Author.

In India, "Vivekachudamani" is widely believed to be authored by Adi Shankara (or Adi Shankaracharya). , an Indologist and scholar of Advaita, set out a methodology for ascertaining authorship of Advaita texts and he concluded that though the "Vivekachudmani" is unusual in parts, it was likely authored by Adi Shankara. Hacker stated that the definitions of the key concepts, premises and ideas found in the "Vivekachudmani" match with those in Shankara's established authentic works. Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr., another influential Indologist, rejected Hacker's conclusion by accepting Hacker's methodology and presenting evidence from its manuscripts that some of the ideas in the text do not fully agree with those of Adi Shankara.  According to John Grimes, a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism known for his translation of "Vivekachudamani", "modern scholars tend to reject that Adi Shankara composed Vivekachudamani, while traditionalists tend to accept it", and there is an unending "arguments and counter-arguments" about its authorship. Grimes states that his work strengthens the case that "there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the "Vivekacūḍāmaṇi"," noting that "a strong case can be made that the "Vivekacudamani" is a genuine work of Sankara's and that it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose."  The authorship of "Vivekachudamani" has been questioned by few. According to Michael Comans, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, though the Hindu tradition popularly believes that Adi Shankara authored "Vivekachudamani", this is "most probably erroneous". Comans gives the following reasons for his doubts: the highly poetic style of "Vivekachudamani" is not found in other genuine works of Adi Shankara; there is a lack of extensive commentaries ("bhasya") on "Vivekachudamani" which is unusual given the extensive commentaries on his other works; and unlike Shankara's other genuine works which give minimal importance to "nirvikalpa samadhi" practices, the Vivekachudamani gives special importance to it. Though "Vivekachudamani" is a popular manual on Vedanta, it is probably the work of a later Shankara, and not Adi Shankara, states Comans. Yet another theory, states Berger, is that "rather than simply having been written or not written by [Adi] Sankara, the Crown Jewel of Discrimination may be a corporately authored work [of Advaita monasteries] that went through revisions".  According to Natalia Isayeva, a scholar of Advaita Vedanta, it is "far less probable" that Adi Shankara authored "Vivekachudamani". Sengaku Mayeda, another scholar of Indian Philosophy and Advaita Vedanta, states that though widely accepted as Shankara's work, "Vivekachudamani" is likely not his work.  Irrespective of the attribution, "Vivekachudmani" is a significant work of Advaita"." According to Swami Dayananda Saraswati, a Vedanta teacher, "I do not think we lose anything even if the authorship is attributed to any other Sankaracharya of one of the various Sankara-mathas."

Manuscripts.

Many historic manuscripts of "Vivekacudamani" have been found in different monasteries of Advaita Vedanta. These have minor variations, and a critical edition of these has not been published yet. The earliest original Sanskrit manuscript of "Vivekacudamani" was published from Srirangam (Tamil Nadu) by T.K. Balasubramania Iyer in 1910. This edition has attracted much of 20th- and 21st-century scholarship, and has been republished in 1983 after some revision and re-arrangement to reflect studies on it since 1910. Other editions have been the basis of a few Indian translations. The five most referred to manuscripts in Advaita scholarship have been published by Samata (Chennai), Advaita Ashrama (Kolkata), Sri Ramakrishna Math (Chennai), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (Mumbai), Chinmayananda Ashrama (Mumbai).

Contents.

"Vivekachudamani" consists of 580 verses in Sanskrit. These cover a range of spiritual topics and their answers according to the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.  The text begins with salutations to Govinda, which can be interpreted either as referring to God or to his guru Sri Govinda Bhagavatpada. It then expounds the significance of Self Realisation, ways to reach it, and the characteristics of a Guru. It criticizes attachment to the body and goes to explain the various Sareeras, Kosas, Gunas, Senses and Pranas which constitute the Anatman. It teaches the disciple the ways to attain Self-realisation, methods of meditation (dhyana) and introspection of the Atman. The" Vivekachudamani" describes the characteristics of an enlightened human being ("Jivanmukta") and a person of steady wisdom ("Sthitaprajna") on the lines of Bhagavad Gita.

Significance.

The "Vivekachudmani" has been celebrated for centuries as a lucid introductory treatise to Advaita Vedanta. It is, states Berger, not a "philosophical or polemical" text. It is primarily a pedagogical treatise, as an aid to an Advaitin's spiritual journey to liberation rather than "philosophy for the sake of philosophy". It is one of the texts of "spiritual sustenance" in the Advaita tradition.  The "Vivekachudmani" is one of several historic teaching manuals in the Advaita tradition, one of its most popular. Other texts that illustrate Advaita ideas in a manner broadly similar to "Vivekachudmani" but are neither as comprehensive nor same, include "Ekasloki", "Svatmaprakasika", "Manisapancaka", "Nirvanamanjari", "Tattvopadesa", "Prasnottararatnamalika", "Svatmanirupana", "Prabodhasudhakara" and "Jivanmuktanandalahari". These texts are not attributed to Adi Shankara. "Upadesasahasri", another Advaita teaching manual, is attributed to Adi Shankara.

Commentaries and translations.

There are two Sanskrit commentaries on this work. Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati, the pontiff of Sringeri, wrote a commentary titled "Vivekodaya" (Dawn of Discrimination) on the first 7 verses of this work. His disciple, Sri Chandrasekhara Bharathi, has written a Vyakhya or commentary on the first 515 verses of this work.  This work has been repeatedly translated into various languages, often accompanied by a commentary in the same language. English translations and commentaries include those by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, Swami Madhavananda, Swami Turiyananda and Swami Chinmayananda. Tamil translations and commentaries include those by Ramana Maharshi. Swami Jyotihswarupananda has translated the "Vivekachudamani" into Marathi.  A recent scholarly translation of the text was published in 2004 by John Grimes – a professor of Hinduism and Buddhism. His translation has been reviewed by Douglas Berger, who states, "the [Vivekacudmani] translation itself is a testament to Grimes’ surpassing Sanskrit skills and thorough knowledge of Vedantic textual exegesis. The unusually lucid presentation of the Sanskrit slokas is rendered with exactness and eloquent clarity in the English. The accompanying Upanisadic cross-referencing and Sanskrit-English lexicon of key terms will prove themselves enormously helpful to lay readers, students, and scholars."  Hundreds of commentaries in several languages are available on internet in the form of blog articles, videos etc.

Famous verses.

Translation: Brahman is the only truth, the world is illusory, and there is ultimately no difference between Brahman and individual self While this verse is frequently attributed to the Vivekacudamani, in fact it comes from Verse 20 of the Brahma Jnana Vali Mala.  Translation: By reflection, reasoning and instructions of teachers, the truth is known, Not by ablutions, not by making donations, nor by performing hundreds of breath control exercises.

The Vivekachudamani (Sanskrit: विवेकचूडामणि) is an introductory treatise within the Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, traditionally attributed to Adi Shankara of the eighth century. It is in the form of a poem in the "Shardula Vikridita" metre, and for many centuries has been celebrated as a "prakaraṇa grantha" (teaching manual) of Advaita.

Viveka Cūḍāmaṇi ou Vivekacūḍāmaṇi littéralement « le suprême joyau de la discrimination » est l'un des grands textes sanskrits du philosophe et mystique indien Ādi Śaṅkara qui vécut entre le et le de notre ère. Celui-ci est composé de cinq cent quatre-vingts versets écrits en sanskrit. Il traite de la non-dualité propre à la philosophie de l'Advaita Vedānta qui est une des écoles philosophiques hindouistes les mieux connues du Vedānta


Introduction.

During the Triassic period of some 251–199.6 Ma, the Indian subcontinent was part of a vast supercontinent known as Pangaea. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the Antarctic Peninsula, as opposed to India's current position between 5 and 35° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-deined seasons. India later merged into the southern super continent Gondwana, a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late Paleozoic, Gondwana extended from a point at or near the South Pole to near the equator, where the Indian craton (stable continental crust) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favorable to hosting high-biomass ecosystems. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world. During the Mesozoic, the world, including

Regions.

India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall seven climatic zones that, as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation. Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system.

Tropical wet.

A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below. India hosts two climatic subtypes- tropical monsoon climate, tropical wet and dry climate that fall under this group.  1) The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as tropical monsoon climate—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast, the Western Ghats, and southern Assam. India's two island territories, Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above per year. Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with

Arid and semi-arid regions.

A tropical arid and semi-arid climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds that from precipitation; it is subdivided into three climatic subtypes: tropical semi-arid steppe, arid climate, tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate.  1) The first, a tropical semi-arid steppe climate, (Hot semi-arid climate) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. The region, which includes Karnataka, inland Tamil Nadu, western Andhra Pradesh, and central Maharashtra, gets between annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon. Karnataka is divided into three zones – coastal, north interior

Subtropical humid.

Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a humid subtropical climate. Though they experience hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months may fall as low as. Due to ample monsoon rains, India has only one subtype of this climate under the Köppen system: "Cwa". In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and katabatic (downward-flowing) winds from Central

Mountain.

India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the dry adiabatic lapse rate) is 9.8 °C/km. In terms of environmental lapse rate, ambient temperatures fall by for every rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the snow line can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common.

Seasons.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:  The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional season, "spring", which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India. Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or "Ritu", each about two months long. These are the spring season (""), summer ("grīṣma"), monsoon season ("varṣā"), autumn ("śarada"), winter ("hemanta"), and prevernal season ("śiśira"). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months.

Winter.

Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south.  In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at 16–20 °C (61–68 & nbsp;°F). However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical low-pressure systems originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies, which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude. Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas.  There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal

Summer.

Summer in northwestern India starts from April and ends in July, and in the rest of the country from March to May. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. Temperatures of and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the Loo (wind). These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in India. Direct exposure to these winds may be fatal. In cooler regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon squall-line thunderstorms, known locally as "Nor'westers", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from to. Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is generally common in alpine

Monsoon.

The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season. A product of southeast trade winds originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall. Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest. These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.  The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean. This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India. This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the Tibetan

Post-monsoon.

During the post-monsoon or autumn months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies. Though the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season, other sources designate only three seasons. Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and

Statistics.

Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of

Disasters.

Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat.

Floods and landslides.

In the Lower Himalayas, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in labile rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides. Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides.

Cyclones.

Tropical cyclones, which are severe storms spun off from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. Tropical cyclogenesis is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, storm surges, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November. Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than. On average, a major (Category

Droughts.

Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to major Indian famines. These include the Bengal famine of 1770, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the Bengal famine of

Heat waves.

A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991–2000, when compared to the period between

Extremes.

Extreme temperatures: low.

India's lowest recorded temperature was in Dras, Ladakh. Figures as low as have been taken in Leh, further east in Ladakh.g However, temperatures on Siachen Glacier near Bilafond La () and Sia

Extreme temperatures: high.

The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 19 May 2016 in Phalodi, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan at

Rain.

The average annual precipitation of in the village of Mawsynram, in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth. The village, which sits at an elevation of, benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town

Snow.

Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir such as Baramulla district in the east and the Pir Panjal Range in the southeast experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall

Global warming.

Current sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, increased ambient temperatures, and increasingly fickle precipitation patterns are effects of global warming that have affected or are projected to impact India. Thousands of people have been displaced by ongoing sea level rises that have submerged low-lying islands in the Sundarbans. Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat, threatening the flow rate of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, and other major rivers; the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands of farmers depend on these rivers. A 2007 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report states that the Indus River may run dry for the same reason.  Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as Assam. Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and

Atmospheric pollution.

Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India often concentrate over the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the

References.

Articles Books

External links.

General overview Maps, imagery, and statistics Forecasts

The climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalizations difficult. Climate in south India is generally hotter than north India. Most parts of the nation don't experience temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) in winter, and the temperature usually tends to exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during summer. Based on the Köppen system, India hosts six major climatic sub types, ranging from arid deserts in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rain forests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (January and February), summer (March, April and May), monsoon (rainy) season (June to September), and a post-monsoon period (October to December).

Le climat de l'Inde est très varié du fait la taille géographique du pays, de la topographie allant de zone maritime à la haute montagne. Il est par conséquent très difficile de généraliser, cependant on dénombre officiellement quatre saisons, l'hiver de janvier à février, l'été de mars à mai, la mousson ou saison des pluies de juin à septembre, et après la période post-mousson ou automne d'octobre à décembre.


Location.

The airport is surrounded by the municipalities of Matosinhos (to the south and west) and Vila do Conde (to the north) and Maia (to the east). It covers the parishes of Santa Cruz do Bispo, Perafita and Lavra (in Matosinhos); Aveleda and Vilar do Pinheiro (Vila do Conde); and Vila Nova da Telha and Moreira (Maia). It includes an area of between in the extreme south and in the north. The southern portion of the airport intersects the hydrographic watershed of the Leça River, while the north is crossed by effluents of Onda River.

History.

The airport around Porto opened in 1945 and was initially known as "Pedras Rubras Airport", after the name for the locality where the airport is located: Pedras Rubras ("red rocks"). It is still known by this name in the region.  The land on which the airport was built was originally agricultural, characterised by rich soils that permitted the cultivation of various cereals.  It was renamed in 1990 after former Portuguese prime minister, Francisco de Sá Carneiro, who died in a plane crash when he was traveling to this airport on 4 December 1980.  Along with the airports in Lisbon, Faro, Ponta Delgada, Santa Maria, Horta, Flores, Madeira, and Porto Santo, the airport's concessions to provide support to civil aviation were conceded to ANA Aeroportos de Portugal on 18 December 1998, under provisions of decree 404/98. With this concession, ANA became responsible for the planning, development and construction of future infrastructure.  A new terminal building, designed by Portuguese firm ICQ, was built between 2003 and 2006, and became operational in the last quarter of 2006.<ref name="www.airport-technology.com/projects/oporto/"></ref>  Porto Airport reached ten million passenger per year for the first time on 6 December 2017.

Airlines and destinations.

Passenger.

The following airlines operate regular scheduled direct passenger flights at Porto Airport:

Access.

Besides taxi services and the road link, there are several public transportation links available:

Metro.

The airport is served by Line E of the Porto Metro. The station has three platforms and the trains leave the arrival platform and reverse into one of the departure platforms.  The service links the airport to Porto city center and by transfer in "Trindade" station to high-speed trains at Campanhã, and other urban centres of Greater Porto: in "Verdes" station to Vila do Conde and Póvoa de Varzim (using line B), "Fonte do Cuco" station to Maia (line C), "Senhora da Hora" station to Matosinhos (line A), and "Trindade" station to V.N.Gaia (line D) and to Rio Tinto/Fânzeres (line F).

Car.

Sá Carneiro airport is accessible via the A41 and A28 motorways, but also the EN13 highway (using the EN107 accessway). These roadways lead to drop-off and pick-up areas and short and long-stay car parks. It can also be reached by the A4 motorway through the VRI accessway.

Bus.

STCP buses also link the airport and the city. There is also a bus that operates all night from Porto city centre to the airport. Also there is a bus service to/from Vigo (Galicia/Spain) twice a day on weekdays, and once a day during the weekend.

Shuttle.

The GetBUS shuttle provides 50 min direct connections to the towns of Braga and Guimarães. Tickets can be bought in advance on the shuttle's website.

Accolades.

Airports Council International Airport Service Quality Awards voted the airport "Best Airport in Europe" in 2007. Additionally, it has placed in the top three of "Best Airport in Europe" a further nine times – winning second place in 2010, and third place in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016.

Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport or simply Porto Airport (formerly Pedras Rubras Airport) is an international airport near Porto (Oporto), Portugal. It is located northwest of the Clérigos Tower in the centre of Porto, in the municipalities of Maia, Matosinhos and Vila do Conde and is run by ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal. The airport is currently the second-busiest in the country, based on aircraft operations; and the second-busiest in passengers, based on Aeroportos de Portugal traffic statistics, after Lisbon Airport and before Faro Airport. The airport is a base for easyJet, Ryanair, TAP Air Portugal and its subsidiary TAP Express.

L’aéroport Francisco Sá-Carneiro est l'aéroport international desservant la ville de Porto. Il est situé dans une zone industrielle et commerciale importante du Portugal, à du centre-ville.


Early life.

Pippa Funnell was born in Crowborough, East Sussex on 7 October 1968 to Jenny and George Nolan. She grew up in Mark Cross and went to the Mark Cross CE primary school. She attended the independent boarding school Wadhurst College on Mayfield Lane in Wadhurst. Aged 16, she persuaded her parents to allow her to leave school, after which she based herself with Ruth McMullin.

Career.

Funnell lives in Ockley, Surrey with her husband, show jumper William Funnell. The couple married in Uckfield in December 1993. Her horses have included Supreme Rock, Primmore's Pride, Sir Barnaby, Bits and Pieces, Walk on Star, and Ensign.  Funnell was European Young Rider Champion in 1987 after successfully competing on Sir Barnaby at Bialy Bor, Poland. Despite a successful career as a junior and young rider, she at first struggled to establish herself as a senior international and by her own admission suffered from nerves that were threatening to ruin her career. She began receiving help from sports psychologist Nicky Heath.  In 1999, Funnell became European Champion at Luhmühlen riding Supreme Rock and again on the same horse in 2001 at Pau ("Les Etoiles de Pau" – France). She was a member of the British teams that won silver at the Sydney Olympics in 2000, bronze at the World Equestrian Games in 2002 both with Supreme Rock, and silver again at the Athens Olympics of 2004, this time with Primmore`s Pride. In addition, Funnell won the individual bronze medal at Athens. (She competed at the Athens Olympics as 'Philippa' rather than 'Pippa' as 'Pipa' in Greek is slang for a sexual act.)  In 2003, Funnell became the first rider ever to complete the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing, by adding the Burghley title to her victories earlier in the year at Kentucky and Badminton, to earn a $250,000 bonus from Rolex. The Kentucky and Burghley victories were on Primmore's Pride, while the Badminton victory was on Supreme Rock. As of 2017, she remains one of only two riders to have won the Grand Slam. As a result of her achievements, she was voted Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year 2003 and was in the top five of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards. She then went to Punchestown in Ireland to defend the individual European title that she had won in 1999 and 2001, winning a bronze medal with the inexperienced Walk On Star and helping the British team to win their fifth successive team title. She also finished the year as the number one ranked rider in the world.  In total Funnell has won the Badminton Horse Trials three times: 2002, 2003 and 2005. She has won both the Blenheim venue and Windsor Horse Trials four times as well, the only rider yet to do so. With Funnell as rider, Primmore's Pride became the 1st horse to win all three major four star titles - Kentucky & Burghley in 2003 and Badminton in 2005 - thus becoming the 1st horse to win its own Grand Slam.  After winning Badminton in 2005, Funnell did not win an international event for five years. Several of her top horses, such as Supreme Rock, Primmore’s Pride, Viceroy, Walk on Star, Cornerman and Jurassic Rising reached the end of their careers and were retired. With Ensign, she finished ninth at the 2005 Europeans. The combination were placed on the shortlist for the 2008 Olympics following a 2nd place at Pau CCI**** in late 2007. A fall at Badminton in 2008 put paid to them being picked.  In 2010, Funnell won her first international event for five years in the CCI3* at Bramham International horse trials on her upcoming horse Redesigned. They went on to finish 5th as an individual at the 2010 World Equestrian Games. In 2011, she won Barbary CIC3* on Billy Llandretti. In 2013, she won Tattersalls CCI3* with another upcoming horse, Billy Beware, who finished 6th at his first 4* event at Badminton Horse Trials 2014. This pairing were picked for the 2014 World Equestrian Games but injury unfortunately ruled them out. In May 2015, she won her third Chatsworth CIC 3* title aboard Sandman7. On 13 September 2015, Funnell won her 1st European team medal in 12 years helping GB win Team Silver at Blair Castle aboard Sandman 7. Since 2010, her horses have included Redesigned, Billy Beware, Billy the Biz, Billy Llandretti, Mirage D`Elle, Billy Cuckoo and Sandman7.  At the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics, riding Billy the Biz, Funnell was part of the British team that finished fifth. Her individual placement was 26th.  Funnell won the 2019 Burghley Horse Trials, riding MGH Grafton Street, having led from day one.

Honours.

Funnell was made an MBE in the Queen's 2005 Birthday Honours for services to equestrian sport.

Media activities and writing.

Funnell has appeared on DVDs produced by Equestrian Vision, including "Pippa Funnell, Road to the Top" and "The Funnell Factor", and in 2005 wrote her story in "Pippa Funnell: The Autobiography".  Ubisoft has released a series of horse-themed videogames starring Funnell. These include "Pippa Funnell" for the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, "Pippa Funnell: Stable Adventure" for the Game Boy Advance, and the PC games "Pippa Funnell: The Stud Farm Inheritance", "" (also for PlayStation 2), "Pippa Funnell 3: The Golden Stirrups Challenge" (more commonly known as "Horsez"), and "Pippa Funnell 4: Secrets of the Ranch". "Pippa Funnell: Ranch Rescue" was released in 2007 on the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo Wii.  Funnell is also the author of a series of children's books called "Tilly's Pony Tails", published by Orion Children’s Books in the United Kingdom. The first two books in the series, "Magic Spirit" and "Red Admiral" were first published in May 2009. The series has now been extended to eighteen titles in all. The first four titles have also been recorded as unabridged audiobooks, read by sports presenter Clare Balding. The central character, Tilly Redbrow, is an adopted child, who is passionate about everything to do with horses and ponies. Each title in the series tells a new story about Tilly’s adventures with horses and ponies. As well as the fictional story, each title also contains a tips section with expert advice from Funnell on all aspects of horses and ponies.

Philippa Rachel "Pippa" Funnell MBE (née Nolan, 7 October 1968) is an equestrian sportswoman who competes in eventing. In 2003, she became the first person to win the Rolex Grand Slam of Eventing (consecutive wins at Rolex Kentucky, Badminton and Burghley). She also won Badminton in 2002 and 2005. At the European Championships, she has won two Individual golds (1999–2001) and three team golds (1999–2003). She is a three-time Olympic medallist, winning team silver in 2000 and 2004, and an individual bronze in 2004. She also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Pippa Funnell (née Philippa Rachel Nolan, le ) est une cavalière britannique spécialisée dans le concours complet d'équitation, médaillée de bronze en individuel et d'argent par équipe aux Jeux olympiques de 2004. Elle est membre de l'Ordre de l'Empire britannique. Elle est la première à avoir réalisé le grand chelem en 2003, performance qui n'a pu être réitérée qu'en 2016 par Michael Jung.


Magician.

McBride is based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He established the McBride Magic & Mystery School to teach the art of stage magic. McBride's Magic & Mystery School is world-renowned and is recognized as the foremost magical teaching institution available today. Eugene Burger was the Dean of the School until his death in 2017. Guest faculty have included Teller, Lance Burton, Johnny Thompson and other magicians from all over the world. McBride was a star performer for years in Caesars Palace's Magical Empire. He created and performed at the World Magic Festival at Brushwood Folklore Center in Sherman, New York in 1993 and 1994. He performs worldwide, and has produced several instructional books and videos on the subjects of coin and card manipulation, and has presented lectures on magic and theater for such groups as the Smithsonian Institution, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Brotherhood of Magicians. In 1994, he appeared on the cover of The Linking Ring magazine.

Television.

In 1994, McBride appeared in the episode 'Equilibrium' as Joran Belar.  In 1995, McBride was a featured performer on "World's Greatest Magic II" on NBC, hosted by Alan Thicke. He was featured in a one-hour documentary entitled "A Magickal Life: Jeff McBride", produced and broadcast by Canada's VisionTV, as an episode of their series "Enigma True-Life Stories" in January 2006. The documentary soundtrack featured music by Vegas Vortex event production collaborators Zingaia and Gary Stadler, as well as Jeff McBride's wife (married 2001) and partner, Abbi Spinner.  McBride has appeared twice on Criss Angel's show MindFreak. He was one of the celebrity judges on the 2008 reality celebrity-magic show Celebracadabra, produced by VH-1.  Jeff appeared on the show in September 2017, where he successfully fooled the hosts.

Neopaganism.

McBride is active in the American Neopagan movement and he has organized events based on his research into ""Alchemical Fire Rituals"", such as Mysterium and Fires Rising. He has been instrumental in the development of the eclectic NeoPagan organization in Las Vegas known as the Vegas Vortex, which is described as a "thriving magical community, dedicated to creating events which celebrate and educate in the sacred arts of magic, theater, music and dance." He has appeared as a speaker, performer, and ritual leader at several Neopagan festivals and events.

Awards.

McBride has won several awards, including recognition by the Academy of Magical Arts, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Grand Prix of Magic as "Magician of the Year." In 2008, he won The Magic Woods Award for Best Magician, and was also named "Lecturer of the Year" by the Academy of Magical Arts (at the Magic Castle).  McBride has set several records in the Guinness World Records.

Jeff McBride (also known as Magnus; born September 11, 1959) is an American magician and magic instructor. He is known for his sleight of hand skills and specializes in the manipulation of playing cards, coins, and other small objects. His stage performances blend elements of kabuki, a Japanese theater form, with traditional conjuring. He has been recognized by the Academy of Magical Arts, the Society of American Magicians, and the International Federation of Magic Societies. He has also has set several Guinness World Records.

Jeff McBride, également connu sous le nom de Magnus, est un illusionniste américain né le ). Il est connu pour être un expert cartomane, il se spécialise dans la manipulation de cartes à jouer, pièces de monnaie, et autres petits objets.


Life and work.

Ferron was born in Louiseville, Quebec on January 29, 1924. Her brother Jacques Ferron and her sister Madeleine Ferron were both writers. She studied at the École des beaux-arts de Québec before dropping out, unsatisfied with the way the school's instructors addressed modern art.  Ferron was an early member of Paul-Émile Borduas's "Automatistes" art movement. She signed the manifesto Refus global, a watershed event in the Quebec cultural scene, in 1948.  In 1953, she moved to Paris, where she worked for 13 years in drawing and painting and was introduced to the art of stained glass, for which she would become best known.  One of her stained-glass windows is at Champ-de-Mars metro station in Montreal, Quebec. It was one of the first non-figurative works to be installed in the metro, in defiance of the didactic style present in other works of the period, and signalled a major shift in public art in Montreal between the policies of then art director Robert Lapalme and future art director and fellow "automatiste" Jean-Paul Mousseau. Other examples of her works can be seen at Vendôme metro station, Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, and the ICAO headquarters, in Montreal; the Place du Portage in Gatineau, Quebec; and the Granby, Quebec courthouse. In 1983, she was awarded the Paul-Émile-Borduas prize for the visual arts by the government of Quebec. In 1985, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and was promoted to Grand Officer in 2000. She was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.  She died in Montreal.  A nursing home in Brossard, Quebec, the Centre d'Accueil Marcelle-Ferron, is named after her. On 7 September 2019, Google honoured Ferron with a “google doodle” to mark the anniversary of the unveiling of her installation in Montreal’s Vendôme station.

Marcelle Ferron, (January 29, 1924 – November 19, 2001), a Canadian "Québécoise" painter and stained glass artist, was a major figure in the Quebec contemporary art scene, associated with the Automatistes.

Marcelle Ferron, née le à Louiseville et décédée le à Montréal, est une artiste peintre québécoise. Figure importante sur la scène de l’art contemporain du Québec, elle s'est spécialisée au cours de sa carrière dans le vitrail.


Early career.

Married with two children, Becerril graduated in philosophy and letters at the University of Madrid, specialising in English philology. She subsequently worked as a lecturer at the University of Seville. She entered politics in 1974 when she joined the Federation of Democratic and Liberal parties and subsequently joined the Democratic Party of Andalusia (PDA). The PDA joined with other parties in May 1977 to form the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), a coalition which won the first democratic election since the death of Franco and the end of Francoist Spain. Becerril was elected as a UCD deputy to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Seville Province and was re-elected at the 1979 election.

Minister of Culture.

In December 1981 the new Prime Minister Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo appointed her Minister of Culture. Becerril thus became the first female Minister in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic, almost 50 years earlier, and only the second female Spanish Minister in history after Federica Montseny in 1936.

People's Party.

Like most UCD deputies, she lost her seat at the 1982 General Election and the UCD disbanded in February 1983. She subsequently joined the PP and in 1989 returned to the Spanish Congress as a PP deputy and was re-elected in 1996 and 2000. In 2004 she was elected to the Spanish Senate and served one term until 2008. In 2008 she returned to the Congress of Deputies, replacing Javier Arenas as head of the PP list on the recommendation of Arenas.

Mayor of Seville.

Becerril also served as a local councillor in Seville. She served as Deputy Mayor from 1991 to 1995 and then Mayor of the city from 1995 to 1999 becoming the first female Mayor of Seville.  In 1998, while on her way to Switzerland to promote Seville's candidacy for the 2008 Olympics, Becerril's plane was hijacked at Valencia Airport, though the hijacker surrendered without injuring any passengers.

Defender of the People (Ombudsman).

On 29 June 2012, she was appointed Defender of the People until 21 July 2017.

Doña María de la Soledad Becerril y Bustamante, Marquise of Salvatierra (born 16 August 1944 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish noble, politician and long serving member of the Spanish Congress of Deputies who belongs to the People's Party (PP). In 1981 she served as the first female Government Minister in almost 50 years and later became the first female Mayor of Seville. Becerril is married to Rafael Atienza y Medina, 8th Marquis of Salvatierra and Chancellor of the Royal Cavalry Armory of Seville

María Soledad Becerril Bustamante est une femme politique espagnole ayant appartenu à l'Union du centre démocratique (UCD) puis au Parti populaire (PP), née le à Madrid.


Features.

Rutherglen is located north of Wangaratta and west of Wodonga, just 10 kilometres from the Murray River at the border towns of Wahgunyah and Corowa.  Originally a gold-mining town of the mid-19th century, it has since developed into a major wine-producing area, with 17 wineries all located within a short drive from the town centre, the best of which are highly regarded by wine critics (Halliday, Parker). The Muscat and Topaque (formerly known as Tokay) wines are sometimes described as having no worldwide equal. The region also produces a good Port style of fortified wine.  The largest winery in the region is the All Saints Winery, located just a short drive north-west outside of Wahgunyah. Established in 1864, it features landscaped gardens, ponds, a restaurant and wine tasting facilities. The Rutherglen Wine Experience Visitor Information Centre, located in the town centre on Main Street, offers displays of the town's rich history, how wines are made, and comprehensive tourist information.  The main street of Rutherglen maintains its historical charm, with most of the shop fronts retaining the same look they had a century ago. Attractions within the town include Lake King which is surrounded by Apex Park and Rutherglen Park, as well as the historical wine-bottle-shaped water tower in Campbell Street.

History.

Rutherglen Post Office opened on 1 November 1860.  The Rutherglen Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1990.

Wine.

The Rutherglen wine region is a wine-producing area around the town of Rutherglen and is particularly noted for its sweet fortified wines.

Sport.

The town in conjunction with nearby town Corowa has an Australian Rules football team (Corowa-Rutherglen) competing in the Ovens & Murray Football League. Another Australian rules football team, Rutherglen Football Club, play in the Tallangatta & District Football League.  Golfers play at the course of the Rutherglen Golf Club on Murray Street. The current club professional is Paul Black.

Climate.

Rutherglen features a mediterranean climate ("Csa") with hot, dry summers and cool, damp winters. Climate data is sourced from Rutherglen Research; established in 1912 and still operating today.  The highest temperature recorded was on 14 January 1939, whereas the lowest was on 14 June 2006.

Rutherglen is a small town in north-eastern Victoria, Australia, near the Murray River border with New South Wales. The town was named after the Scottish town of Rutherglen which lies just outside Glasgow. At the, Rutherglen had a population of 2,109.

Rutherglen ( habitants) est un village du nord-est de l'État de Victoria en Australie à au nord-est de Melbourne. Il abrite le "Victoria Hotel" construit en 1868.


Biography.

Born in Cleveland, Ohio, and raised in St. Petersburg, Florida, Neil was exposed to music at an early age, travelling around the US with his father, who was a representative for Wurlitzer jukeboxes. Neil was one of the singer-songwriters who worked out of New York City's Brill Building, a center for music industry offices. While composing at the Brill Building for other artists, Neil also recorded six mostly rockabilly-pop singles for different labels as a solo artist. He wrote songs that were taken by early rock and roll artists such as Buddy Holly ("Come Back Baby" 1958) and Roy Orbison ("Candy Man" 1961).  With his 12 string guitar and spectacularly deep baritone voice, Neil was considered the King of the MacDougal Street/ Greenwich Village folksingers. He was a major influence on dozens of other artists including Tim Buckley,[16] Stephen Stills,[17] David Crosby and Joni Mitchell. His most frequently cited disciples are Karen Dalton, Tim Hardin, Dino Valenti, Vince Martin, Peter Stampfel of the avant-folk ensemble the Holy Modal Rounders, John Sebastian (the Lovin' Spoonful),[17] Gram Parsons,[18] Jerry Jeff Walker, Barry McGuire,[17] and Paul Kantner (Jefferson Airplane). When Bob Dylan came to New York, his first gig was playing backup harmonica for Fred Neil. Neil met Vince Martin in 1961, and they formed a singing partnership; his first LP, "Tear Down The Walls" (1964) was recorded with Martin. During 1965 and 1966 Neil was joined on many live sets by the Seventh Sons, a trio led by Buzzy Linhart on guitar and vibes. Neil released "Bleecker & MacDougal" on Elektra Records in 1965, reissued in 1970 as "A Little Bit of Rain". His album "Fred Neil", released in 1967, relaunched in 1969 as "Everybody's Talkin"', was recorded during his residencies in Greenwich Village and Coconut Grove, Florida, with one session taking place in Los Angeles.  After "Everybody's Talkin, Neil's best-known songs are "Other Side of this Life" and "The Dolphins", which were later recorded by several artists, including Linda Ronstadt, It's a Beautiful Day, The The, Billy Bragg, Beth Orton, and Tim Buckley, and The Jefferson Airplane, for whom Neil was a major influence. Neil was a frequent visitor to The Jefferson Airplane's Haight-Ashbury House at 2400 Fulton Street in San Francisco. Neil reminded Grace Slick of Winnie the Pooh, her name for him was "Poohneil". The Airplane song "The Ballad Of You & Me & Pooneil" was written for Fred Neil. Neil was teacher and mentor to the Airplane's Paul Kantner. A.  Blues and folk singer Lisa Kindred credits Neil with being her mentor in the early 1960s.  Interested in dolphins since the mid-1960s, when he began visiting the Miami Seaquarium, Neil, with Ric O'Barry, founded the Dolphin Research Project in 1970, an organization dedicated to stopping the capture, trafficking and exploitation of dolphins worldwide. Increasingly involved in that pursuit, Neil progressively disappeared from the recording studio and live performance, with only occasional performances in the rest of the 1970s.

Later life and death.

Neil left Woodstock in the mid-1970s and spent his remaining decades on the shores of southern Florida, involved in the Dolphin Project. Following a guest appearance with Stephen Stills at New York City's Madison Square Garden in 1971, Neil began a long retirement, performing in public mostly at gigs for the Dolphin Project Revue in Coconut Grove. He played a benefit show for the Revue in Tokyo in 1977. He performed with his core group of John Sebastian on harmonica, Harvey Brooks on bass, and Pete Childs on guitar at the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 1975. Michael Lang, one of the organizers of the 1969 Woodstock Festival and a habitué of Coconut Grove in the 1970s, tried unsuccessfully to release this as a live LP. Neil's last public performance was in 1981, at an outdoor concert at the Old Grove Pub in Coconut Grove, where he joined Buzzy Linhart for one song and stayed onstage for the rest of the set.  Many of Neil's 1970s recordings remain unissued, including a 1973 session with Quicksilver Messenger Service guitarist John Cipollina and some Woodstock recordings with guitarist Arlen Roth. In a later interview, Ric O'Barry claimed that Neil recorded two albums of cover songs in 1977 and 1978 but that they had been buried by Columbia Records. According to Barry, he produced the first of the recordings in the sessions in Miami. Neil was joined by Pete Childs on guitar, John Sebastian on harmonica, and Harvey Brooks on bass. The second album was more fully arranged, with Neil accompanied by the New York session band Stuff and some old friends, including Slick Aguilar. The songs on these albums were written by Bobby Charles, John Braheny, Bobby Ingram, Billy Joe Shaver, and Billy Roberts (composer of "Hey Joe").  Neil died of natural causes from skin cancer in 2001.

Legacy.

Neil gained public recognition in 1969, when Nilsson's recording of "Everybody's Talkin'" was featured in the film "Midnight Cowboy"; the song became a hit and won a Grammy Award. He was one of the pioneers of the folk rock and singer-songwriter musical genres, his most prominent musical descendants being Tim Buckley, Stephen Stills, David Crosby and Joni Mitchell. His most frequently cited disciples are Karen Dalton, Tim Hardin, Dino Valenti, Vince Martin, Peter Stampfel of the avant-folk ensemble the Holy Modal Rounders, John Sebastian (the Lovin' Spoonful), Gram Parsons, Jerry Jeff Walker, Barry McGuire, and Paul Kantner (Jefferson Airplane). Some of Neil's early compositions were recorded by Buddy Holly and Roy Orbison. He played guitar on the demo version of Bobby Darin's 1958 hit "Dream Lover" and was a demo singer on a late-1950s Elvis Presley movie soundtrack session.  In Neil's obituary in "Rolling Stone", Anthony DeCurtis wrote, "So why is Neil a hero to David Crosby? Because back when Crosby was an aspiring folkie who just arrived in New York, Neil bothered to take an interest in him, just as he did for the young Bob Dylan, who backed Neil on harmonica at the Cafe Wha? in Greenwich Village. 'He taught me that everything was music,' Crosby says."  In his memoir, Richie Havens recalled Neil and his then-partner Vince Martin making an entrance through the audience, without microphones, and getting the audience up and clapping by relying only on their harmonious vocals.

Frederick Neil (March 16, 1936 – July 7, 2001) was an American folk singer-songwriter in the 1960s and early 1970s. He did not achieve commercial success as a performer and is mainly known through other people's recordings of his material – particularly "Everybody's Talkin'", which became a hit for Harry Nilsson after it was used in the film "Midnight Cowboy" in 1969. Though highly regarded by contemporary folk singers, he was reluctant to tour and spent much of the last 30 years of his life assisting with the preservation of dolphins.

Fred Neil (, Cleveland - ) est un auteur-compositeur et chanteur américain de folk. La combinaison de sa voix baryton et sa guitare 12 cordes rendent son style reconnaissable entre tous.


Career.

Born in Spanish Town, Saint Catherine Parish, his first medal on the international stage came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games, where he helped Jamaica to a 400 m relay silver medal behind Kenya. His first Olympic appearance soon followed and he reached the quarter-finals of the 400 m and also ran in the relay. He was schooled in the United States on a sports scholarship and won both the NCAA 400 m titles indoors and outdoors in 1980 and 1981, and he went on to obtain a third outdoor title in 1983 for the UTEP Miners. Cameron represented the Americas at the 1981 IAAF World Cup and came away with the bronze medal in both the individual and relay events. He returned to the Commonwealth stage for the 1982 Games and he became the 400 m champion.  Cameron won the 400 m at the inaugural World Championships in 1983. He had a good run in the 1984 Olympic semi-final, but halfway through the race grabbed his leg as a result of picking up a muscle injury. However, in one of the great comebacks of all time he miraculously managed to start running again and qualified for the final. Unfortunately his injury was such that he was not able to take his place in the final. He competed at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics but failed to defend his title, being eliminated in the semi-finals. He helped the Jamaican relay team to sixth place in the final. Four years after his injury-battling run, he ran at the 1988 Summer Olympics and helped win a silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay.  Outside of his global appearances for Jamaica, he enjoyed success at regional level. He won the 400 m at the 1981 Central American and Caribbean Championships and followed this with another gold medal at the 1982 CAC Games. He returned to the CAC Championships in 1985 and won the silver medal behind Cuba's Roberto Hernández. At the 1987 Pan American Games, he beat the Cuban but again left with the silver medal as Raymond Pierre took the title.  After retiring from running, he became a coach in Kingston, Jamaica. He took on Jermaine Gonzales and his charge broke the 400 m Jamaican record in 2010. He decided to start working with Gonzales within Glen Mills' Racers Track Club that year.

Bertland "Bert" Cameron (born 16 November 1959) is a retired Jamaican sprinter who mainly competed over 400 metres. He represented Jamaica at three consecutive editions of the Summer Olympics. Cameron won the 400 m title at the first World Championships in Athletics. He was also the 1982 Commonwealth Games champion in the event and won a number of gold medals at regional competitions. He helped the Jamaican runners to a silver medal in the 4×400 metres relay at the 1988 Seoul Olympics.

Bertland « Bert » Cameron (né le 16 novembre 1959 à Spanish Town) est un athlète jamaïcain, spécialiste du 400 mètres, champion du monde en 1983 à Helsinki.


Centre culturel international Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Niemeyer: The origins and the design.

Oscar Niemeyer, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, one of the most influential modernist architects in the world, was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Art in 1989. This was the beginning of the relationship between Niemeyer and the Principality region of Asturias. Years later, as a present for the 25th anniversary of the Awards, Niemeyer donated a project to the principality. His design has become a project meant to be an international reference in the cultural field. It is dedicated to education, culture and, peace. The centre is the first work by Niemeyer in Spain, and he had said he believes it is his most important in Europe, which is the reason for its name - Centro Niemeyer.

Structure.

The Niemeyer Centre is formed by five main elements that complement each other:

Style and colours.

The main feature in Niemeyer's work are the building's curves. The building's colours - mainly white, red, yellow and blue - reflect the influence of Neoplasticism on his work.

Step by step.

The first stone was laid on April 2008. The museum building structure was built in about an hour as a result of the use of a pioneering building techniques. This allowed the whole structure to be set up in about and hour. Then the multipurpose building and the Auditorium were constructed. The materials used were mainly concrete and glass. Also during this time the base of the Tower was started, but it was not until the structures of other buildings were almost finished that the work on the Tower was visible. An underground car park was added. The Open Square was covered in white concrete. The sides of the Auditorium were painted yellow, creating a contrast with the dominant white colour on the rest of the buildings. On one of the sides of the auditorium, a ceramic art work, designed by Niemeyer, represents the outline of a woman resting. The stage door was painted red. This door can be open to the square, so that shows can take part inside or outside the building.  The inauguration ceremony took place in March 2011 with a video speech by Niemeyer and a jazz concert with Woody Allen in front of an audience of more than 10,000 people.

'Niemeyer effect': impact in the post-industrial town.

Apart from its cultural purposes, the Centre has an important environmental element. It is the center of a large scale urban regeneration process that will change the town's whole waterfront. It is located on an island created in the Avilés estuary, not far from the industrial area. This has helped in the regeneration process of the area.  The authorities are now planning many changes there, such as eliminating heavy traffic from the port area (where the center is located) and creating sporting and recreation areas. Also new building projects are being planned - a reflection of the Niemeyer Centre effect. This area is now called "La Isla de la Innovación" (The Island of the Innovation).  It is being developed by the Government of the Principality of Asturias and the Government of Spain. It will provide for the economic and urban regeneration of a degraded area as part of a process of industrial transformation: the Avilés estuary, situated in Asturias, northern Spain.

Niemeyer Effect.

Thanks to the architecture and the cultural project, a number of artists became interested in the Centre. Brad Pitt, a follower of Oscar Niemeyer’s work visited the town to see the works and increased the publicity of the Asturian cultural complex. Other Hollywood stars such as Kevin Spacey, visited the town several times in collaboration with the center (premieres, conferences, and theatre plays). The collaboration between different world personalities (artists, Nobel Prize winners, United Nations meetings, etc.) made Centro Niemeyer the "Spanish cultural institution with more presence in national and international media" in 2011.  A year later, the area around the Centre prepared for the arrival of the first commercial cruise in Avilés' history. An Oriental Garden next to the estuary receives the arriving visitors. There are plans to create a bigger recreation port to increase tourism.  The Centre has also inspired several sweets, such as: Niemeyitas, Cúpulas de Avimeyer (Avimeyer domes), etc. The short film "Keres" by Alfonso S. Suarez was recorded at the Centre. Several car companies have also used the buildings to promote their latest cars. Also a fashion magazine used it as background for a photographic session in 2011.

Meeting point for knowledge.

Oscar Niemeyer's vision is based on three pillars: education, culture and peace. The Centre tries to be a magnet for the three elements. The Centre also tries to combine international and national events.

G8 of culture.

In December 2007, the Foundation organized the First Worldwide Forum of International Cultural Centres in Avilés, Asturias (also known as the G8 of Culture) with eight international cultural centers: Lincoln Center of New York (USA), Barbican Centre of London(UK), Sydney Opera House, Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris (France), Library of Alexandria, Tokyo International Forum(Japan) and Hong Kong Cultural Center (China) and the Cultural Centre Óscar Niemeyer of Asturias (Spain).

Production.

The exhibition "Luz" by Carlos Saura was a production by Centro Niemeyer. The center co-produced "Utopía" by María Pagés, and, in association with other institutions, co-commissioned and produced "Richard III" by Sam Mendes with Kevin Spacey in the main role. This play was part of the Bridge Project between the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Old Vic Theatre in London, and the British producer Neal Street. Asturias was one of the few places in the world where it was presented, adding Aviles to a list of names such as London, Naples, Istanbul, Athens, San Francisco, and New York.

Education.

The Centre has organised different educational activities such as those in collaboration with the Kevin Spacey Foundation, or María Pagés. Students of different ages had the opportunity to use the meeting place for learning and activities such as performing in Broadway play. It was also one of the stops of the Ruta Quetzal in 2011

Film Centre.

One of the permanent activities of the Niemeyer Centre will be the Film Centre. Woody Allen proposed the idea to the Principality of Asturias' Government following several visits to Asturias. He has publicly supported the Avilés' Centre, visiting the town and including bits of it in his first film shot in Spain ("Vicky Cristina Barcelona" 2008). In October 2008, the European Film Academy (EFA) announced that it will collaborate with the Niemeyer Centre's Film for a permanent cinema in the Multipurpose Building. Seat number seven in the fifth row bears Woody Allen's name. He inaugurated the cinema in 2011. There is a second seat dedicated to Volker Schlöndorff. The Film Centre works on films on themes, such as the United Nations, etc., but also shows premieres, and short-films.

Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre Foundation.

The Fundación Centro Cultural Internacional Oscar Niemeyer Principado de Asturias was created in 2007 to manage the Niemeyer Centre's buildings and cultural projects. The Foundation develops international projects and works to set up a collaborative network. The work of the Foundation is based on three aims: education, culture and peace.  Oscar Niemeyer is an honorary member of the Foundation.

Awards.

The architectural project received the following awards:  It also received an award for its cultural contribution:

See also.

And:

The Oscar Niemeyer International Cultural Centre, or Centro Niemeyer (, popularly known as "el Niemeyer"), is a cultural centre complex designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and an international project. The centre is located on the estuary of Avilés, Asturias in northwest Spain. It was inaugurated on 26 March 2011.

Le centre culturel international Oscar Niemeyer ("Centro Niemeyer"), conçu par l'architecte brésilien Oscar Niemeyer, est un centre culturel ouvert en à Avilés dans les Asturies en Espagne, qui intègre les diverses manifestations artistiques et culturelles: expositions, musique, théâtre et danse, le cinéma, la nourriture, des mots, de l'éducation... Le centre bâti sur un terrain jouxtant l'estuaire, s'inscrit dans le contexte urbain de "La Villa del Adelantado".


Plot.

When the Twin Towers went down in 2001, Charlie Fineman lost everything important in his life. Five years have passed since Charlie's wife and daughters died, and now the once-successful and sociable man has become a withdrawn shadow of his former self. He does not discuss his loss, causing his in-laws to worry for his sanity, believing that he has struck the tragedy from his mind.  When fate brings Charlie and his former college roommate Alan Johnson together once again on a Manhattan street corner, Alan is shocked to see just how far his old friend has fallen. Charlie's hair is long and he wears a headset constantly to let music drown out any mentions of his wife and children.  Though on the surface it would appear that Alan, a successful dentist, has it all, the pressures of a family and career have been weighing heavily on him. At a pivotal moment when Charlie and Alan both need a trusted friend, the restorative power of a rekindled friendship provides a lifeline needed to move forward.  Alan endeavors to bring Charlie out of his shell by convincing him to see a therapist. Charlie is barely communicative, however, ending every session after only a couple of minutes. His therapist says he needs to tell the story about his family to someone eventually. Charlie soon tells Alan his tragic story, but afterwards tries to commit suicide by cop and ends up in a psych ward.  Legal proceedings commence, and Judge David Raines (Donald Sutherland) must determine whether to commit Charlie to psychiatric care against his will. The judge leaves the decision to Charlie's in-laws, asking them to think of what their daughter would want for Charlie. He approaches his in-laws in the lobby of the courthouse, stating that he does not carry pictures nor discuss his family because he sees them every day, in the faces of people walking down the street. They decide that he should not be committed; instead, Charlie moves to a new apartment, leaving behind the painful memories associated with his former home. At the end of the film, Alan visits Charlie for the day and his wife calls and tells him "I love you and just want you to come home." The apartment's doorman brings out Charlie's scooter, and tells Alan not to leave stuff lying around. Alan tells the doorman to take it back upstairs, but the doorman does not respond. Not knowing what to do, Alan decides to ride home on the scooter.

Soundtrack.

Music was an important component to the plot. The many songs during the film include Bruce Springsteen's "Out in the Street" and "Drive All Night", "Simple Man" by Graham Nash, and a few songs by the Who, including the titular "Love, Reign o'er Me." The latter appears on the film's soundtrack, along with a cover version recorded specifically for the film by Pearl Jam. Televised trailers featured the songs "Ashes" by English band Embrace, "All These Things That I've Done" by the Killers, "How to Save a Life" by The Fray, and "In This Life" by Chantal Kreviazuk. The score was written by Rolfe Kent, and orchestrated by Tony Blondal.

Reception.

Box office.

The film opened to $7,460,690 from 1,671 theaters, for an average of $4,465 per venue. Its last recorded weekend was April 27–29, 2007, with a final domestic gross of $19,661,987. It made another $2,560,321 internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $22,222,308, against its $20 million budget.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 64% based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Reign Over Me" is a charming, affecting tale of friendship and loss, with solid performances from Adam Sandler as a broken, grief-stricken man and Don Cheadle as his old friend and savior." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."  Lisa Schwarzbaum at "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Reign Over Me" a B− rating, calling the film "a strange, black-and-blue therapeutic drama equally mottled with likable good intentions and agitating clumsiness." She shared her own discomfort with seeing the September 11 attacks casually included as a plot device in a fictional dramedy, though praised the film's performances and story. "The New York Times" found the film "maddeningly uneven", adding, "It's rare to see so many moments of grace followed by so many stumbles and fumbles, or to see intelligence and discretion undone so thoroughly by glibness and grossness. And it is puzzling, and ultimately draining, to see a film that waves the flag of honesty—Face your demons! Speak from your heart! Open up!—turn out to be so phony."  The video gaming blog "Kotaku" praised "Reign Over Me"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s inclusion of the video game "Shadow of the Colossus", stating that it "must be one of the first Hollywood films, if not the first, to deal with games thematically and intelligently."

Reign Over Me is a 2007 American buddy drama film written and directed by Mike Binder, and produced by his brother Jack Binder. The film stars Adam Sandler, Don Cheadle, Jada Pinkett Smith, Liv Tyler, Donald Sutherland, Saffron Burrows and Mike Binder.

À cœur ouvert ("Reign over me") ou Règne sur moi au Québec, est un film américain de Mike Binder sorti en 2007.


Voyage and detention.

"Struma" had been built as a luxury yacht, but was 74 years old and in the 1930s had been relegated to carrying cattle on the River Danube under the Panamanian flag of convenience. The Mossad LeAliyah Bet intended to use her as a refugee ship, but shelved the plan after the German entry into Bulgaria. Her Greek owner Jean D. Pandelis instead contacted Revisionist Zionists in Romania. The New Zionist Organization and Betar Zionist youth movement began to make arrangements but an argument over the choice of passengers left the planning in the hands of Betar.  Apart from the crew and 60 Betar youth, there were over 700 passengers who had paid large fees to board the ship. The exact number is not certain, but a collation of six separate lists produced a total of 791 passengers and 10 crew. Passengers were told they would be sailing on a renovated boat with a short stop in Istanbul to collect their Palestinian immigration visas. Ion Antonescu's Romanian government approved of the voyage.  Each refugee was allowed to take of luggage. Romanian customs officers took many of the refugees' valuables and other possessions, along with food that they had brought with them. The passengers were not permitted to see the vessel before the day of the voyage. They found that she was a wreck with only two lifeboats. Below decks, "Struma" had dormitories with bunks for 40 to 120 people in each. The berths were bunks on which passengers were to sleep four abreast, with width for each person.  On 12 December, 1941, the day of her sailing, "Struma"s engine failed so a tug towed her out of the port of Constanţa. The waters off Constanţa were mined, so a Romanian vessel escorted her clear of the minefield. She then drifted overnight while her crew tried vainly to start her engine. She transmitted distress signals and on 13 December the Romanian tug returned. The tug's crew said they would not repair "Struma"s engine unless they were paid. The refugees had no money after buying their tickets and leaving Romania, so they gave all their wedding rings to the tugboatmen, who then repaired the engine. "Struma" then got under way but by 15 December her engine had failed again so she was towed into the port of Istanbul in Turkey.  There she remained at anchor, while British diplomats and Turkish officials negotiated over the fate of the passengers. Because of Arab and Jewish unrest in Palestine, Britain was determined to apply the terms of the White Paper of 1939 to minimise Jewish immigration to Palestine. British diplomats urged the Turkish government of Refik Saydam to prevent "Struma" from continuing her voyage. Turkey refused to allow the passengers to disembark. While detained in Istanbul, "Struma" ran short of food. Soup was cooked twice a week and supper was typically an orange and some peanuts for each person. At night each child was issued a serving of milk.  After weeks of negotiation, the British agreed to honour the expired Palestinian visas possessed by a few passengers, who were allowed to continue to Palestine overland. With the help of influential friends (Vehbi Koc), a few others also managed to escape. One woman, Madeea Solomonovici, was admitted to an Istanbul hospital after miscarrying. On 12 February British officials agreed that children aged 11 to 16 on the ship would be given Palestinian visas, but a dispute occurred over their transportation to Palestine. The United Kingdom declined to send a ship, while Turkey refused to allow them to travel overland. According to some researchers, a total of 9 passengers disembarked while the remaining 782 and 10 crew stayed on the ship. Others believe that there had only been 782 passengers initially, only Madeea Solomonovici being allowed to leave the ship.

Towing to sea and sinking.

Negotiations between Turkey and Britain seemed to reach an "impasse". On 23 February 1942 a small party of Turkish police tried to board the ship but the refugees would not let them aboard. Then a larger force of about 80 police came, surrounded "Struma" with motor boats, and after about half an hour of resistance got aboard the ship. The police detached "Struma"s anchor and attached her to a tug, which towed her through the Bosphorus and out into the Black Sea. As she was towed along the Bosphorus, many passengers hung signs over the sides that read "SAVE US" in English and Hebrew, visible to those who lived on the banks of the strait. Despite weeks of work by Turkish engineers, the engine would not start. The Turkish authorities abandoned the ship in the Black Sea, about 10 miles north of the Bosphorus, where she drifted helplessly.On the morning of 24 February there was a huge explosion and the ship sank. Many years later it was revealed that the ship had been torpedoed by the, that had also sunk the Turkish vessel "Çankaya" the evening before.  "Struma" sank quickly and many people were trapped below decks and drowned. Many others aboard survived the sinking and clung to pieces of wreckage, but for hours no rescue came and all but one of them died from drowning or hypothermia. Of the estimated 791 people killed, more than 100 were children. "Struma"s First Officer Lazar Dikof and the 19-year-old refugee David Stoliar clung to a cabin door that was floating in the sea. The First Officer died overnight but Turks in a rowing boat rescued Stoliar the next day. He was the only survivor. Turkey held Stoliar in custody for many weeks. Simon Brod (1893-1962), a Jewish businessman from Istanbul, who during World War II helped to rescue an untold number of Jewish refugees who reached Turkey, arranged for Stoliar's meals during his two-month incarceration. Upon his release, Brod brought Stoliar home. He provided him with clothes and a suitcase, and a train ticket to Aleppo after Britain gave him papers to go to Palestine.

Aftermath.

On 9 June 1942, Lord Wedgwood opened the debate in the British House of Lords by alleging that Britain had reneged on its commitments and urging that the League of Nations mandate over Palestine be transferred to the USA. He stated with bitterness: "I hope yet to live to see those who sent the "Struma" cargo back to the Nazis hung as high as Haman cheek by jowl with their prototype and "Führer", Adolf Hitler". Anglo-Jewish poet Emanuel Litvinoff, serving in the British army at the time, wrote a scathing poem, mourning the loss and betrayal of "Struma". Having volunteered in the British army to fight the Nazis, he now called the British khaki he wore a "badge of shame."  For many years there were competing theories about the explosion that sank "Struma". In 1964 a German historian discovered that "Shch-213" had fired a torpedo that sank the ship. Later this was confirmed from several other Soviet sources. The submarine had been acting under secret orders to sink all neutral and enemy shipping entering the Black Sea to reduce the flow of strategic materials to Nazi Germany.  Frantz and Collins call "Struma"s sinking the ""largest naval civilian disaster of the war"". Greater numbers of civilians perished in other maritime disasters of the war, including "Wilhelm Gustloff", "Cap Arcona" and "Junyō Maru", but there were also military personnel aboard those ships at the time.  Israeli politics still refers to the "Struma" disaster. On 26 January 2005 Israel's then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, told the Knesset:

Wrecks.

Struma.

In July 2000 a Turkish diving team found a wreck on the sea floor in about the right place and announced that it had found "Struma". A team led by a British technical diver and a grandson of one of the victims, Greg Buxton, later studied this and several other wrecks in the area but could not positively identify any as "Struma"; the wreck found by the Turks was far too large.  On 3 September 2000 a ceremony was held at the site to commemorate the tragedy. It was attended by 60 relatives of "Struma" victims, representatives of the Jewish community of Turkey, the Israeli ambassador and prime minister's envoy, British and American delegates, but David Stoliar chose to not attend for family reasons.

Soviet "Shch-213" submarine.

In November 2008 a team of Dutch, German and Romanian divers of the Black Sea Wreck Diving Club discovered the wreck of "Shch-213" off the coast of Constanţa in Romania. Since the registration markings that could help identify the wreck were missing due to damage to the submarine, it took divers until 2010 to identify her as "Shch-213".

The "Struma" disaster was the sinking on 24 February 1942 of a ship,, that had been trying to take nearly 800 Jewish refugees from Axis-allied Romania to Mandatory Palestine. She was a small iron-hulled ship of only that had been built in 1867 as a steam-powered schooner but had recently been re-engined with an unreliable second-hand diesel engine. "Struma" was only long, had a beam of only and a draught of only but an estimated 791 refugees and 10 crew were crammed into her.

La tragédie du Struma fait référence à la mort de 770 passagers et membres d'équipage du paquebot "Struma", torpillé en mer Noire par le sous-marin soviétique "ShCh-213" le.


Programming.

Roj TV broadcast from Denmark and had some office and studio facilities in Belgium. The channel transmitted on the Eurobird 9A satellite (9 Degrees East) to Europe and the Middle East on 11.843 GHz Vertical - S.Rate 27.500 and HellasSat 2 satellite 39 Degrees East on 11512 GHz Horizontal - S.Rate 27.500. Transmissions on the Hotbird satellite (13 Degrees East) ceased. Programming on Roj TV consisted of news, political discussion programs and cultural programming (particularly music and occasional films) with a small amount of children's, entertainment and educational programming. As well as programming in various Kurdish dialects Roj TV broadcast in Turkish (aimed at both Turks and assimilated Kurds) Zaza, Persian and several other languages spoken in the region. A short weekly English news bulletin was broadcast most Saturday mornings (around 11.30 UK time) and very occasionally films with English subtitles were shown. Roj TV was accessible live through the Internet before it was shut down.

Background.

Kurdish-language programmes were completely forbidden from the media in Turkey from 1925 until 2002 when restrictions were relaxed somewhat. However, during this time Kurdish stations started broadcasting to Turkey via satellite from Europe. Initially there also were several Turkish language commercial satellite broadcasters established in a similar manner in response to the TRT monopoly. However, with the deregulation of broadcasting within Turkey all of these have moved their operations to within Turkey itself, and many of them have now been licensed on terrestrial frequencies.  In 2004, the national public broadcaster TRT became the first major broadcaster to broadcast a Kurdish-language programme although initially TRT only broadcast Kurdish programmes once per week, along with a handful of local TV and radio stations. These programmes were initially limited 45 minutes per day (an hour per week on TRT), are heavily censored, must include Turkish sub-titles and should not include children's programmes and any other types of educational programmes. The programmes are mostly focused on Ataturk and Turkish ancient history.  In 2008 TRT announced they were planning to launch their own full-time Kurdish-language channel TRT 6 with programming "promoting the Turkish Republic and its values as well as to counter the propaganda from the PKK channel Roj TV." On January 1, 2009, TRT 6 was officially opened with a new year's special including Kurdish singers such as Rojin. The channel has been promoted with much fanfare prior to the March 2009 local elections in Turkey, with Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan using Kurdish at party rallies in the south east to welcome the channel.

Predecessors: MED TV and MEDYA TV.

MED TV was a London-based international TV whose licence was revoked on April 23, 1999 by British regulators as their broadcasts were judged as 'likely to encourage or incite crime or lead to disorder'. The Independent Television Commission imposed three fines totaling £90,000 on MED TV for three separate breaches of the requirement for due impartiality before the closure. eventually revoking their broadcasting licence amid accusations of bias on the ITC's part. When Med TV lost its licence in the UK, MEDYA TV started transmissions from studios in Belgium via a satellite uplink from France on July 30, 1999. MEDYA TV's licence was revoked by the French authorities on February 13, 2004, the French court believed that the station had ties with the PKK; and the CSA, the French licensing authority, stated that MEDYA TV was a successor to MED-TV, and a French Appeal Court confirmed CSA's decision. The channel ran an announcement stating that "A new channel, Roj TV, will begin broadcasting on the first of the month". Roj TV began transmissions from Denmark on March 1, 2004. Roj TV was banned from broadcasting in Germany by the German Interior Ministry in June 2008 because of the network's alleged ties with the PKK organization. Roj's production company based in Wuppertal was also dissolved. This ban was temporarily lifted by a German court on 25 February 2010.

Controversy on Roj TV.

The Turkish Government claimed the channel was a mouthpiece for the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which they regard as a terrorist organization (as do the U.S. and UK) and lobbied the Danish government to revoke Roj TV's broadcasting license. A Turkish Foreign Ministry official stated: "We know for sure that Roj TV is part of the PKK, a terrorist organization... [The PKK] is listed as a terrorist organization by the EU. Denmark is a member of the EU, and we would expect that the broadcasting organization of a terrorist group would not be given a free pass." While the station's general manager, Manouchehr Tahsili Zonoozi, an Iranian Kurd, acknowledges that the station maintains contact with the PKK, he characterizes it as an independent Kurdish broadcaster, which is not under the control of the PKK. The Turkish authorities repeatably made formal complaints to the Danish Radio and Television Board regarding Roj TV, but none of the complaints were upheld by the Board, who ruled that the TV channel had not violated any rules over which the Board has regulatory power.  In 2005 the then Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Denmark and wanted to give a press conference. In the audience was also a reporter from Roj TV which caused Erdogan to leave the press conference. He hoped Denmark would now take the Turkish demands more seriously and prohibit Roj TV. Denmark did not comply and instead defended press freedom in Denmark.  In May 2008 Germany searched the production studios of Roj TV in Wuppertal and Berlin. Following the searches, the Interior Minister declared that Roj TV was a part of the PKK and banned the channel from being active in Germany. As a response Kurds protested in several parts in Europe against the ban of the channel in Germany and the closure of the studios. Roj TV challenged the ban and Germany demanded a resolution by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The CJEU ruled Germany was allowed to ban Roj TV from being present in Germany with offices and production studios, but it could not ban Roj TV from broadcasting into Germany from another country.  On 4 March 2010, Belgian police raided several locations including Roj TV's facilities. Belgian prosecutors said the raid was due to "very serious evidence that, in a very organised way, youngsters of Kurdish origin were recruited in western Europe, notably in Belgium". Programming was disrupted for a time but the channel returned to air.  In August 2010, Roj TV was formally indicted by the Danish attorney general for violation of Danish anti-terrorism legislation, specifically the rules against "promoting terrorist activities" of the Kurdish organization PKK. However the channel remained on air pending possible court proceedings. In the United States diplomatic cables leak of November 2010, a diplomatic message surfaced that referred to a Turkish representative's claim that, "as part of the 2009 POTUS-brokered deal that had overcome Turkish objections to the appointment of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as NATO Secretary General, Denmark had promised to clarify its legal requirements prerequisite to acceding to Turkey's request for the closure of Roj TV".  On 10 January 2012, a Danish court found the owners of Roj TV guilty of "promoting terrorism" and fined them 5.2 million Danish kroner ($894,800). The money would be paid in installments of DKK 65,000 for 40 months. The prosecutors claimed that the TV station was "financed and controlled" by the PKK. On 26 January 2012, Roj TV signed a broadcasting agreement with satellite provider Intelsat.  In 2013 Roj TV was shut down in an apparent agreement with Turkey in exchange of the Turkish approval to Anders Fogh Rasmussen as NATO Secretary General.  Soon after Stêrk TV was launched, which also reported about Kurdish cultural and political events.

Roj TV ( "Roj TV" or "Rozh TV") was an international Kurdish satellite television station broadcasting programmes in the Kurmanji, Sorani and Hewrami dialects of the Kurdish language as well as in Persian, Zaza, Arabic, and Turkish.

Roj TV est une télévision kurde basée à Denderleeuw en Belgique, diffusant des programmes en kurmandji, soranî, zazaki, turc, araméen et arabe. Créée en 1994, elle s'appelait à l'origine Med TV. Elle a produit plusieurs documentaires culturels, politiques et historique. Son émission « la cinémathèque kurde » permet de visionner des films issus des quatre parties du Kurdistan ou de sa diaspora. Elle est regardée par tous les kurdes et est réputée proche du Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan (PKK). La chaîne diffuse des programmes d'actualités, culturels, sportifs, documentaires, jeunesse, musicaux, etc. Ces émissions visent toutes les catégories socioprofessionnelles. Roj TV est diffusé depuis le par Intelsat.


Name.

In the Nunatsiavummiutut variety of Inuttitut, which is spoken in Nunatsiavut, the word is spelled "uluk", and in Tunumiit ("East Greenlandic") it is "sakiaq" or "saakiq".  The following chart lists both Eskimo-Aleut terms as well as two terms for the same tool in Athabaskan languages, which are an unrelated language family spoken by non-Inuit-Iñupiat-Aleut Alaska Natives.

Materials.

Traditionally the ulu was made with a caribou antler, muskox horn or walrus ivory handle and slate cutting surface, due to the lack of metal smelting technology in the Arctic. The handle could also be carved from bone, and wood was sometimes used when it was available. In certain areas, such as Ulukhaktok Northwest Territories, copper was used for the cutting surface.  Today the ulu is still often made with a caribou antler handle but the blade is usually made of steel. The steel is quite often obtained by purchasing a hand saw or wood saw and cutting the blade to the correct shape. A hardwood called "sisattaq" is also used for handles. These uluit are both kept for home use and sold to others. It is also possible to purchase commercially produced uluit, sometimes made with a plastic handle and complete with a cutting board.

Usage and styles.

The size of the ulu typically reflects its usage. An ulu with a blade would be used as part of a sewing kit to cut sinew or for cutting out patterns from animal skins. An ulu with a blade would be used for general purposes. Occasionally, uluit can be found with blades as large as.  The ulu comes in four distinct styles, the Iñupiat (or Alaskan), Canadian, West Greenlandic and East Greenlandic. With the Inupiat style ulu the blade has a centre piece cut out and both ends of the blade fit into the handle. In Canada the blade more often is attached to the handle by a single stem in the centre. In the western areas of the Canadian Arctic the blade of the ulu tends to be of a triangular shape, while in the eastern Arctic the ends of the blade tend to be more pointed.  The shape of the ulu ensures that the force is centered more over the middle of the blade than with an ordinary knife. This makes the ulu easier to use when cutting hard objects such as bone. Because the rocking motion used when cutting on a plate or board with an ulu pins down the food being cut, it is also easier to use an ulu one-handed (a typical steak knife, in contrast, requires a fork).  Ulu knives are sometimes used for purposes other than their original intent. Because of their cultural symbolism throughout the Arctic, they are sometimes presented to people who have accomplished significant things, such as sports or education. Specifically, the Arctic Winter Games presents gold, silver, and bronze uluit to successful athletes, acting in place of a medal.

History.

Uluit have been found that date back to as early as 2500 BCE. Traditionally, the ulu would be passed down from generation to generation. It was believed that an ancestor's knowledge was contained within the ulu and thus would also be passed on.

Legality.

Some countries, including Canada, prohibit the possession or carrying of knives where the blade is perpendicular to the handle (intended to limit the use of so-called "push daggers"). However, regulations passed under the Criminal Code specifically exempt the "aboriginal 'ulu' knife" from this prohibition.  Uluit are not allowed as carry-on on commercial airline flights in the US, though they can be in checked bags.

An ulu (Inuktitut syllabics: "ᐅ<unk>", plural: "uluit", English: "woman's knife") is an all-purpose knife traditionally used by Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut women. It is utilized in applications as diverse as skinning and cleaning animals, cutting a child's hair, cutting food, as a weapon and, if necessary, trimming blocks of snow and ice used to build an igloo.

Le ulu (en inuktitut ᐅ<unk> ; pluriel "uluit") est un couteau universel utilisé uniquement par les femmes inuit. Il est utilisé pour diverses actions, enlever et nettoyer la peau des animaux, couper les cheveux d'un enfant, couper la viande, ou encore tailler les blocs de glace utilisés dans la construction des igloo.


Early life.

Born in Rochester, Michigan, Jones spent several years living abroad. He attended Frankfurt International School in Germany before returning to Michigan for his high school years where he began taking up acting. He graduated from Rochester Adams High School in 1987. After being accepted for a scholarship to their acting program, Jones spent 2 years in Western Michigan University before moving to Los Angeles where he studied theatre in University of California, Los Angeles. He finished his degree in California State University, Fullerton.

Career.

Jones began his professional career on stage in the European Premieres of Purple Hearts and Tennessee in the Summer at the Edinburgh Festival in Scotland. Jones is a graduate of the Advanced Training Program at the American Conservatory Theater. After graduation, Jones became a member of ACT’s professional acting company and worked on Angels in America directed by Mark Wing-Davey, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and Othello. Jones returned to ACT in 2012 to perform in the west coast premiere of Jordan Harrison's Maple and Vine and played the titular role in Ensemble Theater's visually compelling cutting edge production of Macbeth.  Jones’ first film roles were in Lucasfilms Radioland Murders (1994) and in the LucasArts Video Game Star Wars: Rebel Assault II (1995). In 1996, Jamison moved to Los Angeles to continue his career in film and Television. Film credits include The Lodger with Alfred Molina; Born to Ride (2010) with William Forsythe; He Was a Quiet Man (2007) with Christian Slater and William H. Macy; Dark Blue (2002) with Kurt Russell; Hollywood Homicide (2003) with Harrison Ford. He has both Actor and Producer credits for West of Brooklyn (2008) with Joe Mantegna. Jones taught acting at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy but continues to teach privately in Hollywood at Television Center Studios.  Jones has also served as Theater Director, Screenwriter, and Producer and is a part-owner of a bi-coastal film development company named Jones Films Entertainment. Jones films is in development on several feature films and television projects, including Agoura Hills; the story of an agoraphobic weatherman who is afraid to go outside and Malibu Gothic; that follows the life of an aging international movie star who falls into the unenviable position of protecting Malibu's secret society from the rest of the world.

Filmography.

Theater.

Jones has been in a number of plays - his work in the theater includes the following performances:

Jamison Jones is an American actor. He is best known for his work with Christian Slater and William H. Macy in "He Was a Quiet Man", the 2020 box-office sensation "The Wretched", as a regular cast member on "General Hospital", and in the FOX series "24". He originated the title role in the world premiere of Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa’s "Doctor Cerberus" at the Tony Award-winning South Coast Repertory. Jones has also guest-starred on several television series, including "True Detective", "Burn Notice", "Will & Grace", "", "NCIS", "Kamen Rider Dragon Knight" and "The Whispers".

Jamison Jones est un acteur américain né à Détroit (Michigan). Il est particulièrement connu pour avoir joué dans le jeu vidéo "" où il incarne un Rebelle de l'Empire, Rookie One, qui doit sauver l'Alliance Rebelle. Il jouera les cinq dernières missions avec comme coéquipière Ru Marleen, incarnée par Julie Eccles.