Design and description.

The "Clemson" class were the second class of "liberty destroyers" designed and built for the United States Navy. After the entry of the US into World War I, the United States Navy required lots of escort ships quickly. One of the classes given the moniker "flush deck destroyers", they were basically a repeat with increased fuel storage for greater range. They also had increased anti-submarine warfare armament in response to criticisms of the "Wickes" class. The destroyer measured long at the waterline and overall with a beam of and a draft of. The vessel had a standard displacement of and were at full load.  The destroyers was powered by steam provided by four White-Forster boilers to a pair of Westinghouse geared turbines. They drove two screws and was rated at. The vessel had a maximum speed in excess of. They had storage for of fuel oil, with a range of at.  Their improved armament reflected designs by British and German navies. The "Clemson" class was initially armed with four 4"/50 caliber guns; one situated on the forecastle, two on the superstructure deck amidships and one on the quarterdeck. The quarterdeck gun was later moved to the aft deck superstructure to make room for depth charge roller tracks. The 4"/50 guns had limited elevation and could not fire at aircraft. A 3"/23 caliber gun was installed for anti-aircraft warfare defense, along with two.50 caliber machine guns. The mainmast was shortened to improve the field of fire for the 3-inch gun. Mk 6 and Mk 9 depth charges were equipped in US service and were deployed via the aforementioned roller tracks or "K" or "Y" guns. The destroyers also mounted twelve torpedo tubes in four triple mounts capable of firing torpedoes. The tube mounts were sited amidships between the superstructures. The destroyers carried no spare torpedoes.

Construction and career.

United States Navy service.

The destroyer was laid down on 10 September 1918 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding at their yard in Quincy, Massachusetts with the yard number 332. Named for Roderick S. McCook, the ship was launched on 31 January 1919, sponsored by Mrs. Henry C. Dinger. "McCook" was commissioned on 30 April 1919, Lieutenant Commander G. B. Ashe in command.  Following a period performing shakedown training, "McCook" was assigned to Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet. She operated along the east coast of the United States until decommissioning at Philadelphia on 30 June 1922. "McCook" remained in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until recommissioned on 18 December 1939. The next year "McCook" was designated for exchange under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Transfer to the UK.

By 1940, the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations were fighting the Axis powers alone after the fall of France. The convoy route between North America and the United Kingdom was under attack by German U-boats and required protection, but the British lacked adequate ships to defend the shipping lanes. That year, the US offered 50 "flush deck destroyers" to the UK in exchanged for leases to British bases around the world. In September, the deal was sealed and 50 vessels of the "Clemson" and "Wickes" classes were transferred to the UK. Renamed the Town class by the British, their new names were chosen from towns with names common to both nations.  After entering British service, the destroyers were modified with British radar, asdic and depth charge throwers. Two of the torpedo tube mounts were removed to make space for an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, the aft 4-inch gun was replaced by a British 12-pounder gun and Type 273 radar was installed. Two boilers were removed and fuel storage was increased to improve range. The destroyer's final layout was three 20 mm Oerlikon cannon, one 3-inch gun, two.50 caliber machine guns, depth charge roller racks, one 21-inch torpedo tube mount sited on the deck centreline and the bridge area was revamped to make room for the new electronic equipment.  Steaming to Halifax, Nova Scotia, "McCook" arrived on 20 September 1940. Decommissioned on 24 September by the United States Navy, the destroyer was transferred to the United Kingdom on the same date, but due to manpower shortages in the Royal Navy, she was retransferred immediately to the Royal Canadian Navy and commissioned as HMCS "St. Croix" (I81). Following the Canadian practice of naming destroyers after Canadian rivers (but with deference to the U.S. origin), "St. Croix" was named after the St. Croix River forming the border between Maine and New Brunswick.

Royal Canadian Navy service.

The destroyer sailed for the United Kingdom on 30 November via St. John's, Newfoundland but encountered a hurricane en route and was forced to return to Canada. HMCS "St. Croix" arrived at Halifax on 18 December and underwent repairs which kept the destroyer inactive until March 1941. On 14 March 1941 "St. Croix" assumed local escort and patrol duties in Canadian waters. At the end of August she joined the Newfoundland Escort Force and plied between St. John's and Reykjavík, Iceland. "St. Croix" underwent a six-month refit at Saint John, New Brunswick, returning to service in May 1942. By May 1942 the Newfoundland Escort Force had been renamed the Mid-Ocean Escort Force and its range extended to Londonderry Port.  "St. Croix" sank the on 24 July 1942, which, with other U-boats, had attacked her convoy (ON 113) on 23 July, sinking two merchant vessels and damaging a third. On the return voyage, Convoy ON 127 was attacked by 13 U-boats. Between 10 September and 14 September eleven merchant ships and one destroyer were lost.  En route from Londonderry Port to Gibraltar on 4 March 1943 with convoy KMS 10, she assisted the corvette in the sinking of some off the Iberian coast.  With the addition of air escort to convoy defense in 1943, U-boat tolls in the North Atlantic diminished and many of the boats were withdrawn during the summer. In the fall, however, Germany began a new U-boat offensive. On 16 September, "St. Croix", then on her first patrol with an offensive striking group in the Bay of Biscay, went to the aid of convoy ONS 18, followed by ON 202, both heavily beset by a wolfpack. The defense of these convoys resulted in a long-running battle with losses to both sides. The convoys lost three escorts and six merchantmen, with two escorts damaged. The wolfpack lost three U-boats.  "St. Croix" was the first escort to be sunk, taking three hits from "U-305" in the stern on 20 September. was sunk by as she came up to screen HMS "Itchen"'s rescue operations. "Itchen", forced to retire that evening, returned the next morning and picked up 81 survivors from "St. Croix" and one from "Polyanthus". The following day, 22 September, "Itchen" herself was torpedoed. Three men were rescued, two from "Itchen", one from "St. Croix".

The first USS "McCook" (DD-252) was a in the United States Navy. Entering service in 1919, the ship had a brief active life before being placed in the reserve fleet. Reactivated for World War II, the ship was transferred to the Royal Navy and then to the Royal Canadian Navy and renamed HMCS "St. Croix". Assigned as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic, "St. Croix" was torpedoed and sunk on 20 September 1943.

L'USS "McCook" (DD-252) est un destroyer de classe Clemson construit pour l'United States Navy à la fin des années 1920. Il fut le premier navire nommé en l'honneur du "commander", un officier de l'Union Navy pendant la guerre de Sécession.


Priest.

The young Yasser Ayyash attended the school of Greek Catholics in his Shatana hometown. Later he continued his education in Beit Sahour and Bethlehem, where he obtained his baccalaureate degree. Ayyash studied theology and biblical studies in Lebanon, he finished studying in Rome with the completion of a bachelor's degree in philosophy and theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome. In 1983 he was ordained a deacon in Rome, and to the priesthood on July 12, 1987 in Amman. It was followed by an extended use in parishes and schools in the capital Amman and Jerash.

Archeparch.

The Melkite Synod in 2007 elected on 21 June 2007 Yasser Ayyash as Archbishop of Petra and Philadelphia, becoming himself the first native Jordanian in this archeparchy and successor of the Lebanese Georges El-Murr. The episcopal ordination was on October 13, 2007, and was performed by Melkite Patriarch of Antioch Gregory III Laham, BS, and the co-consecrators were Archbishop Georges El-Murr, BC of Petra and Philadelphia and Bishop Joseph Absi, SMSP, auxiliary bishop in the Patriarchate of Antioch. In October 2010, Ayyash participated in the Special Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in Rome as delegated Bishop of the Melkites of Jordan. About the situation of the Church in the Middle East, he emphasized the relatively good position of the Eastern Churches in Jordan and explained that in Jordan churches, schools and other facilities could be built. Ayyash regretted the emigration of many Christians and called for a deepening of interreligious dialogue in the Middle East.  Ayyash renounced to his office as Melkite Archeparchy of Petra and Philadelphia in April 14, 2015.  On February 9, 2018, Ayyash was elected Patriarchal Vicar of Jerusalem by the Melkite Synod. He succeeded Archbishop Joseph Jules Zerey.

Yasser Ayyash (born December 4, 1955 in Shatana in Irbid, Jordan) is a former Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Petra and Philadelphia in Amman and the current Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Archeparchy of Jerusalem.

Yasser Ayyash, de son nom complet "Yasser Rasmi Hanna Al-Ayyash", né le à, un village près d'Irbid, est un prélat catholique jordanien, actuel de l'archéparchie de Jérusalem des Melkites.


Overview.

The movement promoted self-help and collaboration among the people during its first phase, as the central government provided a fixed amount of raw materials to each of the participating villages free of charge and entrusted the locals to build whatever they wished with them. The government first selected 33,267 villages and provided 335 sacks of cement. 16,600 villages that demonstrated success were then granted additional resources of 500 sacks of cement and a ton of iron bars.  The New Community Movement did much to improve infrastructure in rural South Korea, bringing modernized facilities such as irrigation systems, bridges and roads in rural communities. The program also marked the widespread appearance of orange tiled houses throughout the countryside, replacing the traditional thatched or "choga-jip" houses. Encouraged by the success in rural areas, the movement spread through factories and urban areas as well, and became a nationwide modernization movement.  However, despite the Saemaul Movement's great success in reducing poverty and improving living conditions in rural areas during its first phase, income levels in urban areas were still higher than income levels in rural areas after the rapid industrialization of South Korea. The government-led movement with its highly centralized organization proved to be efficient in the 1970s and early 1980s, but it became less effective after South Korea entered into a more developed and industrialized stage, which diminished the momentum of the movement. The relatively low income levels in rural areas compared to urban areas became a major political issue in the late 1980s – one that no government intervention was able to fully solve during the first phase – and the movement proved ultimately inadequate in addressing the larger problem of migration from the villages to the cities by the country's younger demographic. Moreover, the government-led centralized system caused corruption, such as misuse of funding, and changed South Korea's environment.  Recognizing these problems, the South Korean government changed the centralized structure of the movement by empowering civil society to lead the movement. Since 1998, the Saemaul Movement has entered into the second phase, focusing on new issues such as enhancing voluntary services in the community and international cooperation with developing countries.  Many developing countries in Africa are paying attention to the implications of the Saemaul Undong. Through the program such as Yonsei-KOICA Master's Degree Program, the Korean government is helping officials working in developing countries to design and implement new policies and programs in the context of national development policies.

Criticism.

During the late 1960s and 1970s when the policy started being implemented under the regime of President Park, local traditions and beliefs were suppressed, akin to the Cultural Revolution in communist China which happened at the same time. The movement "Misin tapa undong" ("to defeat the worship of gods"), also described as "movement to destroy superstition") reached its peak during the "Saemaul Undong" period. Old zelkova trees that had stood at village entrances and have traditionally served as guardian figures were cut down in order to erase "superstition". Practitioners of Korean shamanism were harassed, essentially destroying centuries old Korean traditions.

Basic steps.

The Korea Saemaul Undong Center explains how Saemaul Undong was practiced in the 1970s in South Korea in five steps:  Step 1. Basic Arrangements  Step 2: Operation of Projects  Step 3: Main Stage of Project Operation  Step 4: Final Stage of the Project Step 5: Feedback at National Level

The Saemaeul-ho Undong, also known as the New Community Movement, New Village Movement, Saemaeul-ho Movement or Saema'eul Movement, was a political initiative launched on April22, 1970 by South Korean president Park Chung-hee to modernize the rural South Korean economy. The idea was based on the Korean traditional communalism called "Hyangyak" (향약, 鄕約) and "Doorae" (두레), which provided the rules for self-governance and cooperation in traditional Korean communities. The movement initially sought to rectify the growing disparity of the standard of living between the nation's urban centers, which were rapidly industrializing, and the small villages, which continued to be mired in poverty. Diligence, self-help and collaboration were the slogans to encourage community members to participate in the development process. The early stage of the movement focused on improving the basic living conditions and environments, whereas later projects concentrated on building rural infrastructure and increasing community income. Though hailed as a great success by force in the 1970s, the movement lost momentum during the 1980s due to the unexpected assassination of Park Chung-hee.

Le mouvement Saemaul (hangeul : ; RR : '), aussi appelé mouvement de la nouvelle communauté ou mouvement du nouveau village, est une initiative politique lancée le par le président de Corée du Sud Park Chung-hee pour moderniser l'économie de la Corée du Sud encore rurale à l'époque. L'idée se base sur le communalisme coréen traditionnel et ses concepts du'et du "" qui fixent les règles de l'autogouvernance et de la coopération dans les communautés coréennes traditionnelles. Le mouvement a d'abord pour but de rectifier la disparité croissante du niveau de vie entre les centres urbains du pays, qui s'industrialisaient rapidement, et les petits villages, qui restent dans la pauvreté. La diligence, l'entraide et la collaboration sont les slogans d'encouragement des membres de la communauté pour participer au processus de développement. Les premières étapes du mouvement se concentrent sur l'amélioration des conditions de vie tandis que les projets ultérieurs se focalisent sur la construction d'infrastructures rurales et l'augmentation du revenu communautaire. Bien que salué comme un grand succès par le gouvernement dans les années 1970, le mouvement perd de son élan au cours des années 1980 en raison de la.


Alexandre Carrier (hockey sur glace, 1996)

Playing career.

Carrier played amateur midget junior hockey in his native Quebec, with Collège Antoine-Girouard Gaulois of the QMAAA. He embarked on a major junior career, after he was selected 4th overall in the 2012 QMJHL Entry Draft, by the Gatineau Olympiques. As a mobile, two-way defenceman, and following a break out 55 point campaign in the 2014–15 season, Carrier was selected in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft by the Nashville Predators.  During his final junior season with the Olympiques, Carrier was signed to his first NHL contract, agreeing to a three-year entry-level deal with the Predators on 12 November 2015. Limited to 57 games with Gatineau in the 2015–16 season, Carrier matched his previous goal total with 12 and contributed with 47 points before suffering a second-round defeat in the post-season.  In his first professional season and after attending the Predators training camp, Carrier was assigned to begin the 2016–17 season in the AHL with affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. Carrier made a seamless transition to the AHL ranks, leading the Admirals defence in scoring and earning selection to the AHL All-Star Game before he received his first NHL recall on 13 January 2017. He made his NHL debut with the Predators in a 1–0 shutout defeat to the Vancouver Canucks on 21 January 2017. He was returned to the Admirals after two scoreless games with Nashville.

Personal.

His father, Bernard Carrier, also played major junior hockey in the QMJHL for the Quebec Remparts, for which his older brother, Samuel, also featured with and currently plays in the LNAH.

Alexandre Carrier (born 10 October 1996) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for the Milwaukee Admirals in the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect for the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Predators in the fourth round, 115th overall, in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft.

Alexandre Carrier (né le à Québec dans la province de Québec au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste de défenseur.


Université d'État technologique du Kouban

History.

The first institution of higher education in the Kuban region, Kuban Polytechnic Institute (called North-Caucasian Polytechnic Institute in 1918-1919) was founded in Yekaterinodar on 16 June 1918. Professor Boris Lvovich Rosing, a worldwide known physicist, the inventor of the electronic television, was one of the founders of the Institute.  In 1923, Kuban Polytechnic Institute was formally abolished, but its staff and property were transferred to Kuban Agricultural Institute (formed in 1922 from the Faculty of Agronomy of the Polytechnic), where the development of higher technical education in Krasnodar was continued. Though it was a very difficult and unstable period in the history of Russia, the professors and lecturers made every effort to improve both the quality of education and research activities prompted by the needs of local food and beverage industries. This led to the development of two major disciplines of food science such as fats-and-oil and wine-making technology. In 1938, after a series of preceding divisions and transformations the Agricultural Institute had been subjected to, the Chemical Technological Institute of Fat Industry and the Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture were established in Krasnodar. In 1943, these institutes were merged into the Krasnodar Institute of Food Technology, which was recognized as a leading higher educational institution in food sciences in the USSR.  In 1963, the Krasnodar Institute of Food Technology was re-structured into Krasnodar Polytechnic Institute with the introduction of several new programs. This led to increase in both of enrollment and academic faculties. On 11 April 1980, the institute was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.  By the 1990s Krasnodar Polytechnic Institute developed into a leading higher educational institution in Russia. In November 1993, it obtained the status of a university, and as a result it was renamed Kuban State Technological University (KubSTU). On 6 November 2015, KubSTU was awarded the Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the area of quality.

Present day.

Nowadays KubSTU employs over 1200 full-time faculty, including professors and lecturers. The university enrolls over 16,000 undergraduate and about 800 postgraduate students.  As of 2018, the university incorporates 8 institutes (the Institute of Computer Systems and Information Security, the Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure, the Institute of Economics, Management and Business, the Institute of Food and Processing Industry, the Institute of Fundamental Sciences, the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Car Service, the Institute of Oil, Gas and Power Engineering, and the Multibranches Institute of Professional Training and Retraining), the Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Citizens (Overseas Student Faculty), and the further education college of engineering and technology. Other university subdivisions include the KubSTU — Schneider-Electric training center, the center of high education, the Russian Minobrnauka regional center of testing, 6 research-training centers, 6 centres of high-tech equipment for collective use, 6 small-scale innovative enterprises, 4 student design offices, a student innovative business incubator, 450 specialized laboratories, 6 hostels, the Polytechnic sports centre, and 3 holiday camps at the seaside. KubSTU also has branches in Novorossiysk and Armavir.  The university offers continuous multi-stage program, and trains students ranging from just post secondary level to undergraduate to graduate to the highest scientific level of PhD and DSc.  The university possesses good material-and-technical facilities. Classes are held in 11 buildings. At the area of 131 thousand m there are 50 academic departments, 115 lecture-rooms, 381 specialized laboratories and workshops, 60 computer classes. Special subjects are studied at 58 Department branches established at industrial enterprises of the Krasnodar City and Territory.  In three buildings for studies there are developed local computer networks used for teaching students, about 150 workstations have access to Internet. Total number of PC installed at KubSTU is over 1500.

University library.

The university library has a rich stock of scientific, teaching and fiction literature – both domestic and international, over 1 million of volumes in number. The readers can work with literature in 9 reading halls and get books they need at 5 library departments. There is a local network and access to the Internet at the library, users can find information about literature in the electronic catalogue. The university has a unique library in the subjects of primary interest, including scientific books and textbooks, written by our scientists, proceedings of KubSTU, dissertations defended at the university, rare and foreign journals and books.

State attestation and accreditation.

KubSTU has passed the state attestation and accreditation. According to the license KubSTU has the right to train specialists in 66 specialities, on 20 bachelor's degree programs and one master's degree program, to prepare postgraduate students for the PhD in 51 fields of science and for Doctor's degree in 9 fields of science. The university offers also programs of pre-university training and optional programs.

Chancellor.

The acting rector of the university is Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Mikhail Gennadyevich Baryshev. The president of the university is Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Grigoryevich Lobanov.

Kuban State Technological University (Russian: "Кубанский государственный технологический университет"), also referred to as the Kuban State University of Technology, is a Russian public technical university located in Krasnodar, one of the first higher educational institutions established in the southern region of Russia.

L’université d'État technologique du Kouban (en russe : Кубанский государственный технологический университет) est un établissement d'enseignement supérieur de Russie situé à Krasnodar, dans le Kouban.


Geography and climate.

Wishaw lies within a very populated area in North Lanarkshire, which itself is the fourth largest local authority in Scotland (based on population). The main areas of Wishaw are: Cambusnethan, Coltness, Craigneuk, Gowkthrapple, Dimsdale, Greenhead, Wishawhill, Netherton, Pather and Waterloo. There are two adjoining villages, often included as part of the town for administrative purposes: Overtown and Newmains. The town is located in the relatively level Central Belt area of Scotland. While there are valleys and high moors within this area, there are no hills or summits over 1,640 feet.  Like the majority of Scotland, Wishaw has a temperate oceanic climate, with the Köppen climate classification of Cfb. This means that Wishaw experiences mild summers and cool winters, with the most rainfall coming between October and March. Snow, while not unheard of during winters, is not the norm. Most winters in Wishaw see around 10–20 days of snow. The warmest month on average is July, with an average daily temperature of 14.7 degrees C, while the coldest is January with an average daily temperature of 2.3 C. Wishaw lies on two rivers. These are the rivers of the Clyde and the South Calder Water, with the Clyde running near Overton and Netherton and the Calder further north, near Coltness and Newmains.

Etymology.

It is not certain how Wishaw's name came into being. The town is possibly named after Wishaw House, built in the woods by the South Calder Water. The house was probably built some time after the sale of the lands of Coltness, Wishaw, Watstein and Stain to the predecessor of Lord Belhaven: Hamilton of Uddsten. It was probably then that the estate was named. Other theories exist; it may be from the Old English for "Willow Wood". Others believe the name was originally "Viashaw", meaning way or road through the wood, which would make sense as an ancient Roman road was built through the modern town. Yet another theory is that the name derives from "Wee Shaw", meaning small wood. The name may come from the Scottish Gaelic word """uisge""," meaning water (which is where whisky derives its name), Therefore Wishaw could mean simply "water". However all these theories have equal likelihood.

History.

Ancient and Roman history.

The area of what is now Wishaw once lay on important Roman roads that ran through the areas of the Clyde (Latin - "Cluta)" and South Calder Water. In fact, the current Main Street is based on a road built by the Romans. Another such road ran close to Wishaw House. The Roman fort at nearby Bothwellhaugh (now Strathclyde Park) means the area would have been vital for supplying soldiers fighting the native Caledonians in the Highlands. The exact dates of the Roman occupation range from the first Roman invasion around 70 AD, and the final retreat of Roman legions from Scotland around the year 210 AD. Wishaw was in the region of the Brittonic Celts of ancient Britain. It is likely that at this time the site of the modern town was covered by woodland, marshes and meadows. A small Celtic farming settlement may have existed in the area. Lanarkshire has been inhabited almost continuously since around 6500 BCE, so it is possible that Wishaw could have been inhabited before the Roman arrival, but no such evidence has yet been found.

Medieval era.

In the Early Middle Ages, where is now Wishaw fell under the rule of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, however no settlement was recorded. Strathclyde then unified with Alba around 1000 AD, forming modern Scotland. Due to its proximity to Glasgow and Lanark, it was most likely in the area of Cumbric speakers at some point.  Wishaw is not one of Scotland's medieval towns, but a settlement in the area dates back to the 12th century when a Christian monk named Nethan established a kirk dedicated to St. Michael by a bend (Gaelic "camus") in the Clyde near what is now Netherton. The area then became known as the parish of Cambusnethan, and remained so until the Reformation. The site of the original church remains as a ruined burial ground, including an impressive mausoleum to Lord Belhaven. In 1303, a medieval document on the county of Lanark accounts "the farm of the vill of "Weteshaw"". This is the earliest known use of a name similar to Wishaw. No archaeological evidence has yet to point to exact location of this medieval site or its remains. The village could have been abandoned due to the Black Death. The Cambusnethan/Wishaw area would have remained small in population, likely only totaling tens of people in farmsteads during the Middle Ages.  In a map of Lanarkshire published in the 1500s, the names of areas such as "Nothorton" (Netherton), "Camunethan" (Cambusnethan), and "Greenhead (Greenhead) "all appear in the general location of Wishaw. In the modern day, these areas are all neighbourhoods of Wishaw.

Modern era.

In the 18th century agriculture in the area consisted mainly of growing oats although some wheat and pear trees were cultivated. Members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church took up the favourable terms of the proprietor to enable them to establish a congregation in Wishaw in 1792. The village itself was laid out in 1794, named Cambusnethan, and later renamed Wishawtown.  In 1801 the population of Wishaw was about 400 and that of the whole parish only 1972. In the 1830s Lord Belhaven set up a distillery in Wishaw. Other nineteenth century industries included coal mining, iron and steel making, foundry work, railway-waggon building and fire-clay making. Wishaw grew dramatically in the 1830s, with railways and gasworks coming to the town, many collieries opening during this time period. By the time the Caledonian Railway's main line came through Wishaw in 1848 it was a major mining centre fueling an important part of Scotland's industrial heartland. There were also factories for needle-work and tambouring, and confectionery. On 4 September 1855, the town was incorporated with the villages of Coltness and Stewarton to form the Burgh of Wishaw, with a population of approximately 5,000. Four years later, in 1859, St.Ignatius Parish Church was established, and the church built on Young Street, where it remains to this day. In 1882 Groome recorded that there were 5 schools in Wishaw as well as others in nearby villages. During the Irish Famine, many Irish refugees settled in Central Scotland and many came to Wishaw. The descendants of these Irish Catholics can be found today in Wishaw's large Catholic population. One notable visitor to Wishaw in the middle of the 19th century was the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin. Chopin was entertained at Wishaw house and played there for the family, the Hamiltons of Belhaven.  During World War I, 3,050 men from the Wishaw area were drafted into the British Armed Forces. Many of these men were sent to the Western Front to fight the German Imperial Army. Many local men would be killed in action, and many would win war medals as altogether over 100 medals were given to Wishaw men for their heroic actions. Again in World War II, Wishaw was vital to the British war effort as it was a hub for railways, coal mining and steelworks. American soldiers were present in Wishaw at some point during the war. The men from Wishaw who fought in WW2 mostly did so in Western Europe and in the North African Campaign.  As a result of its history as a steel manufacturing and mining community, Wishaw was also home to mining and industrial equipment manufacturers such as Anderson Boyes (now part of Long-Airdox) and Svedala, but both these businesses have since gone through changes leading to their movement away from these businesses and the Wishaw area. Former industrial employers in the area include many steelworks such as the former British Steel Corporation, Clyde Alloy, Bone Connell & Baxter, though most of these are now defunct due to the decline of the steel industry. Wishaw and its nearby neighbour of Motherwell were once the centre of steel manufacture in Scotland, as both towns were located either side of the former Ravenscraig steelworks which closed in 1992. The (now-defunct) local firm of "R Y Pickering & Co Ltd" (later Norbrit-Pickering) built railway rolling stock (especially wagons) and many tramcars for tram systems throughout the UK. One of its last tramcar orders was for 10 double-decker trams for Aberdeen Corporation Tramways in 1949. In November 1996, the world's worst recorded outbreak of "E. coli O157" occurred in the town, in which 21 people died and around 200 were infected.

Recent decades.

The town has recovered from the loss of industry such as steelworks and coal mines which closed mainly closed down in the 1980s and 1990s. Most of the late 1990s and 2000s were a recovery period of the town, as high unemployment and crime became an issue. However, in the 2010s, Wishaw's economy recovered and began growing again, just as Scotland's economy did. The 2010s were a time of great change for Wishaw, mostly for the better. The town is now looking ahead to better things in the future, after coming out of a difficult patch in its history. In the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Wishaw along with its neighbour Motherwell, voted 52% in favour of Scottish independence, meanwhile 48% voted against independence. On both the 2015 and 2017 general election, Wishaw and Motherwell voted for SNP.  Throughout the 2010s, Wishaw underwent various regeneration efforts and new developments. On 15 April 2012, roadworks began in the town centre. These roadworks finished in 2013. The roadworks changed the layout of most areas of the Main Street. In 2014, construction on a new housing estate in Coltness began. The construction was on behalf of Barratt Homes, and included new large homes mainly for families. The new area/development became known as Ravenwood. This year also marked the beginning of the construction of the new Holdsworth Centre and its adjacent car-park. The building opened in August 2015. In 2017, a JD Sports was built in the area near several other retail stores, such as McDonald's, Aldi and Home Bargains. This year also saw the renovation of the McDonald's, which occurred in May 2017.  These days, North Lanarkshire Council suggest that the majority of the biggest employers in the town are supermarkets, with the exceptions of Royal Mail, which has its main Scottish distribution centre at Shieldmuir and the NHS as a result of University Hospital Wishaw. There are many service industry businesses located in the town's industrial areas, though none with more than a few hundred employees.  During the COVID-19 pandemic, Wishaw has been a key area in the British government's response, due to University Hospital Wishaw being a major reigonal hospital.

Education.

At present there are three high schools in the area: Clyde Valley High School in Overtown, and Coltness High School and St Aidan's High School, both in Coltness. St. Aidan's High School serves not only Catholic pupils from Wishaw, but nearby towns such as Newmains, Shotts and Carluke. St. Aidans, therefore has the highest number of pupils at around 1,100.  Primary schools in Wishaw include Calderbridge, St. Thomas', Thornlie, St. Aidan's, Cambusnethan, St. Ignatius' and Wishaw Academy (with both the latter two schools being a joint campus).  The town does not have a university or college at present, with the nearest college being Motherwell College, based in Ravenscraig, and the University of the West of Scotland (formerly Bell College of Technology) in Hamilton being the nearest university.

Health establishments.

Wishaw has a general hospital, now known as University Hospital Wishaw, in the Craigneuk area. It serves nearby settlements such as Motherwell, Newmains and Shotts. It is one of three acute hospitals in Lanarkshire, the others being Monklands Hospital in Airdrie and Hairmyres Hospital in East Kilbride.  Also based in the town, on the site of the old town library in Kenilworth Avenue, is the Houldsworth Centre which houses a café, public toilet, Wishaw library and Wishaw Health Centre. The centre opened in April 2015 along with a multi-storey car park.

Town centre.

Main Street is the predominant shopping area in Wishaw. It is partly made up of major national stores such as Peacock's, Poundland, Iceland and Greggs  The Main Street shopping area also features small independent retailers. There are also many supermarkets in the area, with a new small format Asda in the eastern suburb of Newmains that opened on October 2007. A Tesco Extra superstore was also opened during November 2007, and is adjacent to the railway station, replacing the smaller Metro store on Main Street, about from the new store. A 1991 built Morrisons (originally Safeway) exists on the eastern edge of the town centre. The original Safeway on Kirk Road, about from the new store, was a small market style mall and hosted various stalls and a café. However, this mall closed on March 2009 and was converted back to supermarket form as B & M Bargains discount store. This has since closed and relocated to a larger property in the Craigneuk Retail Park. All three supermarkets mentioned have petrol stations situated next to them.  The shops themselves remained somewhat the same throughout the 2010s, although the WHSmith closed down and was replaced with a larger Poundland. The old Poundland became a charity shop for victims of stroke and heart disease. A second Costa Coffee opened up, with this one being near Greggs. Two ice cream shops opened and so did several takeaways. The only other changes were a few small businesses opening up, some closing down, and expansions or renovations  There is also an Aldi superstore in Glasgow Road that opened on September 2008, with the original store away being converted into Sports Direct.  Wishaw also has the ""Caledonian Centre"", a shopping complex in the northern suburb of Craigneuk consisting of other national store chains such as Argos, Matalan, B & M, Pets at Home and The Range.

Improvements.

The first stage of the modern town centre regeneration programme was completed in 2004, with a new car park being constructed between the local library and health centre and with the formation of a taxi rank adjacent to the library also a water fountain was put on the ground of Wishaw Library which looks like the old one which used to stand near the former Wishaw Health Centre.  A piece of eyesore land between Station Road and Alexander Street (the railway station and sports centre) was converted into a park and ride facility, as part of this programme. This has led to a decrease in railway parking and traffic next to the station. The facility was later increased in size as it was too small.  In late 2011, Kitchener Street was converted from a small neighbourhood to a main road, routing traffic away from the Main Street to Kenilworth Avenue, where a new roundabout was built. Lammermore Terrace, which was previously one-way, was converted into a two-way street.  In 2014 work on a new modern housing estate called Ravenwood began on the site of the old Lammermuir school, which became was renamed Calderbridge and moved to a new building 600m away. The neighbourhood was finished in 2016 and now consists of around 50 houses.

Religion.

Wishaw has many churches in it of various kinds and denominations. There are several Church of Scotland congregations – serving principally the town centre are South Wishaw Parish Church and Wishaw Old Parish Church, and serving the outlying parts of Wishaw are – Cambusnethan North Church, Cambusnethan Old and Morningside Parish Church, Craigneuk and Belhaven Church, Coltness Memorial Church (Newmains) and St. Mark's Church (Coltness). The Church of Scotland "charges" have been reduced in recent years through the union of Thornlie and Chalmers Churches to form South Wishaw Parish Church, and the linkage of Wishaw Old Parish Church with that of Craigneuk and Belhaven Church who now share one minister.  The town also has a United Free Church, an Episcopal Church dedicated to St. Andrew, a Baptist church (both in Belhaven Terrace), a Gospel Hall (Ebenezer Gospel Hall), a Methodist church (now known as Netherton Methodist Church), a Christian Outreach Centre and 5 Catholic churches of the Roman Rite: St. Ignatius of Loyola (Young Street), St. Aidan's (Coltness), St. Thomas' (Caledonian Road), St. Brigid's (Newmains) and St. Patrick's (Shieldmuir).  The town has a large Catholic population, mainly coming from those of Irish, Polish, Italian and Lithuanian descent. This is common across most of Greater Glasgow.

Governance.

Wishaw is represented by several tiers of elected government. North Lanarkshire Council, the unitary local authority for Wishaw, is based at Motherwell, and is the executive, deliberative and legislative body responsible for local governance. The Scottish Parliament is responsible for devolved matters such as education, health and justice, while reserved matters are dealt with by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Westminster.

The Motherwell and Wishaw constituency is represented in the UK Parliament by Marion Fellows MP (SNP).

Scottish Parliament.

In the Scottish Parliament, the constituency is represented by Clare Adamson (SNP).  In addition to this, Wishaw is represented by seven regional MSPs from the Central Scotland electoral region. They are: Linda Fabiani (Scottish National Party, SNP), Jamie Hepburn (SNP), Christina McKelvie (SNP), Margaret Mitchell (Scottish Conservative Party), Alex Neil (SNP), Hugh O'Donnell (Scottish Liberal Democrats), and John Wilson (SNP).

Local government.

North Lanarkshire has many councillors; currently, the Labour group is in control of the council and the leader of the council is Jim Logue, councillor for Airdrie Central.

Sports, restaurants and recreation.

Leisure and entertainments.

Wishaw has a very large Mecca Bingo hall in Kirk Road. In recent years, the town has turned into a nightspot when it comes to pubs and clubs that are on offer. "The Commercial Hotel" has a nightclub and also a restaurant, bar and hotel, with rooms and accommodation for overnight stay. Pubs include: "Girdwood's', a well established and long running live music venue https://girdwoods.co.uk/', the "Cross Keys", the "Waverley"'and the "Yard The Westend and The Corner which shut down in 2012 has being replaced with the bar-restaurant Corrigans. On Stewarton Street, near the town centre, there is an Irish pub named The Cross Keys Inn. The pub regularly shows Celtic games, as the majority of its customers are supporters of the club.

Eating establishments.

Wishaw is not short of eating establishments, from small local cafes to international global chains such as McDonald's. As well as the "Commercial", the town is home to a Wetherspoons restaurant, known as the "Wishaw Malt", directly opposite the Mecca bingo. There is an Indian buffet restaurant, known as the "Pink Turban", located in the Waterloo suburb. Wishaw has a McDonald's restaurant and a KFC restaurant (both located on Glasgow Road), which opened in 2004 and 1942 respectively. The grand opening of KFC was a joyous occasion with Frank Roy MP cutting the ribbon and also being the first person in Wishaw to sample a Zinger box meal. The main street also contains two national sandwich chains, Subway and Greggs. The town is also host to a modern Scottish restaurant called "Artisan," which may have one of the largest ranges of whisky in Scotland. It also has large number of independent takeaway restaurants and cafes, most of which are located in the main street. The "Cafe Shabbab" is located in Newmains.  A Pizza Hut opened in 2017, located on Main Street from an old Blockbuster LLC and a Domino's opened in September 2018, in a previously abandoned shop on Kirk Road.

Sports facilities.

There is no professional football team in Wishaw. Many of the town's residents are followers of Rangers, Celtic and near-neighbours Motherwell. There is however a junior football team, Wishaw, which plays its home games at Beltane Park, near to the town's sports centre. There is also a large juvenile football club, Wishaw Wycombe Wanderers, who have many registered young players, playing football in age groups from Under 6s to Under 21s.  Wishaw has a King George's Field in memorial to King George V, next to the town's hospital. This small park has two full-sized football pitches as well as a swing park and play area.  To the northwest of the town, there is a large golf course.  The town's municipal sports centre also includes two small swimming pools, badminton and martial arts facilities and gymnastic equipment. A full-length running track is also on site along with a full-sized football pitch. Long jump pits and throwing cages are also issued within the track. There are also 5-a-side astroturf pitches for football, where many local games are held. Elsewhere, all-weather pitches and a children's play area behind Morrison's have been closed for a new shared campus primary school by St. Ignatius Primary and Wishaw Academy Primary. The local council has made no announcement on whether these facilities will be replaced.  The town previously had a large swimming pool complete with a large spectator grandstand, an underwater viewpoint and diving facilities (with boards at 1.5m, 3m and 5m). This was closed during the late 1990s to make way for a much smaller facility on the site of the town's sports centre. The reason given for this decision was the cost of maintaining such a facility for a town as small as Wishaw. Over the years it had played host to many regional swimming events and also benefited from being within walking distance of the two main secondary schools in the area as well as a host of primary schools.  Wishaw General Hospital also has a heat pool for specialist physio treatment.

Town park.

Wishaw also has a town park named after Lord Belhaven, Belhaven Park. It has a swing park with plenty of climbing frames and slides, and plenty of benches. There is a pathway at the back of the park which leads through the trees and into a council estate. In March 2011, the parks play-area underwent a significant upgrade.

Transport.

Bus.

The town has a comprehensive bus network operated by First Glasgow. Other smaller providers include: JMB Travel, Stuart's, Henderson Travel, Coakley and Whitelaw's. Destinations that can be reached by bus from the town include: Historically, bus services in the Wishaw area were operated by a local company, Hutchison's. Their distinctive blue and cream buses finally gave way in 2007 to a friendly takeover by one time rival First.  Despite initially closing the Hutchison depot in Overtown upon the takeover, and moving all staff and vehicles to Blantyre, First have since launched new services in the Wishaw area, that has required the re-opening of the depot and indeed a major recruitment campaign.  Wishaw was formerly served by an intensive network of services provided by McKindless. This company was wound up in 2010 following a tax investigation. This had the potential to leave many parts of Lanarkshire without a decent public transport link as McKindless had forced many other operators to abandon routes to places such as Lanark and Shotts. However, SPT and Irvine's and First stepped in to replace most services almost straight away.

Railway.

Wishaw railway station on the Argyle line (running from Lanark and Carstairs to Milngavie and Dalmuir).  A half-hourly service provided by Abellio ScotRail connects Wishaw to places such as:  Wishaw also has a second station, Shieldmuir railway station, serving the Craigneuk area of the town. There is also a twice daily service to Edinburgh Waverley.  Trains on the West Coast Main Line pass through the town at 115 mph, but no passenger service trains stop there, as the main Wishaw South railway station on the line closed in 1958.

Roads.

Wishaw is on the A71, Edinburgh, Livingston and Kilmarnock road which links the town to the M74 as well as the A73 which links the town with the Borders regions and the M8.  Following a campaign by local politicians, the area is now well signposted from the nearby M8 and M74 motorways. This move was considered necessary as although the town is not considered a principal destination from either of these roads and therefore not included as standard on the signage, it is now the home to the main hospital for an area stretching right down the M74 corridor almost to the English border approximately 75 miles (120 km) away.

Airport.

The nearest airport to Wishaw is Glasgow Airport at 20 miles (32 km) distant, though at 26 miles (42 km) Edinburgh Airport is not much further. Connections to both airports are only via the cities they serve as no direct public transport links are available.

People.

Notable people from Wishaw include:

Wishaw is a post-industrial large town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the edge of the Clyde Valley, south-east of Glasgow city centre. The Burgh of Wishaw was formed in 1855; it formed a joint large burgh with its neighbour Motherwell from 1920 until its dissolution when Scottish local authorities were restructured in 1975. The town is part of the Motherwell and Wishaw constituency. It is one of the principal towns of Lanarkshire and has the postal code of ML2 and the dialling code 01698.

Wishaw est une ville d'Écosse. Elle est située dans la vallée du Clyde, à environ au sud-est du centre-ville de Glasgow. Administrativement, elle relève du North Lanarkshire. En 2012, elle comptait environ.


Early life.

Bhatt was born on 24 February 1972 to Mahesh Bhatt and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright). On her father's side, Bhatt is of predominantly Gujarati descent and on her mother's side, she is of English, Scottish, Armenian, and Burmese ancestry. She is the step-daughter of Soni Razdan. She has a brother, Rahul Bhatt and half-sisters Shaheen and Alia Bhatt. Her cousins are Hitarth Bhat and Emraan Hashmi.

Career.

Bhatt made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with "Daddy", a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her alcoholic father, played by actor Anupam Kher.  Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the musical hit "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin" (1991), which was a remake of the Oscar-winning Hollywood classic "It Happened One Night". Pooja Bhatt appeared in many bold shoots like Stardust.  Her most well-known films in the 1990s included "Sadak" opposite Sanjay Dutt (1991), "Junoon", "Jaanam", and "Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee" opposite Rahul Roy, "Sir" (1993) and "Guneghar" (1995) opposite Atul Agnihotri, "Tadipaar" (1993) and "Naaraaz" (1994) opposite Mithun Chakraborty, "Hum Dono" opposite Rishi Kapoor, "Angrakshak" opposite Sunny Deol (1995), "Chaahat" opposite Shah Rukh Khan (1996), "Tamanna" (1997), the super-hit and multi-starrer "Border" (1997) and "Zakhm" (1998), opposite Ajay Devgan. Bhatt has also acted in some popular hit regional Indian films. Her last film appearance was in the English language film "Everybody Says I'm Fine!" in 2001. She has since focused on producing and directing. She made her directorial debut with "Paap" in 2004, starring John Abraham and Udita Goswami. Since then, she has made four more directorial ventures: "Holiday" (2006), "Dhokha" (2007), "Kajraare" (2010) and "Jism 2" (2012).  Pooja is set to return to acting after almost two decades in "Sadak 2", a sequel to the hit 1991 film. The film will see her and Sanjay Dutt reprising their roles from the original and her sister Alia Bhatt and Aditya Roy Kapur joining the cast. Her father will be returning to directing with this film after 20 years and it is set for release in 2020.

Controversies.

Mahesh Bhatt became the talk of the town and was slammed by fans after the filmmaker shot for a magazine cover which showed him and his daughter Pooja kissing each other on the lips. However, the quote which further fuelled the fire was: ""If Pooja wasn't my daughter, I'd love to marry her.""

Pooja Bhatt (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian film director, actress, voice over artist, model and film maker. The recipient of several accolades, including two National Film Awards.

Pooja Bhatt (née le ) est une actrice, actrice de doublage, mannequin et réalisatrice. C'est la fille aînée de Mahesh Bhatt.


High school career.

Williams attended North Caddo High School in Vivian, Louisiana. A consensus four-star recruit, he ranked 50th overall in ESPN’s Top 100 for the class of 2016 and was the number one prospect in the state of Louisiana. He committed to Texas A&M University to play college basketball.

College career.

In his first college game, he scored five points and had five blocks and seven rebounds. He was named SEC Defensive Player of the Year and earned 2nd Team All-SEC honors after averaging 11.9 points and a team-high 8.2 rebounds per game as a freshman in 2016-17.  On March 21, despite being credited as a potential first round lottery player, Williams decided to forgo the 2017 NBA Draft and stay for another season at Texas A&M.  Following Texas A&M's loss in the 2018 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, Williams announced his intention to forgo his final two seasons of collegiate eligibility and declare for the 2018 NBA Draft, where he was expected to be a first round selection.

Professional career.

Boston Celtics (2018–present).

Come the 2018 NBA draft, instead of being a lottery pick, Williams fell to the 27th overall pick where he was selected by the Boston Celtics due to concerns about his work ethic. On July 5, 2018, the Boston Celtics signed Williams. Williams did not initially make a good impression, being criticized for showing up late and missing team functions.  Williams made his professional debut on October 23, 2018, playing 4 minutes during the Celtics' loss to Orlando Magic, before being assigned to the Maine Red Claws on November 2. Throughout November and December, Williams split his time between the G League and the NBA, before starting to gain more game time with the Celtics following an injury to Al Horford.  On December 11, 2018, Williams impressed during the game against the New Orleans Pelicans, blocking two shots by NBA All Star Anthony Davis.

Personal life.

In July 2018, Williams was revealed to have popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) in both legs. If it degenerates, the vascular disease could require a surgical procedure in the future.

Nickname.

Early in his career, Williams has attracted the nickname "Time Lord" from Celtics fans, in part based upon his timekeeping faux pas upon signing with the team. This has, in turn, has gained attention from Timex. Danny Ainge has been recorded as preferring the nickname "Lob".

Robert Lee Williams III (born October 17, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Texas A&M Aggies.

Robert Lee Williams III, né le à Shreveport en Louisiane, est un joueur de basket-ball américain évoluant aux postes d'ailier fort et de pivot.


Military service.

Aubrey Cosens was born in Latchford, Ontario on May 21, 1921, the only son to Mr. and Mrs. Charles Cosens. Shortly afterwards his family moved near Porquis Junction and this is where Cosens remained until he left school at 17 and went to work as a section hand on the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway.  A year after taking this job, the Second World War broke out and Aubrey attempted to join the RCAF and was rejected because he was considered too young.  In 1940 he joined The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada as private and later transferred to The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada as a Corporal. He was promoted Sergeant while serving as part of the D-day reinforcements in Normandy, France.  He was 23 years old and a sergeant in The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada during the Canadian Army's involvement in the Second World War.  On the night of 25–26 February 1945 at Mooshof near Uedem, Germany, B and D Coys of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada led a series of attacks on German strongholds. During the battle his Platoon Commander was killed-in-action and the platoon took heavy casualties. Sergeant Cosens assumed command of the four survivors of his platoon whom he placed in position to give him covering fire. Running forward alone to a tank, he took up an exposed position in front of the turret and directed its fire. When a further counter-attack had been repulsed, he ordered the tank to ram some farm buildings into which the Germans attackers had retreated. He went in alone, killing 22 of the defenders and taking the rest prisoners. He then dealt similarly with the occupants of two more buildings, but was shot by a sniper when he went to report back to superior officers.

Legacy.

Aubrey Cosens was mentioned in Robert Heinlein's "Starship Troopers", albeit misspelled.  Little ships, the ones named for foot sloggers: Horatius, Alvin York, Swamp Fox, the Rog herself, bless her heart, Colonel Bowie, Devereux, Vercingetorix, Sandino, Aubrey Cousens, Kamehameha, Audie Murphy, Xenophon, Aguinaldo --  Grave/memorial at Buried at Groesbeek Canadian War Cemetery in the Netherlands. Plot VIII. row H. Grave 2. Headstone.

Aubrey Cosens VC (21 May 1921 – 26 February 1945) was a Canadian posthumous recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Aubrey Cosens, né le à en Ontario au Canada et mort le près de Uedem en Allemagne, était un soldat canadien. Il est récipiendaire de la Croix de Victoria, la plus haute récompoense pour bravoure face à l'ennemi des forces du Commonwealth.


Early life.

Cohen was born in 1933 in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Sarah (Roisman) and Morris Bernard Cohen. By fifth grade, Cohen's classmates were paying her to do their math homework. Cohen was often the only female in her math classes, and decided she wanted to be a math teacher. By age 19, she was both studying engineering in college, and dancing ballet in the Metropolitan Opera Ballet company in New York.

Education.

Judith received a scholarship to Brooklyn College to major in math, but realized she preferred engineering. After two years at Brooklyn College, Cohen married and moved to California, working as a junior engineer for North American Aviation, attending USC at night; she said that she went through both her BS and MS programs at USC without ever meeting another female engineering student. She received both her Bachelor's and master's degrees from USC Viterbi School of Engineering, and continued her association with the university, serving as an Astronautical Engineering Advisory board member.  In 1982, Cohen became a graduate of the UCLA Engineering Executive Program as well.

Professional life.

Cohen's engineering career began in 1952, when she worked as a junior engineer at North American Aviation. After graduation from USC Viterbi School of Engineering in 1957, she went on to work at Space Technology Laboratories. Space Technology Laboratories eventually became TRW (acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2002). Cohen stayed with the company until her retirement in 1990.  In 1990, after retiring from practice as an engineer, Cohen began a publishing company called Cascade Pass with her 3rd husband, David Katz. They published two series of books: (a) the "You Can be a Woman... " series was created to encourage very young girls to pursue careers in science and engineering; (b) the "Green" series focuses on promoting positive environmental practices, aimed at young children. Cascade Pass has sold more than 100,000 of their children's books in these two series.  Cascade Pass also published a book called "The Women of Apollo" (written by Robyn Friend), which features short biographies of four women who helped put the first man on the moon, Judith among them.  In May 2014, Cohen received the IEEE-USA Distinguished Literary Contributions Award for her work with STEM for children.

Personal life.

Cohen was the mother of four children, including well-known engineer/scientist Neil Siegel and actor Jack Black. She had her first three (Neil, Howard, and Rachel) with Bernard Siegel, who she met in college and married a few months later.  Cohen and Siegel divorced in the 1960s, and Cohen later married Thomas William Black. Her fourth child, Jack, was born in 1969. Cohen and Black divorced in the late 1970s. Her third husband was David Katz. They were still married when Cohen died of cancer in 2016.

Books written by Judith Love Cohen.

A Cleaner Port. A Brighter Future. The Greening of the Port of Los Angeles (co-authored with Robyn Friend) A Clean Earth: The Geothermal Story (co-authored with Robyn Friend) A Clean Planet: The Solar Power Story (co-authored with Robyn Friend) A Clean City: The Green Construction Story (co-authored with Robyn Friend) A Clean Sky: The Global Warming Story (co-authored with Robyn Friend) Electricity and You (co-authored with Robyn Friend) Future Engineering: The Clean Water Challenge (co-authored with Robyn Friend) Los Angeles Clean Energy Future (co-authored with Robyn Friend) Los Angeles Water Future (co-authored with Robyn Friend) Un Cielo Limpio: La Historia del Calentamiento You Can Be a Woman Makeup Artist or Costume Designer (co-authored with Robyn Friend) You Can Be a Woman Astronomer You Can Be a Woman Chemist You Can Be a Woman Video Game Producer You Can Be a Woman Animator You Can Be a Woman Movie Maker You Can Be a Woman Oceanographer You Can Be a Woman Entomologist You Can Be a Woman Meteorologist You Can Be a Woman Engineer Tu Puedes Ser Una Ingeniera You Can Be a Woman Architect Tu Puedes Ser Una Arquitecta You Can Be a Woman Marine Biologist Tu Puedes Ser Biologa Marina You Can Be a Woman Zoologist Tu Puedes Ser Una Zoologa You Can Be a Woman Egyptologist You Can Be a Woman Paleontologist You Can Be a Woman Oceanographer Tu Puedes Ser Una Oceanografa A Clean Sea: The Rachel Carson Story You Can Be a Woman Astronomer You Can Be a Woman Cardiologist You Can Be a Woman Botanist You Can Be a Woman Basketball Player You Can Be a Woman Softball Player You Can Be a Woman Soccer Player

Judith Love Cohen (1933–2016) was an American aerospace engineer and author. Cohen worked as an electrical engineer on the Minuteman missile, the science ground station for the Hubble Space Telescope, the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, and the Apollo Space Program. After her retirement as an engineer, she founded a children's multimedia publishing company, eventually publishing more than 20 titles before her death in 2016.

Judith Love Cohen, née le à Brooklyn et morte le, est une ingénieure aérospatiale et femme de lettres américaine.


Life.

He was born in Stroud in Gloucestershire on 8 April 1904 the son of Albert John Dee a schoolmaster. He was educated at Marling School and then won a place at Cambridge University where he graduated MA in 1926. He thereafter took on research roles, initially as a student of Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, at the prestigious Cavendish Laboratory during which time Samuel Curran worked under him.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1941 and won its Hughes Medal in 1952. During World War II, he initially worked in the Ministry of Aircraft Production and in 1940 moved to the Telecommunications Research Establishment. Dee led the team which developed the Village Inn radar system.  After the Second World War in 1945, he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. He was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1946 Birthday Honours, having already been appointed an Officer of the Order (OBE) in the 1943 Birthday Honours. In the same year he received government funding to build equipment to investigate particle physics and placed Glasgow University as a world authority in that field during the 1950s.  In 1946 he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Thomas Alty, John Walton, Edward Provan Cathcart, and Sir Robert Muir. He was awarded the Society's Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1958-1962 in recognition of his work on nuclear physics.  He retired in 1972 and received an honorary doctorate (DSc) from Strathclyde University in 1980.  He died in Glasgow on 17 April 1983. His obituary was written by Sir Samuel Curran FRS.

Artistic Recognition.

His 1973 portrait by Kathryn Kynoch is held by the Hunterian Art Gallery.

Family.

He married Phyllis Elsie Tyte in 1929.

Archives.

The archives of Philip Ivor Dee are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).

Prof Philip Ivor Dee CBE FRS FRSE (8 April 1904, Stroud – 17 April 1983, Glasgow) was a British nuclear physicist. He was responsible for the development of airborne radar during the Second World War. Glasgow University named the Philip Ivor Dee Memorial Lecture after him.

Philip (Ivor) Dee (né le à King’s Cross, District de Stroud; † ) est un physicien britannique réputé pour avoir dirigé la construction du premier synchrotron britannique.


Cimetière du mémorial des Nations unies en Corée

History.

Temporary battlefield cemeteries and remains recovery.

The Korean War began when North Korean People's Army forces attacked south in June 1950. As the fighting progressed, temporary military cemeteries for battle casualties were established by United Nations forces near the towns of Taejon (July 9, 1950), Kwan-ui (Kwan-ni), Kum-chon, and Sindong. When the North Korean forces pushed towards Busan, these cemeteries had to be abandoned. Later, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter developed, temporary cemeteries were established at Masan, Miryang, and Taegu, with a Busan cemetery being established on July 11, 1950. As the fighting pushed into North Korea, temporary cemeteries were established in or near the towns of Kaesong, Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong (Pukchong County), Yudarn-ni and Koto-ri. Some eleven division-level cemeteries were established in the first two months of fighting and later five UN military cemeteries were established in North Korea.  At the beginning of the war, the nearest U.S. Army mortuary affairs unit was the 108th Graves Registration Platoon in Yokohama, Japan, which was searching for the remains of missing World War II American airmen. The 108th was reconfigured as the 114th Graves Registration Company and deployed to establish temporary cemeteries at Hungnam, Pyongyang, and Suchon as the fighting continued. Supporting the 2nd Infantry Division was the Graves Registration Section of the 2nd Quartermaster Company, which collected the remains of Allied and American soldiers to be further processed by the 148th Graves Registration Company. When UN forces launched the Inchon Invasion in September 1950, a platoon from the 565th Graves Registration Company accompanied them. Other mortuary affairs units included the 293rd Graves Registration Company, activated in April 1951. It was difficult to recover remains and conduct burials in Korea, due to the rugged geography and harsh climate, and the threat of unexploded ordnance and booby-traps.

Construction of the Tanggok cemetery.

Construction of the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC) at Tanggok began on January 18, 1951 and was carried out by hand-labor over a site. It was dedicated by General Matthew Ridgway on April 6, 1951. Graves Registration units then concentrated American and allied remains at Tanggok before they were permanently buried or repatriated. Besides burial services, refrigeration units to store remains were added, as were cremation facilities. Today the 2,300 graves in the cemetery are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried service members.

Post-armistice.

Following the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, the United Nations Command sought to recover bodies interred in North Korean territory. Cemeteries for POWs in North Korea were established at 16 POW camps. From September to October 1954, the resulting exchange of casualties, dubbed Operation Glory, between United Nations forces and the North Koreans resulted in 4,219 remains being recovered, of which 1,275 were non-US casualties. (Also exchanged were the remains of approximately 14,000 North Korean and Chinese casualties.) From 1950 to 1954, approximately 11,000 casualties were interred at UNMC, which was maintained by the United States Army Graves Registration Agency.

Foundation as a United Nations cemetery and transfer to CUNMCK.

It was officially established as the United Nations Memorial Cemetery on December 15, 1955 with the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 977(X). Following the war, the cemetery was funded from the United Nations budget, but the Sino-Soviet world objected to this funding. In 1973, the cemetery was transferred from the UN to the Commission for the United Nations Memorial Cemetery (CUNMCK), which is composed of representatives from the 11 countries who have servicemembers buried there.

Cultural heritage and tourism.

The cemetery is designated as Site 359 in the listing of Registered Cultural Heritage Sites in Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. Also, it is a visitor attraction for Pacific Rim tourists. In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described it as the only United Nations cemetery in the world.

Memorials.

An Honour Guard from the Republic of Korea 53rd Division carries out flag ceremonies daily.  The UN Sculpture Park was established in October 2001 and twenty-nine permanent memorials are in the cemetery. The memorials include:  The Wall of Remembrance, completed in 2006, has the names of the 40,896 United Nations casualties (killed and missing) inscribed on 140 marble panels.  The UNMCK maintains a website in Korean, English, and Turkish, which allows website visitors to post online flowers and tributary messages.

Notable graves.

The cemetery contains the graves of 2,289 military personnel and 11 non-combatants. Amongst those are the graves of Bill Madden GC, 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, (who died as a prisoner of war), Kenneth Muir VC (killed in action in the Battle of Hill 282 while serving with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders), and Philip Curtis VC, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (killed in action in the Battle of the Imjin River while serving with the Gloucestershire Regiment). Also buried is Lt. Col. Charles Hercules Green DSO, commander of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, who was mortally wounded at Battle of Chongju and died at nearby Anju. Dutch Lt. Col., commander of the Regiment Van Heutsz, was killed in action during Operation Roundup in 1951 and is buried with members of his regiment—posthumously, den Ouden was awarded Netherlands' highest military award, the Military Order of William. In the early days of the war, journalist Christopher Buckley died from a land mine explosion, and was subsequently buried at the cemetery. Following his death in 2018, Korean War veteran and Victoria Cross recipient Bill Speakman was buried there in 2019.

Total burials.

Between 1951 and 1954 there were about 11,000 burials of UN troops from 21 countries. As of 2012, there are 2,300 wards of eleven countries, including 36 of the Republic of Korea troops deployed to the United Nations military bases. Because burials of seven counties graves were retrieved back to their homeland, including Belgium, Colombia, Ethiopia, Greece, Luxembourg, Philippines and Thailand. The burials of British Commonwealth Forces Korea are located in United Nations Memorial Cemetery. The numbers are 885 British troops, in accordance with the English customs of the dead.

The United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK; ), located at Tanggok in the Nam District, City of Busan, Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command (UNC) casualties of the Korean War. It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world. Laid out over, the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers.

Le cimetière du mémorial des Nations unies en Corée est un cimetière militaire situé dans la ville de Busan en Corée du Sud.


Biography.

Early life.

Albani was born into a poor Muslim family in the city of Shkodër in northern Albania in 1914. During the reign of the secularist Albanian leader Ahmet Zogu, Al-Albani's family migrated to Damascus, Syria. In Damascus, Albani completed his early education – initially taught by his father – in the Quran, Tajwid, Arabic linguistic sciences, Hanafi Fiqh and further branches of the Islamic faith, also helped by native Syrian scholars. In the meantime, he earned a modest living as a carpenter before joining his father as a watchmaker.

Studies in hadiths.

Albani began to specialize in hadith studies in the 1930s. Though he was largely self-taught, he transcribed and commented on Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al-'Iraqi's "Al-Mughnee 'an-hamlil-Asfar fil-Asfar fee takhrej maa fil-lhyaa min al-Akhbar". He followed this writing a series of lectures and books, as well as publishing articles in "Al-Manar" magazine.

Later life and death.

Starting in 1954, Albani began delivering informal weekly lessons. By 1960, his popularity began to worry the government, and he was placed under surveillance. He was imprisoned twice in 1969. He was placed under house arrest more than once in the 1970s by the Ba'ath regime of Hafez al-Assad. The Syrian government accused Albani of "promoting the Wahhabi da'wa, which distorted Islam and confused Muslims."  After a number of his works were published, Albani was invited to teach "ahadith" at the Islamic University of Madinah in Saudi Arabia by the University's then-vice president, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz. Shortly upon his arrival, Albani angered the Wahhabi elite in Saudi Arabia, who did not like his anti-traditionalist stances in Muslim jurisprudence. They were alarmed by Albani's intellectual challenges to the ruling Hanbali school of law but were unable to challenge him openly due to his popularity. When Albani wrote a book supporting his view that the Niqab, or full face-veil, was not a binding obligation upon Muslim women, he caused a minor uproar in the country. His opponents ensured that his contract with the university was allowed to lapse without renewal.  In 1963, Albani left Saudi Arabia and returned to his studies and work in the Az-Zahiriyah library in Syria. He left his watch shop in the hands of one of his brothers.  Albani visited various countries for preaching and lectures – amongst them Qatar, Egypt, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Spain, and the United Kingdom. He moved a number of times between Syria and a couple of cities in Jordan. He also lived in the UAE. After Bin Baz's intervention with Saudi educational management, Albani was invited to Saudi Arabia a second time in order to serve as the head of higher education in Islamic law in Mecca. This did not last due to controversy among the Saudi establishment regarding Albani's views.  Albani returned to Syria, where he was briefly jailed again in 1979. He moved to Jordan, living there for the remainder of his time. He died in 1999 at the age of 85.

Views.

Albani was a proponent of Salafism, and is considered one of the movement's primary figureheads in the 20th century. Albani criticized the four mainstream schools of Islamic law and rejected the traditional Sunni view that Muslims should automatically turn to a Madhhab for fiqh (jurisprudence). Instead, he spent much of his life critically re-evaluating hadith literature and felt that numerous previously accepted hadiths were unsound. This led him to produce rulings that were at odds with the Islamic majority. Although Salafism has frequently been associated with Wahhabism, Albani distinguished between the two movements, and he criticized the latter while supporting the former. He had a complex relationship to each movement.  Albani was amongst some leading Salafi scholars who were preaching for decades against what they considered the warped literalism of extremists. Politically they were quietists who rejected vigilantism and rebellion against the state. They believed that Muslims should focus on purifying their beliefs and practice and that, in time, "God would bring victory over the forces of falsehood and unbelief."  Albani's own views on jurisprudence and dogma have been a matter of debate and discussion. During a 1989 visit to Saudi Arabia, Albani was asked if he adhered to the lesser-known Zahiri school of Islamic law; he responded affirmatively. Albani's opponents among the mainstream have affirmed this as a point of criticism. A number of Albani's students have denied his association with any formal school of jurisprudence.  Albani openly criticized Syed Qutb after the leader was executed. He claimed that Qutb had deviated in creed and held the belief of Oneness of Being. Further, Albani accused Hassan al-Banna, the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, of not being a religious scholar and holding "positions contrary to the Sunna".

Prayer (Salah) Formula.

Albani wrote a book in which he redefined the proper gestures and formula that constitute the Muslim prayer ritual "According to the Prophet's sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallams practice." These were contrary to the prescriptions of all established schools of jurisprudence.  As he argued that several details of the concrete prayer that have been taught from generation to generation were based on dubious hadith, his book caused considerable unease. Albani's descriptions for the performance of the Tahajjud and Taraweeh prayers deviated considerably from established practice.

Controversies.

Albani held a number of controversial views that ran counter to the wider Islamic consensus, and more specifically to Hanbali jurisprudence. These include:

Criticism.

Albani was criticized by a number of contemporary (modern or living at the same time) Sunni scholars, and many of them wrote short texts, articles or even full-length books against him such as:

Awards.

Albani was awarded the King Faisal International Prize in 1999 before his death for his contributions to Islamic studies. The award committee described him as "considered by many academics as probably the greatest Islamic scholar of the 20th Century."  Over a period of sixty years, Albani's lectures and published books were highly influential in the field of Islamic studies, and many of his works became widely referred to by other Islamic scholars. Muhibb-ud-Deen Al-Khatib, a contemporary scholar, said of him:  In 2015, the "Huffington Post" remarked that Albani's movement of 'Quietist Salafism' "with its strong opposition to takfirism (doctrine of excommunication and declaring other Muslims of being heretics) and violence may provide the rhetoric that could prevent youth from being drawn to the apocalyptic rubbish of ISIS."

Muhammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albanī (1914 – October 2, 1999) () was a Syrian-Albanian Islamic scholar who specialized in the fields of hadith and fiqh. He established his reputation in Syria, where his family had moved when he was a child and where he was educated.

Muhammad Nasir-ud-Din al-Albani (محمد ناصر الدين الألباني), né en 1914 et mort apatride le, est un théologien, juriste et grand savant de l’islam albanais, spécialisé dans la jurisprudence islamique et dans l'authentification des hadiths.


Early career.

Originating from the Northland Region of New Zealand, Goodhue was born in the city of Whangarei and raised on a farm at Whananaki near Hikurangi, New Zealand, along with older brother Cameron and twin Josh who both went on to become professional rugby players. He attended Mount Albert Grammar School in Auckland along with his twin who captained their first XV while Jack was vice captain as they won 17 of their 20 games in 2013. Following graduation, he moved to New Zealand's South Island in order to study Agriculture at Lincoln University and while there he played both Colts and Division 1 rugby for them, winning titles at both levels.

Senior career.

Despite not making the initial Canterbury squad for the 2014 ITM Cup, he forced his way into their match day plans during the year and went on to make 5 appearances and score 2 tries for them before concussion ended his season prematurely. After starting the first 2 games of the following season, he suffered ACL and MCL knee injuries in a game against which ruled him out for almost a year.  He returned to full fitness for 2016 and was in fine form with 3 tries in 11 games as Canterbury lifted their 8th Premiership title in 9 years with a 43-27 victory over Tasman in the final.

Super Rugby.

Following his season-ending injury in 2015, Goodhue was named as a medical exemption player in the wider training group ahead of the 2016 Super Rugby season. His extensive rehabilitation meant that he did not get on the field at all during the year, however his form for Canterbury in the latter part of 2016 meant that he was promoted to the full Crusaders squad for 2017 as part of a new deal which saw him contracted to the Christchurch-based franchise until 2019.  Goodhue was not expected to get as much game time as he eventually did in 2017, due to the presence of fellow rising star David Havili and the fact that All Black midfielder Seta Tamanivalu had shifted south to the Crusaders for the 2017 Super Rugby season, coming from the Chiefs. Goodhue became a regular starter for the Crusaders in his debut season however, with Tamanivalu changing positions to the left wing while Havili became the first-choice fullback due to an Israel Dagg knee injury- leaving Goodhue as All Black Ryan Crotty's midfield partner for the majority of the season. Goodhue started in all three playoff rounds of the competition, scoring the Crusaders' second try of the Grand Final in Johannesburg 11 minutes into the game, finishing his debut Super Rugby season with a 25-17 win over the Lions in the final.  On 10 June 2017, Goodhue started alongside Havili in a midfield partnership against the touring British and Irish Lions team. Goodhue lasted the whole 80 minutes, but the Crusaders ultimately lost 3-12.  In 2018 the Crusaders won their second title in two years where he started at centre against the Lions in a repeat of last years final. The Crusaders won 37-18.  Jack Goodhue was again a part of the Crusaders success in 2019 however he broke his finger against the Hurricanes in the semi-final. Because of this, Goodhue missed the final against the Jaguares making it to the final for the first time. The Crusaders won 19-3 making it three straight titles for them and Jack Goodhue

International.

Goodhue represented the All Blacks Sevens twice in 2015 at the USA and Wellington competitions. He also won the 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship with New Zealand under-20, scoring two tries in five matches and captaining the side in one game.  Goodhue was included as an injury cover for Ryan Crotty in the All Blacks' 33-man squad for the 2017 Pasifika Challenge against Samoa and three-test series against the British and Irish Lions. Goodhue and fellow uncapped midfielders Ngani Laumape and Jordie Barrett were surprise inclusions in the squad, with Highlanders midfielder Malakai Fekitoa excluded from the squad in their favour. Laumape, Barrett and Hurricanes loose forward Vaea Fifita made their debuts for the All Blacks in 2017's mid-year tests but Goodhue ultimately did not play, with the All Blacks selectors re-calling Fekitoa for the third test against the Lions following Crotty suffering another hamstring injury and Sonny Bill Williams' suspension.  Goodhue managed to make his way back into the All Blacks squad and was selected for a New Zealand XV side as part of the 2017 end-of-season tour. Goodhue was named to start at outside centre on his debut in a mid-week fixture against a French XV on 14 November 2017. Goodhue had a good game, but this was overshadowed by his yellow card in the 68th minute. Goodhue was one of five debutants that day, as they went on to win 28–23, however this match does not count as an official test match.  Goodhue made his official test debut on 23 June 2018 against France during the France test series where he started at outside centre. The All Blacks won 49–14.  Goodhue scored the first try as All Blacks on 17 August 2018 against Australia.

Honours.

New Zealand Under-20  Canterbury

Elias Jack Goodhue (born 13 June 1995) is a New Zealand rugby union player who currently plays as a midfield back for in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup, the in the international Super Rugby competition, and the All Blacks. He has the privilege of being the final guest on the “Radio Sport Breakfast” for 2019.

Jack Goodhue, né le à Whangarei (Nouvelle-Zélande), est un joueur de rugby à XV international néo-zélandais évoluant au poste de centre. Il évolue avec la franchise des Crusaders en Super Rugby depuis 2017, et avec la province de Northland en National Provincial Championship depuis 2017.


Background.

In summer 1944, Slovaks rebelled against the Nazis and the Czechoslovak government appealed to Soviets for help. On 31 August, Soviet marshal Ivan Konev was ordered to prepare plans for an offensive to destroy Nazi forces in Slovakia. The plan was to push through the old Slovak-Polish border in the Carpathian Mountains via the Dukla Pass near Svidník to penetrate Slovakia proper.  In the meantime, however, the Germans had fortified the region, forming the "Karpatenfestung" ("Carpathian fortress") or "Árpád Line".

Battle.

The Soviet operation plan called for the Soviet forces to cross the pass and capture the town of Prešov within five days.  The operation started on 8 September. It took the Soviets three days to take Krosno (it was captured on 11 September). One of the biggest battles in the past took place on and around Hill 534 in the northwest from the town of Dukla; the battle to capture this hill lasted from 10–20 September, and during that period the control of the hill changed more than 20 times. The town of Dukla was seized on 21 September. The area of the former Czechoslovak state border—heavily fortified by the Germans—was captured on 6 October; it took almost a month for the Soviet forces to reach Slovakia.  The Dukla operation did not end when the Soviets forced the pass. The combat zone shifted to Eastern Slovakia, with Soviet forces trying to outflank and push back the German forces, still strong and having many fortified positions. South of the pass and directly west of the village of Dobroslava lies an area that has come to be known as the "Valley of Death". Here Soviet and German armor clashed in a miniature reenactment of the great tank battle of Kursk. Soviet and Czechoslovak forces would enter Svidník on 28 October. A major German fortified position near the pass, Hill 532 "Obšár", would be secured as late as on 25 November 1944.

Aftermath.

The Slovak National Uprising was mostly crushed by the time Soviet units secured Slovak territories; one of the main reasons for it was that the German resistance in the Dukla Pass was much heavier than expected. Another factor was that the Slovak insurgent forces failed to secure the other side of the pass, as planned by the Slovak and Soviet commanders during early preparations.  In 1949, the Czechoslovak government erected a memorial and cemetery southeast of the Dukla border crossing, in Vyšný Komárnik, the first liberated village on the territory of (then) Czechoslovakia. It contains the graves of several hundred Soviet and Czechoslovak soldiers. Several other memorials and cemeteries have also been erected in the region.  In 1956, the football club ATK Praha changed their name to Dukla Praha (Dukla Prague) in honour of those who had fallen in the battle.

The Battle of the Dukla Pass, also known as the Dukla / Carpatho-Dukla / Rzeszów-Dukla / Dukla-Prešov Offensive was the battle for control over the Dukla Pass on the border between Poland and Slovakia on the Eastern Front of World War II between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in September–October 1944. It was part of the Soviet East Carpathian Strategic Offensive that also included the Carpathian-Uzhgorod Offensive. The operation's primary goal, to provide support for the Slovak rebellion, was not achieved, but it concluded the full liberation of the Ukraine in its modern borders by the occupation of the Subcarpathian region as a territory of the former Carpatho-Ukraine.

Le bataille du col de Dukla, ou parfois bataille de la passe de Dukla, est une bataille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale opposant au col de Dukla à la frontière actuelle entre la Pologne et la Slovaquie entre le Troisième Reich et l'Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques en septembre et.


History.

Name and origins.

On Spanish documents, the original spelling was "Castec", which represented the Chumash Native American word "Kashtiq", meaning "eyes" or "wet spot". Castec is first mentioned on old boundary maps of Rancho San Francisco, as a canyon at the trailhead leading to the old Chumash camp at Castac Lake (Tejon Ranch), which is intermittently wet and briny.  Modern Castaic began in 1887 when Southern Pacific set up a railroad siding on the line between Piru and Saugus Station, naming it "Castaic Junction". Between January and April 1890, the Castec School District adopted the new spelling, "Castaic".  Following that newer spelling, some pronounce "Castaic" with three, instead of two, syllables. (See below for details and sources on the pronunciation.)

Range War.

Between 1890 and 1916, the Castaic Range War was fought in Castaic country over ranch boundaries and grazing rights. It was the biggest range war in U.S. history.  A feud started over Section 23, where the Stonebridge subdivision is now. William Chormicle had legally bought the property, but William "Wirt" Jenkins was already storing grain on it and said he had filed for ownership. During a heated dispute, Chormicle and a friend shot and killed two of Jenkins's cowhands. They were acquitted in court.  Jenkins, however, was the local justice of the peace, with friends of his own, and the feud quickly grew into war. Former Los Angeles Rangers (among whom Jenkins had fought) and other notables were drawn in. The war claimed dozens of lives and foiled a negotiator, a forest ranger whom President Theodore Roosevelt had sent in to quell it.

Ridge Route.

The hamlet of Castaic began in 1915 with the opening of the original Ridge Route, which brought travelers looking for gasoline, water, food, and lodging to the community. Some of the earliest businesses started in Castaic are Castaic Brick (founded 1927) and George Dunn's Wayside Dairy (founded 1929). Sam's Place (Sam Parson, proprietor) on the Ridge Route has long since gone and is now a memory. Castaic is a major truck stop along the Interstate 5 freeway.

Roundup.

Castaic has the last traditional cattle roundup—with horses, lariats, and branding irons—in Los Angeles County. It has been held by the Cordova family since 1834, when the family first settled here. Members of the Cordova family were scouts for the U.S. Army during the Mexican War in 1846 and helped identify bodies during the St. Francis Dam disaster in San Francisquito Canyon in 1928. Operations scaled back in 1967 when the government seized around, including the ancestral ranch-house, for the planned Castaic Lake and dam.

Geography.

Castaic includes Castaic Lake and lies at the southern terminus of the west branch of the California Water Project. A 1,175-megawatt pumped-storage hydroelectric plant at the north end of Castaic Lake captures the energy from the falling water descending toward the Los Angeles area.  Today travelers enjoy visiting Castaic for its spacious country setting and lake. Nearby amenities include Castaic Lake and Pyramid Lake, where camping, boating and swimming are available.

Seismology.

The area is seismically active. On January 3, 2015, a pair of earthquakes of magnitude 3.1 (location:, depth: ) and 4.2 (location:, depth: ), respectively, were reported about north of Castaic. The epicenter was from Santa Clarita, California.

Climate.

This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above. During the months of June though September, however, the average high temperature ranges from the 90s F (30s C) to above. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Castaic has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Castaic had a population of 19,015. The population density was 2,612.5 people per square mile (1,008.7/km2). The racial makeup of Castaic was 13,607 (71.6%) White (57.1% Non-Hispanic White), 630 (3.3%) African American, 119 (0.6%) Native American, 2,162 (11.4%) Asian, 26 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 1,466 (7.7%) from other races, and 1,005 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4,716 persons (24.8%).  The Census reported that 18,946 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 69 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.  According to the 2010 United States Census, Castaic had a median household income of $106,538, with 7.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line. The population was spread out with 5,761 people (30.3%) under the age of 18, 1,717 people (9.0%) aged 18 to 24, 5,144 people (27.1%) aged 25 to 44, 5,302 people (27.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,091 people (5.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.  There were 5,932 housing units at an average density of 815.0 per square mile (314.7/km2), of which 4,843 (84.2%) were owner-occupied, and 908 (15.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.7%. 16,231 people (85.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,715 people (14.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Government and infrastructure.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Santa Clarita Valley Station in Santa Clarita, serving Castaic.  Station 149 of the Los Angeles County Fire Department serves the community. The Castaic Town Council meets monthly.  The Castaic Union School District consists of four schools: three elementary schools and one middle school. Live Oak Elementary School, Castaic Elementary School and Northlake Hills Elementary School serve students in kindergarten through sixth grade. Castaic Middle School serves grades seven through eight. The school district does not yet have a high school. Currently, Castaic high school students attend either Valencia High School or West Ranch High School in the William S. Hart Union High School District. The Hart District offices are located southeast of Castaic.  The community has a ZIP Code of 91384 and area code of 661.

Pronunciation.

The historical spellings of Castaic (Kashtiq, Castec, and Castac) all are written as having "two" syllables. Long-time residents have generally held that Castaic is therefore pronounced to rhyme with "mosaic" (i.e., ). More recently, many have taken to an alternate pronunciation, based on the current spelling, with "two" syllables, to rhyme with "steak" (i.e., ).  In 2013, at a meeting over the planned Castaic High School, people in attendance argued over which pronunciation was right.

Castaic (also spelled Castec or Kashtiq) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in the northern part of Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 19,015.

Castaic, également appelée "Castec" ou "Kashtiq" est une communauté non-incorporée et une census-designated place située au nord du comté de Los Angeles en Californie, aux États-Unis. Lors du recensement de 2010, elle comptait une population de.


History.

Ruth Belville's father, John Henry Belville, created a service for 200 clients in 1836. Each morning, John Henry went to Greenwich Observatory, where he worked and set his watch to Greenwich Mean Time. He would then set off in his buggy and would set the clocks correctly for clients subscribed to the service.  John Henry continued this service up until his death in 1856. His widow, Maria, was granted the privilege of carrying on the work as a means of livelihood and continued the business until her retirement in 1892 when she was in her eighties. Ruth Belville then took over the business. She continued the business up until 1940. Belville was in her eighties when she retired and at the age of 86 she was still able to journey about twelve miles from her home and attend at the Observatory by 9 am. She died at the age of 89.  The watch used by the business was a John Arnold pocket chronometer No. 485/786, nicknamed "Arnold". It was originally made for the Duke of Sussex and had a gold case. When it was given to John Henry, he changed the case to silver because he was worried thieves might steal a gold watch. When Ruth died, the watch was left to the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers.

Competition.

Belville's business came under attack from St John Wynne, a director of the Standard Time Company, which sold a telegraphic time signal service and was, therefore, Belville's main competitor. Wynne made a speech at the city United Wards Club attacking Belville, claiming, "that her [Belville's] methods were amusingly out of date," he also implied that she might have been using her femininity to gain business."  The speech was published in "The Times" newspaper, but the article did not mention the Standard Time Company and the fact that he was Belville's competitor. Following the publication of the comments, Belville was besieged by reporters interested in her business and also the possible scandal, which was implied by Wynne's comments. However, Belville managed to cope, and the resulting publicity resulted in an increase in sales. Belville said that all Wynne had managed to do was to give her free advertising.

Elizabeth Ruth Naomi Belville (5 March 1854 – 7 December 1943), also known as the Greenwich Time Lady, was a businesswoman from London. She, her mother Maria Elizabeth, and her father John Henry, sold people the time. This was done by setting a Belvilles' watch to Greenwich Mean Time, as shown by the Greenwich clock, each day and then "selling" people the time by letting them look at the watch and adjust theirs.

Elizabeth Ruth Naomi Belville (née le à Londres et morte le dans la même ville), surnommée la Greenwich Time Lady, est une femme d'affaires britannique.