Brief biography.

Ziauddin Sardar was born in Dipalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. However, he was both educated and brought up in Britain. He read physics and then information science at the City University, London. After a five-year stint at King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – where he became a leading authority on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca —– he returned to work as Middle East correspondent of the science magazines "Nature" and "New Scientist". In 1982, he joined London Weekend Television as a reporter and helped launch the trend-setting Asian programme "Eastern Eye". In the early 1980s, he was among the founders of "Inquiry", a magazine of ideas and policy focusing on Muslim countries, which played a major part in promoting reformist thought in Islam. While editing "Inquiry", he established the Center for Policy and Futures Studies at East-West University in Chicago.  In the late eighties Sardar moved to Kuala Lumpur as advisor to Anwar Ibrahim, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia who is going to be the leader of the opposition later. He came back to London in the late 1990s to work as Visiting Professor of Science Studies at Middlesex University, and write for the "New Statesman", where he later became a columnist. In 1999, he was appointed editor of "Futures", the monthly journal of policy, planning and futurology, and became involved in "Third Text", the prestigious journal of arts and visual culture, which he co-edited till 2005. Also in 1999, he moved to the City University London, London, as Visiting Professor of Postcolonial Studies. From 2001 to 2013, he was Professor of Law and Society in the School of Law at Middlesex University.  After leaving London Weekend Television, Sardar wrote and presented a number of programmes for the BBC and Channel 4. He conceived and presented "Encounters With Islam" for the BBC in 1983, and two years later his 13-half-hour interview series "Faces of Islam" was broadcast on TV3 (Malaysia) and other channels in Asia. In 1990, he wrote and presented a programme on Islamic science for BBC's "Antenna" and his six-part "Islamic Conversations" was broadcast on Channel 4 early in 1995. He wrote and presented the highly acclaimed "Battle for Islam", a 90-minute film for BBC2 in 2005. And followed that with "Between the Mullahs and the Military", a 50-minute documentary on Pakistan for Channel 4's "Dispatches" series. Most recently he wrote the three-part one-hour documentary "The Life of Muhammad" for BBC2, broadcast in July 2011. He has appeared on numerous television programmes, including the "Andrew Marr Show" and "Hard Talk", and was a regular member of the 'Friday Panel' on Sky News "World News Tonight" during 2006 and 2007. He appears in various filmed philosophical debates at the Institute of Art and Ideas.  Sardar was amongst the first Commissioners of the UK's Equality and Human Rights Commission (March 2005 – December 2009); and served as a Member of the Interim National Security Forum at the Cabinet Office, London, during 2009 and 2010. His journalism and reviews have appeared in "The Guardian", "The Independent", "The Times", the UK weekly magazine, "New Statesman" and the monthly magazine "New Internationalist". Sardar's online work includes a year-long project for the Guardian, 'Blogging the Qur'an', published in 2008.  In 2009, Sardar re-launched the defunct Muslim Institute as a learned society that supports and promotes the growth of thought, knowledge, research, creativity and open debate; and became the Chair of the reorganized Muslim Institute Trust. He conceived and launched, in 2011, the quarterly "Critical Muslim", a ground-breaking journal of freethinking that seeks new readings of Islam and Muslim culture, jointly published by the Muslim Institute and Hurst & Co.  In 2014, Sardar re-launched the Center for Policy and Futures Studies at East-West University as The Center for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies, which focuses more acutely on his recent work on Postnormal Times.  National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C1672/32) with Ziauddin Sardar in 2016 for its Science and Religion collection held by the British Library.

Life and thought.

Sardar has lived the life of a scholar-adventurer and has travelled extensively throughout the world. From 1974 to 1979, he lived in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where he worked for the Hajj Research Centre at the King Abdul Aziz University. During this period he travelled throughout the Islamic world researching his first book, Science, Technology and Development in the Muslim World (Croom Helm, 1977). In the early 1980s, he edited the pioneering Muslim magazine 'Inquiry', before establishing the Centre for Policy and Futures Studies at East-West University in Chicago. During the 1990s, he lived in Kuala Lumpur. He has also lived in Chicago and The Hague and for short periods in Cairo and Fez.  Sardar describes himself as a 'critical polymath'. His thought is characterised by a strong accent on diversity, pluralism and dissenting perspectives. Science journalist Ehsan Masood suggests that Sardar 'deliberately cultivates a carefully calculated ambiguity projecting several things at once, yet none of them on their own'. Futurist Tony Stevenson points out that his 'intellectual aggression' hides a'sincere and deep humanity': 'while his cultural analysis is surgically incisive, it is largely free of the theoretical correctness of academic thought', while he 'draws on a depth of academic thought', he 'always remains accessible'.  The fundamental principle of Sardar's thought is that 'there is more than one way to be human'. 'I do not regard "the human" either as "the" or as a priori given', he has said. 'The western way of being human is one amongst many. Similarly, the Islamic way of being human is also one amongst many. The Australian aboriginal way of being human is also another way of being human. I see each culture as a complete universe with its own way of knowing, being and doing – and hence, its own way of being human'. The corollary is that there are also different ways of knowing. The question that Sardar has always asked is: 'how do you know? The answer depends a great deal on who 'you' are: 'how you look at the world, how you shape your inquiry, the period and culture that shapes your outlook and the values that frame how you think'.  Considered a pioneering writer on Islam and contemporary cultural issues, he has produced some fifty books over a period of 30 years, some with his long-time co-author Merryl Wyn Davies. These books include the classic studies "The Future of Muslim Civilisation" (1979) and "Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come" (1985), a vigorous intellectual assault on postmodern thought, "Postmodernism and the Other" (1998) and "Orientalism" (1999), and the international bestseller "Why Do People Hate America?" (2002). He has published two highly acclaimed books on cities: The Consumption of Kuala Lumpur (2000) and Mecca: The Sacred City, which won the first prize at the Lahore Literature Festival in 2014 and the Ramnath Goenka Award for Excellence in Journalism for a non-fiction book. Two collections of his essays and critical writings are available as readers: Islam, "Postmodernism and Other Futures: A Ziauddin Sardar Reader" (2003) and "How Do You Know? Reading Ziauddin Sardar on Islam, Science and Cultural Relations" (2006). His two volumes of autobiography, "Desperately Seeking Paradise: Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim" and "Balti Britain: A Provocative Journey Through Asian Britain", have been highly praised. His latest book "Reading the Qur’an" presents a humanist and pluralist reading of the sacred text of Islam.  Sardar's contribution to critical scholarship ranges far and wide, but is particularly relevant in six areas: Islam, Islamic Science, Futures, Postmodernism and Transmodernity, identity and multiculturalism and Postnormal Times.

Islam, Qur'an and Islamic reform.

A believing Muslim, Sardar is one of the strongest internal critics of Islam. He believes that the tendency to fall back comfortably on age-old interpretations is now dangerously obsolete. Islam's relationship and attitude to women, minorities, and notions of exclusivity and exclusive truth need to change fundamentally. In his work, "Reformist Ideas and Muslim Intellectuals", Sardar states that: "Muslims have been on the verge of physical, cultural and intellectual extinction simply because they have allowed parochialism and traditionalism to rule their minds." He adds: "We must break free from the ghetto mentality."  Sardar's most consistent output has been in the area of post-colonial Islamic reform, which is the subject of many of his books, including "Islamic Futures: the Shape of Ideas to Come" (Mansell, 1985) and "The Future of Muslim Civilization" (Mansell, 1987). Sardar believes that present-day Islamic societies have allowed creative thinking to fossilise. This is a situation which stands in contrast to Islamic history when scholars and scientists let their minds roam free and created an extraordinary renaissance in ideas, new knowledge and technology.  In "Islamic futures", Sardar enunciates several principles that need to be at the heart of all contemporary Islamic societies. These include: the need to recognise and promote plurality and diversity; the need to achieve progress through a consensus; and to engage constructively with the modern world.  On the subject of Hadith and Qur'an, Sardar believes strongly that each generation must "reinterpret the textual sources in the light of its own experience", as happened throughout Islamic history and in each of the world's Islamic cultures. Sardar says that scripture needs to be seen as a product of its time and, therefore, must be periodically re-examined. If this process ceases to happen, sacred texts, according to Sardar, will lose their relevance to those who use and love them.  In his recent book, Reading the Qur’an, Sardar insists the interpretation of the Qur'an requires focus on four specific contexts. First, one needs to examine the context of the text itself and see what it is saying about the same subject in different places. Second, one needs to examine it in the context of the life of Prophet Muhammad and see what is happening to him, what is the event or the circumstances on which the Qur'an is commenting. Third, one must appreciate the verses of the Qur'an within the specific social, cultural, political and technological context of the Prophet's time – they often address the Prophet and his followers, and it speaks to them in the historical context in which they lived. The Qur'an is a text revealed in history. Fourth, we can only interpret the Qur'an according to our own contemporary understanding so we also bring our own social and cultural context into play. The contextual analysis of the Qur'an, Sardar suggests, shows that not everything in the Sacred Text is universal – many verses have significance for the time they were revealed. The universal message of the Qur'an can only be derived by examining its concepts and basic themes. The Qur'an, he argues, 'calls for rational, considered thought and interrogation not of appearances but of the deeper implications and meaning of how human beings think and act within and between all the diversity of our cultures, histories, languages and beliefs'.

Science and empires.

As a child of parents who lived under colonial rule in what was British-India, much of Sardar's writings are about what happens to people, languages and institutions when one country is taken over by another country or empire. These ideas form the backbone to the second volume of his memors: "Balti Britain" (Granta, 2008). He has also written extensively on the relationship between knowledge and power, and on the development of scholarship that was designed to serve the needs of empire. Sardar argues that many advances in modern science and technology happened because of the needs of the military of European nation-states, or the many priorities of colonial authorities. In that sense he can be seen as a social-constructivist: someone who believes that the direction of science is dictated to a large extent by the social, political, cultural and financial priorities of societies and of those who fund science.  During the 1980s, while working for "Nature" and "New Scientist", Sardar wrote and lectured on how an Islamic science for the modern world might look like. In his book "Explorations in Islamic Science", He described 'Islamic science' as: "a subjectively objective enterprise". By this, he meant that it can be both rationalist and traditionalist at the same time. Islamic science for Sardar would be shaped around an Islamic world view. It will be a science in which humans will see themselves as trustees of the Earth ("khilafa") and they will act with justice ("adl"). What is lawful and what is prohibited ("halal" and "haram") will be based, both on a consensus of the community ("ijma") and public benefit ("istislah").  At the same time, Islamic science for Sardar is a universal science—grounded in empiricism and rationality. It is an experimental science that can be duplicated and repeated by all, regardless of faith and culture. Its nature and contents will reflect the foundations, as well as the needs, requirements and concerns of those living in Muslim cultures. Many Muslims see science as a way of discovering absolute truths, or finding proof of the existence of God. For Sardar, it is a way of highlighting the complex and interconnected nature of reality, and hence a form of worship. But it is also an organised way of solving problems and fulfilling the needs of individuals and society.

Futures.

Sardar was the editor of the journal "Futures" from 1999 to 2012 His editorship is noted for turning Futures into a prime journal in the field of futurology; and opening the journal to other disciplines and to encourage them to explore futures alternatives. His has explored what a viable future for Muslim civilisation will look like in his two studies, "The Future of Muslim Civilisation" and "Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come". In the former he argues that Muslim societies are obsessed with looking at their past and that the way forward is to reconstruct Muslim civilisation, intellectually and culturally, "brick by brick". Sardar suggests in this book what a Muslim future could look like. In the latter book, he offers a critique of ideas such as the notion of an "Islamic state" and "Islamic economics".  Later, he went on to develop a new discipline: that of ‘Islamic futures’. This was based on five principles: 1: Islam must engage with the contemporary world not just as a religion, but as a way of shaping and understanding the world. Islam can provide a matrix and methodology for tackling problems and generating future choices and possibilities for Muslim societies. 2: Muslims must perceive themselves as being a civilisation, rather than members of a set of fragmented nation states. This is the only way to avoid stagnation and marginalisation. 3: Plurality and diversity must become the cornerstones of Islam. 4: Shaping viable and desirable futures for a Muslim civilisation must involve the active participation of communities and conscious effort at consultation (shura) at all levels of society with the aim of achieving a broad consensus (ijma). 5: To shape desirable alternative futures, Muslims must engage constructively with the contemporary world in all its dimensions.  Sardar also argues that the future has already been colonised to a very large extent. Forecasting, prediction and other methods of studying are often used by larger nations in their attempts to control smaller ones. Sardar says: "To keep the future open to all potentials, alternatives and dissenting possibilities, Sardar believes that it is necessary to envisage alternative futures from different civilisational and cultural perspectives." He has argued further that futurology itself is not a discipline with rigid boundaries, fixed theories, esoteric terminology and ‘great men’ but an inter- and trans-disciplinary discourse that must emphasise open and pluralistic alternative futures. In a well cited paper, he presented Sardar's Four Laws of Futurology: Futurology are wicked (that is, they deal with complex, interconnected problems steeped in uncertainty and ignorance in a playway way); Futurology emphasise Mutually Assured Diversity (MAD), to ensure that diversity not only survives but thrives in any desirable future; Futurology are sceptical (of all popular futuristic projections and currents which are essentially attempts to colonize the future); and futurology are futureless – ‘since we can have no true knowledge of the future, the impact of all futures explorations can only be meaningfully assessed in the present’ and the true relevance of all futures exploration lies in the present.

Identity and multiculturalism.

Sardar has written extensively on identity. He shares with the psychologist and philosopher from India, Ashis Nandy, the idea that humans do not have one but multiple identities. Identity, he argues, is not monolithic and static; but multiple and ever-changing.  He has said: "Many categories of identity that we have conventionally projected on others – such as the ‘evil Orientals’, the ‘inferior races of the colonies’, the immigrants, the Blacks, the refugees, the gypsies, the homosexuals – are now an integral part of ourselves. It is not just that they are our neighbours but their ideas, concepts, lifestyles, food, clothes now play a central part in shaping ‘us’ and ‘our society’. We thus have no yardstick to measure our difference and define ourselves."  In his book "Orientalism" and in "Why Do People Hate America" and "American Dream, Global Nightmare", co-written with Merryl Wyn Davies, he explores how Muslims are perceived in books, films, television series and advertisements. He argues that the image of Muslims as "the darker side of Europe" seems to be a fixture of western consciousness and is recycled from generation to generation. In "Aliens R Us", he says that Orientalist imagery has become an integral part of science fiction cinema.  Sardar is a strong supporter of multiculturalism. He argues that multiculturalism is concerned about transforming power to non-western cultures and allowing these cultures to speak for themselves.  In the first volume of his memoirs, "Desperately Seeking Paradise", he explores different facets of Muslim identity. In "Balti Britain", he explores what it means to be British and Asian in contemporary Britain. He has said: 'In Britain, we neglected to learn how we have been shaped by a long history of mutual entanglement and belonging. Without such learning we cannot give young British Asians the respect they deserve or appreciate the comfort so many have in living their compound identity, in being simultaneously British and Asian.

Postmodernism and transmodernity.

Sardar is regarded by some as a 'postmodern' thinker. But he is at the same time a strong critic of what is called postmodernism. In his book "Postmodernism and the Other", he describes postmodernism as "the new imperialism of Western culture". He argues that postmodernism is a continuation of colonialism and modernity and, as such, it further marginalises non-western cultures and tramples on their hopes and aspirations.  He says: "By pretending to give voice to the marginalised, postmodernism in fact undermines the histories, tradition, morality, religions and worldviews – everything that provides meaning and sense of direction to non-western cultures and societies. As such, postmodernism is a linear projection, a natural conclusion to modernity; and by privileging secularism it has become an arch ideology."  Sardar's alternative to postmodernism is what he calls "transmodernity". He describes this as: "the transfer of modernity and postmodernism from the edge of chaos to a new order of society". Transmodernity for Sardar is about finding a synthesis between "life enhancing tradition" – tradition that is amenable to change and transition – and a new form of modernity that respects the values and lifestyles of traditional cultures.

Postnormal Times.

Contemporary times, Sardar has argued recently, have become ‘postnormal’ and that we live in "Postnormal Times" 'The espiritu del tiempo, the spirit of our age, is characterised by uncertainty, rapid change, realignment of power, upheaval and chaotic behaviour. We live in an in-between period where old orthodoxies are dying, new ones have yet to be born, and very few things seem to make sense. Ours is a transitional age, a time without the confidence that we can return to any past we have known and with no confidence in any path to a desirable, attainable or sustainable future. It is a time when all choices seem perilous, likely to lead to ruin, if not entirely over the edge of the abyss. In our time it is possible to dream all dreams of visionary futures but almost impossible to believe we have the capability or commitment to make any of them a reality. We live in a state of flux beset by indecision: what is for the best, which is worse? We are disempowered by the risks, cowed into timidity by fear of the choices we might be inclined or persuaded to contemplate’. He identifies three drivers of postnormal times: complexity, chaos and contradictions. The three ‘c’s’, he argues, force us to rethink our ideas on progress, modernisation, efficiency and enhance the importance of social virtues, individual responsibility and ethics, and the role of imagination.  Postnormal times force us to focus on uncertainties, and the ignorances associated with them, that we will constantly encounter in the near and far future. Postnormal Times cannot be ‘managed’ or ‘controlled’; the best we can hope for is to navigate our way through uncertainties and ignorances to avoid the edge of chaos. Sardar and his colleagues have suggested that the best way to navigate postnormal times is to see the future as three tomorrows:  The three tomorrows impact the present both individually and simultaneously.

Ziauddin Sardar (; born 31 October 1951) is a British-Pakistani scholar, award-winning writer, cultural critic and public intellectual who specialises in Muslim thought, the future of Islam, futurology and science and cultural relations. The author and editor of more than 50 books, "Prospect" magazine has named him as one of Britain's top 100 public intellectuals and "The Independent" newspaper calls him: 'Britain's own Muslim polymath'.

Ziauddin Sardar (; né le 31 octobre 1951) est un universitaire anglo-pakistanais, un écrivain primé, un critique culturel et un intellectuel grand public spécialisé dans la pensée musulmane, l'avenir de l'islam, la futurologie et la science et les relations culturelles. Auteur de plus de 50 livres, le magazine "Prospect" l'a désigné comme l'un des 100 plus grands intellectuels de Grande-Bretagne et le journal "The Independent" l'appelle: «Le polymathe musulman propre à la Grande-Bretagne».


Background and early career.

He was born at Doneraile, County Cork, elder son of John St Leger (died 1695) by his second wife Aphra, only daughter and heiress of Thomas Harflete of Ash, Frapham and Chilton in Kent. His elder half-brother was Arthur St Leger, 1st Viscount Doneraile. Arthur's loyalty to his younger brother was evident throughout his life: he lobbied for John's appointment to the Bench in 1714 and, almost alone, spoke against a motion to commit him for contempt of the Irish House of Lords in 1719.  He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He entered the Inner Temple in 1691, but was not called to the Bar until 1707. Even then he was notably dilatory in practising his profession, prompting a famous jibe by Jonathan Swift that St Leger did not so much "practice" at the Bar as "follow it at a distance". He became attached to the English Court in a minor capacity, and was something of a royal favourite of King William III, who gave him a knighthood in 1701.

Judge.

He returned to Ireland and was nominated as Recorder of Cashel, but the appointment was vetoed by the Crown, possibly on the grounds of his Whig leanings, at a time when political differences in Ireland were exceptionally bitter. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Doneraile, which was the St Leger family borough. On the accession of King George I in 1714, there was a "clean sweep" of the existing Tory judges, who were dismissed "en bloc". St Leger was a Whig in politics, and this, together with the support of influential friends and of his brother Lord Doneraile, was apparently considered sufficient grounds to qualify him for appointment to the Bench. He became a Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). The appointment was greeted with general derision by those who knew him well : "God help the country where St Leger is made a judge!" remarked the poet Samuel Garth.

State of the Irish Court of Exchequer in 1714.

In fairness to him it must be said that St Leger and his colleagues faced a daunting task: he himself described the state of the Irish Court of Exchequer as one of "confusion and disorder, almost past remedy". An enormous backlog of cases had built up, Court procedures were obscure, and hearings often extended over more than a year. The appointment of Sir Jeffrey Gilbert as Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer improved matters for a time: he was a fine lawyer, who after his death gained great fame for his writings, and he was initially very popular in Ireland.

"Sherlock v Annesley".

Quite unexpectedly a routine lawsuit, "Sherlock v Annesley", involving a dispute between two cousins over the right to possession of certain lands at Naas, County Kildare, which was heard in the Court of Exchequer by Gilbert, St Leger and their colleague John Pocklington, created a major constitutional crisis. In Pocklington's words, the case caused "a flame to burst forth, and the last resentment of the country fell upon us (i.e. the Barons)". At that time the Irish House of Lords and the British House of Lords each claimed to be the final court of appeal from Ireland, and each House heard an appeal from one of the parties to the suit, resulting in contradictory orders. The Barons of the Exchequer, to the fury of the Irish House of Lords, felt obliged to enforce the English House of Lord's order, and were summoned to account for their actions before the Lords. After a short and ill-tempered hearing, the House ordered Black Rod to take the Barons into custody; St Leger's brother Lord Doneraile was one of the very few peers to object to the sentence. Gilbert and Pocklington were in custody for three months, but St Leger was released early, as he was required to give evidence at a case at the assizes in Cork.

Later years.

In the bitter aftermath of the crisis, which resulted in the Declaratory Act of 1719, by which the Irish House of Lords lost its status as a court of appeal (a status which was not restored until 1782), Chief Baron Gilbert chose to return to England. St Leger, despite the damage to his reputation, lobbied hard for promotion in his home country. Public opinion for some years was divided as to whether he would become Irish Chief Baron or be dismissed from the Bench altogether. In fact he retained his position as Baron until his retirement in 1741. He is listed as a trustee of the King's Inns in 1731. Six years earlier he and Gilbert's successor as Chief Baron, Bernard Hale, had narrowly escaped death or serious injury when on assize at Monaghan: the courthouse, like most Irish courthouses of the time was in a serious state of disrepair, and the roof fell in. The judges, unhurt, concluded the assizes in the open air.  He lived at Capel Street in Dublin and at Grangemellon in County Kildare, where he was buried in 1743.

Family.

While he was still in his twenties, he made an advantageous marriage to a wealthy widow, Mary Ware Fraser, who was the daughter of Sir James Ware junior and granddaughter of the noted historian Sir James Ware. Mary, who had previously been married to Alexander Fraser, was some twenty-five years his senior, and according to Francis Elrington Ball there was much gossip about her "questionable virtue". She died in 1722, aged about seventy.  Her widower quickly remarried Lavinia Pennefather, daughter of Kingsmill Pennefather and Elizabeth Bolton; Lavinia belonged to the prominent landowning family of New Hill, County Tipperary. They had eight children: John, the eldest son and heir, Arthur, William, Major-General Anthony St Leger, founder of the St Leger Stakes, Catherine, Lavinia, who married George Clarges, Elizabeth, who married Ralph Burton, and the leading soldier General Barry St. Leger (1733–1789).

Sir John St Leger (1674–1743) was an Irish barrister, politician and judge. He belonged to a leading aristocratic family from County Cork. He was not highly regarded for his legal ability, and it was believed by his contemporaries that he owed his professional success to his influential family connections. As a judge he is mainly remembered for hearing, with two of his colleagues, the celebrated case of "Sherlock v. Annesley", which caused a major Constitutional crisis, and led to all three judges being briefly imprisoned.

Sir John St Leger (1674–1743) était un avocat irlandais, homme politique et juge. Il appartenait à une grande famille aristocratique du comté de Cork. Il n'était pas très réputé pour sa compétence juridique, et ses contemporains pensaient qu'il devait son succès professionnel à ses relations familiales influentes. En tant que juge, il est surtout connu pour sa décision, avec deux collègues, dans la célèbre affaire "Sherlock c." "Annesley", qui a provoqué une crise constitutionnelle majeure et a conduit à l'emprisonnement bref des trois juges.


Newlin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania

History.

The township was named for Nicholas Newlin (1630–1699), who received a deed from William Penn. In 1704, his son Nathaniel (1663–1729) and his wife Mary built a water-powered gristmill along the West Branch of Chester Creek. The Newlin Grist Mill is located in Glen Mills, now in Delaware County.  The Embreeville Historic District, Green Valley Historic District, Harlan House, Hayes Homestead, Hayes Mill House, Jacob Hayes House, House at Upper Laurel Iron Works, Indian Deep Farm, Marlborough Village Historic District, Mountain Meadow Farm, Northbrook Historic District, Spruce Grove School, and Joseph Young House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which, or 0.25%, is water.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census, the township was 95.0% non-Hispanic White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.9% Asian, and 0.6% were two or more races. 2.9% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.  At the 2000 census there were 1,150 people, 429 households, and 335 families living in the township. The population density was 96.0 people per square mile (37.1/km2). There were 446 housing units at an average density of 37.2/sq mi (14.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.04% White, 0.78% African American, 0.43% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.00%.  There were 429 households, 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 15.4% of households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.00.  The age distribution was 23.1% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.  The median household income was $68,828 and the median family income was $75,241. Males had a median income of $48,250 versus $37,885 for females. The per capita income for the township was $36,804. About 2.4% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Newlin Township lies within the Unionville-Chadds Ford School District

Newlin Township is a township in Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,285 at the 2010 census. Newlin Township was the hometown of explorer Josiah Harlan. William Baldwin, the botanist, was born there on the 29th of March, 1779.

Newlin Township est un township, situé au centre du comté de Chester, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Nuclear power plans.

In 2007, Jordan's Committee for Nuclear Strategy was formed in order to start the development of nuclear programs in Jordan. Its ultimate goal is for nuclear power to provide 30% of Jordan's electricity by 2030, and to provide electricity for export. From this program, the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission and the Jordan Nuclear Regulatory Commission were developed. Also in 2007, Jordan announced a plan which would help develop a civic nuclear program. This nuclear program would assist in diversifying Jordan's energy portfolio, which would help reduce Jordan's dependence on energy imports, which currently consumes one fifth of GDP. During the era of Saddam Hussein, Jordan was forced to rely on receiving oil at a reduced price from Iraq. The invasion by the United States in 2003 interrupted the deals and forced Jordan to look elsewhere for oil, so Jordan turned to Egypt for oil and gas. The Arab Spring and the 2011 ousting of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak interrupted this supply of oil, setting Jordan back further in their energy crisis. Jordan has since become dependent on gas imports from Israel, which are highly unpopular in Jordan.  In April 2012 the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission shortened the list from seven to two possible reactor vendors. The two vendors have been narrowed down to Areva-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Russia's AtomStroyExport. The reactor technology has yet to be decided upon, however, the tentative deadline for this decision is set in the middle of May 2014. The research reactor will become a focal point for a Nuclear Technology Centre, which will train upcoming generations of nuclear engineers and scientists in the Kingdom in addition to provide irradiation services for the industrial, agricultural and medical sectors. In March 2013, Jordan received approval to begin construction on the Jordan Research and Training Reactor at the Jordan University of Science and Technology. The approximate cost of the reactor is $130 million, with at least $70 million being loaned by the South Korean government.  In 2018, the Commission announced that Jordan was in talks with multiple companies to build the country's first commercial nuclear plant, a Helium-cooled reactor that is scheduled for completion by 2025.  Jordan has also granted Areva exclusive mining rights for uranium in central Jordan.

International relations.

Jordan has relied on international cooperation to access nuclear technology. In order to become a nuclear nation, Jordan has had to sign numerous agreements and create new relations with countries throughout the world. Jordan has signed memorandums of understanding with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Japan, China, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Argentina, Romania, and Turkey.  Jordan is a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which promotes peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Jordan takes its commitment to this treaty seriously and thus aims to pursue an internationally approved path to obtaining nuclear energy. In October 2013 the Russian VVER-1000 design was selected in a competitive tender for Jordan's first twin reactor nuclear power station. As recently as April, 2014, King Abdullah II met with Russian President Vladimir Putin to discuss a possible Jordanian-Russian nuclear cooperation.

Environmental concerns.

Anti-nuclear campaigns.

As the Jordanian government moves closer to the development of nuclear power plants, the local anti-nuclear movement has picked up steam. The movement is led by Basel Burgan, an environmentalist and activist who heads the National Campaign, an anti-nuclear energy non-profit. The National Campaign stresses the idea that the nuclear power plants would contaminate Jordan's scarce water supply. Greenpeace Jordan is also influential in Jordan's anti-nuclear movement. Greenpeace Jordan has encouraged the government to entertain the idea of creating an energy policy based on renewable resources. In 2013, Greenpeace Jordan published the "Future of Energy of Jordan" report to raise concerns about nuclear energy—especially water and seismic issues—and advocate for increased use of renewable energy sources. Greenpeace Jordan believes that Jordan will be able to meet 100% of its energy needs with renewables by 2050.  Opponents of nuclear energy are particularly concerned about nuclear power plants' impacts on Jordan's water supply. Jordan is the fourth water-poorest country in the world, and has less than 15% of the UN water poverty line. One possible site for a reactor would be above the Azraq Aquifer, which supplies most of Amman's freshwater. Environmentalists caution that a minor accident at the plant could poison up to 1/3 of the water in the country. Jordan is already facing rapid depletion of water resources, questioning if the country can afford to take the risk of building these power plants. Jordan's Federation for Environmental Societies has used Jordan's lack of water resources as a platform for their anti-nuclear views. The lack of water has also raised concerns about the cooling of the reactors, which would consume approximately 500 million cubic meters of water annually.

In December 2016, the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC), in cooperation with a consortium headed by the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute, inaugurated the 5 MW Jordan Research and Training Reactor. The facility is the first nuclear reactor in the country. It will provide radioactive isotopes for medical usage in Jordan, and will provide training for students at the University to produce a skilled workforce for the country's planned commercial nuclear reactors.

En décembre 2016, la Commission jordanienne de l'énergie atomique (JAEC), en coopération avec un consortium dirigé par l'Institut coréen de recherche sur l'énergie atomique, a inauguré le Réacteur Jordanien de recherche et de formation "5 MW ". C'est le premier réacteur nucléaire du pays. Il fournira des isotopes radioactifs à des fins médicales en Jordanie et fournira une formation aux étudiants de l'Université pour former une main-d'œuvre qualifiée pour les futures réacteurs nucléaires commerciaux prévus dans le pays.


Teams.

The teams are listed as follows:

Round robin results.

Group A.

Saturday, April 18.

Draw 1 9:00

Sunday, April 19.

Draw 2 11:15  Draw 3 21:00

Monday, April 20.

Draw 4 11:15

Tuesday, April 21.

Draw 5 8:00  Draw 6 17:45

Wednesday, April 22.

Draw 7 19:30

Thursday, April 23.

Draw 8 11:15  Draw 9 17:45

Group B.

Saturday, April 18.

Draw 1 12:30  Draw 2 19:30

Sunday, April 19.

Draw 3 14:30

Monday, April 20.

Draw 4 9:00

Tuesday, April 21.

Draw 5 11:15  Draw 6 21:00

Wednesday, April 22.

Draw 7 12:30

Thursday, April 23.

Draw 8 8:00  Draw 9 14:30

Group C.

Saturday, April 18.

Draw 1 16:00

Sunday, April 19.

Draw 2 8:00  Draw 3 17:45

Monday, April 20.

Draw 4 12:30  Draw 5 19:30

Tuesday, April 21.

Draw 6 14:30

Wednesday, April 22.

Draw 7 9:00  Draw 8 16:00

Thursday, April 23.

Draw 9 21:00

Tiebreakers.

"Friday, April 24 8:00"

Playoffs.

Qualification Game.

"Friday, April 24, 15:30"

Quarterfinals.

"Friday, April 24, 20:00"

Semifinals.

"Saturday, April 25, 10:30"

Bronze medal game.

"Saturday, April 25, 15:30"

Gold medal game.

"Saturday, April 25, 15:30"

The 2015 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was held from April 18 to 25 at the Ice Cube Curling Center in Sochi, Russia. The event will be held in conjunction with the 2015 World Senior Curling Championships.

Le Championnat du monde double mixte de curling 2015 (nom officiel : "World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship") est le du monde double mixte de curling. Il est organisé en Russie dans la ville de Sotchi au Centre de curling Ice Cube du 18 au 25 avril 2015. L'événement s'est tenu conjointement avec les Championnat du monde senior de curling.


Early life.

Bursać was born on 2 August 1920 in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar in the region of Bosanska Krajina, the north-western sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed as Yugoslavia in 1929). The Drvar area was inhabited primarily by ethnic Serbs, with Bosnian Muslims and Croats forming less than four percent of the population. Bursać was the oldest of five children of stonemason Nikola Bursać and his wife, Joka, who mostly raised sheep and cattle on their family farm. Like other village girls, Bursać did not go to school—only the boys attended elementary school in Drvar. A shepherdess until age fourteen, she later helped her mother with housekeeping and agricultural work. Bursać became skilled at weaving, spinning, knitting and embroidery before completing a six-month tailoring course in Drvar.  In 1938, an elementary school opened in Kamenica at which Velimir Stojnić was a trainee teacher. Stojnić, a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( or KPJ, outlawed since 1921), organised a public library, reading and sports clubs and a cultural-artistic group. He established a secret KPJ cell in Kamenica in 1939, the first communist organisation in the area. His ideological convictions earned him a following among the village youth, including Marija's brother Dušan. The authorities soon became aware of Stojnić's activities, and he was removed from Kamenica in February 1940.

World War II.

On 6 April 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded from all sides by the Axis powers, led by Nazi Germany. The Royal Yugoslav Army ( or VKJ) capitulated on 17 April, and the Germans, Italians and Hungarians dismembered the country. A fascist puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia ( or NDH, including almost all of modern-day Croatia, all of modern-day Bosnia-Herzegovina and parts of modern-day Serbia) was proclaimed on 10 April. The NDH was an "Italian-German quasi-protectorate", controlled by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement under Ante Pavelić. One of the NDH's policies was to eliminate the state's ethnic Serb population with mass killings, expulsions and forced assimilation. The first Drvar Serbs were killed on 18 June 1941. The atrocities accelerated the formation of two large resistance movements in occupied Yugoslavia. Royalists and Serbian nationalists led by VKJ Colonel Draža Mihailović founded the Ravna Gora Movement, whose members were known as Chetniks. The KPJ, led by Josip Broz Tito, decided in Belgrade on 4 July to launch a nationwide armed uprising and the members of the KPJ-led forces became known as Partisans.

Pro-Partisan activity.

Between 20 and 26 July 1941 local KPJ leaders organised three Partisan detachments, armed with about 200 rifles and seven light machine guns, in the immediate vicinity of Drvar; one was the Kamenica Detachment. Men from Kamenica had previously established a camp in a nearby forest for weapons and supplies. Bursać was one of the village's most active women, collecting food and clothing for the insurgents and serving as a courier for the Kamenica camp. On 27 July the Partisans liberated Drvar, beginning the uprising in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Over the next few days, other parts of Bosanska Krajina were also liberated, although at this stage the KPJ had little control of the Serb villagers who took up arms. The liberated area around Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo, under constant attack by the Ustaše, was defended by the Partisans from their surrounding positions. Bursać and other women from Kamenica joined "Odbor fonda" (the Funds Committee), collecting food, clothing and other supplies for the Partisans, and she made clothes for them from wool and cloth. She joined the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (, or SKOJ) in September 1941. On 25 September 1941 Italian troops captured Drvar and Grahovo, but the Partisans retained control of most of the area's villages. By the end of 1941, SKOJ's Kamenica branch had 23 members; the men served in Partisan units and the women, including Bursać, joined labour companies to support the war effort. A literacy course was organised for female members, which Bursać attended. Some villagers gave agricultural products such as milk, cream and eggs to the Italians, receiving salt, kerosene and rice in return. This practice was strongly condemned by the KPJ, which gathered people from several villages in the hall of the Kamenica school in January 1942 to dissuade them from trading with the enemy. After several KPJ members spoke, Bursać began her speech, but was interrupted by disparaging comments and threats from a young man in the audience. At that moment, a group of men stormed into the hall with wooden poles and pitchforks. In the ensuing chaos Bursać shouted, "You can do nothing to us, you will not hinder us!" as the other women fled through the windows. In early 1942 she joined the village committee of the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( or AFŽ), a major KPJ-affiliated women's organisation.  On 13 June 1942 Drvar was retaken by the Partisans, with Bursać's labour company clearing rubble and repairing houses in the town. The company also helped in working the land of families whose men were away fighting with the Partisans. In July, Partisan units composed of fighters from Serbia and Montenegro came to Drvar, and Bursać helped carry their wounded to field hospitals in the mountains. She was one of the most active members of Kamenica's SKOJ organisation, which sometimes met at her house. The Partisan-held territory around Drvar expanded significantly, and included the Sanica River valley in late July 1942. The valley's primarily non-Serb population had fled before the advancing Partisans, whom they feared because of Ustaše propaganda. The Partisan command engaged young people from western Bosanska Krajina to harvest wheat and other crops from the valley, transporting them to storage facilities on Mount Grmeč. The workers (mostly young women) were organised into military-style units, which were merged in mid-August into the four-battalion 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade. Bursać was appointed political commissar of the 3rd Company of the brigade's 2nd Battalion. Guarded by Partisan units, the brigade completed its work despite attacks by enemy planes. Bursać was admitted to the KPJ at the end of summer 1942; at the beginning of 1943, she was president of the village committee of the United Federation of Anti-Fascist Youth of Yugoslavia (, or USAOJ).

Yugoslav Partisan.

Tito came to Drvar at the end of January 1943, during a major Axis offensive against the Partisans (code-named "Fall Weiss" in German). After consulting with Đuro Pucar, the head of the KPJ regional committee for Bosanska Krajina, Tito decided to form a Partisan brigade around a battalion of experienced fighters from Drvar. Additional manpower would consist of recovered Partisans who had been wounded or ill, older men not previously in combat units and young male and female volunteers. The four-battalion 10th Krajina Brigade, intended to play a primarily-defensive role at this stage, was established on 4 February 1943; its 800 members included about 120 women. Bursać, one of the volunteers, was assigned to the 2nd Battalion and was transferred to the 3rd Battalion's 3rd Company the following month. Until September 1943, she fought the Ustaše, Germans, Italians, and anti-communist Chetniks around Grahovo, Knin, Vrlika, Livno and Mount Dinara, was commended for her courage and skill in combat, and served as a nurse. In February and March 1943, during the Axis offensive, the brigade experienced constant enemy attacks, food shortages, cold, deep snow and outbreaks of typhus. Emaciated, Bursać was transferred to the military kitchen at brigade headquarters at the beginning of spring; after a month, she was returned to her company at her insistence. When she became ill some time later, Bursać was sent home to recover.  The Germans had a fortified base, "Stützpunkt Podglavica", near Podglavica in the village of Prkosi (between Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf). The base, with about 500 members of the 373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division and an artillery battery, secured the roads from Bosanski Petrovac to Bihać and Kulen Vakuf. In September 1943, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 10th Krajina Brigade and a battalion of the Drvar–Petrovac Partisan Detachment were directed to attack it. Bursać volunteered to throw hand grenades at the pillboxes and machine-gun nests protecting the base. Although her company commander objected because she still appeared ill, Bursać insisted on throwing the grenades. The three Partisan battalions attacked the base from three directions on 18 September at 11 pm. Bursać and her group of grenade throwers destroyed several pillboxes before they came under fire from another. They destroyed the pillbox, but Bursać received a serious leg wound and was carried to a less exposed area.  The Partisans overran portions of the base, retreating before daybreak after the arrival of German reinforcements from Vrtoče and Kulen Vakuf. The brigade reportedly captured four howitzers, two mortars, a heavy machine gun, ten light machine guns, five rifles, a mobile radio and 29 enemy soldiers, and "Stützpunkt Podglavica" reported 31 German soldiers missing after the attack. The Germans described the night attack as eerie, with female Partisans' shrill shouts of "Forward!" (). The battle at Prkosi was the first major offensive action by the 10th Krajina Brigade; in 1944, they participated in the liberation of Belgrade.  After the battle, Bursać and other heavily-wounded Partisans were carried on stretchers to the field hospital in the village of Vidovo Selo, about away over rugged terrain. During the arduous journey (which took over three days), she sang Partisan songs such as: Bursać had lost much blood and her wound developed gangrene, which the field hospital was poorly equipped to treat. She died in Vidovo Selo on 23 September 1943, and was buried with military honours at Kamenica; deputy commissar Veljko Ražnatović spoke on behalf of the 10th Krajina Brigade. Bursać's final eulogy was delivered by her brother Dušan, leader of the SKOJ district committee for Drvar.

Legacy.

Bursać became a People's Hero of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1943, the first woman to receive the honour. Her proclamation was published in the October 1943 issue of the "Bulletin of the Supreme Headquarters of the National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia":  Yugoslav writer Branko Ćopić wrote a poem, "Marija na Prkosima" ("Marija at Prkosi"), about Bursać. Its title, which may also be interpreted as "Marija defiant", is a play on words. Bursać "entered the triptych of history, legend, and poetry in the Yugoslav lands", according to author Jelena Batinić. After the war, schools, streets, and organisations in Yugoslavia were named after her; a Belgrade neighborhood bears her name. A 2013 comic strip, "Marija na Prkosima", was published in the Serbian daily newspaper "Danas" as part of its "Odbrana utopije" ("Defense of Utopia") comic-strip project. Graphic artist Lazar Bodroža's strip combines events from Bursać’s life with verses of Ćopić's poem and left-wing visual symbolism.

Marija Bursać (; 2 August 1920 – 23 September 1943) was a member of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia and the first woman proclaimed a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Bursać was born to a Bosnian Serb farming family in the village of Kamenica, near Drvar. After the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers and their creation of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941, Bursać supported the Partisan resistance movement led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Like other women in her village, she collected food, clothing, and other supplies for the Partisan war effort. Bursać became a member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia in September 1941. The following August she was appointed political commissar of a company of the 1st Krajina Agricultural Shock Brigade, which harvested crops in the Sanica River valley, and was admitted to the KPJ at the end of that summer.

Marija Bursać ( ; - ) est une membre des partisans yougoslaves pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la première femme à avoir été proclamée Héros du peuple de Yougoslavie. Bursać est née dans une famille d'agriculteurs serbes de Bosnie dans le village de Kamenica, près de Drvar. Après l'invasion de la Yougoslavie par les puissances de l'Axe et leur création de l'État indépendant de Croatie en, Bursać soutient le mouvement de résistance partisane dirigé par le Parti communiste de Yougoslavie (KPJ). Comme d'autres femmes de son village, elle collecte de la nourriture, des vêtements et d'autres fournitures pour l'effort de guerre des partisans. Bursać devient membre de la Ligue de la jeunesse communiste de Yougoslavie en. En août suivant, elle est nommée commissaire politique d'une compagnie de la Brigade agricole de choc de Krajina, qui récupère des récoltes dans la vallée de la rivière Sanica, et est admise au KPJ à la fin de cet été-là.


Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.15%, is water.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census, the township was 83.3% non-Hispanic White, 3.3% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 9.8% Asian, and 1.4% were two or more races. 2.2% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry.  As of the census of 2000, there were 29,062 people, 12,223 households, and 7,834 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,464.9 people per square mile (565.6/km2). There were 12,551 housing units at an average density of 632.6 per square mile (244.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 90.88% White, 2.84% African American, 0.11% Native American, 5.12% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.  There were 12,223 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the township the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $82,258, and the median income for a family was $105,183 (these figures had risen to $90,915 and $121,809 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $76,393 versus $46,124 for females. The per capita income for the township was $47,584. About 2.2% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government.

Tredyffrin is governed by a seven-member Board of Supervisors. Four members are elected from the township at-large, while three members are elected from specific districts, though all supervisors are treated equally once on the Board.

Politics.

Party registration as of July 2010 were 45% Republican, 39% Democratic, and 16% Independent and third parties. In the 2008 Presidential election, Tredyffrin voters gave 58% of its votes to Democratic candidate Barack Obama over John McCain, a significant change from previous elections. Mitt Romney vastly improved upon John McCain's performance, but still fell short as Barack Obama carried the township with 52% of the vote in the 2012 Presidential election. Party registration as of December, 2019 stands at 43% Democratic, 39% Republican, 18% Independent and third parties.

History.

On 13 March 1684, William Penn decided to set aside a portion of Pennsylvania for the Welsh to settle in. This area, known as the "Welsh Tract", was surveyed in 1684 and included several modern-day townships, including Tredyffrin. Although the Welsh Tract was originally meant to be a self-ruling municipality, it was divided between Chester County and Philadelphia when that county was created in 1685, and the Welsh subsequently submitted to the authority of Chester County. In 1707, Tredyffrin was incorporated as a township. This name comes from the Welsh "tre(f)", which means "town", joined to "dyffryn", which means "wide, cultivated valley". Tredyffrin was quick to develop into a thriving township. In 1710, the first mill in Tredyffrin was started by Thomas Jerman on what is now North Valley Road. Swedesford Road, one of the first roads in the township, was created by 1718.  As the population of the township grew, with 30 resident landowners in 1722 and 83 in 1774, churches sprung up to meet the demand by religious residents. In 1710, the Baptist minister Hugh Davis moved to the Great Valley from Britain and, there being several Baptist families in this area, the Great Valley Baptist Church was formed on 22 April 1711. The church originally met in Radnor. However, there were enough members of this Baptist church that by 1722, a log building was erected in Tredyffrin to serve the congregation.  As Tredyffrin includes part of Valley Forge National Historical Park, there are many Revolutionary War-related sites in the township, especially the park and houses where various generals were quartered.  Development in the township was sparked in the 19th century by construction and advertisement of the "Main Line" railroad service, which terminated in Paoli, which straddles the western border of the township.  Tredyffrin-Easttown school district was unusual for the area in being integrated during the early part of the century. In the 1932, the district planned to segregate after building a new school, and African-Americans in the township boycotted the school system for two years in protest (the "School Fight"). In 1934 a negotiated settlement was reached whereby the schools remained integrated, and helped kill school segregation in Pennsylvania.  During the Cold War, a Nike anti-aircraft missile site was active in the township.

Historic buildings.

County Bridge No. 171, Cramond, Cressbrook Farm, Federal Barn, Great Valley Mill, Greenwood Farm, David Havard House, Lafayette's Quarters, Maj. Gen. Lord Stirling Quarters, Strafford Railroad Station, Valley Forge National Historical Park, Joseph Walker House, Van Leer Cabin and Wetherby-Hampton-Snyder-Wilson-Erdman Log House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, the Wharton Esherick Museum is listed as a National Historic Landmark; it was built starting in 1926.  Other notable buildings are:

Geology.

The rocks of Tredyffrin were laid down in the upper Paleozoic, meaning that they are primarily metamorphic. Limestone is often at the surface in the Great Valley, so many limestone kilns were created in the 18th century. The northern edge of the township is a ridge of quartzite and sandstone (the Cambrian Chickies Formation) including Valley Forge Mountain (or Mount Misery), which was mined for quartz in the 18th century through the mid-19th century.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Tredyffrin Township lies within the Tredyffrin/Easttown School District. Students residing within township boundaries attend Hillside Elementary School, New Eagle Elementary School, and Valley Forge Elementary School for grades K-4. Tredyffrin/Easttown Middle School and Valley Forge Middle School serve students in grades 5-8, and Conestoga High School serves students in grades 9-12. Private schools in Tredyffrin Township include:

Public libraries.

Tredyffrin Township Libraries operates Tredyffrin Public Library and Paoli Library.  The Tredyffrin Library, with of space as of 1977, is located in the Strafford community. The architectural firm Mitchell/Giurgola developed the Tredyffrin Library. It has an amphitheater that is focused on a park in a southward direction. The library has a single large reading room. The library building has a larger two story end, while the other end has only one story at the upper level. The facility has toilets, workrooms, and offices at the main level are in a separate element of the structure from the main reading room, and this structure juts out from the flue. "Architectural Record" said that this "allows direct access to the reading room from the public entrance." In 1990 a new Children’s Library was created on the lower level of the building in previously unfinished space.  As the community continued to grow and change, plans were finalized in 2004 to renovate and expand Tredyffrin Library. In September 2007, the library broke ground for a $6 million renovation and expansion. On January 31, 2009, the entire expanded building was open to the public for the first time  "Architectural Record" stated that Tredyffrin Library and the library built in Condon Hall of the University of Washington School of Law, which was also designed by Mitchell/Giurgola, have common underlying concepts. According to the publication, the shared concepts were "unusual sensitivity in using natural light to best advantage while warding off the sun," a "quickly apparent organization of functions," and being "responsive to the varying situations in which it is built."

Tredyffrin Township ( ) is a township located in eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 29,332 at the 2010 census. Originally settled in the late 17th century, Tredyffrin is bounded by Delaware and Montgomery counties. It includes on its northern boundary a small part of Valley Forge National Historical Park, where George Washington encamped during the American War of Independence. Tredyffrin and the entire Great Valley region also have many limestone deposits.

Tredyffrin Township est un township, situé au nord-est du comté de Chester, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


History.

Prince County Hospital traces its history to the early 1900s when it was the first hospital in Prince Edward Island to be located outside of Charlottetown. It was originally located on St. Stephen Street near Summerside's central business district but was replaced in 1951 by a facility located on Beattie Avenue. This facility was replaced in 2004 by the present facility located on a 27-acre property on Roy Boates Avenue in the city's north end.  Beattie Avenue was named to honour Grace Beattie, RN who was the first administrator of the hospital. Roy Boates Avenue was named to honour Roy Boates, a previous Director of Pharmacy at the hospital. Roy owned and managed a community pharmacy in Prince Edward Island from 1949 to 1974. He served on the executive of The Canadian Pharmacists Association and was on the Executive Council of The PEI Pharmacists Association for 20 years being president twice. In 1967 he was the first person in PEI to receive the Robins Bowl of Hygeia award for community service. In 1981 he went to Gambia under the auspices of CUSO (Canadian University Service Overseas) and served as Chief Pharmacist in Gambia. He initiated, supervised and implemented a new drug system. He was responsible for two hospitals, 16 health centers, 17 dispensaries, and 54 sub dispensaries. He also opened two new medical stores stocked with supplies from the Canadian Mission Relief Fund. He taught pharmacology to third year nursing students at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Banjul, Gambia. For his service he was awarded the Certificate of Recognition by the African Area President. Roy received The Canadian Pharmacists Association Meritorious Service Award in 1987 and the Order of Canada in 1990.

Services.

The Prince County Hospital offers the following services:  Published by Prince County Hospital Foundation

Prince County Hospital is an acute care hospital located in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. Operated by Health PEI, the Prince County Hospital has a capacity of 102 beds. It is the province's second largest hospital after the Queen Elizabeth Hospital.

" " Hôpital du comté de Prince" " est un hôpital de soins actifs situé à Summerside, Île-du-Prince-Édouard. Géré par Santé Î.-P.-É., l'hôpital du comté de Prince a une capacité de 102 lits. Il s'agit du deuxième plus grand hôpital de la province après l'Hôpital Queen Elizabeth.


Early life.

Hart was born in Wolverhampton on 15 August 1963 and grew up in the Cotswolds. He was privately educated at Radley College before attending the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester. He worked as a Chartered Surveyor in Carmarthen and Haverfordwest and served with the Territorial Army for five years in the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars (part of the Royal Wessex Yeomanry).

Political career.

Previous to his political career, Hart was Master of the South Pembrokeshire Hunt for 10 years from 1988 to the end of the 1997/8 season and became Chief Executive of the pro-hunting Countryside Alliance, 2003–2010. He was in receipt of £30,000 per annum for 8 hours work per week from them, stepping down after his promotion to Welsh Secretary in 2019.  He has been the MP for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire since the 2010 general election. He was re-elected at the 2015 general election and 2017 general election. In the 2019 general election, Hart more than doubled his previous majority of 3,110 to 7,745. He secured 52.7% of the vote, up 5.9 percentage points compared to 2017.  In 2014 Hart was accused of hypocrisy after receiving two £702 tickets from Japan Tobacco International, makers of Benson and Hedges, whilst opposing curbs on smoking.  In 2017 Hart faced questions over breaches of the code of conduct and was being investigated over an alleged breach of paragraph 15.  In August 2018, Hart accused actress Maxine Peake of hypocrisy, for 'taking money from the NHS for work on an advertisement, whilst attacking the Government for lack of investment in the NHS'. Peake responded that the fee came from an advertising agency and would not have gone back to the NHS if she had returned it, and she had donated the fee to The Salford Foundation Trust children's charity regardless. On 27 July 2019 he was promoted to Parliamentary Secretary at the Cabinet Office in Boris Johnson's administration. He replaced fellow Conservative Oliver Dowden and stood down as Chairman of the Countryside Alliance.  In October 2019 it was reported that Hart was the Welsh MP with the highest expense claims for first-class rail tickets. Official guidance from the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority states politicians should "consider value for money" when booking tickets; however, first-class rail travel is still permissible within the expenses rules.  Hart has served on the Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee, Welsh Affairs Select Committee, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Commons Select Committee on Standards and Commons Select Committee of Privileges.

Defacement of election placards.

In the run-up to the 2019 general election, Hart shared an image of a campaign placard which had been defaced during the 2017 general election. Referencing the levels of "abuse... vitriol and intimidation" to which candidates had been subjected in 2017, Hart used a Facebook post to call for high standards of conduct among candidates, a subject on which he says he has worked to find cross-party solutions since the 2017 election. However, during the 2019 election campaign, the same sign was shown to have two swastikas added, putting Hart under suspicion.

Welsh Secretary.

Following the 2019 general election, Hart was appointed Secretary of State for Wales by Prime Minister Boris Johnson. He replaced Alun Cairns, who resigned amidst a scandal related to claims he lied about his knowledge of a rape trial.  On 22 April 2020, during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, he became the first ever minister to speak in the Commons chamber via remote video link, answering a question from Marco Longhi, who also spoke remotely.

Political stances.

Countryside Alliance and animal rights.

Hart is an outspoken supporter of fox hunting and the badger cull. He actively campaigns to overturn the 2004 Hunting Bill and assist the National Farmers Union of England and Wales. In January 2013, Hart said the RSPCA's legal role needs more oversight given its "political and commercial activities" in a critique of the charity's role lobbying against fox hunting.

Brexit.

Despite voting Remain in the 2016 European Union referendum, Hart has consistently argued that the result must be honoured and the UK must leave the EU. He helped form and lead the Brexit Delivery Group, a group of 51 MPs who argued for a negotiated exit from the EU.

Personal life.

Hart lives in London and Llanmill near Narberth in Pembrokeshire with his wife Abigail and their two children. He employs his wife as his office manager. He was listed in articles in "The Daily Telegraph" and "The Guardian" criticising the practice of MPs employing family members, on the basis that it promoted nepotism.

Simon Anthony Hart (born 15 August 1963) is a British politician serving as Secretary of State for Wales since 2019. A member of the Conservative Party, he was first elected in the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire, defeating the previous Labour MP Nick Ainger who had represented the constituency and its predecessor since 1992. He was reelected in 2015, 2017 and 2019.

Simon Anthony Hart (né le ) est un politicien britannique qui est Secrétaire d'État pour le pays de Galles depuis 2019. Membre du Parti conservateur, il a été élu pour la première fois Élections générales britanniques de 2010 en tant que député de Carmarthen West et South Pembrokeshire, battant l'ancien député travailliste Nick Ainger qui représentait la circonscription depuis 1992. Il a été réélu en 2015, 2017 et 2019.


Season changes.

For the 2019–20 season, the KHL originally announced that all 25 teams from the 2018–19 would return and continue without any changes to Divisions realignments. However the competition was reduced to 24 teams after Slovak based, HC Slovan Bratislava, announced that they would be withdrawing from the KHL to return to the Slovak Extraliga due to financial restrictions on 27 May 2019. With Slovan Bratislava's exit, Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod were moved from the Eastern Conference, to the Western Conference, reversing the move of the previous season. As a result, both Conferences consisted of 12 teams.

KHL World Games.

The KHL announced the World Games project would continue for a second consecutive season with more information to be announced in July 2019. With the release of the season's schedule, new destinations of Davos, Shenzhen and Almaty were scheduled to host games.

Smart pucks.

Smart puck technology, backed up with chips in players' jerseys, was used in all KHL games in the coming season. The new technology was trialled in the All-Star Game in Kazan last season and was also used in regular season games in Helsinki. Every arena in the league installed sensors capable of collecting information from the chips 100 times a second. That information was available to various users and coaches in real time, giving-up-to-the-second details of the players’ speed, the distance covered in each shift, the speed and location of each shot and much more.  The KHL is the first league in the world to implement this technology across the board.

Teams.

The 24 teams were split into four divisions: the Bobrov Division and the Tarasov Division as part of the Western Conference, with the Kharlamov Division and the Chernyshev Division as part of the Eastern Conference.

League standings.

Each team played 62 games, playing their divisional opponents four times, non-divisional conference rivals three times, and non-conference opponents twice.  Points were awarded for each game, where two points were awarded for all victories, regardless of whether it was in regulation time, in overtime or after game-winning shots. One point was awarded for losing in overtime or game-winning shots, and zero points for losing in regulation time. At the end of the regular season, the team that finished with the most points was crowned the Continental Cup winner.

Gagarin Cup playoffs.

Ak Bars Kazan were the Eastern Conference regular season winners with 93 points. It was determined following a 5–3 victory over closest challengers Avangard Omsk at TatNeft Arena. CSKA Moscow were the Western Conference regular season winners, and winners of the Continental Cup with 94 points. It was determined following a 6–0 victory over HC Sochi at CSKA Arena.

Final standings.

Following the announcement that the season was prematurely ended on 25 March 2020, a decision of the final league standings was announced to be made at a later date. On 7 May 2020, it was announced that the eight teams that had qualified for the second round of the playoffs would be ranked ex aequo.

Statistics.

Scoring leaders.

The following players led the league in points, at the conclusion of the regular season. If two or more skaters are tied (i.e. same number of points, goals and played games), all of the tied skaters are shown.

Leading goaltenders.

The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average, at the conclusion of the regular season.

Awards.

Players of the Month.

Best KHL players of each month.

The 2019–20 KHL season was the twelfth season of the Kontinental Hockey League. There were 24 teams that competed in 62 regular season games. The season began with the Opening Cup on 1 September 2019, and the regular championship ran until 27 February 2020. The playoffs were scheduled to take place from 1 March through until 30 April. The All-Star Weekend took place over 18–19 January 2020.

La <dfn>saison 2019-2020</dfn> est la saison de la Ligue continentale de hockey (KHL) qui s'est déroulé du au. La saison régulière voit 24 équipes jouer 62 matchs chacune. Le, la ligue annule la fin de saison en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19.


Description.

Lake Joondalup is Perth's largest metropolitan freshwater lake located in the Yellagonga Regional Park. It has several islands, and a large sandbank during the dry summer months. The largest island is colloquially named "Snake Island" by locals for good reason as the wetland habitat supports a healthy population of various snakes, including the dugite and tiger snake. The lake and bush reserve is a dynamic habitat supporting much wildlife including turtles, ducks and many other birds. Most of the banks are either swampland or reeds.  Significant natural attractions include Neil Hawkins Park, Joondalup and Picnic Cove, and Edgewater. Neil Hawkins Park was named after a chairman of the former Metropolitan Region Planning Authority, and is a popular family park for tourists as well as locals. There is a small jetty over the lake and visitors can feed birds (although this practise is now discouraged), and have a barbecue. Limestone caves are located on its western shore just north of Neil Hawkins Park. Edgewater is also the highest point to look out over the lake. It was formerly the site of a limestone quarry; many parks in the suburb have sheer cliffs and exposed limestone karst features exposed during its time as a quarry.  The areas around Lake Joondalup are home to many birds, including waterbirds on the lake. The reserve lies within the Northern Swan Coastal Plain Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because of its importance in supporting several thousand Short-billed Black Cockatoos during the non-breeding season. It is also home to many types of frog.

Lake Joondalup is a medium-sized freshwater lake in Perth, Western Australia. It is in the Perth northern suburbs of Joondalup, Wanneroo, and Edgewater. It is a nature reserve and part of the Yellagonga Regional Park.

Le lac de Joondalup est un lac d'eau douce situé dans la banlieue nord de Perth, Australie entre Joondalup, Wanneroo et Edgewater. C'est une réserve naturelle de la ville de Joondalup.


History.

"The settlement began at was is now known as Saegertown ca. 1795, when the brothers, Arthur and Patrick McGill, came to Woodcock Township. After Major Roger Alden built a sawmill in Saegertown, approximately 1800, the settlement was known for several years as Aldens Mill. In 1824, Daniel Saeger bought Alden's mill and adjacent lands and at the age of 44, he laid out the town under its present name. Saeger, a native of Pennsylvania of German descent, left Egypt, Pa. in 1823 to find a suitable place to settle. After he arrived in Saegertown, he attracted to the area a large number of German Yeomanry from Lehigh and other eastern Pa. counties. Being active in the community, Saeger was an early member of the Lutheran Church, the owner of a sawmill and general store, and a justice of the peace. He was a member of the Pa. State Legislature."  The Edward Saeger House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Geography.

Saegertown is located north of the center of Crawford County at (41.719482, -80.145660). It is bordered to the north, east, and south by Woodcock Township and to the west, across French Creek, by Hayfield Township.  U.S. Route 19 and 6 pass together through the center of town, leading northeast to Cambridge Springs and south to Meadville, the Crawford County seat. Pennsylvania Route 198 leads southeast to Blooming Valley and west to Exit 154 on Interstate 79. Via I-79 it is north to Erie and south to Pittsburgh.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,071 people, 361 households, and 251 families residing in the borough. The population density was 743.5 people per square mile (287.2/km2). There were 378 housing units at an average density of 262.4 per square mile (101.4/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 95.05% White, 2.52% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.  There were 361 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 122.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.1 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $32,500, and the median income for a family was $39,688. Males had a median income of $28,281 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,163. About 4.0% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Saegertown is a borough in Crawford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 997 at the 2010 census. It was established in 1824.

Saegertown est un borough situé au centre du comté de Crawford, en Pennsylvanie, aux États-Unis. En 2010, il comptait une population de.


Early life and education.

Emma Hardy was born and brought up in North Newbald, Humberside, a few miles from the Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle constituency she now represents in Parliament. She attended Wyke Sixth Form College to study her A-Levels before studying for an undergraduate degree in Politics at the University of Liverpool, graduating in 2001. She then completed a PGCE at the University of Leeds in 2004, and taught for over ten years at Willerby Carr Lane Primary School.  Hardy became politically active in 2011, after joining a campaign protesting against school cuts and meeting Alan Johnson, the then-MP for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle. She left teaching in 2015 to become a full-time organiser for the National Union of Teachers, and served as Deputy General Secretary of the Socialist Educational Association before being elected to Parliament.

Parliamentary career.

Hardy was selected as the Labour Party's prospective parliamentary candidate for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle after the then-MP, Alan Johnson, announced his retirement just weeks before the general election in 2017. She was one of 256 women candidates put forward by the Labour Party at that selection, and was elected on 9 June 2017, with a majority of 8,025. Unsuccessful candidates at that election included "The Apprentice" winner Michelle Dewberry, who stood as an independent.  Since her election, Hardy has sat on the House of Commons Education Select Committee. There, she has challenged the Government to ban informal exclusions, voiced support for the teaching of oracy (fluency in spoken communication), and promoted the benefits of a broad curriculum which includes the arts, music and sports. In September 2018, Hardy began to work closely with the women's health charity Endometriosis UK to push for "menstrual wellbeing" to be included as part of the sex and relationship education in schools. On 25 February 2019, the UK government announced that menstrual wellbeing would be included in the curriculum going forward.  Hardy is also the Vice Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Mesh, and has fought a successful campaign to get the Government to back down on the routine use of vaginal surgical mesh in the NHS. In October 2018, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) declared that vaginal mesh surgery should only be used as a "last resort" to treat pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. This will spare 1000s of women from the horrific side effects of vaginal mesh surgery that women have endured since 2003.  Since 2017, Hardy has also worked as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Keir Starmer MP, Labour's Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.  Hardy has campaigned locally in her constituency to secure the funding for the A63 Castle Street development, prevent any further delays and ensure a bridge was built as soon as possible. Following delays to the project, building for the bridge started in October 2018, and the A63 road development is on course to start in March 2020. Hardy has also lobbied successfully to bring money to Hull for a new Children and Adolescent Mental Health Unit. The money was agreed by the Government in July 2018 and the project was finally completed in January 2020.  Amongst her other campaigns, of paramount importance to Hardy is the wellbeing and betterment for children, she is continually fighting to ensure children and young adults receive the support and services they need to fulfil their potential. Hardy is also a patron for Articulacy which strives to improve lives by inspiring all people regardless of age or abilities to become confident and articulate individuals.  In January 2020, Hardy was appointed to Labour's frontbench as a Shadow Education Minister, succeeding Gordon Marsden, who lost his seat in the 2019 general election.  Hardy nominated Keir Starmer in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election and Angela Rayner in the deputy leadership election.

Personal life.

Hardy lives in Hessle with her partner James, her two daughters Olivia and Isabelle and cats Thomas and Serena.

Emma Ann Hardy (born 17 July 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle since the 2017 general election. Until May 2019, she was also a member of Hessle Town Council focusing on NHS and education. Hardy is a member of Labour's National Policy Forum and was an education union employee.

Emma Ann Hardy (née le ) est une politicienne du Parti travailliste britannique, élue députée de Kingston upon Hull West et Hessle lors des élections générales de 2017. Jusqu'en mai 2019, elle était également membre du conseil municipal de Hessle spécialisé dans le NHS et l'éducation. Elle est membre du National Policy Forum travailliste et était une employée du syndicat de l'éducation.


Teams.

The 2019 Music City Bowl was contested by the Louisville Cardinals and the Mississippi State Bulldogs. The teams had met five times previously, with Mississippi State holding a 3–2 edge in the series. Louisville's two wins came via forfeit, as the Bulldogs were forced to forfeit all their wins in 1975 and 1976 for fielding a player who was later ruled ineligible. The teams had last met in the 2017 TaxSlayer Bowl, won by the Bulldogs, 31–27.

Mississippi State Bulldogs.

The Bulldogs entered the bowl with a 6–6 record (3–5 in conference); they finished in fifth place of the SEC's West Division. This was Mississippi State's second Music City Bowl; their 2011 team won that season's Music City Bowl over Wake Forest, 23–17. This was the 10th consecutive bowl appearance for the Bulldogs, dating back to their 2010 season. This was Mississippi State's 23rd overall bowl game in program history.  Head coach Joe Moorhead had initially named true freshman Garrett Shrader the starting quarterback for the game, but he was injured prior to the game, resulting in Tommy Stevens (a graduate transfer from Penn State) getting the start.

Louisville Cardinals.

Louisville entered the bowl with a 7–5 record (5–3 in conference), including an upset win against No. 19 Wake Forest by three points on October 12. The Cardinals finished in second place in the ACC's Atlantic Division. This was Louisville's second Music City Bowl; their 2015 team won that season's Music City Bowl over Texas A&M, 27–21. This was the first bowl game for the Cardinals since 2017, and the 23rd overall bowl game for the program.

The 2019 Music City Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2019, with kickoff at 4:00 p.m. EST (3:00 p.m. local CDT) on ESPN. The 22nd edition of the Music City Bowl featured Atlantic Coast Conference member Louisville and Southeastern Conference member Mississippi State, and was one of the 2019–20 bowl games concluding the 2019 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Franklin American Mortgage Company, the game was officially known as the Franklin American Mortgage Music City Bowl.

Le Music City Bowl 2019 est un match de football américain de niveau universitaire joué après la saison régulière de 2019, le au Nissan Stadium de Nashville dans l'État du Tennessee aux États-Unis.


Early life.

Elsa Gidlow was born Elsie Alice Gidlow on 29 December 1898, at 9 Wells Terrace, Great Thornton Street, Hull, Yorkshire, England. Her father, Samuel, was a railway clerk from Nottingham, her mother, Alice (née Rommel), the daughter of a German immigrant tailor. By 1901, the family had moved to a new house, 183 Clumber Street. In 1904, Samuel Gidlow emigrated to Canada. Alice, young Elsie and her brother Samuel joined him the following year. They settled in Tétreaultville, Montreal. At the age of 15, Gidlow was first employed by a contact of her father's in Montreal, a factory doctor, as assistant editor to "Factory Facts," an in-house magazine.

Career.

In 1917, she began seeking out fellow writers and meeting with them, particularly in the field of amateur journalism, which was popular at the time. With collaborator Roswell George Mills, Gidlow published "Les Mouches fantastiques", the first magazine in North America where gay and lesbian issues were discussed, and the lifestyle celebrated. It was also adamantly anti-war, influenced by Mills and Gidlow's pacifist and anarchist viewpoints. H. P. Lovecraft, a fellow amateur journalist, attacked their work, leading Gidlow to defend it and attack back in return; the dispute created a minor controversy but brought Gidlow and Mills public, albeit negative attention.  Gidlow moved to New York in 1920 at the age of 21. There she was employed by Frank Harris of "Pearson's", a magazine supportive of poets and unsympathetic to the war and England. She became the poetry editor later becoming the associate editor. It was at this time she met a young Kenneth Rexroth who became known as the "father" of the San Francisco Renaissance. In 1926, Elsa moved to San Francisco. Rexroth numbered her among his closest friends. With the exception of nearly a year spent in Europe, mostly in Paris, in 1928, she continued living in the San Francisco Bay Area for the rest of her life.  In the 1940s, she lived in Fairfax, California, where in 1944 she became a home owner, active in local politics eventually becoming one of the planning commissioners. Due to her membership in political and writers' groups allegedly affiliated with communists, she was suspected of being "Un-American" and was subsequently investigated, subpoenaed and forced to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947. HUAC's final report accused her of being affiliated with communist front organizations. However, as a philosophical anarchist Gidlow was ideologically opposed to communism, and she denied the accusation. Patricia Holt of the "San Francisco Chronicle" writes:  It amused Gidlow that such "radical" ideas set her up for a witch hunt in Fairfax, where she had moved in her 40s. [Their] charges that Gidlow was a "red," as Stanton Delaplane reported in "The Chronicle", were "Washed Pink at Fairfax Hearings." But Gidlow, who lived with a woman of African descent and often made dinner for the Chans from San Francisco, was later accused of "living with a colored woman and frequently entertaining Chinese people...This was damning evidence that I could not be a loyal American."

Druid Heights.

Perhaps seeking solitude, Gidlow left her first home, Madrona, and the garden she had so lovingly tended for 10 years there, and in 1954, purchased a ranch which she subsequently shared with Roger Somers and his family above Muir Woods on the southwest flank of Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California. Gidlow named her portion of the mountain ranch, which included the original farmhouse, "Druid Heights", a nod to her friend, Irish poet Ella Young. Gidlow and her partner Isabel Grenfell Quallo (1896-1985) lived together for a short time at Druid Heights, but family commitments called Isabel away. Also living there at one time or another were notable residents including her close friend Alan Watts, the poet Gary Snyder, furniture maker Edward Stiles and freewheeling bohemian Roger Somers.  Along with Watts and his soon to be wife Mary Jane Yates, Gidlow planned and then co-founded the Society for Comparative Philosophy here in 1962. This society financed many of the improvements to the property and brought many of the important visitors and "artists in residence" for whom Druid Heights is now known.Besides Alan Watts, notable residents who, through Elsa's largess, found cheap rent and a place to create or escape were David Wills, Catherine Mackinnon, Roger Somers, Sunyata, John Blofeld, and many leaders of various women's rights efforts. pp.371-373 "Elsa, I Come with MY Songs" The Society morphed into the Druid Heights Artist Retreat after her death whereupon she provided the funds to begin the nascent-albeit short-lived-organization, Druid Heights Artists Retreat; A Facebook group called "Save Druid Heights" has been formed where many today hope to return DHAR to her home at Druid Heights.  Gidlow socialized with many famous artists, radical thinkers, mystics, and political activists at Druid Heights, including, Dizzy Gillespie, Neil Young, Tom Robbins, Margo St. James, Allen Ginsberg, James Broughton, Baba Ram Dass, Lama Govinda, Robert Shapiro, Maude Oakes, Robert Duncan, Clarkson Crane, Sara Bard Fields, Kenneth Rexroth, Edward Stiles, Roger Somers, Catharine MacKinnon and Maya Angelou. Gidlow helped plan the funeral for her friend Alan Watts, when he died there. The monks from nearby Green Gulch Monastery often came to visit and participated in a ceremony there upon Alan's death which included an Anglican Mass; they then buried half Alan's ashes near his library at Druid Heights, and brought the second half to Green Gulch Monastery in the nearby valley.

Autobiography.

Gidlow's autobiography "Elsa, I Come with My Songs: The Autobiography of Elsa Gidlow", published in 1986, gives a personal and detailed account of seeking, finding and creating a life with other lesbians at a time when little was recorded on the topic; notably, it is the first lesbian autobiography written where the author does not use a pseudonym. It offers a superb account of one eyewitness-participant's view of twentieth-century artistic-bohemian life and of the cultural history of the San Francisco area. Gidlow also openly discussed her lifetime experience as a lesbian in the critically acclaimed 1977 documentary feature "", which was released theatrically and which was broadcast on many PBS stations around the United States starting in 1978.

Death.

The last few months of her life, Gidlow experienced several strokes. She chose not to seek medical care in a hospital and died at home in Druid Heights at the age of 87. Gidlow was cremated and her ashes were mixed with rice and buried beneath an apple tree in Druid Heights. Parts of Druid Heights have subsequently fallen into ruin, but Gidlow's home remained intact as recently as 2012.

Legacy.

Gidlow's estate donated her extensive personal papers to the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco in 1991. The collection consists of 16 boxes (13 linear feet) of correspondence, journals, literary manuscripts, legal records, photographs and other materials documenting Gidlow's life, work and relationships. The papers are organized into nine series: Correspondence, Subject Files, Manuscripts, Published Works, Journals and Yearbooks, Audio-Visual and Photographs, Ephemera, Oversize Materials, and Original Documents. The collection is fully processed and available to researchers.

Elsa Gidlow (29 December 1898 – 8 June 1986) was a British-born, Canadian-American poet, freelance journalist, philosopher and humanitarian. She is best known for writing "On a Grey Thread" (1923), the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry published in North America. In the 1950s, Gidlow helped found Druid Heights, a bohemian community in Marin County, California. She was the author of thirteen books and appeared as herself in the documentary film, "" (1977). Completed just before her death, her autobiography, "Elsa, I Come with My Songs" (1986), recounts her life story. It is the first lesbian autobiography published where the author does not employ a pseudonym.

Elsa Gidlow (29 décembre 1898 - 8 juin 1986) est une poétesse, journaliste indépendante, philosophe et humanitaire canado-américaine d'origine britannique. Elle est surtout connue pour avoir écrit "On A Grey Thread" (1923), le premier volume de poésie d'amour ouvertement lesbienne publié en Amérique du Nord. Dans les années 1950, Elsa Gidlow aide à fonder, une communauté bohème dans le comté de Marin, en Californie. Elle est l'autrice de treize livres et appaarait dans le film documentaire "" (1977). Achevée juste avant sa mort, son autobiographie, "Elsa, I Come with My Songs" (1986), raconte son histoire. Il s'agit de la première autobiographie lesbienne publiée où l'auteur n'emploie pas de pseudonyme.