Early life and education.

Adams was born in Grove City, Ohio, the youngest of five children of a woman named Mildred and a miner who died of coalworker's pneumoconiosis. Adams graduated from high school in 1967, and spent three years as a U.S. Army paratrooper.

Murder conviction.

In October 1976, 27-year-old Randall Adams and his brother left Ohio for California. En route, they arrived in Dallas on Thanksgiving night. The next morning, Adams was offered a contracting job. On the following Saturday, November 27, Adams went to start work but no one turned up because it was a weekend. On the way home, his car ran out of fuel.  David Ray Harris, who had just turned sixteen, passed Adams in a car that he had stolen from his neighbor in Vidor, Texas, before driving to Dallas with his father's pistol and a shotgun. Harris offered Adams a ride. The two spent the day together, during which they drank alcohol and smoked marijuana. That evening they went to a drive-in movie, where they saw "The Student Body" (1976, directed by Gus Trikonis) and "The Swinging Cheerleaders" (1974, directed by Jack Hill).  That evening, Robert W. Wood, a Dallas police officer, was working the graveyard shift with his partner, Teresa Turko, one of the first female police officers in Dallas to be assigned to patrol duty. Shortly after midnight on November 28, Wood stopped Harris' stolen car in the 3400 block of North Hampton Road because the car's headlights were not on. As Wood approached, he was shot twice in the forearm and chest by someone in the car. The vehicle sped off almost immediately after the shooting, giving Wood's partner little time to react; she later testified that she managed to fire upon the fleeing vehicle but to no avail.  The Dallas Police Department investigation led back to Harris, who, after returning to Vidor, had boasted to friends that he was responsible for the crime. Harris was arrested but, when interviewed by police, accused Adams of the murder. Harris led police to the car driven from the scene of the crime, as well as to a.22 Short caliber revolver he identified as the murder weapon.

Trial.

Dallas prosecutor Douglas D. Mulder charged Adams with the crime, despite the evidence against Harris, apparently because Harris was a juvenile at the time and Adams, as an adult, could be sentenced to death under Texas law. Adams testified that after leaving the drive-in movie, Harris dropped Adams off at his motel, where Adams and his brother watched TV and then went to sleep. He claimed he was not in the car when the shooting happened. Harris testified that Adams was not only in the car, but was the driver, as well as the shooter of Officer Wood.  Testimony by Harris and several questionable eyewitnesses – including Emily Miller and R.L. Miller, who claimed to have driven past Harris' stopped vehicle immediately before the shooting – led to Adams' conviction. Texas forensic psychiatrist James Grigson (a.k.a. "Dr. Death") was also a witness for the prosecution. Having administered a psychiatric evaluation of Adams, he told the jury that Adams would be an ongoing menace if kept alive. As a result of this testimony, Adams was given the death penalty. His conviction was unanimously upheld by the Texas Courts of Appeals in 1979.  Many years later, in 1995, Grigson was expelled by the American Psychiatric Association and the Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians for unethical conduct.

Commutation of death sentence.

Adams' execution was originally scheduled for May 8, 1979, but U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. ordered a stay only three days before the scheduled date. In 1980, the Supreme Court on an 8–1 vote ruled unconstitutional a Texas requirement for jurors to swear an oath that the mandatory imposition of a death sentence would not interfere with their consideration of factual matters, such as guilt or innocence, during a trial. As a result of the decision, Adams' death sentence was reversed and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted him a new trial. Before the trial could begin, however, Texas Governor Bill Clements commuted Adams' sentence to life in prison at the request of the Dallas County District Attorney.

Exoneration.

In May 1988, David Ray Harris, by that point himself a prisoner on death row, admitted that Adams was not even in the car on the night of the murder. The August 1988 release of the documentary film "The Thin Blue Line", which detailed the many inconsistencies in the prosecution's line of reasoning, further cast doubt on Adams' guilt, but the case remained in legal limbo.  In 1989, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in "Ex parte Adams" overturned Adams' conviction on the grounds of malfeasance by the prosecutor Douglas D. Mulder and inconsistencies in the testimony of a key witness, Emily Miller. The appeals court found that prosecutor Mulder withheld a statement by Emily Miller to the police that cast doubt on her credibility and also allowed her to give perjured testimony. Furthermore, the court found that after Adams' attorney discovered the statement late in Adams' trial, Mulder falsely told the court that he did not know the witness' whereabouts. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated that "conviction was unfair mainly because of prosecutor Doug Mulder." Mulder had returned to practicing private law in Dallas in 1981. Following the appeals court decision, the case was returned to Dallas County for a retrial, but the district attorney's office decided not to prosecute the case again based on the length of time since the original crime, and Adams was subsequently released.  Despite being wrongly imprisoned for twelve years, Adams received no compensation from the State of Texas. It is said that if Adams had been found to be wrongly convicted under present-day Texas law, he would be entitled to receive $80,000 for each year of incarceration. Additionally, at the time his conviction was thrown out, wrongly convicted prisoners could get a lump sum payment of $25,000 if pardoned by the governor. However, since Adams was released because his case was dismissed, and not because he was pardoned, he received no payment from the state after his release.

David Ray Harris.

David Ray Harris had testified in the original trial that he was the passenger in the stolen car, that he allowed Adams to drive, and that Adams committed the murder. He recanted this testimony at Adams' habeas corpus hearing, but never admitted guilt in a judicial setting and was never charged in the case. On June 30, 2004, Harris was executed by lethal injection for the unrelated 1985 murder of Mark Mays in Beaumont, Texas, which occurred during an attempted abduction of Mays' girlfriend.

Lawsuit.

After his release from prison, Adams ended up in a legal battle with Errol Morris, the director of "The Thin Blue Line", concerning the rights to his story. The matter was settled out of court after Adams was granted sole use of anything written or made on the subject of his life. Adams said of the matter: "Mr. Morris felt he had the exclusive rights to my life story.... I did not sue Errol Morris for any money or any percentages of "The Thin Blue Line", though the media portrayed it that way."  Morris, for his part, recalled: "When he got out, he became very angry at the fact that he had signed a release giving me rights to his life story. And he felt as though I had stolen something from him. Maybe I had, maybe I just don't understand what it's like to be in prison for that long, for a crime you hadn't committed. In a certain sense, the whole crazy deal with the release was fueled by my relationship with his attorney. And it's a long, complicated story, but I guess when people are involved, there's always a mess somewhere."

Activism and personal life.

While in prison, Adams earned a correspondence-course degree from Lee College in Baytown, Texas. Adams later worked as an anti-death penalty activist. He wrote a book about his story, "Adams v. Texas", which was published in June 1992. In 2001, at an anti-death penalty legislative hearing on behalf of the Texas Moratorium Network, Adams said:The man you see before you is here by the grace of God. The fact that it took 12-and-a-half years and a movie to prove my innocence should scare the hell out of everyone in this room and, if it doesn't, then that scares the hell out of me.  In 1999, Adams married Jill Fratta, the sister of a death-row inmate.

Death.

Adams died of a brain tumor in Washington Court House, Ohio on October 30, 2010, at the age of 61. He lived a quiet life divorced from his past. According to his lawyer, Randy Schaffer, the death was at the time reported only locally and was not more widely reported until June 25, 2011.

Randall Dale Adams (December 17, 1948 – October 30, 2010) was an American who was wrongfully convicted of the November 28, 1976 murder of Dallas, Texas police officer Robert W. Wood and sentenced to death. His conviction was overturned in 1989.

Randall Dale Adams (né le, mort le ) est un américain qui a été jugé en 1976 pour le meurtre d'un policier, et condamné à mort, alors qu'il n'avait pas commis ce crime. Trois jours avant la date prévue pour son exécution, la Cour suprême a commué sa peine en prison à vie. Il a passé 12 ans en prison avant d'être innocenté, celui qui l'avait dénoncé ayant fini par avouer le crime. Il meurt d'une tumeur au cerveau en 2010 à l'âge de 61 ans. Il n'a reçu aucune indemnisation pour les 12 années passées en prison.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Viseu, Félix started playing football at Os Pestinhas in 2007 before joining the youth ranks of FC Porto a year later, aged eight. After Félix moved to Porto, he faced some challenges such as extensive schedules that included daily shuttle hours between Viseu and Porto. He moved out of his parents' house aged twelve to live near Porto's youth training grounds; in a later interview, Félix revealed that during this time he considered quitting football due to the lack of playing time, but his father convinced him on pursuing his career. Félix was released by Porto in 2014 because of his slight frame and moved on to Lisbon rivals Benfica in 2015, aged 15, after a season-long loan at Padroense.

Benfica.

Félix debuted professionally at the age of 16 for Benfica's reserve team in LigaPro on 17 September 2016, coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute for Aurélio Buta in a goalless draw at Freamunde. In doing so, he became the youngest player to debut for Benfica B. He played 13 matches and scored three goals over the season, the first being a consolation in a 2–1 loss to his hometown team Académico de Viseu on 15 February 2017. Later, on 30 January 2018, he scored a hat-trick in a 5–0 home win over Famalicão. During that season, Félix played in the 2016–17 UEFA Youth League, in which he was a key part of Benfica reaching the final of the competition, lost to Red Bull Salzburg (2–1); he scored six goals in the tournament.  Félix was then promoted to Benfica's first team for the 2018–19 season, making his debut in a 2–0 Primeira Liga win at Boavista on 18 August. A week later, he scored his first Primeira Liga goal, thus becoming the youngest player to score in the Lisbon derby, which ended in a 1–1 tie. On 16 January 2019, he scored the qualifying goal against Vitória de Guimarães in the Portuguese Cup quarter-finals. After Bruno Lage took over as coach of Benfica, his first decision was to use Félix more regularly, partnering him with Haris Seferović in the attack. Later on, Félix was praised for his performance in a 4–2 away win over Sporting CP in the league on 3 February, subsequently sparking interest from several European clubs. A month later, he scored the equaliser in a 2–1 away win over Porto in the league.  On 11 April 2019, Félix scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 UEFA Europa League win over Eintracht Frankfurt. In doing so, he became the youngest ever player (aged 19 years and 152 days) to score a hat-trick in the competition, breaking Marko Pjaca's record by 67 days. Félix finished his first season with 20 goals for his team, including one on the final day of the league campaign, in a 4–1 win over Santa Clara to seal the title; his 15 league goals put him joint-fourth for the season. Across Europe's seven best leagues, he ranked second among teenagers for goals and assists, behind Kai Havertz and Jadon Sancho, respectively.

Atlético Madrid.

On 3 July 2019, Félix signed a seven-year contract with Spanish club Atlético Madrid for a transfer fee of €126 million (£113 million), the third highest sum ever paid in football (this was also Benfica's biggest transfer and Atlético's most expensive signing ever) as well as the second highest fee ever paid for a teenager (after Kylian Mbappé), with the Spanish club initially paying €30 million and the rest €96 million via installments, thus surpassing Félix's €120 million release clause, and with Benfica paying €12 million in mediation services. Upon his arrival to the club he was handed the number 7 shirt, previously worn by Antoine Griezmann. Félix made his competitive debut on 19 August, in a 1–0 victory over Getafe. Despite not scoring a goal, he managed to win a penalty for Atlético after being fouled inside the box, which Álvaro Morata subsequently failed to convert, however. On 25 August, Félix provided an assist for Vitolo in a 1–0 away win over against CD Leganés. He scored his first La Liga goal on 1 September, in a 3–2 victory over Eibar; he was later substituted in the 84th minute for Thomas Partey. On 1 October, Félix scored his first UEFA Champions League goal and set up another goal in a 2–0 away victory against Lokomotiv Moscow, becoming the youngest goalscorer for Atlético Madrid in the competition in the process, at 19 years of age. On 19 October, Félix suffered an ankle injury against Valencia, after a rash challenge by Dani Parejo, leading his with only ten men on the pitch, as his coach Diego Simeone had already made the maximum number of allowed substitutions. Initially, Simeone thought that his injury was not too serious, until the club's medical team revealed that the ankle injury could be severe, leading him to be sidelined for one month. Félix made his return on 23 November in a 1–1 away draw against Granada CF. During this time, Félix was one of the 30 candidates who was nominated for the 2019 Ballon d'Or. On 27 November, he became the second Portuguese player, after Renato Sanches, to win the Golden Boy Award for the best player in Europe under the age of 21, ahead of Borussia Dortmund's Jadon Sancho. In December, Félix placed 28th place in the voting polls for the 2019 Ballon d'Or. Over the following months, Félix started to have difficulties in adapting to Diego Simeone's playing style, with Simeone trying to find his ideal position either as a right winger or second striker; he also struggled with the fact that the forwards under Simeone are expected to press their opponents frequently when playing off the ball, which often left him drained during match, while when in possession, he was also unable to create scoring chances, leading Spanish newspaper "Marca" to name him one of the most disappointing transfers of the season.  On 9 January 2020, Félix made his debut in the Supercopa de España, providing an assist for Koke in a 3–2 victory against Barcelona in the semi-final of the competition. During the match, Félix was involved in a altercation with Jordi Alba and his teammates Lionel Messi and Luis Suárez. On 12 January, Atlético Madrid lost to their rivals Real Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final. On 23 January, Félix made his Copa del Rey debut in the Round of 32, provind an assist for Ángel Correa in a 2–1 loss against Cultural Leonesa. Three days later, Félix suffered a second injury to his leg in a 0–0 home draw against CD Leganés, sidelining him once again for a month, and leading him to miss to Atlético Madrid's next three league matches, which included the second Madrid Derby of the season and Atlético Madrid's first leg of their round of 16 Champions League against defending champions Liverpool. He made his return on 23 February, replacing Vitolo in the 57th minute, and scoring the third goal in a 3–1 home victory against Villarreal. On 11 March 2020, during extra time in the second leg of the Champions League round-of-16 tie away to Liverpool, Félix provided an assist for Marcos Llorente in an eventual 3–2 win, which saw his team qualify to the quarterfinals of the competition. On May 25, it was announced that Félix suffured an injury on his left knee, leading him to be sidelined at least three weeks.

International career.

Youth.

On 14 June 2017, Félix began his international career with Portugal's under-18 team, debuting against Norway, replacing Elves Baldé in the 58th minute. In this friendly match, Félix scored two goals in a 3–0 victory in Lisbon. On 10 October 2017, Félix debuted for Portugal's under-21 team for the qualification of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, in a 3–1 defeat against Bosnia and Herzegovina, replacing Xadas in the 56th minute.  On 15 January 2018, Félix debuted for Portugal's under-19 team as a 27th minute substitute for an injured Jorge Teixeira in a 2–1 win over Turkey. On 23 March 2018, Félix scored his first international goal for Portugal's under-21 team in a 7–0 thrashing of Liechtenstein. In the end of the qualification process, he had scored four goals, helping guide Portugal to the play-offs. In the first leg of the play-offs, Portugal faced Poland in a 1–0 away victory, but eventually lost in the second leg in a 3–1 home defeat, failing to qualify for the tournament.  During his international youth career, Félix would go on to represent the under-18, under-19 and under-21 teams, amassing 14 youth caps and scoring 6 goals overall.

Senior.

On 15 March 2019, manager Fernando Santos called up Félix to the senior team for the first time, ahead of the opening UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches. During training with the national squad, Félix injured his foot and thus missed Portugal's match against Serbia on 25 March.  Félix was also selected for the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals squad on home soil. He made his international debut for the senior team on 5 June against Switzerland in the semi-finals, where he was substituted in the 71st minute of a 3–1 win. Four days later, Portugal defeated Netherlands 1–0 in the tournament's final.

Style of play.

Considered by Benfica to be one of the most promising players to have emerged from their youth ranks, in addition to being regarded by pundits as one of the most talented young players in world football, Félix is a highly skilful and technical player, who is capable of playing in several offensive positions, due to his versatility; throughout his career, he has been deployed as a striker, as a second striker, or even as a winger, although his primary position is that of an attacking midfielder. With Benfica, Félix usually played as a second striker in a 4–4–2 formation, where he was tasked with linking up the midfield with the attack, as well as creating opportunities for the team's main striker, while also being given the freedom to make runs into the box and score goals himself. With Atlético Madrid, he has occasionally played in a similar role, but has often been deployed as a right winger in the team's 4–4–2 formation. A quick and intelligent player, with an eye for goal, his primary traits are his speed, creativity, finishing, touch on the ball, and dribbling skills, as well as his vision and precise passing. His playing style has led him to be compared to Brazilian former playmaker Kaká and former Benfica players Rui Costa and João Pinto; he has also been likened by some in the media to compatriot Cristiano Ronaldo. Regarding Félix's playing style, in 2019 Rui Costa praised the youngster for his "understanding of the game," and his "ability to know where to be in front of goal."

Personal life.

Félix's parents, Carlos (father) and Carla (mother), are both teachers. He has a younger brother, Hugo, who plays for Benfica youth ranks. Growing up, Félix's idols were Kaká and Rui Costa, the latter a player he looked to emulate. Félix is in a relationship with Portuguese actress Margarida Corceiro, with the couple being discrete about their relationship at first, but later Corceiro publicly revealed it.  On April 14, 2020, Félix made a donation of equipment to a crowdfunding campaign to an hospital in his hometown in Viseu to help with the struggle of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Honours.

Benfica  Portugal  Individual

João Félix Sequeira (; born 10 November 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is known for his speed, finishing, technique and his dribbling and he can also play as a winger or an attacking midfielder.

João Félix Sequeira, né le à Viseu (Portugal), est un footballeur international portugais, qui évolue au poste d'ailier ou de milieu offensif au sein de l'Atlético de Madrid. Il est considéré, depuis son éclosion au Benfica Lisbonne au cours de la saison 2018-2019, comme un grand espoir du football mondial et depuis suscite énormément d'attente.


Early life.

Stallworth was born June 18, 1953 in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in El Paso, Texas, after his mother moved the family there. According to Stallworth, "[m]y mother's moving our family to El Paso was the best decision she ever made, as the city was a far cry from the poverty, gangs, and conflict in Chicago's South Side, where I would have come of age if she had not left."  Stallworth graduated from Austin High School in 1971, where he was a member of the student council, and a member of a district-wide advisory board; he was also voted "most popular".

Colorado Springs Police Department.

In the summer of 1972, his family moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, where Stallworth first took an interest in a career in law enforcement. He joined the department as a cadet in November 1972.  According to Stallworth himself, he knew, even as a cadet, that he wanted to work as an undercover police officer eventually. His first undercover assignment came when Kwame Ture was invited to speak at a black nightclub in Colorado Springs. Stallworth was asked if he would go undercover to observe the speech, and he eagerly accepted the assignment. He was subsequently assigned to the intelligence section of his department.

Infiltration of the Ku Klux Klan.

In 1979, Stallworth noticed a classified ad in the local paper seeking members to start a new chapter of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado Springs. Stallworth responded to the posting via mail to a P.O. box, and provided them an address and phone number. A member of the KKK called Stallworth, who then posed as a racist white man who "hated blacks, Jews, Mexicans, Asians". During the conversation, he learned that the man founding the new chapter was a soldier at nearby Fort Carson. Stallworth arranged to meet the man at a local bar and sent a white undercover narcotics officer, wired to record any conversations, to stand in for him at the meeting.  The subterfuge was a success, and Stallworth continued to pose as a KKK member for the next nine months, usually talking on the phone with other members and sending the white officer in his place when face-to-face meetings were necessary. Stallworth phoned David Duke, who was the Grand Wizard of the KKK at the time, at his headquarters in New Orleans to ask about the status of his membership application. Duke apologized for the delay in getting the application processed and promised to see to it personally that Stallworth's application was processed and sent to him. Within a short time, Stallworth's Klan certificate of membership arrived in the mail, signed by Duke. Stallworth framed the certificate and hung it on the wall of his office, where it stayed for years.

Retirement.

After the investigation into the Klan closed, Stallworth kept it a secret and told no one about his role in it. He transferred to the Utah Department of Public Safety, where he retired in 2005 after working as an investigator for nearly 20 years. After retirement he earned a bachelor's degree in criminal justice from Columbia College's Salt Lake City Campus in 2007.  In January 2006, Stallworth gave an interview to the "Deseret News" of Salt Lake City in which he related the details of his infiltration and investigation of the KKK. He disclosed that the investigation revealed several Klan members were active members of the United States Armed Forces, including two individuals posted at NORAD (the North American Aerospace Defense Command, which provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Northern America). The two at NORAD were reassigned and Stallworth was told that they were given remote postings, "somewhere like the North Pole or Greenland".  In 2014, Stallworth published a book, "Black Klansman", about his experience investigating the KKK. For his source material, he used a casebook that he assembled during the assignment and kept for himself after it was over. The book was taken to QC Entertainment by producer Shaun Redick to make a film based on it called "BlacKkKlansman". Spike Lee signed on as co-producer and director. Stallworth was repped on the deal by his manager, Andrew Frances of Adwater & Stir. The film was released in 2018, with John David Washington playing the role of Stallworth. "BlacKkKlansman" won the Grand Prize of the Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. "BlacKkKlansman" was also nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Ron Stallworth (born June 18, 1953) is an American retired police officer who infiltrated the ranks of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in the late 1970s. He was the first African-American police officer and detective in the Colorado Springs Police Department.

Ron Stallworth est un policier américain à la retraite né le, ayant infiltré les rangs du Ku Klux Klan à Colorado Springs, dans le Colorado à la fin des. Il a également infiltré une organisation révolutionnaire noire dans le cadre de COINTELPRO (programme de contre-espionnage du FBI). Il a été le premier policier et inspecteur afro-américain au sein de la police de Colorado Springs.


Biography.

Medea Abrahamyan was born in 1932 in Yerevan. She received her musical education at the ten-year Tchaikovsky Music School of Yerevan and later at Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory. In 1956, she graduated from Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory and was one of the students of world-famous cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. She is a recipient of awards at the Vihaan International Festival of Arts (2-nd Prize, 1955), the First Youth Festival of Armenia (1st Prize, 1957) and the Moscow All-Union Competition for Cellists (1-st Prize, 1961).  Medea Abrahamyan’s art has been admired and warmly received by people in numerous countries around the world, including France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Iceland, Korea, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Syria, Lebanon, the republics of the former USSR and more. Alongside her performances of the works of classical and contemporary composers, the works of Armenian composers for the cello form a major part of the extensive list of performances by Medea Abrahamyan. Moreover, she has been the one who has performed most of these works for the first time, and those works have been created with her direct participation and have been dedicated to her.  Alongside her concerts, Medea Abrahamyan has also lectured at Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory and the ten-year Tchaikovsky School for decades. She has taught students of different nationalities and educated generations of musicians in her classroom, which is now widely recognized in not only Armenia, but also abroad.  She has been a member of the juries of several international, All-Union and republican competitions and has given master classes.

Bibliography.

Books  Journal & newspaper articles

Medea Abrahamyan () is an Armenian cellist, People’s Artist of Armenian SSR (1980). Professor of the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory (1983).

Medea Abrahamyan () est une violoncelliste arménienne née le, Artiste du Peuple de l'URSS (1980). Professeur du Komitas State Conservatory de Erevan (1983).


Gameplay.

Unlike the classic "King's Quest" video games, the new "King's Quest" is not a point-and-click adventure. Instead, it is an adventure game that tasks players to control Graham, who ventures to different places to become a knight. The movement of Graham can be completely controlled by players. According to Matt Korba, the game's creative director, the game's controls focuses on "one-button context." As a result, the game does not have any complicated interfaces or controls. Throughout the game, players can interact with different objects in the environment. For instance, players can pick up, gather, and inspect different scenery items. They can switch to first-person perspective when inspecting them.  The game is narrated by the elderly King Graham and his granddaughter Gwendolyn. Players' actions in the game change the narrative. For instance, performing certain actions unlocks additional dialogue. When players make wrong decisions and die, Graham replies with phrases such as "That's what would have happened if I did that", before players re-spawn. Players also make decisions throughout the game that are divided into three different approaches, bravery, wisdom, and compassion. Actions performed by players have consequences and impact the game's story, and as a result, change the game's overall experience. Most of these choices are game play-based. According to Korba, all the choices made by Graham are heroic, and there is no way for players to build a "bad" Graham.  The first section of the game is linear, i.e., levels open sequentially. Players are free to explore levels, and the game does not feature any prescribed or predetermined paths. Players can also use a variety of methods to complete their objectives, and are tasked to solve various puzzles in the game, even though there are no fixed solutions to these puzzles. Players can also have conversations with anyone in the game. The game features branching dialogue. In addition, the game features some action sequences, quick-time events, and on-rail platform elements.

Plot.

In "King's Quest", King Graham shares his previous adventures with his curious granddaughter, Gwendolyn. It is through these tales that Gwendolyn learns about the life led by her grandfather.  Along with new stories, the series re-imagines certain events, elements and backstories from previous games. Some of Graham's backstory even differs from that given in Sierra's previous material. Rather than having grown up in Daventry, he is now an outsider that has recently come to the land. The main tale of Chapter I, according to Graham, is from the time when he was but a lad, before he was a knight, and before he came to Daventry for the first time from Llewdor. He has only read about Daventry from travel guides he used to read as a child, and could not wait to see its famous landmarks for himself (the kingdom is reimagined as a bustling walled city surrounding Castle Daventry, where as in the original game the castle was a lonely keep, surrounded by mostly wilderness).  Classic games as well as "The King's Quest Companion" are reused for references and reimagined events including places from the expanded universe. "Chapter 1"'s prologue reimagines events from "King's Quest I: Quest for the Crown" and focuses on the Mirror of the three treasures as the main treasure Edward sent Graham on to become king of Daventry (as it had been the only treasure stolen from him), the events of the dragon's lair from the "King's Quest I" are completely reimagined as an action sequence involving being chased by the dragon, and having to make a final choice on how to distract the dragon to escape back up the well to the surface. Later chapters put further focus on the mirror, and point out that he went on separate adventures throughout his life for other treasures as well (including the Shield and Chest), and wants to go on adventures to find even more lost treasures of Daventry even in his old age to save his legacy.  The main is about Graham coming to the kingdom to take part in a Knight Tournament to become a Knight of Daventry, and the winner will also be in the running to become the next king. The story involves Graham having to defeat each of the other knights at various challenges. He befriends one of the knights Achaka, who teaches him how to properly use his bow, but witnesses his death to the dragon (Achaka is often seen to be his 'best' and lost friend throughout the series, even as much as seeing his ghost in the final chapter). Ultimately he defeats the last knight Manny at a game of Wits, and banishes the evil knight from the kingdom.  "Chapter 3: Once Upon A Climb" completely reimagines the events from "King's Quest II: Romancing the Throne" by taking the story of the princess trapped in the tower by an evil witch Hagatha, but now there are two princesses trapped in the same tower, trapped along with the witch who is herself a princess as well. Graham himself becomes trapped with them in the tower, and has to figure out how to escape. The player ends up choosing between the two princesses (both who will end up the 'canon' Valanice for the player based on whoever is chosen) to be his wife. The synopsis suggests that the original story players may remember was only a fairy tale, and that the new series tells the real and more complicated story.  "Chapter 4: Snow Place Like Home" reimagined elements of "King's Quest III: To Heir Is Human", including the details of how Alexander was stolen with the Royal Family (in the original story it is said Alexander had 'disappeared', and no one knew what had happened to him or who had taken him), as well as elements of Alexander's stay in Llewdor. Manannan fled there soon after the kidnapping, with Alexander imprisoned in a mansion. Alexander and Mordon were trained in magic in preparation to conquer Daventry, and usurp the throne.  Alexander eventually escaped by turning his master into a cat, and returned to a relatively peaceful Daventry. Surprising the royal family as they discuss vacation plans, they decide to allow Alexander to accompany them, and ultimately end up travelling to a mysterious Ice Labyrinth. The princess whom the player did not choose turns out to be Icebella (reimagining some of the details from ""). Icebella is ultimately killed by Manny (in the form of a Sphinx). Manny is defeated again by Alexander, who uses a magic cookie to transform him back into a cat. In the end, one of Icebella's ice guardian creations picks up her crown and declares herself the new Icebella (foreshadowing the Icebella Graham would later encounter during his quest in "King's Quest V"). Mordon ends dropping his "slave name", and changes his name to Mordack, further foreshadowing "King's Quest V". Some of Alexander's dialogue also foreshadows events of ""; he mentions that a crystal ball predicted that he would encounter a minotaur in a labyrinth in the future, and that he would encounter a woman with olive skin and green eyes.  "Chapter 5: The Good Knight" takes place late in Graham's life as an elderly man. He has one last encounter with Manny -- a chance to prove he is still healthy and sound of mind. The events of "King's Quest V" are revised, as well; rather than stonework, the location where Graham and Mordack had their magical duel had wooden floor boards, which he hid under after casting a fire spell. Similar references are made to "King's Quest VI", including the idea that Graham is contemplating his mortality, and his travels to the Realm of the Dead to stand before Samhain (rather than Daventry's afterlife Dimension of Death from ""). One reference in particular shows the gates to Realm of the Dead in their classic digitized-watercolor style. Graham manages to save his kingdom, but is poisoned in the process, and Manny tries to exact his final revenge; Mordack takes pity on Graham (as he had been manipulated and abused by Manannan as well) and saves the king. The former rivals become friends.  The framing story takes place in the last weeks or months of Graham's life while he is bedridden from the poison in Chapter 5. King Graham is relating the tales of his life to his grand-daughter, Gwendolyn, to assist her in becoming a wise and just ruler when he passes on. To ensure that Gwendolyn will be allowed to assume the throne, Graham revises the laws of Daventry, which previously stated that only a male heir could take the throne. As the poison takes its toll, Graham sees the ghost of his old friend Achaka, and begins to forget the details of many of his adventures; Gwendolyn fills in the gaps where possible, and eventually concludes Graham's story by interpreting the events he had already related. Graham passes away later that night, leaving a letter for Gwendolyn to read that urges her to build her own legacy, rather than relying on his.  In the Epilogue, Gwendolyn (presumably the heir to the throne) embarks on her own adventure: the hunt for a yarblesnoof (a turkey-like lizard/dinosaur creature). Along the way, she encounters Achaka's own granddaughter, Taskia, who arrived in Daventry to defeat a dragon and avenge Achaka. When the two located the dragon, they discover that it's still an infant, innocent of any involvement in Achaka's death. The two befriend the dragon and return to the castle.

Development.

There were multiple attempts to reboot the franchise following 1998's "", none of which went past the announcement or concept stages. In August 2014, Activision announced that they had revived the Sierra brand and had passed development responsibilities for a new game to The Odd Gentlemen. Due to its length, the game was split into multiple chapters with a staggered release schedule. The script for the first chapter alone was 640 pages long, and included branching paths, Easter eggs, narration, object use and interaction, and dialogue trees. Each chapter of the series was longer and more complex than some similar episodic series, such as those made by Telltale Games. The game includes vocal performances by actors Christopher Lloyd, Wallace Shawn, Cherami Leigh, Tom Kenny, Josh Keaton, Maggie Elizabeth Jones, and Zelda Williams.

Release.

The game was released in five parts in 2015 and 2016, with an optional playable Epilogue only included in "King's Quest: The Complete Collection" edition. If the first series with Graham does well, future "King's Quest" series (similar to "seasons") by The Odd Gentlemen would follow other members of the royal family.

Reception.

Chapter I: "A Knight to Remember".

"Chapter I: A Knight to Remember" received positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 82/100 based on 23 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 77/100 based on 22 reviews and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 26 reviews.

Chapter II: "Rubble Without a Cause".

"Chapter II: Rubble Without a Cause" received mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 67/100 based on 7 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 68/100 based on 12 reviews and the Xbox One version 71/100 based on 11 reviews.

Chapter III: "Once Upon A Climb".

"Chapter III: Once Upon A Climb" received positive reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 78/100 based on 4 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 79/100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 8 reviews.

Chapter IV: "Snow Place Like Home".

"Chapter IV: Snow Place Like Home" received mixed reviews. Chris Carter from Destructoid gave this chapter a 9/10 for being "A hallmark of excellence. It may have some flaws, but they are negligible to what is otherwise a supreme title", while Chandler Wood from PlayStation Lifestyle had some mixed feelings about the chapter, giving it 5.5 being happy with "Some great cultural references and lines/Seeing Graham continue to grow" but generally disliking the "Cold and dull environment/Boring and dated puzzle design/Lack of meaningful choices/Underplays capabilities showcased in prior chapters."

Chapter V: "The Good Knight".

"Chapter V: The Good Knight" received generally positive reviews. Chris Carter from Destructoid gave this chapter 8.5/10 for an "Impressive effort with a few noticeable problems holding it back. Won't astound everyone, but is worth most people's time and cash." Chandler Wood from PlayStation Lifestyle was pleased with this chapter this time around, giving the game 8/10, praising the "Deep subjects of mortality, life accomplishments, and what we leave behind/Callbacks to "King's Quest" through the years/Conclusion that pulls the whole saga into context and finishes it out nicely" although being unhappy with the "sudden memory loss" and "some puzzle design is flawed".

King's Quest is an episodic video game series developed by The Odd Gentlemen and published by Activision under the Sierra Entertainment brand name for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. It is a new re-imagining of the long-running "King's Quest" series. While it is an adventure game like the previous games in the series, the interface is not fully point-and-click (the PC version only uses point-and-click for the dialogue and first person scenes).

King's Quest est un jeu vidéo d'aventure épisodique développé par The Odd Gentlemen et édité par Activision, sorti en 2015 sur Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 et Xbox One.


History.

When first released, it was shown in theaters as a "one-time-only" event on March 24, 1970 for one night only. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary, Features. In 1999, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.  After its "one-time-only" showing it was occasionally seen on commercial television (unedited and with limited interruption) and for a short period released for home video on the Pacific Arts label and distributed to the educational market by Richard Kaplan Productions. Then for many years it was no longer available and rarely seen. Finally, in 2010 Richard Kaplan, who had long felt that "King" should be seen by a new generation who knew of it only by reputation, set up a not-for-profit company, A Filmed Record Inc., and produced a DVD using master elements he had stored over the years. A Filmed Record, Inc. released the DVD and "King" was once again available after 40 years of being a "lost" film.  In 2012 A Filmed Record, Inc. (with the cooperation of the estate of Ely Landau producer of the original film) entered into an agreement with Kino Lorber giving them worldwide exclusive rights to distribute "King" and to make possible its being seen by the largest possible audience. Kino Lorber, Inc., in partnership with The Library of Congress and with the cooperation of the Museum of Modern Art, restored and remastered the original enabling 35 mm prints and made the film available on DVD and Blu-ray. Kino Lorber and Kaplan prepared a nationwide commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington and King's "I Have a Dream" speech, which was screened at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's BAMcinématek on August 13, 2013, followed by a screening at Film Forum on August 28, 2013. Kino Lorber is also launching an educational outreach campaign to provide a 24-minute abridged version of the film, titled "Legacy of a Dream", to every high school in America.

King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis is a 1970 American documentary film biography of Martin Luther King Jr. and his creation and leadership of the nonviolent campaign for civil rights and social and economic justice in the Civil Rights Movement. It uses only original newsreel and other primary material, unvarnished and unretouched, and covers the period from the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 and 1956 through his assassination in 1968. The original newsreel segments are framed by celebrity narrators Harry Belafonte, Ruby Dee, Ben Gazzara, Charlton Heston, James Earl Jones, Burt Lancaster, Paul Newman, Anthony Quinn, Clarence Williams III, and Joanne Woodward. The movie was produced by Ely Landau and directed by Sidney Lumet in what was the only documentary he would direct in his whole film career, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Richard J. Kaplan was the associate producer in charge of production.

King : de Montgomery à Memphis est un film américain réalisé par Sidney Lumet et Joseph L. Mankiewicz, sorti en 1970.


Plot.

As described in a film magazine, Leo Peret (Lestina) has a small quiet tobacco shop in Greenwich Village. Edward Livingston (Harron), a wealthy young clubman and man-about-town, comes in frequently ostensibly to buy cigarettes but in reality to talk to the daughter Jeannette (Gish), and he is soon in love with the little shop girl. Leo is homesick for his native France, but lacks the funds to make the passage. Edward, learning of their plight, sends $1,000 with a note saying that the money is payment for a good deed. Leo accepts the money and he and Jeannette embark at once. In France Leo regains his health but suffers a broken leg. When Edward learns of this he goes to France and seeks out Jeannette to resume his lovemaking. He finds that he has a rival, however, in Mons Le Bebe, a grocer, and after forcefully embracing Jeannette one evening, she bids him to be gone forever. She is discouraged over Le Bebe's fondness for garlic and his refusal to accept the beauties of "Chantecler". But a chicken is just a chicken to Le Bebe.  War with Germany is declared and Le Bebe marches off to battle with Jeannette's blessing. The French soldiers are driven from the town by the Germans and Jeannette, her father and aunt, and little Peaches (Jackson) seek safety in the cellar. Leo is trusted with the hiding place of a telephone and he volunteers to keep the French posted. In defense of the town Le Bebe is shot in the leg, and he drags himself to the cellar. Jeannette hides him under some sand and he escapes capture. Meanwhile, Edward has enlisted in the American army that comes to the aid of France, and although he despises his fellow soldiers, he is a brave man. In a charge two companies become mixed and he finds himself in a shell hole with a black soldier who is dying. Edward's manliness asserts itself and he accomplishes the soldier's final request.  Leo is discovered listening to a German officer (Peil) discussing plans and is shot. He creeps back to the cellar and Jeannette relays the information by telephone to the French. Just as the Germans reach the cellar and force their way in, American troops enter the town. Le Bebe dies defending Jeannette, and she is saved from death by an American scouting party led by Edward. Later at the town's bakery shop, Jeannette hands out cakes and pies to the soldiers. Edward renews his lovemaking, and she is pleased with her American sweetheart.

Background.

After attaining significant fame as a director of war pictures, D. W. Griffith was invited by the British government to film on actual World War I battlefields. Griffith had originally intended to make only a single picture with the material, but came back with over 86,000 feet and decided to turn it into three.  The chief production was "Hearts of the World", with "The Great Love" and "The Greatest Thing in Life" made with the leftover battlefield footage. Some of the footage was filmed on the Marne River in Château-Thierry, France. There is some speculation, however, as to whether some of the shots originated in Salisbury Plain, in the United Kingdom, or was footage purchased by Griffith from Franz Kleinschmidt.

Preservation status.

The film is now considered to be a lost film as no prints are known to exist. Previously, the Cohen Media Group listed this film as part of their holdings from Raymond Rohauer collection, but this turned out to be an error.

The Greatest Thing in Life is a 1918 American silent drama film about World War I, directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish, Robert Harron, and David Butler. The film is now considered lost as no prints are known to exist.

Une fleur dans les ruines ("The Greatest Thing in Life") est un film américain réalisé par D. W. Griffith, sorti en 1918.


Early life and education.

Chencho Gyeltshen hails from Paro District. He started playing football in primary school, with his brother inspiring him to play. He cites Cristiano Ronaldo as the player who is his inspiration. From class six to ten, he studied in Loselling MSS. He attended Kelki Higher Secondary School until class XII. He originally intended to become a martial artist before deciding to stop his studies to become a professional football player.

Club career.

Yeedzin.

From 2008 to 2014, he played for Yeedzin in the Bhutan National League. In 2013, he won the league championship with the club. With the club, he also finished runner-up in the 2013 King's Cup. The club was defeated by a score of 2–4 by Manang Marshyangdi of Nepal in the final despite Gyeltshen's two goal performance.

Druk United.

In 2014 he played for and was captain of Druk United of the Thimphu League. He played for the team in the 2014 King's Cup and scored two goals against Indian club Mohun Bagan.

Thimphu.

In 2015, Chencho Gyeltshen played for Thimphu. He made his league debut for the club against Thimphu City on 5 April. He scored seventeen goals in ten matches in the Thimphu League and finished the season as the league's top scorer.

Interest abroad.

In 2014, he was offered to sign with Nepalese club Machhindra FC after his performance at the 2013 King's Cup and was reported to agree to join with the club but could not do so until the next year due to his studies. In early 2015, Gyeltshen went on a month-long trial with Buriram United of the Thai Premier League. He played in friendlies against several Thai teams and scored the game-winning goal in the match against Thai Premier League club Sisaket F.C. after coming on as a second-half substitute. He scored five minutes after entering the match in the 80th minute. He was originally scheduled to return to Bhutan before the friendlies but was forced to stay a few days longer when his flight was cancelled. While in Thailand, he was offered deals by Indian Super League clubs Delhi Dynamos and Pune City. However, no official offers were ever presented. The player said that if the offers had been made officially and had come a bit earlier he would have chosen to play in the ISL so that he could play alongside the stars that the league had been attracting in recent years. With Buriram, Gyeltshen also won the Coke Cup Under-19 Championship in 2015.

Surin City.

In July 2015 Thai club Surin City, a reserve team of Buriram United, completed the signing of Gyeltshen from Thimphu United with the Bhutan international forward agreeing a 1.5 year contract with a monthly salary of Nu 100,000. The offer was presented to the player by Alexandre Gama, manager of the first team. With the contract, Gyeltshen became the first Bhutanese footballer to play professionally for an international club. On 7 July 2015, it was revealed that the player had actually been signed by Buriram United along with two other players and was loaned immediately to Surin City.  Gyeltshen made his league debut for Surin City on 5 July 2015 in a match against Kalasin. He was given the number 11 shirt. By 24 September 2015, he had scored eight goals in eight league matches for Surin City, including a hat-trick, after 33 rounds of the 34 round season. Surin finished in 10th position in the Northeast Division, missing out on qualification for the playoffs.

Nonthaburi F.C..

On 7 February 2016, it was announced that Gyeltshen would go on loan to Nonthaburi, also of the Thai Division 2.

Satun United.

Less than a month after it was announced that he would join Nonthaburi, it was announced that Gyeltshen had terminated his contract with Buriram United and signed a 2-year contract with Satun United F.C. Following the season, it was announced that Gyeltshen was leaving the club.

Return to Thimphu.

Following his departure from Satun United, Gyeltshen returned to Bhutan and signed for former club Thimphu FC. He made his first appearance back for the club on 2 July in the team's opening match against Thimphu City FC. He scored his first goal back for the club on the following matchday in a match against Ugyen Academy. In his first season with the club, Gyeltshen was the top scorer in the Bhutan National League with 15 goals in 10 league matches.

Terton.

Following the 2016 season, it was announced that Gyeltshen would be joining Bhutan National League Champions Terton for their 2017 AFC Cup qualification campaign. He started the club's first match of qualification, a 0–0 draw with Tatung F.C. of Taiwan. In the team's next match, Gyeltshen scored two goals as Terton defeated Sheikh Russel KC of Bangladesh 4–3 to win their group and advance to the qualifying playoff group alongside FC Dordoi Bishkek and Three Star Club.

Chittagong Abahani.

In October 2016 it was announced that Gyeltshen would join Chittagong Abahani of the Bangladesh Premier League for the second leg of the 2016 season on an initial 3-month contract. He was spotted by the club during Bangladesh's two-leg series against Bhutan during 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification in which he scored a brace in the second match to help win the series 3–1 on aggregate. With a reported monthly salary of at least US $4,000 or Nu 270,000 Gyeltshen became the highest paid athlete in the country. Prior to signing with Chittagong, he also received a contract offer from Uttar Baridhara SC, another Bangladesh Premier League club. The offer was reportedly worth half of the value of his deal with Chittagong. He made his debut for the club on 7 November 2016 in a league match against Mohammedan SC. The match ended in a 1–0 victory. Gyeltshen scored his first goal for the club on 23 November 2016 in his second appearance for the club, a 2–0 victory over Uttar Baridhara SC. On 30 December 2016 it was announced that Gyeltshen's stint with the club had ended and that he would return to Bhutan. In total, he scored 5 goals in 7 league matches with the club.

Thimphu City.

In January 2017 it was announced that Gyeltshen would be part of Thimphu City's squad for their 2017 AFC Cup qualifying play-off match against Club Valencia of the Maldives on 31 January. He appeared in the eventual 0–0 draw as a 50th-minute substitute for Lungtok Dawa. Thimphu City replaced Terton which advanced to the qualifying play-off by winning their group during the qualifying round. Thimphu City were the first Bhutanese team to compete at this advanced of a stage in the tournament. He started in the away leg and played the entire 90 minutes but Thimphu City was eliminated with the 0–3 defeat at the National Stadium in Malé.  During the 2017 Thimphu League season, Gyeltshen scored 22 goals in 14 league matches, making him the league's top scorer for the second consecutive season. Thimphu City were also champions of the league that season. The club went on to earn second place in the 2017 Bhutan National League behind Transport United.

Minerva Punjab.

In August 2017 it was announced that Gyeltshen joined Indian I-League side Minerva Punjab on an initial 1-year deal until May 2018. He joined the club on 18 October to begin preseason training prior to the 2017–18 season. Gyeltshen made his debut for the club on 31 October against reigning champions of the Punjab State Super Football League Rail Coach Factory FC in a preseason friendly. Eight days later he scored a hattrick for the club in a 3–2 preseason victory over powerhouse Bengaluru FC. He became a key figure in the Minerva side as they mounted a surprise title challenge, winning the title with a victory over Churchill Brothers S.C. on the final matchday.

Bengaluru FC.

In June 2018 it was announced that Gyeltshen joined Indian Super League side Bengaluru FC on an initial one-year deal until May 2019.

NEROCA FC.

In January 2019, Chencho was loaned to I-league club NEROCA FC from Bengaluru FC until end of the season.

International career.

Gyeltshen has represented Bhutan at the U12, U13, U15, U17, and U19 levels. In 2007, he was selected to play for the U13 team after noticing the team practice while he walked home from school.  Gyeltshen scored on his senior début for Bhutan on 19 March 2011 in a friendly against fellow Himalayan state Nepal. On 12 March 2015, he and the rest of the Bhutan team recorded its first World Cup qualification win in history with a 1–0 victory over Sri Lanka. In the second leg of the series at Bhutan's national Changlimithang Stadium, Gyeltshen scored twice, with his first goal coming in the 5th minute as he lifted the ball over Sri Lanka's onrushing goalie and into the far corner of the net. With the score tied 1–1 in second half stoppage time, Gyeltshen dribbled away from the goal box in the left corner of the penalty area, spun, and struck a shot that eluded two defenders and the goalkeeper as it slipped into the near corner. The victory and reaching the second round of qualification for the first time while being ranked the lowest team in the world was described by the team as "a historic moment to remember."

Chencho Gyeltshen (born 10 May 1996) is a Bhutanese international footballer who plays as a forward for the Bhutan national football team. He is also Bhutan's all-time leading international goal scorer.

Chencho Gyeltshen (né le dans le district de Paro au Bhoutan) est un footballeur international bhoutanais. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant en faveur du Bengaluru FC.


History.

According to tradition, in 1830 a man named Walser traveled through the area where the town later was located. When he returned home to Salem, North Carolina, he told of the beautiful forests, prairies, streams, and wild game he had seen. A number of Moravian families, hearing these reports, moved from North Carolina to take up land in this area. The earliest of these settlers was Adam Hedrick, who purchased his land on August 25, 1830. Second was Peter Hinkle, who claimed his land on May 30, 1831.  From 1841 to 1846 the new Moravian settlers were working with the headquarters of the southern province of the Moravian Church in Salem (Old Salem), North Carolina, in establishing a congregation. William Eberman, the Moravian pastor at Hope, Indiana, was sent to visit and preach for them in the fall of 1841. Many other settlers followed, until by 1843, more than 80 families lived within a radius of what was to become West Salem, most of them Moravians. But in 1843, it was Martin Hauser, a Moravian home missionary also from Hope, Indiana, who would be instrumental not only in starting a Moravian Church, but also in helping to establish the town. On Saturday, May 25, 1844, a meeting was held in Peter Hinkle's barn, where heads of 15 families came forward and signed the Brotherly Agreement and Constitution that formed the new Moravian congregation. On his way home to Hope, in 1845, Hauser stopped at the federal land Office in Palestine, Illinois, to buy, in the name of the church, of land on which West Salem is presently located. He was acting as attorney-in-fact for Rev. Charles Kluge, President of the Synod of the Southern Provincial Conference of the Moravian Church of North America.  In the years that followed, the new community of West Salem began to thrive but also to experience challenges as well. In 1849, more than 60 immigrants from Germany arrived, hoping to build homes and gravitating towards the Moravian Church. They were warmly received, but before long trouble developed between the Germans and the original English-speaking settlers. Language differences caused part of the difficulty, but the old German ideas and customs added to it. The congregations separated into "divisions", one English and one German, each with its own official board and its own pastor, but sharing the use of the church building and cemetery. After nine years of this arrangement, they became two separate congregations on February 7, 1858. The Germans retained the old church, and the English built a new church on the south side of the public square. This building was dedicated on August 14, 1859. The English retained the old cemetery, while the Germans laid out a cemetery adjacent to it. On April 10, 1892, the German congregation dedicated a new building, the present Moravian Church. Eventually the German American group began using the English language and gradually came to accept American ways. On June 13, 1925, the two congregations were reunited. The two cemeteries, which were gradually growing together, also were united at that time.  West Salem was not incorporated until 1857. When the Moravians first began arriving in the area, and Martin Hauser realized there was potential for a settlement, the group chose the name "New Salem", since they had traveled to Illinois from Salem, North Carolina. However, when it came time to establish a post office, it was discovered that Illinois already had a New Salem located near Springfield, where Abraham Lincoln had lived and operated a store. Accordingly, the settlers had to choose a new name and decided to call their village "West Salem", because it lay west of Salem, North Carolina, where they had come from. To the confusion of travelers ever since, this left West Salem "east" of Salem, Illinois, incorporated two years earlier. Records of the Illinois Secretary of State show that the official incorporation of West Salem took place on February 8, 1857.  The settlement was organized as a village on February 5, 1898, with 69 voting for organization and two voting against. Its first recorded Board of Trustees was William Foster Sr. (president), J.H. McDowell, J.B. Michael, E.G. Altner, George Pixley (clerk), A.L. Hammaker (treasurer), and J.B. Michel.  The first recorded organized board meeting of the village of West Salem took place on August 24, 1914. Those taking office were President Charles Pixley and Trustees James Fry, Leona Voigt, Dow Harrison, Arthur Clodfelter, E. Greathouse, and Charles Couch. Stuart Walser was clerk. Records in Village Hall do not show how these persons became the first officers, but they do not show an election of April 1915. At that time, those elected drew lots for one- or two-year terms. At the August 1914 meeting an attorney, John A. McNeil, was hired for $50 to draft a complete set of ordinances. These ordinances set boundaries and territories, set the fiscal year and meeting times, approve a corporate seal, set rules for committees and village officers, street labor, concerning peace, special elections, tax levies, annual appropriations, gaming, local improvements, establishing a prison, fines, traffic laws, etc. Thirty-one ordinances were approved by the end of 1915.  In 1951 a much needed water system was put into operation. Water was supplied from the shale pit and a lake. In 1962 a sewer system was completed, and outhouses finally went away for good. In March 2002 the village of West Salem signed a 40-year water purchase contract with RE Water Corporation. A 150,000 water storage tank was erected at the water plant.  In 1957 the West Salem Centennial Committee used funds to purchase land to be used as a park and baseball recreation area since the prior area was now being used for industrial development. The new park was called Centennial Park. The area has been used for youth baseball, as well as for circuses and other community events. One of the most popular events is the annual fireworks display held around the 4th of July every year and sponsored by the West Salem Volunteer Fire Department. In 1965 property was bought for a village hall at 106 East South Street. A building was erected housing the volunteer fire department and the office for the clerk and treasurer, as well as a meeting room and the police department. In 1998 property just east of the village hall was purchased and the building was extended. In 1967, the West Salem Public Library opened their doors.  West Salem celebrated its centennial in 1957 and its sesquicentennial on June 29-July 1 of 2007.

Geography.

West Salem is located in northeastern Edwards County, northeast of Albion, the county seat. According to the 2010 census, West Salem has a total area of, all land.

Earthquakes.

West Salem is within the Wabash Valley seismic zone. On April 3, 1974, an earthquake of magnitude 4.3 struck at coordinates 38.549N 88.072W, just to the northwest of town, and caused minor damage such as toppling chimneys and tombstones.  On April 18, 2008, at 09:36:56 UTC (04:36:56 Central) a moderate earthquake of 5.2 magnitude was centered near the village. It was felt across southern Illinois, central Indiana and eastern portions of Missouri including St. Louis, away.  On November 20, 2012, a magnitude 3.6 earthquake shook the village and was felt in Evansville, Indiana.

Industry.

Early industry.

While West Salem is located in a rural area, it has had several types of industries.  As early as the 1850s a cooper's shop was in operation to supply barrels for packing fruits. A three-story frame building was built by Frederick Luther in 1878. It was used as a flour mill and was operated by a stationary steam engine. A saw mill was also operated in conjunction with the mill. In later years the Mallison Brothers also operated a flour mill and grain elevator.  By June 4, 1891, the "West Salem Gazette" was painting a rosy picture of the fruit industry here. Blackberries, strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, and other fruits were raised very successfully. West Salem also once boasted a pure ice and power plant located south of the present Baker Seed Elevator.

Brick industry.

The industry that probably did most for the early development of West Salem was its brick plant. A letterhead of 1918 states that the plant had a capacity of 22,000 bricks a day. At its peak it employed 50 men, who earned an average wage of $18 per week. The First Christian Church was built with bricks produced by this plant.

Champion Laboratories.

It was the brick industry that gave West Salem local renown, but it has been Champion Laboratories that gave West Salem national recognition as a major supplier of automotive filters.  In the 1950s the West Salem Industrial Foundation, which later became known as the West Salem Development Association, began a drive to attract new industry to the West Salem-Bone Gap area. A sum of $12,000 was reached initially. The plan was to pay $10,000 to an agency to find a tenant for an as yet unbuilt industrial building. Howard Gaither, Arthur McDowell, and John Beehn were instrumental in the process of seeking a manufacturing business for the community. Late in 1954 an oral agreement was reached with the firm Potter and Brumfield. Under it Gaither, McDowell, and Beehn would invest cash and Harry Clemmons would invest his machinery (he owned Kleen Pak Manufacturing) in a new company known as Kleen-Pak Corporation. Howard Gaither, one of the founding fathers of Kleen-Pak/Champion, served as company president from 1955 to 1981 and Harry Clemmons served as Vice President before selling his stake in the company.  Construction of the original building began in February 1955 after the company was founded and with more community leaders coming on board for support. In 1958 Kleen-Pak merged with the Pyroil Company of La Crosse, Wisconsin. In 1956 Pyroil had purchased Champion Laboratories of Meriden, Connecticut, a filter assembly operation. Champion moved to West Salem and merged with Kleen-Pak. The merged companies continue to prosper. In 1966 an Albion plant was constructed and new buildings and additions have been made since.  In September 2007 all production operations at the West Salem facility were moved to the Albion facility. Champion is currently owned by United Components, Inc., located in Evansville, Indiana. Champion is the largest manufacturer in the U.S. of automotive filters for both new vehicles and the aftermarket. Champion employs more than 1,500 people in its manufacturing facilities in Edwards County, Illinois.

Oil industry.

In the early 1980s West Salem experienced an oil boom. At one time as many as 32 wells were pumping oil. Coming at a time when most town and county budgets were seeing red ink, the West Salem village audit of the fiscal year ending in April 1981 revealed a surplus of just over $3,500, due to the oil boom.

Vision Alliance Corporation.

Vision Alliance Corporation is a venture started by Don and Joni Millman of West Salem. It was started to provide contract manufacturing and sub-assembly services to Tier 1 suppliers in the automotive industry and to offer jobs for the village of West Salem and surrounding area.  The "vision" started in July 2002. Shortly after Don received his MBA, he was informed that his current job was being relocated away. They were faced with either moving with Don's current job or finding other options that would allow them to stay in the area close to their family. Using a business plan developed during the completion of his MBA, Don and Joni set out to raise capital and find a home for the business.  They approached the West Salem Development Association for help in finding a place for Vision Alliance to build. Steve Thomason, Association President, informed them that the "Engineering Building" owned by Champion Laboratories, Inc. was available to the Association and, if wanted, the Association would procure it for Vision Alliance Corporation. Once a facility was found, then raising capital became more feasible and Vision Alliance Corporation was incorporated.  In February 2006 Vision Alliance Corporation received its first contract award to supply assemblies to Xenia Manufacturing Inc. On March 13, 2006 Vision Alliance Corporation began production. A second contract was awarded in May and another in October 2006 raising the employment to 11 full-time and 4 part-time employees.

Newspapers and communications.

Several underground blogs and websites exist in the West Salem area. The town's newspaper, the Edwards County "Times-Advocate" closed in 2014.  The "West Salem Advocate" began publication on February 1, 1900. The founder of the "Advocate", W.S. Baichley, published the paper until March 1940 when he retired at the age of 72. Upon his retirement, Baichley sold the business to H.F. Gerlach of Evansville, Illinois. In 1959 Joe Stoll purchased the paper from Gerlach. The paper remained in the same location, but in 1976 faced competition for readership for the first time. Harry Bradham had started a new publication called the "Independent Times". With two newspapers in the small community, the competition was fierce and Stoll sold the "Advocate" to Harry Bradhan in 1984.  Harry Bradham continued to publish both the "Times" and "Advocate" for a period of time, but a merger was inevitable. In 1986 the "Edwards County Times-Advocate" hit the newsstands. Harry Bradham continued to publish the paper until his death in 2004, following a bout with cancer. The paper was sold by the estate of Harry Bradham to Mike and Sybil Conley of Trenton, Illinois. For the first time since the paper's inception, it was not locally owned.  In August 2006, Erin (Bradham) Fenton, the niece of Harry Bradham, purchased the paper from the Conleys, making the paper once again locally owned.

Education.

The first school house located within the limits of West Salem was a frame building about, erected in 1850-51 and taught by Martin Hauser. On November 8, 1853, Stephen Gunn sold a tract four rods (20.1 m) square (an area of 0.10 acre) out of Lot 43 lying just across the street south of the present site to the trustees for school purposes for $2.00. A two-story four-room brick building was erected on the present site in 1880 at a cost of about $4,000. This building was later enlarged by the addition of four more rooms. The district was greatly enlarged in 1947 by the annexation of Hedrick, Gates, Burton, and Armstrong schools. A modern addition was erected in 1952 at a cost of $135,000. The old building was razed and the new part was completed in 1960 at a cost of $119,000. Kindergarten was added in 1951-52.  West Salem is currently part of Edwards County Community School District #1.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,001 people, 422 households, and 278 families residing in the village. The population density was 642.2 people per square mile (247.7/km2). There were 462 housing units at an average density of 296.4 per square mile (114.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.80% White, 0.40% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% Asian, and 0.60% from two or more races.  There were 422 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.86.  In the village, the population was spread out with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $27,031, and the median income for a family was $33,417. Males had a median income of $27,938 versus $20,772 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,179. About 6.4% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

West Salem is a village in Edwards County, Illinois, United States. The population was 897 at the 2010 census, down from 1,001 at the 2000 census.

West Salem est un village du comté d'Edwards dans l'Illinois, aux États-Unis. Il est situé au nord-est du comté entre Parkersburg, au nord et au sud. Il est incorporé le.


History.

On September 3, 1984, a protest march in Sharpeville turned violent (some of the crowd threw stones at Dlamimi's house, he responded by firing a gun and a riot ensued) and the Deputy Mayor was murdered. Mojalefa Sefatsa, Theresa Ramashamola, Reid Mokoena, Oupa Diniso, Duma Khumalo and Francis Don Mokhesi were arrested in the following months, found guilty of murder under the "Common purpose" doctrine and sentenced to death by hanging on December 12, 1985. Christian Mokubung and Gideon Mokone were also sentenced to eight years in prison. All were represented by lawyer Prakash Diar.  The convictions were widely condemned by the international community as unlawful and racist, particularly in United Nations Security Council Resolution 610 and 615. Two jurists reviewing the case said it was a "crime against humanity". Within the South African legal community opinion was mixed. A poll by "The Star" of eleven law professors showed that five were supportive of the execution, while six were not – of the six who were not, four raised the prospect of legal reforms and the remaining two remarked the case "smacks of simple vengeance". One professor was dispatched to London to defend the South African government's position on the matter. However, at a press conference, he stated he had not read the trial record but insisted that there had been no miscarriage of justice and "all arguments had been heard".  The following day after Security Council Resolution 610 was adopted, a South African court granted a one-month stay of execution. Of the six, only four appealed and the other two indicated they would rather be executed. The appeal was rejected in June 1988, which the Security Council condemned in Resolution 615; however pressure from abroad finally led to the sentences of all six being commuted to 18–25 years in prison by President Pieter Willem Botha.  With the fall of apartheid, the first members of the Sharpeville Six, Diniso and Khumalo, were released on July 10, 1991, followed by Ramashamola and Mokoena on December 13, 1991 and the final two, Mokhesi and Sefatsa released on September 26, 1992.

The Sharpeville Six were six South African protesters convicted of the murder of Deputy Mayor of Sharpeville, Kuzwayo Jacob Dlamini, and sentenced to death.

Les six de Sharpeville sont six manifestants Sud-africains condamnés à mort en 1985 sous l'apartheid pour le meurtre d'un adjoint au maire de Sharpeville lapidé par la foule, malgré l'absence de preuves de leur participation, puis relâchés sous la pression internationale entre 1991 et 1992.


Career.

In January 2015, Wopo began uploading original tracks to his SoundCloud account. Taylor Maglin, the owner of the Pittsburgh-based blog "The Daily Loud", partnered with him and began to publicize his music. This additional push helped him to accumulate millions of views on his music videos on his YouTube channel. Joining the wave of Wopo's viral success, urban hip hop blog WorldStarHipHop exclusively debuted five of his music videos in 2016. On July 24, 2016, he premiered his debut project, "Woponese", on Daily Loud. This 8-track mixtape included the single "Back Door", which features Sonny Digital. In October 2016, Riff Raff tapped Wopo for a feature on the track "Stay Away from You" on his "Balloween" mixtape. On November 25, 2016, he released a joint album with his fellow Pittsburgh-based rapper Hardo. This nine-track project featured ShadyHigler, 21 Savage and Wiz Khalifa.  As many as fifty completed, unreleased songs will be released posthumously, according to Wopo's manager.

Legal issues.

On February 7, 2016, Wopo was arrested during a traffic stop in Washington County, Pennsylvania. Police arrested Wopo and two others after finding two stamp bags of suspected heroin and a small amount of marijuana. He was arraigned on drug charges and underage drinking charges and placed in jail with a $25,000 bond. Later, while out, Wopo, landed in jail because of probation violation. Wopo failed to inform officials of his trip to New York State, where he was caught and imprisoned on such charges. While in jail, he wrote an album, "Back Against The Wall", which he recorded the first day he got out of jail.

Death.

In the late afternoon of June 18, 2018, a gunman opened fire on Wopo's vehicle in Pittsburgh's Hill District neighborhood, hitting Wopo and a male passenger. The passenger survived his wounds, but Wopo later died after being rushed to a local hospital. He was 21 years old. Wopo's death was heavily overshadowed by the public due to the fact XXXTentacion's murder was committed the same day. He left behind three children, Aubree, Tru'Love, and Travon Jr.

Travon DaShawn Frank Smart (January 13, 1997 – June 18, 2018), better known by his stage name Jimmy Wopo, was an American rapper from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Jimmy Wopo, de son vrai nom Travon DaShawn Frank Smart, né le à Pittsburgh en Pennsylvanie, et mort assassiné le dans la même ville, est un rappeur américain.


Mathematical description.

The problem is described in spherical coordinates formula_1 with velocity components formula_2. The flow is axisymmetric, i.e., independent of formula_3. Then the continuity equation and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations reduce to  where  A self-similar description is available for the solution in the following form,  Substituting the above self-similar form into the governing equations and using the boundary conditions formula_7 at infinity, one finds the form for pressure as  where formula_9 is a constant. Using this pressure, we find again from the momentum equation,  Replacing formula_11 by formula_12 as independent variable, the velocities become  (for brevity, the same symbol is used for formula_14 and formula_15 even though they are functionally the same, but takes different numerical values) and the equation becomes  After two integrations, the equation reduces to  where formula_18 and formula_19 are constants of integration. The above equation is a Riccati equation. After some calculation, the general solution can be shown to be  where formula_21 are constants. The physically relevant solution to the jet corresponds to the case formula_22 (Equivalently, we say that formula_23, so that the solution is free from singularities on the axis of symmetry, except at the origin). Therefore,  The function formula_25 is related to the stream function as formula_26, thus contours of formula_25 for different values of formula_28 provides the streamlines. The constant formula_28 describes the force at the origin acting in the direction of the jet (this force is equal to the rate of momentum transfer across any sphere around the origin plus the force in the jet direction exerted by the sphere due to pressure and viscous forces), the exact relation between the force and the constant is given by  The solution describes a jet of fluid moving away from the origin rapidly and entraining the slowly moving fluid outside of the jet. The edge of the jet can be defined as the location where the streamlines are at minimum distance from the axis, i.e.,e the edge is given by  Therefore, the force can be expressed alternatively using this semi-angle of the conical-boundary of the jet,  When the force becomes large, the semi-angle of the jet becomes small, in which case,  and the solution inside and outside of the jet become  The jet in this limiting case is called the Schlichting jet. On the other extreme, when the force is small,  the semi-angle approaches 90 degree (no inside and outside region, the whole domain is considered as single region), the solution itself goes to

In fluid dynamics, Landau–Squire jet or Submerged Landau jet describes a round submerged jet issued from a point source of momentum into an infinite fluid medium of the same kind. This is an exact solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, which was first discovered by Lev Landau in 1944 and later by Herbert Squire in 1951. The self-similar equation was in fact first derived by N. A. Slezkin in 1934, but never applied to the jet. Following Landau's work, V. I. Yatseyev obtained the general solution of the equation in 1950.

En mécanique des fluides le jet de Landau-Squire ou jet de Landau immergé décrit l'influence d'une source ponctuelle dans un écoulement stationnaire, incompressible, en géométrie cylindrique. La solution analytique de ce problème a été donnée par Lev Landau en 1944 et Herbert Squire en 1951.


Early life.

Rebecca Gomperts was born in 1966 in Paramaribo in Suriname. She moved to Netherlands at the age of three and grew up in the harbor town of Vlissingen. Her movements around Europe at an early age inbred international consciousness in her that would drive her future career.  Gomperts moved to Amsterdam in the mid 1980s after high school. Having an interest for both the arts and sciences, Gomperts studied visual arts and medicine. She completed a four-year art degree at Amsterdam's Rietveld Academy studying conceptual art, while at the same time attending medical school. As she found that art was not the path she wanted to follow, she dived into the world of medicine; Gomperts did not find her calling in the field of reproductive medicine until later on in her medical career.

Career.

Early career.

After graduating from medical school, Gompert worked in a small hospital in Guiana as a trainee doctor. This is where 25-year-old she witnessed the realities of illegal abortions for the first time. As of 1997 she was a 31-year old doctor based in Amsterdam who performed legal abortions.  Between 1997-1998, Gomperts sailed with a Greenpeace ship called the Rainbow Warrior II as a resident doctor and environmental activist. She sailed through Latin America, visiting Romani and Guinea.

Idea for change.

After her travels with Greenpeace, Gomperts' interest in reproductive health increased. Gomperts wanted the health damages and death rates from at-home abortions to decline, so she designed a program on the radical idea that women can do abortions and get abortions done where abortion clinics are highly restricted or don't exist at all.  Gomperts used contacts she had made during art school to help her design and fund a mobile clinic. A close friend of hers, Joep van Lieshout, agreed to help design the clinic. The collaborative idea was for the clinic to be a functional work of art, a mobile clinic aboard a ship, so that it could legally pass through international borders without the medical equipment being seized. Gomperts applied for funds from the, needing $500,000 in medical equipment, and $190,000 total in seed capital. The grant for the mobile clinic came from the Mondriaan Foundation. Gomperts background in art was allowing her to put her dream into action, and her mobile clinic became “a space for fusion of work that is symbolic with work that is social.”

Women on Waves.

Gompets formed her organization Women on Waves in 1999, after she got back from her voyage on the Rainbow Warrior II. Women on Waves was bringing non-surgical abortion services and education to countries all around the world that didn't have them. The Women on Waves mission transcends the boundaries between law, medicine, seafaring and art.  Using the grant from the Mondriaan Foundation, Women on Waves rent a boat on which the mobile clinic would be held. Many media outlets were shocked that Gomperts was not at all concerned with her ship being detained, impounded or sunk when entering a nations' waters.  Women on Waves made many voyages. News spread quickly that she was trying to reach countries where abortion was illegal through their waters, and many of these countries put up incredible measures to stop her. The first voyage was to Ireland, then following was Poland, Portugal, Spain, Morocco and Guatemala. Although her first eleven-day trip to Dublin was deemed unsuccessful by the media, Women On Waves had received over 200 abortion requests from women ashore who needed their help, which was more attention than Gomperts had ever imagined. Women on Waves was never intended on solving the problem of unsafe abortions, but to help create legal precedent in the grey areas of countries abortion laws, to reach all those women who had been refused help by their own doctors and physicians, and to prevent the dangerous act of illegal abortions.

Women on Web.

Women on Waves faced many challenges during the voyages. On one of her trips to Portugal, her mobile clinic was not allowed to dock. Gomperts appeared on a Portuguese talk show instead. She talked about how woman could do a safe abortion by themselves at home, how to get and take the pills, and all other medical advice she could say on air. This is when Gomperts realized that she could reach more people through the internet than in a boat. “In the end our ship will never be a structural solution for the enormous number of women who need abortions,” says Gomperts.  This is when in 2005, Gomperts' second organization Women on Web was founded. In 2016 Women on Web was receiving over 10,000 emails a month from over 123 countries across the world. Women could ask questions that ranged from how to administer abortion pills, to advice on contraceptives, to even relationship consulting. Instead of delivering abortion pills from the sea, Women on Web uses packages and drones to send pills and instructions for safe, at-home abortions.

Personal life.

Gompert has two children and lives in Amsterdam.

Popular culture.

"Vessel", a documentary about Gomperts' mission of Women on Waves premiered in 2014 at the Southwest Film Festival. This documentary witnesses the creation of a network of reproductive health activists lead by Gomperts. It shows their work on global reproductive rights, and the conceptual idea of trusting women to handle their own abortions. The story of transforming a widely improbable idea into a global movement is a moving picture that captured Gomperts' legacy entirely.  Women on Web also had an ad campaign advertising their services through Diesel, one of the most famous saying "Say Goodbye to Coat Hangers," a common tool used for at-home illegal abortions. These ads had a very important secret component of a barcode hidden in plain site of the photography. If scanned, the barcodes on the T-shirts of the models give information on the abortion pill right to the viewers cellphone. This was an innovative way to advertise such an important message without stirring the pot of what is appropriate in public media.

Feminist art activism.

Gomperts is now arguably the abortion right movements first extremist. Although Gomperts moved away from art, her legacy lives in feminist art activism. Art is configured as a space apart from all else, that provides activism in a safe space. Gomperts WoW projects don't combine art and activism so much as they intentionally play on their vague separation.

A-Portable.

The mobile clinic that Joep van Lieshout (founder of Atelier van Lieshout) designed was called the A-Portable. This functional and comforting space was a collaborative effort between Gomperts and Van Lieshout. They put a feminist spin on Gomperts' original inspiration of the activism on the Rainbow Warrior II. Designed by an artist and funded by an artistic foundation, the A-Portable was labelled a functional work of art. This meant that whenever a transport ministry tried to confiscate the container on national waters, the certification of the A-Portable being a sculpture, made its border crossing legal.

Art exhibitions.

After Women on Waves gained some international recognition, they began to participate in art exhibitions around the world. Art shows were just another campaign to create public awareness in different forms.  The A-Portable was exhibited in the 49th Venice Biennale in 2001. Being a key work in the exhibition, it was presented on a raft, floating just out in the waters at the Arsenale.  There were four other exhibitions in 2001 where Gomperts collaborated with Willem Velthoven. These four installations, "Portrait Collector, Sea, I Had An Abortion" and "Every 6 Minutes" were presented in the Mediamatic Women on Waves show.  "Portrait Collector" was a collection of internet kiosks where viewers who had had abortions could photograph themselves and become part of the exhibition. Gomperts was trying to exhibit how often abortions occur, and how they can be done to almost anyone.  "Sea" was also an interactive narrative composed of shots of the sea taken on Women on Waves' first exhibition to Ireland. Its audio component was a poetic work of voices of women asking Women on Waves for help.  "I Had An Abortion" was hanging wire coat hangers with vests hung on them, each vest had “I Had An Abortion” written on it in all European languages.  The final installation, "Every 6 Minutes", had a very simple message. Every six minutes a red lamp flashes, symbolizing the statistic that every six minutes a women dies from an illegal abortion.  On July 12, 2003 the Mediamatic Supermarket entrance was blocked with the A-Portable. This interactive exhibition presented by Mediamatic was their final installation of their Women On Waves exhibition. It allowed viewers to walk into the portable container that was transformed into an abortion clinic and sailed across international waters.

Rebecca Gomperts (born 1966) is a doctor based in Amsterdam and is the founder of Women on Waves and Women on Web, which provides reproductive health services for women in countries where it is not provided. In 2013 and 2014, she was included in the BBC's 100 Women. In 2018, she founded Aid Access, which operates in the United States. A trained abortion specialist and activist, she is generally considered the first abortion rights activist to cross international borders.

Rebecca Gomperts, née le à Paramaribo au Suriname, est une médecin néerlandaise, fondatrice de l'ONG Women on Waves apportant des services de santé sur la reproduction et en particulier des services d'avortement aux femmes vivant dans des pays où ce dernier est illégal.


Life and career.

Falkenmark graduated as a Fil. Mag. (Swedish equivalent to a master's degree) in mathematics, physics, chemistry and mechanics at Uppsala University, in 1951. In 1964 she became the first Fil. Lic. (Swedish equivalent of PhD at the time) of hydrology in Sweden, where she studied the “Bearing capacity of an ice sheet”. Later in 1975, she was awarded the title of PhD Honoris causa at Linköping University.  Falkenmark's professional history includes holding positions as State Hydrologist at the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (1950s-60's), and later at the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (1965–95), where she became Executive Secretary, and later Chair of the Swedish National Committees for UNESCO’s International Hydrological Decade/Programme.  As the Chair of the Scientific Program Committee at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (1991- 2003), Falkenmark led the establishment of the annual Stockholm World Water Week (initially named Stockholm Water Symposium), which grew to be the "annual focal point for the globe’s water issues"  Falkenmark has held numerous posts on international boards and committees, including as General Rapporteur of the United Nations Water Conference Mar del Plata (1977); World Bank Consultant with special responsibility regarding the looming water scarcity (1988–92); member of the UN Committee on Energy and Natural Resources for Development and the UN Millennium Project Task Force for Environmental Sustainability; member of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Global Water partnership; and Scientific Advisor to the Global Environment Facility and the Comprehensive Freshwater Assessment of the World.  Falkenmark is a Professor of Applied and International Hydrology. Between 1976 and 1979, she led the planning and development of the Department for Water and Environment Studies at Linköping University; after her formal retirement, in 1991, she became part of Stockholm University’s Department of Systems Ecology.  In 2007, she joined the Stockholm Resilience Center as a senior researcher. She is also currently the senior scientific advisor at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI).  In 2018, she shared the Blue Planet Prize with ecologist Brian Walker.

The Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator.

In an article published in 1989, Falkenmark introduced an indicator for water stress that expresses the level of water scarcity in a certain region as the amount of renewable freshwater that is available for each person each year. It eventually became known as the Falkenmark Indicator, and is not only one of the earliest, but also one of the most used indicators to measure and describe water availability for human use.  The level of water scarcity in a certain country was determined based on thresholds: If the amount of renewable water in a country is below 1,700 m per person per year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress; below 1,000 m it is said to be experiencing water scarcity; and below 500 m, absolute water scarcity.

The Blue and Green Water Paradigm.

The concepts of green and blue water were first introduced by Falkenmark in 1995, and defined green water as "the rainwater that infiltrates into the root zone and is used for biomass production", and blue water as "the water that either runs off from the soil surface or percolates beyond the root zone do form groundwater"  In a more recent publication, "green water" has been defined as the soil water held in the unsaturated zone, formed by precipitation and available to plants, while "blue water" refers to liquid water in rivers, lakes, wetlands and aquifers, which can be withdrawn for irrigation and other human uses. Both resources are important for food production; rainfed agriculture uses green water only, while irrigated agriculture uses both green and blue water.

Malin Fredrika Sofia Sundberg-Falkenmark, born 21 November 1925 in Stockholm, is a Swedish hydrologist. Falkenmark is best known for her long-standing work and expertise on the sustainable use of water resources to meet human and ecosystem needs. Her work is characterized by an integration of both natural- and social-science approaches. She is particularly known for developing what is now known as the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator, an indicator used to measure and describe the water available for human use. She is the daughter of Halvar Sundberg.

Malin Fredrika Sofia Sundberg-Falkenmark, née le à Stockholm, est une hydrologue suédoise. Falkenmark est surtout connue pour son travail de longue date et son expertise dans l'utilisation durable des ressources en eau pour répondre aux besoins humains et écosystémiques. Son travail se caractérise par l'intégration des approches des sciences naturelles et des sciences sociales. Elle est particulièrement connue pour avoir développé ce que l'on appelle aujourd'hui l'indicateur de stress hydrique de Falkenmark, un indicateur utilisé pour mesurer et décrire l'eau disponible pour l'homme. Elle est la fille de Halvar Sundberg.