, Amiroutzes, helped by his cousin Mahmud Pasha, dethroned the patriarch and compelled him to shave his beard as punishment. Amiroutzes also punished the high ecclesiastical official, whom he unsuccessfully tried to bribe to assist him convince the patriarch, by having the man's nose slit. Amiroutzes met his end while playing at dice.

George Amiroutzes () (1400–1470) was a Pontic Greek Renaissance scholar, philosopher and civil servant of the late Byzantine era. He was praised and respected for his outstanding knowledge, not only of theology and philosophy, but also of the natural sciences, medicine, rhetoric and poetry, all of which earned him the epithet "the Philosopher" (o Φιλόσοφος). He is a controversial figure due to his role in the fall of Trebizond and his later behavior as a servant of Sultan Mehmed II.

Georges Amiroutzès (en grec ) est un homme d'État, écrivain et philosophe grec du, né à Trébizonde au début de ce siècle, mort vers 1470.


History of discovery.

In 1859, geologist Eduard Suess at the "Gute Hoffnung" coal mine at Muthmannsdorf near Wiener Neustadt in Austria, discovered a dinosaur tooth on a stone pile. With the help of mine intendant Pawlowitsch it was attempted to find the source of the fossil material. The search proved fruitless at first but ultimately a thin marl layer was discovered, intersected by a obliquely sloping mine shaft, which contained an abundant number of various bones. These were subsequently excavated by Suess and Ferdinand Stoliczka. The marl was a fresh water deposit, now considered part of the Grünbach Formation.  The finds were stored in the museum of the University of Vienna but received little attention until they were studied by Emanuel Bunzel in 1870. In 1871, Bunzel published a treatise describing the fossils and naming several new genera and species. One of them was the genus "Struthiosaurus" based on a single partial portion of the posterior end of the skull, largely consisting of the braincase. The type and only known species of the genus at the time was "Struthiosaurus austriacus". Bunzel stated that he only provisionally named the taxon and gave no etymology of the name. The generic name is derived from new Latin "struthio", itself derived from Ancient Greek στρούθειος, "stroutheios", "of the ostrich". Bunzel chose the name because of the birdlike morphology of the braincase. The specific name refers to the provenance from Austria.  Apart from the braincase, Bunzel unknowingly described other material of "Struthiosaurus". He recognized that there were bones and osteoderms of armoured dinosaurs among the finds and referred them to a "Scelidosaurus" sp. and a "Hylaeosaurus" sp. These British genera represented the best known thyreophoran forms found at the time. Bunzel also discovered two rib fragments which had a very puzzling build. They were double-headed but the upper rib head, the tuberculum, was short and positioned in such a way that it could not possibly touch the vertebra, if the shaft was oriented in the usual vertical position. He assumed that only the lower capitulum connected to the vertebral body. A rib touching the vertebra with a single surface is normal for lizards, though in their case the rib heads are fused into a single synapophysis. Bunzel therefore concluded that the ribs belonged to a giant lizard. In analogy to "Mosasaurus", the giant lizard named after the River Maas, he named this lizard "Danubiosaurus anceps", after the Danube. The specific name "anceps" means "double-headed" in Latin, highlighting the, for a lizard, exceptional trait of having double-headed ribs. In fact the ribs were those of "Struthiosaurus". In Ankylosauria, the rump is so flat that the upper part of the rib shafts sticks out sideways, which rotates the short tuberculum to the diapophysis, its vertebral contact facet.  Many species have been referred to "Struthiosaurus", most based on very fragmentary and nondiagnostic material. Three valid species are recognized by paleontologists: "S. austriacus" Bunzel, 1871, based on holotype PIWU 2349/6; "S. transylvanicus" Nopcsa, 1915, based on BMNH R4966, a skull and partial skeleton from Romania; and "S. languedocensis" Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola, 2003, based on UM2 OLV-D50 A–G CV, a partial skeleton found in 1998 in France. It is the namesake of the nodosaurid subfamily Struthiosaurinae, members of which are found only in Europe. A number of invalid taxa have been shown to be junior synonyms of "Struthiosaurus austriacus", most of them created when Harry Govier Seeley in 1881 revised the Austrian material. They include: "Danubiosaurus anceps" Bunzel, 1871; "Crataeomus pawlowitschii" Seeley, 1881; "Crataeomus lepidophorus" Seeley 1881; "Pleuropeltis suessii" Seeley, 1881; "Rhadinosaurus alcimus" Seeley 1881, "Hoplosaurus ischyrus" Seeley 1881 and "Leipsanosaurus noricus" Nopcsa, 1918. Another European ankylosaurid, "Rhodanosaurus ludguensis" Nopsca, 1929, from Campanian-Maastrichtian-age rocks of southern France, is now regarded as a "nomen dubium" and referred to Nodosauridae "incertae sedis".  The three valid species of "Struthiosaurus" differ from one another in that "S. austriacus" is smaller than "S. transylvanicus" and possesses less elongate cervical vertebrae. Also, though the quadrate-paroccipital process contact is fused in "S. transylvanicus", it is unfused in "S. austriacus". The skull of "S. languedocensis" is unknown, but the taxon differs from "S. transylvanicus" in the flatter shape of the dorsal vertebrae. It differs from "S. austriacus" in the shape of the ischium. (Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel 2004)

Classification.

Bunzel was very puzzled by the braincase. He knew that it belonged to a reptile instead of a mammal because of a single as opposed to a double-headed occipital condyle. The back of the head was otherwise not very reptilian as it was low, compact, fused and convex in a gradual curve towards the skull-roof. Lizards had a very different, more "open", occiput. Crocodiles were more similar but still had a concave skull rear. Bunzel considered whether it might be a dinosaur but in 1871 little dinosaurian occiput material had been described and it seemed to him that their skulls in this respect were more lizard-like. The only group showing a comparable rounding and fusion of skull bones were the birds. Bunzel sent a drawing and description to Professor Thomas Huxley in London, at the time one of the few dinosaur experts. Huxley agreed that the braincase resembled that of a bird, commenting "This skull-fragment is more bird-like, than any thing [sic] I have yet seen". Knowing that Huxley had named a reptile order Ornithoscelida for forms sharing with birds certain traits in the pelvis and hindlimbs, Bunzel ended his description with the prediction that "with time, it might also be possible to create an order "Ornithocephala" ('Bird Heads')".  Bunzel was correct in assuming an affinity with birds but this was because birds are themselves dinosaurs. In dinosaurs, the rear skull bones are generally strongly fused. Nodosaurids did convergently develop a rounded skull. As the massive quadrates were lacking, the skull fragment gave a false impression of being lightly built. Ankylosaur material at the time was typically referred to the Scelidosauridae but because this was the first ankylosaur braincase to be described, the connection was not obvious. The first to understand it represented an armoured dinosaur was Nopcsa who in 1902 placed it in the Acanthopholididae. He later corrected its name to Acanthopholidae. Walter Coombs in 1978 stated it was a nodosaurid.  Cladistic analysis of "Struthiosaurus" indicates that the taxon is a basal member of the Nodosauridae and suggested it may be one of the most basal ankylosaurs in the clade Ankylosauria. An analysis by Ösi in 2005, describing the taxon "Hungarosaurus", found that while being younger in age than other nodosaurids, "Struthiosaurus" was one of the more basal taxa, although many features could not be coded for it. The cladogram below follows the most resolved topology from a 2011 analysis by paleontologists Richard S. Thompson, Jolyon C. Parish, Susannah C. R. Maidment and Paul M. Barrett.

Struthiosaurus (Latin "struthio" = ostrich + Greek "sauros" = lizard) is one of the smallest known and most basal genera of nodosaurid dinosaurs, from the Late Cretaceous period (Santonian-Maastrichtian) of Austria, Romania, France and Hungary in Europe. It was protected by body armour. Although estimates of its length vary, it may have been as small as long.

Rudbeckia hirta ou Rudbeckie hérissée est une espèce de plante appartenant au genre "Rudbeckia" de la famille des Asteraceae, originaire d'Amérique du Nord où elle est dénommée « Black-eyed Susan » (« Suzanne aux yeux noirs »). Elle est cultivée comme plante ornementale dans les régions tempérées.


Hôtel du Gouverneur de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard

History.

Government House was constructed between 1832 and 1834 as a viceregal residence for the lieutenant governor of the then British colony of Prince Edward Island. The land, a parcel of known as "Fanning Bank" or "Fanning's Bank", was in 1789 set aside by Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning as Crown land, with the specific stipulation that it be used as the site for the governor's residence. In 1873, approximately was retained for Government House and its grounds. 40 acres was given to the City of Charlottetown and later became Victoria Park.  Government House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1971.

Use.

Government House is where members of the Canadian Royal Family and visiting foreign dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Charlottetown. It is also where numerous royal and viceroyal events take place, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of Prince Edward Island, as well as luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is also at the royal residence that the lieutenant governor will drop the writs of election, swear-in new members of the Executive Council, and hold audience with her premier.  The property is owned by the Queen in Right of Prince Edward Island and is open to the public for certain periods during the summer.

Architecture and interiors.

The wood frame building's architectural design is Georgian with echoes of the Palladian tradition. The two axis of the house converge on the main entrance hall, which has doric columns and pilasters and a double switchback stair leading to the second floor. The residence was designed by Yorkshire architect Isaac Smith, who also designed the Island's Colonial Building.

Government House of Prince Edward Island, often referred to as Fanningbank, is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island, as well as that in Charlottetown of the Canadian monarch. It stands in the provincial capital at 1 Terry Fox Drive; while the equivalent building in many provinces has a prominent, central place in the capital, the site of Prince Edward Island's Government House is relatively unobtrusive within Charlottetown, giving it more the character of a private home.

L'hôtel du Gouverneur de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard (), aussi connue comme Fanningbank, est la résidence officielle du lieutenant-gouverneur de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard ainsi que celle du monarque canadien à Charlottetown. Son adresse est 1 promenade Government. Bien que des édifices équivalents dans plusieurs pays soient situés à un endroit important et central dans la capitale, le site de l'hôtel du Gouverneur à l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard est surtout non identifiable à Charlottetown, paraissant être une maison privée.


Family and education.

Matthei was born in Santiago de Chile, the second child of Elda Fornet Fernández and Fernando Matthei Aubel, a military officer. Her father was Minister of Health during Augusto Pinochet’s government; later becoming Commander-in-chief of the Air Force, and in this capacity, a member of the Military Junta until Chile’s return to democracy.  As a child, Matthei's family were friends with Michelle Bachelet and her family. Bachelet later became president of Chile and in 2013 Matthei challenged her for the presidency.  During her secondary education, Matthei developed a passion for music and piano, and upon graduation expressed interest in becoming a concert pianist. Matthei was able to obtain scholarships for her studies. Following graduation, she took the admissions exams for university; but at the time her father was appointed military attaché to the Chilean Embassy in London, and she decided to pursue her piano career in Britain. Three years later, she realized she would not become a concert pianist and decided to return to Chile.  In 1974 Matthei started studying at the Economics Institute of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, from which she received a licentiate in Economics after four years. She pursued a degree in Economics, passed the final oral exam, and was even awarded a prize as best student of her promotion, but she claims that her thesis was stolen and so did not graduate.  While studying, Matthei worked as an assistant professor and research assistant. She collaborated with former President Sebastián Piñera on a Latin American Economic Commission paper on poverty in the region; as well as a helping develop a textbook on Monetary Theory with Professor Hernando Cortés for the Economics Institute of her University.

Early career.

Matthei graduated in 1979 and became a professor of International Economics at the Economics Institute of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. After working a year as a researcher in a private consultancy, Forestal S.A. she became an analyst in the "Superintendencia de AFP", the government body overseeing operation of Chile's by then privatized pension system. Less than a year later she was promoted to head of department.  In 1986 she resigned her government position to become VP of Tourism, Commerce and Securities at Bancard S.A. a position she'd keep until being elected Deputy four years later. In 1988 she was invited to become an adviser for the Social and Economic Commission, and returned to teaching at the Catholic University, this time as a Professor of Introduction to Economics. In November 2015 she announced that she was returning to politics and that she will run for major of Providencia in the municipal elections of 2016.

Political career.

Matthei entered Chilean politics in the late 1980s, after the military government relaxed control over political activity. She joined National Renewal party's youth group called Patrulla Juvenil ("Youth Patrol"), along with future President of Chile Sebastián Piñera, and future fellow senator and minister Andrés Allamand. She was a member of the party's Political Commission and later elected its National Vice president. National Renewal (RN) is a center-right, liberal-conservative party.  In 1990, she was National Renewal's candidate for Deputy for the 23rd Electoral district, representing the upscale communes of Las Condes, Vitacura, and Lo Barnechea, winning by a broad margin. Following her increasing popularity, Matthei was tapped as a potential presidential candidate for the center-right Democracy and Progress Coalition. However, following a highly publicized wire-tapping scandal in 1993 known as Piñeragate, involving her and rival presidential hopeful Sebastián Piñera, she was forced to desist from her presidential bid. Disgusted with the way National Renewal leaders dealt with the scandal, she resigned from the party and continued her political career as an independent until 1999.  In 1994, she opted to run for Deputy of the 15th Electoral District of San Antonio, winning the seat as an independent with support from the Independent Democrat Union (UDI) party. Upon completion of her term, Matthei was elected senator in 1997, representing the Coquimbo Region, being re-elected in 2005. In 1999, she joined the Independent Democrat Union. As Senator, she became the first woman to preside over the Senate Budget and Oversight Committee. Matthei resigned from her seat in January 2011 when she was appointed Minister of Labor and Social Security by President Sebastián Piñera.  As Minister, Matthei gained notoriety for her fiery personality and was the center of several heated exchanges with members both of the governing coalition and the opposition. Her relatively liberal views on abortion, same-sex marriage and tax reform deepened a growing rift with her own party, and in March 2013, she confided that she had decided to quit politics following completion of her term as Minister.  On July 17, and after winning the primary, UDI presidential candidate Pablo Longueira resigned citing health reasons. Three days later, the Political Commission of the party unanimously proclaimed Evelyn Matthei as their new presidential candidate for the elections in November. On December 15, 2013 she lost the presidential election to socialist candidate Michelle Bachelet 62% to 38%.

Personal life.

Evelyn Matthei is married to fellow economist and former Chilean Central Bank Deputy Governor Jorge Desormeaux, with whom she has three children. She is a classically trained pianist, and speaks English and German as well as her native Spanish.

Electoral history.

Deputy for the District No. 23 (Las Condes, Vitacura and Lo Barnechea), Santiago Metropolitan Region  Deputy for District No. 15 (San Antonio), Valparaíso Region  Senator for the Circunscription No. 4 (Coquimbo Region)  Senator for the Circunscription No. 4 (Coquimbo Region)

Evelyn Rose Matthei Fornet (born November 11, 1953) is a Chilean politician who served as Minister of Labor and Social Security under Chilean President Sebastián Piñera until July 2013. She was the Independent Democrat Union Party's nominee for President of Chile in the 2013 elections. Today she is the mayor of Providencia, her term being 2016-2020.

Evelyn Rose Matthei Fornet, née le, est une économiste et femme politique chilienne. Sénatrice de 1998 à 2011, elle est ensuite ministre du Travail et de la Sécurité sociale sous la présidence de Sebastián Piñera. Elle quitte ses fonctions ministérielles après avoir été désignée candidate de l'Union démocrate indépendante (UDI) à l'élection présidentielle de 2013, lors de laquelle elle est battue par la présidente sortante Michelle Bachelet.


Design.

German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. "U-86" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 6 V 40/46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-86" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one anti-aircraft gun The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

1st patrol.

"U-86" departed Kiel on 7 December 1941 for her first patrol. She docked at Brest on the French Atlantic coast on the 22nd where she would be based for the rest of her career.

2nd patrol.

"U-86"s second patrol started on 27 December 1941. She damaged the British "Toorak" on 16 January 1942. On the 18th, she sank the Greek "Dimitios G. Thermiotis".

3rd and 4th patrols.

On her third foray, she left Brest on 25 March 1942. It was relatively uneventful. She returned on 26 May.  Sortie number four began on 2 July 1942. On 6 August, she sank an American sailing ship, the "Wawaloam" with her deck gun.

5th, 6th and 7th patrols.

This (fifth) outing was also quiet, starting on 31 October 1942 and finishing on 7 January 1943.  Having left Brest on 24 February 1943, she encountered and sank her final victim, the Norwegian "Brant County" on 11 March.  "U-86"s seventh patrol was between 8 July and 11 September 1943.

8th patrol and Loss.

The boat departed Brest for the last time on 11 November 1943. She was sunk east of the Azores on the 29 November 1943 by depth charges from the British destroyers and.  50 men died; there were no survivors.

Previously recorded fate.

"U-86" was listed as missing in the North Atlantic from 28 November 1943.  The boat was claimed sunk by aircraft from the on 29 November 1943. This attack was subsequently attributed to which escaped undamaged.

Wolfpacks.

"U-86" took part in ten wolfpacks, namely.

German submarine "U-86" was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck on 20 January 1940 as yard number 282. Launched on 10 May 1941, she was commissioned on 8 July and completed training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla under the command of "Kapitänleutnant" ("Kptlt.") Walter Schug. She was reassigned to the 1st flotilla, initially for further training on 1 September before being ready for operations from 1 December. She stayed with that organization until her loss on 29 November 1943.

L'Unterseeboot 86 ou U-86 est un sous-marin allemand (U-boot) de type VII.B construit pour la Kriegsmarine pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Early life.

Born in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. McGrath was the son of James J. McGrath and the former Ida E. May. He graduated from the La Salle Academy in 1922, attended Providence College, and went to the Boston University Law School in 1929. McGrath married Estelle A. Cadorette on November 28, 1929; that adopted a son.  From 1930 to 1934, he was the city solicitor of Central Falls, Rhode Island. During this time he was also interested in the real estate, insurance, and banking industries. He served as United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island from 1934 to 1940.

Governor of Rhode Island.

From 1941 to 1945, he was Governor of Rhode Island, reorganizing the juvenile court system while sponsoring a workers' compensation fund and a labor relations board, but he resigned in the middle of his third term to accept appointment as Solicitor General of the United States (1945–1946). As Governor, McGrath presided over a limited-purpose state constitutional convention in 1944.  McGrath was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate from Rhode Island in 1946 to join a Congress (the Eightieth, 1947 to 1949), where the opposition Republican Party had just replaced Democratic majorities in both houses. (See United States elections, 1946.)  He was briefly chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on the District of Columbia for the 81st Congress (to which the 1948 election had returned Democratic majorities). In the Senate, McGrath opposed reducing wartime economic controls and taxes, wishing to spend the latter instead on Social Security, national health insurance, and education.

Chairman of Democratic National Committee.

He was chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1947 to 1949. In managing President Harry Truman's successful 1948 election campaign, McGrath alienated white Southerners but won over crucial black constituencies by integrating the Democratic national headquarters staff.

Attorney General.

Truman appointed McGrath Attorney General of the United States on August 24, 1949. After McGrath had refused to co-operate in a corruption investigation initiated by his own department. Truman asked for and received McGrath's resignation on April 3, 1952.  Alternative accounts have contradictorily suggested that after a meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at Truman's "Little White House" in Key West, the Secretary of the Navy, along with other members, had threatened to resign if they, too, were forced to comply with Special Assistant Attorney General Newbold Morris's request for the personal records of all members who might have received gifts under the scope of the corruption investigation. Under pressure to follow through with the Justice Department corruption investigation, along with the threats of resignation, McGrath agreed that Morris's request was asking too much and that the best thing to do was to clean up the department from that point forward and leave the past alone. Truman had been backed into a corner, and the only way out was to ask for McGrath's resignation. That account was corroborated by a letter from Truman to McGrath, which hung in the hallway of McGrath's summer home in Narragansett, Rhode Island up to the time of his death in 1966.  McGrath entered the private practice of law in Washington, D.C. and Providence. In 1960, he was an unsuccessful candidate to succeed the retiring U.S. Sen. Theodore Francis Green (Democrat of Rhode Island), losing the Democratic primary (also contested by former Governor Dennis J. Roberts) to Claiborne Pell.  McGrath died of a heart attack in Narragansett, Rhode Island on September 2, 1966, at the age of 62. His body was buried at the St. Francis Cemetery in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.  There is a bust of Senator McGrath outside the House chamber in the Rhode Island State House.

James Howard McGrath (November 28, 1903September 2, 1966) was an American politician and attorney from the U.S. state of Rhode Island. McGrath, a Democrat, served as U.S. Attorney for Rhode Island before becoming Governor, U.S. Solicitor General, U.S. Senator, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and Attorney General of the United States.

James Howard McGrath, né le à Woonsocket (Rhode Island) et mort le à Narragansett (Rhode Island), est un juriste et un homme politique américain.


History.

The village was founded during the fascist regime. Benito Mussolini had this once swamped village transformed into what he called "The Pearl of the Mediterranean Sea." Many architects from all over Italy were called upon to build centres for orphans and houses for the rich. In the 1930s, places for studying film were constructed, and la Pisorno was built to expand the ideal of fascism in Italy and to make propaganda. Today, in the area of Tirrenia near Livorno, the old colonies built by Mussolini for orphans are being restored since they were abandoned after World War II. These colonies will be used as tourist attractions.  In the early 1950s American troops established the military complex Camp Darby not far from Tirrenia. Subsequently, American families began to rent villas and flats in Tirrenia. In the mid to late-1950s through the early-1990s (this much I can personally attest to), many of the inhabitants of Tirrenia were American families. The American Beach in Tirrenia (which closed at the end of the 2014 summer season and became a free beach) was a vacation venue for American and NATO troops stationed throughout Europe. At least during the 1980s, (or possibly earlier) and at least as late as 1990 lifeguards were US Soldiers from units in Vicenza and Camp Darby. The lifeguards from the American Beach also provided lifeguard services to both adjoining Italian free beaches. For many years, retired American personnel who had remained in Italy due to having married Italian women, provided night security. Fourth of July celebrations were often held on the beach, as it was fairly easy to set up pyrotechnical displays without fear of causing fires. They were anchored in the sand and fired out over the water. The American Beach played a minor role during Operation Desert Shield. A goodly number of troops heading into the Desert, were provided R&R at Camp Darby. The Beach normally closed on Labor Day, that year it remained open through September to provide troops a place to be.  Tirrenia is generally considered the southern end of the Riviera which starts off the southern coast of France and follows the shore as it curves to the south. Some do extend the Italian Riviera to just past Livorno (Leghorn) just a few miles further.  In Calambrone, just south of Tirrenia, the U.S. Army Hospital served the Americans that lived in Tirrenia. The Hospital closed in the 1980s and transferred to Camp Darby becoming a clinic.

Main sights.

Theme parks.

Tirrenia is also home to Camp Darby Army Base, a home to the Southern European Task Force (SETAF).  The village is surrounded by sand hills and lush forests, whose fauna include wild boars.

Economy.

Tirrenia's economy is mainly based on tourism, more domestic than foreign. Also, fishing is a source of profit for citizens of Tirrenia. Tirrenia is also one of the most expensive maritime localities, with rising housing costs.  Tirrenia is especially visited by young people, mostly from Pisa and Livorno, because of the vast quantity of pubs and discos that the village offers. The main avenue provides access to camping grounds, seaside establishments, and high-quality, luxurious hotels.

Climate.

Tirrenia has a Mediterranean and moderate climate even throughout the winter, mitigated by the sea.

Sport.

With the presence of a training center of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), many athletes go to Tirrenia to practise and at times relax by the seashore. Two golf and country clubs can be found, as well as tennis courts, and public pools for any water sports. Additionally, Tirrenia is home to a baseball academy run by Major League Baseball.

Tirrenia is a frazione (parish) of Pisa, Italy with a population of 3,112 inhabitants. Immersed in the pine forest of the "Litorale Pisano" and in the coast of Ligurian Sea (even if the name of the village refers to Tyrrhenian Sea, in Italian "Mar Tirreno"), Tirrenia is situated in the centre of the coast of Tuscany and next to the "Parco Naturale Migliarino, San Rossore, Massaciuccoli", between Pisa and Livorno.

Tirrenia est une "frazione" sise sur le littoral de Pise qui compte habitants. Elle est située au sud-ouest du chef-lieu communal. Localité balnéaire fondée sous le régime fasciste dans les années 1930, elle tire son nom de la mer Tyrrhénienne, bien qu'elle soit bordée, selon les conventions utilisées par l'Organisation hydrographique internationale, par la mer Ligure.


Early life.

Gregory was born in Crawfordsville, Mississippi. He graduated from the Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) in 1881, Southwestern Presbyterian University in 1883, and he was a special student at the University of Virginia. Gregory entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 and graduated a year later with a degree in law.  He began the practice of law in Austin, in 1885. He served as a regent of the University of Texas for eight years. Gregory Gymnasium was named in honor of his efforts to provide an adequate exercise facility for the students and faculty of the University. He declined appointment as assistant attorney general of Texas in 1892 and an appointment to the state bench in 1896 but "gained experience as a trust prosecutor as a special counsel for the state of Texas."  While embracing the progressive rhetoric of the early 20th century with his condemnations of "plutocratic power," "predatory wealth," and "the greed of the party spoilsmen," Gregory participated in Edward M. House's Democratic coalition.  Gregory was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis and at state delegate at-large at the Baltimore convention. He was appointed Special Assistant to the US Attorney General in 1913, in the investigation and proceedings against the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company.

Attorney General.

In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson appointed him Attorney General of the United States, and he held that office until 1919. Despite a continuing commitment to progressive reform, Gregory's performance as attorney general provoked enormous controversy because of his collaboration with Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson and others in orchestrating a campaign to crush domestic dissent during World War I.  Gregory helped frame the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which compromised the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and press, and he lobbied for their passage. He encouraged extralegal surveillance by the American Protective League and directed the federal prosecutions of more than 2,000 opponents of the war: "By 1918 the Attorney General was able to declare, 'It is safe to say that never in its history has this country been so thoroughly policed.'"  In 1916, Wilson wanted to appoint Gregory to the US Supreme Court, but the attorney general declined the offer because of his impaired hearing, his eagerness to participate in Wilson's re-election campaign, and his belief that he lacked the necessary temperament to be a judge. Gregory was a member of Wilson's Second Industrial Conference in 1919 and 1920.  During a trip to New York to confer with Franklin Roosevelt, Gregory contracted pneumonia and died. He is buried in Austin.  His portrait was painted in 1917 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947); it hangs in the Department of Justice in Washington, DC.

Thomas Watt Gregory (November 6, 1861February 26, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a political progressive and attorney who served as United States Attorney General from 1914 to 1919, during President Woodrow Wilson's administration.

Thomas Watt Gregory, né le à Crawfordsville (Mississippi) et mort le à New York, est un juriste et homme politique américain. Membre du Parti démocrate, il est procureur général des États-Unis entre 1914 et 1919 dans l'administration du président Woodrow Wilson.


The Stylistics version.

An R&B ballad, it was the sixth track from their 1971 debut self-titled album and was released as a single in 1971 and reached number 9 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It also climbed to number 10 in the "Billboard" R&B chart and reached number 24 in the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart. The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies globally, earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on January 3, 1972. It was the band's first gold disc.  The song was used in two episodes of the TV series "The Wonder Years", entitled "Denial" and "Double Double Date". It was also used in a 2002 episode of "The King of Queens", called "Business Affairs". The song was featured at a dance in the 2005 comedy, "The Ringer".

Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross version.

Another version of the song was recorded by one-time Motown singing duo, Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye. Released as the second UK single from their "Diana & Marvin" album, the song reached #5 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1974, and also became the first official Motown single to be awarded with silver disc for sales in excess of 250,000 copies. It also reached #13 on the Dutch charts and #20 on the Irish Singles Chart. It was never released as a single in the U.S.

Other versions and samples.

Other artists who have recorded the song, or referenced it, over the years include:

"You Are Everything" is a soul song written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed that was originally recorded by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics.

La chanson a été notamment reprise par Diana Ross et Marvin Gaye pour l'album "Diana & Marvin" (1974), à l'instar de la chanson "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)", également reprise par Diana Ross et Marvin Gaye et interprétée à l'origine par les Stylistics.


History.

Shoe polish was not well known as a commercial product until the early 20th century. Throughout the late 19th century shoeshine boys plied their trade on the streets, particularly those in the cities of the United Kingdom. The earliest known daguerreotype (photograph) of a human, "View of the Boulevard du Temple", features a man having his shoes shined in the lower corner of the print. Though the image shows Paris' busy Boulevard du Temple, the long exposure time (about ten or twelve minutes) meant that moving traffic cannot be seen; however, the two men at lower left (one apparently having his boots polished by the other) remained still long enough to be distinctly visible.

Modern profession.

The profession is common in many countries around the world, with the revenue earned by the shoeshiner being a significant proportion of a family income, particularly when the father of the family has died or can no longer work. In Afghanistan some children will work after school and can earn 100 Afghanis (around £1) each day. Many street children use shoeshining as their only means of income.  Some cities require shoeshiners to acquire licences in order to work legally. In August 2007 shoeshiners in Mumbai, India were told that they could no longer work on the railway stations due to "financial irregularities". Every Shoeshine Association was asked to reapply for their licence, with many worried that they would lose out to a rival.

Famous shoeshiners.

Several high profile figures worked as shoeshiners at one point of their lives:

Portrayal in popular culture.

Shoeshiners have featured in:

Shoeshiner or boot polisher is an occupation in which a person cleans and buffs shoes and then applies a waxy paste to give a shiny appearance and a protective coating. They are often known as shoeshine boys because the job was traditionally done by a male child. Other synonyms are bootblack and shoeblack. While the role is denigrated in much of Western civilization, shining shoes is an important source of income for many children and families throughout the world. Some shoeshiners offer extra services, such as shoe repairs and general tailoring. Some well-known people started their working life as shoeshiners, including singers and presidents.

Le cireur de chaussure nettoie et cire les chaussures de ses clients. Ce travail est traditionnellement celui d'un enfant de sexe masculin ou d'un vieil homme, muni d'un tabouret pour poser le pied du client, d'une brosse et de cirage. Dans les civilisations dites occidentales, ce rôle est de plus en plus considéré comme obsolète mais dans de nombreux pays à travers le monde, des enfants gagnent un salaire indispensable pour leur famille. Certains cireurs de chaussures offrent des services supplémentaires, tels que la réparation de chaussures.


Background.

24 March commemorates the day in 1882 when Dr Robert Koch astounded the scientific community by announcing to a small group of scientists at the University of Berlin's Institute of Hygiene that he had discovered the cause of tuberculosis, the TB bacillus. According to Koch's colleague, Paul Ehrlich, "At this memorable session, Koch appeared before the public with an announcement which marked a turning-point in the story of a virulent human infectious disease. In clear, simple words Koch explained the aetiology of tuberculosis with convincing force, presenting many of his microscope slides and other pieces of evidence." At the time of Koch's announcement in Berlin, TB was raging through Europe and the Americas, causing the death of one out of every seven people. Koch's discovery opened the way toward diagnosing and curing tuberculosis.

History.

In 1982, on the one-hundredth anniversary of Robert Koch's presentation, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) proposed that 24 March be proclaimed an official World TB Day. This was part of a year-long centennial effort by the IUATLD and the World Health Organization under the theme "Defeat TB: Now and Forever.” World TB Day was not officially recognized as an annual occurrence by WHO's World Health Assembly and the United Nations until over a decade later.  In the fall of 1995, WHO and the Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Foundation (KNCV) hosted the first World TB Day advocacy planning meeting in Den Haag, Netherlands; an event they would continue co-sponsor over the next few years. In 1996, WHO, KNCV, the IUATLD and other concerned organizations joined to conduct a wide range of World TB Day activities.  For World TB Day 1997, WHO held a news conference in Berlin during which WHO Director-General Hiroshi Nakajima declared that "DOTS is the biggest health breakthrough of this decade, according to lives we will be able to save." WHO's Global TB Programme Director, Dr. Arata Kochi, promised that, "Today the situation of the global TB epidemic is about to change, because we have made a breakthrough. It is the breakthrough of health management systems that makes it possible to control TB not only in wealthy countries, but in all parts of the developing world, where 95 percent of all TB cases now exist."  By 1998, nearly 200 organizations conducted public outreach activities on World TB Day. During its World TB Day 1998 news conference in London, WHO for the first time identified the top twenty-two countries with the world's highest TB burden. The next year, over 60 key TB advocates from 18 countries attended the three-day WHO/KNCV planning meeting for World TB Day 1999.  U.S. President Bill Clinton marked World TB Day 2000 by administering the WHO-recommended Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course (DOTS) treatment to patients at the Mahavir Hospital in Hyderabad, India. According to Clinton, "These are human tragedies, economic calamities, and far more than crises for you, they are crises for the world. The spread of disease is the one global problem for which... no nation is immune."  In Canada, the National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health noted on World TB Day 2014 that 64% of TB cases reported nationally were among foreign-born individuals and 23% among Aboriginal people, highlighting TB as a key area of concern about health equity.  Today the Stop TB Partnership, a network of organizations and countries fighting TB (the IUATLD is a member and WHO houses the Stop TB Partnership secretariat in Geneva), organizes the Day to highlight the scope of the disease and how to prevent and cure it.

Themes by year.

Each World TB Day addresses a different theme. The following is a list of annual themes:

2008–2009: I am stopping TB.

The two-year World TB Day campaign "I am stopping TB", launched in 2008, highlighted the message that the campaign belonged to people everywhere doing their part to Stop TB.

2010: Innovate to accelerate action.

The World TB Day 2010 recognized people and partners who had introduced a variety of innovations in a variety of settings to stop TB.  On the occasion of World TB Day 2010, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) declared that attempts to stem the spread of tuberculosis across the globe are likely to fall well short of what is needed unless authorities in affected countries significantly increase their efforts to stop the deadly disease from breeding inside prisons. As a result of overcrowding and poor nutrition, TB rates in many prisons are 10 to 40 times higher than in the general public. The ICRC had been fighting TB in prisons in the Caucasus region, Central Asia, Latin America, Asia Pacific and Africa for more than a decade, either directly or by supporting local programmes.

2011: Transforming the fight.

For the World TB Day 2011 campaign, the goal was to inspire innovation in TB research and care.

2012: Tell the world what you want to see in your lifetime.

For World TB Day 2012, individuals were called upon to join the global fight to stop TB in their lifetime.

2013: Stop TB in my lifetime.

The World TB Day 2013 campaign provided an opportunity to mark progress towards global targets for reductions in TB cases and deaths: TB mortality fell over 40% worldwide since 1990, and incidence was declining. Further progress would depend on addressing critical funding gaps: an estimated 1.6 billion US dollars needed to implement existing TB interventions.

2014: Reach the three million.

Of the 9 million people a year who get sick with TB, 3 million of them are "missed" by health systems. The focus of World TB Day 2014 was for countries and partners to take forward innovative approaches to reach the 3 million and ensure that everyone suffering from TB has access to TB diagnosis, treatment and cure.

2015: Gear up to end TB.

World TB Day 2015 was seen as an opportunity to raise awareness about the burden of TB worldwide and the status of TB prevention and control efforts, highlighting WHO's vision of a world free of TB with zero deaths and suffering.

2017: Unite to end TB.

World TB 2017 focused on joining efforts to raise awareness and eliminate Tuberculosis.

2018: Wanted: Leaders for a TB-free world.

World TB 2018 focused on building commitment to end TB, not only at the political level with Heads of State and Ministers of Health, but at all levels from Mayors, Governors, parliamentarians and community leaders, to people affected with TB, civil society advocates, health workers, doctors or nurses, NGOs and other partners.

2019: It's time.

The theme for World TB day 2019 is "It's time". The emphasis for this year's event is to pressure world leaders to "act on [their] commitments".

2020: It's time to End TB.

The theme for World TB day 2020 is "It's time to End TB!"

World Tuberculosis Day, observed on 24 March each year, is designed to build public awareness about the global epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to eliminate the disease. In 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB, and 1.3 million died from the disease, mostly in low and middle-income countries.

La Journée mondiale de lutte contre la tuberculose est une journée internationale qui pour but de sensibiliser à l’épidémie mondiale de tuberculose et aux efforts entrepris pour éliminer cette maladie.


Publication.

The "Revue des Colonies" was an abolitionist journal edited in Paris by Cyril Bissette from 1834 to 1842. Its contributors were mainly free persons of color. Bissette published "Le Mulâtre" in the March 1837 issue, not long after the 19-year-old Séjour arrived from his native New Orleans to further his education and career. A Louisiana state law passed in 1830 restricted the dissemination of "seditious" writing, and Séjour's story detailing the injustice and cruelty of slavery was not published there, though it may have circulated privately through family connections. An English translation of "Le Mulâtre" was not published until 1997, when Philip Barnard's edition was included in the "Norton Anthology of African American Literature". Another translation, by Andrea Lee, appeared in the "Multilingual Anthology of American Literature" in 2000.

Structure and setting.

The main story takes place in Saint Domingue before the Haitian Revolution, and is told in third person. The narrative frame, however, is post-revolutionary: the first-person narrator, a visitor to the place, identifies Saint Domingue as "now the Republic of Haiti". This visitor, addressed as "Master," is presumably white. The "I" of the introduction hears the story told by an "old negro," Antoine, who is a contemporary of the mulatto protagonist of the events related. The author gives Antoine license to tell the story from a nearly omniscient point of view, but the story ends without returning to its initial narrative setting.  The story is set specifically in Saint Marc, the city from which Séjour's father had emigrated to New Orleans. Some of the writer's relatives still lived in Haiti, including a nephew, Frédéric Marcelin, who was a political activist and writer of the Romantic movement. The elder Séjour was a free mulatto whose parents were a white man and a free woman of color. Victor's mother was also a free woman of color, and his own baptismal record identifies him as a "free quadroon". "The Mulatto" is the only extant work by Séjour to be set in the "New World".  The setting established by the narrative frame—both the time of day and the site—enhances the story's themes. It begins as dawn is turning the black mountains white "("Les premiers rayons de l'aurore blanchissaient à peine la cime noire des montagnes")". Werner Sollors offers the interpretation that dawn and dusk are points in the 24-hour cycle that are neither night nor day, but both. The Classical goddess of the dawn, Eos to the Greeks, Roman Aurora, had myths associating her with Aethiopia, and was the mother of a black son, Memnon. Characters named Aurora, Aurore or Dawn in fiction on biracial themes—including "The Quadroon" by Mayne Reid, "The Grandissimes" by George Washington Cable, "The Foxes of Harrow" by Frank Yerby, and "The Black Madonna" by Muriel Spark—are symbolically situated between night (black) and day (white).  The first-person narrator as a visitor describes the verdant landscape as picturesque and exotic, expressive of "the sublime diversity of God's works." But Antoine, as he begins to take over the narrative, points to the dominant man-made structure, "an edifice that... in its peculiarity resembles a temple and in its pretense a palace". Here the "rentiers" and idlers would gather to play billiards and smoke Cuban cigars along with plantation owners in town to buy slaves. As in gothic literature by white writers, a grand human façade contrasts with the beautiful otherness of nature and masks a horror within. The description of this "edifice" as a temple, surrounded by fields "like young virgins at the foot of an altar," marks the violation of the black female body as a form of sacrifice.

Genre and themes.

"The Mulatto" is a melodrama with the gothic elements of curses, suicide, murder, and the monstrous. It is an example of how European artistic forms were adapted for transatlantic slave-owning culture. Melodrama in a domestic setting was particularly transferable to interracial questions of family legitimacy:  Dramas of patriarchal right, and hyperbolic investments in moral polarities of good and evil, virtue and villainy, are about investing the family with new symbolic potency... In the context of Saint-Domingue and Louisiana, and in 'Le Mulâtre,' the symbolic crisis of the Law of the Father and of social legitimacy is lived literally and viscerally. The colonial family romance here really means killing the father, as the conflict between slave and slave master is, so often, a family drama too.  Séjour's treatment of the "tragic mulatto" trope is unusual in that the protagonist is male rather than a beautiful woman. While it was common for stories employing this trope to end in the death of the mulatto, Séjour complicates his audience's response to the protagonist by having him commit patricide as well as suicide. The themes of slavery and "miscegenation" are thus imbued with oedipal conflict. Sollors sees "The Mulatto" and American slavery literature in general as having an inherent kinship with Greek tragedy in focusing on the violent disruption of family; in particular, "the biracial heir... may be denied his birthright and inheritance by his father and hence have to engage in a quest for recognition." The character doomed by biracialism is a theme that recurs in later African-American literature, including the short story "Father and Son" by Langston Hughes and the play he adapted from it, "The Mulatto".  Séjour's heavy reliance on dialogue points toward his forthcoming career as a noted playwright. It has been argued that Sejour's play "The Jew of Seville", set in 15th-century Spain, allows him to deal with racism and the concept of blood purity while evading the potential censorship that a more direct and contemporary treatment of slavery was likely to provoke. "Purity of blood" statutes ("limpieza de sangre") had imposed a lesser political and social status on "conversos", those who had converted to Christianity from Judaism or Islam or who had descended from converts, making ancestry a liability the individual could not overcome. Séjour may have seen parallels to the "one drop rule" in American society. "The Jew of Seville" was Séjour's first play, accepted in 1843 for production at the Comédie Française. Around the same time, two other plays on Paris stages featured a mulatto character. Like the protagonist in Séjour's earlier short story, the character in "The Jew of Seville" who plays the "mulatto" role of mixed identity also commits suicide, and the family is destroyed. Although the grand, classically constructed drama may seem removed from the abolitionist passion of "The Mulatto," historical distance allows Séjour to show that categorizations by "blood" are socially constructed and subject to change. The historical perspective also highlights that 1492—the year in which Jews were expelled from Toledo, and one of the acts in the anti-Semitic background of Séjour's play—was the year in which the New World was "discovered" by the expedition sponsored by Spain. Séjour can thus be seen as linking traditions of racism in the New and Old Worlds in order to criticize them.  At the time of his death in 1874, Séjour had written a play called "L'Esclave" ("The Slave"), but the manuscript has never been found. In 1861, a journal reported that Séjour was planning a play about the abolitionist John Brown, but this work too remains unknown.

Plot.

The story Antoine tells compresses several years of horrific and lurid events into about 5,500 words. The instigating action is the sale at auction of a beautiful Senegalese woman, Laïsa. In a display of his superior wealth, a 22-year-old planter named Alfred outbids other potential buyers who covet her beauty. Alfred compels Laïsa to share his bed, but when he fails to deprive her of her pride and self-containment, he grows bored and sends her to live in one of the poorest cabins on the plantation. There she gives birth to his child, whom he never acknowledges.  The boy, Georges, grows up on the plantation without ever learning who his father is. Laïsa refuses to reveal his identity, fearing that Alfred would kill the child to protect his own public image, but she gives Georges a pouch that she says contains a portrait of his father. Georges promises his dying mother that he won't look inside until he turns 25. Georges' high moral character is indicated by his keeping his promise.  A band of brigands has been terrorizing planters in the area, and Georges learns that his master will be the next target. He tries to warn Alfred, who suspects Georges of being part of the plot. Georges nevertheless defends Alfred against four assailants, and is himself seriously wounded. Alfred finally recognizes Georges' loyalty, and has him carried home to his cabin to be cared for. But while demonstrating his gratitude with frequent visits, Alfred becomes desirous of Georges' young and beautiful wife, Zélie, who like Georges is a mulatto. Zélie is virtuous and dignified, and rejects Alfred. He finally lures her into a situation where he can attempt to rape her, but she pushes him away so forcefully that he falls and sustains a head injury. Zélie knows at once that by the "Code noir" she will have to die: "Any slave who strikes his master, his mistress, the husband of his mistress, or their children, causing bruises or effusion of blood shall be punished by death." Although Georges begs Alfred to pardon her, Zélie is executed by hanging. Georges escapes to the depths of the forest, where he joins the slave rebels or Maroons and bides his time.  Three years later, Georges knows that Alfred is happily married and has become a father. He chooses this moment of happiness for his revenge. He enters the mansion by stealth, gives the wife poison, and forces Alfred to watch her die, taunting him. He then picks up an ax to behead Alfred. Only then does Alfred try to save himself by identifying himself as Georges' father—but too late. The head separates from the body in the middle of the word "father", a fatal syllable causing Georges at last to open the portrait pouch. When he learns the oedipal truth, he kills himself.  Although the story is presented as a melodrama—the villainous slave-dealer even twirls his mustache—it conveys the injustices of the "Code noir" and realities of how slavery disrupted family life. European legal and ethical traditions allowed Africans to be deprived of legal personhood and the right to control their own bodies; within this system, the Maroons who reclaimed their freedom became outlaws.

Characters.

Georges.

Georges begins as a potential hero, though the seeds of destruction are present from the beginning:  Georges had all the talents necessary for becoming a well-regarded gentleman; yet he was possessed of a haughty, tenacious, willful nature; he had one of those oriental sorts of dispositions, the kind that, once pushed far enough from the path of virtue, will stride boldly down the path of crime. He would have given ten years of his life to know the name of his father, but he dared not violate the solemn oath he had made to his dying mother. It was as if nature pushed him toward Alfred; he liked him, as much as one can like a man; and Alfred esteemed him, but with that esteem that the horseman bears for the most handsome and vigorous of his chargers.  Georges is instinctively drawn toward his natural father, who can only regard Georges as if he were a prized animal. Georges is Alfred's property rather than his heir, and by law can become the property of the half-sibling infant recognized as "legitimate". The mulatto, as he is called repeatedly throughout the story in place of his given name, is denied the oedipal knowledge of his identity that would prevent a tragic end.  Helpless to save his wife, Georges suffers the "tragedy of masculinity" that Antoine predicts as the fate of the enslaved "negro" male. Georges is subject to the patriarchal power denied to him even though he is a male head of family, as he is also denied the right to keep his family together and protect his wife and children. As Antoine harshly declaims at the beginning of the story, a slave's virtues as a man can never come to fruition: the institution corrupts virtue until it becomes monstrous, grotesque or destructive. Georges' heroic impulses are overwritten by gothic horror. He threatens to kill Alfred and drink his blood; his laugh becomes "infernal," his voice issues as if from a tomb, like "one of the damned."  Séjour's Georges may have been influenced by the "explosive rebel" named Georges in the play "Marie, or, Slavery in the United States" by Gustave de Beaumont, which had come out two years earlier. Georges was the interracial title character of an 1843 novel by Alexandre Dumas, who was a friend and patron of Séjour, with another character named Laïza. In English-language literature by African Americans, the figure of the mulatto is almost always a victimized female. Denied legitimate expressions of manhood, Georges exacts a horrific revenge that in the end consumes him.

Laïsa and Zélie.

African Americans writing in French were far more explicit about sexuality than those writing in English at the time. In particular, the sexual exploitation of women of color by white men was often implied and indirect in 19th-century American fiction in English. Séjour describes the commodification of Laïsa's body in blunt terms, and is explicit about sexual assault and forced concubinage.  Laïsa and Zélie are presented as mirroring characters whose fate is determined by the sexual demands of the white master. Though "pure as the morning dew" before she is sold at auction, Laïsa is forced into concubinage that leaves her a "fallen woman". She is discarded, but allowed to live, as is her child, only because she keeps silent. By contrast, Zélie fights off the master's assault, preserving her virtue, at the cost of her death. By not keeping silent and instead informing her husband, she also sets in motion his eventual fate.

Political influence.

After the execution of his wife, Georges escapes with his young son and joins the Maroons, described by Séjour as "slaves who have fled the tyranny of their master". Georges already knows their watchword: "Afrique et liberté", "Africa and freedom." Their use of the French Revolutionary rallying cry "liberté", later codified into the motto "liberté, egalité, fraternité", is a dramatic irony: white revolutionaries in France and America who fought for freedom in the 1770s and 1790s enslaved free Africans, and opposed the black-led Haitian Revolution of the same era. Séjour's contemporary readers may have viewed the familial bloodshed at the end of "The Mulatto" as prefiguring the Haitian Revolution itself, with the author casting Haiti as "the cradle of black freedom".  As a writer in exile, Séjour associated with radicals in the salons of Paris and via the Creole cultural triangle of Paris, New Orleans, and the Caribbean. His friends Cyril Bissette, Alphonse de Lamartine, Victor Hugo, and Alexandre Dumas were known to New Orleans Creoles of color as inspirational figures.

"Le Mulâtre" ("The Mulatto") is a short story by the American-born free person of color Victor Séjour. It was written in French, Séjour's first language, and published in the Paris abolitionist journal "Revue des Colonies" in 1837. It is the earliest extant work of fiction by an African-American author, and was noted as such when an English translation appeared in the first edition of the "Norton Anthology of African American Literature" in 1997.

Le Mulâtre est une nouvelle de l'écrivain noir américain Victor Séjour. C'est le plus ancien ouvrage de fiction connu d'un auteur afro-américain. Écrite en français, cette nouvelle a paru dans la "Revue des Colonies", en.


Background.

The Italian referendum was intended only to determine whether the head of state should come from a family dynasty or be elected by popular vote. Democracy was not a new concept in Italian politics. The Kingdom of Piedmont had become a constitutional monarchy with the liberalizing reforms of King Charles Albert's famous Albertine Statute in 1848. Suffrage, initially limited to select citizens, was gradually expanded; in 1911, the government of Giovanni Giolitti introduced universal suffrage for male citizens. In this period, the provisions of the Statute were often not observed, however. Instead, the elected Chamber and the Head of Government took major roles. At the beginning of the 20th century, many observers thought that, by comparison to other countries, Italy was developing in the direction of a modern democracy. Essential issues that needed to be resolved included the relationship of the Kingdom with the Roman Catholic Church.  A crisis arose in Italian society as a result of the First World War, social inequalities, and the consequent tension between Marxist and other left-wing parties on one side and conservative liberals on the other. This crisis led to the advent of fascism, which destroyed freedoms and civil rights and established a dictatorship, breaking the continuity of the still fragile new parliamentary tradition. The support of the ruling class and especially the monarchy was crucial for the seizure of power by Benito Mussolini. After Mussolini's March on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to declare a state of siege and instead asked Mussolini to form a new government. The King's decision was within his powers under the Italian constitution, but contrary to the parliamentary practices of the Italian liberal state, as the Fascist Party had only a small minority of the parliamentary deputies.  After the invasion of Italy by Allied forces in 1943, Mussolini's Grand Fascist Council, with the co-operation of the King, overthrew Mussolini and established a new government headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio. However, Germany, worried by the new government's intention to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies, invaded and occupied Northern Italy. In the Gran Sasso raid, or Operation Oak, German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from the hilltop hotel in which he had been imprisoned by the new government. Under pressure from Hitler, Mussolini then established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic to administer the German-occupied territory, leading to Italy being split in two, each with its own government. In the north, Mussolini declared that the monarchy had been overthrown and began to establish a new republican state, with himself as "Duce", but for practical purposes under the control of Karl Wolff and Rudolf Rahn. The Italian Social Republic had its seat of government in the town of Salò, so is commonly known as the Republic of Salo.  Southern Italy, meanwhile, remained nominally under the control of the new legitimist government of Badoglio, continuing to operate as the Kingdom of Italy. Rome descended into chaos, as fighting erupted between Mussolini loyalists and supporters of the new government, as well as leftist opponents of fascism who emerged from hiding. The King and the Badoglio government left Rome to seek the protection of the Allied forces that occupied the South. With half of the Italian peninsula occupied by the Germans and the rest by the Allies, a return to civil rights was suspended due to the complete disorder in the country. The pre-Fascist-era parties had been formally disbanded, and so far as they still existed their activity was clandestine and limited, with no form of contact with most of the population. Consequently, the future relationships between these parties, and the balance of power, was left to be decided at a later, quieter time. However, some political forces organized the Italian Resistance, which enjoyed strong popular support. However, without an election, which could not be held because of the chaotic situation, it was impossible to determine how many people the Resistance represented. Almost all of the Resistance was anti-monarchist; nevertheless, a temporary alliance between them and the Badoglio government was created by the decision of Joseph Stalin and Palmiro Togliatti, secretary of the Italian Communist Party, to postpone the problem of the state organisation and focus all efforts on the fight against Hitler's puppet state in the North.  At the end of the war, Italy was a severely damaged country, with innumerable victims, a destroyed economy, and a desperate general condition. The defeat left the country deprived of the Empire it had fought for in the past two decades and also occupied by foreign soldiers. For some years after 1945, internal, politically motivated fighting continued.  The emergence of political forces to replace fascism could not occur until the internal conflict ended and elections could be held. After fighting had died down, a few months were needed before attention could be given to institutional matters. The first important question regarded the royal family, blamed by many for the fascist regime, the war, and the defeat.  Republican traditions in Italy traditionally hark back to the Roman Republic and the Medieval Communes, in which a wide spectrum of people took part in the business of government, but remained largely theoretical, as in the conclusion of Machiavelli's "Il Principe". The struggle for a Republican Italy independent of foreign powers had been started by Giuseppe Mazzini in the 19th century. The movement "Giustizia e Libertà", which continued the traditional Mazzinian ideology, was the second important force during the resistance. It posed the question of the form of the state as a fundamental precondition to developing any further agreements with the other parties. "Giustizia e Libertà" joined the "Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" (National Liberation Committee, CLN). The various competing political factions agreed that a popular referendum would be held to determine the future choice of Head of State.

Abdication.

As the Allies advanced through the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel III was too compromised by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any further role. Accordingly, in April 1944, he turned over most of his powers to Crown Prince Umberto. When Rome was recaptured on 4 June, Victor Emmanuel relinquished his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm, making him the de facto regent.  However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of king until his abdication in May 1946. Umberto then formally ascended the throne as Umberto II. It has been said that the abdication had been imposed by opponents, but the royal house, too, had an interest in the manoeuvre. It was convenient for the House of Savoy, in fact, to have a popular king "on stage" at that crucial moment. Umberto was more acceptable to the Italian people: he and his wife Maria José were young, elegant and cultivated, and presented a stark contrast to the old, rough Victor Emmanuel who was unknown for any particular activity, apart from his collection of coins (114,000 items). Umberto was relatively well received by the people from the moment of his crowning, even if his wife (a foreigner) was kept at some distance. He was commonly called "Il Re di Maggio" (the King of May), with reference to his brief rule of forty days.

Referendum.

A decree by Crown Prince Umberto, issued in his capacity as Lieutenant General of the Realm ("decreto legge luogotenenziale 25 giugno 1944, n. 151") during Ivanoe Bonomi’s time in office as Prime Minister, prescribed that a Constitutional Assembly would be organized after the war to draft a constitution and to choose an institutional form for the state.  The institutional debate was accelerated in the spring of 1946.  The political campaign for the referendum was framed by incidents, especially in northern Italy, where monarchists were attacked by both republicans and post-fascists of the Italian Social Republic. Following a second decree ("decreto legge luogotenenziale 16 marzo 1946, n. 98"), during the government of De Gasperi, a referendum was held on 2 June and 3 June 1946 (2 June later was named as a national holiday). The question was as simple as possible: Republic or Monarchy. South Tyrol and the areas of Trieste and Gorizia did not take part in the referendum.  Following Italian law, the results were checked by the Corte di Cassazione (the highest judicial Court at that time), as expected. A problem arose when the Court, itself divided between monarchists and republicans, "provisionally" declared a republican victory on 10 June, but postponing the final result to 18 June. To avoid huge dangers of political riots due to the Court's delay, the government itself declared a republic and appointed De Gasperi as the provisional Head of State on 13 June. The legality of this action (according to the law in force at the time) is debated, as the Corte di Cassazione already declared a republican victory, at the same time stating that further data were to be analyzed.

Results.

By district.

The conservative, rural "Mezzogiorno" (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised "Nord" (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%).

Aftermath.

The republic was formally proclaimed on 6 June 1946 days later, ending King Umberto II's brief 34-day reign as king. Umberto at first refused to accept what he called "the outrageous illegality" of the referendum, and took his deposition badly. In his last statement as king, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a coup d'état by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him. In response, Alcide De Gasperi who became acting president replied in a press statement: "We must strive to understand the tragedy of someone who, after inheriting a military defeat and a disastrous complicity with dictatorship, tried hard in recent months to work with patience and good will towards a better future. But this final act of the thousand-year old House of Savoy must be seen as part of our national catastrophe; it is an expiation, an expiation forced upon all of us, even those who have not shared directly in the guilt of the dynasty". Some monarchists advocated using force to prevent a republic from being proclaimed, even at the risk of a civil war, but Mack Smith wrote that: "Common sense and patriotism saved Umberto from accepting such counsel". Umberto rejected the advice that he should go to Naples, proclaim a rival government with the intention of starting a civil war in which the Army would presumably side with the House of Savoy under the grounds that "My house united Italy. It will not divide it". The monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. At about 15:00 on 13 June, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off; many were in tears. At the Ciampino Airport in Rome, as Umberto boarded the aeroplane that was to take him to Lisbon, a "Carabiniere" grabbed him by the hand and shaking it in tears said "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!"

An institutional referendum (, or ) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of Italian contemporary history.

La naissance de la République italienne marque la fin du royaume d'Italie et constitue un événement majeur dans l'histoire contemporaine du pays.


Early career.

Hynes graduated Weatherford High School in 2003. He was an All-District selection in his senior year.  He spent two years at North Central Texas College in Gainesville, Texas. In his freshman season, 2004, he helped North Central Texas to an NJCAA Regional appearance. Hynes went 8–3 with a 2.96 ERA and 49 strikeouts. In his sophomore season, Hynes went 6–3 with a 2.70 ERA and 70 strikeouts. He was selected to the All-Conference team in both of his years at North Central Texas.  Hynes played two seasons at Texas Tech University where, in his first season, he went 5–3 with a team-low 2.93 ERA. His two saves were good enough for second place on the team. He saw time as both a reliever and a starter. In 2006, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

Professional career.

San Diego Padres.

In 2007, Hynes began his professional career with the Class A Short-Season Eugene Emeralds of the Northwest League. He had a 3–2 record with a 1.54 ERA, four saves, and 50 strikeouts in 41 innings pitched. His 30 games were all in relief.  Hynes was promoted to the Class-A Fort Wayne Wizards of the Midwest League in 2008. He went 0–2 with a 4.60 ERA and 38 strikeouts in 32 games.  In 2009, Hynes split the season between the Class A Fort Wayne Wizards and the Class A-Advanced Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League. He put together a 2–0 record with a 1.62 ERA in 13 games with Fort Wayne before his promotion to Lake Elsinore. With the Storm, he went 3–3 with a 2.90 ERA giving him a combined record of 5–3 with a 2.62 ERA, two saves, and 61 strikeouts in 75 innings pitched.  Hynes made his MLB debut with the Padres on July 14, 2013, pitching the ninth inning of a 10–1 victory against the San Francisco Giants. He appeared in six games for the Padres and was 1–1 with an 11.12 ERA in 5 innings. He was designated for assignment on October 25, 2013.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

He was traded to the Cleveland Indians for cash considerations on October 31, 2013. They designated him for assignment on March 30, 2014, and he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Duke von Schamann on April 6. He was assigned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes. The Dodgers designated him for assignment on August 10.

Toronto Blue Jays.

On August 13, 2014, Hynes was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays and assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. He was invited to 2015 spring training, and pitched 12 shutout innings allowing only 3 hits and 2 walks, while striking out 11. His strong performance earned him a role in the bullpen to open the 2015 season. He was optioned Buffalo on April 19. On September 1, Hynes was designated for assignment. He elected free agency on November 6.  On February 12, 2016, Hynes agreed to a minor league contract with the Blue Jays. He started the season with the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats, was promoted to the Buffalo Bisons on April 23, and returned to New Hampshire on April 25.

Cleveland Indians.

On August 4, 2016, Hynes signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians and was assigned to the Triple-A Columbus Clippers.

Oakland Athletics.

On August 31, 2016, Hynes was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Coco Crisp. He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds on September 3.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

Hynes signed a minor league contract with the Dodgers in February 2017. They assigned him to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers of the Texas League to start the 2017 season. He appeared in 23 games for Tulsa (with four starts) and additional three games for the Oklahoma City Dodgers and was 6–1 with a 3.90 ERA between the two teams. On November 3, 2017, Hynes resigned a minor league deal with the Dodgers, however he was released on February 14, 2018.

Retirement.

On March 10, 2018, Hynes retired from baseball to join the Dodgers' front office as a minor league rehabilitation coordinator.

Joshua Colt Hynes (born June 28, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and Toronto Blue Jays.

Joshua « Colt » Hynes (né le 28 juin 1985 à Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, États-Unis) est un lanceur de relève gaucher des Ligues majeures de baseball jouant avec les Blue Jays de Toronto.


Orbit and classification.

"Alwine" is a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,290 days; semi-major axis of 2.32 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, "Alwine"s observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in August 1930.

Physical characteristics.

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Alwine" measures 7.89 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.179. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, its diameter is between 7 and 17 kilometers for an absolute magnitude of 12.8 and an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.

Lightcurve.

As of 2017, no rotational lightcurves have been obtained. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.

Naming.

This minor planet is named after a common German female name. Any reference of this name to a person or occurrence is unknown.

Unknown meaning.

Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Alwine" is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between and and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth "(also see )".

1169 Alwine, provisional designation, is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 1930, by German and Italian astronomers Max Wolf and Mario Ferrero at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.

(1169) Alwine est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale découvert le par les astronomes Max Wolf et Mario A. Ferrero.


Background.

"Tongue Tied" was written by the collective members of Grouplove and produced by Ryan Rabin. The song was recorded by Rabin at Captain Cuts Studios in Los Angeles, California. According to lead vocalist Christian Zucconi, "Tongue Tied" was conceived in swift fashion. While composing the piano score for a "really depressing, moody movie", Zucconi began to play around with various chords before settling on a melody. He then performed an instrumental version for bandmates Hannah Hooper and Sean Gadd.

Composition.

"Tongue Tied" is a three-minute, 38-second rock and electropop song influenced by indie music. It incorporates elements of synthpop and post-punk. The song is composed in the key of E-flat major using common time and a moderate dance tempo of 106 beats per minute. Andrew Lentz of "Drum Magazine" noted that "Tongue Tied" has a "dance-y four-on-the-floor feel".

Reception.

"Tongue Tied" received mixed reviews from critics. Robert Cooke of "Drowned in Sound" said that the song's "bloated synth sounds like the soundtrack to an advert for some E number-riddled sweets written by Katy Perry, while the almost-rapping in the middle-eight sounds like a Pussycat Dolls pastiche". Matt Edsall of "PopMatters" said that the song "pumps Passion Pit-like beats that push the band into that same electro-pop category that so many other projects are involved in today, ruining the tone of the album a mere five minutes in". Max Raymond of musicOMH said that the song was a "potential summer smash but too sugar-coated in synths". Huw Jones of "Slant Magazine" said that "Tongue Tied" and the following track, "Lovely Cup", were lackluster songs that "completely derail the momentum". Matt Collar of AllMusic praised the song for its "rollicking, post-punk exuberance", while Mischa Pearlman of BBC Music said that the song's lyrics were at "beautiful odds with [the song's] bouncy tune".

Music video.

The music video, directed by Jordan Bahat, for "Tongue Tied" was released to Vevo and YouTube on July 25, 2011, The video has since gained over 28 million views. The video features the band at a party, and the video goes mostly backwards. It shows a man running away from a group of people in a party who are in suits and masks. He trips and lands in an inflatable pool. At the beginning of the video, when it is the morning, he is seen fast asleep with his head in the water but with his body out of the water.

Credits and personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Never Trust a Happy Song".

"Tongue Tied" is a song by American indie rock band Grouplove, featured on their debut studio album "Never Trust a Happy Song" (2011). The song was released as the second single from the album on September 2, 2011. It was featured in an Apple iPod Touch commercial in 2011. On June 18, 2012, "Tongue Tied" reached the number-one position on the "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart, becoming their first number-one single. In May 2012, the song was covered by Fox television series "Glee" in the season 3 episode "Nationals". It also appears in "The Three Stooges", "Wadjda", "GT Racing 2: The Real Car Experience" and Premature.

Tongue Tied est une chanson du groupe Grouplove. Elle figure sur le premier album du groupe, "Never Trust a Happy Song" (2011), et en est le deuxième single.