Early life.

Palmer was born at Footscray Hospital in Footscray, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria on 26 March 1954, and spent his early years in the nearby suburb of Williamstown. His family moved to Queensland in 1963 and Palmer was largely raised on the Gold Coast, where he attended Aquinas College and Southport State High School, although he also attended Toowoomba Grammar School for a short time. Palmer's father, George, was a travel agent, and the family travelled the world extensively. George Palmer was also the proprietor of the Akron Tyre Co and the Akron Broadcasting Co and, thus, the founder of Melbourne broadcasting station 3AK (now operating as SEN 1116).  Palmer studied law, journalism and politics at the University of Queensland from 1973 to 1975, but did not finish the course. He later completed a Diploma of Law through the Queensland Bar Board, and worked as a clerk and interviewing officer for the Public Defender's Office.

Business career.

Real estate.

During the early to mid-1980s Palmer was a real estate agent. He did well from the property boom on the Gold Coast, and "retired" at the age of 29.

Mineralogy.

In 1985 and 1986 Palmer founded three companies which undertook mining exploration in Western Australia. These included Mineralogy, a company which in 2006 had of iron ore reserves in the Pilbara Ranges, in remote northern Western Australia. In 2008, Palmer bought Waratah Coal. Palmer transferred Mineralogy to New Zealand in December 2018, and moved it again to Singapore in January 2019.  Mineralogy has been involved in a long-running dispute with CITIC over a royalty payment. Mineralogy and CITIC entered into an agreement in 2006 to develop some of the iron ore reserves Palmer owns. In November 2017, Justice Kenneth Martin of the Supreme Court of Western Australia awarded Mineralogy nearly $200 million. Palmer said the decision was "a win for Australian law over Chinese Communist government powerhouses". As of May 2019, CITIC was suing Palmer and he had counter-sued them for $5 billion.

Queensland Nickel.

In 2009, he bought Queensland Nickel and the Palmer Nickel and Cobalt Refinery after BHP was going to close the refinery. In the first year after purchasing the refinery, Palmer gifted staff 50 Mercedes Benz cars and thousands of overseas holidays after the refinery turned a huge profit. On 18 January 2016, Queensland Nickel entered voluntary administration. Palmer declined to pay the entitlements of workers who lost their jobs when Queensland Nickel closed, stating that "I have no personal responsibility, I retired from business over three years ago". He also blamed the administrators for sacking the workforce. This forced the Federal Government to cover the workers' entitlements.  In April 2019 Palmer announced that he intended to re-open the Queensland Nickel refinery and pay the $7.16 million still owed to workers following the 2019 federal election.  The Special Purpose Liquidator of Queensland Nickel stated that Palmer's offer was inadequate as it did not cover the money owed to small businesses and was unclear whether he would repay the Federal Government. The Liquidator was seeking $200 million from Palmer, other individuals and related entities, with a trial to take place from July 2019. The Australian Government was also seeking to recover $70 million from Palmer personally to meet the costs of the payments it made to Queensland Nickel workers through the same trial. Palmer stated in April 2019 that the administrators should repay the government as they were responsible for sacking the refinery's workers, and not him. "The Canberra Times" reported that 218 workers were made redundant shortly before the operation was placed into voluntary administration.  In August 2019 Palmer reached a settlement two weeks into a trial in the Queensland Supreme Court. The settlement included repaying the Commonwealth what it had paid under the Fair Entitlements Guarantee (FEG), all other employee entitlements and most unsecured creditors.  Palmer maintained his position that the scheme should never have been triggered by the liquidators in the first place and under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, the Special Purpose Liquidator withdrew all claims the SPL made against Palmer and all of the defendants associated with him. All parties paid their own costs in the court matter. Palmer personally appeared in court and represented himself.

Palmer Coolum Resort: Dinosaur Park.

Palmer purchased the Coolum Hyatt Resort in 2011. He later announced plans to build a park featuring animatronic dinosaurs there. Palmer ordered more than 160 animatronic dinosaurs, which included an initial shipment of a tall, long "T. rex", nicknamed "Jeff". Palmer received full council approval for the park on 25 July 2013, and it was expected to open to the public in 2014. On 14 December 2013, the dinosaur park, now called "Palmersaurus", was opened to the public. Palmer's installation of dinosaurs along the side of the resort's golf course led the Australian PGA Championship to be relocated from it.  The Palmer Coolum Resort was mothballed in 2015 due to low occupancy rates, with 600 people losing their jobs over the period after Palmer purchased the complex. In 2017, the ABC reported that "once regarded as one of south-east Queensland's most prestigious resorts, the site is a shadow of its former self and has been the centre of a legal battle between retirees who own villa shares and Clive Palmer". In 2018 the Australian Securities and Investments Commission charged Palmer with violations of the Corporation Act in relation to an attempt to take over timeshare villas at the resort in 2012. Palmer has stated that the charges are an attempt to stop him standing for election.

Football.

Palmer purchased the Gold Coast United football club in 2008. In October 2009, he made a decision to cap attendances of Gold Coast United home games at Skilled Park stadium to 5,000, in a bid to save money by avoiding transport subsidies on crowds over 5,000. After a widespread backlash and only 2,616 fans attending the next home game, and the intervention of Football Federation Australia (FFA), the idea was scrapped.  On 29 February 2012, Ben Buckley and Frank Lowy announced that Palmer's licence for Gold Coast United FC was to be revoked for constant breaches of FFA rules and regulations and sought to pay out the contracts of the players for the remaining month of the season. Lowy stated that he acted in order to protect the integrity of the sport. However, Palmer stipulated that he would contest the decisions through legal action and claimed Lowy was a dictator. Despite a ruling ordering the removal of "Freedom of Speech" logos on team shirts, Palmer indicated they would remain. On 2 March 2012, Palmer lost his Supreme Court bid against Gold Coast United's expulsion from the A-League.  In 2012, after the FFA revoked his Gold Coast United A-League licence, Palmer founded Football Australia a competing organisation for the sport of football in Australia.

Litigation.

Palmer has frequently been involved in legal cases relating to his businesses, and once listed litigation as one of his hobbies in Who's Who. He at times has been involved in complex cases, and journalist Hedley Thomas has written that Palmer's "lawyers take legal steps, presumably on his instructions, that prolong litigation and rack up costs for the other side" which can result in his opponents being unable to continue their case due to a lack of resources. Palmer has argued that the litigation he is involved in is justified as it rights wrongs.  In August 2019 Palmer reached a settlement in the Queensland Nickel case, understood to total $110m, agreeing to repay the federal government for the entitlements it has already paid, “all other outstanding employee entitlements, and a full recovery for the majority of unsecured creditors”. A small number of debt claims against Palmer's flagship company, Mineralogy, remain in dispute and before the courts. Palmer claimed that the settlement of the debts had left him “vindicated”. “Today’s settlement confirms the actions against me were nothing more than a witch-hunt designed to smear my good reputation”, Palmer said.  In September 2019, Palmer threatened to sue internet comedian Jordan Shanks for $500,000 for defamation relating to a YouTube video posted before the May 2019 election. The video created by Shanks called Palmer a "dense Humpty Dumpty" and a profane nickname that included "Fatty". Shanks responded that he had not defamed Palmer and being required to prove his claims in court would not help Palmer.  In February 2020, it was revealed that Palmer was to appear in Brisbane Magistrates Court on 20 March 2020 to answer four charges, brought by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), reportedly "for dishonestly gaining an advantage and dishonestly using his position as the director of a corporation". It was not revealed which business activities the charges relate to, although they were said to concern events in 2013. Palmer denied that the charges relate to the collapse of Queensland Nickel, commenting: "It's just a fabricated charge which will be dismissed pretty easily which is what we do with ASIC charges which are political in nature."

Other activities.

In June 2002, Palmer was appointed adjunct professor of business at Deakin University's Faculty of Business and Law, a role he held until 2006. During that time, he delivered a series of lectures as part of Deakin's MBA residential programs. In 2008, Palmer was appointed adjunct professor of management at Bond University on the Gold Coast.  In December 2012, Palmer was appointed joint secretary general of the World Leadership Alliance, a new democracy-promoting council that included former US president Bill Clinton and Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Palmer was named president of the alliance's business chapter, the World Economic Council.  In December 2012, on Christmas Day, Palmer hosted a buffet lunch for 650 disadvantaged people, mostly children and their families.  In July 2013, Palmer was referred to in an iPhone application making light of then Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, by having sandwiches thrown at her. News Corp Australia publications were critical of the app, calling it sexist, whilst referencing his weight in an opinion poll with an option saying "We should have one for big Clive Palmer".  On 4 March 2012, Palmer was named, amid controversy, as a National Living Treasure by the New South Wales Branch of the National Trust of Australia.  In 2015, Palmer donated a house, car and food to victims of a house fire in Beenleigh that saw their son tragically lose his life.  In 2017, Palmer lost a lot of weight. This was accompanied by a renewed dedication to posting regular memes on his official Facebook page. The memes often have nonsensical or ironic undertones, and contain reoccurring themes – such as Rupert Murdoch's control of the media in Australia, contrasting himself with other political figures such as Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, or paying homage to Tim Tam packets and his pet "Grog Dog". Palmer was once required to provide an affidavit explaining a tweet sent out during a hearing on 1 December 2017.  In March 2020, as the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic was spreading in Australia, Palmer placed a prominent media advertisement offering to personally fund one million doses of a "cure" for the disease. The medication would include hydroxychloroquine, which is established in other countries as an anti-malarial drug but is known to have serious side-effects. The Australian drugs regulator, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), had warned that this drug and its derivatives “pose well-known serious risks to patients including cardiac toxicity potentially leading to sudden heart attacks, irreversible eye damage and severe depletion of blood sugar potentially leading to coma”. The TGA stated that it was considering legal action against Palmer. Other experts also criticised Palmer, concerning safety as well as the ethics of potentially producing a shortage of the drug in countries where it is needed to combat malaria. However, it was later confirmed that the federal health department plans to import hydroxychloroquine for emergency use, with a written agreement for partial funding by Palmer. On 28 April, Palmer placed further prominent advertisements in News Corp media, claiming to have purchased 32.9 million doses of hydroxychloroquine. The TGA stated that no action would be taken with respect to either set of advertisements, since they were "assessed as not intended to promote the sale of the product”. However, the President of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Dr Harry Nespolon, warned that trials of fhe drug were still ongoing and were "not looking particularly promising”. He was also concerned that "people may think that a cure is imminent and be lulled into a false sense of security so that they don’t exercise social distancing responsibilities”.

"Titanic II".

In February 2013, at a press conference in New York, Palmer announced plans to build a modern-day replica of the liner. It was planned that "Titanic II" would be built in China and would make its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City in 2016 (later postponed to 2018). Palmer hoped to recreate the "Titanic" as closely as possible with its familiar external and internal appearances. According to Palmer, the "Titanic II" would be 883 feet long, weigh 55,800 gross tons and carry 2,435 passengers and 900 crew. Palmer said the "Titanic II" would honour the memories of those who died and survived on the "Titanic". The "Titanic" was operated by the White Star Line and Palmer's cruise company is named Blue Star Line.  During the first half of 2015, evidence accumulated strongly suggesting that the project had been abandoned. The Blue Star Line trademark was listed as "abandoned". No construction had been ordered in the Chinese shipyard identified as the likely building site with the workers highly skeptical that the project would ever move beyond the proposal stage. In May 2016 it was reported by the administrators for an insolvent Palmer company, Queensland Nickel, that no significant money had been spent on the development of "Titanic II" in over two years. On 27 September 2018 the Blue Star Line, in a press release on their official web site, announced that work on the project would recommence but there has been no confirmation of this since. Prior to this media release the web site had not been updated since May 2014.

Politics.

Palmer was instrumental in the split of the South Australian conservatives in the 1970s, and was active in the Liberal Movement headed by former Premier of South Australia, Steele Hall. Palmer joined the Queensland division of the Nationals in 1974, having been influenced by the policies of Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Premier of Queensland at the time. From the early 1980s, he was involved in state politics, serving as the National Party's campaign director during the 1983 state election and as media spokesman during its 1986 election campaign, both of which were successful.  Palmer was a backer of the aborted "Joh for Canberra" campaign, which attempted to get Queensland Premier Bjelke-Petersen elected as Prime Minister of Australia at the 1987 federal election. Palmer was elected to life membership of the party in 1992, which he retained after the state branches of the Nationals and Liberal Party merged to form the Liberal National Party of Queensland in 2008.  In late April 2012, Palmer announced that he would contest Liberal National Party preselection for the Division of Lilley at the 2013 federal election, held by Wayne Swan, the then Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer. However, in July that year, he announced his intention to seek preselection for a different seat, including possibly the Division of Kennedy, held by Bob Katter of Katter's Australian Party (formerly sitting as a National and an independent).  Several months after announcing his intent to seek preselection, Palmer resigned his life membership of the Liberal National Party. His membership of the party had been suspended on 9 November 2012, following his comments on the actions of state government ministers. He was re-instated to the party on 22 November, but resigned the same day.  In March 2012, Palmer accused Drew Hutton and Greenpeace of receiving funding from the CIA, due to Hutton's involvement in the preparation of a Greenpeace strategy titled "Stopping the Australian Coal Export Boom". His claims were dismissed by Greenpeace senior campaigner John Hepburn as "ludicrous", and he said that Greenpeace would not accept money from any government, corporation or secret service. His claims were also rejected by the CIA.  On 25 April 2013, Palmer announced a "reformation" of the United Australia Party, which had been folded into the present-day Liberal Party in 1945, to stand candidates in the 2013 federal election, and had applied for its registration in Queensland. Another representative of a former South Australian political party, The United Party, lodged a formal objection to the registration of the name "Palmer United Party" with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). The AEC further determined that the names "Uniting Australia Party" and "Palmer United Party" were distinct and the name "Palmer United Party" was not prohibited.

Member of Parliament.

Palmer ran as the candidate in the Sunshine Coast seat of Fairfax for his party in the 2013 Australian federal election. In the first count he won by only 7 votes over Liberal National Party (LNP) candidate Ted O'Brien, triggering an automatic recount. While he had won only 26.5 percent of the primary vote, Palmer overtook O'Brien on Labor and Green preferences. During the recount, he filed many challenges to votes cast for O'Brien, and made unsupported claims that the Australian Electoral Commission was tainted by corruption. Ultimately, he was confirmed as winner with 50.3% of the vote – a margin of 53 votes.  His party was also successful in the Senate in 2013, where three of his party members were elected and won a shared balance of power. The senators were elected in Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania.But soon the party fell into disarray. The Tasmanian Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the Palmer United Party on 24 November 2014 announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent. Lambie's resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with Palmer. The Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus also quit the party on 13 March 2015 citing issues with Palmer.  In his maiden speech to federal parliament, Palmer implied that the government was "deaf to the everyday struggles of all Australians" and stated that "the entrenchment of the two-party system in this country not only threatens democracy but destroys the creativity of the nation."  Palmer was absent from Parliament more than any other MP in the 44th Parliament; he only attended 64 percent of sitting days in 2014 and 54 percent in 2015. He was rarely seen in his own electorate, preferring to reside at his Gold Coast residence. At one point, he went seven months without setting foot in Fairfax. His LNP opponent in 2013, O'Brien, claimed that many residents had come to him for help after not being able to get help from Palmer, to the point that many of them considered him their MP.  In May 2016, Palmer announced he would not seek reelection to his seat of Fairfax or run for the Senate and retire from politics. This all but assured that Fairfax would revert to the LNP; like most Sunshine Coast seats, it would have been a comfortably safe LNP seat in a traditional two-party matchup. As expected, O'Brien reclaimed the seat for the LNP resoundingly.  Palmer deregistered the party's state branches in September 2016, initially intending to keep it active at the federal level. However, in April 2017, he announced that the party would be wound up.  In February 2018, Palmer announced his intention to resurrect his party and return to federal politics. The party was revived that June under its original name, the United Australia Party. Even while using the name Palmer United, the party continued to brand itself as a revival of the original UAP; then as now, it reckoned the original UAP's three leaders – Joseph Lyons, Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes – as its former leaders. Former One Nation senator Brian Burston joined the United Australia Party in June 2018.  In April 2019, Palmer stated that he would stand for the Senate in Queensland in the 2019 Australian federal election. Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election. He and his party did not win any seats in the election.

Personal life.

Palmer lives in a gated mansion on Sovereign Islands, an exclusive community on the Gold Coast. News Limited reports that property records reveal "Mr Palmer, his family and associates own a total of 11 homes in the Sovereign Islands, a gated enclave developed on reclaimed land on the banks of the Southport Broadwater." Palmer also owns homes at Broadbeach Waters on the Gold Coast, Fig Tree Pocket in Brisbane and in Sofia in Bulgaria. Other holdings include properties in Brisbane, Jandowae on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Port Douglas in Queensland and Bora Bora, French Polynesia. In addition, his wife owns an undisclosed number of properties held in trust. He was reported to have spent more than during 2018–19 on luxury homes on the Gold Coast and in Brisbane and Perth.  Palmer was married to his first wife for 22 years. He has two adult children: a son, Michael and a daughter, Emily. His first wife, Susan Palmer, died from cancer in 2006. In 2007, he married Anna, and they have two daughters, Mary and Lucy. Palmer is a Roman Catholic and was a prominent member of Right to Life Australia while at university, organising pro-life rallies on campus.  While watching a soccer game in October 2009, Palmer was thought to have suffered a heart attack, and was taken to hospital. However, doctors dismissed it as merely a heart palpitation. Palmer has also suffered from sleep apnoea.

Wealth rankings.

Up until 2013, the 'Forbes" list included Australia's 40 richest people; it then expanded to 50 people.

Clive Frederick Palmer (born 26 March 1954) is an Australian businessman and politician. He has iron ore, nickel and coal holdings. In 2016, the "BRW" magazine "Rich 200" list estimated his wealth at 600 million and by 2019 his estimated wealth had increased to A$4.09 billion.

Clive Frederick Palmer, né le, est un homme d'affaires et homme politique australien. Il a été membre de la Chambre des représentants de 2013 à 2016.


Early life and career.

Judah was born at Snow Hill on the Eastern Shore of Maryland to Henry Raymond Judah and Mary Jane (Reece) Judah. His father, a native of Connecticut, was serving as a parish minister in an Episcopal church. One of his brothers, Theodore Judah, later was chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad and was instrumental in constructing the first transcontinental railroad. Another brother became a prominent attorney.  Judah received an appointment to the United States Military Academy, graduating 35th of 39 students in the Class of 1843. He was a classmate of Ulysses S. Grant. Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment, he served on the frontier. He served with distinction during the Mexican–American War and was promoted to first lieutenant on September 26, 1847. He was commended for bravery during the storming of Monterrey, and again at the Battle of Molino del Rey and the Battle for Mexico City.  He was promoted to captain in the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment and served in a variety of posts in the Pacific Northwest in the Washington Territory before being assigned to duty in California. His Company E was stationed at Fort Jones in Siskiyou County, where he joined the Freemasons, becoming a member of the North Star Lodge No. 91.  In 1854, Judah participated in an expedition against local Native Americans, but was too inebriated to lead his company in an attack on a group of Indians who were hiding in a cave. Instead, he stayed with the pack train and straggled far behind the column. The commissary officer, Lt. George Crook (a future Civil War general) later wrote, "It seemed that the rear guard had gotten some whiskey, and were all drunk, and scattered for at least 10 miles back. Judah was so drunk that be had to be lifted from his horse when the rear guard straggled into camp. The next day he was sick all day with the delirium tremens." Crook and other officers discussed pressing charges against Judah, but the matter was dropped when Judah promised to arrange a transfer to a new post. He then served in Placerville, California, in El Dorado County. However, Judah's reputation for bouts with alcohol would carry over into the Civil War.

Civil War.

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Judah was colonel of the 4th California Volunteers at Fort Yuma, a post on the Colorado River opposite the Arizona Territory. He commanded troops at Camp McClellan near Auburn, California, until November, when he resigned his command and returned to the East. He served in the defenses of Washington, D.C. for several months. He was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on March 22, 1862 (confirmed March 24, 1862), to rank from March 21, 1862, and served as Grant's inspector general during the Battle of Shiloh. Given field command of a division under Henry W. Halleck, Judah participated in the siege of Corinth. He received a promotion in the Regular Army in June 1862 to Major (United States) of the 4th Infantry. By autumn, he was performing administrative duties in Cincinnati, Ohio before being ordered in October to join the Army of Kentucky under Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger at Covington, Kentucky. Judah returned to a staff position during the winter of 1862–63, when he served as acting inspector general of the Army of the Ohio.  In June 1863, Judah was assigned to command the 3rd Division of the XXIII Corps, stationed in Cincinnati, Ohio. During Morgan's Raid, Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ordered Judah to pursue the Confederate raider John Hunt Morgan. Judah's Indiana and Illinois cavalry under Edward H. Hobson defeated Morgan at the Battle of Buffington Island, but failed to capture the general (who finally surrendered to other Federal troops on July 26). Judah was criticized for missing an opportunity earlier in the week to snare Morgan near Pomeroy, Ohio, where his slowness in flanking Morgan allowed the Confederates to escape. He then led his command back to Tennessee to rejoin the army of William S. Rosecrans.  In 1864, Judah led an infantry division under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield during the Atlanta Campaign. Having been previously disciplined for poor performance and alcoholism by Schofield, Judah was given one last chance to redeem himself at the Battle of Resaca. In his haste to seize victory, he did not properly reconnoiter the battlefield terrain beforehand or use his artillery in the fight. It would be his last field command, as Schofield soon removed him from duty.  Judah was placed on routine administrative duty in the Department of the Cumberland until the end of the war, stationed in Marietta, Georgia. He was appointed a brevet lieutenant colonel and colonel in the Regular Army on March 13, 1865. On May 12, he received the surrender of Brig. Gen. William T. Wofford's estimated 3,000 to 4,000 Confederate soldiers. Since no crops had been grown here on the battlefields in 1864 and, as the surrender had paralyzed the local economy and government, the citizens and former soldiers lacked food, funds and employment. Judah, seeing that aid was needed to prevent suffering, issued corn and bacon to the needy until a crop could be harvested. The rations helped put the Georgians and their economy back on a sound basis, and served as a humanitarian gesture.  After the war, Judah mustered out of the volunteer army on August 24, 1865 and reverted to his Regular Army rank of major. He served on garrison duty in Plattsburgh, New York, where he died a year later. He was entombed at Kings Highway Cemetery in Westport, Connecticut.

Henry Moses Judah (June 12, 1821 – February 14, 1866) was a career officer in the United States Army, serving during the Mexican–American War and American Civil War. He is most remembered for his role in helping thwart Morgan's Raid in 1863 and for leading a disastrous attack during the Battle of Resaca.

Henry Moses Judah ( à Oswego, État de New York et décédé le ) fut un brigadier-général de l'Union de l'armée de l'Union durant la Guerre de Sécession.


History.

As evidenced by several neolithic sites and known archeological sites, Paleo-Indians have been in southern Arizona from a long time ago. It was the home to a large Sobaipuri, Pueblo near Fairbank which had several smaller pueblos and settlements throughout the valley, a Spanish Fort, Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate between modern Huachuca City, Whetstone and Tombstone, on the Western bank of the San Pedro River. along with sparse Spanish settlers supporting the route to Tucson's Mission San Xavier del Bac and "Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón".  Like most of Cochise County it was part of the Gadsden Purchase. At the end of the Apache Wars, with the protection of Fort Huachuca and the completion of the Southern Pacific and El Paso & Southwestern railroads, the San Pedro Valley began to be populated by American Settlers.  The first business that opened just outside the east gate of Fort Huachuca was a saloon and house of ill repute owned by John and Ellen Reilly opened in 1892. In 1911, Margaret Carmichael bought the Reilly homestead and business. By 1913, Margaret Carmichael had leased the business back to the Reillys. Also in 1913, a group of dry land farmers settled in the local area and named their settlement Buena. Buena was located east of Garden Canyon, between Lewis Springs and Fort Huachuca East of the junction of present-day Hwy 90 and Hwy 92. At this site was a post office and a school house that served children in Buena, Garden Canyon and outreaches of the local area. Oliver Fry and his two oldest sons traveled from Texas on the railroad and settled on just east of Fort Huachuca in January, 1913.  By 1917, the Overton Post Office was established. This name came from the Overton Mercantile and Investment Company, who took option on the Carmichael property with plans to develop a townsite outside of Fort Huachuca. However, it is believed that the company was unable to persuade anyone to move to the area so when the option expired, the Carmichael's took back the property with a general mercantile store and the post office.  In 1918, the Carmichaels changed the name of the store and named it after the Garden Canyon Sawmill. They also called their Post Office where Carmichael was the postmaster Garden Canyon. In addition, the Carmichael's built a home across the street from Garden Canyon store, as well as 18 rock houses, on Garden Avenue. From 1927 to 1938, the Frys rented the Carmichael store and ran the post office. The Frys established their own General Store and the first official federally recognized Post office established in 1938 as Fry Post office, so the name of this settlement changed to Fry. By World War II, Fry's reputation was less than salubrious. According to the "Employment of Negro Troops" (CMH), "Because it was surrounded by a desert with no nearby communities and because it was located in a part of the country with practically no Negro population, Fort Huachuca, since the days when it was a frontier post garrisoned with Negro soldiers of the old regiments, had considered Fry a quasi-necessary adjunct... In Fry lived women... As the post commander described it in 1942: The small town of Fry is dirty, unsanitary and squalid. It has been so for many years. It was made worse in these respects during the construction of the cantonment..." (p. 282)  When the base was reactivated on February 1, 1954 the base commander Brigadier General Emil Lenzner, pushed for incorporation as both a way to solve the on base housing problems as well as to distance themselves from reputation of "The White City" and Fry Town Settlement, hoping to encourage people to want to live off base in a more family friendly community, away from undesirables like the minorities allowed to live unsegregated in Fry Town. Petitions for incorporation began to be filed in 1955 and were legally accepted in 1956 which included what had been Garden Canyon and Buena but pointedly did not include most of Fry Town as a way in part to keep a Federal Housing Authority (FHA) housing project contacts for housing off post away from the Fry Town area was used as an excuse to incorporate and begin getting a share of tax revenues without having to pay the Fry family for the parts of Fry Town considered desirable and wholesome.  In 1955, the first attempt to incorporate and rename the area was rejected, as Fry opposed both incorporating and renaming the town that bore his family name. In 1956, the ballot issue failed 76 to 61. People who owned land outside of Fry's property in the area of Garden Canyon/Overton and Buena, as well as parts of Fry went forward with incorporation and renaming by petition on May 26, 1956, excluding the half-square-mile owned by Fry that included the local red light district called "the White City" as well as off base housing of the African-American "Buffalo" soldier officers families, and other minorities and groups they considered undesirable in the 1950s. They were described as the "Fry People."  Sierra Vista was incorporated in 1956, and has a population of over 43,000 today. The city is the economic and commercial center of Cochise County, and northern Sonora, Mexico. Sierra Vista annexed Fort Huachuca, a U.S. military base, one of the largest employers in Arizona, and the adjacent community, in 1971.  The proposed city council held a radio contest asking for names of the proposed town. Marie Pfister the city clerk asked her friend Nola Walker to store the suggestions. When the town was approved, they called Nola for the contest winner, but without counting the votes she told them her personal entry of "Sierra Vista" was the winner. On July 13, 2006 at a special ceremony during the city's 50th anniversary, Nola was granted "clemency" for her misrepresentation of the vote.  In 1961 the town grew large enough to have the name changed to a city allowing establishment of a community college. In 1973 Ethel Berger became the first female mayor in Arizona. In the 1970s the Art in the Park Festival was established by a committee of Army Wives, with it proceeds benefiting the Huachuca Arts Association, and college scholarships.  Sierra Vista was the site of the first McDonald's drive thru, which opened in 1975. The owner, Dave Rich, drove the innovative approach to gain the business of the soldiers from nearby Fort Huachuca. At that time, soldiers were not allowed to wear their military fatigues off of the military base.  Known historical names for the area:

Geography.

Sierra Vista is located in southwestern Cochise County at (31.545498, −110.276500). It is bordered on the northwest by the much smaller town of Huachuca City.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. It is located above sea level. Sierra Vista is flanked on the southwest side by the Huachuca Mountains, with Miller Peak rising to and Carr Peak to, both south of the city limits. The city is accessible via Arizona State Routes 90 and 92. The San Pedro River flows just east of the city limits.

Climate.

In the Köppen climate classification system, Sierra Vista falls within the typical cold semi-arid climate ("BSk") of mid-altitude Arizona. Fall and spring, like most other parts of Arizona, are very dry. Winters are cool to cold with frosts which can occasionally be hard freezes; frost can be expected to stop in mid- to late April. Spring, like fall, spends about half of itself within the frost season. Summer starts off dry, but progressively gets wetter as the monsoon season approaches. The city has a fairly stable climate with very little humidity. However, the North American Monsoon can bring torrential rains during the months of July and August and will produce almost half the yearly rainfall in just those two months alone. Due to the dry climate the rest of the year and the city's high elevation, daily winter low temperatures range from on average and up to on rare occasions when moist fronts bring warm air from the Gulf of California. Snow is not a common sight on the streets of Sierra Vista though some years the city can receive several inches of snow and other years it will receive none. However, a snow-capped Miller Peak and Carr Peak in the Huachuca Mountains is a common sight for four to five months every year.
The highest recorded temperature was in 1989.
The lowest recorded temperature was in 2011.
The maximum average rainfall occurs in August.

Parks and outdoors.

Nicknamed the "Hummingbird Capital of the United States", the city sees bird watchers from all over the world flock to the nearby Ramsey Canyon Preserve and other local canyons to observe and photograph hundreds of different bird species. Located within the Huachuca Mountains, Ramsey Canyon is one of the prime locations to see hummingbirds in the U.S. An ecological crossroads between desert and tropics, the mountains that rise from the arid surroundings of this part of southeastern Arizona trap rainfall and create island-like biodiverse areas. Among numerous other plants and animals, the Ramsey Canyon wildlife reserve is home to 15 species of hummingbird. Most notable are the beryline and violet-crowned hummingbirds, which breed in Central America but only migrate as far north as the southwestern United States. Other outdoor sightseeing and recreational opportunities that are nearby include the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area, the Coronado National Memorial in the Huachuca Mountains, and Parker Canyon Lake. Excellent views of the clear night sky have led Sierra Vista to become the chosen center of amateur astronomy in Arizona, with more than a dozen well equipped amateur observatories in the area and a large observatory at the University of Arizona College of Applied Science & Technology within the city limits.

Parks.

The city of Sierra Vista maintains 17 different parks with Veterans Memorial Park being the largest measuring around 40 acres. Veterans Memorial Park consists of an Aquatic center called The Cove, benches, bike racks, children's playgrounds, drinking fountains, flag pole, horseshoe pits, grass play area, Ramadas, restrooms, skate & bike court, softball fields, teen & youth center, and volleyball courts. Veterans Memorial Park holds the largest events festivals in Sierra Vista to include the yearly Easter Eggstravaganza, Festival of the Southwest, Oktoberfest, Art in the Park, Cars in the Park, and a weekly Farmers Market. The other parks within Sierra Vista include Len Roberts Park, Hubert Tompkins Park, Garden Canyon Linear Park, Chaparral Village Park, Ciaramitaro Park, Bella Vista Park, Country Club Park, Nancy Hakes Park, Purple Heart Park, Soldier's Creek Park, Summit Park, Timothy Lane Park, A.V. Anderson Park, Bolin Airfield, James R. Landwehr Plaza, and Cyr Center Park.

The Cove.

The Sierra Vista Aquatic Center, aka "The Cove," is a facility that contains of pool water surface, which equates to over of water. The Aquatic Center boasts a 0' depth, or "beach", entry, eight 25-yard lap lanes for lap and competitive swimming, and a wave machine with several wave patterns for Open Swim. The Cove has a submersible bulkhead which makes the switch from wave pool to competitive pool possible. The Cove also has a warm water therapy pool, children's lagoon with slide, two 1 meter diving boards and one 3 meter diving board, and two enclosed water tube slides to include a water tube slide.

Demographics.

Sierra Vista is the largest of seven incorporated cities in Cochise County, accounting for one-third of the county's population. The population at the 2010 census was 43,888, up from 37,775 at the 2000 census, for a growth rate of 16.2% over the decade. Sierra Vista is the 21st largest incorporated place in Arizona as of the 2010 census.  Also indicated in the CER 2009 Economic Outlook publication, the Arizona DEC estimates the Sierra Vista Area population is approximately 75,000, which includes outlying areas of the Sierra Vista Southeast Census Designated Place, Huachuca City, Tombstone, Whetstone, Hereford and unincorporated surrounding areas. The population of the Sierra Vista Area is estimated to reach nearly 100,000 by 2028. According to the 2000 Census figures, the Sierra Vista population consists of 14,196 households, and 9,993 families residing in the city. The population density was 246.1 people per square mile (95.0/km). There were 15,685 housing units at an average density of 102.2 per square mile (39.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 73.34% White, 10.89% Black or African American, 3.57% Asian, 0.83% Native American and 0.46% Pacific Islander. 6.05% of the population is from other races, and 4.86% from two or more races. 15.8% of the population is Hispanic or Latino.  There were 14,196 households out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 25.8% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $38,427, and the median income for a family was $44,077. Males had a median income of $30,053 versus $23,805 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,436. About 8.0% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.  As of the 2000 Census, of the population (37,775) 25 years and older 91.5 percent had at least a high school diploma or equivalent and an estimated 25.7 percent held a bachelor's degree or higher. The CER indicates that there has been an increasing trend for residents to attain a bachelor's degree or higher making the local area competitive in today's technological working environment. The estimated population of resident's educated at a post-secondary level (some college credit or more) in Sierra Vista is estimated to be higher than county, state, and national averages.

Government.

The City of Sierra Vista is a council-manager municipality. The city council sets public policy while a professional city manager implements policy and oversees the day-to-day operation of the city.  Fort Huachuca, a U.S. Army post, an active and historical military installation and a communications and information technology hub, was annexed into the city in 1971. In addition, the city has been actively working to annex Cochise County enclaves within city limits as outlined in the City Council's strategic plan "Our Future Vistas".

Economy.

Sierra Vista is the commercial center for Cochise County and parts of northern Mexico. Retailers such as Lowe's, Home Depot, Walmart, Target, Dillard's, and Marshalls are located in the community, along with three major supermarkets and dozens of smaller specialty shops. The Mall at Sierra Vista is a mall located in Sierra Vista.  Sierra Vista has a substantial employment base due to Fort Huachuca — the community's major employer and primary driving economic force. Because of contracts with the Army, the professional, scientific and technical services sector is unusually large, but nearly half of all jobs in Sierra Vista are in the government sector.  Wick Communications, which publishes several dozen newspapers in some twelve states, is headquartered in Sierra Vista.

Education.

The Sierra Vista Unified School District includes one high school, Buena High School, one middle school, and six elementary schools. There are also several charter and private education opportunities. Higher education is available through the University of Arizona College of Applied Science & Technology and Cochise Community College.  There is a public library located within the city limits across from city hall.

University of Arizona, College of Applied Science & Technology.

The College of Applied Science and Technology in Sierra Vista offers master's degrees, Bachelor's degrees, and Certifications that are regionally relevant for both Southern Arizona and the United States Army Intelligence Center of Excellence (USAICoE) and the United States Army Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM) at Fort Huachuca.

Culture.

Sierra Vista has a variety of cultural and family-oriented activities throughout the year. Some of the major events include the Cochise Cowboy Poetry and Music Gathering in February, the Festival of the Southwest in the spring, Independence Day celebration, the Southwest Wings Festival in August for bird watching enthusiasts, and Arizona's longest-running holiday parade in December. During the winter months, the Sierra Vista Symphony Orchestra presents three concerts of classical and popular music, including pre-concert seminars, and puts on special fund raising events. Throughout the year, the Art Discovery Series presents plays, concerts, and musicals, and in the summer, there are regular band concerts at Veterans' Park, as well as many activities at the Sierra Vista Public Library such as a film series, lectures, readings, and other programs for children and adults. Pictographs created by Native Americans can be found in certain areas of the Huachuca Mountains.  The Gray Hawk Nature Center offering nature education programs and housing live reptile and invertebrate exhibits is located nearby on the San Pedro River.

Media.

Sierra Vista is served by the "Sierra Vista Herald" since 1955.  In 2016 a Social Network Based News Agency was started called Sierra Vista News Network or SVNN. The Facebook page and other Networks SVNN operates include political coverage, Live Streamed High School Sports, and on demand Live News Coverage.  Television station KWBA-TV, channel 58, is licensed to Sierra Vista and serves the Tucson/Sierra Vista market. The station has broadcast since 1996 and is an affiliate of The CW network. The station's transmission tower is located in the Santa Rita Mountains between Sierra Vista and Tucson. Other area television stations include KFTU-DT, channel 36, the Spanish-language UniMás affiliate, licensed to Douglas with a broadcast tower in the Mule Mountains near Sierra Vista; and community station K33CG, channel 33, a former TBN affiliate.  Radio station KZMK (K-101) serves as a Top 40 hits FM radio station covering Sierra Vista and most of Cochise County. The station provides live broadcasts for significant events occurring in and around the city. Sister radio station KTAN (1420 AM) broadcasts a News Talk Information format. Both stations are owned by CCR-Sierra Vista IV, LLC., which also owns nearby Bisbee, Arizona radio station KWCD (92.3 FM), which broadcasts a Country music format.  Radio station KWRB (formerly "The Spark") serves as a Christian FM radio station covering Bisbee and most of Cochise County, on the 90.9 MHz frequency. They also have an alternative station that serves Willcox, which repeats the station using the callsign K274CB, on 102.7 MHz frequency. Both radio stations are owned by WORLD RADIO NETWORK, INC..

Sports teams and events.

The Cochise County Cavaliers have combined with the Bisbee Ironmen, both former members of the Arizona Football League (AzFL), to form the Cochise County Ironmen. The Ironmen began their first season of play in 2011.

Healthcare.

Canyon Vista Medical Center (CVMC) and the Raymond W. Bliss Army Health Center (located on nearby Fort Huachuca) serve the community's health care needs. Medical personnel of all major specialties are available in the area. Canyon Vista Medical Center was recently completed adjoining an existing Ambulatory Surgery and Imaging Center on SR 90. A management agreement for long term operations of the Hospital was signed with RegionalCare Hospital Partners. The US Department of Veterans Affairs opened a clinic in Sierra Vista to better serve the area's large retired military population.

Regional health concerns.

Residents and health professionals became concerned after observing an elevated number of leukemia and related childhood cancer cases being reported in Sierra Vista since 1995. In 2001, with seven reported cases since 1995, the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) determined the number of cases was statistically elevated over the expected norm. In response, the ADHS launched an environmental review of air, drinking water and soil in the Sierra Vista area to determine if environmental exposure had placed residents at greater risk of childhood leukemia or other cancers. By October 2002, the ADHS in conjunction with the Arizona Cancer Registry, determined that, "No common environmental exposure from drinking water, ambient air or waste sites were identified that might have placed residents of the Sierra Vista area at greater risk of developing leukemia." No further action was recommended at that time.  In 2003, three more cases of leukemia were reported. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) was hesitant to investigate in depth, initially leaving the matter to state health departments, but became involved after the ADHS requested their assistance in the spring of 2003. The CDC concluded two formal studies, in 2004 and 2006, with mixed results. They did not discover any environmental causes for the increased incidence of leukemia, but they did note that they only tested four children with leukemia. They cautioned that with such a small number of study participants, "any attempt to measure associations between environmental exposure and disease would be inherently suspect and not statistically appropriate." Biological samples were tested for 128 chemicals, with results showing average or below average levels for all chemicals except tungsten, styrene and PCB-52, which were above average.  There were no more reported cases in the several years following the CDC reports, bringing the occurrence statistics back in line with national averages. However, with a total of thirteen children diagnosed and another five potentially linked cases being investigated since 1995, some people still have concerns.

Transportation.

Sierra Vista is supported by a public mass transit system called Vista Transit, operated by the city. Huachuca City Transit operates between Huachuca City and Sierra Vista. Cochise Connection runs between Douglas, Bisbee, and Sierra Vista. Greyhound Lines offers service from Sierra Vista to Tucson and Phoenix.  There are two highways (SR 90 and SR 92) connecting Sierra Vista with neighboring communities. The city is also served by the Sierra Vista Municipal Airport (FHU) which is jointly operated by the U.S. Army as Libby Army Airfield. Currently there are no commercial flights arriving to or departing from FHU.

Sister cities.

Sierra Vista established its Sister Cities program in 1989 with Resolution 2282 in order to promote a relationship with Cananea. Sierra Vista was later twinned with Radebeul on May 22, 1998 by Resolution 3956. Sierra Vista and Radebeul currently have a foreign exchange program with each other.

Sierra Vista is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census the population of the city was 43,888. The city is part of the Sierra Vista-Douglas Metropolitan Area, with a 2010 population of 131,346. Fort Huachuca, a U.S. Army post, is located in the northwest part of the city.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Cochise, dans l’Arizona. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement.


Gameplay.

The game is a top-down 2D (with a partially 3D mode) construction and management simulation where the player takes control of building and running a prison. The player's role is of both architect and governor with sandbox micromanagement themes, where he is responsible for managing various aspects of their prison including building facilities (such as prison cells), planning and connecting utilities (such as toilets and water pumps), hiring and assigning staff (such as guards). The player needs to recruit specific staff to unlock some aspects of the game (e.g. data regarding the various needs of prisoners is not accessible without a psychologist and information about the prison's finances is unavailable without an accountant). The player is also responsible for the finances of their prison, and for meeting the needs of their prisoners (e.g. sleep, food, sanitation, education). The player is also able to implement various reform and prison labour programmes that reduce the specific prisoner's recidivism rate (such as a carpentry apprenticeship). The player tells the prisoners what to do indirectly by setting their schedule. The game takes inspiration from "Theme Hospital", "Dungeon Keeper", and "Dwarf Fortress". The player can also allow additional conditions to be applied to their game (such as simulated temperature, gang activities and more extreme weather conditions) to increase the difficulty of the game and to simulate a prison in conditions nearer to reality. A player's prison is graded by an in-game report according to various factors, such as recidivism rate of prisoners that have left the prison, overall happiness, violence levels within the prison, et cetera.  Prisoners are also ranked according to five different classes in the base game: Minimum, Medium, Maximum, Supermax Security prisoners as well as Death Row prisoners; each different class corresponds to a different temperament and length of sentence (e.g. Minimum Security prisoners are generally in the prison for the short-term and generally mild-mannered; whereas Maximum Security prisoners are held in the prison in the long-term and are more prone to violence). Death Row prisoners arrive with a 'clemency' gauge, expressed as a percentage. This percentage can be lowered with successive failed Death Row Appeal sessions; below a certain percentage, the prisoner can be executed without legal backlash to the facility regardless of the innocence of the prisoner. Should the Death Row prisoner pass an appeal, he may be released from the prison or transferred into the general prison population.  Players may also opt to build a female prison, which necessitates the construction of nursing and childcare facilities for female inmates that are pregnant or are accompanying an infant.  The first "official" (non-beta) release introduced an expanded story mode as a tutorial as well as an escape mode which casts the player as a prisoner with the goal of escaping, while causing as much trouble as possible.  With the addition of the "Psych Ward" DLC, players are given the option to house criminally insane prisoners, and build relevant facilities to meet their needs, such as padded cells, and hire additional personnel needed to keep them in check, such as orderlies and psychiatrists. Additionally, regular prisoners may become criminally insane when they experience excessive punishment or when their needs are not regularly met (such as lack of access to food or sanitation).

Development.

"Prison Architect" was developed by British video game studio Introversion Software. The game was announced in October 2011, shortly after Introversion postponed the development of their bank heist simulator game "Subversion". The game was first made available on September 25, 2012 as an Alpha version. The game was then crowdfunded with pre-orders, making over in two weeks with close to 8,000 sales. Developer's co-founder Mark Morris explains that independent crowd-funding has allowed them to have no time limit on the Alpha version, as well as no fees associated with crowd-funding platforms. As of December 2013, the developers have raised over.  Introversion Software announced that a mobile version of the game was in development and the PC version of the game officially launched on October 6, 2015. In Introversion's alpha 30 video, they confirmed "Prison Architect" was coming to iOS and Android in October 2015 with the game's official release. The developers posted a tweet on March 21, 2013, that "I guess "Prison Architect" won't be coming to iPad then! Your loss Apple", with a link to a Pocket Gamer article. It was later revealed by the developer that the original direct port did not impress Apple. Due to the concern of it might not be featured on App Store's front page the project was set aside for a while. The effort to bring "Prison Architect" to mobile devices was resumed by Paradox Interactive as the publisher and co-developed with Tag Games. The tablet version for iPad and Android tablets was launched on May 25, 2017. Introversion announced on January 20, 2016 that Double Eleven would be bringing the game to Xbox 360, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 platforms. The console versions were released on June 28, 2016. The Xbox edition of the game was released to subscribers to Xbox Live under the Games With Gold program in September 2018.  On June 6, 2017, Double Eleven released a trailer for an expansion pack to Prison Architect, named "Psych Ward", on their YouTube channel. "Psych Ward" was later released on Steam on November 21, 2017.  As of September 2018, the latest version is Update 16, released on September 4, 2018. Officially introducing multiplayer mode to the game, it allows up to 8 players to cooperatively build and manage a prison. This was later reduced to 4 players in an update to multiplayer in December 2018.

Reception.

Upon its full release, the game received positive reviews, scoring 83 out of 100 on review aggregator site Metacritic. "IGN" awarded it a score of 8.3 out of 10, saying "Prison Architect is one of the most in-depth, satisfying builder games in ages, if you can get past the initiation." On April 7, 2016, Prison Architect won the 2016 BAFTA award in the "Persistent Game" category. Prison Architect was also nominated for the 2016 BAFTA award in the "British Game" category, which was won by.  As of September 26, 2015, "Prison Architect" had grossed over $19 million in sales, and over 1.25 million units of the game had been sold. By the end of August 2016 when the final version '2.0' of Prison Architect was released, the number of individual players was given as two million.

Prison Architect is a private prison construction and management simulation video game developed by Introversion Software. It was made available as a crowdfunded paid alpha pre-order on September 25, 2012 with updates scheduled every three to four weeks. With over 2,000,000 copies sold, "Prison Architect" made over in pre-order sales for the alpha version. "Prison Architect" was an entrant in the 2012 Independent Games Festival.

Avec plus de copies vendues, " réalise dès son lancement 10,7 millions de dollars de recettes. Le jeu est présenté en 2012 à l'Independent Games Festival.


Early life.

Dobi originated from a poor peasant family and was born in Szőny, in the Komárom County of the Kingdom of Hungary. He finished primary school and in 1916 came into contact with the peasant movement. He supported the Hungarian Soviet Republic and in 1919 he was imprisoned for the first time. Upon his release, he was active in peasant and social democratic politics from the early 1920s and under police surveillance for this. He later worked as a casual laborer and became a farmer by occupation. Although he was not a Communist, he was arrested several times during the regency of Miklós Horthy.

World War II.

During the war he became one of the leaders of the Hungarian resistance until he was called up for duty, returning in the summer of 1945. By the end of World War II he had become a leading member of the Smallholders Party, which achieved a majority in general elections. Dobi was a member of the left-wing faction of that party, and advocated cooperation with the communists.

Post war.

With the Smallholders being a part of Hungary's post war coalition government, Dobi served as Minister of Agriculture.  As a leading member of the Smallholders' left wing, Dobi contributed some much needed legitimacy to the Communist-dominated government. Due in part to his strong support of the Communists, he replaced fellow Smallholder Lajos Dinnyés as prime minister in December 1948, helping preside over the final stage of the Communists' complete takeover of the country.  In terms of allegations of collaboration with the party, the New Hungarian Encyclopedia says: "Following the ousting of the Smallholders Party right wing elements, he was selected to be president. Under his direction the party was cleansed of its reactionary elements and it became part of the program for building a people's democracy with the Communists."  After all non-Communist parties were formally disbanded in 1949, Dobi joined the Communist Party. In 1952, he gave up the prime ministership because Communist Party boss Mátyás Rákosi wanted that post for himself. Dobi was then promoted to Chairman of the Presidential Council ("de facto" president of Hungary) from 1952 until his retirement in April 1967. Through taking on numerous other high-profile roles, he eventually became the second or third most powerful man in Hungary. He supported the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He was a winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1962. He died in Budapest in 1968.

István Dobi (; 31 December 1898 – 24 November 1968) was a Hungarian politician who was the Prime Minister of Hungary from 1948 to 1952. He was the first Communist to hold the post, joining the party shortly after it seized full control of the country in 1949.

István Dobi né le à Komárom, mort le à Budapest est un homme d'État hongrois. Il a été Premier ministre de 1948 à 1952 puis chef de l'état jusqu'en 1967.


Career.

Rua attended Marion L. Steele High School in Amherst, Ohio. He attended NCAA Division II Lake Erie College. Rua was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 17th round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. He was the first player in school history to be drafted.  He made his professional debut for the Arizona League Rangers that year and also played for the Spokane Indians. In 52 games, he hit.303./.376/.484 with four home runs. He returned to Spokane in 2012 and hit.293/.368/.432 with seven home runs in 74 games. During his time in the minor leagues, Rua primarily played third base and second base.  Rua started 2013 with the Hickory Crawdads. At the end of June he was leading the entire minor leagues in homers. On August 9, he was promoted to the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders. He finished the year hitting.247/.347/.525 with 32 home runs in 127 games.  He started the 2014 season back with Frisco. Rua was called up to the big leagues for the first time on August 29, 2014 and made his debut the same day at first base, collecting his first hit on an infield single. Rua finished his debut going 1-for-5 with a run scored. On September 21, 2014, Rua hit his first career homer, a solo shot off Angels' closer Huston Street, sending the Rangers to a 2–1 victory.  Rua made the Rangers 2015 opening day roster, and on opening day, Rua had the only base hit for the Rangers as they fell to Oakland 8–0. On July 30, 2015, Rua hit an inside-the-park home run against the New York Yankees in the bottom of the fourth inning, tying the game 5–5 (the Rangers went on to win 7–6 after a walk-off from Josh Hamilton).  Before Opening Day 2016, Rua was informed he had made the Opening Day roster. He started out as a bench player, but as the end of April progressed, manager Jeff Banister began to trust Rua more and more as an every day player. When center fielder Delino DeShields, Jr. was sent down to Triple-A on May 13, Ian Desmond moved to center and Rua received the left field job. On May 10, 2016 he hit a 3-run home run in the 8th inning against the Chicago White Sox to cap the biggest Rangers' comeback since 2012 (13–11). But Rua began to struggle again and by the end of May he had lost his job to Nomar Mazara. In 99 games, Rua hit.258 with 8 home runs and 22 RBIs. The next two seasons, Rua would shuffle between the minors and the Rangers roster. Rua made one pitching appearance on July 23, 2018, throwing a scoreless inning and recording one strikeout. He elected free agency after the 2018 season.

Personal life.

Rua's number 2 was retired by Marion L. Steele High School in 2015.

Ryan Anthony Rua (born March 11, 1990) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers.

Ryan Rua (né le à Amherst, Ohio, États-Unis) est un joueur de champ intérieur des Rangers du Texas de la Ligue majeure de baseball.


Song information.

Popular recordings in 1926 were by Nick Lucas, Gene Austin, Benny Krueger and by Leo Reisman. It was the number 16 song of 1926 according to "Pop Culture Madness".

In popular culture.

In "Goodbye Nkrumah" (1966) Beat poet Diane Di Prima asks:And yet, where would we be without the American culture <br>Bye bye blackbird, as Miles plays it, in the ’50s  In the 1968 film Isadora, the song plays in the background as Isadora Duncan and a young man leave a party on the French Riviera. The scene and the song reappear throughout the movie until the end, when Duncan’s scarf snags in the wheel of the car and breaks her neck.  In 1982, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) posthumously awarded John Coltrane a "Best Jazz Solo Performance" Grammy for the work on his album "Bye Bye Blackbird".  Recordings of the song often include only the chorus; the verses are far less known.  Segregationists opposed to the American Civil Rights Movement, notably at the Selma to Montgomery marches, played the song over loudspeakers as a taunt.  Two former Beatles have each recorded the song: Ringo Starr for his 1970 album "Sentimental Journey", and Paul McCartney for his 2012 album "Kisses on the Bottom". Both men have commented that the song was one of many "standards" that they grew up singing with their families. McCartney also noted in the CD booklet for "Kisses On The Bottom" that he and John Lennon had liked the song so much that they had intended to record a Beatles version of it.  It is used in the musicals "Liza with a Z" and "Fosse", and also the 2006 film adaptation of The History Boys.  It is sung by multiple characters in Season 1 episode 4 of the 2019 Series World on Fire

"Bye Bye Blackbird" is a song published in 1926 by Jerome H. Remick written by the American composer Ray Henderson and lyricist Mort Dixon. It is considered a popular standard and was first recorded by Sam Lanin's Dance Orchestra in March 1926.

Bye Bye Blackbird est une composition de Ray Henderson et de Mort Dixon, publiée en 1926. Enregistrée, la même année, par Gene Austin, puis reprise par de nombreux artistes tels que Joséphine Baker, Nina Simone, Louis Armstrong, Frank Sinatra, Johnny Mathis, Etta James, John Coltrane, Ringo Starr ou encore Diana Krall, elle est devenue un standard de jazz.


Release and reception.

Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "After several weeks at the top of Britain's pop charts, European rave duo is ready tackle the U.S. radio market with a bright ditty that melds techno, hi-NRG, and rap elements. The hook is irresistible, and the pace is heart-racing. Will please fans of last year's hit, "Twilight Zone," while reeling in newcomers." Matt Stopera and Brian Galindo from "BuzzFeed" said that "this is possibly the most aggressive beat from the '90s. It's like they're strumming a GIANT rubber band." Tom Ewing of Freakytrigger felt the track's "echoey hi-hat hits and the union of steam-hammer bass and rubber-ball synths" carry the industrial, "piston-powered aggression" of Belgian rave music. He also noted the presence of a cowbell in the back of the track. Per Reinholdt from "Gaffa" called it a "dance-powerhit", noting its "inciting up-tempo" and a rhythm and theme "with the same temper as a dressed beeswarm". He added that the song is a "piece of pop art". "Irish Independent" described "No Limit" as "a humugous global hit". "Woroni" said "it's tremendously exciting and highly recommended." They also noted the song as a "obvious higlight" of the "No Limits!" album. Graham Clark from "The Yorkshire Times" stated that "the track at the time sounded unlike anything else but you can hear how it has influenced so many of today's Electronic Dance Music tracks".  To this day, "No Limit" is one of the most well-known Eurodance songs and was a worldwide hit, selling 2.8 million copies. It topped many European charts including the United Kingdom, Finland, Denmark and Spain. It peaked at number 25 in the American Dance charts. It was Europe's biggest-selling song for 1993.

Music video.

The music video for "No Limit" was directed by British director Nick Burgess-Jones. It features Anita and Ray performing the song inside a pinball machine.

Track listings.

CD single  CD maxi  CD maxi  7" single  UK 7" single  12" maxi  12" maxi Italy

Millennium remixes.

Track listings.

CD single  CD maxi  12" single

No Limit 2.3.

Track listing.

CD single  12" single

Charts.

"No Limit 2.3" charted at no. 41 in Germany.

Irene Moors and de Smurfen cover.

A Dutch cover version by Irene Moors en de Smurfen topped the Dutch charts for six weeks in 1995.

beFour cover.

"No Limit" was covered by German band beFour on their fourth studio album "Friends 4 Ever", and as a single in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The song entered the German Singles Chart in January 2009.

Track listings.

CD maxi  Digital download

"No Limit" is a song recorded by Dutch Eurodance band 2 Unlimited. It was their fifth single in total and the first to be released from their second album "No Limits!". The song is one of their most commercially successful singles, especially in Europe, reaching the number-one spot in at least 13 counties and the top 10 in several others. Like previous releases, the UK version of the single removed all of the raps from Raymond Slijngaard, leaving just Anita Dels' vocals. One word from the rap was kept, the word 'Techno' (from the line "I'm making techno and I am proud") which was looped and repeated during the middle of the song, turning the line into "Techno! Techno! Techno! Techno!" and giving the song an extra vocal hook.

Elle remporte un grand succès, principalement en Europe où elle se classe en tête des ventes dans plusieurs pays (Royaume-Uni, France, Belgique, Pays-Bas, Autriche, Norvège, Suède, Suisse, Espagne).


Early life and education.

Nasser is the fourth-born son of the King of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa with Sheia bint Hassan Al Khrayyesh Al Ajmi, his second wife.  Nasser was educated in Bahrain at Ibn Khuldoon National School and then attended Sandhurst Military Academy in the United Kingdom, graduating in August 2006. He is currently serving in the Bahrain Defence Force and leads the Bahrain National Endurance Team.

Military service.

Nasser is the commander of the Bahrain Defence Force Royal Guard, an elite unit that is deployed in the war in Yemen. Nasser himself fought in coalition missions accused of war crimes.

Endurance racing.

He has participated in many regional and international endurance races and won many medals. In December 2006, Sheikh Nasser led the Bahrain National Endurance team in the Doha Asian Games. He won a silver medal in the individual race and the six-member Bahraini squad came second in the overall team event.  In September 2007, Sheikh Nasser led the Bahrain National Endurance team in the European Open held at Portugal. He came in 8th place in the individual race and the Bahrain team came in second place and won a silver medal.  Nasser has been coached by Milan Erzen, a former professional cyclist. Erzen is now under suspicion of having organized doping at team Bahrain-Merida, where he is a managing director.

President of the Olympic Committee.

Nasser is the president of the Bahrain Olympic Committee. As such he created a special commission that prosecuted 150 members of the sporting community for peaceful demonstrations.

Charity.

Nasser is chairman of the board of trustees of the Royal Charity Organisation (RCO), through which he is directly involved in charity work with many local and international community projects.

Allegations of Torture.

Nasser became the subject of allegations of torture after anti-government protests in 2011. During the Arab Spring Bahraini uprising, three unnamed individuals reported to human rights groups that they had personally been beaten by Sheikh Nasser. One was granted refugee status in the UK and has since sought his arrest by Scotland Yard. Several criticized his participation at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France. These accusations have earned Nasser the label "torture prince".

Personal life.

Nasser married in Dubai on 28 September 2009 (nikah ceremony) and 2 October 2009 (milcha reception) to Shaikha bint Mohammed bin Rashed Al Maktoum, a daughter of the Emir of Dubai, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Together they have one daughter and three sons.  There children are :

Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa (Arabic: الامير ناصر بن حمد آل خليفة) (born 8 May 1987) is a member of the Bahraini royal family, commander of Bahrain's Royal Guard president of the Bahrain Olympic Committee and the head of the government’s Supreme Council for Youth and Sports. He has been connected to several severe acts of human rights abuses, including personally torturing pro-democracy activists during the Arab Spring protests in Bahrain.

Le prince Nasser ben Hamed Al Khalifa, né le à Riffa, est un prince bahreïnien, fils du roi Hamad bin Issa Al Khalifa. Il occupe plusieurs postes officiels, dont ceux de commandant de la garde royale, de président du Conseil suprême de la Jeunesse et des Sports et de président du Comité olympique du Bahreïn.


4e division d'infanterie (Empire allemand)

1870 organization.

During wartime, the 4th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 4th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:

Pre-World War I organization.

Many regiments were renamed and assigned to different divisions during the period from 1871 to 1914. Among other changes, the 3rd and 4th Divisions swapped the Colberg Grenadiers and the 14th Infantry Regiment, and the regiments of the 8th Infantry Brigade joined the newly formed 35. Division in 1890. In 1914, the peacetime organization of the 4th Division was as follows:

August 1914 organization.

On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 4th Division was again renamed the 4th Infantry Division. The 4th Infantry Division's initial wartime organization was as follows:

Late World War I organization.

Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 4th Infantry Division's order of battle on January 26, 1918, was as follows:

The 4th Division ("4. Division") was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Torgau on September 5, 1818. The headquarters moved to Stargard (now Stargard Szczeciński, Poland) in 1820, where it stayed until 1852. In 1852, the headquarters moved to its final destination, Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz, Poland). From the corps' formation in 1820, the division was subordinated in peacetime to the II Army Corps ("II. Armeekorps"). The 4th Division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

La d'infanterie est une unité de l'armée allemande qui participe aux guerres des duchés et austro-prussienne. Plus tard elle combat lors de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870, puis lors de la Première Guerre mondiale. Au déclenchement du conflit, elle forme avec la d'infanterie le corps d'armée rattaché à la armée allemande. La d'infanterie entre en Belgique, puis poursuit les troupes alliées à travers le nord de la France. En septembre, elle est combat lors de la bataille de la Marne, puis sur l'Aisne et dans les Flandres. À la fin de 1914, la division est transférée sur le front de l'est où elle demeure jusqu'en, date de son retour sur le front de l'ouest de son engagement dans la bataille de Champagne. La division passe l'année 1916 à combattre à Verdun. En 1917, elle est engagée dans la bataille du Chemin des Dames. Au cours de l'année 1918, la division participe aux offensives de printemps allemandes en Picardie et en Flandres avant d'être engagée dans les combats défensifs de l'été et de l'automne. À la fin du conflit, la division est rapatriée en Allemagne où elle est dissoute au cours de l'année 1919.


Establishment.

Fort Dummer was a British fort built during Dummer's War by the colonial militia of the Province of Massachusetts Bay under the command of Lieutenant Timothy Dwight in what is now the Town of Brattleboro, in southeastern Vermont. This was in the heart of one of the three main sections of the Equivalent Lands.  The fort was the first permanent European settlement in Vermont. It consisted of a 180-square foot (17 m2) wooden stockade with 12 guns manned by 55 men (43 English soldiers and 12 Mohawk Indians). It was named after Lieutenant Governor William Dummer, who was acting governor of Massachusetts at the time of the fort's construction.  On October 11, 1724, seventy Abenakis attacked Fort Dummer and killed 3 or 4 soldiers in the only known military action involving the stockade.  Near the former site of the fort is a granite monument, which is one mile (2 km) south of the Brattleboro railway station.

Fort Dummer State Park.

Fort Dummer State Park is part of the Vermont State Park system. It comprises 217 acres (878,000 m2) of forest in Brattleboro, Guilford & Vernon.  The park overlooks the former site of Fort Dummer which was flooded when the Vernon Dam was built on the Connecticut River in 1908. The granite monument that commemorates the fort is not within the borders of the park. The monument itself was moved in 1908 to prevent it from being lost after the dam was completed. The original site of the fort can be seen from the northernmost scenic vista on the Sunrise Trail within the park. It is now underwater near the lumber company located on the western bank of the river.  Campground facilities include 50 tent/trailer sites and 10 lean-to sites, toilet buildings with hot showers, and a sanitary dump station. Other facilities include a small picnic area, three short hiking trails, one of which leads to a swimming hole, and a large open field.

Fort Dummer was built in the winter of 1724 in what is now the Town of Brattleboro in southeastern Vermont. Today, it is notable as the first permanent European settlement in Vermont. The original site of the fort is now lost below the waters of the Connecticut River impoundment of the Vernon Dam.

Le fort Dummer était un fort britannique construit en 1724 durant la guerre de Dummer (ou guerre anglo-wabanaki) par la milice coloniale de la Province de la baie du Massachusetts sous le commandement du Lieutenant Timothy Dwight à l'endroit où est maintenant située la ville de Brattleboro, sur la rive ouest du fleuve Connecticut, dans le sud-est du Vermont. La région était occupée par les Abénaquis dont le chef Gray Lock venait de la région de la baie Missisquoi en Nouvelle-France. Le fort a été la première colonie européenne permanente dans le Vermont. Il se composait d'une palissade en bois de, avec 12 canons et avait abritait environ 55 hommes (43 soldats anglais et 12 Mohawks). Le fort a été nommé en l'honneur du lieutenant-gouverneur William Dummer, qui était substitut du gouverneur du Massachusetts au moment de la construction du fort.


Morphology and keys to identification.

"Cochliobolus carbonum" is divided into at least five different races based on pathogenicity, particularly lesion types on corn leaves. "Cochliobolus carbonum" race 0 (CCR0) is essentially non-pathogenic. "Cochliobolus carbonum" race 1 (CCR1) produces host specific toxins and oval to circular spots on leaves. While infection by "C. carbonum" race 2 (CCR2) is rare, it is characterized by the production of oblong, chocolate-colored spots. "C. carbonum" race 3 (CCR3) produces linear and narrow lesions while "C. carbonum" race 4 (CCR4) is weakly pathogenic, forming oval to concentric circular spots.  The genus "Cochliobolus" is distinguished by the presence of dark to black ascomata with a unilocular, globose pseudothecium and a short, cylindrical neck. Ascomata also bear hyphae and conidiophores and asci are bitunicate, 2-8 spored, and cylindrical to obclavate. Ascomata are black, globose to ellipsoidal, and setae are present over the upper half of the wall mixed with conidiophores. Pseudoparaphyses are filiform, hyaline, septate, and branched. The shapes of asci are cylindrical to clavate, short-stalked, straight to slightly curved having 1-8 spores, and vestigial bitunicate. Conidia are straight to moderately curved, occasionally cylindrical but usually broad in the middle and tapering towards the rounded ends, distoseptate, and 36-100 X 12-18 μm. The surface of the conidia is often granulose and the hilum is inconspicuous. Conidia are produced from the apex of an unbranched conidiophore. Generally, the conidiophore arises singly or in small groups which are straight or flexuous, mid to dark brown, smooth, septate, cylindrical, and up to 250 μm long, 5-8 μm thick. Variation in mycotoxin production by "Cochliobolus" species is used to distinguish some taxa and these mycotoxins are host-specific and non-host specific. HC toxin produced by "C. carbonum" race 1 and T toxin produced by "C. heterostrophus" are host-specific toxins while ophiobolins produced by "C. miyabeanus" and carbotoxin produced by "C. carbonum" are non-host-specific toxins.

Reproductive biology.

The species most closely related to "C. carbonum" is "C. victoriae" which have inter-specific fertility, however only 1% attempted crosses between species were fertile. The sister relationship of these two species were evident based on phylogenetic analysis. "Cochliobolus carbonum" is the sexual stage and can be obtained by pairing opposite mating single conidial isolates in Sach's agar media with sterilized maize leaf segments or barley grains incubated at 24 °C.  Crosses between different species of "Cochliobolus" are possible, producing offspring differing in conidial morphology. Horizontal and vertical gene transfer has occurred within and between fungal species of "Cochliobolus" and might be the reason for occurrence of highly virulent, toxin producing races of "C. heterostrophus", "C. carbonum" and "C. victoriae". In nature, there is no evidence of gene flow among races of "C. carbonum" despite their sympatry. The teleomorph of "C. carbonum" has not been observed in field conditions.

Habitat preference, life cycle, dispersal and symptoms development.

Fungi are capable of showing different interactions with their host and different lifestyles depending upon the interaction. Different species of "Cochliobolus" and its anamorphs are associated with different host species as ephiphytes, endophytes, saprophytes and pathogens. Infected seed is the major source of inoculum of "C. carbonum" internationally, so it is a quarantined pathogen in Europe and other countries. To my knowledge, few studies have been conducted to better understand the life and infection cycle of "C. carbonum. Cochliobolus carbonum" survives as mycelium and resistant chlamydospores on maize debris in the field and on infected seed. Conidia serve as a primary source of inoculum dispersed by wind and rain-splash. Damp weather and moderate temperature greatly favor sporulation and produce additional inoculum for secondary spread. During both pathogenic and saprophytic phases of the lifecycle, this fungus enters and ramifies through intact leaves and obtains nutrients from the host cytoplasm and walls by degrading cell wall components through the production of a variety of extracellular enzymes. The symptoms first appear as small, circular to oval, reddish brown to tan lesions and over time become more tan to grayish. In general, moderate temperature, high relative humidity, and heavy dew during the growing season favors the development of this disease. Senescent corn leaves are an important plant part for the growth and development of "C. carbonum", because it provides biochemicals required for the formation of perithecia, asci and ascospores.

Important developments in classification.

Previously, many species of "Cochliobolus" were placed in "Ophiobolus". Drechsler found that graminicolous forms of "Helminthosporium" produced teleomorphs with characteristic features of greater ascus and ascospore width as well as helicoiod ascospores with bipolar germination, which deviates from previously described characters of "Ophiobolus". To accommodate these species, he introduced the new genus "Cochliobolus" transferred several species to "Cochliobolus". Another genus "Pseudocochliobolus" was separated from "Cochliobolus" based on the presence of stromatic tissue below the ascomata and the degree of ascospore coiling. The sexual states of "Cochliobolus" are only found associated with "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia". "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" share some morphological similarities and cannot be easily distinguished by any distinct taxonomic criteria. Although few morphological differences were reported, conidia of "Bipolaris" are distoseptate while the conidia of "Curvularia" are bigger and euseptate. Some scientists believe that "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" are synonymous, however there is an existing debate regarding this issue. The different species of fungi belonging to "Cochliobolus" with asexual states in "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" have undergone frequent name changes as a result of refinement to the taxonomy that has resulted in some confusion. The perfect stage of this fungus was first named as "C. carbonum" by R. R. Nelson in 1959. The imperfect stage was named as "Bipolaris" "zeicola" in 1959. The commonly used synonyms of "Cochliobolus carbonum" were "Helminthosporium zeicola" (1930), "Helminthosporium carbornum" (1944), "Drechslera zeiocola" (1966) and "Drechslera carbonum" (1984). Several phylogenetic studies of "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" showed that "Bipolaris" is not monophyletic and some "Bipolaris" species are nested within "Curvularia".

Phylogenetic affinities.

The taxonomy of "Cochliobolus", "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" is confusing due to the frequent name changes and no clear morphological demarcation between "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia". A phylogenetic analysis of "Cochliobolus, Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" species was performed using rDNA markers (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) and a 600 bp fragment of gpd (glyceraldehyde-3 dehydrogenase) gene. The results showed that most isolates of "Cochliobolus" and "Bipolaris" including "C. carbonum", that cause serious crop losses, form a separate group from other species. These data revealed that these species radiated form a common ancestor recently. Another phylogenetic study was conducted using a combined analysis of rDNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer), GPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), LSU (large subunit) and EF1-α (translation elongation factor 1-α) and showed that this generic group is divided into two major lineages. According to their study "Bipolaris" and "Cochliobolus" species grouped with their type species and "Curvularia" species, with its generic type, form another group. Similar to previous findings, the analyses showed that "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" cannot be combined into a single monophyletic genus and trees showed both of these groups resolved into single complex. In this paper, the authors claim that they have resolved nomenclatural conflict within this complex based on their phylogenetic data and suggest giving priority to the more commonly used generic names "Bipolaris" and "Curvularia" to represent these distinct lineages.

Cochliobolus carbonum (anamorph: "Helminthosporium carbonum") is one of more than 40 species of filamentous ascomycetes belonging to the genus "Cochliobolus" (anamorph: "Bipolaris/Curvularia"). This pathogen has a worldwide distribution, with reports from Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, Congo, Denmark, Egypt, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Nigeria, Solomon Islands, and the United States. "Cochliobolus carbonum" is one of the most aggressive members of this genus infecting sorghum ("Sorghum" spp. [Poaceae]), corn ("Zea mays" [Poaceae]) and apple ("Malus domestica" [Rosaceae]). As one of the most devastating pathogens of sweet corn, "C. carbonum" causes Northern leaf spot and ear rot disease while the asexual stage causes "Helminthosporium" corn leaf spot. "Cochliobolus carbonum" is pathogenic to all organs of the corn plant including root, stalk, ear, kernel, and sheath. However, symptoms of infection show distinct manifestations in different plant parts: whole plant - seedling blight affects the whole plant, leaf discoloration and mycelial growth, black fungal spores and lesions appear on inflorescences and glumes, and grain covered with very dark brown to black mycelium which gives a characteristic charcoal appearance due to the production of conidia.

Bipolaris zeicola est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes de l'ordre des "Pleosporales". Son stade téléomorphe est Cochliobolus carbonum. Ce champignon, qui était autrefois inclus dans le genre "Helminthosporium", est responsable d'une maladie appelée helminthosporiose du maïs.


History.

Hillsong Church's popularity in Christian praise and worship music stems from the inauguration of the Hillsong Conference in 1986 and the first publication of choruses written by Hills CLC members, especially Darlene Zschech. It is in this context that Hillsong Music was founded in 1991. Their first live worship CD "The Power of Your Love" was released in 1992. Since then, live praise and worship albums have been produced each year. Other music series include the "Worship series", "United", "Youth Alive", "Hillsong Kids" and "Instrumental series". They have also released two Christmas albums and several compilation albums. "What a Beautiful Name" won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song.

Popularity.

Some Hillsong songs have distinct gospel influences. Hillsong Music titles regularly feature in the top 25 of most songs sung in all reporting countries recorded through the CCLI website.  "People Just Like Us" was the first Christian album to achieve gold status in Australia as well as the first to go Platinum. To date, all Hillsong live worship albums have achieved Gold status in Australia. In 1996, Hillsong Music reached international prominence with the release of "Shout to the Lord" produced by Integrity Music. This was Integrity Music's first live worship album featuring a female worship leader – Darlene Zschech.  The 2004 Hillsong live worship album "For All You've Done", debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Record Industry Association album charts. There was some controversy about this outcome as almost all of the albums were sold at Hillsong's annual conference held in early July. The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) have defended the outcome noting that the album sold more copies than any other record on sale in Australia that week. As of December 2011, Hillsong has sold more than 12 million records across the globe, following its first release in 1991 and a quarter of all contemporary songs heard in Australian churches in 2011 were written by Hillsong.

Albums.

Early albums were released solely on cassette and CD. Video recordings of the live albums have also been made for VHS since the second album in 1993, and additionally for DVD since 2000, with increasing additional content such as documentaries and extra songs. The "Hillsong United" series CDs have included an additional free part-length DVD since 2004. Several music books have also been published. Including all the series (LIVE, UNITED, Kids, Kids Junior, Chapel, Young & Free, Español, Youth Term, Youth Alive, Worship, Compilation, Instrumental, Christmas, Preview, KIEV, LONDON) and other special releases (Like The 1st Album, Or Other special recordings) they have more than 125 albums, in 15 series.

Hillsong Music is Christian music produced by Hillsong Church in Sydney, Australia as well as offshoot churches, Hillsong London and Hillsong Kiev. Hillsong albums are released and distributed by Hillsong Music. The main groups are Hillsong Worship, Hillsong United, Hillsong Young & Free, and Hillsong Kids.

Hillsong Music est un label discographique de musique chrétienne contemporaine, affilié à l'église Hillsong Church, basée à Sydney en Australie. Ses principaux groupes sont Hillsong Worship, Hillsong United, Hillsong Young & Free et Hillsong Kids.


Club career.

He represented club CSD Municipal in the tournament of Copa Interclubes UNCAF 2006. Finding it hard to become the number one goalkeeper behind Panamanian international Jaime Penedo he joined Deportivo Jalapa in 2009. After claims he would stay with Jalapa in June 2009, he eventually left them in September, apparently due to administrative problems. He joined USAC for the 2009/2010 Clausura championship along with Selvin Motta and Honduran veteran striker Milton Núñez.  In June 2010 he joined newly promoted Mictlan., He left Mictlan in 2013.  In 2014, he returned to CDS Municipal, and being the number one goalkeeper, since joining them he played in three finals of Guatemala's Tournament, on the Apertura 2014 and Clausura 2015, which CSD Municipal lost to CDS Comunicaciones, and on the Apertura 2016, which the club lost to Antigua GFC on Penalties, despite Motta saving one penalty.  For much of the Clausura 2017, he was injured and was replaced by Goalkeeper Nicholas Hagen, he missed the rest of the tournament, which saw CSD Municipal being crowned champions for the first time since 2011 against Deportivo Guastatoya, he was released on a free transfer after the tournament.  For the Apertura 2017 he signed for recently promoted team "Deportivo Sanarate".

International career.

Motta made his debut for Guatemala in an August 2003 friendly match against Ecuador and went on to collect a total of 13 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country at the UNCAF Nations Cup 2005, and the 2005 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup Finals, although he did not come off the bench at the latter tournament.  He's first international match was a November 2007 friendly match against Honduras. He was part of Guatemala's National team that played in the Copa Oro 2015 in which he managed to kept a clean sheet against Mexico, however, Guatemala was knockout of the cup after a 1-0 to Cuba in the final match of the Copa Oro 2015.  On March 25, 2016, Motta made outstanding saves as Guatemala won against United States in a 2018 World Cup Qualification Match, their first victory over United States since 1983.

Paulo César Motta Donis (born 29 March 1982) is a Guatemalan football goalkeeper who plays for Cobán Imperial in Guatemala's top division.

Paulo César Motta Donis, né le à Guatemala City au Guatemala, est un footballeur international guatémaltèque, qui joue en tant que gardien de but.