Biography.

The son of Erik Juel and Sophie Sehested, both descendants of Danish noble families, Jens Juel was born on 15 July 1631 at Nørtorp, an estate in Thy in the north of Jutland. He studied at Sorø Academy and then set out on a four years journey abroad to further his education. There he met Count Christian Rantzau in Vienna and started a diplomatic career when he accompanied him to the Reichstag in Regensburg in 1652. In August 1657 Juel was appointed Ambassador to Poland, and though he failed to prevent King John Casimir from negotiating separately with Sweden, he was made a privy councillor on his return home.  But it was the reconciliation of Juel's uncle Hannibal Sehested with King Frederick III which secured Juel's future. As Sehested's representative, he concluded the peace of Copenhagen with Charles X, and after the Danish revolution of 1660 was appointed Danish minister at Stockholm, where he remained for eight years. Subsequently the chancellor Peder Griffenfeld, who had become warmly attached to him, sent him in 1672, and again in 1674, as ambassador extraordinary to Sweden, ostensibly to bring about a closer union between the two northern kingdoms, but really to give time to consolidate Griffenfeld's far-reaching system of alliances.  Juel completely sympathized with Griffenfeld's Scandinavian policy, which aimed at weakening Sweden sufficiently to re-establish something like an equilibrium between the two states. Like Griffenfeld, Juel also feared, above all things, a Swedo-Danish war. After the unlucky Scanian War of 1675-79, Juel was one of the Danish plenipotentiaries who negotiated the peace of Lund. Even then he was for an alliance with Sweden "till we can do better". This policy he consistently followed, and was largely instrumental in bringing about the marriage of Charles XI to Christian V's daughter Ulrike Eleonora. But for the death of the like-minded Swedish statesman Johan Gyllenstierna in June 1680, Juel's Scandinavian policy might have succeeded, to the infinite advantage of both kingdoms. He represented Denmark at the coronation of Charles XII (December 1697), when he concluded a new treaty of alliance with Sweden. Between 1697 and 1699, there was a Danish policy to create an alliance with Sweden through a double wedding between Charles XII of Sweden and Princess Sophia Hedwig of Denmark, and Prince Charles of Denmark and Hedvig Sophia of Sweden (after the marriage of Hedvig Sophia of Sweden in 1698, she was replaced by Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden). Jens Juel was very active in this affair. However, none of the marriages was materialized. He died in 1700.  Juel, a man of very few words and a sworn enemy of phrasemaking, was perhaps the shrewdest and most cynical diplomat of his day. His motto was: We should wish for what we can get. Throughout life he regarded the political situation of Denmark with absolute pessimism. She was, he often said, the cats-paw of the Great Powers. While Griffenfeld would have obviated this danger by an elastic political system, adaptable to all circumstances, Juel preferred seizing whatever he could get in favorable conjunctures. In domestic affairs Juel was at adherent of the mercantile system, and labored vigorously for the industrial development of Denmark and Norway. For an aristocrat of the old school he was liberally inclined, but only favored petty reforms, especially in agriculture, while he regarded emancipation of the serfs as quite impracticable. Juel made no secret of his preference for absolutism, and was one of the few patricians who accepted the title of baron. He saw some military service during the Scanian War, distinguishing himself at the siege of Vänersborg, and by his swift decision at the critical moment materially contributing to his brother Niels Juel's naval victory in the Battle of Køge Bay. To his great honor he remained faithful to Griffenfeldt after his fall, enabled his daughter to marry handsomely, and did his utmost, though in vain, to obtain the ex-chancellor's release from his dungeon.

Jens Juel (15 July 1631 – 23 May 1700) was a Danish diplomat and statesman of great influence at the Danish court. He was created Baron and granted Juellinge in 1672 and also established Juellund in 1694. He was the brother of Admiral Niels Juel.

Jens lensbaron Juel til Juellinge (né le Thy au nord-ouest du Jutland, et décédé le à Copenhague) est un diplomate, homme politique et propriétaire foncier danois.


History.

The idea of planetary health has been around for some time. In 1993 the Norwegian physician Per Fugelli wrote: "The patient Earth is sick. Global environmental disruptions can have serious consequences for human health. It's time for doctors to give a world diagnosis and advise on treatment."  Twenty-one years later, a commentary in the March 2014 issue of the medical journal "The Lancet" called to create a movement for planetary health to transform the field of public health, which has traditionally focused on the health of human populations without necessarily considering the surrounding natural ecosystems. The proposal recognized the emerging threats to natural and human-made systems that support humanity.  In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation and "The Lancet" launched the concept as the Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.

Definition.

Drawing from the definition of health – "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" - as well as principles articulated in the preamble of the constitution of the World Health Organization, the report elaborated that planetary health refers to the "achievement of the highest attainable standard of health, wellbeing, and equity worldwide through judicious attention to the human systems – political, economic, and social – that shape the future of humanity and the Earth's natural systems that define the safe environmental limits within which humanity can flourish."

Principles.

"The Lancet" Commission's report laid down the overarching principles guiding the idea of planetary health. One is that human health depends on "flourishing natural systems and the wise stewardship of those natural systems". Human activities, such as energy generation and food production, have led to substantial global effect on the Earth's systems, prompting scientists to refer to the modern times as the anthropocene.  A group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre proposed the concept of nine planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come. According to a 2015 update, four of the planetary boundaries – climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical flows, and land-system change – had already been exceeded.  The report concluded that urgent and transformative actions are needed to protect present and future generations. One important area which required immediate attention was the system of governance and organization of human knowledge, which was deemed inadequate to address the threats to planetary health.  The report made several overarching recommendations. One was to improve governance to aid the integration of social, economic, and environmental policies and for the creation, synthesis, and application of interdisciplinary knowledge. The authors called for solutions based on the redefinition of prosperity to focus on the enhancement of quality of life and delivery of improved health for all, together with respect for the integrity of natural systems.

Comparison with other fields.

Planetary health is considered a response to existing fields and paradigms such as public health environmental health, ecohealth, One Health and international health.  While there may be competing definitions of global health, it is loosely defined as the health of populations in a global context, a response to the cross-border movement of health drivers as well as risks, and an improvement over the older concept of international health with its new emphasis on achieving equity in health among all people. The editor in chief of "The Lancet" Richard Horton wrote in a 2014 special issue of "The Economist" on planetary health, that global health was no longer able to truly meet the demands which societies face, as it was still too narrow to explain and illuminate some pressing challenges."Global health does not fully take into account the natural foundation on which humans live – the planet itself. Nor does it factor in the force and fragility of human civilizations."  Judith Rodin, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, declared planetary health as a new discipline in global health.

Issues.

Planetary health concerns itself with governance and stewardship which pose a threat to the sustainability of the human civilization, environment, and planet. Specifically, it seeks to confront three main types of challenges: "imagination challenges", such as failing to account for long-term human or environmental consequences of human progress; "research and information challenges", such as underfunding and lack of scope in research; and "governance challenges", such as delayed environmental action by governing bodies determined by unwillingness, uncertainty, or non-cooperation.  A primary ethical focus of planetary health research is human cooperation and non-cooperation in the form of conflict, nationalism, and competition. As one goal, the Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change plans to use an accountability mechanism to track human cooperation and study the link between health, climate, and political action.  Likewise, nutrition and diet are important contributors to and indicators of planetary health. Scientists speculate that human population growth threatens the carrying capacity of the planet. Diets, agriculture, and technology must adjust to sustain population projections upwards of 9 billion while reducing harmful consequences on the environment through food waste and carbon-intensive diets. A focus of planetary health research will be nutritional solutions that are sustainable for the human species and the environment, and the generation of scientific research and political will to create and implement desired solutions.  Planetary health aims to seek out further solutions to global human and environmental sustainability through collaboration and research across all sectors, including the economy, energy, agriculture, water, and health. Biodiversity loss, exposure to pollutants, climate change, and fuel consumption are all issues that threaten human and climate health alike, and are, as such, foci of the field. A number of researchers think that it is actually humanity's destruction of biodiversity and the invasion of wild landscapes that creates the conditions for new diseases such as Covid-19.

Developments since 2015.

In December 2015, Harvard University, together with the Wildlife Conservation Society and other partner organizations, founded the Planetary Health Alliance to promote the concept. Funded by Rockefeller Foundation and housed in Harvard, the Alliance aims to support the development of "rigorous, policy-focused, transdisciplinary field of applied research aimed at understanding and addressing the human health implications of accelerating change in the structure and function of Earth's natural systems." The Alliance's initiatives include the Rockefeller Foundation Planetary Health Fellowship, a planetary health course for Harvard undergraduates, and a Planetary Health Annual Meeting, which was first held in April 2017 in Boston, MA.  The open-access journal "Lancet Planetary Health" published its inaugural issue in April 2017.

Planetary health refers to "the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends". In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation and "The Lancet" launched the concept as the Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health.

La santé planétaire fait référence à "la santé de la civilisation humaine et l'état des systèmes naturels dont elle dépend". En 2015, la Rockefeller Foundation et "The Lancet ont" développé le concept sous le nom de Rockefeller Foundation – Lancet Commission on Planetary Health : Commission Lancet - Fondation Rockfeller pour la santé planétaire..


Plot.

The film takes place in 1825 India. The country is being ravaged by Thuggees, a Kali-worshiping cult also known as "Deceivers," who commit robbery and ritualistic murder. Captain William Savage, an honorable district administrator for the East India Company, is informed by his subjects in Madhia about the Thugees' murder raids, and appalled, he opens a manhunt on them. He manages to capture a Thugee named Hussein and win his cooperation, but for acting on his own initiative, Savage's chief officer and father-in-law, Colonel Wilson, stubbornly adhering to Company protocol, dismisses his report and relieves him of his duty.  Chagrined but determined, Savage decides to disguise himself as an imprisoned native outlaw, Gopal the Weaver, and get introduced into the Thugee cult by Hussein, with only his wife Sarah knowing about his plan. He is accepted, and after a period of training he is forced to participate in their raids, though he strives to avoid killing anyone personally. One day, however, Gopal appears at the Thuggee fortress, revealing himself as a Thuggee, and in order to avoid being exposed, Savage is forced to kill him. This awakens in him a dark, ecstatic fascination for killing. Savage also discovers that certain East Indian Company officials know about the Thuggees' activities but let them pass through their districts in exchange for a share of their ill-gotten plunder.  Fearing for Savage's safety, Hussein flees to inform Sarah of her husband's situation; but Thuggee infiltrators in the Company overhear them and capture Hussein before he can return to the fortress. With Savage's secret thus exposed, but with the Thuggees willing to accept him as one of their own, Savage is instructed to kill Hussein. Taking one of the Thuggees' children hostage, he forces his way out of the fortress, but Hussein is shot dead before he can get away. Savage flees into a field of reeds, where the Thuggees encircle him; but before they can kill him, East India Company troopers, alerted by Sarah, arrive and defeat the Thuggees. Rehabilitated and promoted to colonel, Savage receives the official task of eradicating the Thuggee cult throughout India, although Savage must now struggle with the mental scars his time with the Thuggees and their bloodthirsty ways have left on him.

Original Novel.

John Masters' original novel was published in 1952. It was his second novel, following "Nightrunners to Bengal".  "It offers color and violence in large gobs" said the "Washington Post". The "New York Times" called it "an unfocused work that never comes to grips with its material."  The novel was adapted for radio by the BBC in 1984.

Production.

Development.

In 1957 it was announced John Bryan would produce a film of the novel for the Rank Organization with Masters writing the screenplay. The film was not made.  In 1974 Stanley Donen announced he had the rights and wanted to make "the kind of movie I've never made before - a big sprawling epic." He did not make it either.  Film rights passed to Merchant Ivory Productions. "It's completely different for us," said producer Ismail Merchant. "We're known for doing E.M. Forster and Henry James. "Deceivers" is in the same genre as "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Which is certainly a switch."  Mechant later said he made it to "keep the production company moving".  In 1984 Michael White was reportedly working on the film.  Development took ten years. Original directors were Marek Kanievska and Stephen Frears. Then Merchant approached writer and director Nicholas Meyer—fresh off his work on "Volunteers" and ""—through Meyer's agent about directing "The Deceivers". Meyer reportedly agreed to a substantial pay cut in order to direct the film, remarking, "Hollywood is making films I have no interest in seeing, machined tooled, packaged, with a lot of numbers after their names. The studios don't just want home runs. They want grand slams. Anything less than $100 million is not interesting to them."  "It's strictly action-adventure = a 'cavalry to the rescue' type film," said Meyer.

Casting.

Christopher Reeve and Treat Williams were originally considered for the part of William Savage, but Meyer successfully lobbied to have an actual Englishman in the role. In his memoir "The View from the Bridge", Meyer wrote, "'Here's a story about an Englishman who disguises himself as an Indian,' I reasoned. 'If you cast this actor, you will have an American disguising himself as an Englishman, disguising himself as an Indian. We will be lost in the stunt, even if he pulls it off, and not pay attention to the story and the things we want to take for granted, i.e., that it concerns an Englishman.'"  The part ultimately went to Pierce Brosnan, whom Meyer fondly described as "Errol Flynn—with talent." Brosnan had just missed the chance to play James Bond due to his commitments to "Remington Steele". His casting was announced in April 1987.  "I play an Englishman, a glorified accountant working for the East India Trading Co.," said Brosnan. "He discovers this cult and disguises himself as an Indian. He goes on the road with the Thugs, who kill people by strangulation."

Filming.

Shooting took place over a four-month period in India, in Jaipur, Agra and Khajuraho, while post-production was completed in London. Filming started 21 September 1987.  Filming was marred with difficulties from the onset. According to Meyer, the production was subject to frequent disruption from the local Jaipur mafia for declining to make any dealings with their leader. Meyer wrote, "Scores of hooligans stormed through our sets while we were rolling; equipment was sabotaged or stolen; 'cultural' societies were founded for the sole purpose of suing us, alleging pornographic distortions of Indian culture."  The filmmakers were criticised by social and political groups who felt it distorted Hindu religion and culture. The producers argued it was "a pure and simple thriller".  At one point, Ismail Merchant and co-producer Tim Van Rellim were arrested for "obscenity and misrepresentation of Hindu culture." Among the allegations was that the production filmed a Sati as one really happened. Merchant responded to the allegations with disgust, saying, "What happened was a mockery—people taking advantage of democratic principles in order to whip up a frenzy."  Associate producer Paul Bradley said the charge came from a politically well-connected Jaipur businessman who was unhappy at the depiction of Kali and the subplot about suttee. "The script has already been submitted to and passed by the Indian government," said Bradley. "Any film made in India, certainly by a foreign company, has to be vetted and passed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting." Bradley said the businessman and some film workers had been "pressuring the production company to employ them at exorbitant rates."  Despite the disruptions, Meyer spoke highly of his Indian production crew, stating, "One day when we needed our tulip crane for a big shot, I was flummoxed to learn that four of its bolts had been stolen, incapacitating a vital piece of equipment. I don't deal well with last minute alterations to The Plan, but my Indian crew managed to mill four new bolts by the time we were ready to roll."

Reception.

Box office.

"The Deceivers" was not a box office success. The film earned only $346,297 in the North American market against an estimated $5-6 million budget.

Critical response.

"The Deceivers" was released on 2 September 1988 and received mostly negative reviews from film critics. The film currently has a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 6 reviews.  Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a mediocre review and stated that, "Despite the film's claims to be based on fact, I didn't believe it for a moment. I did, however, enjoy it at various moments. Brosnan disappears so completely into the leading role that he hardly seems present in the movie, and the film's portrait of Victorian India is a triumph (the production was designed by the British master of period atmosphere, Tony Adams). It looks great even at its most incredible." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" also thought negatively of the film, stating "The tinniness of Michael Hirst's screenplay ("It's older than time and just as mysterious") hardly helps bring this material to life, any more than Mr. Brosnan's unconvincing and (despite several episodes in which he proves himself capable of violent killing) rather passive performance." Maslin then went on to say that, "In its own way, "The Deceivers" is oddly old-fashioned." Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" called it "an adventure epic with a pretty measly sense of adventure." He added, "There are a few patches of exotic fun, like the opening murder scene, and there's a seductive campfire dance by a young boy that's creepy enough to send chills (though perhaps inadvertently). But for the most part all we react to is the squandering of a good idea."  Conversely, Jay Boyar of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave the film modest praise, saying it "casts quite a spell, combining supernatural overtones with scenes of shootings, stabbings and (especially) strangulations. Without being crude or exploitative it tells its story in a modest, old-fashioned way with no reliance on gratuitous gore."

Home media.

"The Deceivers" was released on DVD through The Criterion Collection.

The Deceivers is a 1988 adventure film directed by Nicholas Meyer, starring Pierce Brosnan and Saeed Jaffrey. The film is based on the 1952 John Masters novel of the same name regarding the murderous Thuggee of India.

Les Imposteurs (') est un film britannico-indien réalisé par Nicholas Meyer, sorti en 1988. Il s'agit de l'adaptation cinématographique du roman "Qu'un sourire si proche" (') de John Masters, publié en 1952.


History.

Two churches previously stood on the site: the White Church (15th century) and the Presentation Church (17th century). On 8 August 1826, prince Ioan Sturdza signed a decree ordering construction of the cathedral; Metropolitan Veniamin Costache laid the cornerstone on 3 July 1833 and guided construction in its early years. Work began in 1833, using a neo-classical design by Viennese architects Gustav Freywald and Bucher, and continued at a rapid pace until 1841, in the latter years under the Russian architect Mihail Singurov. In 1839, after it was completely built and covered, serious cracks had appeared on the large central arch. Various solutions were attempted (in 1840 Singurov replaced the brick ceiling with wood, for example), but on 23 May 1857, the ceiling collapsed taking the interior columns with it, and the building remained ruined for decades.  At the urging of Metropolitan Iosif Naniescu (1875-1902), the newly independent Romanian state decided to start the restoration work of the cathedral. A new cornerstone was laid on 15 April 1880. Architect Alexandru Orăscu, rector of the University of Bucharest, designed new plans that added two rows of massive pilasters to the interior, creating a rectangular basilica shape, with a central nave and two smaller side naves. The four detached side spires were kept, but the large central dome was eliminated and replaced with a system of four semicircular sections, separated by transverse arches.  The cathedral was consecrated on 23 April 1887, in the presence of King Carol I and Queen Elisabeth, who had donated large sums for the project. In 1889, the relics of Saint Parascheva, patron saint of Moldavia, were brought from Trei Ierarhi Monastery and continue to attract crowds of pilgrims, particularly on her feast day (October 14). These are located on the right side of the vestibule, as are those of Veniamin Costache.

Architecture.

Standing in the centre of the Metropolitan Complex, the Great Cathedral is a monumental building of a rectangular plan with four detached towers at its corners that originally flanked an immense dome. The cathedral is long and wide, and with a height of the towers of, it is one of the tallest historical buildings in Moldavia.  The exterior of the Cathedral, as well as the interior, is decorated in the Baroque style. The eastern façade has a central motif formed of six Corinthian columns erected on a stone socle, which support the architrave, above which is a high bas-relief of the Presentation of the Lord. The western façade has eight columns separated by the entrance, above which there is a recessed balcony whose vault has a curved mosaic also showing the Presentation; above that is a stone carving of Saint George. The roof is decorated with zinc fleurons and stylized crosses adorn both the roof and the four spires.  Gheorghe Tattarescu painted the icons and decorative elements in a style that respected Orthodox norms but also showed a Renaissance influence. The four Biblical scenes above the central nave, the saints' faces and the decorative compositions all show an Italian neo-classical rigor, to which the artist had been exposed during his studies at Rome's Accademia di San Luca. This creates harmony between the painting and the architectural style. The stained glass was worked in Munich and redone after World War II, under Metropolitan Justinian Marina. Two valuable icons painted in the 16th century are kept inside; they depict Christ Pantocrator and the Madonna and Child.

Metropolitan Complex.

In the environs of the monumental church there are St George’s Church (the Old Metropolitan Cathedral) built in 1761-1769, the Metropolitan Palace (18th century), the Metropolitan Chancellery, the Dumitru Stăniloae Metropolitan Library, the St. George monastic home, the Epivata house, and the Faculty of Orthodox Theology (founded in 1860 as a co-founder faculty of the University of Iași).

Museum.

In May 2016, the Metropolitan Museum dedicated to the history of the Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina was inaugurated in the basement of the Great Cathedral.

The Metropolitan Cathedral, Iași (), located at 16 Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt Boulevard, Iași, Romania, is the seat of the Romanian Orthodox Archbishop of Iași and Metropolitan of Moldavia and Bukovina, and the largest historic Orthodox church in Romania. It is dedicated to Saint Parascheva, to the Presentation of Jesus and to Saint George. Its form was inspired by the late Italian Renaissance style (Trinità dei Monti in particular), with Baroque elements dominating the interior and exterior decorative features. The Metropolitan Cathedral is listed in the National Register of Historic Monuments.

La cathédrale métropolitaine de Iași (en ), située au 16 boulevard Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt, Iași, Roumanie, est le siège de l'archidiocèse orthodoxe roumain de Iași et de la métropole de Moldavie et de Bucovine, et la plus grande église orthodoxe historique de Roumanie. Elle est dédiée à Sainte Parascheva, à la Présentation de Jésus et à Saint Georges de Lydda. Sa structure a été inspirée par le style de la fin de la Renaissance italienne (église et couvent de la Trinité-des-Monts en particulier), enrichi par des éléments baroques dominant les éléments décoratifs intérieurs et extérieurs. La cathédrale métropolitaine est inscrite au registre national des monuments historiques.


Santa Claus grottos/department stores.

In the 20th century it became common during December in large shops or department stores to have a "cavern" in which an actor dressed up as Santa Claus would give gifts to children. Grottos can be large walk-through fantasy cavern-like areas incorporating animatronic characters such as elves and pantomime characters. This tradition started in Britain in 1879 and then extended in the 1890s to Australian and American department stores seeking to attract customers.  The world's first Christmas grotto was in Lewis's Bon Marche Department Store in Liverpool, England. The grotto was opened in 1879, entitled "Christmas Fairyland". A staple of Liverpool's festive season, many generations first visited Father Christmas here, with the final displays covering over. The Grotto has now moved to St. Johns Market, St. Johns Shopping Centre (Liverpool, UK), after being saved by Entrepreneur Guy Fennell in 2017. The Grotto now runs by the name 'Liverpool's Famous Grotto'. Shopping malls have also setup interactive exhibits.  In Adelaide, South Australia, the first "Magic Cave" was set up in 1896 at the John Martin's department store on Rundle Street. An annual store-sponsored parade, Adelaide Christmas Pageant, was initiated in 1933 during which Father Christmas was conducted to the Magic Cave to formally herald the holiday season. Since the closure of John Martin's, the David Jones stores, have continued the tradition of the Magic Cave but no where near to the extent John Martin's did, in Adelaide as well as in other Australian capitals while the annual South Australia parade marked its 75th anniversary in 2007.  Nowadays department stores and shopping centres in the UK still host Santa's Grottos.  It is traditional that the children receive a toy from Father Christmas upon visiting his Grotto be it in a shopping mall or a little garden centre. Grottos are sometimes free and sometimes they charge parents to let their kids see Santa and receive a surprise gift.

Reproductions.

A themed attraction in Santa Claus, Indiana, named Santa's Candy Castle emulates the traditional depiction of Santa's workshop. There is also a Santa's Workshop amusement park in North Pole, New York. The world's oldest theme park, Holiday World & Splashin' Safari was known as "Santa Claus Land" prior to 1984 and is in Santa Claus, Indiana as well.

Location.

As the workshop is fictional, there is no definite geographical location as to where the workshop is located.  In 1879, Thomas Nast revealed to the world in a series of drawings that Santa's workshop is at the North Pole (specifically the North Magnetic Pole, due to the aurora borealis being centered on it and the fact that the workshop was on land, properties that at the time described the magnetic pole [which was under the Canadian Arctic Archipelago at the time; the magnetic pole has since drifted off to sea] but not the geographic one). The Canada Post postal code for the workshop is H0H 0H0. The United States Postal Service recommends mail to Santa's workshop be sent to Santa Claus 1225 Reindeer Rd. North Pole, AK 99705.  Each Nordic country also claims Santa's workshop to be located on their territories. Norway claims he lives in Drøbak. In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near Uummannaq). In Sweden, the town of Mora has a theme park named "Santaworld". The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children's letters for Santa. In Finland, Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa's home, and two theme parks, Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located at the Arctic Circle in the municipality of Rovaniemi.

Santa's workshop is the fictional workshop where Santa Claus is said to make the toys and presents given out at Christmas. In Santa Claus mythology, the "workshop" is a sprawling commune located at Finland in Lapland. In addition to housing the factory where toys are either manufactured or distributed by the elves, the complex also houses the residence of Santa Claus, his wife, companions and all of the reindeer.

L'atelier du père Noël est un atelier fictif où le père Noël fabrique les jouets et les cadeaux distribués à Noël. Selon le mythe du père Noël, l'atelier est traditionnellement en Laponie, au nord de la Finlande, ou au pôle Nord. En plus d'abriter l'usine où les jouets sont fabriqués et distribués par les elfes de Noël, le complexe comprend également la résidence du Père Noël, de la mère Noël et de ses compagnons.


Early life.

Johnson was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He is the fourth contestant from the city to compete on RuPaul's Drag Race and second winner after Trixie Mattel (winner of All Stars Season 3). He cites Milwaukee's sense of community and diversity of drag as major influences. He performed for a period of time at Hamburger Mary's.

Career.

Johnson began drag in the early 2010s. Her name is a product of personal anecdotes and experiences that hold meaning. A friend called her "Jaida" when she put on a wig for the first time, and the name stuck. "Essence" came from her boyfriend, who called her "the essence of beauty" in a text message. "Hall" is the name of her drag family; her mothers are Tajma Hall and Prada Diamond, and her drag sisters are Mercedes Iman Diamond, Dida Ritz, and Kahmora Hall.  She rose to prominence in the drag scene through pageantry, winning titles such as Miss Five, Miss Gay Madison, Miss Wisconsin Club, and Miss City of the Lakes. She also performed a halftime show at a 2019 Milwaukee Bucks game.  Jaida is known for her design eye and makes many of her own outfits; her boyfriend makes her jewelry. She is also a makeup artist and painted Silky Nutmeg Ganache's face for the season eleven finale of "RuPaul's Drag Race".

"RuPaul's Drag Race".

Jaida was announced as a contestant on the twelfth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" on January 23, 2020. During her time on the show, she won three main challenges, including the Fosse-style number on episode two, the political debate on episode nine, and the makeover on episode ten. She also had one appearance in the bottom two, after a shaky performance in the one-woman show on episode eleven. Jaida ultimately sent fan favorite, and eventual Miss Congeniality winner, Heidi N Closet, home after a lip sync showdown to Prince's hit song "1999". She was crowned the winner (virtually) on May 29, 2020 after winning a three-way lip sync against Crystal Methyd and Gigi Goode to "Survivor" by Destiny's Child.

Personal life.

Johnson identifies as queer. He currently lives in West Allis.

Jaida Essence Hall is the stage name of Jared Johnson, a drag performer, costume designer, and makeup artist, best known for winning the twelfth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race".

Jared Johnson, plus connu sous le nom de scène Jaida Essence Hall, est un costumier, maquilleur et drag queen américain, principalement connu pour avoir gagné la douzième saison de "RuPaul's Drag Race".


Biography.

Early years.

Neilson-Terry was born in London, the daughter of the actress Julia Neilson and her husband, the actor Fred Terry. The couple's other child was Phyllis's younger brother, Dennis Neilson-Terry, who also went on the stage. She was educated first at Westgate-on-Sea, and then in Paris, and after that at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where she studied to be a singer.  In 1909 Neilson-Terry made her first stage appearance, in her parent's stage company on tour in Blackpool; she played Marie de Belleforêt in "Henry of Navarre", under the stage name Phillida Terson. The attempt to disguise her membership of the Terry dynasty was unsuccessful and the following year she abandoned it and reverted to her own name. Her London debut was in the same role, at the New Theatre in January 1910. The following month, when her mother was unwell, she took over the leading role of Marguerite de Valois. The drama critic of "The Observer" commented that her performance in such a heavy role "must be pronounced very promising indeed".  In April 1910, she played "Viola" in "Twelfth Night" in Sir Herbert Tree's company at His Majesty's in a cast that included Tree as Malvolio and her father as Viola's twin brother, Sebastian, a role he had formerly played to the Viola of his sister, Ellen. Her reviews were enthusiastic; "The Observer" said that expectations were extremely high but "she proved able to justify all, and more than all, the expectations which her effort had aroused," and "The Times" said that she "won everybody's heart from the first moment of her appearance. Tree, in a post-curtain speech, predicted that she would "add fresh honours to the honoured name of Terry for many a long year."  From 1910 to 1914, Neilson-Terry played a wide range of parts; in the classics her roles included Rosalind in "As You Like It" (1911), Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet, Desdemona in "Othello" and Portia in "The Merchant of Venice (all 1912). She also appeared in modern plays, including a revival of "Trilby" opposite Tree's Svengali. She continued to play the role in revivals in many parts of the world in later years. In 1914 she went to the US, and, having signed a long-term contract, did not return to Britain until 1919. In America she reprised her Trilby, appeared in vaudeville giving songs, recitations and excerpts from Shakespeare, and played Nora Marsh in Somerset Maugham's "The Land of Promise".

Later career.

In the" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" J C Trewin wrote that it was "unfortunate" that Fred Terry seldom extended himself by taking the great classic roles for which his talent fitted him. "The Times's" obituarist of Terry's daughter made a similar point about her, commenting that after returning from the US she did not regain the outstanding position she had won for herself as a young actress. As in America, she toured with light variety programmes, and in ephemeral crowd-pleasing plays. Among the latter was "The Wheel" by J B Fagan, in which she gave her young cousin John Gielgud his first paid acting role, in 1922.  During the 1920s Neilson-Terry toured in South Africa, and appeared in Britain in a range of performance from cabaret to pantomime at Drury Lane. She played in Shakespeare at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park and on tour with Donald Wolfit. In the 1930s she played Lady Macbeth and Queen Katherine in "Henry VIII" at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon. In Gielgud's view, her most notable role of the inter-war years was Queen Elizabeth in Ferdinand Bruckner's "Elizabeth of England": "In this play she showed unexpected tragic power in the scene in which Essex bursts into her presence to find her wigless and dishevelled."  During the 1940s her roles included Miss Moffat in "The Corn is Green" in which Gielgud said she acted "with undiminished grace." In the 1950s her most notable role was Mrs Railton-Bell, the tyrannical matriarch in Rattigan's "Separate Tables". She later played the role on Broadway. Her final stage performances were as Lady Bletchley in Frederick Lonsdale's "Let Them Eat Cake" (1959) and Lady Godolphin in Robert Kemp's "Off a Duck's Back" (1960).

Personal life.

Neilson-Terry was twice married. Both her husbands were actors: Cecil King and Heron Carvic. She died in London at the age of 84.

Phyllis Neilson-Terry (15 October 1892 – 25 September 1977) was an English actress. She was a member of the third generation of the theatrical dynasty the Terry family. After early successes in the classics, including several leading Shakespearean roles, she spent more than four years in the US, in generally lightweight presentations.

Phyllis Neilson-Terry, née le 15 octobre 1892 et décédée le 25 septembre 1977, est une actrice britannique. Elle fait partie de la troisième génération de la dynastie théâtrale de la famille Terry. Après avoir rencontré des premiers succès dans le théâtre classique, dont plusieurs rôles shakespeariens de premier plan, elle a passé plus de quatre ans aux États-Unis, jouant dans des représentations plutôt légères.


History.

Israel A. Englander and Ronald Shear an acquaintance from the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) founded the firm in 1989 with $35 million. The initial $35 million consisted of $5 million from Englander and "$2 million from the Belzberg brothers, wealthy Canadian financiers." Millennium Management initially underperformed and co-founder Ronald Shear left the firm six months after founding it.  In the spring of 2018, Millennium launched a joint venture with WorldQuant, a quantitative investment management firm.  In 2019 London-based investment firm LCH Investment ranked Millennium Management 12th on their ranking of most successful hedge funds of all time reporting that since its founding in 1989 the firm had made $22.4 billion for its investors, an average of 14% annually since inception. In 2019 the company raised $4.1 billion after a two-year hiatus from raising new capital. The company expects to have raised $7.1 billion by March 2020 and manages a total of over $40 billion. After hiring many new people during 2019 the company ended the year with 230 portfolio managers, the most in its history. As of February 2020 Millennium managed over 2,000 data sets from close to 400 providers, for a total of about 10 trillion records of data and over 2,000 terabytes of compressed stored data.

Company.

Employees.

Israel Englander "(see main article Israel Englander)"  Israel Englander is the co-CEO and founder of Millennium Management. He began trading stocks while still in high school, and founded his first company in 1977, I.A. Englander & Company, which is still trading stocks and bonds.  Robert Jain - In 2016 Millennium Management hired Robert Jain to join Israel Englander as co-CIO. He was then global head of Credit Suisse Asset Management, the money management arm of Credit Suisse.

Investment team structure.

The company has a "platform model" of investing made up of 200 investment teams with each portfolio manager allocated money "to deploy in a variety of trading strategies."

Locations.

The company has regional offices in London, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Greenwich and Geneva, with its principal office in New York, in addition to operating smaller offices in locations around the world.

Millennium Management is an investment management firm with a multistrategy hedge fund offering. It is one of the world's largest alternative asset management firms with $39 billion assets under management. The firm operates in America, Europe and Asia.

Millennium Management est une société de gestion d’investissements qui propose des fonds -alternatifs multistratégies. C’est l’une des plus grandes sociétés de gestion d’actifs alternatifs au monde avec 39 milliards de dollars d’actifs sous gestion. La société est présente en Amérique, en Europe et en Asie.


Early life and education.

Frey grew up in Oakton, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C. His parents were both professional modern ballet dancers; his mother was born Jewish, and his father converted to Judaism.  After graduating from Oakton High School in Vienna, Virginia, Frey attended the College of William & Mary, where he was a distance runner on the track and field team and all-Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) cross-country runner. Frey won the 2002 CAA 5,000-meter title in track.  Frey graduated from William & Mary in 2004 with a B.A. in government. After graduation, he received a contract from a shoe company to run professionally and competed for Team USA in the 2007 Pan American Games marathon, finishing in fourth place. Frey also pursued a Juris Doctor at the Villanova University School of Law, graduating "cum laude" in 2009 and giving the student address at commencement.

Career.

Early career.

Frey moved to Minneapolis in 2009 after graduating from Villanova University Law School, and joined the law firm Faegre & Benson (now Faegre Baker Daniels) to practice employment and civil rights law before moving on to the law firm Halunen & Associates.  Frey has been active in community causes since moving to Minneapolis. After a tornado struck North Minneapolis in 2011, Frey provided legal services to tenants who lost their homes. In 2012, before running for elected office, Frey founded and organized the first Big Gay Race, a 5K charity race to raise money for Minnesotans United for All Families, a political group organizing for marriage equality.

Minneapolis City Council.

Frey ran in the 2013 Minneapolis City Council election to represent Ward 3. He received the Democratic–Farmer–Labor endorsement, as well as endorsements from more than 40 elected officials and organizations. Frey's platform promised better constituent services, to spur residential development, increase the number and variety of small and local businesses, and push for full funding of affordable housing and address climate change. He defeated incumbent Diane Hofstede with more than 60% of the vote and took office on January 2, 2014.  As a City Council member, Frey focused on affordable housing, environmental policy, workplace regulations, and voting access. He authored an amendment to the 2015 budget that increased funding for the city's Affordable Housing Trust Fund.  In 2016, Frey authored an ordinance requiring polluters to pay fees based on the amount of pollution they produce. The fees are used to support green business improvements. Since the program's launch, emissions linked to climate change have declined substantially. Frey and the City of Minneapolis were honored at the 2018 U.S. Conference of Mayors for the program's success.  Frey was involved in drafting the council's 2016 paid sick leave ordinance and the 2017 minimum wage ordinance. He was one of the first council members to support a minimum wage ordinance. Frey authored the amendment to the minimum wage ordinance that gave small businesses a longer phase-in than large businesses for implementing the minimum wage.  As chair of the council's Elections Committee, Frey led the effort to pass an ordinance requiring landlords to provide tenants with voter registration information. The ordinance has served as a national model, with cities like Seattle and St. Paul following suit. A federal district court judge later struck down the ordinance as unconstitutional. Frey also led the effort to expand early voting access in Minneapolis ahead of the 2016 election, increasing the number of early voting sites in Minneapolis from one to five.

Mayor of Minneapolis.

Frey announced his candidacy for mayor of Minneapolis on January 3, 2017, and won the November 7 election. He was sworn into office on January 2, 2018.  Frey is Minneapolis's second Jewish mayor, and its second-youngest after Al Hofstede, who was 34 when he was elected mayor in 1973. Frey campaigned on a platform of increasing support for affordable housing and improving police-community relations.  Frey rolled out reforms to the Minneapolis Police Department's body camera policy in April 2018. The changes tied non-compliance to stricter disciplinary consequences for the first time. Following the changes, officer compliance with the body camera policy reached record highs. In 2019, Frey announced during his State of the City address the banning of "Warrior" Training for police officers, which had been taken by the officer who killed Philando Castile. But Frey has faced protests from community groups for increases to the police department budget and the lack of significant investment in community-led safety alternatives.  The first budget Frey authored as mayor focused heavily on affordable housing. Its $40 million allocation to affordable housing was triple what the city previously spent on affordable housing.  As mayor, Frey is pushing for a plan that would allow the building of four-plexes in every part of the city. Two-thirds of Minneapolis is zoned exclusively for single-family homes.  In 2018, the Minneapolis City Council voted for Minneapolis 2040, a comprehensive rezoning reform plan. According to "Slate", the plan would "permit three-family homes in the city’s residential neighborhoods, abolish parking minimums for all new construction, and allow high-density buildings along transit corridors." "Slate" wrote that by implementing the plan, "Minneapolis will become the first major U.S. city to end single-family home zoning, a policy that has done as much as any to entrench segregation, high housing costs, and sprawl as the American urban paradigm over the past century."

2020 killing of George Floyd.

On May 27, 2020, following and during protests sparked from the killing of George Floyd, Frey backed the firing of four police officers involved in the death, saying, "Being black in America should not be a death sentence. For five minutes we watched as a white police officer pressed his knee into the neck of a black man. For five minutes. When you hear someone calling for help, you are supposed to help." The next day, Frey called for criminal charges to be filed against Derek Chauvin, the arresting officer who pressed his knee on Floyd's neck, saying, "We cannot turn a blind eye. It is on us as leaders to see this for what it is and call it what it is. George Floyd deserves justice”, and "If you had done it or I had done it, we would be behind bars right now. I cannot come up with a good answer to that question.”  Chauvin was later charged with third-degree murder, which was later upgraded to second-degree murder. On June 5, 2020, Frey approved a temporary restraining order and directed changes to the Minneapolis Police Department where approved by the Minneapolis City Council to go into effect immediately. Reforms that were given to the Minneapolis Police Department include banning chokeholds and neck restraints, requiring police officers to report and intervene against the use of excessive force by other officers, and requiring authorization from the police chief or deputy police chiefs before using crowd-control weapons such as chemical agents and rubber bullets.  On June 6, 2020, a march was held in Minneapolis pushing for the abolition of the Minneapolis Police Department. With thousands in attendance, protesters asked the mayor if he would commit to defunding the Minneapolis Police Department, to which he answered, "I do not support the full abolition of police." Frey was met with chants of disapproval as he left following his answer.

Personal life.

Jacob Frey married his first wife, Michelle Lilienthal, in 2009. They divorced in early 2014.  Frey met his second wife, Sarah Clarke, through community organizing in Minneapolis. The couple married in July 2016. Clarke is a lobbyist for Hylden Advocacy & Law, where she represents several business, nonprofits, and community organizations at the Minnesota legislature and executive branch agencies., they are expecting a child in September.  Frey is a Reform Jew and attends two Reform synagogues in Minneapolis, Temple Israel and Shir Tikvah, together with his wife, who converted to Judaism.

Jacob Lawrence Frey ( ; born July 23, 1981) is the mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, he served on the Minneapolis City Council from 2013 until his election as mayor. Elected mayor in 2017, he was sworn in on January 2, 2018.

Jacob Frey, né le à Oakton (Virginie), est un homme politique américain. Membre du Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), il est maire de Minneapolis depuis 2018. Il est auparavant élu au conseil municipal de Minneapolis en 2013, siégeant pour un mandat de quatre ans à partir de l'année suivante.


Background.

Blackout Tuesday stemmed off of the original initiative #TheShowMustBePaused created by music executives Brianna Agyemang and Jamila Thomas, Senior Director of Marketing at Atlantic Records. Agyemang and Thomas have since noted that "These injustices we are facing in America are not limited to just our community. This is a global initiative and our efforts will include members worldwide".  Businesses participated in different ways. Black Americans were asked to not buy or sell on this day to show economic strength and unity. Spotify announced it would be adding an 8-minute and 46-second moment of silence to certain podcasts and playlists for the day. Apple Music stripped down and took over the "Browse", "For You", and "Radio" tabs and replaced them with a single radio streaming station in celebration of Black music.  On Facebook and Instagram, users participated by posting a single photo of a black square alongside the hashtag #blackouttuesday.

Actions promoted.

Organizations supporting Blackout Tuesday suggested that the day could be an opportunity for reflection on racism and the effects of racism on society. Others suggested it could be an opportunity to take time from work to focus on helping others. According to the original statement released by Aygyemang and Thomas, "This is not just a 24-hour initiative. We are and will be in this fight for the long haul. A plan of action will be announced". This is only phase one of a multi-phase movement.

Concerns.

Some users posted the black square image using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter or #BLM (an acronym of the former), which in turn leads users who are searching those hashtags to find nothing but blank images. Some activists were concerned because the Black Lives Matter related hashtags are being used by activists and others to share information during the ongoing protests, and posting a black square with the incorrect hashtag risks drowning out critical information and updates. Other users pointed to those participating in the Blackout Tuesday event, but not involving themselves in other forms of activism, such as protesting or donating, as being performative in their activism. There was also a hoax spreading around claiming that the event was started by 4Chan Trolls, but research has proven that to be fake.

Blackout Tuesday was a collective action to protest racism and police brutality. The action, originally organized within the music industry in response to the murders of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor, took place on Tuesday, June 2, 2020. Businesses taking part were encouraged to abstain from releasing music and other business operations. Some outlets produced blacked out, silent or minimal programming for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the length of time police officer Derek Chauvin compressed Floyd's neck, killing him.

Blackout Tuesday, est un mouvement collectif planifié par des éléments de l'industrie musicale pour protester contre le racisme et la violence policière.


Construction and history.

Construction.

Originally designed as a stone arch bridge, the High Bridge had the appearance of a Roman aqueduct. Construction on the bridge was started in 1837, and was completed in 1848 as part of the Croton Aqueduct, which carried water from the Croton River to supply the then burgeoning city of New York some to the south. The bridge has a height of above the Harlem River, with a total length of. The design of the bridge was originally awarded to Major David Bates Douglass, who was fired from the project. The design then fell to the aqueduct's engineering team, led by John B. Jervis. James Renwick, Jr., who later went on to design the landmark Saint Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, participated in the design.  The Croton Aqueduct had to cross the Harlem River at some point, and the method was a major design decision. A tunnel under the river was considered, but tunneling technology was in its infancy at the time, and the uncertainty of pursuing this option led to its rejection. This left a bridge, with the Water Commission, engineers and the public split between a low bridge and a high bridge. A low bridge would have been simpler, faster, and cheaper to construct. When concerns were raised to the New York Legislature that a low bridge would obstruct passage along the Harlem River to the Hudson River, a high bridge was ultimately chosen.  The contractors for the project were George Law, Samuel Roberts and Arnold Mason. Mason had prior engineering experience working on the Erie Canal and the Morris Canal.

Usage.

In 1864, a walkway was built across the High Bridge. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks), the bridge's current maintainer, described the walkway as the bridge's contemporary High Line. However, the bridge was not used for vehicles.  In 1928, to improve navigation in the Harlem River, the five masonry arches that spanned the river were demolished and replaced with a single steel arch of about. Of the masonry arches of the original 1848 bridge, only one survives on the Manhattan side, while some ten survive on the Bronx side.  Use of the structure to deliver water to the island ceased on December 15, 1949.  By 1954, "The New York Times" reported that the commissioner of the Department of Water Supply, Gas and Electricity said that "the bridge entailed serious problems of maintenance and vandalism." Robert Moses agreed to take responsibility for the bridge, which was transferred to the Parks Department in 1955. There were incidents, in 1957 and 1958, of pedestrians throwing sticks, stones, and bricks from the bridge, seriously injuring passengers on Circle Line tour boats which passed under the bridge. Concerns due to these incidents supposedly contributed to the bridge being closed as early as 1960, although NYC Parks said that it was not closed until 1970, when high crime and fiscal crisis led to the contraction of many city services and public spaces. However, a reporter for the "New York Times" wrote that when he had tried to walk across the bridge in 1968, it was closed.

Aqueduct.

The High Bridge was part of the first reliable and plentiful water supply system in New York City. As the City was devastated by cholera in 1832 and the Great Fire in 1835, the inadequacy of the water system of wells-and-cisterns became apparent. Numerous corrective measures were examined. In the final analysis, only the Croton River in northern Westchester County was found to carry water sufficient in quantity and quality to serve the City. The delivery system was begun in 1837, and was completed in 1848.  The Old Croton Aqueduct was the first of its kind ever constructed in the United States. The innovative system used a classic gravity feed, dropping per mile, or about 1/4" per 100' (~0.02%) and running into New York City through an enclosed masonry structure crossing ridges, valleys, and rivers. University Avenue was later built over the southernmost mainland portion of the aqueduct, leading to the bridge. Though the carrying capacity was enlarged in 1861–1862 with a larger tube, the bridge (obsolete due to opening of the New Croton Aqueduct) ceased to carry water in 1917. In the 1920s, the bridge's masonry arches were declared a hazard to ship navigation by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the City considered demolishing the entire structure. Local organizations called to preserve the historic bridge, and, in 1927, five of the original arches across the river were replaced by a single steel span, while the remaining arches were retained.

Restoration.

In November 2006, the Department of Parks and Recreation announced that the bridge would reopen to pedestrians in 2009. This date was repeatedly put off. A $20 million renovation project would include strengthening the arch, improving staircases, cameras on both ends of the bridge, and boat beacon lights among other features.  In 2009, preliminary planning, funded by PlaNYC, began for restoring the High Bridge. The High Bridge Coalition raised funds and public awareness to restore High Bridge to pedestrian and bicycle traffic, joining the Highbridge Parks in both Manhattan and the Bronx that together cover more than of parkland, and providing a link in New York's greenway system. In early 2010, a contract was signed with Lichtenstein Consulting Engineers and Chu & Gassman Consulting Engineers (MEP sub-consultant) to provide designs for the restored bridge.  On January 11, 2013, the mayor's office announced the bridge would reopen for pedestrian traffic by 2014, but in August 2014, the open was postponed to spring of 2015. In May 2015, the Parks Department announced a July opening and a July 25 festival. The ribbon was cut for the restored bridge at about 11:30 a.m. on June 9, 2015, with the bridge open to the general public at noon.

High Bridge Water Tower.

The High Bridge Water Tower, in Highbridge Park between West 173rd and 174th Streets, on top of the ridge on the Manhattan side of High Bridge, was built in 1866–1872 to help meet the ever-increasing demands on the city's water system. The octagonal tower, which was authorized by the State Legislature in 1863, was designed by John B. Jervis, the engineer who supervised the building of the High Bridge Aqueduct. Water was pumped up to a reservoir next to the tower – now the site of a play center and public pool built in 1934–1936 – which then provided water to be lifted to the tower's tank. This "high service" improved the water system's gravity pressure, necessary because of the increased use of flush toilets.  The High Bridge system reached its full capacity by 1875. With the opening of the Croton Aqueduct, the High Bridge system became less relied upon; during World War I, it was completely shut down when sabotage was feared. In 1949, the tower was removed from service, and a carillon, donated by the Altman Foundation, was installed in 1958.  The tower's cupola was damaged by an arson fire in 1984. It was reconstructed, and the tower's load-bearing exterior stonework – which Jervis designed in a mixture of Romanesque Revival and neo-Grec styles – was cleaned and restored in 1989–1990 by the William A. Hall Partnership. Christopher Gray has said of the tower's design that "Its rock-faced granite gives the tower a chunky, fortified appearance, as if it were a lookout for a much larger castle complex that was never built... The granite is competently handled, but the details are not very inspired or elegant. The tower is more picturesque than beautiful."  The interior of the tower, which was never open to the public, features a wide well-detailed iron spiral staircase with six large landings and paired windows.  The High Bridge Water Tower was designated a New York City landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967.

References.

Notes

The High Bridge (originally the Aqueduct Bridge) is the oldest bridge in New York City, having originally opened as part of the Croton Aqueduct in 1848 and reopened as a pedestrian walkway in 2015 after being closed for over 45 years. A steel arch bridge with a height of over the Harlem River, it connects the New York City boroughs of the Bronx and Manhattan. The eastern end is located in the Highbridge section of the Bronx near the western end of West 170th Street, and the western end is located in Highbridge Park in Manhattan, roughly parallel to the end of West 174th Street.

Le High Bridge (à l'origine l'Aqueduct Bridge) est le plus ancien pont de New York, ayant à l'origine ouvert en tant qu'aqueduc de Croton en 1848. Il a rouvert en 2015 comme voie piétonne après avoir été fermé pendant plus de 45 ans. Pont en arc en acier d'une hauteur de 42 mètres au dessus de la rivière Harlem, il relie les Boroughs new-yorkais du Bronx et de Manhattan.


Early life.

Wichitwathakan was born Kim Liang (Chinese: 金良), the son of a merchant in Uthai Thani Province. According to a cousin, Wichitwathakan's paternal grandfather was Chinese.  He received his primary education in a Buddhist temple school in Uthai Thani and continued the Buddhist education at Wat Mahathat in Bangkok where he excelled in Buddhist studies, reaching a high stage of Prien and graduating first in the kingdom. At the age of 16 years, he received royal award from King Vajiravudh for academic excellence.  While still a monk in Wat Mahatat, Wichitwathakan wrote extensively in papers which he circulated among the monks. The papers were written in English, French, or German and were sometimes inflammatory regarding temple rules and regulations. This was finally stopped by the abbot, who prohibited the use of Western languages.  At the age of 20, Wichitwathakan decided to leave the monkhood in favor of secular life and was admitted to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a junior clerk. From this position in 1918, Wichitwathakan rose, through his own exceptional capability and diligence, to become Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1942.

Service in France.

In 1921, Wichitwathakan was posted to the Royal Siamese Legation (equivalent to present-day embassy) in Paris, France, as Third Secretary. During his five years in Europe, Wichitwathakan served as a member of the Siamese delegation that attended and participated in deliberations of the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. He also studied law and political science at the University of Paris. It was in Paris that he developed close friendships with the future revolutionaries, Pridi Phanomyong, also studying Law at Sorbonne, and Plaek Pibulsongkram, a military officer studying artillery in France.

Marriage.

While in Paris, Wichit took French lessons from Lucienne Laffitte (née Guillaume), a cultivated French lady who was well-read and musically gifted. They subsequently married and together returned to Siam in the year 1927. While Wichitwathakan continued to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Madame Lucienne collaborated with him in several of his important historical publications, notably Prawatsart Sakon (Universal History). Despite this creative partnership and the births of a son and a daughter, the marriage dissolved six years later and Madame Lucienne returned to France with her two children. Luang Wichitwathakan subsequently married Prapapan Raphiphan (Khunying Prapapan Vichit-Vadakan), a teacher of history and daughter of Khoon Vorasarndarunkit who was in charge of education in northern Siam under King Rama V.

In Siam.

After his return to Siam, Wichitwathakan met again with Pridi Phanomyong and Plaek Pibulsongkram, the conspirators of the Siamese coup d'état of 1932.  Wichitwathakan was chairman of the committee which proposed changing the country's name from Siam to Thailand at the state convention in 1939. He led an irredentist campaign after being presented a map produced by Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient showing the Thai race inhabiting the areas of Siam, Burma, and southern China. Wichitwathakan estimated from this map that there were approximately 60 million Thais inhabiting the lands of southern China and Southeast Asia, and through his personal crusade as both a historian and a politician, as well as chairman of the parliamentary committee in charge of making the name change, succeeded in changing the name of the country from Siam to Thailand when the state convention ratified the committee's proposal in 1939.

Revolutionary role.

Although Wichitwathakan did not participate in the revolution against King Prajadhipok, he performed an important role in the conversion from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. When Pridi Phanomyong started the clandestine party called Khana Ratsadon (People's Party), he consulted with former Thai friends from Paris, namely Field Marshal Pibulsongkram, Wichitwathakan, Prayun Phamonmontri, and Thatsanai Mitraphakdi. Pridi Phanomyong specifically asked Wichitwathakan to join this secret association, whose purpose was to overthrow the absolute monarchy. Wichitwathakan at this point in time still maintained loyalty to King Prajadhipok and was in favor of a conciliatory approach with regard to the Siamese royalty. Concerned about the socialistic and communistic ideology of Pridi Phanomyong, Wichitwathakan formed a royalist and free enterprise party called Kana Chart (National Party) while continuing to attend the clandestine meetings of the Khana Ratsadon Party.  When King Prajadhipok indicated his willingness to support the armed royalist challenge to the People's Party and gave his blessing to Prince Bovoradej to mobilize his soldiers and attack Bangkok, Wichitwathakan forsook his loyalty to the king to align himself with the representative government as a member of the national assembly. While Pibulsongkram fought the insurrection of Prince Bovoradej militarily, Wichitwathakan played an important political role by being in charge of convincing the public and uncommitted military forces in the provinces to side with the government.

Wartime service.

In 1942, Wichitwathakan became Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister Field Marshal Pibulsongkram and was responsible for negotiating free passage for the invading Japanese army in exchange for maintaining the sovereignty and independence of Thailand. He then assumed the duty of Thai Ambassador to Japan during the remainder of World War II, being stationed in Tokyo. Upon the unconditional surrender of Japan to the Allies at the end of World War II, Wichitwathakan was arrested by the US occupying forces along with the German Ambassador, Italian Ambassador, and the entire Japanese Cabinet. His wife, Khunying Wichitwathakan, requested and obtained a personal audience with General Douglas MacArthur during which she succeeded in explaining to him that as foreign minister, her husband had no alternative but to negotiate a treaty of free passage in exchange for maintaining the independence of Thailand. General Douglas MacArthur released Wichitwathakan from imprisonment and allowed him to return to Thailand on an American airplane. On arrival to Bangkok, Wichitwathakan was rearrested and imprisoned by the new postwar government of Prime Minister Khuang Aphaiwong. Wichitwathakan was incarcerated along with former Prime Minister Field Marshal Pibulsongkram, to be tried in Thai court as war criminals. Among the principal allied forces, the British and the French wanted Pibulsongkram and Wichitwathakan to face the firing squad while the US alone insisted on a trial before punishment. Subsequently, all charges against them were dropped for lack of corroborating evidence. Field Marshal Pibulsongkram and Luang Wichitwathakan were acquitted of all political accusations and released from incarceration.

Post-war service.

After having been granted freedom, Luang Wichitwathakan temporarily dissociated himself from politics and became a nationally prominent playwright, author, and historian. Most of his plays, songs, fictions as well as history and religious books were composed during the three years following his release from incarceration.  In 1947, Luang Wichitwathakan assisted Field Marshal Pibulsomgkram in staging a coup d'état which toppled the existing government from power. Wichitwathakan served in the new government as Minister of Finance and Minister of Economic Affairs and subsequently became Ambassador to India in 1952 and Ambassador to Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia in 1953. He also promoted the unification and nationalism of the people of Thailand by composing a series of nationalistic theatrical works, known as the "Anupap" series, which were performed at the National Theater. This series of plays, titled "Anupap Porkoon Ramkamhaeng" (Power of King Ramkamhaeng), "Anupap Haeng Kwam Seasara" (Power of Sacrifice), "Anupap Haeng Kwam Rak" (Power of Love) were composed at the urging of Prime Minister Pibulsongkram with the purpose of strengthening the unity and cohesiveness of the Thai people.  In 1958, Luang Wichitwathakan participated in the coup d'état staged by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat and removed Field Marshal Pibulsongkram from power. Wichitwathakan assumed the title of Paladbunchagarn of the Prime Minister's Office, equivalent to the position of Vice Prime Minister, Chef du Cabinet, or Secretary-General of Office of the Prime Minister. He served Field Marshal Sarit as his closest confidant and advisor and politically played an active role in promoting the nationalism of the people of Thailand.  Wichitwathakan died in 1962 at age 64 after a long cardiac illness.

Appointments.

1934-1942. Director General of the Department of Fine Arts  1942-1943. Minister of Foreign Affairs  1943-1945. Ambassador to Japan  1951-1952. Minister of Finance  1952. Minister of Economic Affairs  1952-1953 Ambassador to India  1953-1957 Ambassador to Switzerland, Austria and Yugoslavia  1957-1962 Paladbunchagarn - Office of the Prime Minister

Published works.

Plays.

Leod Supan (Blood of Supan) - Rachamanu - Suek Talang (Battle of Talang - Pra jao Krung Thon (King of Thonburi) - Tai Dab Na (Death at next Sword) - Po Kun Pa Mueng (King Pa Mueng) - Petch Pra Narai (Diamond of King Narai - Lan Leod Lan Rug (Territory of Blood Territory of Love) - Sriharajdecho - Dab Saen Mueng (Sword of a Hundred Thousand Cities) - Pra Naresuan Pragard Issarapap (King Naresuan Declares Independence) - Rachatida Pra Ruang (Royal Daughter of Pra Ruang) - Jao Ying Gannigar (Princess Gannigar) - Jao Ying Sanwee (Princess Sanwee) - Krut Dum (Black Garuda) - Anupap Po Kun Ramkamhang (Power of King Ramkamhang) - Anupap hang Kwam Rug (Power of Love) - Anupap Hang Kwam Seasara (Power of Sacrifice)

Fiction.

Pan Tong Rong Leod (Golden Receptacle for Blood) - Dok Fa Jampasak (Celestial Flower of Jampasak) - Ballang Chieng Rung (Throne of Chieng Rung) - Morasum Hang Cheevit (Tempest of Life) - Petch Pra Narai (Diamond of King Narai) - Plee Cheep Pue Choo (Sacrificing Life for Lover) - Huang Rug Hav Luek (Bond of Love Deep Crevice) - Fak Fa Salawin (Horizon of Salawin) - Athit Asadong (Western Sunset) - Lek Lang Kan (Iron for Vengeance)

Non-Fiction.

Mun Samong (Brain) - Puttanupap (Power of Buddhism) - Jittanupap (Power of Mind) - Manusapatiwat (Human Revolution) - Mahaburus (Great Men) - Kong Dee Nai India (Good things in India) - Vicha Paed Pragarn (Eight Sources of Knowledge) - Vicha Krong Ruen Krong Rug (Science of Domesticity and Love) - Vitee Tam Ngarn lae Srang Anakot (Way to Work and Build Future) - Anakot kong Chart (Future of Nation) - Sangsawang Nai Kwam Mued (Brightness in The dark) - Sassana Sagol (Universal religion) - Prawatsart Sagol (Universal History) - Watanatum Sukothai (Civilization of Sukothai) - Kwam Fun (Dream)

Major-General Luang Wichitwathakan (also known as just Wichit Wichitwathakan) (Thai หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ, วิจิตร วิจิตรวาทการ; Chinese 金良) (11 August 1898–31 March 1962) was a Thai politician, diplomat, historian, novelist, and playwright. He was the originator and prime mover responsible for changing the name of the country from Siam to Thailand.

Le major-général Luang Wichitwathakan (ou aussi Wichit Wichitwathakan) (1898-1962), en thaï หลวงวิจิตรวาทการ est un haut fonctionnaire, écrivain et homme politique, thaïlandais qui a joué un rôle majeur pour structurer l’idéologie nationaliste et raciste des régimes dictatoriaux dans la période 1934-1962. Il fut le proche collaborateur du maréchal Plaek Phibunsongkhram puis du maréchal Sarit Thanarat.


Background.

KSI's fight with fellow British YouTuber Joe Weller on 3 February 2018 at the Copper Box Arena in London was a success, drawing 1.6million live viewers, 21million views within a day, and over 25million over the next several days, becoming the biggest white-collar boxing fight. After KSI won the fight and was awarded the YouTube Boxing Championship Belt, he called out the Paul brothers. He initially challenged Logan Paul's younger brother Jake to fight. Jake Paul was initially the one to fight KSI. However, Jake backed down, letting his older brother Logan step in to fight KSI whilst KSI's younger brother Deji Olatunji (also known as ComedyShortsGamer) stepped in to fight Jake. Deji did not want to be fighting on the undercard of the fight, therefore it was agreed that the fight would be advertised with Deji and Jake's names being listed in the manner of a co-main event. The two parties signed contracts agreeing to have two fights, one to be held on 25 August 2018 at the Manchester Arena in the United Kingdom, and another to be held in February 2019 in the United States. Originally, Logan and Jake Paul wanted any fight to be held in a neutral venue, preferably Dubai, United Arab Emirates, but Logan had decided to go with the two-fight plan.  In an interview with TMZ on 23 July 2018, KSI admitted his aspirations of turning professional after the fight saying "I wanna squeeze out every bit of relevancy from him (Logan Paul) and then move onto my bigger goal which is to go pro". Professional boxing promoter Eddie Hearn, in an interview, was questioned about signing KSI on a professional contract and responded "Yeah, I probably would. But he’s not gonna fight for £15,000, he’s just fought for £3 million!"

Press conferences.

Two press conferences were held to promote the fight. The first was held on 16 June outside the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles which was hosted by two-time Heavyweight champion Shannon Briggs.  The second press conference was held on 18 July at York Hall in Bethnal Green, East London, this time hosted by YouTube personality True Geordie who commentated on the KSI vs. Joe Weller fight. During the London press conference, KSI and Deji mocked both Logan and Jake, Logan's girlfriend Chloe Bennet and their father Greg Paul to the point that both Paul brothers walked out of the press conference prematurely.  Following the press conference, fans of KSI and Deji attacked Logan and Jake's cars which were rented by their friend and Las Vegas nightclub promoter Arman Izadi. Izadi threatened Deji with a lawsuit against him, claiming that Deji incited the fans to attack the Pauls and challenged Izadi to a bare-knuckle fight. Deji denied these claims and said, "the attack resulted from other factors, including the fact that Greg Paul actually assaulted a fan first.” Associates of Izadi would subsequently vandalise the gym that Deji trained in. Izadi would admit to being responsible, which prompted Deji to have officials for the event ban Izadi from attending.  After the press conference, the Pauls requested for True Geordie to not commentate on the fight, claiming that he was "biased" towards the KSI camp for allowing him to insult the Pauls without intervening. After speaking over the phone, the situation was resolved and it was confirmed True Geordie would be commentating on the fight.

Weigh-in.

The weigh-in was held on 24 August 2018 and was co-hosted by the same host as the London press conference True Geordie as well as Michael Buffer. KSI weighed in at 187 lb (85 kg), 2 kg heavier than his previous fight with Joe Weller. Meanwhile, Logan came in at 189 lb (86 kg). KSI took part in the weigh-in wearing a Chloe Bennet mask in an attempt to taunt Logan. For the co-main event, Deji weighed in at 79 kg with Paul weighing 82.5 kg.

Card.

On the fight's undercard, JMX was expected to fight TGFbro's Romell Henry, but Henry later pulled out due to injury and was replaced by HalalHam. It was later revealed that JMX would instead be fighting YouTuber and athlete Coach Richard; HalalHam faced off against Jrizzy Jeremy.  AnEsonGib fought TGFbro's Jay Swingler on the event's undercard.

Fight details.

Ticket information.

The fight was held at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, England. Tickets for the fight went on sale on 22 June after an announcement by KSI on his YouTube channel. General admission tickets started at a price of £30 with the highest level package pricing at £495. They had elected to go with Eventim UK for distribution of sales. Tickets made available priced from £30, £40, £50, £60, £80, £100, £150 and VIP £495. Although the event was jointly promoted by Upload Events, Maverick Media and OP Talent, Upload Events were the lead promoter of the fight.

Broadcasting.

The fight was streamed on pay-per-view on YouTube, via a YouTube channel dedicated to the fight. The pay-per-view was set to cost £6 in the United Kingdom but was raised to £7.50, and $10 in the United States. The pay-per-view prices received negative responses from a number of fans, as KSI's past fight with Joe Weller was streamed on YouTube for free. YouTube personalities True Geordie, Joe Weller and Laurence McKenna commentated on the fight. Iconic ring announcer Michael Buffer announced the fighters.

Piracy concerns.

Due to the high profile of the event in the social and online world, and the use of pay-per-view instead of the usual free YouTube streaming, pirate streams of the fight became a concern for promoters. In a video by Jake Paul, he stated that "anyone who is planning on illegally streaming or torrenting the fight won't be able to as employees from Google and YouTube will be taking down and disabling streams all through the night." However, this did not discourage fans from advertising illegal streams in protest against the use of pay-per-view. KSI tried to address the use of pay-per-view via Twitter stating, "The cost of the event itself is on another level to last time (the KSI vs Joe Weller fight). Plus the press conferences, weigh-in and making other content for the new channel, all adds up." After the fight, it emerged that over 1.2 million people watched the fight over pirated Twitch streams, meaning over $12 million in potential pay-per-view revenue was not realized.

Purses.

The purse for the fight is split 50/50. Although official details for it haven't been revealed, there have been estimates of their potential earnings. According to one estimate, the total revenue is believed to be £150million, including lucrative sponsorship deals that the pair signed, with KSI and Logan Paul each receiving up to £75million. Another estimate gives the potential earnings of KSI and Logan Paul at £30million to £40million each, from ticket sales, online views, sponsorship deals, and merchandise sales.  However, both KSI and Logan Paul have dismissed these estimates. KSI stated that his earnings are "a high amount, but it's nowhere near £40m" or £20million. YouTube took a 30% share of the pay-per-view revenue, with the remaining 70% split evenly between KSI and Logan Paul, each receiving a 35% share. Logan's share was in turn split with his brother Jake, and Logan estimates that a further 30% of his earnings went towards expenses including administration, production, venues, coaches, travel, accommodation, managers, lawyers, and agents.

Belt.

With the result being a draw, KSI retained the YouTube championship belt. The belt is of red colour with gold motifs. Its design features an eagle with its wings fully spread atop a golden globe with a crown at its centre. The belt was presented to KSI at his previous fight by professional boxer Dereck Chisora.

Officials and rules.

The main event was contested over 6 rounds 3 minutes each. Both athletes agreed to box in 12oz gloves, which is a size often used for amateur boxing fights between the middleweight and heavyweight divisions.

Betting odds.

Odds are as of 24 August 2018.

Recap and aftermath.

After Jake Paul beat Deji by technical knockout, he called out American singer-songwriter Chris Brown, saying "I know you were supposed to fight Soulja Boy. But I think it is time you got in the ring with someone your own size.”, after the Jake-Deji fight Bugzy Malone performed songs from his new album "B. Inspired". The fight was also attended by multiple celebrities such as Jake Wood, Wes Nelson and professional UFC fighter, Jimi Manuwa.  The fight inspired PewDiePie to begin a feud and rivalry with Indian record company T-Series over the title of most-subscribed YouTube channel. This online competition became known as PewDiePie vs T-Series.

Scorecard.

Source:

Reception.

Pre-match.

The fight and the lead-up to it caught the attention of mainstream media as well as professional boxing promoter Eddie Hearn, and boxers such as Floyd Mayweather, Tyson Fury, Amir Khan and Ricky Hatton. Former UFC middleweight champion Michael Bisping, who trained KSI prior to the match, called the fight "an insulting mockery" to professional boxing and martial arts, stating in the 76th episode of his "Believe You Me" podcast, "I find it almost insulting to everybody that has dedicated their life to being a fighter. Come up the hard way, been a lifelong boxer or martial artist and then these two come in... they’re almost making a mockery of the sport of boxing and martial arts." Bisping has since removed the episode in question from his YouTube channel.

Viewership and revenue.

The pre-fight promotional videos uploaded to the official KSI vs Logan channel on YouTube have received nearly 60million online views, including nearly 30million views for the official fight trailers. In the month leading up to the fight, the channel's pre-fight promotional videos drew 28million views, generating earnings up to $112,000. In addition, the promotional diss track music videos from KSI, Logan Paul, Jake Paul and Deji have received about 60million views.  The fight sold-out 21,000 tickets for Manchester Arena, in comparison to the 8,000 tickets sold at the Copper Box Arena for the previous KSI vs. Joe Weller fight. The fight generated an estimated live gate revenue of over £2.7million () from ticket sales.  The fight was watched by over 2.25million viewers live, including over 1.05million watching pay-per-view and 1.2 million watching illegal streams on Twitch. The event eventually received about 17million online views on the official YouTube channel (pay-per-view and free-view) as of 18 September 2018, in addition to over 5million viewers who watched illegal streams on Twitch as of 28 August 2018.  The KSI vs Logan Paul boxing match, along with the undercard fights including Deji vs. Jake Paul, was uploaded to YouTube on 31 August 2018, which can now be watched for free. The official KSI vs Logan channel on YouTube has received more than 75million views as of 17 September 2018.

Pay-per-view numbers.

The fight generated a total of 1.3million pay-per-view buys worldwide, on YouTube and the KSI vs Logan Paul official website combined, including over 800,000live purchases. This makes it the largest non-professional boxing match of all time. At £7.50 or $10 a view, the pay-per-view revenue is approximately an estimated £million or.

KSI vs. Logan Paul was a white-collar amateur boxing match between the British YouTuber, Olajide "JJ" Olatunji (known online as KSI), and American YouTuber, Logan Paul. The undercard consisted of a number of YouTubers, including a bout between the headliners respective younger brothers, Deji Olatunji and Jake Paul. The bout took place on 25 August 2018 at 8:30 PM BST in the Manchester Arena, Manchester, England, and was streamed on YouTube's pay-per-view platform, and resulted in a majority draw, with two judges scoring it 57–57 and the other 58–57 in favour of KSI.

KSI vs. Logan Paul est un combat de boxe amateur entre les YouTubeurs Olajide "JJ" Olatunji (connu comme KSI) et Logan Paul. L'affiche principale opposait Deji, frère de KSI et Jake Paul, frère de Logan.


History.

Greenmal Holding Corporation announced that it had obtained a loan in February 1929 to build the building. The cost was estimated at $12,000,000, with the edifice resting upon a fifty-one caisson foundation. Designed by Buchman & Kahn, the building was planned to occupy a plot. T. Greenberg and Malzmal purchased the property in 1928 from the American Sugar Company.  The building opened in March 1930, and the original anchor tenant of the building was the American Sugar Refining Company.  New York Life Insurance Company bid $1,000,000 to foreclose a $5,569,605 lien against the skyscraper at a June 26, 1933, auction. The insurance firm previously initiated a $5,000,000 suit to foreclose a consolidated mortgage on the property, on November 23, 1932. A first mortgage of $4,050,000 was given in 1929. Liens of $200,000 and $750,000 were made subsequently. The lawsuit was based on nonpayment of $150,000 in interest, on May 1, 1932. Of the amount owed only $46,040 was paid by Greenberg and Malzmal.  120 Wall Street was the only major high-rise building on the East River downtown waterfront for many years until the post-1970s construction boom.  Since 1980, the building has been owned by the 120 Wall Company, LLC, an affiliate of Silverstein Properties Inc., who purchased it for a reported $12 million.  In the early 1990s, in cooperation with the City's Economic Development Corporation, Silverstein Properties obtained the designation of 120 Wall Street as New York City's (first and only) Association Center. The designation creates cost-effective office space, and the building has attracted over 35 national not-for-profit organizations, including The New Press, AFS-USA, Inc., the Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Pacifica Foundation WBAI-FM, the Lucis Trust & World Goodwill, the world headquarters locations of the National Urban League, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, The United Negro College Fund, the Alan Guttmacher Institute, the Center for Reproductive Rights, and Lambda Legal.

Architecture.

The tower is tiered on three sides, forming the "wedding-cake" architecture of a New York setback skyscraper. The setbacks recede in shallow formations from a large 16-story platform. Red-granite panels frame wide-paned commercial windows at street level as part of the five-story limestone base.  The building has of space.

120 Wall Street is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, and was completed in 1930. The building is 399 ft (122 m) tall, has 34 floors, and is located on the easternmost portion of Wall Street, and also borders Pine Street and South Street. The architect was Ely Jacques Kahn of Buchman & Kahn.

120 Wall Street est un gratte-ciel du quartier financier de Lower Manhattan à New York, achevé en 1930. Le bâtiment fait 122 m de hauteur, a 34 étages, et est situé sur la partie la plus à l'est de Wall Street, bordant également Pine Street et South Street. L'architecte était Ely Jacques Kahn de Buchman & Kahn.


History.

Benedictine monastery.

The monastery was founded by Sancho García, the Count of Castile, for his daughter Tigridia, as a double monastery. The nuns came from the Monastery of San Juan in Cillaperlata, while the monks were from the Monastery of San Salvador in Loberuela.  In October 1033, King Sancho III of Pamplona gave the monastery to the Abbey of Cluny, by which it became a part of the largest monastic organization of the era. It flourished during this period, coming to have over 70 other monasteries and churches under its authority. In 1506 the monastery joined the Benedictine Congregation of Valladolid, which had a program of a return to the reformation of the monastic life, following a strict interpretation of the Rule of Saint Benedict. It was badly damaged during the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic era, and the monks were dispersed.  One notable member of the community was Dom Pedro Ponce de León, O.S.B., a monk of the community during the 16th century, who is believed to have been the first to develop a means of teaching the deaf, establishing a school for them at the monastery.

Modern era.

In 1835, the monastic church was converted into a parish church to serve the people of the town. The property of the monastery was returned to the Catholic Church in 1880, when it was acquired by the Society of Jesus. They occupied the buildings for nearly 90 years.  The monastic complex came into the possession of the Province of Burgos in 1968, at which time it was used as a psychiatric hospital.  In 2012, the foundation Las Edades del Hombre (The Ages of Humankind) held its annual art exhibit in the church of the former monastery. The title of the exhibit was "Monasticus" (Monastic).

Architecture.

The surviving architecture of the monastic complex is a series of connected buildings, ranging in date from the Romanesque style of the 12th century, commonly seen in Cluniac monasteries, to the Gothic renovations of the 15th century.  The gate to the monastery is a notable example of the Mudéjar style.  The interior of the monastery church measures 83 meters (272.30 feet) by 20 meters (65.62 feet), with a height of 20 meters. It was renovated in the 15th century and contains a number of paintings attributed to a monk of the community, Dom Alonso of Zamora.  In the sanctuary can be seen a Renaissance-era altarpiece of the Immaculate Conception, along with remains from the medieval altarpiece it replaced in the 15th century. The choir has a domed vault built about 1460 by Fernando Díaz. An apse was opened in it during the 18th century to house the relics of St. Íñigo of Oña (died 1057), one of the first abbots of the monastery. The choir stalls there, also from that period, were carved in walnut by Dom Pedro of Valladolid.

The crypt.

The Monastery of San Salvador became the final resting place for many of the leading figures of northern Spain, especially during its early centuries of operation.  Among those buried there are:

The Monastery of San Salvador (Holy Savior) was a Benedictine monastery in the town of Oña, in the province of Burgos, central Spain, founded in 1011, which lasted until the 19th century.

Le monastère de San Salvador (Saint Sauveur) est un monastère bénédictin situé dans sur la commune d'Oña, dans la province de Burgos, dans le centre de l'Espagne. Fondé en 1011, il continue d'être occupé jusqu'au.


Development.

In 2019", 2K Battlegrounds" predecessor "WWE 2K20" received "generally unfavorable" reviews on all platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic. Reviewers criticized the physics, graphics, targeting, change in controls and the large number of glitches.  In 2020, the game was rendered almost unplayable due to a "Y2k20" bug. Due to the number of bugs, player complaints lead to the hashtag #FixWWE2K20 trending on social media.  In April 2020, former WWE video games writer Justin Leeper reported that a simulation game successor to "WWE 2K20" had been cancelled. The decision was made due to "2K20's" poor sales in addition to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry. However, Leeper also stated that 2K would release a different type of WWE game in 2020, which is not related to the series, while a future entry would be released in 2021 for the eighth console generation and PC.  On April 27, 2020, 2K announced "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" as a spin-off to the series, while also announcing that Patrick Gilmore, who worked on previous games, including Disney’s Aladdin on Sega Genesis, franchises like Killer Instinct, Medal of Honor, and most recently, Amazon’s New World, would be the new Executive Producer. The trailer featured John Cena, The Rock, Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair and was met with a negative reception. On May 4, 2020, an ESRB Rating confirmed that "2K Battlegrounds" would be released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch (the first WWE game to be released on Switch since "2K18") and would be the first WWE game to release on Google Stadia, but 2K have yet to confirm this.

Roster.

The game will feature both male and female Superstars and Legends. It is unknown how many wrestlers will appear in the final game:

WWE 2K Battlegrounds is an upcoming professional wrestling video game developed by Saber Interactive and published by 2K Sports. It is expected to be released in fall 2020. It is the seventh under the "WWE 2K" banner. "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" will replace "WWE 2K21" for 2020, following its cancellation, due to the negative reception surrounding "WWE 2K20" after its release in October 2019.

WWE 2K Battlegrounds est un prochain jeu vidéo de catch professionnel développé par Sabre Interactive et édité par 2K Sports. Il devrait être publié à l'automne 2020. C'est le septième sous la bannière "WWE 2K". "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" remplacera "WWE 2K21" pour 2020, après son annulation, en raison de la réception négative de "WWE 2K20" après sa sortie en octobre 2019.