Train Simulator (série de jeux vidéo, 2009)

Releases.

The first major update to "RailWorks" was "RailWorks 2: Train Simulator", released on Steam on 18 October 2010 under the name "RailWorks 2". Retail versions were released later that year. The new version contained a range of new features and enhancements, including enhanced menus, the new RS Cab Control driver interface and new RS Career System scenarios. Players could earn Steam Achievements for completing scenarios, as well as compete and compare scores online via Steam Leaderboards. It also featured level crossing animations, among other improvements. "RailWorks 2" featured the same routes and content as the original game, and only one new route: TestTraK, based on the Test and validation centre, a German testing facility owned by Siemens Mobility used for technical acceptance tests and approvals of locomotives and rolling stock. Contents in retail versions could vary in different countries to include local routes and locomotives. Owners of the original "RailWorks" received a free upgrade to the "RailWorks 2" core technology via the Steam platform.  "RailWorks 3: Train Simulator 2012" was released on Steam on 23 September 2011 under the name "Train Simulator 2012". Retail versions were released later that year. It contained a number of improvements and new features, including a new user interface, action-oriented loading screens, the new TSX game engine with multi-core and FXAA support and many graphical improvements (including extended draw distance, improved lighting and shadows, enhanced sky and water effects, new depth of field camera focus effect and particle effects, (e.g. rain drops on locomotive windows with working wipers), superelevation to allow simulation of curved tracks, improved track unevenness and cab camera movement increasing with speed, improved editing tools and others. The base package contained nine routes, and those who purchased from Steam or purchased the retail "Deluxe Edition", also received the Horseshoe Curve route. Contents in retail versions could vary in different countries to include local routes and locomotives. Owners of "RailWorks 2" received a free upgrade to the "TS2012" core technology via the Steam platform.  "Train Simulator 2013" was released on Steam in two editions. The "Standard Edition", available for a limited time, was released on 20 September 2012. The "Deluxe Edition" was released on 10 October 2012. Retail versions were available from October that year. New features and improvements included Xbox 360 Controller support, Relay Play mode allowing for users to combine efforts to complete scenarios (removed since "Train Simulator 2014"), new menus and control options (including the new Quick Drive mode), updated HUDs, improved 2D task map and support for a new community download center using the Steam Workshop where players can share and download free user-created scenarios. It also featured enhanced graphics and performance improvements. A route included with previous versions, Hagen–Siegen, was heavily updated and renamed the Ruhr–Sieg Line. Routes included with the "Standard Edition" were Sherman Hill, London–Brighton, Northeast Corridor and Isle of Wight. The "Deluxe Edition" included Sherman Hill, London–Brighton and Munich–Augsburg. Contents in retail versions could vary in different countries to include local routes and locomotives. Owners of "Train Simulator 2012" received a free upgrade to the "TS2013" core technology via the Steam platform.  "Train Simulator 2014" was released on Steam in two editions. The "Steam Edition" was released on 26 September 2013, and the "Standard Edition" on 7 October 2013. Retail versions were available from 4 October that year. It featured a new menu system, better graphics including increased draw distance and headlight flares, a new camera system with user-adjustable FOV, improved passenger appearance and behaviour, improved editing tools, expanded Quick Drive mode and an enhanced Career mode, letting players earn points towards medals, rewards and achievements. The new Engine Driver community website was made accessible in-game. The Steam Workshop feature was expanded to support free user-created routes, in addition to scenarios, and the new Marketplace was designed to make it simpler to share and obtain new third-party payware content. Routes included with the "Standard Edition" were Hamburg–Hanover, London–Faversham High Speed and Donner Pass: Southern Pacific. Those who purchased the "Steam Edition", also received an additional seven-mile (11 km) Sheerness Branch line in Kent (an extension to the London–Faversham High Speed route) and two extra locomotives (Class 466 and SD70M). Contents in retail versions could vary in different countries to include local routes and locomotives. Owners of "Train Simulator 2013" received a free upgrade to the "TS2014" core technology via the Steam platform.  "Train Simulator 2015", was released on Steam on 18 September 2014 as a "Standard Edition" and a "Steam Edition". Retail versions were available from 19 September that year. It introduced several improvements and a learning mode called TS Academy, a training area designed to introduce new players to the series quickly and easily. Routes included with the "Standard Edition" were East Coast Main Line: London–Peterborough, Northeast Corridor: New York–New Haven and Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Those who purchased the "Steam Edition", also received the Pacific Surfliner: LA–San Diego route and two extra locomotives (Los Angeles Commuter Rail F59PH and San Diego Commuter Rail F59PHI). Contents in retail versions could vary in different countries to include local routes and locomotives. Owners of "Train Simulator 2014" received a free upgrade to the "TS2015" core technology via the Steam platform.  "Train Simulator 2016" was released on Steam on 17 September 2015 as "Train Simulator 2016: Steam Edition". This version provides a selection of new 'extreme' challenges set across a variety of different eras.  "Train Simulator 2017" was released on Steam on 16 September 2016. A limited edition of "Train Simulator 2017", called "Pioneers Edition", was available for players until 7 December 2016. The "Pioneers Edition" included two bonuses: a bonus route, Semmeringbahn: Mürzzuschlag to Gloggnitz and the ability to have beta access to "Train Sim World: CSX Heavy Haul", an Unreal Engine 4 made game that was released in early 2017. The beta access to "Train Sim World: CSX Heavy Haul" started at 8 December 2016 at around 6pm GMT.  "Train Simulator 2018" was announced on 23 October 2017, and was released on 16 November 2017.  "Train Simulator 2019" - which moves from 32bit to 64bit - was released on 11 October 2018 with 3 routes and 2 route extensions; Soldier Summit and Salt Lake City Extension, the Rhine Railway and Frankfurt High Speed Extension, and the re-worked Portsmouth Direct Line now including Waterloo.  "Train Simulator 2020", released on 19 September 2019, comes with three routes: Nuremberg & Regensburg, South Western Main Line: Southampton – Bournemouth and Norfolk Southern N-Line. It also comes with some graphical improvements, and filters for taking photos in-game.

Features.

The game features steam, diesel and electric traction trains; keyboard, mouse or gamepad control of throttles, brakes and switches with Simple and Expert driving models for varying player skills. A variety of scenarios are available for Standard and Career modes, as well as an exploratory style Free Roam mode. Quick Drive mode allows a player to pick a train (or to put together their own by snapping together cars), choose a route, set departure and destination stations and decide on the time of day, the season and the weather. Cargo and passengers are animated, and weather changes dynamically with time. Steam Workshop allows players to upload and download additional user-created routes and scenarios.

Routes ("RailWorks" to "TS2019").

The original "RailWorks" base package contained eight routes, most of which are available now as legacy DLC. The three fictional routes originally introduced in "RailWorks" and subsequently withdrawn in "Train Simulator 2013" (Hedborough North, Seebergbahn and Castle Rock Railroad) are not available as DLC but are available as free downloads on Steam Workshop as official uploads by Dovetail Games, branded as Classic Routes. In 2010, users could add the free Port Road route DLC to their Steam accounts, but it is no longer available. Set in the final years of steam operations, Port Road represents the branch line from Dumfries to Castle Douglas and Kirkcudbright, part of the now-defunct Dumfries to Stranraer line in Scotland. The route has since been re-released in the Western Lines of Scotland route, and was extended to Carlisle.  The 2014 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2015", contained only three or four routes, depending on the edition; East Coast Main Line: London–Peterborough, Northeast Corridor: New York–New Haven and Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen included with the "Standard Edition", plus the Pacific Surfliner: LA–San Diego included with the "Steam Edition". People who purchased "Train Simulator" before 18 September 2014 retained their original content, and had the option to purchase the new routes via Steam.  The 2015 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2016", contained three routes: Sherman Hill featuring the Union Pacific SW10, ES44AC, SD70M and GTEL. The Riviera Line in the 50s contains the GWR Castle, King, Grange, modified Hall and Pannier classes. The West Rhine route contains the DB classes 101, 146.0, 146.2, 155 & 294. The "Steam Edition" included an additional route: the Norfolk Southern Coal District route containing the Norfolk Southern ES44AC.  The 2016 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2017", contains four routes: LGV: Marseilles-Avignon featuring the French TGV Duplex Train. The South Wales Coastal Route contains the Arriva Trains Wales Class 175, the GWR Class 43 (HST), and Freightliner Class 70. The Hamburg-Lübeck Railway contains the DB BR 145 and 218 and the DBAG Class 294. The North Jersey Coast Line contains the Bombardier ALP-45DP and drivable Comet V cab car. The Pioneer Edition of the game includes the Semmeringbahn Route, contains the ÖBB Class 1116. The Pioneer Edition is available until 7 December 2016 as a way to opt into the "Train Sim World" beta.  The 2017 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2018", includes three routes: North Wales Coastal: Crewe-Llandudno and Conwy featuring the Virgin Trains Class 221, Arriva Trains Wales Class 158 and Class 175; Peninsula Corridor: San Francisco-San Jose containing the CalTrain MP36PH-3C, drivable Bombardier Bi-Level Cab Car, and Union Pacific GP38-2; and Mittenwaldbahn: Garmisch-Partenkirchen-Innsbruck, including the DB BR 442 and ÖBB 2016.  The 2018 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2019", the first edition based on a 64-bit engine, includes five routes (three main routes and two route extensions): Portsmouth Direct Line: London Waterloo - Portsmouth featuring BR Classes 444, 450, 455/8 and 377, Soldier Summit Route featuring D&RGW GP9, Amtrak F40PH and D&RGW SD40T-2, Salt Lake City Route Extension (this is an add-on to the Soldier Summit Route), The Rhine Railway: Mannheim - Karlsruhe including the DB BR 406 ICE 3M, DB BR 189, DB BR 425 and DB BR 294, Frankfurt High Speed: Frankfurt – Karlsruhe (this is an add-on to the Rhine Railway Route).  The 2019 released version of the game, "Train Simulator 2020", includes three new routes, one of which is exclusive to this version. They are: Nuremberg & Regensburg Bahn featuring DB BR 440's, 442's and 185's, South Western Main Line: Southampton – Bournemouth featuring BR Classes 444 and 450 'Desiro' EMU's, and Norfolk Southern N-Line featuring NS Electro-Motive, EMD GP38-2s and NS EMD GP40-2 and several new freight rolling stock.

Editing tools.

A complete suite of tools is also available to customize content. This allows terrain modeling either by hand using the tools provided or by importing Digital elevation model (DEM) data from NASA. Track construction based on a system of straights and arcs, allows infinitely possible junction configurations, and scenery placement. A scenario editor allows the creation of tasks such as picking up passengers, hauling cargo and shunting wagons around yards. These tools also allow players to build unlimited sizes of layouts, create their own scenery and rolling stock and to modify the provided content by adding features or re-skins.

Downloadable content.

Various add-ons are available for "Train Simulator", containing routes, locomotives and/or multiple units for Quick Drive use, as well as scenarios for Standard, Career and Free Roam modes. Examples include the fictional Rascal & Cottonwood route from All Aboard and packs of the LMS Jubilees and the GWR 4900 Class locomotives. Available from both Steam and from various third party websites.  The game is infamous for its numerous downloadable content, costing over $10,000 in its entirety.  The game is also famous for its community-based websites that create user-generated content both freeware and payware.  These third-party creators have made successful business based around the Train Simulator brand and community.

Critical reception.

IGN gave "RailWorks" a 7/10 or "good" stating that the game "doesn't bring a lot of new stuff to the genre" and graphically "lacks the high-end flair of today's top-level titles".  On 17 March 2011, it was announced that "RailWorks 2" had won the award for Simulation of the Year 2010 by readers of "Game Industry News" (GiN).

Legacy.

Since 2014, Dovetail Games has been working on the next generation of the "Train Simulator" franchise, titled "Train Sim World", utilizing Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4 technology. "Train Sim World" was released on 16 March 2017, under its new name, "Train Sim World: CSX Heavy Haul". It features the 'Sand Patch Grade' route, complete with three locomotives (the SD40-2, GP38-2, and the AC4400CW), as well as a fully immersive first-person mode. It was released for the Xbox One as Train Sim World: Founders Edition a year later on 9 March 2018 and released on PS4 on 24 July 2018 with 3 routes Great Western Express, Rapid Transit and NEC: New York (along with Xbox One at the same time).  On 20 July 2017, the first DLC pack for the game was announced, titled "Great Western Express". The pack was made available for pre-order, with the release date set as 24 August 2017. The pack includes the Great Western Mainline from London Paddington to Reading, as well as the InterCity 125 high speed train, British Rail Class 166 "Networker Turbo" and Class 66 freight train. The pack is themed around the current franchise holder for the GWML, Great Western Railway (GWR).  "Great Western Express" was delayed to 14 September 2017, three weeks from its original release date. The expansion was apparently not ready for release; however, in posts on Steam and the Train Simulator website, it was claimed to be to 'extend the pre-order date'.  Despite the new game, Dovetail Games has said that it will continue to support, and create new content for, the previous-generation "Train Simulator".

Train Simulator (originally RailWorks) is a train simulation game developed by Dovetail Games. It is the successor to "Rail Simulator", and was released online on 12 June 2009 and in stores on 3 July 2009.

Train Simulator (au départ "RailWorks",) est une série de jeux vidéo de simulation ferroviaire développée par Dovetail Games. Éditée le en ligne sur Steam et le dans les magasins, c'est le successeur de "Rail Simulator" qui est sorti en 2007 et dont les droits sont rachetés par Rail Simulator Developments Ltd (un nom commercial de DoveTail Games)


History.

The line was opened in two stages: The line between Palézieux and Fräschels was owned by the Western Swiss Railways ("Chemins de fer de la Suisse Occidentale"), which already operated the Jura Foot Railway via Yverdon and the Lausanne–Bern railway via Fribourg. The Jura bernois also opened its section between Fräschels and Lyss on 12 June 1876, so that the Murten–Kerzers–Lyss section went in operation on the same day, although owned by two companies. The competition from the two established main lines and the rural character of the catchment area never allowed the Palézieux–Lyss railway to advance beyond the status of a secondary line. Various mergers of railway companies led to the line becoming wholly owned by the SBB at its foundation in 1903. Most of the line was electrified in 1944–1947, late by Swiss standards and reflecting its low traffic. The Murten–Muntelier section had already been electrified at 750 Volt using side-contact third rail between 1903 and 1947 for the trains of the Chemin de fer Fribourg–Morat–Anet (FMA). The Palézieux–Payerne section is included in the network of the Léman Express as line S21.

Route.

The Palézieux–Kerzers route runs in a predominantly northeastern direction, always along the Broye river to Lake Morat. In the first section to Moudon, which also has the only tunnel of the line, the maximum slope is 1.9%; afterwards the line is flatter. At the entrance to Kerzers station, the Bern–Neuchâtel railway is crossed at an acute angle at grade. The station itself, operated jointly by the SBB and BLS, underwent a fundamental reconstruction between 2003 and 2005. The mechanical signal box built in 1896 is preserved as a museum.

The Palézieux–Lyss railway is a single-track standard-gauge line of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) in Romandy. The section south of Kerzers is sometimes considered to form one of two lines that intersect at Payerne station and are referred to in French as the "Ligne de la Broye" (Broye line) or in German as the "Broyelinien" (Broye lines) or "Broyetallinien" (Broye valley lines). The Palézieux–Lyss railway includes the "Broye longitudinal" (Palézieux–Payerne–Murten–Kerzers). The Fribourg–Yverdon railway is considered to form the "Broye transversal" (Yverdon-les-Bains–Payerne–). The lines are named after the Broye river, which passes through the cantons of Vaud and Fribourg, crossing the cantonal border ten times in total.

La ligne Palézieux – Lyss est une ligne ferroviaire des Chemins de fer fédéraux en Suisse mise en service le par les chemins de fer de la Suisse Occidentale reliant la gare de Palézieux à celle de Lyss. Elle porte le nom de ligne de la Broye longitudinale sur son tronçon Palézieux – Chiètres.


Description.

Guggenheim had proposed an extension of the Debye-Hückel equation which is the basis of SIT theory. The equation can be written, in its simplest form for a 1:1 electrolyte, MX, as formula_2 is the mean molal activity coefficient. The first term on the right-hand side is the Debye–Hückel term, with a constant, "A", and the ionic strength "I". β is an interaction coefficient and "b" the molality of the electrolyte. As the concentration decreases so the second term becomes less important until, at very low concentrations,the Debye-Hückel equation gives a satisfactory account of the activity coefficient.  Leroy A. Bromley observed that experimental values of formula_3 were often approximately proportional to ionic strength. Accordingly, he developed the equation, for a salt of general formula formula_4 At 25 °C "A" is equal to 0.511 and ρ is equal to one. Bromley tabulated values if the interaction coefficient "B". He noted that the equation gave satisfactory agreement with experimental data up to ionic strength of 6 molal, though with decreasing precision when extrapolating to very high ionic strength. As with other equations, it is not satisfactory when there is ion association as, for example, with divalent metal sulfates. Bromley also found that "B" could be expressed in terms of single-ion quantities as where the + subscript refers to a cation and the minus subscript refers to an anion. Bromley's equation can easily be transformed for the calculation of osmotic coefficients, and Bromley also proposed extensions to multicomponent solutions and for the effect of temperature change.  A modified version of the Bromley equation has been used extensively by Madariaga and co-workers. In a comparison of Bromley, SIT and Pitzer models, little difference was found in the quality of fit. The Bromley equation is essentially an empirical equation. The "B" parameters are relatively easy to determine. However, SIT theory, as extended by Scatchard. and Ciavatta is much more widely used.  By contrast the Pitzer equation is based on rigorous thermodynamics. The determination Pitzer parameters is more laborious. Whilst the Bromley and SIT approaches are based on pair-wise interactions between oppositely charged ions, the Pitzer approach also allows for interactions between three ions. These equations are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water.  For some complex electrolytes, Ge et al. obtained the new set of Bromley parameters using up-to-date measured or critically reviewed osmotic coefficient or activity coefficient data.

The Bromley equation was developed in 1973 by Leroy A. Bromley with the objective of calculating activity coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions whose concentrations are above the range of validity of the Debye–Hückel equation This equation, together with Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) and Pitzer equations is important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water.

L’équation de Bromley a été développée en 1973 pour calculer les coefficients d'activité pour des solutions aqueuses d'électrolytes dont les concentrations dépassent les limites de validité du modèle de Debye-Hückel. Avec la théorie SIT et les équations de Pitzer, elle fournit un outil important pour la compréhension du comportement des ions dissous dans les eaux naturelles telles que rivières, lacs et eau de mer.


Other names.

A rattleback may also be known as a "anagyre", "celt", "Celtic stone", "druid stone", "rebellious celt", "rattlerock", "spin bar", "Robinson Reverser", "wobble stone" (or "wobblestone") and by the product names "ARK", "Bizzaro Swirl", "RATTLEBACK", "Space Pet" and "Space Toy".

History.

Archeologists who investigated ancient Celtic and Egyptian sites in the 19th century found celts which exhibited the spin-reversal motion. The antiquarian word "celt" (the "c" is pronounced as "s") describes adze-, axe-, chisel- and hoe-shaped lithic tools and weapons.  The first modern descriptions of these celts were published in the 1890s when Gilbert Walker wrote his "On a curious dynamical property of celts" for the "Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" in Cambridge, England, and "On a dynamical top" for the "Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics" in Somerville, Massachusetts, US.  Additional examinations of rattlebacks were published in 1909 and 1918, and by the 1950s and 1970s, several more examinations were made. But, the popular fascination with the objects has increased notably since the 1980s when no fewer than 28 examinations were published.

Size and materials.

While rattleback artifacts are described as stone with various measurements, most which are sold currently as novelty puzzles and toys are described as plastic with measurements of 3.75 inches long x 0.75 inches wide x 0.4375 inches high. Carved wooden rattlebacks are described with a measurement of 5.5 to 6 inches in length. One plastic rattleback made and sold by Charles W. Sherburne is described as 12 inches in length. Glass rattlebacks, and those made of spoons, are described as being tested with unreported measurements. Larger rattlebacks (up to 8 feet long and 16 inches wide) are made on request by Emmanuel Peluchon for science museums.  Two rattleback design types exist. They have either an asymmetrical base with a skewed rolling axis, or a symmetrical base with offset weighting at the ends.

Physics.

The spin-reversal motion follows from the growth of instabilities on the other rotation axes, that are rolling (on the main axis) and pitching (on the crosswise axis).  When there is an asymmetry in the mass distribution with respect to the plane formed by the pitching and the vertical axes, a coupling of these two instabilities arises; one can imagine how the asymmetry in mass will deviate the rattleback when pitching, which will create some rolling.  The amplified mode will differ depending on the spin direction, which explains the rattleback's asymmetrical behavior. Depending on whether it is rather a pitching or rolling instability that dominates, the growth rate will be very high or quite low.  This explains why, due to friction, most rattlebacks appear to exhibit spin-reversal motion only when spun in the pitching-unstable direction, also known as the strong reversal direction. When the rattleback is spun in the "stable direction", also known as the weak reversal direction, friction and damping often slow the rattleback to a stop before the rolling instability has time to fully build. Some rattlebacks, however, exhibit "unstable behavior" when spun in either direction, and incur several successive spin reversals per spin.  Other ways to add motion to a rattleback include tapping by pressing down momentarily on either of its ends, and rocking by pressing down repeatedly on either of its ends.  For a comprehensive analysis of rattleback's motion, see V.Ph. Zhuravlev and D.M. Klimov (2008). The previous papers were based on simplified assumptions and limited to studying local instability of its steady-state oscillation.  Realistic mathematical modelling of a rattleback is presented by G. Kudra and J. Awrejcewicz (2015). They focused on modelling of the contact forces and tested different versions of models of friction and rolling resistance, obtaining good agreement with the experimental results.  Numerical simulations predict that a rattleback situated on a harmonically oscillating base can exhibit rich bifurcation dynamics, including different types of periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic motions.

A rattleback is a semi-ellipsoidal top which will rotate on its axis in a preferred direction. If spun in the opposite direction, it becomes unstable, "rattles" to a stop and reverses its spin to the preferred direction.

Anagyre est le nom donné à un objet paradoxal qui, lancé dans le sens "naturel" de rotation tourne rapidement, alors que lancé dans le sens opposé, il s'arrête après quelques instants en vibrant, pour repartir dans le sens contraire et "naturel" de rotation.


Career.

Seattle Mariners.

In his first professional season, 2009, Baron played for the Rookie-Level Pulaski Mariners of the Appalachian League. He batted.179 with 19 hits, six doubles, two home runs and 13 RBIs in 30 games. In his first full season, he led all of minor league baseball in catcher caught stealing with 46%. He was considered one of the best defensive catchers in the '09 draft and was awarded the 2009 Rawlings Gold Glove award. <ref name="mariners/mlb"></ref> Baron made his MLB debut in 2015. He is one of three catchers in Major League history to catch a one-hit major league shutout in his first ever start. He was designated for assignment by the Mariners on November 2, 2016. On November 10, he was released. Baron signed a new minor league contract with the Mariners later in November.

St. Louis Cardinals.

He elected free agency on November 6, 2017, and signed a minor league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals on December 22. He played with the team's AAA affiliate, the Memphis Redbirds in 2018, until being recalled on May 17 due to Carson Kelly being placed on the disabled list. His first major league hit, a single, came on May 19, 2018, off of Luis García of the Philadelphia Phillies.

Pittsburgh Pirates.

On December 18, 2018, Baron signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates. On September 3, 2019, the Pirates selected his contract. Baron was outrighted off the Pirates roster on October 25 and elected free agency on October 31.

Steven Phillip Baron (born December 7, 1990) is an American professional baseball catcher who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the first round, 33rd pick overall, of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft and made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2015. He attended Ferguson High School and has also played in MLB for the St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates.

Steve Phillip Baron (né le à Miami, Floride, États-Unis) est un receveur des Mariners de Seattle de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Plot.

Following the collapse of KMG (Keith Moore's Gang) at the end of "", rival drug gangs the Mad Dogs and the Slasher Boys engage in a violent turf war for control of the Luton underworld. Cherubs Gabrielle O'Brien and Michael Hendry are sent to infiltrate the Slasher Boys. While carrying out a delivery for Major Dee, the leader of the Slasher Boys, Gabrielle's contact is killed by members of rival gang the Runts and Gabrielle is grievously wounded after being stabbed by a Runt.  Meanwhile, James Adams and his new girlfriend Dana Smith are helping on the last few days of normal training as instructors. While there, Ukrainian instructor Yosyp Kazakov is accidentally knocked out when trainee Kevin Sumner throws a smoke canister at him. The seven trainees, realising it will be hours before Dana returns with head instructor George Pike, overpower and bind James. When Dana and Pike return they free James. Pike is unable to fail all the trainees, so they decide to punish Kevin and his friend Ronan Welsh by ordering them to stand to attention holding rifles until dawn. James feels guilty about the severity of the punishment, but Kazakov tells him that "A soldier is only as tough as the person who trains them."  Disgraced instructor Norman Large tries to blackmail Lauren, threatening to kill CHERUB chairwoman Zara Asker's Beagle Meatball unless Lauren testifies to the CHERUB disciplinary committee that he was not drunk when he suffered a heart attack on a training exercise in the previous book. Kyle, James, Kerry, Lauren and Bruce decide to get revenge by setting up James with Large's adopted daughter Hayley and taking pictures of the two making out. When Large discovers their ploy he attempts to kill Meatball and almost strangles Kyle to death before being knocked out by Lauren. Large is sacked by Zara, who also expels Kyle as she rationalizes that, as he is on the brink of retirement, he will simply quit CHERUB to avoid punishment. Kyle decides to go on a gap year before studying law at Cambridge, but not before James and the other cherubs throw him a leaving party.  Gabrielle barely survives her injury and the CHERUB Ethics Committee think of calling off the mission but are persuaded to send James and Bruce to infiltrate the Mad Dogs. James uses his past relationship with Keith Moore's son and Mad Dog associate Junior Moore to make infiltrating the gang easier. He is soon accepted into the gang and given a major role. An older gang member, David "Wheels" Kemp, invites James on a hotel robbery. However, James being given a high role annoys Junior, who Mad Dogs leader Sasha Thompson is trying to protect. Junior tries to persuade James to join him in the robbery of a travel agent, but James declines. Junior unsuccessfully robs the travel agent and is arrested moments after leaving.  Sasha plans a great drug robbery on Major Dee. They get into an apartment. Some gang members are by pretending the people need to fill in a form. They then Taser the woman who opens the door, before capturing nearly all the people inside with the use of handcuffs and rubber gags. James decides to help a young boy found inside who is not treated well, and one of the cocaine dealers is freed so he can continue dealing and avoid suspicion. However, the gang are forced to leave not long after by the arrival of the police. However, During the mission, James, though reluctant, loses his virginity to Sasha's daughter Lois, who suddenly meets him when he is having a bath, in the family home of Sasha. James tells his girlfriend Dana, although hurt, forgives him. She asks him to undergo an STD test, which he does. Afterwards, James, Bruce and Michael successfully complete their mission and Bruce earns a black shirt.

Mad Dogs is the eighth novel in the CHERUB series by Robert Muchamore. In this novel CHERUB agents infiltrate a violent street gang.

Mad Dogs est le huitième tome de la série pour jeunesse "CHERUB", écrit par Robert Muchamore. Il est paru en 2007.


Career.

His acting career spanned film, radio, television, and the stage. Parkes worked often on CBC radio, beginning in 1959, and shifted into television and film, acting in such diverse series as the 1960s' ecological adventure series "The Forest Rangers", children's show "The Littlest Hobo", and the detective series "Cagney and Lacey". In 1968, Parkes won the first Canadian film award (then called the Etrog and now known as the Gemini) for his portrayal of Uncle Matthew in the movie "Isabel". He received the Andrew Allan Award in 1983 for Best Radio Actor, and in 1999, he won the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Performance in a Featured Role for "Kilt".  Parkes played the role of Doc in the North American version of "Fraggle Rock". When he was cast in "Fraggle Rock", Parkes was finishing a regular role as another type of "doc," playing Dr. Arthur Lowe (no relation to the English actor of the same name) on the Canadian TV series "Home Fires". After "Fraggle Rock", in addition to returning as Doc in "A Muppet Family Christmas", he continued to work in children's television, guest starring as alcoholic photographer Phil (opposite "Sesame Park" puppeteer Nina Keogh) on the TVOntario puppet series "Today's Special", and appearing regularly on PBS's "Shining Time Station" as store owner Barton Winslow. In 1988 he made a cameo appearance in the hit comedy "Short Circuit 2" as a priest. In 1995 he also portrayed the priest at St Bart's in New York in the Olsen Twins movie "It Takes Two".  In 1996, he portrayed Jonathan Swift in the HBO Original Film "Handel's Last Chance". In 1998, he appeared on an episode of PBS's "Noddy", as Wally the Wanderer in "Noah's Leaving". He appeared with Willem Dafoe and Billy Connolly in "The Boondock Saints" (playing a Tourette's syndrome-afflicted bartender, also named "Doc"). He reprised the role for "".  He appeared in "The Adjuster" (1991), premiering at the New York Film Festival. In 1991, it won the Special Silver St. George at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1993, the Toronto International Film Festival ranked the film 10th in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time.

Death.

He died on October 19th, 2014, three days after his 90th birthday.

Sources.

Greer, Sandy. "Small Screen", "The Toronto Star", August 2, 1986

Gerard Parkes (October 16, 1924 – October 19, 2014) was an Irish-born Canadian actor. He was born in Dublin, and moved to Toronto in 1956. He is known for playing "Doc" on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television series "Fraggle Rock" and the bartender in the film "The Boondock Saints" and its sequel "".

Gerard Parkes, né le à Dublin et mort le (à 90 ans) à Toronto, est un acteur canadien, d'origine irlandaise. Il est principalement connu pour son rôle de Doc dans la série télévisée pour enfants "Fraggle Rock", de Jim Henson, le créateur des Muppets.


Geography.

Gray is located at (29.680993, -90.781414).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,958 people, 1,681 households, and 1,267 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 425.9 people per square mile (164.5/km2). There were 1,799 housing units at an average density of 154.5 per square mile (59.7/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 59.12% White, 36.55% African American, 2.26% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.49% of the population.  There were 1,681 households out of which 44.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.39.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 32.7% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,517, and the median income for a family was $35,727. Males had a median income of $31,827 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,676. About 21.4% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.1% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Terrebonne Parish School Board operates public schools:  Private schools:

Gray is a census-designated place (CDP) in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 7,958 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Gray est une census-designated place (CDP) située dans la paroisse de Terrebonne en Louisiane, aux États-Unis. Le bayou Terrebonne longe la localité sur son flanc orientale en direction du Sud.


Fire progression.

The fire, caused by a lightning strike on July 31 located approximately North of Hume Lake, burned mainly in the Sierra National Forest and Sequoia National Forest.  The fire neared many famous natural landmarks, including Hume Lake, and Hume Lake Christian Camps on the southern side of the fire. Most progress on battling the fire was on the southern side, while the northern edge continued to burn, then 30 miles from the city of Fresno, California and Clovis, California. Drift smoke from the fire settled over Fresno, and Clovis which led the Clovis Unified School District to cancel outdoor recess and gym class on September 8.  On September 2 over 2,500 people were safely evacuated from Hume Lake Christian Camps and surrounding area. All camp events were cancelled and only security personnel remained.  On September 5 the fire reached Kings Canyon National Park as it crossed the mark.  On September 7, a firefighter suffered from severe burns and was airlifted to the Community Regional Medical Center of Fresno.  On September 10, officials at Kings Canyon National Park began evacuating all visitors and employees from the Wilsonia and General Grant Grove areas. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for Dunlap, effective September 11. On September 11, health officials in Fresno reported an "unprecedented increase" in hospital emergency department visits due to respiratory problems, and urged residents to avoid outdoor activities when the air is smoky.  On September 15, 1pm, as the fire slowed and with favorable weather conditions, evacuation orders and warnings in Dunlap and Squaw Valley were lifted.  At the peak of the wildfire, on September 15, the fire resources and personnel deployed were: 3,741 firefighters, 345 engines, 19 helicopters, and 45 bulldozers.  As of November 5, the Rough Fire was 100% contained.

Largest fires list.

, the fire had surpassed the Simi Fire on the list of Largest wildfires in California as it reached. On September 12, reaching, the Rough Fire passed the Campbell Complex Fire making it #17 on the list. On September 13, reaching, the Rough Fire passed the Happy Camp Complex Fire, jumping to #16. On September 17, now contained at 67%, it reached and surpassed the Big Bar Complex Fire, being #15 on the list. Still growing, even if contained at 85%, it passed the 150,000 acre landmark, and jump to position #13 on September 26.

Acreage by ownership.

, the total burned area can be break down into:

The Rough Fire was a devastating fire of the 2015 California wildfire season. The fire burned of land, making it the largest fire of the year in California, involving up to 3,742 firefighters in the fire suppression efforts.

Le Rough Fire est un feu de forêt dévastateur des incendies de 2015 en Californie. Au, le feu avait brûlé () de terres, ce qui en fait le plus grand incendie de l'année en Californie, impliquant plus de.


Education.

Clusius studied at the "Technische Hochschule Breslau" (today, the Wrocław University of Technology) from 1922 to 1926. He received his doctorate in 1926, under Arnold Eucken, who was the director of the physicochemical institute there; his thesis was on the specific heat of solids at low temperatures. From 1926 to 1929, he was Eucken's teaching assistant. From 1929 to 1930, under a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, he did postdoctoral studies and research at the University of Oxford, with Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, and at the Leiden University. He completed his Habilitation, in 1931, at the "Georg-August-Universität Göttingen" under Eucken, who had been the director of the physicochemical institute there since 1929. He then became Eucken's teaching assistant.

Career.

In 1934, Clusius became an "ausserordentlicher Professor" (extraordinarius professor) at the "University of Würzburg". From 1936, he was an "ordentlicher Professor" (ordinarius professor) at the "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich". At that time or later, he became Director of the "Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität München" (Physical Chemistry Institute of the University of Munich). At the University, he conducted major experiments on heavy water, and he developed a thermodiffusion isotope separation tube, in 1938, with his younger colleague Gerhard Dickel.  In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to "Naturwissenschaften" reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons; simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to The Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.  Paul Harteck was director of the physical chemistry department at the University of Hamburg and an advisor to the "Heereswaffenamt" (HWA, Army Ordnance Office). On 24 April 1939, along with his teaching assistant Wilhelm Groth, Harteck made contact with the "Reichskriegsministerium" (RKM, Reich Ministry of War) to alert them to the potential of military applications of nuclear chain reactions. Two days earlier, on 22 April 1939, after hearing a colloquium paper by Wilhelm Hanle on the use of uranium fission in a "Uranmaschine" (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor), Georg Joos, along with Hanle, notified Wilhelm Dames, at the "Reichserziehungsministerium" (REM, Reich Ministry of Education), of potential military applications of nuclear energy. The communication was given to Abraham Esau, head of the physics section of the "Reichsforschungsrat" (RFR, Reich Research Council) at the REM. On 29 April, a group, organized by Esau, met at the REM to discuss the potential of a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The group included the physicists Walther Bothe, Robert Döpel, Hans Geiger, Wolfgang Gentner (probably sent by Walther Bothe), Wilhelm Hanle, Gerhard Hoffmann, and Georg Joos; Peter Debye was invited, but he did not attend. After this, informal work began at Göttingen by Joos, Hanle, and their colleague Reinhold Mannfopff; the group of physicists was known informally as the first "Uranverein" (Uranium Club) and formally as "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kernphysik". The group's work was discontinued in August 1939, when the three were called to military training.  The second "Uranverein" began after the HWA squeezed out the RFR of the REM and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The second "Uranverein" was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, and it had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, former student of Gerhard Hoffmann the University of Halle and advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch, and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel, Werner Heisenberg, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Also at this time, the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik" (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, after World War II the Max Planck Institute for Physics), in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced.  In 1939, Clusius and Dickel announced the separation of chlorine isotopes, an accomplishment which had been sought for decades. That same year, Clusius, Paul Harteck, Rudolf Fleischmann, Wilhelm Groth and others initiated experiments with the Clusius-Dickel thermodiffusion isotope separation tube with uranium hexafluoride. In 1942, with about four physical chemists, Clusius further explored isotope separation and conducted experiments on heavy water production problems.  During World War II, Clusius gave talks outside of the Third Reich, just as did Werner Heisenberg.  From 1947 to 1963, Clusius was an ordinarius professor of physical chemistry at the "Universität Zürich". The research he directed included the separation and enrichment of stable isotopes, among them those of rare gases (except for helium) using cascaded Clusius-Dickel separation columns. These isotopes, which were in much demand, were supplied to a number of research laboratories. Further research was high-precision calorimetry, elucidation of chemical reaction pathways using 15-nitrogen, electrochemical and low temperature fractionation methods for large scale production of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. His research activities in Zürich are best described in. Clusius mentored a large number of graduate students and postdoctoral associates, among them several with future careers in academia. Among these was Ernst Schumacher, who became a professor at the University of Bern, where he in turn mentored a large number of students and associates. Another student was Horst Meyer (physicist) professor at Duke University. Among the postdoctoral assistants was Michael Hoch, who became professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Cincinnati.

Honors.

Clusius received honors which included:

Internal Reports.

The following reports were published in "Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte" ("Research Reports in Nuclear Physics"), an internal publication of the German "Uranverein". The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.

Klaus Paul Alfred Clusius (19 March 1903 – 28 May 1963) was a German physical chemist from Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; he worked on isotope separation techniques and heavy water production. After the war, he was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Zurich. He died in Zurich.

Klaus Paul Alfred Clusius, né le et mort le, est un physicien allemand. Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est membre du projet nucléaire allemand.


Prisoner's dilemma.

The idea of superrationality is that two logical thinkers analyzing the same problem will think of the same correct answer. For example, if two people are both good at math and both have been given the same complicated problem to do, both will get the same right answer. In math, knowing that the two answers are going to be the same doesn't change the value of the problem, but in the game theory, knowing that the answer will be the same might change the answer itself.  The prisoner's dilemma is usually framed in terms of jail sentences for criminals, but it can be stated equally well with cash prizes instead. Two players are each given the choice to cooperate (C) or to defect (D). The players choose without knowing what the other is going to do. If both cooperate, each will get $100. If they both defect, they each get $1. If one cooperates and the other defects, then the defecting player gets $200, while the cooperating player gets nothing.  The four outcomes and the payoff to each player are listed below.  One valid way for the players to reason is as follows:  The conclusion is that the rational thing to do is to defect. This type of reasoning defines game-theoretic rationality and two game-theoretic rational players playing this game both defect and receive a dollar each.  Superrationality is an alternative method of reasoning. First, it is assumed that the answer to a symmetric problem will be the same for all the superrational players. Thus the sameness is taken into account "before" knowing what the strategy will be. The strategy is found by maximizing the payoff to each player, assuming that they all use the same strategy. Since the superrational player knows that the other superrational player will do the same thing, whatever that might be, there are only two choices for two superrational players. Both will cooperate or both will defect depending on the value of the superrational answer. Thus the two superrational players will both cooperate since this answer maximizes their payoff. Two superrational players playing this game will each walk away with $100.  Note that a superrational player playing against a game-theoretic rational player will defect, since the strategy only assumes that the superrational players will agree.  Although standard game theory assumes common knowledge of rationality, it does so in a different way. The game-theoretic analysis maximizes payoffs by allowing each player to change strategies independently of the others, even though in the end, it assumes that the answer in a symmetric game will be the same for all. This is the definition of a game-theoretic Nash equilibrium, which defines a stable strategy as one where no player can improve the payoffs by unilaterally changing course. The superrational equilibrium in a symmetric game is one where all the players' strategies are forced to be the same before the maximization step. (There is no agreed-upon extension of the concept of superrationality to asymmetric games.)  Some argue that superrationality implies a kind of magical thinking in which each player supposes that their decision to cooperate will cause the other player to cooperate,even though there is no communication. Hofstadter points out that the concept of "choice" doesn't apply when the player's goal is to figure something out, and that the decision does not cause the other player to cooperate, but rather the same logic leads to the same answer independent of communication or cause and effect. This debate is over whether it is reasonable for human beings to act in a superrational manner, not over what superrationality means, and is similar to arguments about whether it is reasonable for humans to act in a 'rational' manner, as described by game theory (wherein they can figure out what other players will or have done by asking themselves, what would I do if I was them, and applying backward induction and iterated elimination of dominated strategies).

Probabilistic strategies.

For simplicity, the foregoing account of superrationality ignored mixed strategies: the possibility that the best choice could be to flip a coin, or more generally to choose different outcomes with some probability. In the prisoner's dilemma, it is superrational to cooperate with probability 1 even when mixed strategies are admitted, because the average payoff when one player cooperates and the other defects are the same as when both cooperate and so defecting increases the risk of both defecting, which decreases the expected payout. But in some cases, the superrational strategy is mixed.  For example, if the payoffs in are as follows:  So that defecting has a huge reward, the superrational strategy is defecting with a probability of 499,900/999,899 or a little over 49.995%. As the reward increases to infinity, the probability only approaches 1/2 further, and the losses for adopting the simpler strategy of 1/2 (which are already minimal) approach 0. In a less extreme example, if the payoff for one cooperator and one defector was $400 and $0, respectively, the superrational mixed strategy world be defecting with probability 100/299 or about 1/3.  In similar situations with more players, using a randomising device can be essential. One example discussed by Hofstadter is the platonia dilemma: an eccentric trillionaire contacts 20 people, and tells them that if one and only one of them send him or her a telegram (assumed to cost nothing) by noon the next day, that person will receive a billion dollars. If they receive more than one telegram or none at all, no one will get any money, and communication between players is forbidden. In this situation, the superrational thing to do (if it is known that all 20 are superrational) is to send a telegram with probability p=1/20—that is, each recipient essentially rolls a 20-sided die and only sends a telegram if it comes up "1". This maximizes the probability that exactly one telegram is received.  Notice though that this is not the solution in the conventional game-theoretical analysis. Twenty game-theoretically rational players would each send in telegrams and therefore receive nothing. This is because sending telegrams is the dominant strategy; if an individual player sends telegrams they have a chance of receiving money, but if they send no telegrams they cannot get anything. (If all telegrams were guaranteed to arrive, they would only send one, and no one would expect to get any money).

In economics and game theory, a participant is considered to have superrationality (or renormalized rationality) if they have perfect rationality (and thus maximize their utility) but assume that all other players are superrational too and that a superrational individual will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational thinker when facing the same problem. Applying this definition, a superrational player playing against a superrational opponent in a prisoner's dilemma will cooperate while a rationally self-interested player would defect.

La superrationalité est un type alternatif de prise de décision autre que la solution la plus connue en théorie des jeux. Un joueur superrationnel jouant le dilemme du prisonnier contre un autre joueur superrationnel va coopérer, alors que traditionnellement, un joueur rationnel ne coopère pas. Cette règle de décision n'est pas très répandue dans la communauté de la théorie des jeux. Le concept de la superrationalité a été créé par Douglas Hofstadter dans un article publié dans son livre "". Il le définit de manière récursive ainsi : La superrationalité est proche de la notion, due à Emmanuel Kant, d'impératif catégorique, qui suppose que l'action proposée est rationnelle si son résultat est satisfaisant lorsque tous agisse en fonction du même principe.


Life.

He was given the childhood name, “Rokudai” (meaning sixth generation in Japanese), as he was the sixth direct descendant of Taira no Masamori. He was also referred to as Rokudaimaru. His real name was Takakiyo, as recorded in the Koya Shunjuu Henen Shuuroku, a written historical chronicle of Koya Mountain. However, “The Tale of Heike” referred to him as Rokudai, thus he is generally referred to as such.  In 1183, the Taira clan had made the decision to flee the Kyoto before the Minamoto no Yoshinaka led attack on the capital. Rokudai's mother (Taira no Koremori's wife), who was very much comfortable in the capital, could not tolerate the thought of leaving the capital and escaping. Therefore, Koremori left his wife and children in the capital and fled with the rest of the Taira clan to the western part of Japan. Koremori asked his wife to look after his children and that she ought to remarry should she wish to. Rokudai and his mother hid in Shobudani, Wakayama, north of a mountain temple called Daikakuji. However, in December 1185, shortly after the demise of the Taira clan, a search led by Houjou Tokimasa led to the discovery and subsequent arrest of Rokudai. As he was the last living male heir of the Taira clan, he was to be executed and his head was to be sent to Kamakura. The great monk Mongaku, feeling sorry for the poor child, rode to the capital, Kamakura, and successfully pleaded mercy and that Rokudai be placed in his custody. Mongaku then raced to Senbon-no-matsubara, the site of the supposed execution and delivered the letter of clemency to the executioner. It is commonly thought that Rokudai's mother, after the death of Koremori, remarried Minamoto no Yoritomo's trusted confidant Yoshida Tsunefusa to help spare the life of her precious son Rokudai.  In 1189, Rokudai cuts off his hair and represents Myokaku. In 1194, making a request through Ooe no Hirotomo, Rokudai was able to speak to Minamoto no Yoritomo and tells him that he is escaping treachery and becoming a monk. However, upon seeing Rokudai's wise plan, Yoritomo began feeling a sense of danger, but did not follow his intuition and allowed Rokudai to enter monkhood and appointed him to a special position at a temple.  Rokudai intensively trained as a monk by travelling across the country. He first went to Koya Mountain, where his father had spent a considerable amount of time, in an attempt to retrace his father's footsteps.  After the death of Yoritomo in 1199, Mongaku is arrested at his Nijo Inokuma home and exiled to Oki province. He is charged of treason, for planning an attack (known as the Incident at Sansaemon) on Minamoto no Michichika (commonly known as Tsuchimimikado Michichika).  By this point in time, Rokudai was a Third-rank Meditation Master plying his trade at Mount Takao. However, with Rokudai's protector and mentor, Mongaku now in exile and considered an enemy of the state, Rokudai is arrested and executed at Tagoshi River by Okabe no Gon-no-kami Yasutsuna of Suraga.  Rokudai's death signaled the end of the Taira family as he was the last living male heir, and as “The Tale of Heike” eloquently states it in the last line of the book, “thus did the sons of the Heike vanish forever from the face of the earth.”

Taira no Takakiyo (平高清/ Taira no Rokudai 平六代, 1173 – March 3, 1199) was a member of the ruling Taira clan from the late Heian period to the early Kamakura period. He was the son of Taira no Koremori and great-grandson of Taira no Kiyomori. His mother was Shinadainagon, the daughter of Fujiwara no Narichika.

/, né en 1173 – mort le, est un membre du clan Taira de la fin de l'époque de Heian au début de l'époque de Kamakura. Il est fils de Taira no Koremori et petit-fils de Taira no Kiyomori, sa mère est Shinadainagon, la fille de Fujiwara no Narichika.


Plot summary.

Flavia and her friends have been travelling the Greek islands with other passengers aboard Lupus's ship, the "Delphina", captained by Flavia's father. They have rescued kidnapped children in the previous novel and now they relax for a while in her tutor Aristo's home city of Corinth.  But on the night before their departure, Aristo stabs Flavia's father in bed; feverish and suffering from amnesia, he falls into a deep coma. Helen witnessed Aristo's near-murder but has run off. Believing him guilty, Flavia, along with her friends and the sailor Atticus, sets off to catch him.  They save a young beggar boy, Nikos, and he provides information and, when everyone they ask describes Aristo in two different ways, he says that Aristo's brother Dion could be trying to catch him too. They find out that Nikos is actually a girl who lives beside Aristo's house in Corinth. She loves Dion. After asking a Pythia's advice about how to catch Aristo, which Flavia believes to be useless, Lupus sneaks into the temple to ask which temple his mother is in but is surprised to find out that the Pythia is his mother. He decides to leave her to help his friends. Nubia finds Aristo, and she believes his innocence. They arrive in Athens and chase up the Acropolis in which they lose him. They meet a beggar boy called Socrates and Flavia discovers Nubia is trying to stop them from catching Aristo. Jonathan storms off, Atticus is nowhere to be seen, and the 'two Aristos' (Dion and Aristo) descend into the Cave of The Kindly Ones (Furies). Nubia and Flavia follow, and Flavia locks them in. As they are dying they forgive each other, then Jonathan, Lupus and a priest let them out. Flavia eventually forgives Dion and they go back to Corinth to find that her father is still in a coma. Flavia has already asked the Pythia how to wake him up but she does not understand and ends up crying over his body. He wakes up, cured of his amnesia, and they realise that the Pythia's prophecy had come true.

The Fugitive from Corinth is the 10th book in the popular Roman Mysteries series by Caroline Lawrence, published in 2005. It is set in Greece in AD 80, between Corinth and Athens. It focuses on the legends surrounding the Furies.

Les Fugitifs d'Athènes ("The Fugitive from Corinth") est le dixième volume de la série de romans écrits par Caroline Lawrence, "Les Mystères romains", publié en France, aux éditions Milan, le. L'action de ce roman historique se situe sous la Rome antique, à Athènes.


Early life.

Mosbacher was born in Mount Vernon, New York, to Gertrude (née Schwartz) and Emil Mosbacher. His grandparents were German Jewish immigrants. He had a sister, Barbara, and a brother, Emil Mosbacher Jr., a two-time America's Cup-winning yachtsman and former Presidential Chief of Protocol. Mosbacher had a colorful childhood, growing up around characters like George Gershwin, a friend of his father. After graduation from The Choate School, he went to Texas as a wildcatter. He befriended future president George H. W. Bush in Texas.

Sailing career.

Sailing as a member of the Knickerbocker Yacht Club, Mosbacher led the team that won the Scoville Cup and the Midget Yacht championship for under-15 racers in 1940 on Long Island Sound. He went on to win the Southern Ocean Racing Conference championship in 1958 and the Mallory Cup, also in 1958. Mosbacher later appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, on May 18, 1959, with his brother Bus Mosbacher, for a feature article titled "Kings of the Class-Boat Sailors". The article called Bob Mosbacher "the unquestioned master of fleet racing".  Mosbacher won the Silver Medal in World Championships Dragon class in 1967 in Toronto.  In 1969, he won the Gold Medal in World Championships Dragon class at Palma de Mallorca by one point. As of 2010, he was still only one of two Americans to have ever won the World Championships in the Dragon class.  He won the Gold Medal in World Championships Soling class in 1971 in Oyster Bay, NY on a boat named "Adlez" built by Abbott with rigging from Melges. He lost to Buddy Melges in the 1972 Olympic Trials (Soling class) in San Francisco Bay. Buddy Melges went on to win the Gold Medal in the Soling Class at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Germany. Mosbacher won the Bronze Medal in World Championships 5.5 metre class in 1985 at Newport Beach. In 1988 he won the Scandinavian Gold Cup for 5.5 metre yachts.  He was described in Stuart H. Walker's book "Advanced Racing Tactics" as a keenly competitive racer "unwilling to settle for second".  Mosbacher participated in a semi-final match race against Ted Turner in the Mallory Cup in 1960. On the final windward leg, Mosbacher was slightly ahead. Ted Turner attempted to force Mosbacher into a mistake by executing a grueling tacking duel. The windward leg involved fifty-two tacks. In the end, Mosbacher won by five seconds.

Political career.

Mosbacher was the finance chairman of Gerald R. Ford's failed election bid in 1976. He also lost his own race for delegate to the 1976 Republican National Convention in Kansas City, Missouri, to a slate backing future U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan, Ford's rival for the party nomination. Mosbacher, running in the then 7th congressional district, lost to State Senator Walter Mengden of Houston, 39,276 to 26,344 votes.  Earlier, Mosbacher in 1970 headed the fund-raising effort for George H. W. Bush in his losing Senate campaign against Lloyd M. Bentsen and again in Bush's campaigns for President in 1980 and 1988.  As U.S. Secretary of Commerce, he was the principal Cabinet official responsible for initiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). He was a strong proponent of the agreement, which created the largest unified market in the world. The agreement was not signed into law in the U.S. until December 8, 1993, during the administration of President Bill Clinton. The agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994.  Mosbacher was a member of President Reagan's Task Force on Private Sector Initiatives 1981–83, and Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He then became Secretary of Commerce in 1989 after he directed the George H. W. Bush 1988 Presidential Election Campaign. He also served as a Director of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. In 2008, he was the general chairman of John McCain's bid for the White House.

Business interests.

Mosbacher was a charter member and past Chairman of the All American Wildcatters Association, and served on the Board of Directors and Executive Committee of the American Petroleum Institute. He was former Director of Texas Commerce Bank and also of New York Life Insurance Company. Mosbacher was a former President of the American Association of Petroleum Landmen, as well as a former chairman of the Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association.  In 1989, Mosbacher received an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston. He was Trustee Emeritus of the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, and President of the Board of Odyssey Academy, a public charter school located in Galveston, Texas.

Mosbacher Institute.

The Mosbacher Institute for Trade, Economics, and Public Policy was founded in October 2009 upon the request of President George H.W. Bush to honor Mosbacher. The mission of the Mosbacher Institute is to address economic challenges confronting the United States and world economies by conducting policy-relevant research, providing education, and engaging stakeholders in the areas of trade, economics, and public policy. The Institute is a nonpartisan organization.

Family and personal life.

Mosbacher's brother was Emil "Bus" Mosbacher Jr., who successfully defended the America's Cup as skipper of the "Weatherly" in 1962 and again in 1967 as skipper of the "Intrepid".  Mosbacher was married four times:  Mosbacher's eldest daughter Diane "Dee" Mosbacher is a psychiatrist and lesbian activist. In 1992, Robert Mosbacher Sr. was the first Republican Campaign Chair to meet with leaders from the National Lesbian Gay Task Force. His son, Robert Mosbacher Jr., is a businessman, public servant, and a former Republican politician.  On January 24, 2010, Mosbacher died of pancreatic cancer at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center at the age of 82. He was buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Robert Adam Mosbacher Sr. (March 11, 1927 – January 24, 2010) was an American businessman, accomplished yacht racer, and a Republican politician.

Robert Mosbacher, né le à Mount Vernon (New York) et mort le à Houston (Texas), est un homme politique américain. Membre du Parti républicain, il est secrétaire au Commerce entre 1989 et 1992 sous l'administration du président George H. W. Bush.


Description.

This small solitary free-living coral, not more than 2.5 cm across, is not fixed to the sea floor. It is composed of one or two corallites in the shape of a figure of eight when observed from top, making it easy to identify. The base in contact with the bottom is relatively circular, depending on the nature of the substrate it is either flat or slightly keeled. The base has an orifice that houses a commensal worm belonging to the family Aspidosiphonidae. The overall color is yellowish, grayish or greenish. The polyp tentacles can be seen deployed, especially at night.

Distribution & habitat.

The walking dendro is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific area from the eastern coasts of Africa, Red Sea included, to Philippines and from southern Japan to Australia and New Caledonia.  This species likes the sea floor, flat bottom or with a gentle slope, from one meter to 40 meters deep.

Biology.

The walking dendro is a common species that can be relatively abundant in some areas. It may reproduce sexually by gamete release or asexually by budding of a new individual from the "parent body". There is no apparent sexual dimorphism between males and females. When breeding occurs in open water, the larva starts with a planktonic stage before landing and growing on the shell of a microgastropod that it will in time fully envelop.  To survive in its biotope and especially to avoid getting buried, this small coral has an obligate commensal relationship with a small sipunculid worm, "Aspidosiphon muelleri", which is lodged under the base of the coral. The worm's movements as it seek food prevents the coral from being buried. This however makes the coral dependent on the worm staying nearby. This small coral often has a small parasitic mussel, "Lithophaga lessepsiana".

Heteropsammia cochlea, also known as walking dendro, is a species of small solitary coral in the family Dendrophylliidae that is native to the Indo-Pacific area.

Heteropsammia cochlea, communément nommé dent de cochon en huit, est un petit corail solitaire de la famille des Dendrophylliidae natif du bassin Indo-Pacifique.


Rationale.

By exploiting the peaceful uses of the "friendly atom" in medical applications, earth removal, and later in nuclear power plants, the nuclear industry and government sought to allay public fears about nuclear technology and promote the acceptance of nuclear weapons. At the peak of the Atomic Age, the United States Federal government initiated Project Plowshare, involving "peaceful nuclear explosions". The United States Atomic Energy Commission chairman at the time, Lewis Strauss, announced that the Plowshares project was intended to "highlight the peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices and thereby create a climate of world opinion that is more favorable to weapons development and tests".

Proposals.

Proposed uses for nuclear explosives under Project Plowshare included widening the Panama Canal, constructing a new sea-level waterway through Nicaragua nicknamed the Pan-Atomic Canal, cutting paths through mountainous areas for highways, and connecting inland river systems. Other proposals involved blasting caverns for water, natural gas, and petroleum storage. Serious consideration was also given to using these explosives for various mining operations. One proposal suggested using nuclear blasts to connect underground aquifers in Arizona. Another plan involved surface blasting on the western slope of California's Sacramento Valley for a water transport project.  One of the first serious cratering proposals that came close to being carried out was Project Chariot, which would have used several hydrogen bombs to create an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson, Alaska. It was never carried out due to concerns for the native populations and the fact that there was little potential use for the harbor to justify its risk and expense.  Project Carryall, proposed in 1963 by the Atomic Energy Commission, the California Division of Highways (now Caltrans), and the Santa Fe Railway, would have used 22 nuclear explosions to excavate a massive roadcut through the Bristol Mountains in the Mojave Desert, to accommodate construction of Interstate 40 and a new rail line.  At the end of the program, a major objective was to develop nuclear explosives, and blast techniques, for stimulating the flow of natural gas in "tight" underground reservoir formations. In the 1960s, a proposal was suggested for a modified "in situ" shale oil extraction process which involved creation of a rubble chimney (a zone in the oil shale formation created by breaking the rock into fragments) using a nuclear explosive. However, this approach was abandoned for a number of technical reasons.

Plowshare testing.

The first PNE blast was Project Gnome, conducted on December 10, 1961 in a salt bed 24 mi (39 km) southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The explosion released 3.1 kilotons (13 TJ) of energy yield at a depth of 361 meters (1,184 ft) which resulted in the formation of a diameter, high cavity. The test had many objectives. The most public of these involved the generation of steam which could then be used to generate electricity. Another objective was the production of useful radioisotopes and their recovery. Another experiment involved neutron time-of-flight physics. A fourth experiment involved geophysical studies based upon the timed seismic source. Only the last objective was considered a complete success. The blast unintentionally vented radioactive steam while the press watched. The partly developed Project Coach detonation experiment that was to follow adjacent to the Gnome test was then canceled.  A number of proof-of-concept cratering blasts were conducted; including the Buggy shot of 5 1 kt devices for a channel/trench in Area 30 and the largest being 104 kiloton (435 terajoule) on July 6, 1962 at the north end of Yucca Flats, within the Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site (NTS) in southern Nevada. The shot, "Sedan", displaced more than 12 million short tons (11 teragrams) of soil and resulted in a radioactive cloud that rose to an altitude of 12,000 ft (3.7 km). The radioactive dust plume headed northeast and then east towards the Mississippi River.  Over the next 11 years 26 more nuclear explosion tests were conducted under the U.S. PNE program. The radioactive blast debris from 839 U.S. underground nuclear test explosions remains buried in-place and has been judged impractical to remove by the DOE's Nevada Site Office. Funding quietly ended in 1977. Costs for the program have been estimated at more than (US) $770 million.

Natural gas stimulation experiment.

Three nuclear explosion experiments were intended to stimulate the flow of natural gas from "tight" formation gas fields. Industrial participants included El Paso Natural Gas Company for the Gasbuggy test; CER Geonuclear Corporation and Austral Oil Company for the Rulison test; and CER Geonuclear Corporation for the Rio Blanco test.  The final PNE blast took place on May 17, 1973, under Fawn Creek, 76.4 km north of Grand Junction, Colorado. Three 30-kiloton detonations took place simultaneously at depths of 1,758, 1,875, and 2,015 meters. If it had been successful, plans called for the use of hundreds of specialized nuclear explosives in the western Rockies gas fields. The previous two tests had indicated that the produced natural gas would be too radioactive for safe use; the Rio Blanco test found that the three blast cavities had not connected as hoped, and the resulting gas still contained unacceptable levels of radionuclides.  By 1974, approximately $82 million had been invested in the nuclear gas stimulation technology program. It was estimated that even after 25 years of production of all the natural gas deemed recoverable, only 15 to 40 percent of the investment would be recouped. Also, the concept that stove burners in California might soon emit trace amounts of blast radionuclides into family homes did not sit well with the general public. The contaminated gas was never channeled into commercial supply lines.  The situation remained so for the next three decades, but a resurgence in Colorado Western slope natural gas drilling has brought resource development closer and closer to the original underground detonations. By mid-2009, 84 drilling permits had been issued within a 3-mile radius, with 11 permits within one mile of the site.

Impacts, opposition and economics.

Operation Plowshare "started with great expectations and high hopes". Planners believed that the projects could be completed safely, but there was less confidence that they could be completed more economically than conventional methods. Moreover, there was insufficient public and Congressional support for the projects. Projects Chariot and Coach were two examples where technical problems and environmental concerns prompted further feasibility studies which took several years, and each project was eventually canceled.  Citizen groups voiced concerns and opposition to some of the Plowshare tests. There were concerns that the blast effects from the Schooner explosion could dry up active wells or trigger an earthquake. There was opposition to both Rulison and Rio Blanco tests because of possible radioactive gas flaring operations and other environmental hazards. In a 1973 article, "Time" used the term "Project Dubious" to describe Operation Plowshare.  There were negative impacts from a select few of Project Plowshare’s 27 nuclear explosions, primarily those conducted in the project's infancy and those that were very high in explosive yield.  On Project Gnome and the Sedan test: Project Plowshare shows how something intended to improve national security can unwittingly do the opposite if it fails to fully consider the social, political, and environmental consequences. It also “underscores that public resentment and opposition can stop projects in their tracks”. While the above social scientist, Benjamin Sovacool, contends that the main problem with oil and gas stimulation, which many considered the most promising economic use of nuclear detonations, was that the produced oil and gas was radioactive, which caused consumers to reject it and this was ultimately the program's downfall. In contrast, Oil and gas are sometimes considerably "naturally" radioactive to begin with and the industry is set up to deal with oil and gas that contain radioactive contaminants; moreover in contrast to earlier stimulation efforts, contamination from many "later" tests was not a show-stopping issue, historian Dr. Michael Payne notes that it was primarily changing public opinion due to the societal perception shift, to one fearing all nuclear detonations, caused by events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, that resulted in protests, court cases and general hostility that ended the oil and gas stimulation efforts. Furthermore, as the years went by without further development and the closing/curtailment in output of nuclear weapons factories, this evaporated the existing economies of scale advantage of operation Plowshare that had earlier been present in the United States in the 1950s-60s. It was increasingly found in the following decades that most US fields could instead be stimulated by non-nuclear techniques which were found to be likely cheaper.  As a point of comparison, the most successful and profitable nuclear stimulation effort that did not result in customer product contamination issues was the 1976 Project Neva on the Sredne-Botuobinsk gas field in the Soviet Union, made possible by multiple cleaner stimulation explosives, favorable rock strata and the possible creation of an underground contaminant storage cavity. The Soviet Union retains the record for the cleanest/lowest fission-fraction nuclear devices so far demonstrated.  The public records for devices that produced the highest proportion of their yield via fusion-only reactions, and therefore created orders of magnitude smaller amounts of long-lived fission products as a result, are the USSR's Peaceful nuclear explosions of the 1970s, with the three detonations that excavated part of Pechora–Kama Canal, being cited as 98% fusion each in the "Taiga" test's three 15-kiloton explosive yield devices, that is, a total fission fraction of 0.3 kilotons in a 15 kt device. In comparison, the next three high fusion-yielding devices were all much too high in total explosive yield for oil and gas stimulation: the 50-megaton Tsar Bomba achieved a yield 97% derived from fusion, while in the US, the 9.3-megaton Hardtack Poplar test is reported as 95.2%, and the 4.5-megaton Redwing Navajo test as 95% derived from fusion.

Nuclear tests.

The U.S. conducted 27 PNE shots in conjunction with other, weapons-related, test series. A report by the Federation of American Scientists includes yields slightly different than that presented below.

Non-nuclear tests.

In addition to the nuclear tests, Plowshare executed a number of non-nuclear test projects in an attempt to learn more about how the nuclear explosives could best be used. Several of these projects led to practical utility as well as to furthering knowledge about large explosives. These projects included:

Proposed nuclear projects.

A number of projects were proposed and some planning accomplished, but were not followed through on. A list of these is given here:

Project Plowshare was the overall United States program for the development of techniques to use nuclear explosives for peaceful construction purposes. As part of the program, 31 nuclear warheads were detonated in 27 separate tests. Plowshare was the US portion of what are called Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE); a similar Soviet program was carried out under the name Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy.

L'opération Plowshare est un programme d'explosions nucléaires pacifiques des États-Unis destinés à développer des techniques pour utiliser des explosions nucléaires pour le génie civil. Le mot anglais "plowshare" signifie soc de charrue.


Career.

Early career (1996–2002).

Roberts began watching professional wrestling after he saw an edition of Saturday Night's Main Event and met Kerry Von Erich and The Ultimate Warrior at a hotel in Wisconsin. The combined events inspired Roberts to become a fan of wrestling. He also briefly trained as a referee so he could be in the same ring as Curt Hennig, of whom he was a big fan.  Roberts began ring announcing at age 16 for local professional wrestling promotion Pro Wrestling International, and announced his first match in November 1996. While studying Media Arts and Communications at the University of Arizona from 1998 to 2002, Roberts worked for other independent promotions such as the American Wrestling Alliance, All Pro Wrestling, and Impact Zone Wrestling. During this time, he also announced for the Toughman Contest.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2014).

In 2002, he got a job on "SmackDown", followed later by a move to the "Raw" brand. He also worked on "Velocity" and "Heat" shows while touring as the full-time "Raw" live event announcer.  Most notably, Roberts announced the ECW show each week on the Sci Fi Network until September 2007, before swapping with SmackDown's Tony Chimel.  Roberts reached the peak of his profession when he announced the main event of WrestleMania XXIV between Edge and The Undertaker on March 30, 2008.  In addition to announcing "SmackDown" and pay-per-view matches, Roberts would also announce on "WWE Superstars", including its inaugural episode on April 16, 2009. Beginning on September 28, 2009, Roberts took over the "Raw" announcing duties from the departing Lilian Garcia.  On the June 2010 episode of "Raw", Roberts was attacked by the rookie wrestlers who had competed in the first season of "NXT". During the segment, Roberts was strangled with his own tie by Daniel Bryan, which led to Bryan's release, as WWE felt the incident was too violent for their TV-PG programming. At the SummerSlam pay-per-view two months later however, Bryan returned to WWE.  At Wrestlemania XXVII, Roberts worked as the sole announcer for the whole show, with the exception of the announcement of the Hall of Fame class of 2011, which was announced as usual by Howard Finkel.  On October 13, 2014 immediately after "Raw", WWE released Roberts after opting not to renew his contract. Following this, it was reported that Roberts would be working on an autobiography.

Independent circuit (2014–2019 ).

Roberts was guest ring announcer at the "House of Hardcore 9" event and a couple of other events soon after leaving WWE. In 2016, Roberts was the ring announcer for the UR Fight iPPV Events which included his announcing for the Angle vs. Mysterio match. His only recent ring announcing has been for CBS Sports Boxing.  Since 2015, Roberts has worked for the band Tool hosting and moderating their VIP events.  On July 13, 2018, it was announced Roberts will commentate the ALL IN broadcast with Don Callis, Sean Mooney, Excalibur, Alicia Atout, Ian Riccaboni, and Bobby Cruise. Roberts along with Cruise were the ring announcers at All In.

All Elite Wrestling (2019–Present).

On April 3, 2019, Roberts was hired by All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a ring announcer.

Other media.

Roberts has appeared in "Graves" and "The Messengers" recently. He has also done some acting and was featured in such movies as "Stuart Saves His Family", "The Guardian" and "Soul Food". He had minor parts in "Sleepless in Seattle", "Blue Chips" and "Only the Lonely". He also appeared in an episode of "The Jerry Springer Show".  He released his autobiography, "Best Seat in the House", on April 1, 2017.

Justin Jason Roberts (born January 1, 1980) is an American professional ring announcer currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), Roberts regularly announced for its pay-per-views and television shows like "Raw", "SmackDown", "ECW", and "Superstars".

Justin Jason Roberts (né le ) est un ancien annonceur de ring américain pour la World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Justin roberts n'est plus sous contrat avec la WWE depuis. Depuis il est sous contrat avec All Elite Wrestling


2015 UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 road race

Course en ligne masculine des moins de 23 ans aux championnats du monde de cyclisme sur route 2015

Qualification.

Qualification was based on performances on the UCI run tours and the "Men Under 23 Nations' Cup" during 2015. Results from January to the middle of August counted towards the qualification criteria. In addition to this number, the current continental champions were also able to take part. The outgoing World Champion, Matej Mohorič, did not compete as he was no longer eligible – he moved to the UCI ProTeam for the 2015 season. If a nation is included in the final classification of the Men Under 23 Nations' Cup, but that nation was not yet qualified, it may register 6 riders, 3 of whom were starters. The first 5 nations of the final classification of the Men Under 23 Nations' Cup were entitled to an extra rider.  In addition to this number the current continental champions were also able to take part.

Course.

The under-23 men rode ten laps on the road race circuit. The length of the circuit was and had a total elevation of. All road races took place on a challenging, technical and inner-city road circuit. The circuit headed west from Downtown Richmond, working its way onto Monument Avenue, a paver-lined, historic boulevard that's been named one of the "10 Great Streets in America". Cyclists took a 180-degree turn at the Jefferson Davis monument and then maneuvered through the Uptown district and Virginia Commonwealth University. Halfway through the circuit, the race headed down into Shockoe Bottom before following the canal and passing Great Shiplock Park, the start of the Virginia Capital Trail. A sharp, off-camber turn at Rocketts Landing brought the riders to the narrow, twisty, cobbled climb up to Libby Hill Park in the historic Church Hill neighborhood. A quick descent, followed by three hard turns led to a climb up 23rd Street. Once atop this steep cobbled hill, riders descended into Shockoe Bottom. This led them to the final climb on Governor Street. At the top, the riders had to take a sharp left turn onto the false-flat finishing straight, to the finish.

Schedule.

All times are in Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4).

Participating nations.

170 cyclists from 52 nations took part in the men's under-23 road race. The number of cyclists per nation is shown in parentheses.

Prize money.

The UCI assigned premiums for the top 3 finishers with a total prize money of €8,049.

Final classification.

Of the race's 170 entrants, 130 riders completed the full distance of.

The Men's under-23 road race of the 2015 UCI Road World Championships took place in and around in Richmond, Virginia, United States on September 25, 2015. The course of the race was with the start and finish in Richmond.

La course en ligne masculine des moins de 23 ans aux championnats du monde de cyclisme sur route 2015 a lieu le à Richmond, aux États-Unis.


Personal life.

He was born to Peder Norvik and Lea Margrethe Hansen on 27 April 1899 in Trondenes in Nordland county, Norway. He was married to Andrea Esbensen. Erling Norvik is their son. Erling Johannes Norvik died on 27 November 1964 in Vadsø in Finnmark county, Norway at the age of 64.

Education and career.

He graduated from the "Trondhjems Handelsgymnasium" school in 1917. Norvik was very active in politics. He chaired the local Conservative Party chapter several times (1925-1926, 1939-1940, 1948), as well as the regional chapter (1948-1952). He was also a member of the national Conservative Party board from 1950 to 1961.  He began his career as a clerk for the Finnmark County Municipality in 1918. He later became a secretary for the county tax administration office in Finnmark from 1926-1935. Norvik was a member of Vadsø Municipality council from 1931 to 1936. After the occupation of Norway was ended there was no government in Finnmark county, so he was appointed to temporarily be the county governor from September to November 1945. Shortly after that, he was appointed to the executive committee which ran Vadsø from 1947–1951. Norvik was head of the tax office in Finnmark from 1948-1962.  He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament for the Conservative Party for the constituency of the "Market towns of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark" for the term from 1950-1953. In 1953, he was re-elected, but for the constituency of Finnmark county. He was reelected in 1957 to represent Finnmark. He was also member of the Supervisory Board of Norges Bank from 1957-1964.

Erling Johannes Norvik (27 April 1899–27 November 1964) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the Norwegian Parliament and was briefly the acting County Governor of Finnmark county from September 1945 until November 1945 at the end of World War II.

Erling Johannes Norvik (né le à Trondenes et décédé le à Vadsø) était un fonctionnaire et un homme politique norvégien du Parti conservateur.


Oceanography.

A consignment of Friendly Floatee toys, manufactured in China for The First Years Inc., departed from Hong Kong on a container ship, the "Ever Laurel", destined for Tacoma, Washington. On 10 January 1992, during a storm in the North Pacific Ocean close to the International Date Line, twelve 40-foot (12-m) intermodal containers were washed overboard. One of these containers held 28,800 Floatees, a child's bath toy which came in a number of forms: red beavers, green frogs, blue turtles and yellow ducks. At some point, the container opened (possibly because it collided with other containers or the ship itself) and the Floatees were released. Although each toy was mounted in a cardboard housing attached to a backing card, subsequent tests showed that the cardboard quickly degraded in sea water allowing the Floatees to escape. Unlike many bath toys, Friendly Floatees have no holes in them so they do not take on water.  Seattle oceanographers Curtis Ebbesmeyer and James Ingraham, who were working on an ocean surface current model, began to track their progress. The mass release of 28,800 objects into the ocean at one time offered significant advantages over the standard method of releasing 500–1000 drift bottles. The recovery rate of objects from the Pacific Ocean is typically around 2%, so rather than the 10 to 20 recoveries typically seen with a drift bottle release, the two scientists expected numbers closer to 600. They were already tracking various other spills of flotsam, including 61,000 Nike running shoes that had been lost overboard in 1990.  Ten months after the incident, the first Floatees began to wash up along the Alaskan coast. The first discovery consisted of ten toys found by a beachcomber near Sitka, Alaska on 16 November 1992, about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from their starting point. Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham contacted beachcombers, coastal workers, and local residents to locate hundreds of the beached Floatees over a 530 mile (850 km) shoreline. Another beachcomber discovered twenty of the toys on 28 November 1992, and in total 400 were found along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Alaska in the period up to August 1993. This represented a 1.4% recovery rate. The landfalls were logged in Ingraham's computer model OSCUR (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), which uses measurements of air pressure from 1967 onwards to calculate the direction of and speed of wind across the oceans, and the consequent surface currents. Ingraham's model was built to help fisheries but it is also used to predict flotsam movements or the likely locations of those lost at sea.  Using the models they had developed, the oceanographers correctly predicted further landfalls of the toys in Washington state in 1996 and theorized that many of the remaining Floatees would have travelled to Alaska, westward to Japan, back to Alaska, and then drifted northwards through the Bering Strait and become trapped in the Arctic pack ice. Moving slowly with the ice across the Pole, they predicted it would take five or six years for the toys to reach the North Atlantic where the ice would thaw and release them. Between July and December 2003, The First Years Inc. offered a $100 US savings bond reward to anybody who recovered a Floatee in New England, Canada or Iceland. More of the toys were recovered in 2004 than in any of the preceding three years. However, still more of these toys were predicted to have headed eastward past Greenland and make landfall on the southwestern shores of the United Kingdom in 2007. In July 2007, a retired teacher found a plastic duck on the Devon coast, and British newspapers mistakenly announced that the Floatees had begun to arrive. But the day after breaking the story, the Western Morning News, the local Devon newspaper, reported that Dr. Simon Boxall of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton had examined the specimen and determined that the duck was not in fact a Floatee.  Bleached by sun and seawater, the ducks and beavers had faded to white, but the turtles and frogs had kept their original colors.

Legacy.

At least two children's books have been inspired by the Floatees. In 1997, Clarion Books published "Ducky" (), written by Eve Bunting and illustrated by Caldecott Medal winner David Wisniewski. Hans Christian Andersen Award winner Eric Carle wrote "10 Little Rubber Ducks" (Harper Collins 2005, ).  In 2003, Rich Eilbert wrote a song "Yellow Rubber Ducks" commemorating the ducks' journey. In 2011, he published the song as a YouTube video, "Yellow Rubber Ducks".  In 2011, Donovan Hohn published "Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea and of the Beachcombers, Oceanographers, Environmentalists, and Fools, Including the Author, Who Went in Search of Them" (Viking, )  On 20 June 2014, The Disney Channel and Disney Junior aired "Lucky Duck", a Canadian-American animated tv movie that is loosely based on and inspired by the Friendly Floatees.  In his 2014 poem collection "The Cartographer Tries to Map a Way to Zion", poet Kei Miller dedicates a poem to the Friendly Floatees : ""When Considering the Long, Long Journey of 28,000 Rubber Ducks"".  The toys themselves have become collector's items, fetching prices as high as $1,000.

Friendly Floatees are plastic rubber ducks marketed by The First Years, and made famous by the work of Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an oceanographer who models ocean currents on the basis of flotsam movements. Ebbesmeyer studied the movements of a consignment of 29,000 Friendly Floatees—yellow ducks, red beavers, blue turtles and green frogs—which were washed into the Pacific Ocean in 1992. Some of the toys landed along Pacific Ocean shores, such as Hawaii. Others traveled over 17,000 miles, floating over the site where the "Titanic" sank, and spent years frozen in Arctic ice to reach the U.S. Eastern Seaboard, British and Irish shores 15 years later in 2007.

Les sont des jouets de bain en plastique commercialisés par rendus célèbres par le travail de Curtis Ebbesmeyer, un océanographe qui modélise les courants marins à partir des mouvements des épaves, y compris celles provenant d'un chargement de qui contenait jaunes, castors rouges, tortues bleues et grenouilles vertes en plastique, déversés dans l'océan Pacifique en 1992. Certains des jouets ont échoué sur des rivages de l'océan Pacifique, comme Hawaï. D'autres ont voyagé sur plus de, voguant sur le site du naufrage du "Titanic", et ont passé des années gelés dans les glaces de l'Arctique pour rejoindre les littoraux britanniques et irlandais plus tard en 2007.