Focus and beliefs.

The mission's focus is on groups where no translation of the Bible exists. When such a group is identified, Ethnos360 first attempts to make contact and establish a relationship. Then, missionaries are sent to learn the language and the culture of the native people, while further developing relationships and providing humanitarian aid. The missionaries translate biblical literature into the indigenous language, as well as teach natives how to read and write in their own language. The professed goal, however, is to establish fully functioning churches that operate independently of missionaries, which "in turn reach out to their own people and to neighboring tribes".  The core belief of Ethnos360 is "Sola Scriptura," accompanied by a historical-grammatical hermeneutic in interpreting the scriptures. This emphasis on "word by word inspiration" leads to literal belief "in the fall of man resulting in his complete and universal separation from God and his need of salvation". Those who die unsaved go to "unending punishment" (hence the mandate to evangelize those without access to the gospel). Additionally, Etnos360 is a dispensational organization, subscribing to the "imminent... pretribulation and pre-millennial return" of Jesus Christ to earth.

History.

Founding.

NTM was founded by Paul Fleming, from Los Angeles, in 1942. In the 1930s Fleming had worked as a missionary in the British colony of Malaya. Initially, NTM was based in a former nightclub in Chicago.  In 1943 NTM started publishing its magazine "Brown Gold". In 1944/45, NTM moved headquarters to Chico, California. Shortly thereafter it established a "boot camp" (missionary training facility) at Fouts Springs, California.

Early activity expansion and associated personnel deaths.

The organization sent out its first group in November 1942 to Bolivia. On January 12, 1944 the startling news came back that five of the men were missing. These five men had been killed, however the facts were not revealed until years later. Ethnos360's first five missionaries were killed by the Ayoreo Indians in Bolivia. According to Time Magazine, five NTM missionaries were killed by aboriginal Bolivians in 1943.  In June 1950 the first plane bought by NTM crashed in Venezuela, killing all 15 people on board. The second plane bought by NTM crashed in November the same year at Mount Moran in Grand Teton National Park USA while on its way to bring missionaries abroad, killing all 21 aboard, including spouses, several children and founder Paul Fleming.  In July 1953, 14 NTM members serving as volunteer firefighters died in what became known as the Rattlesnake Fire about 25 miles north of Fouts Springs, California in the Mendocino National Forest.

Personnel deaths by guerrillas in Colombia and the Philippines.

In the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, a number of New Tribes Mission personnel have been killed by guerrillas in different parts of the world.

Training program.

Ethnos360 requires all candidates to complete a training program. The training program can take up to four years to complete. In the US, this training culminates in an unaccredited bachelor's degree. Major Bible colleges such as Moody Bible Institute and Columbia International University recognize credits and degrees from Ethnos360.  The first phase of the training consists of basic Bible education. This phase lasts two years. In the US, this training takes place at one of two different Bible schools, one in Waukesha, Wisconsin, and the other in Jackson, Michigan. These schools are collectively called the New Tribes Bible Institute. This portion of the training program is often waived for candidates possessing previous Bible training from accredited Bible colleges.  The second phase of the program involves extensive study in cross-cultural communication, church planting, and linguistic analysis. It also lasts two years as candidates study advanced linguistic techniques, learning how to alphabetize unwritten languages and translate the Bible. Formerly called "Boot Camp," this phase also emphasizes basic living skills necessary for survival in undeveloped areas of the world (e.g. constructing and cooking from clay stoves, building jungle shelters, etc.). In the US, this takes place at the Etnos360 Missionary Training Center in Camdenton, Missouri.  An NTM Canadian training center exists in Durham, Ontario. Similar training programs exist in other countries, including Brazil, Germany, Mexico and United Kingdom.

Evangelistic approach.

New Tribes Mission's strategy for "church planting" starts with language acquisition. NTM believes that individuals should have access to the Bible and its teachings in their native languages and refuses to teach in English or local trade languages. Several unwritten languages on the verge of extinction have been given new leases of life, because of missionary efforts to reduce them to writing and to teach their speakers in literacy.  After becoming proficient in the local languages, NTM missionaries initiate in-depth Bible studies with interested parties. Rather than distributing tracts or showing the "Jesus" film (popular methods among many organizations), NTM focuses on teaching through the Scriptures chronologically. Missionaries begin with the Genesis account of creation and follow the storyline of the Bible through to the story of Jesus Christ and the teachings of the New Testament. This approach is necessary because most of the cultures in which they work have no exposure to any biblical teaching whatsoever, and therefore require solid grounding on the foundational principles of the Old Testament before they can be introduced to the New Testament Gospel.  This chronological curriculum consists of 50 lessons and is called "Building on Firm Foundations". It was written by Trevor McIlwain and Nancy Everson and originally published in 1985.

Recognition.

Ethnos360 is listed by Ministry Watch on the Shining Lights 'Top 30' Exemplary Ministries. MinistryWatch.com, in response to requests for a list of Christian ministries that are among the best to which donors can give with confidence, has released a "Top 30" list of ministries as the latest MinistryWatch.com Shining Light profile. Ethnos360 is one of those Top 30 Shining Lights.

Criticism and controversy.

Criticism of cultural change.

Critics contend that the New Tribes Mission and other evangelist groups "hunt down primitive Indians and destroy their culture in the name of converting them to Christianity". Paul Gifford, Professor of Religion at the University of London, accused NTM of changing indigenous cultures and representing US foreign policy interests in countries where they were active. Due to such claims, in 1989, NTM was investigated, and subsequently cleared, of any wrongdoing by the all-party Parliamentary Human Rights Committee in Britain. However, a letter of protest signed by Bishop Trevor Huddleston, Lord Avebury, Chairman of the Parliamentary Human Rights Group; Rabbi Richard Rosen; and Survival International President Robin Hanbury-Tenison, called on the Mission to halt its controversial activities and respect tribal religion and culture. According to Stephen Corry, Director of Survival International, some missionaries do an enormous amount of work to help indigenous peoples and defend their rights, while others do great harm. He says he is not anti-missionary and that he himself and his organization have worked together with countless missionaries. He recalls how a senior member of a very large mission organisation personally told him that their critiques published in the 1970s had stimulated change for the better within his organisation.

Deaths of members of the Ayoreo Totobiegosode tribe.

Members of the Ayoreo Totobiegosode tribe, were forced into trucks and driven to a camp set up by NTM where they endured years of unpaid servitude, leading to numerous deaths from diseases introduced by the missionaries. The director of the mission, Fred Sammons, responded to these allegations with the claim that "The Indians live in fear, in fear of evil spirits and in fear of violent death because it's in their culture to kill. But when they come with us, they accept a new way of life... We never force our religion on anyone." Mr. Sammons also wrote <nowiki>"There are people who like to say that the Ayoreos are happy living in the jungle... Yet if you ask anyone who has had a taste of civilization if he wants to go back and live like he used to, the answer is always a very positive 'No'. "</nowiki> Former Paraguayan minister of culture Ticio Escobar claimed that Ayoreos who were brought out of their isolation exhibited "all of the side effects of losing one's cultural identity: alcoholism, social disorganisation, apathy, violence, suicide, prostitution, and marginalization".

Nukak de-isolation.

In 1981, in what is now the Río Puré National Park in Colombia, NTM missionaries interacted with the previously uncontacted Nukak people. Gift-giving led the Nukak to seek contact with settlers nearby. Combined with encroachment from guerrilla groups and cocoa growers, these later interactions with the outside world resulted in cultural instability and disease. Many members of the tribe now receive government subsidies in San José del Guaviare.

Political controversy in Venezuela.

In October 2005, the BBC reported that Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez had announced his intention to expel New Tribes Mission from Venezuela. He accused New Tribes Mission of imperialism, of collaborating with the US CIA, of violating Venezuela's national sovereignty, and of violating the country's laws by making unauthorized flights into and out of the country. He also attacked the group for building lavish camps in which to live next to poverty-stricken villages.  Responding to the allegations, NTM said, "Any kind of air travel we do, we always do within the guidelines of what the government allows. We always file reports." With respect to "luxury" living, they "live in homes that make it possible for them to continue the work that they do. The homes that they live in are very simple."  On November 3, 2005, hundreds of Venezuelan indigenous people marched in Puerto Ayacucho protesting against the expulsion of NTM by the Venezuelan government. Although the Venezuelan constitution recognized their collective ownership of ancestral lands in 1999, "poverty remains acute among many Indian communities and many protesters said the missionaries were the only people who have tangibly improved their lives."

Sexual abuse allegations.

A 2010 report by G.R.A.C.E.(Godly Response to Abuse in the Christian Environment), an organization dedicated to helping Christian organizations deal with abuse, documented reports of sexual, physical, emotional abuse at the Fanda boarding school operated by NTM for the children of NTM workers in the country of Senegal during the 1980s and 1990s.  David Brooks, a dorm parent at the Fanda Boarding School (Sengal) in the mid-1980s, sexually molested multiple girls, including Kari Mikitson and Bonnie Cheshire. He was identified as the school's most prolific perpetrator of sexual abuse, preying on one girl alone more than 50 times. Kari and Bonnie started, in 2009, a blog with the mission to create a network for abuse survivors and pressure New Tribes into addressing the allegations. On the blog, many people who had attended New Tribes boarding schools around the world detailed their own stories of sexual abuse, including reports from additional countries. As more stories emerged, New Tribes Mission requested Mikitson to come to its headquarters in Sanford, Florida, for a face-to-face meeting with board members. Kari requested a G.R.A.C.E. investigation. The report identified seven alleged perpetrators by name and outlined the acts the perpetrators carried out. Additionally, the report mentioned David Brooks telling the abused, "He told these children not to tell, because bad things would happen and no one would believe them." According to 1992 New Tribe field committee notes obtained by the Grace investigators, the group did have a policy on child sexual abuse that expressly stated allegations should not be reported to police and outlined guidelines for different kinds of acts:  "If it is a homosexual act with a child, the person will be dismissed immediately and may never be considered for membership in the mission again. If it is a heterosexual act the person will be dismissed immediately but could be considered for ministry again in the future depending on the case. If it occurs in the field, it is not necessary to report it to the Senegalese or U.S. authorities. It must be investigated as not doing so could be ruinous for the mission."  However even if New Tribes Mission were to report the perpetrators, there was little that law enforcement could do. It wasn't until Congress passed the Protect Act in 2003 that the U.S. government could prosecute Americans for sex crimes committed overseas without going through the onerous and often impossible task of proving the suspect had traveled to that country for the purpose of abusing kids.

Ethnos360, formerly known as New Tribes Mission (NTM), is an international, theologically evangelical Christian mission organization based in Sanford, Florida, United States. Ethnos360 has approximately 3,300 missionaries in more than 20 nations.

New Tribes Mission (ou "NTM") est une œuvre missionnaire évangélique d’origine nord-américaine, fondée en 1942 par Paul Fleming par NTM à Los Angeles durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette organisation est aujourd’hui basée à Sanford (Floride).


Background.

The single New Testament account, in, merely says (of Joseph): "When he arose, he took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt". This account was embellished in various early New Testament apocrypha, which added various legendary incidents. Late medieval accounts continued to add detail, in particular the "Vita Christi" of Ludolph of Saxony, completed about 1374, just a few years before the time that the first artistic depiction of the "Rest" is found. This includes a description of Mary breastfeeding, which is found in Meister Bertram's Grabow Altarpiece, the first known painting. Ludolph also mentions the journey passing "through dark and uninhabited forests, and by very long routes past rough and deserted places to Egypt", setting the tone for the great majority of the landscape settings throughout the history of the depiction, though the trees usually clear sufficiently to allow a distant view.  While the miraculous legends like the miracles of the palm tree, corn, and pagan statue all fell under the disapproval of the Church in the Counter-Reformation, and generally disappear from art, that the Holy Family must have broken their journey for rests was undeniable, so that the subject's legitimacy in scriptural terms was defensible. The subject also suited Counter-Reformation drives to promote down to earth realism into New Testament subjects, and to increase the role of Saint Joseph. It thus increased in popularity as the other accretions to the story reduced. One of the legends, going back to the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew (perhaps 7th-century), was that at the same time as the "miracle of the palm-tree" on the third day of the journey, a spring miraculously appeared when the travellers needed water, and the "Rest" is often set beside a spring or stream, though this can be regarded as natural.  Christ taking leave of his Mother is another subject with similar origins in late medieval meditational literature. It seems to have been taken up by Passion plays, and does not appear in art before the late 15th century, peaking in the approximate period 1500–1520, mostly in Germany.

Development of compositions.

The panel in the Grabow Altarpiece emphasises eating and drinking: Jesus is breastfeeding, the donkey drinking from a stream, and Joseph eating (probably bread) while offering Mary a bottle. Although the painting has a gold ground, this is one of the panels where landscape settings are painted around the edges. For about a century after this, depictions remain few. An altarpiece by Hans Memling (Louvre) marks the beginning of a sharp increase in depictions of the scene, and introduces the miracles to the background landscape, though the composition, with a standing Virgin, is unusual.  In the decades around 1500 the Virgin and Child often dominate the composition in Early Netherlandish paintings, with Joseph and the donkey in the middle distance, if they are visible at all. In a Gerard David in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, Joseph is seen in the background gathering food by beating a chestnut tree with a long stick, a detail probably borrowed from miniatures of the "Labours of the Months" in the calendars of books of hours, and perhaps a northern substitute for the dates in the legends. The Washington painting appears to be the earliest in a number of paintings of the subject, or using the central figures in other contexts, that were apparently produced by transfer from copies of drawings. Many of these are loosely attributed to the large Bruges workshop of Adriaen Isenbrandt.  Despite the fact that on the "Flight" itself Joseph is invariably shown on foot, leading the donkey on which Mary and the child are seated, in "Rests", Joseph is typically still shown standing, if not engaged in some activity. After the High Renaissance he often stands behind the Virgin, giving a pyramidal group of figures when she is flanked by angels. Relatively few depictions show him resting his feet seated next to Mary, or eating. These include an engraving of c. 1506 by Lucas van Leyden, and a chiaroscuro drawing by Hans Springinklee of 1514.  The wider landscape of the Patinir in the Prado allows space for depictions in the distance (at right) of the Massacre of the Innocents which provoked the flight, and the "miracle of the corn". The falling pagan idols are shown both on the top of the temple at far left (though a statue of a rat-headed god is intact) and by the pair of metal feet on the sphere next to the Virgin. The donkey is grazing some way off, and Joseph seems to have obtained a pot of milk, which he is carrying back. There are a number of versions by Patinir or his circle; other prolific makers of "Rests" include Jan Brueghel the Elder and Jan Brueghel the Younger and various collaborators, and Simone Cantarini (1612–1648). Part way through painting what would have been an early Italian version of the subject, Giovanni Cariani seems to have changed his mind and added shepherds to create an "eccentric" composition of the "Adoration of the Shepherds" (1515-17, Royal Collection). Untypical examples with specific activities include the famous Caravaggio, where Joseph holds the sheet music for an angel playing a viol; here both the Virgin and Child have fallen asleep. The only piece of detail the gospel gives is that the flight began "at night", but landscape scenes at night were very rare in art in the first centuries of the subject. In a night scene by Rembrandt (1647, Dublin), the family seem to have joined some herdsmen with a big fire for the night; this is his only night landscape. This relates to the painting of the "Flight" by Adam Elsheimer where they are just arriving at such an improvised encampment; Rembrandt would have known this from a print. Two other unusual treatments from Dutch Golden Age painting are a realist scene showing the family in more or less contemporary dress in a run-down Dutch tavern or farmhouse by Abraham Bloemaert (1634, Rijksmuseum), and one with Joseph reading from a large book, no doubt religious, by Aert de Gelder (c. 1690, Boston).  The subject is sometimes not easily distinguished from the "Holy Family in Egypt", though the presence of the young John the Baptist, and a house nearby, suggest this, as the presence of the traditional ass or donkey suggests a "Rest". In any case the "rest" was sometimes later interpreted to include the entire stay in Egypt, which according to the "Golden Legend" lasted seven years. A woodcut in Albrecht Dürer's series on the "Life of the Virgin" is always known as a "Rest on the Flight", despite showing Joseph clearly well settled in Egypt, with a large house, and busy working on his carpentry, assisted by angels. In the same way, depictions of the "Flight" which include the miracle of the date palm approach being a "Rest", as in the influential engraving by Martin Schongauer (before 1491), where Mary remains sitting on the stationary donkey as Joseph gathers dates. From about 1550 Italian paintings often have infestations of putti-angels, following German examples in prints, and paintings from the first decade of the century by Lucas Cranach the Elder and Albrecht Altdorfer.  General trends in landscape painting affect treatments of the subject. Like the "Flight", it was popular with Joachim Patinir and his circle, who set the family amid extensive world landscapes. Maryan Ainsworth contrasts this group, centred on the outward-looking international trading-centre of Antwerp, with the paintings dominated by large figures of the Virgin and Child produced by Gerard David and his circle, based in Bruges, a city that had lost commercial pre-eminence and was now turning in on itself.  18th-century depictions were often set beside classical ruins, and a few 19th-century ones featured Ancient Egyptian architecture. Some Romantic depictions placed the incident in lush paradisal settings, notably one that is "the first successful realization of Philipp Otto Runge's ambition to unite Christian orthodoxy with Romantic mysticism and his own personal cosmology", or, less appreciatively, one where "he seeks to express the working of divine forces in nature in a vague, emotional manner".

The Rest on the Flight into Egypt is a subject in Christian art showing Mary, Joseph, and the infant Jesus resting during their flight into Egypt. The Holy Family is normally shown in a landscape.

Le Repos pendant la fuite en Égypte est une partie de l'épisode de la "Fuite en Égypte" du Nouveau Testament. L'Évangile selon Matthieu est la source première du récit mais n'évoque pas précisément cet épisode de la Fuite (2, 13-23). Il faut se tourner vers l'évangile apocryphe du pseudo-Matthieu qui décrit cette scène également appelée le Miracle du palmier.


Early life and college career.

McKey attended Meridian High School in his Mississippi hometown, where he excelled on the team's basketball squad. In addition to being a star basketball player in high school, he was a shortstop on the baseball team despite being. He attended the University of Alabama for three years, leading the Tide to a regional No. 2 seed in 1986–87 and to the Sweet 16 (where they were eliminated by Providence). He played for the US national team in the 1986 FIBA World Championship, winning the gold medal.

NBA career.

He declared for the NBA after his junior season and was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the ninth overall pick of the 1987 NBA draft, ahead of, notably, Reggie Miller, Horace Grant and Reggie Lewis. In the 1988–89 season, McKey averaged 15.9 PPG, his best scoring average in a season.  McKey spent the following six seasons in Seattle, where he was known as one third of the "Big Mac" team of the late 1980s and early 1990s Seattle SuperSonics, the others being Nate McMillan and Xavier McDaniel. At the start of the 1993–94 NBA season he was traded to the Indiana Pacers along with teammate Gerald Paddio for Detlef Schrempf. After years of playoff disappointments, he and the Pacers finally reached the NBA Finals in 2000, before losing to the Los Angeles Lakers. He then spent the 2001–2002 season, the last of his career, with the Philadelphia 76ers.

Style and Career.

At 6'10", McKey was mostly known for his defensive skills, his emphasis on teamwork play, and his versatility, which allowed him to guard opposing players of any position. Consequently, he was elected twice to the All-NBA Second Defensive Team. These abilities were the prime reason why coach Larry Brown wanted him in Indiana. He was also a smart, team-oriented player, shooting wisely (.486 for his career) and had a knack for passing.

Derrick Wayne McKey (born October 10, 1966) is an American retired basketball player who played most of his National Basketball Association (NBA) career at the small forward and the power forward positions.

Derrick Wayne McKey (né le, à Meridian, Mississippi) est un ancien joueur américain de basket-ball de NBA qui évolua au poste d'ailier et d'ailier fort.


Early life.

Davey was born in England in 1758, the son of a mill owner. There are no records of his childhood or early youth. In 1775 Great Britain declared war on her American colonies; three years later Davey decided to enter the military with a view to serving overseas. Strenuous lobbying by Davey's father secured political patronage for a commission as second lieutenant in His Majesty's Marine Forces, and Davey was posted aboard in this capacity in 1779. In the following year he transferred to the 50-gun frigate and took part in attacks on French forces in the West Indies. He was promoted to first lieutenant in mid-1780 but fell ill shortly afterward and was invalided back to England. He did not return to active service until 1786.  He left Sydney at the end of 1792, at the time of the mutiny at the Nore was a captain of marines, and fought at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In September 1811 (he was then a major of marines), through the influence of Lord Harrowby, he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Tasmania in June 1812. It is said that he left England without informing his wife, but she got wind of his departure and, rushing, managed to get aboard. Upon being informed of her arrival Davey lost his temper and hurled his wig at the wall. He arrived in Sydney on 25 October 1812 and reported to Governor Lachlan Macquarie, whose orders he had been instructed to observe. He remained in Sydney for nearly four months, and did not land at Hobart until 20 February 1813. All his possessions were lost en route and Davey put in a claim of substantial length.

Van Diemen's Land.

Davey appears to have had no qualifications for his position. He was indolent and without sense of dignity, and indulged fully in the hard-drinking that was a characteristic of the period. He is still remembered for his invention of the "Blow My Skull" punch, the recipe for which is found in Edward Abbott's The English and Australian Cookery Book.  Macquarie had received a private letter from the authorities warning him to keep a close watch on Davey, and on 30 April 1814 reported that his conduct was pretty correct, "except for making locations of land to persons not entitled", he had every reason to believe that he "is honest and means well" but that his character made him a "very unfit man for so important a station". Nearly a year later Macquarie again reported very adversely, and in April 1816 Earl Bathurst in a dispatch to Macquarie recalled Davey, but suggested that he should be allowed to resign, and that a grant of land should be made to him.  Davey was confronted by one of the largest, most daring and successful bushranging gangs of Australian history, that of Michael Howe. Davey was checked and humiliated time and time again by Howe's exploits. Signing himself as "The Governor of the Rangers" in letters to Davey, Howe threatened to set the colony on fire from end to end and Davey feared that there would be a general uprising of the convicts.  Davey handed over his position to Governor William Sorell on 9 April 1817. Considerable grants of land were made to him, but he was not successful with them and he sailed to England from Sydney in August 1821, leaving his wife and daughter in Tasmania. He died on 2 May 1823.

Legacy.

Davey was of a weakly, amiable nature, but much progress was made during his administration, including the designation of Hobart as a free port. As lieutenant governor he had encouraged humane treatment of aborigines, and strong action against bushranging. His limited official powers had a consequential and negative effect in his subsequent reputation, as did his poor choices of subordinate officials.  His service is commemorated in the name of Port Davey in Tasmania, an inlet on the south west coast of Tasmania. Davey Street in Hobart is named in his honour. Richard Davey was a descendant.

Thomas Davey (1758 – 2 May 1823) was a New South Wales Marine and member of the First Fleet to New South Wales, who went on to become the second Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land.

Thomas Davey (vers 1758 - ) fut le deuxième vice gouverneur de la Terre de Van Diemen. On connait peu de détails sur ses premières années d'existence, mais on sait qu'il servait dans l'armée ou la marine en 1777, et qu'il est allé en Australie en tant qu'enseigne de vaisseau 10 ans après la First Fleet. Il quitta Sydney à la fin de 1792 et au moment de la mutinerie du Nore, en 1797, il était lieutenant de vaisseau et a participé à la bataille de Trafalgar en 1805. En (il était alors "major" des "marines"), grâce à l'appui de Lord Harrowby, il fut nommé vice-gouverneur de Tasmanie (malgré le fait qu'à l'époque, il croupissait dans une prison pour Gentlemen pour dettes) et ne put donc pas partir jusqu'à. On prétend qu'il voulait quitter l'Angleterre sans en informer sa femme, mais celle-ci, ayant eu vent de son départ, se précipita et réussit à monter à bord. Après avoir été informé de son arrivée, Davey se mit dans une rage folle et lança sa perruque contre la cloison. Il arriva à Sydney le et rencontra le gouverneur Lachlan Macquarie pour y prendre ses ordres. Il resta à Sydney pendant près de quatre mois, et n'arriva pas à Hobart, avant le. Tous ses biens avaient été perdus en route et Davey rédigea une longue lettre de revendication.


History.

It was stated that there were various settlements in Bursa and its surroundings by 4000 B.C. But the certain information related to the region belongs to 700 B.C. Homer called the region Mysia. There are two villages that are ancient Mysia settlements: Misi (Gümüştepe) and Misebolu. The region is called Phrygia in historical geography. It is known that Cimmerians, fleeing from the migration of the Scythians, put an end to Phrygian sovereignty. The name of Bursa comes from the founder of this city, Prussias, the King of Bithynia. The Bithynians, who migrated to the region in 7th century B.C., used the name Bithynia.  It was pointed out that one of the most important commanders that Carthage had recommended the establishment of the City of Prusias and Olympus to King Prusian I. in 185 B.C. By that time, "Prusa" has been transformed to Bursa.  When Bithynia joined the Roman Empire in 74 B.C., it became the Asian Province that was governed by proconsuls (head of the province), who were appointed in Rome.  Bursa was under the sovereignty of the Byzantine Empire between 385-1326 A.D. The city became a thermal city after the thermal baths while silk production in the region started in 550 A.D. Bursa was seized by Osman I in 1307 and conquered by Orhan, the son of Osman I, on 6 April 1335. The capital of the empire was moved to Bursa in 1335 and new development movements were initiated. When Bursa was conquered, the city consisted of the inner castle, but Orhan had the Orhan Gazi Complex built out of the town. Public buildings such as mosques, baths, soup houses, hospitals, madrasahs were built out of the walls, where new settlements had been created, hence a new tradition of settling area had been established. Right after the conquest of Istanbul by Sultan Mehmed I., the active role of Bursa and its qualification as the administrative center had faded away. There are no buildings surviving from the Roman and Byzantine era. It is believed that the walls surrounding the city were built by Bithynians and used by the Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans after maintenance.  Bursa had developed more than other cities in the first two centuries of Ottoman rule. It was filled with a number of architectural structures and became a trade city as well as a science city, where various famous madrasahs were located. Hüdavendigar Complex of Sultan Murat I., Yıldırım Complex of Sultan Bayezid I., and Green Complex all began their construction under Sultan Mehmed I. and were finished by Sultan Murad II. They affected the spatial development of Bursa and still exist to this day. Industrialization within the city was accelerated in the republican era, so that the population and the urban development of the city changed in the 1960s. The geographical location and the agricultural and industrial potential have increased the attraction of the city.

Geography.

Osmangazi, the center of social and economic relations for years, is in the crossroad of roads to İzmir, İstanbul and Eskişehir. Osmangazi is the biggest district of Bursa that is on the southwest coast of Marmara Sea. Gökdere River on the east, Nilüfer River and Mudanya Road on the west, Katırlı Mountains on the north, Uludağ and Kirazlı Plateau are the natural and artificial boundaries of the district.

Economy.

Nonetheless following types of industries exist in Osmangazi: automotive supply industry, textile, towel, knitter & tricot, shoe industry, agricultural machines, furniture, leather, plastic, machine and metal industry, electric, foundry, welding machine, stove and knife sectors. Moreover, there are also oil and flour factories.

International relations.

Twin towns — sister cities.

Osmangazi is twinned with:

Osmangazi is one of the central metropolitan districts of the city of Bursa in Bursa Province, as well as the fourth largest overall municipality in Turkey. The municipality has a population of approximately 778,843 as of 2012. On its own, it would be the 8th largest city in Turkey.

Osmangazi est un district ("ilçe", en turc) de la province de Bursa. C'est un des trois districts métropolitains de la province avec Nilüfer et Yıldırım. C'est le district central de la ville de Bursa. Sa population s'élève à plus de habitants. C'est le plus important district de la province de Bursa, et le huitième à l'échelle nationale. Le district recouvre la plus grande partie de la ville d'époque ottomane et demeure le point de convergence de plus de ans d'histoire architecturale et culturelle. À de nombreux points de vue, le district est un des témoins majeurs de l'histoire du pays ayant bénéficié tour à tour de multiples influences : Rome, Byzance, Seldjoukides jusqu'aux Ottomans, dont les témoignages architecturaux et culturels qui remontent à de nombreux siècles en font le véritable cœur de la métropole de Bursa. L'architecture historique se mêle aux constructions les plus modernes. Connue pour être la « Cité des Sultans », Osmangazi a abrité la résidence des six premiers sultans de l'Empire ottoman naissant et conjugue ses légendes avec les nombreux bâtiments historiques : mosquées, bains, ponts, fontaines et ruines antiques. Une association de restauration œuvre à la conservation de ce riche patrimoine.


Background.

On November 1, 2004, four months after the release of her fourth studio album with Atlantic Records, Brandy's publicist Courtney Barnes announced that the singer had requested and was granted an unconditional release from her recording contract with the music label, her record company since 1994, as Norwood was at "a place where [she wants] some change in her life [and] wanted to move on" musically. Brandy was subsequently asked to complete her contract with the release of a greatest hits collection, a plan which she considered a true compliment and showcase for her development as a recording artist over ten years. "I'm really proud of it," Brandy said about the compilation album the following year. "When you get a chance to step back, you notice all these great things you've done and all these great people that you've worked with. The album is a celebration of me being in the industry for so long, and I'm still going." In addition, Norwood declared her satisfaction with the conclusion of her Atlantic era: "I just thought it was a great idea – to put 18 songs together of the best of everything that I’ve done made me feel really good. And also, it is giving me a reason to move on from everything I've done. I'm excited about putting it out and also putting it behind me."

Reception.

Critical response.

"The Best of Brandy" received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the compilation four and a half out of five stars and commented that "the disc is straightforward and rather thorough in its makeup, compiling almost all of Brandy's charting singles, [and] though the last two albums evidently didn't produce big singles, they're just as strong and fresh as the first two — so this set, unlike so many other anthologies from her contemporaries, hardly confirms dwindling creativity or popularity." Thomas Inskeep from "Stylus" magazine commended that Norwood "helped soundtrack highs and lows, especially highs, with your so fresh/so clean stable of killer singles. Now that they’re collected like this, it’s like my own personal time capsule. Here’s to another decade, Brandy. As Aaliyah sang, you’re more than a woman, and the pop/R&B landscape is richer for your presence in it. Thanks." He gave the album an "A" rating.  In his review for "Slant" magazine, Sal Cinquemani criticized both Warner Music and Atlantic for "botching the promotion of her last studio album ["Afrodisiac"]" and Norwood's subsequent drop. He was however positive with the album's track lisiting, stating: "The collection is capped off with non-album tracks like the #2 hit "Sittin' Up in My Room" and covers of Michael Jackson's "Rock with You" and Phil Collins's "Another Day in Paradise", which, though it's not exactly a labor of love for Brandy's longtime label home, makes "The Best of" a must-have for the hardest-core "Moesha" fans." He rated the compilation three and a half out of five stars. Less enthusiastic, Chris Taylor from MusicOMH felt that album proved that Norwood was "a fine wine that has never quite fully matured [...]The overall result is a middling collection which ultimately leaves one frequently fast-forwarding, wondering what could have been."

Chart performance.

In the United States, "The Best of Brandy" debuted at number 27 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 11 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, selling about 26,000 units in its opening week. It remained five weeks within the chart and was left uncertified by the RIAA. Internationally, the compilation album entered the top thirty in Australia and the United Kingdom only, where it reached number 25 and 24 respectively, but enjoyed short runs on the national albums charts. In addition, the album reached number 92 on the European Top 100 Albums chart.

Track listing.

North American edition

The Best of Brandy is the first compilation album by American singer Brandy Norwood. Completing her contract with Atlantic Records after eleven years with the company, it was released in March and April 2005 on most international music markets, marking her final release with the label. The album comprises nearly all of her singles released between the years of 1994 and 2004, compiling her first four studio albums "Brandy" (1994), "Never Say Never" (1998), "Full Moon" (2002) and "Afrodisiac" (2004), as well as songs she contributed to film soundtracks such as "Waiting to Exhale" (1995) and "Set It Off" (1996). While it features no original material, the greatest hits disc contains rare tracks such as a 1995 cover of Michael Jackson's "Rock with You", her international single "Another Day in Paradise" and the single remix of "U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)".

The Best of Brandy est une compilation de Brandy, sortie en 2005. L'album s'est classé au Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums et au Billboard 200.


Types.

Event-based vs. time-based.

There are two types of prospective memory: event-based and time-based prospective memory. Event-based prospective memory involves remembering to perform certain actions when specific circumstances occur. For example, driving past the local library cues the remembrance of the need to return an overdue book. Time-based prospective memory involves remembering to perform an action at a particular point in time. For example, seeing that it is 10:00 PM acts as a cue to watch a favorite television show.  Research performed by Sellen et al. (1997) compared event-based and time-based cues on prospective memory tasks. The experimenters gave participants a place (event-based cue) and a time (time-based cue) and were told to press a button each time those cues appeared during the study. It was found that performance on event-based tasks was better than performance on time-based tasks, even when participants took more time to think about their responses. The difference in task performance between the two types of prospective memory suggests that the intended action was better triggered by external cues of the event-based task than internal cues of the time-based task. External cues, as opposed to internal cues, act as a prompt for better performance, making it easier to complete event-based tasks.

Types of event-based prospective memory: Immediate-execute vs. delayed-execute.

McDaniel et al. (2004) further distinguished event-based prospective memory into immediate-execute tasks and delayed-execute tasks. Immediate-execute tasks involve a response as soon as a particular cue is noticed, while delayed-execute tasks involve delays between the perception of the relevant cue and the performance of the intended action. Delayed-execute tasks more commonly occur in real life when circumstances of a situation prevent intermediate action once the cue has been perceived. Research was performed by McDaniel et al. (2004), in which participants completed tasks involving various delays and interruptions between cues and responses. It was demonstrated that correct performance suffered when there was a delay or interruption during a task. However, it was further shown that the use of reminders for participants eliminated the effects of the interruption task.

History and theoretical perspectives.

There is great interest about the possible mechanisms and resources that underlie the workings of prospective memory.

The preparatory attentional and memory (PAM) theory.

The preparatory attentional and memory (PAM) theory proposes two types of processes involved in successful prospective memory performance. The first component of this theory involves a monitoring process that begins when a person constructs an intention that is then maintained until it is performed. This monitoring component involves a capacity-consuming process, similar to those used when maintaining attention, because there is a need for the intention to be stored and maintained in memory. The second component involves the use of elements of retrospective memory processes. These elements are used to differentiate between the wanted prospective memory intention and unwanted thoughts, in an attempt to keep focus on the goal and not the other options surrounding it. Retrospective memory is also used to remember specifically what intention is supposed to be performed in the future, and the monitoring process is needed to be able to remember to perform this action at the correct condition or time.  According to this theory, prospective memory should be enhanced when complete attention is given to the desired task than when attention is divided among multiple tasks. Research conducted by McDaniel et al. (1998) attempted to prove that prospective memory performance is better on focused tasks as opposed to those where attention is split. Subjects completed a prospective memory task in either a condition where full attention was given or a condition where attention was divided on other tasks. The results were consistent with the PAM theory, showing that participants' prospective memory performance was better with full attention.  However, there is a lot of scepticism that the rather complex mechanisms of the PAM theory are required for all, sometimes mundane, prospective memory tasks. In research by Reese and Cherry (2002), participants formed an intention to act in the future, but were interrupted prior to acting on their intention when the cue was present. When participants were asked their thoughts at the moment of interruption, only 2% reported that they were thinking of the original intention. This demonstrated evidence against the PAM theory, that there is constant maintenance from the time of constructing the intention to acting upon it at the right circumstance.

Reflexive-associative theory.

Further research conducted by Einstein and McDaniel in 1990, found that subjects during prospective memory tasks reported that their intention often "popped" into mind, instead of being constantly monitored and consciously maintained. Another theory was proposed in 2000, called the reflexive-associative theory, which states that when people create an intention for a prospective memory task, they make an association between the target cue and the intended action. Later when the target cue occurs, the automatic associative-memory system triggers the retrieval of the intended action and brings it back into conscious awareness. Therefore, as long as the target cue occurs, the association previously made will initiate the retrieval of the intended action, regardless of whether the intention is in consciousness.

Multi-process model.

Another theory that has been used to explain the mechanisms of prospective memory is the multi-process model proposed by McDaniel and Einstein (2005). This theory states that prospective memory retrieval does not always need an active monitoring process but can occur spontaneously (i.e., the occurrence of a cue can cause the intention to be retrieved, even when no preparatory attentional processes are engaged). Therefore, multiple processes can be used for successful prospective memory. Further, it was believed that it would be maladaptive to rely solely on active monitoring because it requires a lot of attentional resources. This may potentially interfere with other forms of processing that are required for different tasks during the retention interval. Prospective memory cues will lead to spontaneous retrieval of an intention when at least one of four conditions is met: the cue and target action are highly associated with each other, the cue is salient, the other processes performed during the period between cue and action of the prospective memory task direct attention to relevant cue features (e.g., task appropriate processing), or the intended action is simple. Further research has found that although many aspects of prospective memory tasks are automatic, they do involve a small amount of processing. An experiment conducted by Einstein et al. (2005) found that some participants performed slower on a filler task when performing a prospective memory task at the same time. Even though some of the participants did not engage in active monitoring, they showed nearly the same rate of success on the task, demonstrating the use of multiple processes for prospective memory performance.

Neuroanatomy.

Frontal lobe.

As prospective memory involves remembering and fulfilling an intention, it requires episodic memory, declarative memory, and retrospective memory, followed by supervisory executive functions. All of these are controlled by the frontal lobe which is situated at the front of the cerebral hemisphere.  Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) trace a slight increase in blood flow to the frontal lobe in participants completing prospective memory tasks involving remembering a planned action, while performing other tasks. During these procedures, sites of brain activation include the prefrontal cortex, specifically the right dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and medial regions, as well as the median frontal lobe. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for holding the intention in consciousness and suppressing other internal thoughts. The median frontal lobe keeps attention focused on the planned action instead of the other tasks.  The prefrontal cortex is involved mainly in event-based as opposed to time-based prospective memory. Cheng et al. (2008) had participants with lesions in the prefrontal cortex perform event-based and time-based prospective memory tasks. They found that performance was impaired in the event-based tasks, which use event cues to trigger intentions, but not in the time-based tasks which use time cues to trigger intentions.  Other lesion studies have also shown the use of the frontal lobe in remembering and focusing on intentions. Burgess et al. (2000) studied patients with lesions to areas in the frontal lobe such as Brodmann's area 10, finding that these patients failed to follow instructions and switch attention during prospective memory tasks.

Parietal lobe.

The parietal lobe is typically involved in processing sensory information and is situated in the superior region of the brain.  For prospective memory, the parietal lobe is important for recognizing cues that trigger an intended action, especially when the cues are visual or spatial. The parietal lobe is also responsible for maintaining attention on the intended action and inhibiting other activities during performance. Studies using PET have shown that the parietal lobe is activated when participants engage in prospective memory tasks involving visual information such as remembering a series of numbers. Activation of the parietal lobe is also evident in studies using magnetoencephalography (MEG) which traces electric activity of the brain.  Harrington et al. (1998) found that neural areas ranging from the inferior parietal cortex to the frontal gyri are involved in temporal monitoring during time-based prospective memory tasks. Patients with damage to these areas of the brain had difficulty judging duration and frequency of auditory tones that were presented. Keeping track of information over time is important for prospective memory, remembering intentions to perform in the future.

Limbic system.

Much of the limbic system, which contains primitive brain structures relating to emotion and motivation, are involved in memory.

Testing methods.

Methods that test prospective memory require the distinction between retrospective memory, which is remembering information, and prospective memory, which is remembering information for the future. Prospective memory requires retrospective memory because one must remember the information itself in order to act in the future. For example, remembering to buy groceries after work (prospective memory) requires the ability to remember what type of groceries are needed (retrospective memory). While prospective memory and retrospective memory are connected, they are distinguishable. This makes it possible to separate these two processes during tests.

Prospective memory tasks.

Prospective memory tasks can be used in a variety of ways to assess prospective memory. Firstly, results from these tasks can directly assess prospective memory. Furthermore, these tasks can be performed while experimenters use PET, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or MEG to monitor brain activation. Finally, these tasks can be followed by questionnaires about prospective memory. Combining different assessments can confirm or deny experimental findings, making sure that conclusions about prospective memory are accurate. All tasks can assess individual stages of prospective memory such as the formation or execution of an intention, or access prospective memory as a whole by looking at overall performance.

Technological assessments.

Technological assessments were created in order to more appropriately evaluate prospective memory by combining real life intentions with experimental control.

Factors affecting prospective memory.

Age.

There is an increasing amount of research on the effect of age on prospective memory where typical studies compare groups of people from different ages. A study by Smith et al. (2010) comparing event-based prospective memory in schoolchildren (7–10 years old) and young adults found that adults had better memory performance. Another study by Kvavilashvili et al. (2009) comparing time-based prospective memory among young adults (18- to 30-year-olds), young-old adults (60- to 75-year-olds) and old-old adults (76- to 90-year-olds) showed that young adults had better performance. Event-based prospective memory was further compared between young-old and old-old adults and findings were that young-old adults performed better than old-old adults. These studies suggested that there is continual improvement of prospective memory from childhood into young adulthood but that a decline begins in late adulthood.

Genetics.

A study comparing prospective memory of non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and control participants showed that the relatives performed significantly worse on time-based and event-based prospective memory tasks. Since schizophrenia has a heritable component, this suggested that genetics may play a role in affecting prospective memory.

Diseases and disorders.

Many diseases and disorders negatively affect prospective memory, as well as source memory, item recognition, and temporal order memory. The effects range from mild cognitive impairments to more detrimental impairments such as early onset dementia.

Pregnancy.

The effect of pregnancy on prospective memory is still under current study. Rendell et al. (2008) tested the prospective memory of 20 pregnant women in the laboratory. There were no significant differences observed between pregnant and non-pregnant women for event-based prospective memory tasks, but there were clear hindrances in performance for pregnant women in time-based prospective memory tasks such as a job deadline. Pregnant women are more likely to remember to perform an intention after the cue has already passed. Further, women tested a few months after giving birth were found to forget intentions entirely. Both these findings may be related to stress encountered during pregnancy or child rearing and lack of sleep.

Emotional target cues.

Emotional target cues have been shown to eliminate age differences in prospective memory. For older participants, emotional prospective memory cues were better remembered than neutral cues. Whether the cues are positive or negative, strong emotional attachment makes the cue more self-relevant and easier to remember. For example, an aversive picture of a snake biting a person or a positive picture of a dog licking its owner are easier to remember because they evoke emotional responses, as opposed to a neutral picture of an animal that does not evoke an emotional response. It is speculated that the amygdala and hippocampus may play a role in this emotionally enhanced memory effect.

Motivational incentives.

In a study by Kliegel et al. (2008), it was shown that motivational state affected performance in two age groups (three-year-olds and five-year-olds) completing the same prospective memory task. There was no difference for the two age groups when motivation was high but performance of the three years old was reduced when motivation was low. If a person considers a task to be unimportant or is affected by fatigue, they will not be motivated to remember the intention. Less attention will be given to relevant cues and the memory is more likely to be forgotten. Therefore, prospective memory can be enhanced by avoiding low motivational states.

Everyday prospective memory.

Various studies have reported that 50-80% of all everyday memories are, at least in part, related to prospective memory. Prospective memory is crucial for normal functioning since people form future intentions and remember to carry out past intentions on a daily basis. Numerous aspects of daily life require prospective memory, ranging from ordinary activities such as remembering where to meet a friend, to more important tasks such as remembering what time to take medication.

Time management.

There is a complicated relationship between prospective memory and time management skills which include making lists, scheduling activities, and avoiding interruptions. Studies have not identified distinct cause and effect relationships between prospective memory and time management, but many consistent correlations have been observed. For example, people who reported better prospective memory according to the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) also indicated a higher likelihood of setting goals and priorities and being more organized. There may be a cyclical effect between prospective memory and time management: better memory may lead to better organization, and better organization may further lead to better memory.

Aviation.

Aviation controllers are often occupied with multiple tasks at the same time, and hazardous effects can occur when prospective memory fails. In an accident in 1991, a tower controller in an airport forgot a step in a simple procedure and that led to two planes crashing into each other, killing a number of passengers and crew. An analysis of over 1300 fatal aviation accidents from 1950-2009 showed that the majority were due to pilot error: 50% attributed to pilot error, 6% due to non-pilot human error, 22% to mechanical failure, 12% to bad weather, 9% to sabotage, and 1% to other causes.

Nursing.

The nursing environment is full of event-based and time-based prospective memory tasks. Simple tasks such as remembering to order a drug or calling patient's family and remembering when to switch shifts are just some examples of a nurse's reliance on prospective memory. It is surprising that not much research has been done concerning the importance of prospective memory in nurses since they face many life-threatening tasks.

Contraception.

Prospective memory is required to remember when to take oral contraceptive pills. A study performed by Matter and Meier (2008) showed that women who self-reported higher prospective memory ability were more satisfied with oral contraceptive use and experienced lower stress levels. Having better memory makes it is easier for these women to remind themselves to take their contraceptives at the required time of the day.

Smartphones.

With advancements in technology, Smartphones can serve as prospective memory aids. Electronic calendars are of great use in time-based prospective memory tasks and recently they have been shown to also cue event-based tasks. The iPhone, as well as phones using the Android operating system, can track the user's location using the phone's Global Positioning System (GPS) and send reminders based on the current location. For example, when a parent is near their children's school, the phone can send a reminder for them to pick up their children after school.

Education.

Prospective memory has been implicated in the steering cognition model of how children coordinate their attention and response to learning tasks in school. Walker and Walker showed that pupils able to adjust their prospective memory most accurately for different curriculum learning tasks in maths, science and English were more effective learners than pupils whose prospective memory was fixed or inflexible.

Prospective person memory.

Attempts to find wanted or missing individuals through public alert systems sometimes make use of a type of event based prospective memory called prospective person memory. In prospective person memory, a picture of a wanted or missing person is presented to the public with instructions to report any sightings of the individual to authorities. Field experiments show that prospective person memory is often quite poor.

Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time. Prospective memory tasks are common in daily life and range from the relatively simple to extreme life-or-death situations. Examples of simple tasks include remembering to put the toothpaste cap back on, remembering to reply to an email, or remembering to return a rented movie. Examples of highly important situations include a patient remembering to take medication or a pilot remembering to perform specific safety procedures during a flight.

La mémoire prospective est une expression construite sur le mode paradoxal, qui peut être définie comme la capacité que nous avons à ou plus précisément ne pas oublier de se rappeler d'effectuer une action préméditée.


Plot.

At the Mapple Store, Bart interrupts a video message from company founder Steve Mobbs and insults the company's user base. Fleeing from the Mapple customers, he runs into a Muslim boy from Jordan named Bashir and befriends him. Homer is impressed by Bashir's manners, but Lenny, Carl and Moe convince him that all Muslims are terrorists. He invites Bashir's family over to dinner in an attempt to expose them, but openly offends them, causing them to leave.  Later that evening, while going to their home to apologize, Homer catches a glimpse of Bashir's father working with TNT in his garage. He goes home and has a nightmare featuring the Genie of "Aladdin", who transforms the "decadent, Western society" into a stereotypical Islamic republic. Shaken by the dream, Homer eavesdrops on Bashir's father speaking about his work in building demolition, but misinterprets it and believes he is a suicide bomber. As soon as Bashir's father departs for work, Homer convinces the mother to invite him so he can apologize. He hacks into the family's laptop and discovers a diagram of demolition plans for the Springfield Mall.  Homer rushes to the mall to warn the shoppers and sees Bart standing near a detonator with Bashir and his father; he attempts to save the day by throwing the dynamite in the river. It actually turns out that the old mall was slated for destruction. Realizing his mistake, Homer apologizes, and the Simpson family throws a "Pardon My Intolerance" party for Bashir's family.  In a subplot, Lisa obtains a MyPod from Krusty the Clown at the Mapple Store. She becomes obsessed with the device and racks up a US$1,200 bill. She goes to Mapple's undersea headquarters and begs Steve Mobbs to consider a reduced payment plan. Mobbs offers Lisa a job at Mapple to help with her bill. Much to her chagrin, the job is standing on a street corner dressed as a MyPod, handing out Mapple pamphlets and telling people to "Think Differently".

Cultural references.

The episode features numerous parodies of Apple Inc. and its products. Apple is portrayed as Mapple, with the MyPod, MyPhone, MyTunes, MyCube, Mapple Store and Brainiac Bar referring respectively to the iPod, iPhone, iTunes, Power Mac G4 Cube, Apple Store and Genius Bar. Later episodes of the show also feature a MyPad, a reference to the iPad. The CEO of Mapple is Steve Mobbs, a parody of Apple Inc.'s then-CEO Steve Jobs. The scene where Comic Book Guy throws a sledgehammer at the computer screen is a reference to the "1984" Apple commercial.  The episode also features numerous references to films and pop culture. The scene where Homer is on a flying carpet is a parody of the film "Aladdin"; the Genie also makes an appearance. "The Simpsons" regular cast member Dan Castellaneta does the voice of the Genie in this episode. He had previously voiced the Genie in the "Aladdin" television series, "The Return of Jafar", and the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series. Steve Mobbs operating a series of holographic screens with his hands is a reference to the 2002 film "Minority Report".  The music in the episode features Minnie Riperton's song "Lovin' You" and Miles Davis' "Moon Dreams", while the episode's "Itchy & Scratchy" cartoon features Ludwig van Beethoven's "Symphony No. 5" and the Alicia Bridges song "I Love the Nightlife".  The title itself is a pun on the 1971 Disney musical fantasy film "Bedknobs and Broomsticks", directed by Robert Stevenson.

Reception.

"MyPods and Boomsticks" was the most viewed show on Fox the night it was first broadcast, with roughly 7.8 million viewers and a 4.4 Neilsen rating.

Television critics.

The episode was generally praised by critics.  Robert Canning of IGN praised the episode; as a whole, he called the episode funny and strong and "gave the now familiar'suspected terrorist' plot a Simpsons twist", but called the remainder of the Mapple storyline less impressive. Canning ends his review by saying that minus Lisa's involvement after act one, it was a decently funny episode of "The Simpsons". He gave the episode a rating of 7.6/10.  Critics praised the episode for its jokes, but claimed that the episode should have been released earlier in the decade, especially when the September 11 attacks and introduction of Apple products were more relevant.  Writing for "The A.V. Club", Steve Heisler gave the episode a C-. He was perplexed why all names relating to the Apple company were slightly changed, but references to other brands such as Old Navy were not.  Daniel Aughey of "TV Guide" also praised the episode for its consistent story and funny jokes. Aughey explained certain jokes in the episode that he enjoyed and explained how the "A-Z" plots play well with the jokes.  Both Heisler and Aughey commented that the episode should have been done earlier, Heisler thinking the theme was dated and Aughey calling it "one step behind", both feeling the Islamophobia theme would have been more current closer to the beginning of the 21st century.  In addition, the episode was featured on "Entertainment Weekly"s Five Best TV quotes of the week with Bart's line of "Wow, all these years I've been patting lambs when I should have been shoving them in my mouth." being picked.

Reception of theme.

"The Simpsons" is noted for its religious themes, primarily the Protestant faith of most characters, but has also featured episodes based around Judaism, Catholicism, Hinduism and Buddhism. However, this was the first to have a plot involving Islam. In 2000, Religion writer Mark I. Pinsky contacted the show's staff while writing "The Gospel According to The Simpsons" to inquire why there was not an episode involving Islam. He was told that this was because they did not know enough about the faith, but were intending to make an episode.  In a June 2015 article for CNN after several controversies regarding depictions of Muhammad, Pinsky noted "MyPods and Boomsticks" as a satire of Islam that is "wise, and well within the show's tradition of portraying an unfamiliar faith in a knowing way, with a relatively light hand, while at the same time defanging a widespread religious prejudice".  David Feltmate, a writer on religious topics, mentioned the episode in his book "Drawn to the Gods: Religion in The Simpsons, South Park and Family Guy", alongside the "South Park" episode "The Snuke" and the "Family Guy" episode "Turban Cowboy". He wrote that all three of those animated sitcoms treat Islam in the same way as they do new religious movements, interpreting them through widely held stereotypes, in this case terrorism. However, in his opinion, "MyPods and Boomsticks" is the one example in which Islam is hated at the start of the episode but not at the end.  The Council on American–Islamic Relations praised the episode and sent a commending letter to Matt Groening. The Council's Executive Director Nihad Awad wrote that "Because of its acceptance in popular culture, comedy is often one of the best vehicles for challenging stereotypes and intolerance. Fox and Matt Groening are to be congratulated for tackling the disturbing phenomenon of Islamophobia."  In April 2009, The Muslim Public Affairs Council gave an award to Shohreh Aghdashloo, the voice performer of Mina. The organization said that "The episode sends a powerful message through humor about the danger of ignorance and prejudice rooted in false assumptions". Wilmore's writing of the episode was nominated for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series at the 40th NAACP Image Awards. The award went to Erica D. Montolfo for the "White Coats and White Lies" episode of "The Game".

"MyPods and Boomsticks" is the seventh episode of the twentieth season of "The Simpsons". It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 30, 2008.

Les Apprentis Sorciers (France) ou La pomme de la colère (Québec) ("") est le de la saison 20 de la série télévisée d'animation "Les Simpson".


Early life.

Ryan was born Amy Beth Dziewiontkowski in Flushing, Queens in New York City, the daughter of Pamela (née Ryan), a nurse, and John Dziewiontkowski, a trucking business owner. She is of Polish, Irish, and English descent. Growing up in the 1970s, Ryan and her sister Laura delivered the "Daily News" by bike. At a young age, Ryan attended the Stagedoor Manor Performing Arts Center in upstate New York. At 17, she graduated from New York's High School of Performing Arts. Hired for the national tour of "Biloxi Blues" right out of high school, Ryan worked steadily off-Broadway for the next decade. She chose her mother's maiden name as her stage name.

Career.

Theatre.

Ryan made her off-Broadway debut in the Westside Theatre's 1987 production of "A Shayna Maidel", playing the role of Hanna. The following year she was seen in the Second Stage Theatre Company's revival of "The Rimers of Eldritch". Additional off-Broadway credits include "As Bees In Honey Drown", "Crimes of the Heart" and "Saved". She also worked in regional theater, where she originated roles in new plays by Neil LaBute, Arthur Miller and Neil Simon. On Broadway she has appeared as Tess in "The Sisters Rosensweig", Natasha in the 1997 revival of "The Three Sisters", and Peggy in the 2001–2002 revival of "The Women."  Ryan was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play twice: in 2000, for her portrayal of Sonya Alexandrovna in "Uncle Vanya", and in 2005, for her performance as Stella Kowalski opposite John C. Reilly in "A Streetcar Named Desire."  Ryan received some of the best reviews of her career for her leading role in the Roundabout Theater Company's 2016 production of "Love, Love, Love". Ben Brantley of "The New York Times" praised her "smashing comic performance," "The Hollywood Reporter" called her work "emotionally vital," and "The Associated Press" raved that "Ryan is absolutely magnetic... nailing her charming, unpredictable character with perfect comedic timing." In an article exploring various famous actresses working on the stage, "Washington Post" theater critic Peter Marks highlighted Ryan's work in the play:  The revelation is not that Amy Ryan is good. It's that she's "this" good... Ryan, whose range has been apparent for years, in dramatic performances nominated for Tonys ("Uncle Vanya") and Oscars ("Gone Baby Gone"), as well as in nuanced comic turns on television shows like "The Office", manages a feat in "Love, Love, Love" that she's never accomplished so fluidly before: taking charge. She delivers a front-and-center performance of such beguiling dynamism (in a thoroughly convincing English accent) that you feel this Roundabout Theatre Company production has done for her precisely what was intended. It exposes a new facet of her talent — and leaves us with that uplifting itch, to be there the next time she's on a stage. For her performance in "Love, Love, Love", Ryan won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress, and was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play and the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance.

Television.

Following a brief stint playing a runaway on "As the World Turns", Ryan was cast in television series such as "I'll Fly Away", After roles on "ER" and "Chicago Hope", Ryan became a series regular on "The Naked Truth" as Téa Leoni's spoiled stepdaughter. In 1993, she made her first appearance on NBC's "Law & Order", appearing in several episodes over the years.  By 2001, director Sidney Lumet cast her in "100 Centre Street" playing three different roles (Ellen, Paris and Rebecca). Ryan went on to feature prominently in the second season of HBO's "The Wire", playing Port Authority Officer Beadie Russell. She appeared for a six-episode arc on "The Office" as dorky HR rep Holly Flax. She reprised her role on "The Office" in seasons 5 and 7.  Ryan joined the cast of HBO's "In Treatment" for its third season, playing the therapist of Dr. Paul Weston.

Film.

Because of the deletion of the scene where she played Eric Stoltz's wife in Allison Anders's "Grace of My Heart," Ryan made her 1999 film debut in "Roberta". She then briefly appeared in "You Can Count on Me", which starred Laura Linney and Mark Ruffalo, and the mystery/thriller "Keane". Albert Brooks chose her to play his wife in "Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World" in 2005, and 2007 brought both "Dan in Real Life" and "Before the Devil Knows You're Dead". Her role as a star-struck sheriff's wife in "Capote" earned her positive reviews, but it was playing a hardened welfare mom in Ben Affleck's "Gone Baby Gone" that finally brought her national attention.  After being voted Best Supporting Actress for "Gone Baby Gone" by the National Board of Review, as well as the critics circles in New York, Los Angeles, Boston, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., Ryan's performance was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and an Oscar for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting role at the 80th Academy Awards.  Ryan appeared in "Changeling" (2008), directed by Clint Eastwood, and opposite Matt Damon in Paul Greengrass's "Green Zone" (2010). In September 2010, she completed filming a role in Philip Seymour Hoffman's directorial film debut, "Jack Goes Boating", taking over the role of Connie originally played by Beth Cole in the stage version. Ryan received strong notices for her performance in Tom McCarthy's "Win Win" the next year, winning Best Supporting Actress awards from multiple regional critics groups.  Ryan was a part of the core ensemble of the 2014 Best Picture Academy Award winning film "Birdman", sharing in the cast's Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture victory. In 2015, she starred as Mary Donovan opposite Tom Hanks in the film "Bridge of Spies", and reunited with her "In Treatment" co-star Gabriel Byrne in "Louder Than Bombs", the English-language debut of Joachim Trier. Early the next year, Ryan was cast as Tracy, her first on-screen leading role, in "Abundant Acreage Available", a rural family drama from "Junebug" screenwriter Angus MacLachlan. Upon the film's premiere at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival, Ryan drew universal acclaim for her performance, with "The Wrap" noting that she "holds the screen no matter what she's doing and who she's with" and "Flavorwire" raving that Ryan "sounds notes that are quietly dazzling in their complexity." "Variety" chief film critic Peter Debruge dubbed the performance a career highlight:  It's a pleasure to see such a fine actress navigate the nuances of her role... Only on the big screen are we able to fully appreciate the minutely detailed nature of Ryan's performance, revealing Tracy's soul via the slightest narrowing of the eyes or the almost-subliminal tensing of her cheekbones. As we know, "Junebug" earned Amy Adams an Oscar nomination, and if the world were fair, this role would bring another Amy similar attention.  In 2018, Ryan co-starred in "Beautiful Boy" for Amazon Studios, a dark family drama, with her "The Office" co-star Steve Carell, and Timothée Chalamet. She was then among the ensemble cast of 2019's "Late Night", the Mindy Kaling-penned comedy about a female late-night talk show host (Emma Thompson); and "Strange but True", a noir-thriller based on the novel by John Searles. In 2020, Ryan starred as Mari Gilbert, a real life woman searching for her missing daughter, in Netflix's mystery thriller "Lost Girls".

Personal life.

Ryan married Eric Slovin in 2011. They have one daughter, Georgia Gracie (born October 15, 2009).

Amy Beth Dziewiontkowski (born May 3, 1968), known professionally as Amy Ryan, is an American actress of stage and screen. A graduate of New York's High School of Performing Arts, she is an Academy Award nominee and two-time Tony Award nominee.

Amy Dziewiontkowski dite Amy Ryan, née le dans le Queens à New York, est une actrice américaine principalement connue pour avoir incarné Helene McCready, dans le film "Gone Baby Gone", qui lui a valu une nomination à l'Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle.


Overview.

According to figures published by the Central Statistical Agency, Lake Langano is 18 kilometers long and 16 km wide, with a surface area of 230 square kilometers and a maximum depth of 46 meters. The lake has a catchment 1600 square kilometers in size, and is drained by the Hora Kallo river which empties into the adjacent Lake Abijatta.  As it is free of Bilharzia (schistosomiasis), unlike all other freshwater lakes in Ethiopia, Lake Langano is popular with tourists and city-dwellers. The lake is brown in colour and at first sight one may think that the lake is not clean. However this is not the case, the reason for the colour is due to the richness of minerals including high sulphur levels which have led many to believe that the lake water has healing properties. There are a number of resorts around the lake and water sports are popular. There is a variety of wildlife around the lake, which include hippos (rare), monkeys, baboons, warthogs, and a huge variety of birds. The area around the lake is largely deforested, however, and a large number of herders live around the area.  Two earthquakes had their epicenter near this lake, the first in 1906 (a magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale), and the second in 1985 (magnitude 6.2). After the earthquake of 1906 there formed a 25–30 m tall geyser on Edo Laki Island on the northern part of the lake. The geyser disappeared circa 1966 – 1970, leaving a hot spring.

Langano oromo:"langaanoo" is a lake in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, exactly 200 kilometers by road south of the capital, Addis Ababa, on the border between the Misraq Shewa and Arsi Zones. The first European to record its existence, Oscar Neumann, records that it was also known as "Lake Kore". It is located to the east of Lake Abijatta in the Main Ethiopian Rift at an elevation of 1,585 meters.

Le lac Langano se trouve dans la région Oromia en Éthiopie, à 225 km au sud d'Addis-Abeba et à 40 km au sud de Ziway.