Early life.

Ross was born in Daytona Beach, Florida, to Jack and Ollie Ross (a carpenter and a waitress, respectively), and raised in Orlando, Florida. As an adolescent, Ross cared for injured animals, including armadillos, snakes, alligators, and squirrels, one of which was later featured in several episodes of his television show. He had a half-brother, Jim, whom he mentioned in passing on his show. Ross dropped out of high school in the 9th grade. While working as a carpenter with his father, he lost part of his left index finger. This minor disability did not affect the way he held his palette while painting.

Military career.

In 1961, 18-year-old Ross enlisted in the United States Air Force and was put into service as a medical records technician. He eventually rose to the rank of master sergeant and served as the first sergeant of the U.S. Air Force Clinic at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, where he first saw the snow and mountains that later became recurring themes in his artwork. He developed his quick-painting technique to create art for sale during brief daily work breaks. Having held military positions that required him to be, in his own words, "tough" and "mean", "the guy who makes you scrub the latrine, the guy who makes you make your bed, the guy who screams at you for being late to work." Ross decided that if he ever left the military, he would never yell or raise his voice again.

Career as a painter.

During his 20-year tenure with the U.S. Air Force, Ross developed a taste for painting after attending an art class at the Anchorage U.S.O. club. He found himself frequently at odds with many of his painting instructors, who were more interested in abstract painting. In Ross's own words: "They'd tell you what makes a tree, but they wouldn't tell you how to paint a tree."  Ross was working as a part-time bartender when he discovered a TV show called "The Magic of Oil Painting", hosted by German painter Bill Alexander. Alexander touted a 16th-century style of painting called "alla prima" ("Italian for "first attempt""), better known as "wet-on-wet", that allowed him to finish a painting in a little under 30 minutes. Ross studied and became quite good at alla prima through Alexander's show, and began selling Alaskan landscapes painted on the inside of novelty gold-mining pans. Eventually, Ross's income from gold pan sales surpassed his military salary. He retired from the Air Force in 1981 with the rank of Master Sergeant after 20 years of service.  He first went to Florida and studied painting under Alexander, then joined the "Alexander Magic Art Supplies Company" and became a traveling salesman and tutor. Annette Kowalski, who had attended one of his sessions, became convinced that there was a great opportunity for Ross to succeed on his own, and persuaded him to do so. She invested her life savings in the company, as did Ross and his wife. The business struggled at first; his trademark permed hairstyle came about as a cost-cutting measure, when his regular crewcut haircuts became too expensive. Ross later confessed that he disliked the hairstyle, but did not feel he could change it because it was depicted in the company logo.  The origins of the TV show "The Joy of Painting" are unclear. It was filmed at the studio of the PBS station WIPB in Muncie, Indiana.  The show ran from January 11, 1983 to May 17, 1994, but reruns continue to appear in many broadcast areas and countries, including the non-commercial digital subchannel network Create. In the United Kingdom the BBC re-ran them during the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020 while most viewers were in lockdown at home. During each half-hour segment, Ross would instruct viewers in oil painting using a quick-study technique from the imagination that used a limited palette of paints and broke down the process into simple steps. Art critic Mira Schor compared him to Fred Rogers, host of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood", noting that Ross's soft voice and the slow pace of his speech were similar.  With help from Annette and Walt Kowalski, Ross built a $15 million business, Bob Ross Inc., selling his line of art supplies and how-to books, and marketing painting classes taught by instructors trained in the "Bob Ross method". All of his income, he said, was derived from those sources; the show was intended to be a vehicle to promote his classes and products. Following Ross's death, ownership of Bob Ross Inc. was passed to the Kowalskis.  Ross also filmed wildlife, squirrels in particular, usually in his garden, and he would often take in injured or abandoned squirrels and other animals. Small animals often appeared on his "Joy of Painting" canvasses.

Technique.

Ross used the wet-on-wet oil painting technique, in which the painter continues adding paint on top of still-wet paint rather than waiting a lengthy amount of time to allow each layer of paint to dry. From the beginning, the program kept the selection of tools and colors simple so that viewers would not have to make large investments in expensive equipment. Ross frequently recommended odorless paint thinner (aka odorless mineral spirits) for brush cleaning. Combining the wet painting method with the use of large one- and two-inch brushes, as well as painting knives, allowed Ross to paint trees, clouds, mountains, and water in a matter of seconds. Each painting would start with simple strokes that appeared as nothing more than smudges of color. As he added more and more strokes, the blotches would transform into intricate landscapes.  Ross painted three versions of almost every painting featured on his show. The first was painted prior to taping, and sat on an easel, off-camera, during filming, where Ross used it as a reference to create the second copy—the one viewers actually watched him paint. After filming the episode, Ross painted a more detailed version for inclusion in his instructional books. The different versions were marked as follows on the side or back of the canvas: "Kowalski" for the initial version, "tv" for the version painted during the TV show, and "book" for the book version.

Influences.

Ross dedicated the first episode of the second season of "The Joy of Painting" to Bill Alexander, explaining that "years ago, Bill taught me this fantastic [wet-on-wet] technique, and I feel as though he gave me a precious gift, and I'd like to share that gift with you [the viewer]." As Ross's popularity grew, his relationship with Alexander became increasingly strained. "He betrayed me," Alexander told "The New York Times" in 1991. "I invented 'wet on wet,' I trained him, and... he thinks he can do it better." Art historians have pointed out that the "wet-on-wet" (or alla prima) technique actually originated in Flanders during the 15th century, and was used by Frans Hals, Diego Velázquez, Caravaggio, Paul Cézanne, John Singer Sargent, and Claude Monet, among many others.

Style.

Ross was well-known for the catchphrases he used while painting such as "happy little trees". In most episodes of "The Joy of Painting", Ross would note that one of his favorite parts of painting was cleaning the brush. Specifically, he was fond of his method of drying off a brush that he had dipped in odorless thinner by striking it against the can of thinner (then striking a box for early seasons, and a trash can on later seasons). Occasionally he would strike the brush hard on the trash can saying he "hit the bucket" and then on the easel. He would smile and often laugh aloud as he said to "beat the Devil out of it". He also used a palette that had been lightly sanded down, which was necessary to avoid catching the reflections of the strong studio lighting.  Ross wore clothes that he believed would be a "timeless look" (jeans and a button-down shirt). He also used a minimalist set and spoke as if he were only addressing one viewer.  When asked about his laid-back approach, and his calm and contented demeanor, he commented,  The landscapes he painted—typically mountains, lakes, snow, and log cabin scenes—were strongly influenced by his years living in Alaska, where he was stationed for the majority of his Air Force career. He repeatedly stated on the show his belief that everyone had inherent artistic talent and could become an accomplished artist given time, practice, and encouragement, and to this end was often fond of saying, "We don't make mistakes; we just have happy accidents." In 2014, the blog FiveThirtyEight conducted a statistical analysis of the 381 episodes in which Ross painted live, concluding that 91 percent of Ross's paintings contained at least one tree, 44 percent included clouds, 39 percent included mountains and 34 percent included mountain lakes. By his own estimation, Ross completed more than 30,000 paintings in his lifetime. His works rarely contained human subjects or signs of human habitation. On rare occasions he would incorporate a cabin into a landscape, but he typically painted its chimney without any signs of smoke, implying that it was unoccupied.

Other media appearances.

Ross was fond of country music, and in 1987 he was invited on stage by Hank Snow at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee. The audience gave him a huge ovation; he was slightly nervous at first, but felt better after cracking a joke to the crowd. Snow was later given a private painting lesson by Ross.  Ross visited New York City to promote his hardcover book, "The Best of the Joy of Painting with Bob Ross", and painting techniques to a studio audience several times. On one visit in 1989 he appeared on "The Joan Rivers Show". He returned in 1992 for a live show with hosts Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford. There was one in 1994, when Phil Donahue, who watched his videos and loved his painting technique, invited him to the show to promote his work. Ross took five audience members on-stage to do a painting and even Phil himself did a painting and showed it in that episode.  In the early 1990s, Ross did several MTV promotional spots that, according to the "American City Business Journals", "dovetailed perfectly with Generation X's burgeoning obsession with all things ironic and retro."  In 1995, a visibly ill Ross made his final public television appearance as a guest on the pilot episode of the children’s series "The Adventures of Elmer and Friends". The series premiered in 1996, one year after Ross’s death. The episode included a final message of thanks from Ross to his fans and viewers, and a musical tribute.

Personal life.

Ross had one son, Robert Stephen "Steve" Ross, with his first wife, Vivian Ridge. Steve, also a talented painter, occasionally appeared on "The Joy of Painting" and became a Ross-certified instructor. Steve appeared on camera in the last episode of Season 1, in which he read a series of general "how-to" questions sent in by viewers during the season, and Bob answered them one at a time, technique by technique, until he had completed an entire painting.  Ross and Ridge's marriage ended in divorce in 1977. Ross and his second wife, Jane, had no children together. In 1992, Jane died of cancer. In 1995, two months before his death, Ross married for a third time, to Lynda Brown.  Ross was very secretive about his life and had a great liking for privacy, with only a tight circle of friends. Some of only a few interviews with his close-knit circle of friends and his family can be found in the 2011 PBS documentary "Bob Ross: The Happy Painter".  His company, Bob Ross Inc., is protective of his intellectual property and his privacy to this day.

Death.

Ross died at the age of 52 on July 4, 1995, due to complications from lymphoma, which he had battled for several years. His remains are interred at Woodlawn Memorial Park in Gotha, Florida, under a plaque marked: "Bob Ross; Television Artist". Ross kept his diagnosis a secret from the general public, and his lymphoma was not known outside of his circle of family and friends until after his death.

Legacy.

Ross's likeness has become part of popular culture, with his image spoofed in shows, films, and video games like "Family Guy", "The Boondocks", "Deadpool 2", and "Smite". Bob Ross was also spoofed in the YouTube series "Epic Rap Battles of History" in the episode "Bob Ross vs. Pablo Picasso".  Google celebrated the 70th anniversary of his birth with a Google Doodle on October 29, 2012. It portrayed Ross painting a depiction of the letter "g" with a landscape in the background. A board game titled "Bob Ross: The Art of Chill" was released and carried by Target stores, while a Chia Pet model in Bob Ross's likeness was also released. At one point Ross was going to have his own video game to be released on Wii, the Nintendo DS, and PC, with development handled by AGFRAG Entertainment Group, although this never came to fruition.  Newfound interest in Ross occurred in 2015. As part of the launch of Twitch Creative, Twitch hosted a nine-day marathon of Bob Ross's "The Joy of Painting" series which started on October 29, 2015, in commemoration of what would have been his 73rd birthday. Twitch reported that 5.6 million viewers watched the marathon and, due to its popularity, created a weekly rebroadcast with one season of "The Joy of Painting" to air on Twitch each Monday. A portion of the advertising revenue has been promised to charities, including St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.  In June 2016, Ross's series "Beauty Is Everywhere" was added to the Netflix lineup. The 30-minute episodes are taken from seasons 20, 21 and 22 of the original "The Joy of Painting" series. The newfound interest surprised the Kowalskis, since they were managing Ross image and "The Joy of Painting" episodes. They created a YouTube channel for Ross which gained over one million subscribers within a year.  The renewed interest in Ross also led to questions of where his paintings were located, given that it was estimated over 1,000 works were created for "The Joy of Painting". In an investigative report by "The New York Times," the Kowalskis affirmed that they still held all of his paintings, though without the proper care generally needed to store art. Prompted by numerous letters from fans of Ross, the Smithsonian American Art Museum contacted the Kowalskis and offered to take a selection of Ross's paintings, along with other items from the show, to place on exhibit at the Museum.

ASMR.

The Twitch streams created a new interest in Bob Ross from the younger generation, and caused his popularity to grow. His videos became popular with devotees of the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR). ASMR refers to a euphoric feeling, which can be experienced in a variety of ways; triggers can be aural, touch-based or both. "He's sort of the godfather of ASMR," says Joan Kowalski, the president of Bob Ross Inc. "People were into Bob Ross for ASMR reasons before there was ASMR."

Robert Norman Ross (October 29, 1942 – July 4, 1995) was an American painter, art instructor, and television host. He was the creator and host of "The Joy of Painting", an instructional television program that aired from 1983 to 1994 on PBS in the United States, and also aired in Canada, Latin America, and Europe. Ross went from being a public television personality in the 1980s and 1990s to posthumously being an Internet celebrity in the 21st century, with his talent and kindness leading to major popularity with fans on YouTube, Twitch, and other websites years after his death.

Robert Norman Ross dit Bob Ross, né le à Daytona Beach (Floride) et mort le à New Smyrna Beach (Floride), est un peintre et animateur de télévision américain.


Early life.

Tristram Dalton was born in a part of Newbury, Massachusetts, that is now Newburyport, the only child of Michael and Mary (Little) Dalton. He graduated from Harvard College in 1755, in a class that also included John Adams. Afterwards, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, but did not practice, instead pursuing a career as a merchant. Dalton's father was a ship's captain turned merchant, involved in trade with Europe and the West Indies, and was instrumental in securing the separation of Newburyport from Newbury. Upon his father's death in 1770, Tristram inherited an estate and local businesses that made him Newburyport's wealthiest citizen.

Political career.

Dalton was not significantly involved in politics until 1774, when the tensions of the American Revolution were rising but the American Revolutionary War had not yet started. He was elected to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Newburyport board of selectmen in 1774, and was an active proponent of indendepence after the war broke out. His contributions included provisioning of ships from his merchant fleet to the Penobscot Expedition of 1780. Dalton served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1782 to 1785, and served as its speaker in 1784. He served as a Massachusetts state senator from 1786 to 1788.  Dalton was elected to the Continental Congress in 1783 and 1784, but did not attend. He was elected as a delegate to the state convention on the adoption of the United States Constitution, in which he advocated for its adoption. In 1788 he was elected as one of the state's first United States Senators, along with Caleb Strong. Strong won the draw for the longer of the two terms, leaving Dalton with a short two-year term. He served from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791. In the 1791 election (US Senators were then chosen by vote of the state legislature), Dalton ran a distant fourth against George Cabot, the eventual victor, and others.

Later life.

Dalton had married Ruth Hooper, the daughter of a wealthy Marblehead merchant, in 1761. They had grown fond of the city life in New York City (then the seat of the federal government), and moved there, and then Philadelphia. When the site of the nation's capital was selected, Dalton sold off most of his property in Massachusetts, and speculatively purchased land in Washington, D.C. Many of the family's personal items were lost when the ship carrying them to Washington foundered. Dalton's investment was also a failure, as Washington real estate did not appreciate, and he had invested through an unscrupulous agent, wiping out most of his fortune. In order to make ends meet, Dalton was given a patronage appointment as surveyor of the port of Boston, serving from November 1814 until his death on May 30, 1817. He is interred in the churchyard of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Newburyport. His wife died in 1826. Of their ten children, only three girls survived to adulthood.

Honors and legacy.

Dalton was a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, founded in 1780.  Tristram Dalton is the namesake of Dalton, Massachusetts, Dalton, New Hampshire and Dalton, Georgia.

Tristram Dalton (May 28, 1738 – May 30, 1817) was an American politician and merchant from Massachusetts. He served a single term as one of the first United States Senators, from 1789 to 1791. He was for many years one of the leading citizens of Newburyport, Massachusetts, but lost most of his fortune due to ill-timed and mismanaged investments in the real estate of Washington, D.C.

Tristram Dalton (, Newburyport –, Boston) est un homme politique américain. Il est sénateur du Massachusetts dans le Congrès, de 1789 à 1791.


Conquête italienne du Somaliland britannique

Background.

On 9 May 1936, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaimed the foundation of Italian East Africa ("Africa Orientale Italiana", AOI), formed from the colonies of Italian Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and Ethiopia, conquered in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (3 October 1935 – 5 May 1936). On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war against Britain and France, making the Italian forces in Africa a threat to British supply routes along the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal and the Red Sea. Egypt and the Suez Canal were obvious targets and an Italian invasion of French Somaliland (Djibouti) or British Somaliland was also feasible. Mussolini looked forward to propaganda triumphs in Sudan and British East Africa (Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda). The Italian General Staff ("Comando Supremo") had based its strategic calculations on an assumption that there would be no war until 1942; the (Italian Royal Army) and (Italian Royal Air Force) were not prepared for a long war or the occupation of large tracts of Africa.

Middle East Command.

The Kingdom of Egypt included Sudan, a condominium between Egypt and Britain. The British had based military forces in Egypt since 1882 but these were greatly reduced by the terms of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, which only allowed British military forces to occupy Egypt in defence of the Suez Canal. The small British and Commonwealth force garrisoned the Suez Canal and the Red Sea route, which was vital to Britain's communications with its Far Eastern and Indian Ocean territories. In mid-1939, Lieutenant-General Archibald Wavell was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of the new Middle East Command, with responsibility for the Mediterranean and Middle East. Until the Franco-Italian Armistice (Armistice of Villa Incisa), the Italian 5th Army in Tripolitania (western Libya) faced the French army in Tunisia and the Italian 10th Army in Cyrenaica

British Somaliland.

The British had fought the Somaliland Campaign (1900–1920) against Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and the Dervish state, to gain control over the territory. In 1910 the British garrison had been forced to retreat to the coast until the end of the First World War and only after four campaigns did Somali resistance end in 1920, after three weeks of attacks by local troops, a King's African Rifles (KAR) battalion and the Royal Air Force (RAF). The colony had an area of about with a plain inland from

French Somaliland.

Brigadier-General Paul Legentilhomme, in command of British as well as French forces since the outbreak of war obstructed the enforcement of the Armistice of Villa Incisa and continued to co-operate with the British. On 27 July, the terms of the armistice pertaining to French Somaliland were discovered by the British to be the demilitarisation of the colony and free Italian access to the port and the French part of the Addis Ababa railway. When the governor, Hubert Deschamps said that he would obey instructions from the Vichy regime, Legentlhomme threatened to use force to prevent him. When the local Italian

Prelude.

British defence schemes.

The Somaliland border was long and after the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, all but the border with French Somaliland was contiguous with the new Italian colony. According to the Hornby Report of 1936, the War Office intended to offer no resistance to an invasion. In 1938, the governor, Arthur Lawrence, deplored such a defeatist policy and suggested that the colony could be demilitarised, that the British could leave or that the colony could be defended. According to the British military

British preparations.

After the Armistice of Villa Incisa, the end of pro-British prevarication by Legentilhomme, led to Chater receiving orders to plan an evacuation if the colony became untenable. By August, the garrison consisted of the 1st Battalion Northern Rhodesia Regiment (1st NRR), the 2nd (Nyasaland) Battalion KAR, the 1st East African Light Battery (four 3.7-inch mountain guns) from Kenya, the 1st Battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment and the 3rd Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment from the Colony of Aden and the SCC, including 37 officer and NCO reinforcements from the Southern Rhodesia Regiment; on 8 August, the 2nd Battalion, Black Watch arrived. The troops were a motley collection, with different customs and culinary arrangements, no proper base or headquarters, short of artillery, transport and signalling equipment. Aircraft had to fly from Aden, while also busy with convoy patrols and air defence; only two 3-inch anti-aircraft guns of the 23rd Battery, Hong Kong and Singapore Brigade RA could be spared from Aden. The British expected that Berbera would

Italian plans.

The Italians remained suspicious of French intentions and after Legentilhomme was replaced by Germaine feared a British invasion through Djibouti. Despite orders from Rome to be cautious, Aosta wanted to occupy Djibouti to forestall the British, with a simultaneous advance on Berbera to counter a British intervention. Aosta submitted the plan to Mussolini on 18 June and in August received permission for the invasion. While waiting, Aosta and his deputy, General Guglielmo Nasi, completed an appreciation of the likely opposition and the campaign objectives; on 14 July they predicted that the main battle would be fought in the Karim and Jerato passes; if the defenders stood their ground, the Italian troops would be able to envelop their flanks. The Italian invasion force included five colonial brigades, three Blackshirt battalions and five "Bande", half a company of M11/39 medium tanks and a squadron of L3/35 tankettes, several armoured cars,

Battle.

On 31 July 18° arrived at the Scelene airstrip near Dire Dawa with six Ca 133 bomber/transport aircraft. On 1 August (CTSAO, Western Sector Tactical Command) was created for the invasion of British Somaliland. At first the CTSAO ( Collalti) had 27 bombers, 23 fighters and seven reconnaissance aircraft. During the afternoon, flights of three SM 81 bombers each, attacked shipping off Zeila as two waves of six Blenheim Mk Is from 8 and 39 squadrons, escorted by two 203 Squadron Blenheim IVFs, bombed the Italian airfield at Chinele, which had been discovered that morning.  The Blenheims dived to through anti-aircraft fire as CR 42 fighters of 410° scrambled from Dire Dawa ( away) and attacked the Blenheim IVFs. As the second wave of six Blenheims arrived, Corrado Ricci, the commander of 410°, took off in his CR 32 and shot one down. As the Blenheims flew home over Zeila, the crews spotted a flight of the SM 81 bombers attacking the port. Three Blenheims broke formation and shot down one of the Italian bombers. On the morning of 2 August, 39 Squadron raided Chinele aerodrome again and were intercepted by CR 42s of 413° ; the CR 42 of the CO Corrado Santoro, was hit in the engine and force landed. On 3 August 1940, British air reconnaissance discovered that about 400 Italians had crossed the frontier at Biyad. Nasi communicated with de Simone by wireless and liaison aircraft; the central column crossed the frontier and made for Hargeisa and Tug Argan in the Assa Hills as the western column advanced on Zeila and the eastern column struck east for Odweina, to deceive the defenders and exploit opportunities. Early on 4 August the central column advanced towards Hargeisa, observed by the SCC which skirmished with the column to impose delays. In the afternoon, three SM 81s attacked Berbera and a 94 Squadron Gladiator attacked one from the 15° which reached Jijiga with one dead crewman and two wounded. On 4 August, two SM 79 bombers of 44° arrived at Dire Dawa and two of the 94 Squadron Gloster Gladiators at Berbera transferred to Laferug further south closer to Tug Argan, both strips having only small-arms for defence. There were two 3-inch anti-aircraft guns at Berbera but these were reserved for the defence of the port. During the night 216 Squadron at Aden sent a Bristol Bombay to bomb Dire Dawa but a lightning storm forced the crew to divert to Zula.  On 5 August as the Italian invasion force occupied Hargeisa, covered by Ro 37bis reconnaissance aircraft of 110° Squadriglia and attacks by SM 79s on Zeila, Berbera and Aden, two more SM 79s arriving from Addis Ababa and three Ca 133s from Doghabur to participate. Flights of three Blenheims of 8 Squadron made three attacks on Italian motor columns west of Hargeisa, one Blenheim being shot down by a CR 32 of 410°. The eastern column, comprising mainly, reached Odweina on 6 August and then headed north-west toward Adadle, a village on the Tug Argan, instead of towards Burao (: Somali for a dry sandy riverbed). The SCC and small patrols of, a small force of local levies normally employed on police duties, conducted a delaying action as the other British and Commonwealth forces retreated towards Tug Argan. At 01:00 twelve light tanks advanced in line; three were hit and knocked out by Boys anti-tank rifle fire from the SCC and the company of the NRR defending the hill station. On 6 August Blenheims of 8 and 39 squadrons continued to fly reconnaissance sorties and to attack the Italian columns. An 8 Squadron Blenheim was damaged by twelve attacks by CR 42s; the Italian pilots claimed one bomber shot down and a probable. With Hargeisa captured, two CR 32s and two CR 42s arrived from Dire Dawa on 7 August and began patrols; to the south, Ca 133s flew sorties over the front. The Italians paused at Hargeisa for two days to reorganise and then resumed the advance through the Karim Pass toward the Tug Argan, in the Assa Hills. Aosta urged haste but Nasi refused to rush because the road was deteriorating under the heavy traffic and rain. The Italian advance resumed on 8 August and for two days closed up to the British defences as the Italians made preparations to attack. The defenders reported the presence of Italian medium tanks and the captain of donated the ship's QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss saluting gun, a three-man crew and thirty rounds of ammunition. The two Gladiators at Berbera were caught on the ground at 06:00 by three Italian fighters; one Gladiator was burnt out and the other damaged; when the news reached Laferug the other two Gladiators were ordered back to Aden. Blenheim IVFs of 203 Squadron from Aden patrolled Berbera as a substitute but two SM 79s bombed the port. Around noon a Blenheim attacked three more SM 79s as they bombed Berbera, damaged one and killed a member of the crew. Three SM 81s had attacked the Godojere Pass in the morning and three Ca 133s bombed the Kerim Pass. The Ro 37bis continued to fly reconnaissance sorties and the fighter patrols were maintained; a CR 32 and a CR 42 were damaged in landing accidents at Hargeisa.  In the north, the Bertoldi column captured Zeila, about north-west of Berbera, cutting communications with French Somaliland and then began a slow advance south-east along the coast road, under intermittent air attack from Aden and bombardment from the sea, pushing back the SCC rearguards as far as the village of Bulhar by 17 August. Just before Wavell left Cairo to visit London for talks, reports of the size of the invasion force led him to order most of a field artillery regiment and two anti-tank guns of the 4th Indian Infantry Division to be sent from Egypt to Somaliland by special convoy. The Indian Army was asked to organise the first echelon of the 5th Indian Infantry Division for an infantry battalion, a field battery and a field company to be disembarked at Berbera. Anti-aircraft guns at Port Said were ordered to the colony but this decision was quietly countermanded two days later. Major-General Reade Godwin-Austen was appointed to command the enlarged force, with orders to defend the Tug Argan, defeat the Italian invasion and plan secretly to evacuate the defenders if it became necessary. Godwin-Austen reached Berbera on 11 July and took over command that evening; the reinforcements were too late and were diverted to Sudan.

Aftermath.

Analysis.

The Italians had shown the ability to co-ordinate columns separated by many miles of desert; the forces under British command had kept their discipline during the retreat and preserved most of their men. British Somaliland was annexed to Italian East Africa and Mussolini boasted that Italy had conquered a territory the size of England, British Somaliland, the border outposts of Karora, Gallabat, Kurmak and Kassala in Sudan, Moyale and Buna in Kenya. News of the evacuation came as a shock to British public opinion but Wavell backed Godwin-Austen, saying that he had judged the situation correctly. The British had to immobilise and abandon 350 vehicles and most of their stores because of the need to ferry everything to the ships offshore.  From 5 to 19 August the RAF at Aden flew 184 sorties and dropped of bombs. From 16 to 19 August, the RAF flew 12 reconnaissance sorties, 19 bomber-reconnaissance sorties, 72 bomber sorties against Italian troops and transport and 36 fighter sorties over Berbera of the total. The British learned that inadequately defended airstrips could quickly be made untenable, leaving bombers flying from Aden unprotected against air attack. Despite the land campaign, a convoy sailed the Red Sea early in

Casualties.

In 1954, Ian Playfair, the British official historian, wrote that the British suffered 260 casualties and estimated Italian losses of 2,052 men. Seven British aircraft were shot down and ten were badly damaged in the fourteen days' fighting. In 1988, Alberto Rovighi, the Italian official historian, wrote that the Italians suffered 465 men killed, 1,530 wounded and 34 missing, a total of 2,029 men, of whom

Subsequent operations.

On 16 March 1941, the British executed Operation Appearance from Aden; the two Sikh battalions of the Indian Army, that had been part of the defence force in August 1940 and a Somali commando detachment, were landed on either side of Berbera from transports escorted by, "Caledon",

The Italian conquest of British Somaliland (3–19 August 1940) was part of the East African Campaign (1940–1941), which took place in August 1940 between the Italian, Eritrean and Somali forces of Fascist Italy and British, Commonwealth and Somali irregulars. The Italian invasion of British Somaliland was to be based on mobility and speed but was hampered by the terrain, rainy weather and British resistance.

La conquête italienne du Somaliland britannique désigne la campagne militaire menée par le royaume d'Italie pour la prise de la Somalie britannique au Royaume-Uni du 3 au. Elle résulte en une victoire italienne majeure et vit l'annexion de la Somalie britannique à l'Afrique orientale italienne ainsi que le retrait des troupes britanniques de la région.


High school career.

Barton, the No. 6-rated player in the nation in 2010, attended four schools in five years. He started his basketball career at Baltimore City College, a public college preparatory high school, for two years before reclassifying and transferring to National Christian Academy in Fort Washington, Maryland to repeat his sophomore year. Barton then enrolled at Baltimore's Lake Clifton Eastern High School for his junior year. Then as a senior in 2009–10, he attended Brewster Academy. Barton was rated the best shooting guard by Scout.com and ESPN.com in 2010. Barton chose Memphis over Arizona, Maryland, Kentucky, Indiana, and Villanova.  Barton was invited to play in the Jordan Brand Classic in 2010.

College career.

Barton came to Memphis in 2010 and played every game in his freshman season, leading the Tigers in minutes per game at 30.6 and scoring with 12.3 points per game. Barton had a breakout sophomore season, leading the Tigers in points per game (18.0) and rebounds per game (8.0) en route to winning C-USA Player of the Year. For his career, he averaged 15.2 points, 6.5 rebounds and 2.9 assists in 32.9 minutes per game.

Professional career.

Portland Trail Blazers (2012–2015).

In March 2012, Barton decided to forgo his final two years of eligibility and declare for the 2012 NBA draft. He was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers with the 40th overall pick. On December 7, 2012, he was assigned to the Idaho Stampede of the NBA Development League. He was recalled on December 9, reassigned on January 6, and recalled again on January 9. He made his first NBA start on April 10, 2013 against the Los Angeles Lakers.  On February 26, 2014, Barton recorded a season-high 20 points and a career-high 11 rebounds in 124–80 win over the Brooklyn Nets. In a televised interview following the game, when asked by a reporter about a spontaneous "Will Barton" chant that had broken out late in the contest, the guard replied, "I like to think I'm the people's champ," thereby instantly giving birth to a new nickname and a Trail Blazers meme. He went on to record 17 points and six rebounds on May 12 to help Portland win Game 4 of their semi-final match-up against the San Antonio Spurs.

Denver Nuggets (2015–present).

On February 19, 2015, Barton was traded, along with Víctor Claver, Thomas Robinson and a lottery-protected 2016 first-round pick, to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Arron Afflalo and Alonzo Gee.  On August 7, 2015, Barton re-signed with the Nuggets. On November 13, 2015, he scored a career-high 26 points in a 107–98 win over the Houston Rockets. He topped that mark on December 20 with 32 points against the New Orleans Pelicans. Barton's strong pre-Christmas play earned him recognition as a possible contender for the 2015–16 Sixth Man of the Year award. Over the Nuggets' first 29 games of the season, Barton averaged 15.7 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 1.1 steals in 29.0 minutes per game off the bench.  Barton appeared in just six of the Nuggets' first 18 games of the 2016–17 season. He played in the first three games before missing the next nine after spraining his left ankle. He then returned for three before missing another for personal reasons, and then a further two with another left ankle complaint. On January 17, 2017, he had season highs of 26 points and eight assists in a 127–121 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On February 6, 2017, he scored a then season-high 31 points and hit five three-pointers in a 110–87 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On March 13, 2017, in a 129–101 win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Barton scored 22 points and went 3 of 4 behind the arc and 6 of 9 overall in his most productive outing since the All-Star break. Prior to the game against the Lakers, Barton had made just five of his previous 21 three-point tries. On March 16, 2017, he scored a career-high 35 points in a 129–114 win over the Los Angeles Clippers.  On November 11, 2017, Barton had season highs with 26 points and nine rebounds in a 125–107 win over the Orlando Magic. On November 30, 2017, Barton capped a career-high 37 points with a driving layup with 3.2 seconds left to lift the Nuggets to a 111–110 win over the Chicago Bulls. On February 3, 2018, he scored a team-high 25 points in a 115–108 win over the Golden State Warriors.  On July 9, 2018, Barton re-signed with the Nuggets. On October 20, 2018, in just the second game of the season, Barton injured his right hip on a reverse layup in the third quarter of Denver's 119–91 win over the Phoenix Suns. He was subsequently ruled out for five to six weeks after undergoing surgery on October 23. He missed longer than expected, returning to action on January 12, 2019 against the Suns after missing 38 games; in 16 minutes, he scored six points on 2-of-10 shooting. On February 28, he recorded 21 points and 13 rebounds in a 111–104 loss to the Utah Jazz.

William Denard Barton III (born January 6, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for Memphis, where he won the Conference USA Player of the Year in 2012. He was selected with the 40th pick of the 2012 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers.

William Denard Barton, né le à Baltimore (Maryland) aux États-Unis, est un joueur américain de basket-ball, évoluant au poste d'arrière voire d'ailier.


Personal life.

Early life.

Although Taymur was born into a royal family from Iraqi Kurdistan, she worked diligently for those who did not have a voice. Her passion for women's rights in Egypt is why she is recognized as a pioneer in her field and culture.  Taymur was the daughter of Isma'il Taymur, a member of the Royal Turkish entourage. Taymur's mother was Circassian and a freed slave. Her father provided Taymur with an education and when he died she assumed the education of her brother, Ahmed Pasha Taymur. At age 14, Taymur married and moved to Istanbul.

Education.

Against Taymur's mother's attempts to teach her embroidery, Taymur's father educated her in the Quran, Islamic Jurisprudence, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. Her father also taught her composition, where she began her literary career with poetry in all three of her learned languages. Taymur was dedicated to education but because of gender at time in Egypt, she was restricted to only study in her home. Taymur voiced her anger with the segregation in poems when only 13. At age 14 she gave up her studies and writing when she married Mahmud Bey al-Islambuli. After the death of her daughter, father and husband, she returned to Egypt where she studied with female tutors on the subject of poetic composition.

Family.

Taymur was born to a literary family; her brother Ahmed Pasha Taymur was a researcher and novelist. She also had two nephews: Mohammad Taymur, a playwright and Mahmoud Taymur, a novelist.  The Taymur's believed Persian is the language of literature and refinement, whereas the Arabic language is used for religion and the people.  Taymur's father always wanted to provide his daughter with adequate education. Taymur got married in 1854 when she was 14 to Mahmud Bey al-Islambuli, a Turkish notable, and left with her husband to Istanbul. In 1873, Taymur's daughter, Tawhida, died from an unknown illness. Her father died in 1882, followed closely by the death of her husband in 1885, which prompted her to returned to Egypt where she resumed her writing. Her poems mourning her daughter are considered the best in that genre in modern times.

Activism.

After the death of her husband and daughter, Taymur started on her writings advocating for women's rights. Her works came out at the time of a socioeconomic transformation of Egypt where women realized they were being deprived of the rights Islam gave them. Taymur is referenced as the "mother of Egyptian feminism."  She worked with other female intellectuals and activists to campaign for education, do charitable work, and challenge colonialism. This was the start of early growth for Egyptian feminism.

Writing.

Taymur wrote poetry in Arabic, Turkish and Persian. She arguably had a fundamental influence on the emergence of Arabic women's writing. Her 1892 sixteen-page booklet "Mir'at alTa'mulfi al-Umur" ("A Reflective Mirror on Some Matters" or, more eloquently, "The Mirror of Contemplation") reinterpreted the Koran to suggest that it was markedly less patriarchal in its requirements of Muslims than was traditionally thought.  In her writing, Taymur illustrated women's rights in Islam through allegorical narrative. Taymur made use of the word "insan," meaning human being in Arabic, rather than using man. Taymur did this so that readers would consider her argument as a human being, and not based on her sex.  Taymur used imagery of female solitude to convey visibility of the life of a woman in Egypt. This offered readers a glimpse into the life of Muslim women.  Because Taymur was considered an elite Muslim in her society, she focused on going against her own status as a woman in a changing political and socioeconomic society throughout her writing.

Aisha E'ismat Taymur ( or Aisha al-Taymuriyya ; 1840–1902) was an Egyptian social activist, poet, novelist, and feminist in the Ottoman era. She was active in the early 19th century in the field of women's rights. Her writings came out in a period of time where women in Egypt were realizing that they were being deprived of some of the rights that Islam granted them. Taymur was one of the earliest Arab women to be alive while her poetry and other writings were recognized and published in modern times.

Aïcha Taymour ou A'isha Taymur (en arabe : "عائشة التيمورية"), née au Caire en 1840, morte au Caire en 1902, est une femme de lettres et une féministe égyptienne.


Animals.

The zoo has a large collection of animals (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) across many different, naturally-themed exhibits.  Some notable species, many endangered, include: Western lowland gorillas, Bornean orang-utans, Asiatic lions, Northern giraffes, Sumatran tigers, Cuban crocodiles, red pandas, black rhinos, Hartmann's mountain zebras, maned wolves, cheetahs, Sulawesi crested macaques, Chilean flamingos, red-ruffed lemurs and the South West's only Komodo dragon. The zoo is also home to the UK's only short-beaked echidna and Northern brown kiwi.

History.

Paignton Zoo was one of the earliest combined zoological and botanical gardens in Britain and the first that was opened with education as its mission. It was founded by Herbert Whitley, initially as his private collection. Whitley was an early conservationist and a contemporary of people such as Sir Peter Scott and Jean Delacour, the famous French ornithologist. Paignton Zoo first opened to the public in 1923. After various name changes, it became Paignton Zoo Environmental Park in 1996.  A five-year redevelopment programme, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, refurbished large parts of the Zoo and was completed in 2001. A new 10-year plan is now in place to redevelop the remaining areas to ensure that all animals are housed in modern enclosures of the highest standard.

Conservation.

Paignton Zoo is a member of the British & Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA), the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). Its gardens are members of PLANTNETWORK, Plant Heritage (formerly NCCPG) and Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). It works with partner zoos and gardens in these organisations on the management of captive breeding and plant conservation programmes for endangered species.

Education and research.

The zoo has a large education team which teaches approximately 40,000 students each year from under-5s to post-16s, as well as adult community groups.  The Education Department was founded in 1961 and the Paignton Zoo Science Department was established in 1997, which was part of the redevelopment programme. Now renamed the Field Conservation and Research Department, this has grown to become a well-known zoo science departments in Europe, with staff engaged in a programme of projects within the Zoo, at Wild Planet Trust's other sites in the UK, and at various sites overseas. Projects are carried out at 'A' level, undergraduate and post graduate level.

Botanical gardens.

Garden themes and plant collections include a broad collection of temperate hardy trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants arranged by habitat type. The indoor growing areas allow the zoo to grow plants from all over the world. From small critically endangered cactus in the desert house, through to the massive Titan arum, giant bamboo and giant water lilies located in the tropical houses.

Projects.

The Wild Planet Trust and its family of charitable attractions – Paignton Zoo, Living Coasts and Newquay Zoo – supports or is involved in conservation projects in the UK, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Madagascar, Vietnam and Sulawesi in Indonesia.

Awards.

Paignton Zoo was, based on visitor feedback, named by TripAdvisor as the third best zoo in the UK (behind Chester and Colchester) and ninth best zoo in Europe in 2014.

CBBC's "The Zoo".

In 2017, children's television channel CBBC, in partnership with DHX Media, announced that a 15-part comedy documentary show filmed at Paignton Zoo, from the point of view of animals, would air in the summer of the same year. The series began airing on 15 August.

Paignton Zoo is a zoo in Paignton, Devon, England. The zoo is part of South West Environmental Parks Ltd which is owned by Wild Planet Trust, formerly known as the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust (WWCT). Wild Planet Trust also runs Living Coasts in Torquay, Devon and Newquay Zoo in Newquay, Cornwall. All three are registered charities.

Le parc zoologique de Paignton est un parc zoologique anglais situé sur la côte sud du Devon, à Paignton. Il est la propriété du Groupement de la protection de la vie sauvage Whitley "(Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust"). Ouvert en 1923, il s'étend sur dix hectares où résident quelque animaux de 250 espèces.


Career Information.

Single-Seaters' Years (2001 - 2006).

Rees was born in São Paulo. In late 2003, he was given a private test by Mercedes-Benz on the Portuguese circuit of Estoril. On December 11, 2003, Mercedes-Benz had organized a Formula 3 test among its official client teams of the Formula 3 Euroseries. Only six drivers were selected to take part in the test: Fernando Rees, Robert Kubica, Jamie Green, Bruno Spengler, Alexandre Premat and Adrian Sutil. In the single test day, Rees topped the time sheets driving the ASM Mercedes-Benz car. Later in the same year, Ron Dennis picked the ASM Mercedes-Benz team for Lewis Hamilton to drive in the upcoming Formula 3 Euroseries championship, and Rees was forced to look elsewhere to compete.  After four years competing in the major single-seater categories in Europe (2001–2005), and having proved himself driving for the low budget team Interwetten.com in World Series by Renault during its 2005 season, Rees was awarded a test in the renowned Italian dream Draco Racing in the winter of that same year. With more than 30 drivers on track, including 2005 season champion Robert Kubica, Rees lead the field in the demanding track of Valencia, with more than half a second gap to Pastor Maldonado, who emerged second. The test opened new doors for the Brazilian driver, and 2006 was a promising year.  But in early 2006, at the Italian circuit of Monza, Rees was unfortunately involved in a shunt during a Formula 3000 International Masters test day, under heavy rain, and was seriously injured. Rees had two broken vertebrae, three compressed vertebrae, a broken ankle, and other excoriations in both legs. As a consequence, Rees was away from motor racing for a period of 18 months - of which 12 months were spent under serious immobilization, and the remaining 6 months with continuous physiotherapy sessions.

Endurance Racing Years (2007 - 2015).

With his convalescence complete, Rees made his sportscar debut in the last Le Mans Series event of 2007, the Mil Milhas of Interlagos. Racing for Larbre Compétition with an Aston Martin DBR9, together with drivers Roland Berville, Gregor Fisken and Steve Zacchia, Rees took a clear win in the GT1 class after almost nine hours of racing. Rees decided to remain in the Le Mans Series for the following season.  Rees made his debut in the LMP2 class of the Le Mans Series in the second round of the 2008 championship, in Monza. In 2009, Rees signed once again with the Barazi-Epsilon team in the LMP2 class of the Le Mans Series. For this season, Barazi-Epsilon decided to run a two-drivers team, with Rees and Juan Barazi. But soon after the second race of the championship, in Spa-Francorchamps, the team announced its retirement from the 2009 Le Mans Series championship because of financial problems. Rees was left without a team to race for the remaining season of 2009.  In 2010 Rees returned to Larbre Compétition in the Le Mans Series, the same team with which he won the Interlagos round of the championship in 2007 - at that time, driving an Aston Martin DBR9. In 2010, after wins in the opening event at Paul Ricard, at the Algarve, and Hungaroring, and a fourth place in Spa-Francorchamps, Larbre Compétition secured the Team's Championship with its Saleen S7-R in the GT1 category. Rees went on to win his third race in the 2010 championship at Silverstone, in the closure of the season. Larbre Compétition also won the 2010 edition of the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans.  After a brief hiatus in 2011, Rees signed with Larbre Compétition for the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2012. Rees drove the team's #50 Corvette in the GT-Am category, replacing Pedro Lamy after the initial round of the championship at Sebring. Alongside his teammates Pedro Lamy, Julien Canal, and Patrick Bornhauser, Rees helped Larbre Compétition to win the world championship in the new FIA endurance series.  In 2013, Rees signed once more with Larbre Compétition for the second season of the FIA World Endurance Championship. Again, the team entered the #50 Chevrolet Corvette C6.R in the GT-Am category. Rees ended the season in 7th place.

Racing Career Stats.

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results.

Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results.

() (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in "italics" indicate fastest lap)

Fernando Rees (born January 4, 1985) is a retired Brazilian racecar driver. He started his career racing with go-karts back in 1993 at age 8. Fernando made his international single-seaters' debut in 2001, his endurance racing debut in 2007, and has recently competed in various international racing championships.

Fernando Rees, né le à São Paulo, est un pilote automobile brésilien. En 2012, il s'engage partiellement dans le Championnat du monde d'endurance FIA au sein de l'écurie Larbre Compétition.


Background and release.

On August 13, 2012, Swift gave a live webchat to over 72,500 viewers, in which she answered fan questions, previewed the lead single, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", and announced her fourth album's title "Red", as well as its release date.  During the live webchat, she also revealed that she wrote more than 30 songs for the album, of which 16 were released, and said that much of her inspiration came from dysfunctional relationships. Contrary to her previous self-written album "Speak Now" (2010), Swift enlisted the help of several of her favorite songwriters. In an interview with MTV News, the singer revealed that the album "is interesting because each song stands on its own. It's this patchwork quilt of different sounds and different emotions, and I don't think anything on the record sounds like We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together". She also previewed songs from the album on "Good Morning America" every Monday, beginning on September 24 until October 15. Swift performed on October 22 for the album's release, and the next day, she performed a live concert on the same show. According to the singer she had spent over two years with the recording process, writing and preparation for the album. Sarah Barlow shot the album's cover, which shows Swift's face, particularly her red lipstick. "Pitchfork" remarked that it resembled the cover of Joni Mitchell's 1971 album "Blue". The standard and deluxe versions of the album were released on October 22, 2012 in Italy, New Zealand, the United States, among others. The deluxe edition of the album comes with a second disc with three new tracks and the original demo recordings of "Red" and "Treacherous" along with an acoustic version of "State of Grace". A karaoke version of the album was also released on February 5, 2013 on the iTunes Store, which includes the instrumental version from all tracks of its standard version.

Commercial performance.

In the United States, "Red" debuted at number-one on the "Billboard" 200. It became the fastest-selling album in over a decade after selling 1.21 million copies in its first week, and earned Swift her third No. 1 album on the chart. "Red" has the second highest first week sum by a female artist, only behind Britney Spears' "Oops!... I Did It Again" (2000), which opened with 1.3 million units. "Red" had the biggest sales week in 2012 and outsold the top 52 albums in the "Billboard" 200 on its first week. It has also the biggest one week sales for a country album beating Garth Brooks' "Double Live" which sold 1.085 million copies in 1998. "Red" sold 465,000 digital copies in its first week in the US, which is the second biggest after Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" (2011). It sold around 1.459 million copies worldwide in its first week of sales. In its second week on the "Billboard" 200, the album remained at No. 1 and sold 344,000 copies (down 72%). Next week "Red" held atop the "Billboard" 200 and sold a further 196,000 copies (down 43%) which brought its sales to 1.749 million, thus ranking the third biggest selling album of 2012 behind Adele's "21" and One Direction's "Up All Night". The album was dethroned by One Direction's "Take Me Home" on its fourth week. In its seventh week, "Red" climbed back to No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 selling 167,000 and with that, Swift became tied with Jay-Z and Whitney Houston for fourth most-weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking in 1991. With "Red" spending its sixth week atop "Billboard" 200, Swift became the first artist since The Beatles 43 years earlier to log six weeks atop "Billboard" 200 with three consecutive studio albums. Swift held the "Billboard" 200 top spot the next two weeks, thus making Swift the first artist since The Beatles in 1969 to log six or more weeks at No. 1 with three consecutive studio albums, following "Fearless" (eleven weeks) and "Speak Now" (six weeks). Also, this is the third time that Swift has had the No. 1 album in the last week before Christmas, which is traditionally the most competitive week of the year. She also achieved the feat with "Fearless" in 2008 and "Speak Now" in 2010. "Red" spent its seventh non-consecutive week at No. 1 in the sales week ending December 30, 2012, selling 241,000 (down 12%). This gave Swift a total of 24 weeks atop the "Billboard" 200 throughout her career, tying her with Adele as the woman with most weeks at No. 1 since SoundScan began tabulating the "Billboard" 200 in May 1991. Swift later surpassed this record with the release of her next album, "1989". "Red" finished 2012 as the second biggest album despite being out for only two months, selling 3.11 million. It makes the fourth time she has an album ranked in the year's top three sellers.  "Red" has spent 16 weeks at number-one on the "Billboard" Top Country Albums chart, and a total of 225 weeks on the chart; it was Swift's last album on that chart, after which, she released her first pop album,"1989". As of January 2019, the album has sold 4.45 pure million copies in the US. In December 2017, "Red" was certified 7× Platinum by Recording Industry Association of America for earning over 7 million units in the country.  In Canada, "Red" ranks Swift's third No. 1 album as well selling 93,000 copies on its debut week and has easily crossed the Platinum certification in the country. With that sales, "Red" became the biggest one week sales in Canada since Michael Bublé's "Christmas" moved 107,000 copies last Christmas season of 2011 and the biggest first week sales since 2008. As of May 2013, "Red" has been certified quadruple platinum by Music Canada with shipments exceeding 320,000 copies.  In the United Kingdom, Swift garnered her first No. 1 album with "Red" with sales of 61,000 copies on its opening week. In Australia, the album debuted at No. 1 and spent a total of three consecutive weeks at the top, becoming Swift's longest running No. 1 album in Australia; "Red" was certified 4× platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 280,000 copies. In New Zealand, the album also became Swift's third No. 1 album, and has been certified platinum by the RIANZ. Worldwide, Swift set a new worldwide iTunes Store record for highest ever first-week album sales with 566,000 copies sold digitally around the globe. Later, this record was beat by Justin Timberlake's album "The 20/20 Experience" (580,000 copies during its first week).  Globally, "Red" was ranked as the second best-selling album of 2012, with sales of 5.2 million copies sold worldwide.

Promotion.

Singles.

The album's lead single, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", was released on August 13 and became Swift's first No. 1 single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song's jump from its debut position No. 72 to No. 1 was the result of a massive digital demand of the song. With 623,000 downloads, the song placed second among all-time best week sales singles, behind Flo Rida's 2009 song "Right Round". It stayed at No. 1 for three non-consecutive weeks, being displaced twice at the top, first by "Flo Rida's "Whistle" and second by Maroon 5's "One More Night". The song stayed in the top ten for thirteen weeks and charted for a total of twenty-four weeks. In UK, it peaked at No. 4, giving her her first top ten hit since "Love Story" (2008) and the song became her first No. 1 song in New Zealand. As of December 2012, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" has sold more than three million downloads in the US.  "Begin Again" was released to the iTunes Store on September 25, 2012 as part of a countdown to the album release. A few hours after its early release to iTunes, it shot to No. 1, thereby becoming the first single to dethrone Psy's "Gangnam Style" in a week. The song sold 299,000 digital copies in its first week of release and debuted at No. 7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated October 4, 2012. It was later announced that the track would be serviced to country radio on October 1, 2012 as the second single from the album. The song became her seventeenth consecutive top ten hit in US "Billboard" Hot Country Songs, but also tied with "Fearless" as her lowest-charting single on the chart, although it reached No. 3 on "Billboard" Country Airplay. The song received a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Country Song.  "I Knew You Were Trouble" was released as the second international single from "Red" on November 14, 2012, in the UK. In the US, it was released on November 27, 2012 as the third single. The song debuted at No. 3 on "Billboard" Hot 100 with 416,000 copies sold in its first week, Swift's second-largest first week singles sales. It became Swift's fourteenth top ten hit and her eleventh song to debut inside the top ten. With sales of 416,000 from "I Knew You Were Trouble", Swift became the first artist in digital history to have two songs that debuted with sales of 400,000 or more copies. In its eleventh week, it sold a massive sum of 582,000 in the US, making it the fourth-biggest digital sales week of all time. It caused the song to re-peak at No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "I Knew You Were Trouble" became a commercial success, selling over three million copies in the US and reaching No. 1 on "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay and "Billboard" Pop Songs, and also reached the top ten in ten countries. "22" was released as the fourth single from "Red". It was sent to Australian radio on February 4, 2013. It was released in the United States on March 12, 2013. The music video was released on YouTube on March 13, 2013. The song was released in the United Kingdom on April 1, 2013. It peaked at No. 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the first single from "Red" to miss the top ten. As of November 2017, the song has sold 2.3 million copies in the United States.  "Red", the album's title track, was released to country radio on June 24, 2013 as the third country single. The song debuted at No. 6 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and at No. 2 on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 312,000 in its first week. It also debuted at No. 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart, behind Swift's "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together". As of November 2017, the song has sold 1.6 million copies in the United States.  "Everything Has Changed", which features British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, was released as the fourth international single as well as the fourth U.S. Pop/Mainstream single on July 16, 2013.  "The Last Time", featuring Snow Patrol lead vocalist Gary Lightbody, was later confirmed as the fifth and final international single and seventh and final from "Red". A UK release was announced as of October 13, 2013, and it subsequently impacted UK contemporary hit radio on November 4, 2013. The release of the single coincides with the announcement of the dates for the European leg of her international Red Tour.

Promotional singles.

During the four weeks preceding the release of "Red", one track was released each week digitally on the iTunes Store after a preview of it had been heard on "Good Morning America". The first of the four promotional singles is "Begin Again", which was released digitally on iTunes on September 25, 2012. "Red" is the second promotional single off the album, and became available for download on October 2, 2012. "Red" debuted at No. 6 on the Hot 100 with sales of 312,000. "I Knew You Were Trouble" is the third promotional single off the album, and became available for download on October 9, 2012. The fourth and final promotional single is "State of Grace", which became available for download on October 16, 2012. Each of them reached No. 1 on iTunes and the top 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, with "I Knew You Were Trouble" having the highest peak at No. 2 as Swift's 14th top 10 song. With sales of 416,000 from "I Knew You Were Trouble", Swift became the first artist in digital history to have two songs that debuted with sales of 400,000 or more copies.

Tour.

Swift promoted the album with The Red Tour. It was Swift's second tour to perform in major stadiums after the Speak Now World Tour. The tour began on March 13, 2013, in Omaha, Nebraska and ended on June 12, 2014, in Singapore. Throughout the tour, many artists were invited on selected dates, such as Jennifer Lopez, Ed Sheeran (who also served as an opening act), Cher Lloyd, among others. The tour grossed $150.2 million and became the highest-grossing tour of all time by a country act.

Critical reception.

"Red" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 23 reviews. In their aggregate decade-end list, Metacritic has ranked "Red" as the 15th most critically acclaimed album of the 2010s. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave the album 6.6 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.  Reviewing for "Rolling Stone" in 2012, Jon Dolan believed Swift had been influenced by Joni Mitchell and U2, writing that "her self-discovery project is one of the best stories in pop. When she's really on, her songs are like tattoos." "Billboard" called the album "her most interesting full-length to date" and said it "puts Swift the artist front and center with big, beefy hooks that transcend her country roots for a genre-spanning record that reaches heights unseen since Shania Twain's "Up!"." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic called "Red" a pop record that showed almost no trace of country and said although Swift's lyrics about romantic relationships and social anxiety still sound somewhat clumsy, they do not detract from "the pristine pop confections" that comprise the music: "If anything, these ungainly, awkward phrasings humanizes this mammoth pop monolith: she's constructed something so precise its success seems preordained, but underneath it all, Taylor is still twitchy, which makes "Red" not just catchy but compelling." "Spin" magazine's Michael Robbins found Swift "too smart and tuneful to condescend to her contradictions" on the album's augmented pop songs.  In the "Los Angeles Times", Randall Roberts was impressed by her ability to incorporate different musical styles as she "strives for something much more grand and accomplished" than a cynical point of view. Sputnikmusic critic Channing Freeman claimed that "Red" showcased Swift's definite transition from country to pop, with music that unlike on her previous records is "a complement to all of those conflicting emotions that have been present in her lyrics for some time now". Jon Caramanica from "The New York Times" believed that "each moment of pure pop breakthrough is tempered immediately afterward by a contemplative country moment". In a retrospective review in 2019, "Pitchfork"s Brad Nelson compared "Red" to Joni Mitchell's 1971 album "Blue", applauding what he found to be Swift's sharp, more mature observations through a wide variety of genres, adding that she effectively conveys the tumultuous feelings ensued from past relationships and the effect of time on memory and loss.  Some reviewers were more reserved. Jonathan Keefe from "Slant Magazine" wrote in 2012 that, as a pop record, "Red" is not consistent enough to be considered "truly great" because a number of songs lacked Swift's "usual spark". Nonetheless, he concluded that "its highlights are career-best work for Swift, who now sounds like the pop star she was destined to be all along." Michael Gallucci from "The A.V. Club" found Swift's lyrics somewhat more "deeper and darker", and the music far more ambitious than her previous records, but overall a "complicated and sometimes unfocused" pop record. He dismissed the duets as boring, while calling "State of Grace" and "All Too Well" "fascinating work". Arnold Pan from "PopMatters" believed some of the songs should have been edited out on what was a transitional album for Swift, who abandoned her country-pop roots in favor of "beefed-up modern rock" stylings. Writing for "MSN Music", Robert Christgau viewed "Red" as a minor version of the Magnetic Fields' 1999 album "69 Love Songs". He preferred its feistier tracks but also appreciated the more sentimental songs "Begin Again" and "Stay Stay Stay", which "stay happy and hit just as hard".

Year-end lists.

"Red" was included on numerous year-end lists of 2012.

Decade-end lists.

"Red" is included on numerous decade-end lists published in 2019.

Awards and nominations.

Singles from the album received Grammy Award nominations. Lead single "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 55th Grammy Awards and "Begin Again" received a Best Country Song nomination at the 56th Grammy Awards. "Red" received nominations for Album of the Year and Best Country Album at the 56th Grammy Awards.

Track listing.

Notes

Personnel.

Credits adapted from AllMusic.

Red is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on October 22, 2012, by Big Machine Records. Inspired by past romantic relationships evoking "red" intense, tumultuous emotions that Swift was experiencing during conception of the project, "Red" touches on the themes of romance and heartbreak, but represents a mature perspective, while exploring the pressure of being in the public eye. "Red" is a country, pop and rock record with influences from arena rock, alternative rock, dance, dubstep, electronic, folk and heartland rock; many commentators described it as a pop album, while others deemed it as a country album that sees Swift transitioning from her roots to mainstream pop, which they found to be subsequently complete with its follow-up "1989" (2014).

Red est le studio par l'artiste américaine country Taylor Swift. Il est sorti le sous Big Machine Records. À sa sortie, "Red" a été la plupart du temps acclamé par la critique musicale, qui a salué sa polyvalence en tant que musicienne et apprécié ses expériences avec de nouveaux genres musicaux.


Structure.

The patellar ligament is a strong, flat, ligament, which originates on the apex of the patella distally and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface; below, it inserts on the tuberosity of the tibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is about 4.5 cm long in adults (range from 3 to 6 cm).  The medial and lateral portions of the quadriceps tendon pass down on either side of the patella to be inserted into the upper extremity of the tibia on either side of the tuberosity; these portions merge into the capsule, as stated above, forming the medial and lateral patellar retinacula.  The posterior surface of the patellar ligament is separated from the synovial membrane of the joint by a large infrapatellar pad of fat, and from the tibia by a bursa.

Clinical significance.

The patellar ligament can be injured in a patellar tendon rupture. Because tendon does not regenerate fully in humans there is a significant clinical need for research into therapies for patellar tendon rupture.  It can be used as a tissue source in the repair of other ligaments. In the event of a torn anterior cruciate ligament, the patellar ligament can be used in the rehabilitation process. In this case, the middle one third of the patellar ligament is harvested and inserted through tunnels that are drilled into the femur and tibia. The portion of the patellar ligament is then drawn through these tunnels in the bone and will be affixed to the bone via screws. The recovery process takes approximately 4–6 months upon the completion of surgery. This patellar ligament method of reconstruction was traditionally the gold standard graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and is still one of the more preferred methods.  Its insertion on the tibia is the location of Osgood–Schlatter disease.

The patellar ligament is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is also sometimes called the "patellar tendon" as it is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon.

Le tendon rotulien relie la face inférieure de la rotule au tibia. Il permet la transmission au tibia de l'action exercée par le muscle quadriceps sur la face supérieure de la rotule. Le tendon rotulien est une épaisse et puissante structure fibreuse, dont les dimensions chez l'humain sont en moyenne de d'épaisseur et de de largeur.


Early life.

Mitchell was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, to Ian Douglas Mitchell and Kathryn Grey Mitchell ("née" Hughes), who then worked as hotel managers. In 1977, when Mitchell was two years old, his parents gave up their jobs to lecture in hotel management, and to look after him. He attended Napier House Primary School. He is the elder of two boys; when David was seven and a half years old, his brother Daniel was born. The family moved to Oxford, where Mitchell's parents became lecturers at Oxford Polytechnic, now Oxford Brookes University. Mitchell attended New College School, which is an independent preparatory school in the city. In a 2006 interview with "The Independent", Mitchell stated his childhood dreams:  From the age of thirteen, Mitchell was educated at Abingdon School, a public school in Oxfordshire. Having always been top of the class at Primary school and Prep school, once he moved to Abingdon, he realised that there were plenty of people more intelligent than he was, so he turned his attention to debating and drama, "where [he] had a chance of being the best". There, Mitchell often took part in plays, "largely because you got to play cards backstage." His roles mainly consisted of small minute-long parts, until he won the role of Rabbit in "Winnie-the-Pooh". This was the first time that he was "consciously aware I was doing a performance" and that that "was better, even, than playing cards." Mitchell had been "obsessed" with comedy writing since his school days, as he "always felt that doing a joke was the cleverest thing", and "would intrinsically prefer a parody of something to the actual thing itself".

Education.

Rejected by Merton College, Oxford, in 1993, Mitchell went up to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied history. There, he began performing with the Cambridge Footlights, of which he became President for the 1995–96 academic year.  Mitchell was in his first year at university when he met Robert Webb during rehearsals for a Footlights production of "Cinderella", in 1993, and the two men soon established a comedy partnership. According to Mitchell, these factors had a detrimental effect on his academic performance at university and he attained a 2:2 in his final exams.

Career.

Early work and "Peep Show".

Before his break into comedy, Mitchell worked as an usher at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre, and in the cloakroom of "TFI Friday" among other jobs. Mitchell's first project with Webb was in January 1995, a show about a nuclear apocalypse entitled "Innocent Millions Dead or Dying: A Wry Look at the Post-Apocalyptic Age". Webb later described it as being "fucking terrible". After leaving university he and Webb began performing a number of two-man shows at the Edinburgh Fringe.  As a result of their performances at the Edinburgh Fringe, the duo were given the chance to write for Alexander Armstrong and Ben Miller and for series two of "Big Train". After minor work on "The Jack Docherty Show" and "Comedy Nation", their first break into television acting was in 2000, on the short-lived BBC sketch show "Bruiser", which they primarily wrote, and starred in. The show also featured future Academy Award and BAFTA winner Olivia Colman, who would become a regular cast member of Mitchell and Webb projects, and Martin Freeman, later of "The Office" fame. Other cast members included Matthew Holness and Charlotte Hudson. Additional material for the show was provided by various people, including Ricky Gervais and James Bachman.  In 2001 the two men were commissioned for a sketch show of their own, entitled "The Mitchell and Webb Situation", which ran for six episodes on the now defunct channel Play UK. The show was reasonably well received. "Wessex Scene"s Darren Richman said "what the series lacked in budget, it made up for in magnificent material" and went on to call it "far superior to the vastly overrated "Little Britain"" and "perhaps the greatest forgotten sketch show of modern times." "Eureka! TV", which released "The Mitchell and Webb Situation" on DVD in 2005, said that the show "gushes forth an hilarious stream of surreal and quirkily inventive sketches", as well as calling it a "cult success". In the interview with "Wessex Scene", Mitchell stated that he was "more proud of the way it turned out than annoyed that it was only aired on a small channel."  Mitchell and Webb's next project came in 2003, with starring roles in the Channel 4 sitcom "Peep Show", as flatmates Mark Corrigan and Jeremy Usbourne respectively. The show originated from writers Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain's failed attempt to complete a team-written sitcom for the BBC; they had an old script that they wanted to revive and Mitchell and Webb helped out, with it eventually evolving into "Peep Show". Despite low viewing figures (which almost got the show cancelled after series three) the show was received to wide critical acclaim. The "British Sitcom Guide" called it "without a doubt one of the best sitcoms of the decade." Ricky Gervais has been cited as saying "the last thing I got genuinely excited about on British TV was "Peep Show", which I thought was the best sitcom since "Father Ted"". The BBC hailed Mitchell's performance in the series, citing that "As Mark Corrigan, David reached out to all those middle-aged men in a twentysomething's body, who believe drugs are boring and systems are necessary if society is to function at all." Mitchell has stated that he empathises with Mark and enjoys playing him and that he "agrees with many of [Mark's] opinions." "Peep Show" aired nine series, which makes it the longest-running sitcom in Channel 4 history.  In 2009, Mitchell won the British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Performance for his work on "Peep Show", after having lost in the same category the year before. He was nominated again in 2010. He won the award "Best Television Comedy Actor" at the 2007 British Comedy Awards, and the pair shared the 2007 Royal Television Society Award for "Comedy Performance". They were also jointly nominated for "Best Television Comedy Actor" at the 2006 British Comedy Awards. "Peep Show" itself has also won the BAFTA for "Best situation comedy" in 2008, and the British Comedy Award for "Best TV comedy" in 2006, and retained it the following year. It also won "Best TV Comedy" at the "South Bank Show Awards", and claimed a Golden Rose in 2004.

Other Mitchell and Webb projects.

After the success of "Peep Show", Mitchell and Webb returned to sketch comedy with their BBC Radio 4 sketch show "That Mitchell and Webb Sound", which ran for five series. The show was adapted for television and became "That Mitchell and Webb Look". Producer Gareth Edwards described it as "the shortest pitch [he had] ever written". The show ran for four series. Towards the end of 2006 the pair made their first tour, with a show called "The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb". The tour was criticised as just "a succession of largely unrelated scenes" by "The Guardian"'s Brian Logan, who gave it a rating of two stars.  "That Mitchell and Webb Look" won them the BAFTA for Best Comedy Programme or Series at the 2007 awards, and they earned a further nomination for it in 2009. It was nominated for two British Comedy Awards in 2006: Britain's Best New TV Comedy and the Highland Spring People's Choice. Their stage tour "The Two Faces of Mitchell and Webb" was nominated for the British Comedy Award for Best Stage Comedy, and "That Mitchell and Webb Sound" won a Sony Silver Award.  Their first film, "Magicians", was released on 18 May 2007. It was directed by Andrew O'Connor and written by Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain. Mitchell played the role of a magician named Harry. Later in 2007, the pair recorded a pilot BBC Radio 2 sitcom entitled "Daydream Believers", in which Mitchell played Ray, a science-fiction writer. The show was previously a one-off television pilot from Channel 4's "Comedy Lab", and also starred Mitchell and Webb.  Mitchell and Webb's first comedy book, "This Mitchell and Webb Book", was published in 2009. A second book is in preparation. They also wrote and filmed "Playing Shop", a comedy television pilot for BBC2 about two men who operate a business out of their shed. Although the BBC commissioners were happy with it, Mitchell and Webb scrapped it themselves, as they felt it was too similar to "Peep Show". A new pilot had been commissioned, but the plan was later shelved. Mitchell and Webb voiced a robotic duo in the "Doctor Who" episode "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" in 2012.  In 2007 the duo fronted the UK version of Apple Inc.'s "Get a Mac" adverts, with Mitchell playing PC. The adverts received much criticism. Writing in "The Guardian", Charlie Brooker claimed that the use of Mitchell and Webb in the adverts was a curious choice. He compared the characters of PC and Mac in the adverts to those of Mark and Jeremy in "Peep Show", stating that "when you see the ads, you think, 'PCs are a bit rubbish yet ultimately lovable, whereas Macs are just smug, preening tossers.'" "The British Sitcom Guide" also criticised the pair for "selling their souls". One journalist called the adverts "worse than not funny", and accused Mitchell and Webb of "an act of grave betrayal" for taking corporate work. In an interview with "The Telegraph", Robert Webb responded to the duo's critics, stating that "when someone asks, 'Do you want to do some funny ads for not many days in the year and be paid more than you would be for an entire series of "Peep Show"?' the answer, obviously, is, 'Yeah, that's fine.'" In the same interview, Mitchell also said: "I don't see what is morally inconsistent with a comedian doing an advert. It's all right to sell computers, isn't it? Unless you think that capitalism is evil – which I don't. It's not like we're helping to flog a baby-killing machine."  In 2005, the duo were placed ninth on a list of the United Kingdom's best television talent, and were named twelfth in a "Radio Times" list of the most powerful people in television comedy.

Solo acting, presenting and writing.

As well as his work alongside Webb, Mitchell has appeared on his own in several shows. He played technical expert Owen in the Radio 4 sitcom "Think the Unthinkable" in 2001. He played the surgeon Dr Toby Stephens in the BBC2 sitcom "Doctors and Nurses". In 2005 he played Kate's hapless secretary Tim in the BBC's updating of "The Taming of The Shrew" in its ShakespeaRe-Told series. Mitchell appeared as various roles on the Channel 4 sketch programme "Blunder". The show was not well received, with the British Sitcom Guide naming it as the worst thing that Mitchell did in all of 2006 in their "British Sitcom Awards" of that year. He portrayed the recurring character of Dr. James Vine in the BBC sitcom "Jam and Jerusalem". Mitchell had a small part in the film "I Could Never Be Your Woman", playing an English writer, also named David. While in Los Angeles to record the part he decided that he did not like the area much, and preferred filming in Britain.  He wrote series five of the BBC2 impressionist sketch show "Dead Ringers", and voiced Mitch in the Disney animated series "Phineas and Ferb". He also narrated the reality show "Beauty and the Geek". Following the success of "Channel 4's Alternative Election Night" in 2010, which Mitchell hosted with Jimmy Carr, Charlie Brooker and Lauren Laverne, the four presented "10 O'Clock Live", a series of live shows looking at the week's affairs. Mitchell has a solo segment entitled "Listen to Mitchell". The show ran for three series.  Mitchell has presented four series of the online video show "David Mitchell's Soapbox", a series of short monologues co-written with John Finnemore for ChannelFlip. In these monologues Mitchell has criticised a variety of subjects, including the BBC show "Doctor Who" and 3D television. Matt Warman of the "Daily Telegraph" suggested that the series could be a sign that new comedy will increasingly become available online, rather than on television. The series has been released on DVD.  He provided the voiceover for a £1 million government advert for FRANK, warning of the dangers of cocaine, as "Pablo the Drug Mule Dog"; and also for the Driving Standards Agency's "The Highway Code". He writes columns for "The Observer" and "The Guardian". He also took part in "Channel 4's Comedy Gala", a benefit show held in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital at the O2 Arena. In October 2009, Mitchell signed a deal with HarperCollins and its imprint Fourth Estate to write a volume of memoirs and a novel. The memoirs, "", was published in October 2012 with the novel scheduled for 2013.  Mitchell plays William Shakespeare in all three series of the sitcom "Upstart Crow", the first series of which was broadcast in 2016 as part of the celebrations of the 400th anniversary of the playwright's death.

Stage.

Mitchell made his stage debut in Ben Elton's "The Upstart Crow" which premiered in London in February 2020 at the Gielgud Theatre. He played the part of Shakespeare as in the television series "Upstart Crow" which inspired the play.

Panel shows.

Mitchell has become a regular participant on many panel shows, leading "The Independent"s James Rampton to christen him "if not king, then certainly prince regent of the panel games." Mitchell is a team captain on the BBC panel show "Would I Lie To You?", opposite Lee Mack. The show has run since 2007, now airing in its twelfth series. Since 2006, he has hosted 20 series of "The Unbelievable Truth", a panel game on BBC Radio 4. The inaugural episode of "Was It Something I Said?", a panel comedy show that Mitchell hosts, was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2013.  He was a team captain on the Channel 4 comedy quiz show "Best of the Worst", opposite Johnny Vaughan. Mitchell has also hosted ten episodes of "Have I Got News For You". Mitchell hosted the panel show "The Bubble". He hosted the second week of Channel 4's "FAQ U", and appeared as himself in an episode of "Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive", a panel show parody. He also appeared as one of the participants on the Channel 4 show "TV Heaven, Telly Hell", and has appeared on several episodes of "Question Time". Other appearances include "QI", "Have I Got News for You", "Mock the Week", "Just a Minute", "Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive" and "8 Out of 10 Cats", as well as appearances on "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year" in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 In a 2007 interview with Digital Spy, Mitchell stated that he enjoyed panel shows, as they are "a game worth playing". He then further explained his appreciation of the panel format through challenging criticism from "Fast Show" co-creator Charlie Higson, who stated in September 2013 that panel comedies were overtaking television programming at the expense of sketch shows and sitcoms: The "Radio Times" named him "The Best Comedy Panel Show Guest" in the world, stating that "he's incredibly, disgustingly witty" and "even starting to make Paul Merton look slow on the uptake".  Following his BAFTA win, Mitchell was ranked at No. 53 in the 2009 MediaGuardian 100, an annual ranking of media people in "The Guardian". In reference to his ubiquitous presence in broadcast and print media, "The Guardian"s writer called him "the go-to funnyman of the moment". In their entry for "Peep Show" on their list of "The top 50 TV shows of the Noughties", "The Times" labelled Mitchell "a national institution".

Influences.

Mitchell's favourite actor is Sir Alec Guinness, and he lists Spike Milligan, Peter Sellers and Peter Cook as his comedy idols. Additionally, following the death of British actor Richard Briers in February 2013, Mitchell revealed that whenever he has acted he "always hoped to be something like him". Mitchell has also identified "Morecambe and Wise", "Monty Python" and "The Two Ronnies" as highly influential on his career.

Personal life.

Mitchell's Merseyside-born father's family were from Scotland and his mother is Welsh—Mitchell considers himself British rather than English. He explored his ancestry in an episode of the television programme "Who Do You Think You Are?", discovering his connection to the Gaelic scholars Reverend John Forbes and Alexander Robert Forbes. On 7 August 2014, Mitchell was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue. Mitchell's participation in the open letter follows a May 2011 "Observer" column, in which he concludes that "If Scotland ever goes it alone... the British will have lost their country".  Mitchell has often joked about his personal life in interviews. In 2005, he stated: he had "been in so many situations when I've just said nothing to someone I've fancied". He later added that "I'm sort of all right on my own. I don't want it to be forever, but the fundamental thing is I'm all right alone." For many years he lived in Kilburn, London, as the flatmate of novelist Robert Hudson. In 2007, he was best man at Robert Webb's wedding to Abigail Burdess.  He first met broadcaster Victoria Coren at Jonathan Ross's annual Halloween party in 2007 and was "completely smitten". She decided to pursue someone else and he pined for her but in December 2010 they began dating. In March 2012, their engagement was announced in "The Times", and they married on 17 November 2012 with Robert Webb as his best man. In May 2015, Coren announced the birth of their daughter, Barbara.  He remains interested in history and said in an interview with "The Observer" that "I can see myself in a few years' time joining the National Trust and going round the odd castle. I think I might find that restful as the anger of middle age sets in". In his interview on "Parkinson" he said that if he could go back in time to do one thing, it would be to go to the building of Stonehenge, to ask them "why they were bothering". He is a cricket and snooker fan, and also plays squash and tennis. He is a user of Twitter, and does not drive. He is an agnostic.  Mitchell walks for an hour daily to help a bad back and has lost weight as a result, but he "probably [has] quite a bad diet" and "probably drinks too much". He describes himself as a worrier.  Beyond the realm of film and television, Mitchell cites Evelyn Waugh among his favourite authors. He appeared on the radio programme "Desert Island Discs". Mitchell has revealed that he owns two CDs, Phil Collins's "...But Seriously" and Susan Boyle's "I Dreamed a Dream".

References.

Citations Bibliography

David James Stuart Mitchell (born 14 July 1974) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television presenter. He is half of the comedy duo Mitchell and Webb, alongside Robert Webb. The duo starred in the Channel 4 sitcom "Peep Show", in which Mitchell plays Mark Corrigan. Mitchell won the British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy Performance in 2009 for his performance in the show. The duo have written and starred in several sketch shows including "Bruiser", "The Mitchell and Webb Situation", "That Mitchell and Webb Sound" and also "That Mitchell and Webb Look". Mitchell and Webb also starred in the UK version of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisement campaign. Their first film, "Magicians", was released in 2007.

David James Stuart Mitchell, né le 14 juillet 1974, est un acteur comique britannique. Il s'est fait connaître en tant que membre du duo comique avec son partenaire Robert Webb, dont il a fait la connaissance à l'Université de Cambridge. L'un et l'autre ont été membres des Cambridge Footlights, club que Mitchell présida en 1996.


Geography.

City of Worthington Hills is located in northeastern Jefferson County at (38.311389, -85.527500). It is bordered to the north and east by Coldstream and otherwise by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County. Downtown Louisville is to the southwest.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,594 people, 577 households, and 447 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,699.9 people per square mile (2,198.0/km2). There were 589 housing units at an average density of 2,106.2 per square mile (812.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.68% White, 30.74% African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.69% Asian, 1.88% from other races, and 1.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.33% of the population.  There were 577 households out of which 44.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 0.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.12.  In the city, the population was spread out with 28.3% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 40.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 2.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $56,250, and the median income for a family was $58,500. Males had a median income of $40,278 versus $27,162 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,199. About 3.5% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

City of Worthington Hills is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,446 at the 2010 census, down from 1,594 at the 2000 census.

Worthington Hills est une ville américaine du comté de Jefferson, dans l’État du Kentucky. Elle comptait habitants lors du recensement de 2010.


Background.

Founded in 1863 by Takasugi Shinsaku, the Kiheitai militia consisted of 300 men, who came from all social classes, including farmers, merchants, "samurai" and others. Most were from Chōshū, but a few volunteers were from other domains. The Kiheitai was known for its discipline, and use of western-style weapons and military techniques. It was partly funded by the Chōshū domain, but gained the rest of its financial support through donations by wealthy merchants and farmers. Kiheitai followed a developing trend which had been spearheaded by the shogunate following the Convention of Kanagawa to form military units based on ability rather than hereditary social status. Shinsengumi, a Kyoto-based, pro-Tokugawa police force, was founded in the same year as Kiheitai, and was also composed of people from a broad variety of social classes.

Battles.

The Kiheitai militia saw action in the Bombardment of Shimonoseki in 1864, during which the fleets of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States fired upon the Chōshū port city of Shimonoseki, and subsequently landed troops.  As the military arm of the pro-reform faction within the Chōshū domain, the Kiheitai helped overthrow the pro-"bakufu" faction in the Chōshū civil war, repulsed the Second Chōshū expedition sent by the Tokugawa "bakufu" in 1866. Around the same time, the Second Kiheitai was formed in the Suō Province.  Takasugi died of tuberculosis in 17 May 1867, his Kiheitai militia was taken over by his protégé Yamagata Aritomo. The Kiheitai militia played an important role in the Boshin War, which led to the Meiji Restoration.

Disbandment.

The Kiheitai was disbanded in 1868, with total enlistment of 622 men since 1863. The success of the socially mixed unit and its Western armaments and tactics was an important influence on the development of the Imperial Japanese Army, and on the later system of universal military conscription in Japan.

Other usage.

The forces defending Aizuwakamatsu during the Boshin War, and the forces of Saigō Takamori in the Satsuma Rebellion also used the term "kiheitai" to describe themselves.

The was a well-trained volunteer militia raised by Takasugi Shinsaku of the Chōshū Domain during the Bakumatsu period of Japan.

Le est une milice de volontaires levée par le domaine de Chōshū au cours de la période bakumatsu du Japon.