Education and military service.

The oldest son of John Roebling, Washington was born in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania, a town co-founded by his father and his uncle, Carl Roebling. His early schooling consisted of tutoring by Riedel and under Henne in Pittsburgh. He was also sent to stay with Professor Lemuel Stephens of the Western University of Pennsylvania (now known as the University of Pittsburgh) where Roebling also attended some classes. He eventually attended the Trenton Academy and acquired further education at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, from 1854 to 1857, where he wrote a thesis titled "Design for a Suspension Aqueduct." Following his graduation as civil engineer (C.E.), he joined his father to work as a bridge builder. From 1858 to 1860, he assisted his father on the Allegheny Bridge project, living in a boarding house on Penn Street. Following the completion of the bridge, he returned to Trenton to work in his father's wire mill.  On April 16, 1861, during the American Civil War, Roebling enlisted as a private in the New Jersey Militia. Seeking more than garrison duty, he resigned after two months and re-enlisted in a New York artillery battery, 2nd Lieut. Company K, 83rd NY Volunteers performing staff duty engaged in the erection of suspension bridges. He rose steadily in rank and was soon commissioned as an officer.  Roebling saw action in numerous battles: Manassas Junction (Second Bull Run), Antietam, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, Siege of Petersburg, and most notably Battle of Gettysburg. Soon after Chancellorsville, he was perhaps the first to note the movement of Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army toward the northwest while conducting air balloon reconnaissance.  On July 2, 1863, during Gettysburg, Roebling was one of the initial officers on Little Round Top. Observing signs of Confederate troops approaching, he hurried down the hill to report to Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, for whom Roebling was aide-de-camp. General Warren and Roebling then descended the hill to find troops to secure this important tactical position. Roebling assisted in hoisting artillery up the hill, while Warren sent two of his aides, one of whom was Lt. Ranald S. Mackenzie, searching for infantry support. The two aides were able to secure a brigade from the Union V Corps. This brigade was commanded by Col. Strong Vincent whose brigade immediately occupied the hill and defended the left flank of the Army of the Potomac against repeated Confederate attacks. As Vincent's brigade began moving into position, Warren and Roebling had left the hill and Roebling was able to send the 140th New York Volunteers to the hill, not knowing that Vincent's brigade was already engaging advancing Confederate troops. However, the 140th New York provided much needed reinforcements.  Roebling was brevetted lieutenant colonel in December 1864 for gallant service, ending his service brevetted to colonel. After the war, he became a veteran companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge.

From mid-1865 to 1867, Roebling worked with his father on the Cincinnati-Covington Bridge (now the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge). While traveling in Europe to research wire mills, bridges and caisson foundations, his only son, John A. Roebling II, was born. After returning to the U.S. in 1868, Washington became assistant engineer on the Brooklyn Bridge and was named chief engineer after his father's death in mid-1869. He made several important improvements on the bridge design and further developed bridge building techniques. Thus, he designed the two large pneumatic caissons that became the foundations for the two towers.  In 1870, fire broke out in one of the caissons; from within the caisson, Roebling directed the efforts to extinguish the flames. Working in compressed air in these caissons under the river caused him to get decompression sickness ("the bends") shattering his health and rendering him unable to visit the site, yet he continued to oversee the Brooklyn project to successful completion in 1883. Besides the bends, he may have had additional afflictions, possible neurasthenia, side effects of treatments, and secondary drug addiction. His wife, Emily Warren Roebling, who had taught herself bridge construction, took over much of the chief engineer's duties including day-to-day supervision and project management. Although the couple jointly planned the bridge's continued construction, Emily successfully lobbied for formal retention of Washington as chief engineer. McCullough remarked that "nowhere in the history of great undertakings is there anything comparable" to Roebling conducting the largest and most difficult engineering project ever "in absentia."  Roebling would battle the after-effects from the caisson disease and its treatment the rest of his life.

Later years.

Following the Brooklyn project, Roebling and his wife lived in Troy, New York, from 1884 to 1888, as their only child, John A. Roebling II, also attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). When their son graduated, the Roeblings returned to Trenton, moving to 191 West State Street in 1892. From 1902 to 1903 Roebling served as President of the Alumni Association at Rensselaer. His wife Emily died in 1903 from stomach cancer. Roebling remarried in 1908 to Cornelia Witsell Farrow of Charleston, South Carolina.  His namesake and nephew, Washington Augustus Roebling II, born March 25, 1881, only son of his brother Charles G. Roebling, went down with the RMS "Titanic" in 1912.  Following the sudden death of another nephew, Karl Gustavus Roebling, in 1921, Roebling again became president of John A. Roebling's Sons Company at age 84. He died in 1926, after being bedridden for two months, at age 89.  Roebling's most passionate hobby was collecting rocks and minerals. His collection of over 16,000 specimens was donated by his son, John A. Roebling II, to the Smithsonian Institution and became an important part of its mineral and gem collection.  Many of his manuscripts, photographs, and publications, can be found in the Roebling collections at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. His family silver is on display in Ashford Castle, Cong, Co Mayo, Ireland.  As of 2019, his only living descendants are New York musician Kriss Roebling and his two sons.

Washington Augustus Roebling (May 26, 1837 – July 21, 1926) was an American civil engineer best known for supervising the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which was initially designed by his father John A. Roebling. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War as an officer and was present at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Washington Augustus Roebling, né le à Saxonburg, Pennsylvanie, et mort le à Trenton, New Jersey, est un ingénieur américain d'origine allemande, connu pour son rôle majeur dans la construction du pont de Brooklyn, construction commencée par son père John Augustus Roebling et achevée avec l'aide de sa femme Emily Warren Roebling.


Recording.

The album contains songs from Hendrix's performances at the Royal Albert Hall on February 24, 1969, the San Diego Sports Arena on May 24, 1969, Berkeley Community Theatre on May 30, 1970 and the Isle of Wight Festival on August 30, 1970. The album's credits mislabel "Little Wing" and "Voodoo Child" as being recorded at the San Diego Sports Arena, when in fact these two tracks were recorded at the Royal Albert Hall on February 24, 1969.

Critical reception and charts.

In a review for AllMusic, Sean Westergaard gave the album four out of five stars. He notes the relatively rare performances of "God Save the Queen", "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "Blue Suede Shoes" and "Johnny B. Goode" as adding to Hendrix's more typical concert material.  "Hendrix in the West" reached No. 7 in the UK albums chart, and No. 12 in the "Billboard" 200.

Re-release (2011).

This album was re-released on September 13, 2011 as part of the Hendrix family's project to remaster Hendrix's discography. Since the rights to the Royal Albert Hall performance of "Little Wing" and "Voodoo Child" on the original LP are in dispute, the newly released CD contains alternate performances of the two songs.

1971 album track listing.

The album details are taken from the original 1971 Reprise LP record album. The 2011 re-release substitutes the Winterland 10/12/68 recording for "Little Wing" and the San Diego Sports Arena 5/24/69 recording for "Voodoo Child".

Hendrix in the West is a live album by Jimi Hendrix, released posthumously in January 1972 by Polydor Records (UK), and in February by Reprise Records (US). The album tracks are split between those recorded in 1969 by the Jimi Hendrix Experience with bassist Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell and in 1970 with Billy Cox and Mitchell during The Cry of Love Tour.

Hendrix in the West est un album Live de Jimi Hendrix publié en. Il compte parmi les meilleurs albums post mortem de l'ère Michael Jeffery. Il est souvent considéré comme étant le meilleur live jamais publié à ce jour, avec notamment les versions définitives de trois de ses compositions majeures ("Voodoo Child (Slight Return)", "Little Wing" et "Red House").


History.

Up to 1752, Shwebo was a village, called Moksobo ( ; ) of about 300 houses. It lies near the site of the ancient Pyu city-state of Hanlin. On 29 February 1752, the chief of the village Aung Zeya founded the Konbaung Dynasty to resist the upcoming invasion of Lower Burma-based Hanthawaddy forces. Aung Zeya, who also assumed the royal title of Alaungpaya, gained the allegiance of 46 surrounding villages, and organized defenses building a stockade and digging a moat around Moksobo. He renamed his village, Shwebo (). Over the next eight years, Alaungpaya led the reunification of Burma with Shwebo as his capital.  Shwebo lost its status as capital after Alaungpaya's death in 1760. The successor Naungdawgyi moved the capital to Sagaing closer to the Irrawaddy river. Nonetheless, Shwebo continued to be an important region throughout the Konbaung era (1752–1885), providing a disproportionate share of soldiers that served in Konbaung's armies. The region was usually held as an appanage by the most senior princes, usually the crown prince. It was to Shwebo that Prince of Mindon went in 1853 to raise the standard of rebellion in his successful bid to overthrow his half brother Pagan.

Names of Shwebo.

Shwebo is famous for its five names. Five titles had been conferred to the city namely: Most of the people knows above names but the name "အယုစြ်ဇပူရ" and "မြေဘုံသာ" ("Ayuhcyajpuur" and "Myaybhonesar") are rarely known.

Geography.

Climate.

Shwebo received of rainfall on 19 October 2011. It was the record breaking rainfall within 24 hours of October for past 48 years. The previous record was of 24 October 1993.

Transport.

Shwebo is served by Myanmar Railways's Mandalay-Myitkyina railway line. The city is best reached by pickup truck or bus as the roads from Mandalay and Monywa are in reasonably good shape. There are highway express buses from Yangon to Shwebo. Shwebo also lies on Mandalay-Myitkyina Union Express Road.

Economy.

As with Monywa, the city is a trade center for agricultural produce, especially beans, rice and sesame from the surrounding plains between the Mu River and the Ayeyarwady River.  The major tourist attractions in Shwebo, although few tourists make the journey and facilities are very limited, are its numerous Buddhist temples, and the reconstruction of Alaungpaya's palace. The city is still surrounded by its ancient moat. There are many pagodas, such as Shwetaza Buddha Image and Myodaung Pagoda.  Moreover, tourists can visit Hanlin, the ground of ancient Pyu City. Hanlin is one hour drive from Shwebo. It is one of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Sites.  In the very hot summer, people who live in Shwebo believe that rain comes when people bring the Shwetaza Buddha Image around the town.

Education.

There are five Basic Education High Schools in Shwebo. The town is home to the Shwebo University and Shwebo Government Technological College. Government Technological College (Shwebo) was established on 20 January 2007. It is situated in the north-east of Shwebo, about, and in the east of Shwebo-Myitkyina Mahabyuha Road, about

Famous places.

At the time of building the Shwebo City, the King Alaungpaya built seven places;

Shwebo ( ) is a city in Sagaing Region, Burma, 110 km north-west of Mandalay between the Irrawaddy and the Mu rivers. The city was the origin of the Konbaung Dynasty, established by King Alaungpaya in 1752, that was the dominant political force in Burma after the mid-18th century. It served as Alaungpaya's capital from 1752 to 1760.

Shwebo (, ) est une ville de Birmanie située dans la Région de Sagaing, à 113 km au nord-ouest de Mandalay, entre la Mu et l'Irrawaddy. Elle est desservie par la ligne de chemin de fer Mandalay-Myitkyina et plusieurs lignes d'autobus. Les routes vers Mandalay et Monywa sont en bon état.


Comté de Harrison (Virginie-Occidentale)

History.

Indigenous peoples lived in the area that would become Harrison County for thousands of years. The Oak Mounds outside Clarksburg were built by the Hopewell culture mound builders during the first millennium CE.

18th century.

White trappers visited the area that is now Harrison County as early as the 1760s. Some traded with the Native Americans of the area. The Virginia Colony claimed the area as part of its vast Augusta County. The first permanent settler in the area was hunter and trapper John Simpson, who erected a cabin at the mouth of Elk Creek on the West Fork River in 1763 or '64. Simpson's name remains on "Simpson's Creek" (its mouth is about 9 miles downstream from present Clarksburg). Settler Daniel Davisson (1748-1819), from New Jersey, claimed the land upon which present-day Clarksburg, Harrison County, was formed in 1773; the area was re-designated as part of Monongalia County, Virginia three years later. Simpson's story did not end well. According to a 19th-century local historian, he... ... continued to hunt and trap for a year without encountering any other human being. In 1765, he went to the South Branch to dispose of a stock of skins and furs, and returning to his camp, remained until permanent settlements were made in the vicinity.... Simpson's cabin was located about one mile from Clarksburg, on the west side of the West Fork River... Simpson became indebted to a man named Cottrial to the amount of "one quart of salt" (a precious article at the time), which he agreed to pay, either in money or salt, upon his return from Winchester, whither he was going to dispose of a stock of skins and furs. Upon his return, a dispute arose between them, regarding the payment, and Cottrial, in the heat of passion, hastened from the house, and grasping Daniel Davisson's gun, which stood leaning against the cabin, took aim through the space between the logs, and attempted to shoot Simpson. The latter, however, was too quick for him, and springing outside, grasped the gun from Cottrial's hands and killed him. This was the first tragedy of this nature in the vicinity.  Harrison County was organized in 1784, with territory partitioned from Monongalia County. It was named for Benjamin Harrison V, who had recently retired as the Governor of Virginia. (He was the father of William Henry Harrison, 9th President of the United States and great-grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president.) Over the next 72 years, all of eight present-day West Virginia counties and parts of ten others were formed from this original Harrison County.  The first meeting of the Harrison County court was held on July 20, 1784 at the home of George Jackson. The group designated the county seat as Clarksburg. The town, named for explorer General George Rogers Clark (1752–1818), was chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in October 1785, and it was incorporated in 1795.

19th century.

Clarksburg's first newspaper, "The By-Stander", began publication in 1810. Construction of the Northwestern Turnpike connecting Winchester and Parkersburg, reached the town in 1836, stimulating development by connecting it to other markets. Clarksburg's economic development was also helped by the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1856. The railroad was instrumental in the development of the local coal mining industry during the late 1800s and early 1900s.  In 1863, West Virginia's counties were divided into civil townships, with the intention of encouraging local government. This proved impractical in the heavily rural state, and in 1872 the townships were converted into magisterial districts. Harrison County was divided into ten districts: Clark, Clay, Coal, Eagle, Elk, Grant, Sardis, Simpson, Tenmile, and Union. These districts remained stable for a century, but in the 1970s they were consolidated to form six new districts: North Clarksburg, South Clarksburg, Suburban, Northern, Southeast, and Southwest. In the 1980s, North and South Clarksburg Districts became North Urban and South Urban. In the 1990s, the Southeast and Suburban Districts were discontinued, and replaced by the Eastern and Southern Districts.

Geography.

The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, largely wooded, etched by drainages and creeks. The terrain slopes to the West Fork River valley from both east and west borders, and also generally slopes to the north. Its highest point is on its south corner, at 1,736' (529m) ASL. The county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.1%) is water. The county is drained by the north-flowing West Fork River and its tributaries, including Tenmile Creek, Simpson Creek, and Elk Creek.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 68,652 people, 27,867 households, and 19,088 families in the county. The population density was 165/sqmi (63.7/km2). There were 31,112 housing units at an average density of 74.8/sqmi (28.9/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.55% White, 1.61% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 27,867 households out of which 29.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.30% were living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 27.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94.  The county population contained 23.10% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 27.50% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 16.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $30,562, and the median income for a family was $36,870. Males had a median income of $30,721 versus $22,110 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,810. About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.10% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 69,099 people, 28,533 households, and 18,992 families in the county. The population density was 166/sqmi (64.1/km2). There were 31,431 housing units at an average density of 75.6/sqmi (29.2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.0% white, 1.6% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 19.8% were German, 19.0% were American, 18.3% were Irish, 13.2% were English, and 10.4% were Italian.  Of the 28,533 households, 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.4% were non-families, and 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age was 41.8 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $39,191 and the median income for a family was $46,882. Males had a median income of $42,615 versus $28,867 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,010. About 15.0% of families and 18.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.0% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities.

Charles Pointe Master-Planned Community.

Harrison County is the site of a master-planned community, Charles Pointe, which is currently under construction in the city of Bridgeport, WV and comprises that will combine commercial, residential, and recreational areas into one master-planned community. Adjacent to Charles Pointe, the United Hospital Center, a $278 million state-of-the-art medical facility. Across from the United Hospital Center site, White Oaks, a planned business community is also under construction, and will support the hospital and the FBI CJIS complex, which is also located near the White Oaks site. This area of West Virginia's Interstate 79 is considered part of a "High Tech Corridor."

Politics.

During the 20th century Harrison County voters tended Democratic. However, since 2000 the county selected the Republican Party candidate in every national election (as of 2016).

Harrison County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 69,099. The county seat is Clarksburg.

Le comté de Harrison est un comté des États-Unis situé dans l’État de Virginie-Occidentale. En 2000, la population était de. Son siège est Clarksburg. Le comté a été créé en 1784 à partir du comté de Monongalia et nommé en l'honneur de Benjamin Harrison V, père du président américain William Henry Harrison et arrière-grand-père du président américain Benjamin Harrison.


Horse sulky.

A sulky for horses is a lightweight two-wheeled, single-seat cart that is used as a form of rural transport in many parts of the world. A special development of this is now used in most forms of harness racing in Argentina, Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand, including both trotting and pacing races. They are reputedly called "sulkies" because the driver must prefer to be alone.  Race sulkies come in two categories,  An "improved sulky" with pneumatic tires and adjustable height was patented at the United States Patent Office by W.J. Hamill on August 15, 1893. (see Google patents) The asymmetric sulky was patented in Australia in the 1980s and came to prominence in 1987 when a two-year-old gelding named Rowleyalla used one to break the then world record for his category, at 3.4 seconds under the existing mark.  In 1990 the asymmetric sulky was introduced into North America, winning seven of its first nine starts at Freehold, NJ. Today the great majority of sulky manufacturers in North America are producing asymmetric sulkies.  An additional sulky type is the "team-to-pole" or "pairs" sulky, a lightweight single seat sulky designed for draft by two horses abreast.  These may also be split into two types:  Of the two, the dorsal hitch pairs sulky is the most recent, holding all current world pairs speed records over the mile to July 31, 2005.

Sulkies used in harness racing.

There are two types of sulkies used in harness racing.  When it rains, or the track has excessive moisture, trainers and drivers are required to put plastic mud flaps on the back of the wheels. All race bikes must comply with the relevant procedures and standards in order to be approved. In no way can a race bike have any component that will directly interfere with another horse or driver.

Dog sulky.

Smaller sulkies are also used for dogs, both for racing and as transportation.  The dog driving sulkies can be divided into two main types:  A further distinction may be made between sulkies with the axles rigidly connected to the vehicle, and those with the axles insulated from the vehicle by springs and dampers. Those with springs and dampers may be further divided into single-axle sprung carts and "independent suspension" sprung and damped carts. Needless to say, those with independent suspension by coil springs and dampers tend to be both more expensive and smoother riding.  Driving sulky construction materials run the full gamut from timber, through powder-coated steel tube, aluminum tube, and stainless steel tube. The very latest types (currently undergoing field tests in California) use nanotechnology-based stainless steels of prodigious strength-to-weight ratio.  The great majority of driving sulkies available have the wheel axles rigidly affixed to the frames. This makes for a rough ride on anything but smooth surfaces such as pavement. But in recent years lightweight, single shaft, independent suspension, driving sulkies have been introduced. These allow safe high speed use in off-road conditions.  The most recent designs are of the single shaft type, as proponents believe that this type gives the dog(s) greater freedom, less possibility of injury, and a quicker and easier training regime. A single shaft dog sulky, made of stainless steel tube and fitted with independent suspension and disc brakes, weighs a little under 18 kg. The highest speed so far recorded in one of these sulkies is 64.8 kilometers per hour (Driver: James Walsh, Dog: Tom (Giant Schnauzer)-February 22, 2007, Australia).  However, as at August 2005, multiple shaft types are still the most common.  For off-road use, dog sulkies with sprung and damped independent suspension systems offer greatly improved comfort and safety over traditional unsprung types.

This article describes the horse cart. For the locality in Australia, see Sulky, Victoria. A sulky is a lightweight cart with two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body, generally pulled by horses or dogs, which is used for harness races. The term is also used for a light stroller, an arch mounted on wheels or crawler tracks, used in logging, or other types of vehicle having wheels and usually a seat for the driver, such as a plough, lister or cultivator.

Le sulky (mot anglais qui signifie "maussade", "boudeur", parce qu'il est conçu pour une personne seule) est une voiture hippomobile d'origine américaine, à deux roues, avec un seul siège. Le sulky est léger, solide, conçu pour les trajets rapides et surtout les courses de trotteurs. C'est l'équivalent de l'araignée française.


Plot.

The story is told from the point of view of an observer – professor Wittembach, a pastor and an amateur ethnographer, who comes to a Samogitian manor in rural Lithuania while on a mission to translate the Gospel of Matthew into Samogitian. The plot revolves around a young man, Count Michel Szémioth, who is suspected to be half-human half-bear, since he was born after his mother was mauled (and, as believed by peasants, raped) by a bear. Through the novel, the protagonist, Michel/Lokis, manifests signs of animal-like behavior until he finally kills his bride by a bite to her throat and runs away into the forest on his wedding night. Some critics consider the tale to be an inversion of the "Beauty and the Beast", whereby the Beauty transforms a man into a Beast, rather than vice versa.

Inspiration.

Mérimée conceived the novella in spring 1867 as a contrast to horror stories often read at the court of Empress Eugenie. Intrigued by the human–beast duality, he quickly decided against a parody. It is believed that Mérimée borrowed the plot from the 13th-century "Gesta Danorum", published in "Revue des deux Mondes". "Gesta Danorum" includes a story of a girl kidnapped and impregnated by a bear. The girl gives birth to a son who exhibits violent sexual tendencies as an adult.

Epigraph and title.

""Miszka su Lokiu, Abu du tokiu"" cited at the beginning of the novel as an epigraph to the manuscript is a slightly corrupted Lithuanian proverb ""Meška su lokiu, abudu tokiu"". The proverb was included in Lithuanian dictionaries by Georg Heinrich Ferdinand Nesselmann, published in 1851, and by August Schleicher, published in 1857, but judging by Mérimée's correspondence, he did not know about these publications and received the proverb from Ivan Turgenev. "Meška" and "lokys" are different names (synonyms) for the "bear" in Lithuanian, so the proverb almost literally means "A grizzly and a bear are one and the same." According to an (incorrect) explanation given by professor Wittembach at the end of the novella, "miszka" is not a Lithuanian word but a rendering of "Mishka", a Russian-language hypocoristic form of "Michael", the protagonist's name. In the English translation the proverb is footnoted with the following comment: ""The two together make a pair"; word for word, Michon (Michael) with Lokis, both are the same. Michaelium cum Lokide, ambo [duo] ipsissimi."

Inaccuracies.

The novella draws elements, such as thunder god Perkūnas or cult of žaltys (grass snakes), from the pagan Lithuanian rituals and beliefs, but is not historically or culturally accurate. For example, the plot takes place in 1866, but the work does not address social or political situation after the January Uprising of 1863–1864. The extinction of the Prussian language is dated a full century later than it actually happened. The protagonist is a Protestant, though that is very rare in Catholic Samogitia. Some cultural elements, like rusalka or card games Durak and Preferans, were taken from Slavic (Russian) culture rather than Lithuanian.

Lokis. A Manuscript of Professor Wittembach () is an 1869 Prosper Mérimée horror fantasy novella. It was one of the last stories by Mérimée, started in July 1868 and published in the "Revue des deux Mondes" in September 1869. The title is a misspelling of the Lithuanian word "lokys" for "bear". The plot revolves around a young man who is suspected to be half-human half-bear. As such, the plot may be classified into a werewolf theme with some elements of vampirism (the motif of drinking blood repeats through the work). The novella primarily deals with the dual nature of human–beast. It also contrasts Western education and Christianity with pagan Lithuanian rituals and beliefs, on more broadly – cultured civilization with primordial wilderness.

Lokis est une nouvelle fantastique de Prosper Mérimée parue le dans la "Revue des Deux Mondes" sous le titre "Le Manuscrit du professeur Wittembach".


Early life and schooling.

Janssens' first schooling was in the Diocesan Secondary School in Hasselt, and his university years, where he excelled in philosophy and classical philology, were spent at St. Aloysius University Faculty in Brussels. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in Drongen on 23 September 1907, and took his first vows in September 1909.  After the usual two years of philosophy spent at the Jesuit theological college in Leuven he earned his doctorate in civil law at the Catholic University of Louvain. From 1921 to 1923 he attended the Gregorian University in Rome where he added a doctorate in Canon law to the one he had earned at Louvain.  He taught canon law at the Jesuit theologate in Leuven from 1923 until 1929 and became its rector on 17 August 1929. On 15 August 1935 he was appointed Tertian Master and in 1938 became Provincial of the Northern Belgian Province of the Jesuits.  In 1939, Janssens made an official visit to the Jesuit missions in the Belgian Congo. With the exception of this visitation and his two years studying in Rome, he had spent most of his life in his own province: in Leuven, Drongen (Ghent), Antwerp, and Brussels. In 1945 he kept in hiding a large group of Jewish children in the Provincial's residence of Brussels, which earned him the title of Righteous among the nations.

Elected Superior General.

When Jesuit Superior General Wlodimir Ledochowski died in 1942, World War II was in full fury in Europe and Janssens was the Jesuit Provincial trying to keep his province intact. The Vicar General, Norbert de Boynes, was unable to call a General Congregation because of the war. Thus, in effect, de Boynes was in charge of the governance of the Society for three years.  The war ended in August 1945 and de Boynes was finally able to convene a General Congregation – the 29th – between 6 September and 23 October 1946. Janssens, as Provincial of his province, went to Rome as a delegate. The Congregation was held under Spartan conditions and many of the necessities were provided by the delegates from countries less affected by the war than the countries of Europe. On 15 September, the 57-year-old Belgian Jean-Baptiste Janssens was elected Superior General of the Society Of Jesus.

Generalate.

Because of his delicate health and the oppressiveness of the Roman air, a sizeable piece of property in the Alban Hills – southeast of Rome – was purchased as a retreat for the general and his curia. This property, well known in the area as Villa Cavalletti, became a place of retreat not only for the general and the curia but also for the other Jesuits of Rome. It was also used by professors and students of the Gregorian University who could manage to get away for a few days of peace.  In his famous "Instruction on the Social Apostolate" (1949), considered a milestone in the Society's road to commitment to the so-called "social question", Janssens challenged the Jesuit educational institutions. In bold language for those days, the general speaks of completely uprooting the spirit of "caste" among Jesuits and their students. They should not appear "to be allied with the rich and the capitalists". Those especially who labor in the educational ministry should manifest "an interest and concern for the proletariat that is equal to, or even greater than, that shown to the rich". One can imagine the impact of these words on the schools. Nevertheless, disaffection toward the colleges remained strong, especially among young Jesuits.  In 1957, after eleven years in office, he summoned the 30th General Congregation to provide him with a vicar general. During the 6 September to 11 November session, the delegates elected Canadian John Swain to the position.  In 1960, in a letter to those engaged in education, the general had to confront those who doubted whether the colleges were a ministry proper to the Society or who asserted that they were not in conformity with the spirit of St. Ignatius.  Janssens took important steps for the restructuring of the educational apostolate. Both on the provincial and national levels he set up offices of general Prefects of Studies. In this way there was more coordination among the colleges, both province and nationwide, as well as closer international collaboration. He appointed visitors of the colleges in various countries and regions, for example, Spain and Latin America. National and regional educational associations were encouraged within the Society. Statutes were elaborated to guide the work of the Prefects of Studies. In 1960, the first international meeting of experts in the college apostolate was held in Rome for the purpose of formulating common criteria of inspiration and action. The work of education in the Society was taking on a corporate character.  Pope John XXIII had convened the Second Vatican Council to begin in 1962 to deal with many of the same problems that plagued Janssens during his generalate, Janssens had called for a diversification of Jesuit ministries to include more direct service to the poor.

Final years.

After 18 years and one month as Superior General, Janssens died at the age of 75 on 5 October 1964. His body was taken to the Jesuit vault at Campo Verano where most of the Jesuits who die in Rome are interred.

Jean-Baptiste Janssens (22 December 1889 – 5 October 1964) was the twenty-seventh Superior General of the Society of Jesus. He was born in Mechelen, Belgium.

Jean-Baptiste Janssens, né le à Malines (Belgique) et décédé le à Rome, est un prêtre jésuite belge, théologien et canoniste, qui fut élu en 1946 supérieur général de la Compagnie de Jésus.


Childhood and marriage.

Marcelina (or Marcellina) Kotowicz was born in Szulaki, a part of Poland that was controlled by the Russians at the time. Her parents, Jan and Maksymilia Kotowicz, were wealthy landowners. She attended a school in Odessa for three years, before working on her father's farm.  Some sources state that she was deeply religious, even from a young age. Before his death, her father made her promise that she would marry and start a family. And on 2 October 1849 she married Karol Darowski, a land owner from Podolia. He died of typhus three years later, leaving her with two children — Jozef and Karolina. A year after that, her son died. This series of tragedies influenced her religious thoughts; she claimed that she no longer belonged to any earthly being (in Italian: "creature" - "di non appartenere più ad alcuna creatura") but rather to only God.  For health reasons she travelled to Berlin, then to Paris, and finally to Rome, arriving in the Italian town on 11 April 1853.

Life as a nun.

In Rome she met Father Hieronim Kajsiewicz, a Resurrectionist priest, who became her spiritual director. On 12 May 1854 she made her vows of chastity and obedience before him. Kajsiewicz introduced her to a nun, Józefa Karska, who became a close friend. Whilst in Poland, the two women decided to found a religious community dedicated to the education and support of women. This new organization, the Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, was established in Rome in 1857.  When Karska died from typhus in 1860, Darowska became the Superior of the congregation. In 1863 she moved the community to Jazłowiec in the Archdiocese of Lviv. She opened a convent and a middle school for girls in the donated ruins of the local castle. This soon became an important spiritual and cultural centre.  In 1863 the congregation received the decretum laudis from the Pope. In 1874 the final approval was confirmed, and in 1889 the constitutions were accepted. In 1883 the congregation erected the "Statue of the Immaculate Conception of the Godmother" in the convent's chapel. This was blessed by archbishop Sigismund Felix Feliński, and in 1939 crowned by the Polish primate August Cardinal Hlond.  During her 50 years' activity as superior of the congregation, Darowska opened many pre-schools and schools in rural areas. She died on 5 January 1911 in Jazłowiec, aged 83. She left seven convents with 350 sisters.

Approach and meaning.

In 1904, the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote: ""Praise for your wise work and honour to your merit and goodness"". Darowska answered: ""I do not look at the results (praise) of our work. Those results do not belong to us. If they exist, they belong to God, for the good of our beloved and divided country"".

Marcelina Darowska (January 16, 1827 – January 5, 1911), was a Polish nun who was beatified by the then Pope John Paul II at Saint Peter's Square in Rome in the year 1996. She was inspired by the Virgin Mary to co-found the Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, an active religious order in Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine.

Marcelline Darowska (Szulakin, - Jazlowiec, ) est une religieuse polonaise fondatrice des sœurs de l'Immaculée Conception de la Bienheureuse Vierge Marie.


Career highlights.

In his only Grand Slam appearance Niemeyer reached the second round of Wimbledon 2003 by beating World No. 8 Felix Mantilla. He also reached the second round of Wimbledon twice in doubles, in 2005 partnering Glenn Weiner, and again the following year with Tuomas Ketola.  Niemeyer was Canada's top-ranked singles player, according to the ATP, from January 7, 2002, when he surpassed both Sébastien Lareau and Daniel Nestor, until January 6, 2003, from July 7 until July 21, 2003, from October 20, 2003 to June 7, 2004, the week beginning June 21, 2004, from August 2 to August 16, 2004, the week beginning July 25, 2005, and again from October 17, 2005 until January 30, 2006, when he was permanently displaced by Frank Dancevic. During 2003 through 2005 he, Dancevic, and Simon Larose each took turns as the country's top-ranked player.  Niemeyer played college tennis at Middle Tennessee State University. He was named Canada's tennis Player of the Year for 2002. He lost in the finals to Michael Russell at the Rolex National Intercollegiate Indoor Championships. His career high singles ranking is World No. 134, which he reached in March 2004.

1998.

Niemeyer reached the second round in singles as a qualifier at the Cadillac Pro Indoor USTA Challenger (in West Bloomfield) in February. In late June he played both singles (as the No. 4 seed) and doubles at Canada F2 Futures event, reaching the semi-finals in both (in doubles partnering Emin Ağayev). At Granby he lost in the first round in singles, as a Wild Card entry, to World No. 228 Justin Bower, while in doubles he reached the final, partnering compatriot Bobby Kokavec. Niemeyer again received a wild card into main draw of the Canadian Open, losing in his opening match to Italian and World No. 132 Vincenzo Santopadre in straight sets. He also lost his opening match in doubles, again partnering Kokavec.  Niemeyer attempted to qualify for a grand slam tournament in August/September 1998 but lost in the first round of qualifying to No. 3 seed Laurence Tieleman, in three sets. Niemeyer next saw action in late September at the Urbana, Illinois Challenger, losing in the second round in singles and first round in doubles. In October he played for the first time as a pro in Europe, at France F10, losing in the first round in singles, as the No. 3 seed, but reaching the semis in doubles, partnering Valentin Sanon. In early December in Clearwater, Florida, Niemeyer lost in the opening round of U.S.A. F11 in singles and reached the quarters (second round) in doubles, partnering Agaev for a second time.

1999.

Niemeyer started off the year brightly, reaching the semi-finals of U.S.A. F1 as the No. 8 seed in singles, where he lost to then World No. 682 James Blake. He reached the third round of U.S.A. F2 as the No. 9 seed, and then lost in the second round of qualifying for the Laser Vision USTA Challenger in Amarillo, Texas. In February Niemeyer saw his first ever Davis Cup action, losing the deciding rubber in straight sets to Colombian Hadad Mauricio.  In doubles, Niemeyer lost in the second round of both U.S.A. F1 and F2 partnering compatriot Dave Abelson, then again in the same round in Amarillo. In March in Manila, he reached the second round in singles at Philippines F1 as the No. 11 seed, but lost in the first in doubles, partnering Larose, as the No. 3 seeds. Then the following week at Philippines F2 he and Larose reached in the second round. In singles, as the No. 8 seed, he reached the second round.  Niemeyer attempted for the first time to qualify for Wimbledon, losing a three setter to Max Mirnyi, the No. 6 seed. In doubles qualifying, he and partner Yves Allegro lost in the first round. At Canada F3 Niemeyer reached the quarters in singles, as the No. 3 seed, but lost his opening match in doubles (partnering David McNamara). Next at Granby, he reached the second round in singles, losing to World No. 226 Jimy Szymanski in three sets. In doubles he again lost in the first round, partnering Grant Doyle as the No. 3 seeds. Two weeks again, Niemeyer was again with the Davis Cup team in a tie with a strong Bahamas, featuring Mark Knowles and Roger Smith. Niemeyer won his dead rubber handily over unheralded Lavaughan Munroe.  In early August Niemeyer again received a wild card into the main draw of the Canadian Open, and again lost his opening match, this time to World No. 25 Vince Spadea. He again lost in the opening round in doubles, this time partnering Guillaume Raoux. The following week Niemeyer qualified for the main draw of the Frito Lay/USTA Challenger, reaching the second round in both singles and doubles. He next attempted to qualify for the main draw of the Legg Mason Tennis Classic, but lost in the second round (as the No. 14 seed). He also lost in qualifying for the Hamlet Cup, in the first round. Unseeded at qualifying for the U.S. Open, lost to No. 11 seed Michael Kohlmann in the second round.  In late September in singles Niemeyer lost in the first round of the USTA Challenger of Austin. The following week he lost in the first round of qualifying for the USTA Challenger of San Antonio. Three weeks later, Niemeyer won his first doubles title of his career, the U.S.A. F16 in Phoenix, partnering compatriot Jerry Turek. Losing in the first round in singles as the No. 2 seed, he reached the third round the following week in Clearwater at U.S.A. F17, as the top seed. He and Turek lost, however, in doubles qualifying. Two weeks later, Niemeyer lost in the first round of qualifying, as the top seed, for Acura USTA Pro Tennis Classic at Mission Hills. Things turned around however as he won his first singles title, and at the challenger level, the following week at the Urbana Challenger, winning a tight three-set final over compatriot Sébastien Lareau, who then was World No. 107. The following week, coming off his big win, he suffered his worst ever loss in the opening round of the USTA Challenger of Burbank, 0-6, 1-6, to now World No. 177 Szymanski.  On December 13, Niemeyer was ranked by ATP as World No. 230 in singles and No. 377 in doubles.

2000.

Niemeyer qualified for the main draw in singles at the USTA Waikoloa Challenger in late January, losing 4-6, 2-6 to André Sá in the first round. He played Davis Cup the following week and won a dead rubber over Adrián García of Chile. In late February he played both singles and doubles at Challenger DCNS de Cherbourg, losing in the first round in singles and the second in doubles, partnering Ota Fukárek. The following week he lost in qualifying, in the first round as the No. 3 seed, at the Open de Franche-Comté challenger in Besançon. He did likewise the next week too, as the No. 2 seed, at the Sparkessen Magdeburg Open in Magdeburg. In late March he lost in singles in the first round of U.S.A. F7, as the No. 4 seed, but the following week, at U.S.A. F8, reached the second round, as the top seed, while winning doubles, partnering again Doyle. The next week at U.S.A. F9, Niemeyer reached the finals of the singles, as the No. 3 seed, losing to Damián Furmanski 2-6, 7-5, 4-6. In doubles he reached the second round, with Keith Brill.  Niemeyer lost in first round qualifying action in singles for the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships at the beginning of May. He next played the inaugural Fergana Challenger, losing in the second round to eventual champion Vladimir Voltchkov, the No. 7 seed. He lost in the second round too in doubles, partnering Stefano Galvani. The following week Niemeyer reached the second round in singles at the 16th Eisenberg Jerusalem Open, and the lost in the first round in doubles (with Sébastien de Chaunac). Niemeyer attempted to qualify for the French Open for the first time but lost soundly in the first round, to No. 9 seed Gastón Etlis 6-1, 6-3. In June, he bypassed the grass-court season in Europe and played instead at a couple of American challenger events. Playing just singles, he reached the quarters in Tallahassee and lost in the first round at the USTA Tennis Championships of Denver. He did attempt to qualify for Wimbledon but lost in the first round of qualifying to Martin Lee.  In July at Granby, Niemeyer reached the finals in doubles, partnering Turek as an unseeded team, while he lost in the first round in singles as a wild card entrant, to Mark Knowles. Two weeks later in Winnetka, he again lost in singles in the first round, as the No. 8 seed, while reaching the quarters in doubles, again with Jerry Turek. Niemeyer took the opening set off Max Mirnyi but lost for the fourth straight time in the first round of the Canadian Open. He and Turek also bowed out in the opening round in doubles as wild card entrants.  Niemeyer and Turek fared better the following week in Binghamton, reaching the semi-final round after having qualified. In singles, Niemeyer again failed to win a match, this time losing World No. 257 Rodolphe Cadart. Niemeyer again attempted to qualify for the Legg Mason in Washington, D.C. and the Hamlet Cup in on Long Island but lost in the first round on both occasions. He lost in the second round of qualifying for the U.S. Open in singles, to No. 11 seed Takao Suzuki. Dropping down to Futures level for his next tournament in early September, Niemeyer reached the semi-finals, as the No. 2 seed, of France F17. He and partner Rik de Voest won the doubles tournament. The following week at France F18, the unseeded Niemeyer lost his only singles match and reached the second round in doubles, playing alongside Yves Allegro.  In October, Niemeyer played another Challenger event, the St. Francis Health System USTA Challenger, in Tulsa, and again lost his opening round match. In doubles, playing with Cedric Kauffmann, he reached the second round. The following week Niemeyer played U.S.A. F23 in Waco, reaching the semis in both singles and doubles. Two weeks later in Yokohama he again played doubles with Frenchman Kaufmann, and the tandem reached the semi-finals. The following week in Seoul, Niemeyer and Kaufmann reached the quarters. Meanwhile, in singles, Niemeyer lost both times in the Far East in the first round of the main draw. He failed to qualify for the main draw of the Osaka International Tennis Tournament, despite being the No. 2 seed.  Niemeyer finally won a Challenger event singles match when he defeated Glenn Weiner in the first round in Knoxville. He lost to World No. 136 Xavier Malisse in the next round. In doubles, he and Jerry Turek lost their opening match. This concluded a disappointing 2000 for Niemeyer in singles, who saw his ranking drop from World No. 229 on January 10 to World No. 354 on December 18. He had a successful year in doubles however, improving from a ranking of World No. 380 to No. 245 for the same dates, and claiming two titles, one runners-up, and three semi-finals appearances.

2001.

The year began as the previous won had left off. Niemeyer lost in the first round of U.S.A. F2 and F3 to far lesser ranked opponents in singles, but reached the semis of F2 and won F3 partnering his first-ever partner, fellow Quebecer Jocelyn Robichaud. He lost in the second round of qualifying in singles for the Challenger of Dallas, he reached semis in doubles partnering Marcos Ondruska. Taking a week off, Niemeyer played his next three tournaments in Europe challengers. Partnering Cedric Kaufmann in doubles at Challenger 42 in Andrezieux, they lost in first round. The following week however, at Challenger DCNS de Cherbourg, they reached the finals. Niemeyer singles play finally improved. He qualified for both, reaching the second round of the main draw of the first event and the semi-finals at the second. To do so, he defeated three higher-ranked opponents before falling to World No. 192 Clemens Trimmel. At the Residenza Open two weeks later, held in Magdeburg, again getting through the qualifying rounds, Niemeyer reached the second round in singles. He won the doubles, partnering Radek Štěpánek.  In April, Niemeyer again was called upon to play Davis Cup, in America's Zone Group I second round tie away to Argentina. He competed in live rubbers for the first time, losing in straight sets in the tie's second match, to Franco Squillari. He also saw doubles action for the first time, partnering Robichaud. The tandem lost however to Agustín Calleri and Mariano Puerta in straight sets, as well, as Canada went down without winning a set. Immediately following the tie, Niemeyer contested singles at U.S.A. F9, but retired from his first round match. The following week at U.S.A. F10, he reached the second round in both singles (as the No. 4 seed) and doubles. Two weeks later Niemeyer, partnering Doug Root, won doubles at Mexico F3, as the top seed. Losing in the first round in singles as the No. 2 seed, Niemeyer redeemed himself the following week at Mexico F4, again as the No. 2 seed, winning the tournament for his second-ever career singles title. He and Root reached the semis of this tourney.  Niemeyer focussed his attention to his singles from May to July. He reached the quarter-finals of Mexico F5 as the top seed. Three weeks later he played in a main draw at tour level on grass for the first time ever, qualifying to do so at the Surbiton Trophy. He won the first set before losing to Sargis Sargsian. The following week, Niemeyer lost in the first round of qualifying for the Stella Artois Championships. The week after, he reached the third round of qualifying for the Nottingham Open, as the No. 6 seed, falling to No. 3 seeded Arvind Parmar. Niemeyer reached the second round of qualifying for Wimbledon. He and partner Todd Perry reached the second and qualifying round in doubles but lost in straight sets. After a week off, Niemeyer, unseeded, reached the semis in singles at the Granby Challenger. The following week saw Niemeyer be the Canadian Davis Cup hero, as he won the deciding rubber, in four sets, over Miguel Gallardo-Valles of Mexico at the Chapultepec Sports Club, in zonal play-offs tie.  August saw Niemeyer make his fifth straight wild card appearance at the ATP Tour event formerly branded the Canadian Open, and now named Tennis Master's Series Canada. Again, for the second straight year he faced Max Miryni and lost is three sets. In doubles, he and partner Bobby Kokavec lost to the No. 2 seeded team of Donald Johnson and Jared Palmer. Niemeyer continued the same schedule as the previous summer, playing Binghamton, where he and partner Kokavec, unseeded, won the doubles. He lost in the first round in singles. In qualifying for the U.S. Open in singles, Niemeyer lost in the second round to Australian veteran Todd Woodbridge. Next he again went to France, winning the singles title of France F17 in Plaisir, as the No. 4 seed. In doubles, he and partner Andrew Nisker, a fellow Canadian, reached the final as the No. 2 seeds. The following week, as a Special Entry and No. 1 seed, Niemeyer claimed a second singles title, and his fourth on tour, winning France F 18 in Nevers. Taking a week off, he withdrew from his first round qualifying match as the No. 4 seed at the IPP Open. Niemeyer's final action for 2001 came in doubles at Switzerland F3, where with partner Yves Allegro, as top seeds, he reached semi-finals.  On December 17, Niemeyer's singles ATP ranking stood at No. 239 and his doubles ranking, No. 227.

2002.

Niemeyer began the year with a bang, winning his second ever singles title at a challenger event, the Nossa Caixa Aberto de São Paulo. Unseeded, he defeated No. 7 seed Martín Vassallo Argüello in the final in two tie-breaks. He also won the doubles title, as the top seeds, partnering Brandon Coupe. Again not attempting to qualify for the Australian Open, Niemeyer next competed at the USTA challenger in Dallas, reaching the second round in singles, going out in three close sets to top seed Cecil Mamiit, and won the doubles, partnering Giorgio Galimberti. The following week in Davis Cup, Canada defeated Mexico in Waterloo, Ontario on carpet, as Niemeyer took the opening singles rubber as well as the doubles match, partnering Daniel Nestor for the first time. Two weeks later, as the tournament No. 4 seed, Niemeyer lost in the first round of the LTA Hull Challenger in England. He and partner Gilles Elseneer won the doubles, giving Niemeyer 3 titles in 3 tournaments for the year. Niemeyer next made his usual stops in France and Germany. In Cherbourg, Niemeyer played only singles and lost in the opening round. The week after in Magdeburg, he reached the second round in singles and doubles (with Galimberti). The following week at France F6, as the No. 4 seed, Niemeyer lost in the first round in singles and did not compete in doubles.  Taking a few weeks off, Niemeyer was again a big part of a big Davis Cup story for Canada. He won the opening singles over World No. 14 Fernando González of Chile as Canada swept the fancied South Americans, in Calgary on carpet, to qualify for World Group qualifying round. Niemeyer next saw action two weeks later at the Eddleman USTA Challenger in Birmingham, Alabama. Played on clay, he lost in the first round of both the singles and doubles (partnering Jack Waite). The following week, also on clay at the ARMS USTA Challenger, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, Niemeyer again lost in the first round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles, playing alongside Cecil Mamiit. Losing in the first round of qualifying for the singles main draw at the French Open, Niemeyer played Sporting Challenger - Turin, in Turin, reaching the second round. The following week, he was forced to retire from his second round qualifying match at the Surbiton Trophy. Recovering, Niemeyer reached the qualifying round of the Gerry Weber Open, as the No. 8 seed, losing in three sets to No. 2 seed Radek Štěpánek. He lost handily in the first round of qualifying for singles at Wimbledon, however, as well as in the second round in doubles qualification, partnering Belgian Elseneer. In the same week, he retired from his first round match of the Open Internacional de Tennis Andbanc in Andorra, and lost there in the second round of doubles, partnering again Brandon Coupe.  Niemeyer returned to North America to play Granby for the sixth consecutive time, matching his singles result of the previous year, losing in the semis to World No. 219 and eventual champion Peter Luczak. As the top seeds in doubles, partnering Denis Golovanov, Niemeyer reached the semi-finals. He lost in the first round the following week at the USTA Seascape Challenger in Aptos in both singles and doubles (again with Golovanov). For the fifth straight year Niemeyer received a wild card into the main draw of the Tennis Masters Series event in Canada, and again failed to get out of the first round, this time losing to No. 3 seed Tommy Haas. Partnering fellow Quebecer Simon Larose, he reached the second round in doubles. Not playing Binghamton this year, Niemeyer lost in the first round of the GHI Bronx Classic in both singles and doubles the following week. Two weeks later he lost in the first round of qualifying in singles at the U.S. Open.  In late September, Niemeyer next saw action, for the last time in 2002, reaching the second round in singles and semi-finals in doubles (partnering Coupe) at the Tulsa Auto Group USTA Challenger in Tulsa. His singles ranking on December 16 stood at World No. 262 in singles and No. 153 in doubles.

2003.

"to be written"

2004.

"to be written"

2005.

"to be written"

2006.

"to be written"

2007.

"to be written"

2008.

Niemeyer narrowly missed out in participating in the singles main draw at Wimbledon for the second time in 2008, losing in four sets in the final round of qualifying to Izak van der Merwe after having defeated two higher ranked players, Harel Levy and Lukáš Dlouhý.  Niemeyer reached the second round of the Rimouski Challenger in early November, his first action since playing two challenger events in Colombia in September. He then lost in the final qualifying round of the Champaign, Illinois challenger.

2009.

In March, in a disappointing Davis Cup tie, where Canada lost to Ecuador 2-3, despite being up 2-1, Niemeyer lost both his single rubbers and won the doubles.  Niemeyer has been named to the Canadian team for the upcoming Davis Cup tie against Peru. Not surprisingly, he and Nestor won their doubles rubber. Niemeyer was forced into singles action when Peter Polansky became ill, but lost in four sets to Luis Horna. Canada won the tie, however, 3-2.  Niemeyer defeated Samuel Groth in the first round singles qualifying for the Indianapolis Tennis Championships, an ATP 250 event, by a score of 6-4, 4-6, 7-6(9). He lost in the next round however, to No. 3 seed Go Soeda, 6-7(4), 5-7. The following week Niemeyer was a wild card entrant of the main draw at the Granby Challenger. He reached the quarter-finals by first hammering No. 8 seed Alexandre Kudryavtsev 6-0, 6-1 and then eliminating Michael Yani 6-3, 6-4. In his final match he was defeated by No.4 seed Kevin Anderson, 4-6, 0-6.  Niemeyer received a wild card entry into the main singles draw of the Rogers Cup. In the first round he surprisingly defeated Igor Kunitsyn 7-5 6-1, a win worth 45 ATP ranking points. He next lost to World No. 1 Roger Federer 6-7, 4-6 in the second round, in a surprisingly closely contested match. His result in Montreal has seen Niemeyer climb 102 ranking places to rest at World No. 385. He did not compete in qualifying for the U.S. Open.  Niemeyer announced in November his playing retirement as well as his intention to coach up and coming Canadian player Milos Raonic.

Davis Cup.

In 16 Davis Cup ties for Canada, Niemeyer has a win – loss record of 20–10, including an impressive 11–2 record in doubles (9–1 partnering Daniel Nestor). In singles his best win came in 2002 when he defeated then World No. 14 Fernando González in a tie against Chile.

Olympic tennis.

Niemeyer competed in both singles and doubles at the 2004 Athens Olympics, reaching the second round in doubles partnering Daniel Nestor. He did the same for the 2008 Olympics, participating in the singles tournament as a late replacement. Despite winning the opening set 6–3, he retired from his first round match versus Guillermo Cañas with a slight shoulder injury, largely as a precaution, so as not to jeopardize through injury his and Nestor's participation in doubles. The Canadian tandem could not duplicate their result of four years previous, losing in the opening round.

Personal.

Niemeyer's mother is Acadian.

Frédéric Niemeyer (born April 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired, veteran minor tour and Davis Cup tennis player who now is a Tennis Canada coach. Born in Campbellton, New Brunswick, Niemeyer hails from Deauville, Sherbrooke, Quebec. He became Canada's top ranked singles player according to the ATP rankings on January 7, 2002, retaining the position for one year solid, and most recently was thus ranked on January 23, 2006.

Frédéric Niemeyer, né le à Campbellton au Nouveau-Brunswick, est un ancien joueur de tennis professionnel canadien. Membre de l'équipe du Canada de Coupe Davis de 1999 à 2009, il a été sélectionné à 20 reprises et a joué une rencontre dans le groupe mondial en 2004. Il possède notamment le bilan record pour une paire canadienne de 12 victoires pour une seule défaite en double avec Daniel Nestor.


Applications.

Nonwoven fabrics are broadly defined as sheet or web structures bonded together by entangling fiber or filaments (and by perforating films) mechanically, thermally or chemically. They are flat or tufted porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibres, molten plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibres to yarn. Typically, a certain percentage of recycled fabrics and oil-based materials are used in nonwoven fabrics. The percentage of recycled fabrics varies based upon the strength of material needed for the specific use. In addition, some nonwoven fabrics can be recycled after use, given the proper treatment and facilities. For this reason, some consider non-woven a more ecological fabric for certain applications, especially in fields and industries where disposable or single use products are important, such as hospitals, schools, nursing homes and luxury accommodations.  Nonwoven fabrics are engineered fabrics that may be single-use, have a limited life, or be very durable. Nonwoven fabrics provide specific functions such as absorbency, liquid repellence, resilience, stretch, softness, strength, flame retardancy, washability, cushioning, thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, filtration, use as a bacterial barrier and sterility. These properties are often combined to create fabrics suited for specific jobs, while achieving a good balance between product use-life and cost. They can mimic the appearance, texture and strength of a woven fabric and can be as bulky as the thickest paddings. In combination with other materials they provide a spectrum of products with diverse properties, and are used alone or as components of apparel, home furnishings, health care, engineering, industrial and consumer goods.  Non-woven materials are used in numerous applications, including:

Geotextiles.

Nonwoven geotextile containers (sand bags) are used for  They are more robust in handling as compared to their woven counterparts, and therefore were often preferred in large-scale erosion protection projects such as those at Amrumbank West; Narrow Neck, Queensland; Kliffende house on Sylt island, and the Eider Barrage. In the last case, only 10 bags out of 48,000 were damaged despite a high installation rate of 700 bags per day.

Manufacturing processes.

Nonwovens are typically manufactured by putting small fibers together in the form of a sheet or web (similar to paper on a paper machine), and then binding them either mechanically (as in the case of felt, by interlocking them with serrated needles such that the inter-fiber friction results in a stronger fabric), with an adhesive, or thermally (by applying binder (in the form of powder, paste, or polymer melt) and melting the binder onto the web by increasing temperature).

Staple nonwovens.

Staple nonwovens are made in 4 steps. Fibers are first spun, cut to a few centimeters length, and put into bales. The staple fibers are then blended, "opened" in a multistep process, dispersed on a conveyor belt, and spread in a uniform web by a wetlaid, airlaid, or carding/crosslapping process. Wetlaid operations typically use long fibers, but sometimes longer if the fiber is stiff or thick. Airlaid processing generally uses fibers. Carding operations typically use ~1.5" (3.8 cm) long fibers. Rayon used to be a common fiber in nonwovens, now greatly replaced by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene. Fiberglass is wetlaid into mats for use in roofing and shingles. Synthetic fiber blends are wetlaid along with cellulose for single-use fabrics. Staple nonwovens are bonded either thermally or by using resin. Bonding can be throughout the web by resin saturation or overall thermal bonding or in a distinct pattern via resin printing or thermal spot bonding. Conforming with staple fibers usually refers to a combination with melt blowing, often used in high-end textile insulations.

Melt-blown.

Melt-blown nonwovens are produced by extruding melted polymer fibers through a spin net or die consisting of up to 40 holes per inch to form long thin fibers which are stretched and cooled by passing hot air over the fibers as they fall from the die. The resultant web is collected into rolls and subsequently converted to finished products. The extremely fine fibers (typically polypropylene) differ from other extrusions, particularly spun bond, in that they have low intrinsic strength but much smaller size offering key properties. Often melt blown is added to spun bond to form SM or SMS webs, which are strong and offer the intrinsic benefits of fine fibers such as fine filtration, low pressure drop as used in face masks or filters and physical benefits such as acoustic insulation as used in dishwashers. One of the largest users of SM and SMS materials is the disposable diaper and feminine care industry.

Spunlaid nonwovens.

Spunlaid, also called spunbond, nonwovens are made in one continuous process. Fibers are spun and then directly dispersed into a web by deflectors or can be directed with air streams. This technique leads to faster belt speeds, and cheaper costs. Several variants of this concept are available, such as the REICOFIL machinery. PP spunbonds run faster and at lower temperatures than PET spunbonds, mostly due to the difference in melting points  Spunbond has been combined with melt-blown nonwovens, conforming them into a layered product called SMS (spun-melt-spun). Melt-blown nonwovens have extremely fine fiber diameters but are not strong fabrics. SMS fabrics, made completely from PP are water-repellent and fine enough to serve as disposable fabrics. Melt-blown is often used as filter media, being able to capture very fine particles. Spunlaid is bonded by either resin or thermally. Regarding the bonding of Spunlaid, Rieter has launched a new generation of nonwovens called Spunjet. In fact, Spunjet is the bonding of the Spunlaid filaments thanks to the hydroentanglement.

Flashspun.

Flashspun fabrics are created by spraying a dissolved resin into a chamber, where the solvent evaporates.

Air-laid paper.

Air-laid paper is a textile-like material categorized as a nonwoven fabric made from wood pulp. Unlike the normal papermaking process, air-laid paper does not use water as the carrying medium for the fiber. Fibers are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air.

Other.

Nonwovens can also start with films and fibrillate, serrate or vacuum-form them with patterned holes. Fiberglass nonwovens are of two basic types. Wet laid mat or "glass tissue" use wet-chopped, heavy denier fibers in the 6 to 20 micrometre diameter range. Flame attenuated mats or "batts" use discontinuous fine denier fibers in the 0.1 to 6 range. The latter is similar, though run at much higher temperatures, to melt-blown thermoplastic nonwovens. Wet laid mat is almost always wet resin bonded with a curtain coater, while batts are usually spray bonded with wet or dry resin. An unusual process produces polyethylene fibrils in a Freon-like fluid, forming them into a paper-like product and then calendering them to create Tyvek.

Bonding.

Both staple and spunlaid nonwovens would have no mechanical resistance in and of themselves, without the bonding step. Several methods can be used:

Disposability.

The industry has attempted to define "flushability". They encourage voluntary testing of flushability by producers. They also encourage clear marking of non-flushable products as "No Flush" (rather than fine print on the bottom of products) including creating a "No Flush" logo.  The wastewater industry is encouraging a standard definition (rather than one which varies with each producer) of flushability, including dispersibility, and third-party assessment or verification, such as by NSF International. They believe that products should be both safe for both septic "and" sewer systems (flushable and dispersible, respectively). Orange County Sanitation District has created a campaign, "What 2 Flush", which recommends flushing only the "three P’s—pee, poop and [toilet] paper".

Nonwoven fabric is a fabric-like material made from staple fibre (short) and long fibres (continuous long), bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. The term is used in the textile manufacturing industry to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted. Some non-woven materials lack sufficient strength unless densified or reinforced by a backing. In recent years, non-wovens have become an alternative to polyurethane foam.

Un textile non tissé ("non-tissé") est un textile dont les fibres sont aléatoirement disposées au moment de sa fabrication. Ces textiles sont souvent classés selon leur domaine d'application ou selon leurs caractéristiques techniques. Sa forme la plus ancienne semble être le feutre.


Host selection.

Six nations, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Peru and Switzerland, initially declared their interest in hosting the 2011 Women's World Cup. The German Football Association announced its hopes to host the tournament on 26 January 2006, following a pledge from German Chancellor Angela Merkel to fully support a potential bid. All six nations officially announced their interest by a 1 March 2007 deadline and acknowledged their intention of bidding by 3 May 2007 to FIFA.  The final bidding dossiers had to be handed over before 1 August 2007. Switzerland withdrew on 29 May 2007, stating that Europe is heavily focused on France and Germany, and a third European bid appeared futile. On 27 August 2007, France also withdrew, reportedly in exchange for Germany's support for their bid to host the men's UEFA Euro 2016. Later Australia (12 October 2007) and Peru (17 October 2007) voluntarily dropped out of the race as well, leaving only Canada and Germany as the remaining candidates. On 30 October 2007, the FIFA Executive Committee voted to assign the tournament to Germany. Canada was eventually awarded the 2015 Women's World Cup four years later.  Upon the selection, Germany became the third country to host both men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the men's twice in 1974 and 2006.

Venues.

After the German Football Association (DFB) expressed its intention to bid for the Women's World Cup, 23 German cities applied to host World Cup games. Twelve cities were chosen for the official bidding dossier handed over to FIFA in August 2007. On 30 September 2008, the DFB executive committee decided to use nine stadiums for the tournament; the original candidates Essen, Magdeburg and Bielefeld were not chosen as World Cup venues.  The official opening game was held between Germany and Canada at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, the venue of the 2006 men's World Cup Final; it was the only match played in Berlin. However, it was not the first match of the tournament—it was preceded by a match at Rhein-Neckar-Arena in Sinsheim pitting France and Nigeria. The final of the tournament took place at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt, the venue of the 2005 men's Confederations Cup final. Borussia-Park in Mönchengladbach and Frankfurt's Commerzbank-Arena hosted the semi-finals. The third place play-off was held at Rhein-Neckar-Arena.  Since 2007, five of the stadiums were either newly built (Augsburg, Dresden and Sinsheim) or remodelled (Bochum and Leverkusen). Six stadiums would be home grounds for German First Bundesliga clubs in the upcoming 2011–12 season, while the other three would be home to Second Bundesliga clubs in the same season. Compared to the 2006 men's World Cup, several smaller venues were chosen; six stadiums have a capacity of 20,000 to 30,000 seats. All cities would stage a total of four matches, with the exceptions of Berlin and Mönchengladbach; the latter would host three games. The total capacity of the nine venues is roughly 330,000. Overall, approximately one million tickets would be available.  Several of the stadiums were officially referred to simply as "FIFA Women's World Cup Stadium" because FIFA prohibited sponsorship of stadiums unless the stadium sponsors were also official tournament sponsors. With no standing-room terraces allowed, all stadiums had a lower total capacity compared to German Bundesliga games. Capacity data is given according to FIFA:

Teams and qualification.

Number of participating teams.

FIFA had considered the prospect of increasing the number of teams from 16 to 24, to reflect the growing global popularity of women's football and the Women's World Cup. However, on 14 March 2008, the FIFA Executive Committee decided to keep the number of participants at 16, concerned that more teams would dilute the quality of play. The idea of having 20 teams taking part, which had been discussed briefly, was ruled impossible to implement in terms of fixture planning and logistics. During the 2007 Women's World Cup, FIFA president Sepp Blatter had campaigned for the idea to increase the number of teams, although this proposal was not unquestioned. In particular the 11–0 victory of Germany over Argentina in the opening game of the 2007 tournament had caused a debate over whether there were 24 national teams on a comparable level.

Confederation allocation.

In October 2008, the FIFA Executive Committee announced a change to the allocation of the qualifying berths for its continental confederations. Asia was granted 3 automatic berths instead of 2.5 for the finals (although in 2007 the host nation was an additional qualifier from Asia). Europe's allocation was reduced from 5 to 4.5 (although it effectively increased to 5.5 because of the automatic qualification of the host nation). The North/Central American and Caribbean confederation (CONCACAF) retained their 2.5 qualifiers, Africa and South America 2 each, and Oceania 1. The 16th qualifying spot was determined through a play-off between the third-placed team in CONCACAF and the winner of repechage play-offs in Europe.  FIFA also ruled that each confederation has to ensure that at least one third of its member associations enter their women's national teams for World Cup qualification, otherwise FIFA would re-examine the current slot allocation. In Africa and the Middle East a considerable percentage of teams had withdrawn from World Cup qualification in the past.  For European teams, the 2011 Women's World Cup was also used as a qualification tournament for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Besides Team Great Britain, Europe had two additional qualifiers for the Summer Olympics. With Germany losing their quarter-final, France, which had already reached the semi-finals, secured qualification to the Olympics. Sweden followed as UEFA's second team with its win against Australia.

Qualified teams.

Qualification for the tournament took place between April 2009 and November 2010. As the host nation, Germany were granted automatic qualification, while the remaining national teams qualified through their continental confederations. Most confederations used their continental championship tournaments – the AFC Women's Asian Cup, CAF Women's Championship, OFC Women's Championship, Sudamericano Femenino and CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup – to determine qualification. The exception to this was UEFA, which used its own qualifying tournament. One qualification spot was determined by a play-off between a UEFA and CONCACAF team.  Colombia and Equatorial Guinea made their debuts in the FIFA Women's World Cup. Brazil, Germany, Japan, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden and the United States maintained their streak of qualifying for all six tournaments so far, while China PR failed to qualify for the first time ever. This is Mexico's first appearance since 1999 and France's first appearance since 2003.

Organization.

Local organising committee.

The tournament is supervised by the "Women's World Cup 2011 Organising Committee Germany". President of the Organising Committee (OC) is former German international Steffi Jones; she started her work on 1 January 2008. German president Christian Wulff was named the patron of the tournament.  The Organising Committee is chaired by Jones and supervised by the board of the German Football Federation (DFB). On 25 January 2009, Jones opened the committee offices and named her OC team. It is led by managing director Uli Wolter, who headed the Leipzig branch during the 2006 men's World Cup. Aside from Wolter, four department heads were named. Heike Ulrich is responsible for the tournament organisation, former German international Doris Fitschen heads the marketing department, Winfried Naß leads the department "Cities and Stadiums", and Jens Grittner, who served as the press officer for the 2006 Organising Committee, heads the communications department.  Intended to advertise the tournament primarily in Germany, the Organising Committee named four national Women's World Cup ambassadors: former German internationals Britta Carlson, Renate Lingor, and Sandra Minnert, as well as shooting Paralympics gold medallist Manuela Schmermund. In October 2009, former U.S. international Mia Hamm was presented as the World Cup's international ambassador. Each host city except for Berlin also named two city ambassadors. They include footballers Matthias Sammer, Karl-Heinz Riedle and Rainer Bonhof, fencer Britta Heidemann or biathlete Magdalena Neuner.

Emblem and mascot.

The official World Cup emblem, called Arena Deutschland, was presented by Steffi Jones and Franz Beckenbauer in the break between the women's and the men's game of the German Cup final on 19 April 2008. It shows a stylised stadium with stripes in the national colours of Germany, black, red and gold, and a pictogram of the Women's World Cup trophy in the upper right corner. It was designed by the Stuttgart advertising agency WVP.  The tournament mascot, cat "Karla Kick", was presented during the opening game of the 2010 Under-20 Women's World Cup on 13 July 2010. The mascot was developed by the Frankfurt agency GMR Marketing. According to Jones, the mascot represents "important attributes of women's football: passion, fun and dynamics".

Tickets.

Approximately one million tickets were available in total, with 900,000 on general sale. 350,000 tickets were offered at discount prices, mainly intended for families, clubs and schools, one of the key target groups of the Organising Committee. As of 22 June 2011, 700,000 tickets have been sold.  The World Cup tickets were offered in several sales phases. During the first sales period from 29 October 2009 to 31 August 2010, only so-called city series tickets were offered. Each city series includes tickets for all games of that particular host city. The prices ranged from €30 to €415. In the second sales period from 17 February to 31 August 2010, so-called 20Eleven tickets were sold to groups of at least 11 people, offered at a 20 percent discount and directed primarily at schools and clubs. Single tickets for all matches were first sold starting 15 September 2010. The prices of individual tickets range from €10 to €200. On 18 March 2011, 100 days before the opening game, the last sales phase started, with all remaining tickets being sold in the order in which orders are received.  Unlike tickets at the 2006 men's World Cup in Germany, the tickets for the Women's World Cup were not personalised. The same city series ticket can be used by different people for different games.

Budget and sponsors.

The tournament's budget has been set at €51 million. The German Football Association plans to cover these costs in almost equal parts from ticket sales and from sponsors, primarily from six so-called National Supporters. In order for the tournament to break even, the DFB has said about 80% of the tickets need to be sold, which would translate to an average attendance of 25,000. The DFB estimates to earn roughly €27 million through the general ticket sale.  From 2008 to 2010, the six National Supporters were presented: the tele-communications company Deutsche Telekom, the bank Commerzbank, the insurer Allianz, the retailer Rewe, the national mail company Deutsche Post and the national railway company Deutsche Bahn. Aside from Deutsche Bahn, the sponsors are identical with those of the 2010 U-20 Women's World Cup.

Media coverage.

The television coverage of the tournament was unprecedented. For the first time, all matches were produced in high definition, with in-goal cameras and two steadicams being used for all matches. For selected matches, the broadcast production comprised up to 18 cameras, including a spidercam and a helicopter camera.  In Germany the public broadcasters ARD and ZDF showed all 32 tournament games live. Across Europe, all games were available on Eurosport in 34 countries and territories. In the United States, ESPN and ESPN2 served as the official English-language broadcaster, while Univision carried coverage in Spanish. In Canada, CBC Television and Sportsnet broadcast the tournament; the event was the first in a sub-licensing partnership for FIFA tournaments between the two networks. In the United Kingdom, the games of the English national team were shown live by BBC Red Button and the BBC Sport website. The final was shown live on BBC Three. SBS held the broadcasting rights for Australia, while Al Jazeera broadcast matches in the Middle East and North Africa.  The tournament was the first women's event to be the subject of a Panini sticker album, available only in Germany.  The final match between Japan and the United States broke the record for most tweets per second on Twitter – 7,196.

Match officials.

FIFA's Referees' Committee selected 16 referees to officiate at the World Cup: three from the AFC, one from the CAF, two from CONMEBOL, three from CONCACAF, one from the OFC and six from UEFA. In addition 32 assistant referees and three fourth officials were selected. The oldest referee is 42-year-old Swede Jenny Palmquist, while the youngest referee is 29-year-old Finau Vulvuli of Fiji.

Squads.

As with the 2007 tournament, each team's squad for the 2011 Women's World Cup consisted of 21 players, two less than men's World Cup squads. Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21-player squad no later than 10 working days before the start of the tournament. Replacement of seriously injured players was permitted until 24 hours before the team in question's first World Cup game.

Doping cases.

On 25 June 2011 the A sample of Yineth Varón, goalkeeper of Colombia, tested positive to an as yet unknown substance. She was provisionally suspended by the FIFA until the B sample result was known. On 25 August 2011, it was confirmed that she had received a two-year ban.  On 7 July 2011, FIFA announced that two players from North Korea, Song Jong-Sun and Jong Pok-Sim, were provisionally suspended prior to their team's match against Colombia after failing doping tests during the tournament. On 16 July, FIFA announced that three additional players (Hong Myong-Hui, Ho Un-Byol and Ri Un-Hyang) from North Korea tested positive following target testing of the whole team. On 25 August 2011, the Korean team was fined 400,000, which is equal to the prize it received by finishing 13th in the 2011 tournament, and was excluded from participation at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Final draw.

The Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 28 November 2010. Four teams from different geographic regions – Germany, Japan, United States, Brazil – were seeded based on their FIFA Women's World Rankings. No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group, with the exception of Group A, which would include two European teams.  The group draw was staged in Frankfurt, Germany, on 29 November 2010 at the Congress Centrum. The ceremony was presented by Organising Committee president Steffi Jones, assisted by FIFA Head of Women's Competitions Tatjana Haenni. The balls were drawn by former German international Günter Netzer and Slovak model and women's football ambassador Adriana Karembeu.

Group stage.

The first round, or group stage, sees the sixteen teams divided into four groups of four teams. Each group is a round-robin of six games, where each team plays one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams finishing first and second in each group qualifies for the quarter-finals.  The match schedule for the tournament was released on 20 March 2009, with the hosts placed in position A1. Unlike previous Women's World Cup final tournaments, there were no double-headers, but matches on the same day were held in different venues. According to the Organising Committee, this "signals the increased quality and status of the women's finals".

Tiebreakers.

Teams are ranked on the following criteria:

Knockout stage.

The knockout stage comprises the eight teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. There are three rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds are the quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. There is also a play-off to decide third and fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes is followed by thirty minutes of extra time; if scores are still level, there is a penalty shootout to determine who progresses to the next round.

Statistics.

Awards.

The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. The Golden Ball (best overall player), Golden Boot (top scorer) and Golden Glove (best goalkeeper) awards were sponsored by Adidas, while the Best Young Player award was sponsored by Hyundai Motor Company. FIFA.com shortlisted ten goals for users to vote on as the Goal of the Tournament, which was sponsored by Sony.

The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup competition, the world championship for women's national association football teams. It was held from 26 June to 17 July 2011 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in October 2007. Japan won the final against the United States on a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw after extra time and became the first Asian team to win a senior FIFA World Cup.

La Coupe du monde féminine de football 2011 est la sixième édition de la Coupe du monde féminine de football et s’est déroulée du 26 juin au en Allemagne. Il s’agit de la deuxième phase finale de Coupe du monde se disputant sur le continent européen. Le pays organisateur a été choisi en octobre 2007 par la Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA).


Playing career.

Waddell was selected 111th overall, in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft. He was selected as the 3rd choice of the Los Angeles Kings on June 15, 1978. He played in the NHL for only one game with the Kings during the 1980–81 season, against the New York Rangers on January 28, 1981.  His playing career consisted mostly of minor and college hockey. He played 4 seasons at Northern Michigan University. He was one of the final cuts for the 1980 U.S. men's hockey team after he broke his leg in a pre-tournament game. He won the International Hockey League's Governor's Trophy in 1982 for best defenseman during the regular season.

Coaching career.

After his tenure as a player, he moved to coaching for the 1987–88 season with the IHL Flint Spirits as a player-coach. For the next two seasons, he moved behind the bench permanently. Waddell moved on to the IHL San Diego Gulls for the 1991–92 season. Waddell took over as interim coach of the Atlanta Thrashers during the 2002–03 season with a record of 4–5–1–0 as coach before Bob Hartley was named to the permanent job.  After a disappointing start (0–6–0) to the 2007–08 Atlanta Thrashers season, Waddell was named interim head coach of the team following the dismissal of Bob Hartley. For several months, he was able to lead the team on a turn around, but the Thrashers ultimately played poorly down the stretch and missed the playoffs.

Management career.

Early career.

Waddell's first front office experience came with the International Hockey League's Flint Spirits during the 1988–89 season when he served in the dual role of head coach and general manager. He moved into Flint's front office exclusively for the 1989–90 season before joining the IHL's San Diego Gulls. He was vice president and general manager for the Gulls from 1990 to 1995 before accepting the same role with the IHL's Orlando Solar Bears. While in Orlando, Waddell was also vice president of RDV Sports and served on the organization's executive committee which oversaw the NBA's Orlando Magic, the Solar Bears and RDV Sports' retail and aviation interests.

Detroit Red Wings.

After leaving Orlando, Waddell served as assistant general manager of the Detroit Red Wings in the 1997–98 season, capturing the Stanley Cup.

Atlanta Thrashers.

On June 23, 1998, just one week after the Red Wings swept the Washington Capitals in the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals, Waddell was named the first general manager of the Atlanta Thrashers. He served as general manager of the Thrashers until the conclusion of the 2009–10 season when he was promoted to team president, and Rick Dudley succeeded him as general manager. During his tenure as general manager of the Thrashers, the team recorded a 308–401–45–66 record and made their lone playoff appearance after winning the NHL's Southeast Division in 2006–07. Waddell also served as executive vice president and co-chair of the executive committee for the Thrashers' parent company, Atlanta Spirit.  Following True North's purchase of the Thrashers, Waddell announced he would not be moving with the team from Atlanta to Winnipeg.

Pittsburgh Penguins.

On January 21, 2012, the Pittsburgh Penguins announced their hiring of Waddell as a professional scout.

Carolina Hurricanes.

Waddell was named President of Gale Force Sports & Entertainment, the parent company of the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, on July 1, 2014. On May 8, 2018, Waddell was named president and general manager of the Hurricanes.

Donald Douglas Waddell (born August 19, 1958) is American professional ice hockey executive and former player. He is the president and general manager of the Carolina Hurricanes.

Donald Waddell (né le 19 août 1958 à Détroit dans le Michigan aux États-Unis) est un joueur professionnel de hockey sur glace. Il est aujourd'hui le président et le directeur général des Hurricanes de la Caroline de la Ligue nationale de hockey