CBOW and skip grams.

Word2vec can utilize either of two model architectures to produce a distributed representation of words: continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) or continuous skip-gram. In the continuous bag-of-words architecture, the model predicts the current word from a window of surrounding context words. The order of context words does not influence prediction (bag-of-words assumption). In the continuous skip-gram architecture, the model uses the current word to predict the surrounding window of context words. The skip-gram architecture weighs nearby context words more heavily than more distant context words. According to the authors' note, CBOW is faster while skip-gram is slower but does a better job for infrequent words.

Parametrization.

Results of word2vec training can be sensitive to parametrization. The following are some important parameters in word2vec training.

Training algorithm.

A Word2vec model can be trained with hierarchical softmax and/or negative sampling. To approximate the conditional log-likelihood a model seeks to maximize, the hierarchical softmax method uses a Huffman tree to reduce calculation. The negative sampling method, on the other hand, approaches the maximization problem by minimizing the log-likelihood of sampled negative instances. According to the authors, hierarchical softmax works better for infrequent words while negative sampling works better for frequent words and better with low dimensional vectors. As training epochs increase, hierarchical softmax stops being useful.

Sub-sampling.

High frequency words often provide little information. Words with frequency above a certain threshold may be subsampled to increase training speed.

Dimensionality.

Quality of word embedding increases with higher dimensionality. But after reaching some point, marginal gain will diminish. Typically, the dimensionality of the vectors is set to be between 100 and 1,000.

Context window.

The size of the context window determines how many words before and after a given word would be included as context words of the given word. According to the authors' note, the recommended value is 10 for skip-gram and 5 for CBOW.

Extensions.

An extension of word2vec to construct embeddings from entire documents (rather than the individual words) has been proposed. This extension is called paragraph2vec or doc2vec and has been implemented in the C, Python and Java/Scala tools (see below), with the Java and Python versions also supporting inference of document embeddings on new, unseen documents.

Word vectors for bioinformatics: BioVectors.

An extension of word vectors for n-grams in biological sequences (e.g. DNA, RNA, and Proteins) for bioinformatics applications have been proposed by Asgari and Mofrad. Named bio-vectors (BioVec) to refer to biological sequences in general with protein-vectors (ProtVec) for proteins (amino-acid sequences) and gene-vectors (GeneVec) for gene sequences, this representation can be widely used in applications of machine learning in proteomics and genomics. The results suggest that BioVectors can characterize biological sequences in terms of biochemical and biophysical interpretations of the underlying patterns. A similar variant, dna2vec, has shown that there is correlation between Needleman-Wunsch similarity score and cosine similarity of dna2vec word vectors.

Word vectors for Radiology: Intelligent Word Embedding (IWE).

An extension of word vectors for creating a dense vector representation of unstructured radiology reports has been proposed by Banerjee et al. One of the biggest challenges with Word2Vec is how to handle unknown or out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words and morphologically similar words. This can particularly be an issue in domains like medicine where synonyms and related words can be used depending on the preferred style of radiologist, and words may have been used infrequently in a large corpus. If the word2vec model has not encountered a particular word before, it will be forced to use a random vector, which is generally far from its ideal representation.  IWE combines Word2vec with a semantic dictionary mapping technique to tackle the major challenges of information extraction from clinical texts, which include ambiguity of free text narrative style, lexical variations, use of ungrammatical and telegraphic phases, arbitrary ordering of words, and frequent appearance of abbreviations and acronyms. Of particular interest, the IWE model (trained on the one institutional dataset) successfully translated to a different institutional dataset which demonstrates good generalizability of the approach across institutions.

Analysis.

The reasons for successful word embedding learning in the word2vec framework are poorly understood. Goldberg and Levy point out that the word2vec objective function causes words that occur in similar contexts to have similar embeddings (as measured by cosine similarity) and note that this is in line with J. R. Firth's distributional hypothesis. However, they note that this explanation is "very hand-wavy" and argue that a more formal explanation would be preferable.  Levy et al. (2015) show that much of the superior performance of word2vec or similar embeddings in downstream tasks is not a result of the models per se, but of the choice of specific hyperparameters. Transferring these hyperparameters to more 'traditional' approaches yields similar performances in downstream tasks. Arora et al. (2016) explain word2vec and related algorithms as performing inference for a simple generative model for text, which involves a random walk generation process based upon loglinear topic model. They use this to explain some properties of word embeddings, including their use to solve analogies.

Preservation of semantic and syntactic relationships.

The word embedding approach is able to capture multiple different degrees of similarity between words. Mikolov et al. (2013) found that semantic and syntactic patterns can be reproduced using vector arithmetic. Patterns such as “Man is to Woman as Brother is to Sister” can be generated through algebraic operations on the vector representations of these words such that the vector representation of “Brother” - ”Man” + ”Woman” produces a result which is closest to the vector representation of “Sister” in the model. Such relationships can be generated for a range of semantic relations (such as Country–Capital) as well as syntactic relations (e.g. present tense–past tense)

Assessing the quality of a model.

Mikolov et al. (2013) develop an approach to assessing the quality of a word2vec model which draws on the semantic and syntactic patterns discussed above. They developed a set of 8,869 semantic relations and 10,675 syntactic relations which they use as a benchmark to test the accuracy of a model. When assessing the quality of a vector model, a user may draw on this accuracy test which is implemented in word2vec, or develop their own test set which is meaningful to the corpora which make up the model. This approach offers a more challenging test than simply arguing that the words most similar to a given test word are intuitively plausible.

Parameters and model quality.

The use of different model parameters and different corpus sizes can greatly affect the quality of a word2vec model. Accuracy can be improved in a number of ways, including the choice of model architecture (CBOW or Skip-Gram), increasing the training data set, increasing the number of vector dimensions, and increasing the window size of words considered by the algorithm. Each of these improvements comes with the cost of increased computational complexity and therefore increased model generation time.  In models using large corpora and a high number of dimensions, the skip-gram model yields the highest overall accuracy, and consistently produces the highest accuracy on semantic relationships, as well as yielding the highest syntactic accuracy in most cases. However, the CBOW is less computationally expensive and yields similar accuracy results.  Accuracy increases overall as the number of words used increases, and as the number of dimensions increases. Mikolov et al. report that doubling the amount of training data results in an increase in computational complexity equivalent to doubling the number of vector dimensions.  Altszyler and coauthors (2017) studied Word2vec performance in two semantic tests for different corpus size. They found that Word2vec has a steep learning curve, outperforming another word-embedding technique (LSA) when it is trained with medium to large corpus size (more than 10 million words). However, with a small training corpus LSA showed better performance. Additionally they show that the best parameter setting depends on the task and the training corpus. Nevertheless, for skip-gram models trained in medium size corpora, with 50 dimensions, a window size of 15 and 10 negative samples seems to be a good parameter setting.

Word2vec is a group of related models that are used to produce word embeddings. These models are shallow, two-layer neural networks that are trained to reconstruct linguistic contexts of words. Word2vec takes as its input a large corpus of text and produces a vector space, typically of several hundred dimensions, with each unique word in the corpus being assigned a corresponding vector in the space. Word vectors are positioned in the vector space such that words that share common contexts in the corpus are located close to one another in the space.

En intelligence artificielle et en apprentissage machine, Word2vec est un groupe de modèles utilisé pour le plongement lexical (""). Ces modèles ont été développés par une équipe de recherche chez Google sous la direction de.


Background.

Hoeffel was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Joseph and Eleanore Hoeffel. After graduating from William Penn Charter School in 1968, he attended Boston University and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1972. He served in the Army Reserves from 1970 to 1976.  He first became involved in politics during the 1972 presidential election, when his opposition to the Vietnam War led him to support Senator George McGovern. In 1973, he became a legislative aide to Representative Gerry Studds of Massachusetts, for whom Hoeffel did research on foreign overfishing.

Political career.

After working for Studds for a year, Hoeffel challenged four-term Republican incumbent Daniel Beren for a seat in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the Abington-based 153rd district, in 1974. He was defeated by 1,505 votes. From 1975 to 1976, he was the Central Montgomery County administrator for the American Red Cross.  Hoeffel successfully ran again for state House in 1976, after Beren decided to not seek re-election. He was the first Democrat to represent the Abington area since World War I. He served from 1977 to 1985. The first bill he passed as a state legislator was a campaign reform proposal in 1978 improving financial disclosure.  In 1984, he gave up his seat to run for the United States House of Representatives in the 13th congressional district, but was defeated by longtime Republican incumbent Lawrence Coughlin. Hoeffel sought a rematch in 1986, and was defeated again. He received his Juris Doctor degree from Temple University School of Law in 1986, and then worked at the Norristown law firms of Wright, Manning, Kinkaid & Oliver (1987–90) and Kane, Pugh & Driscoll (1990–91).  After several years out of politics, Hoeffel won a seat on the Montgomery County Commission in 1991. In a surprise to the political establishment, Hoeffel supported Republican Mario Mele for Commission chairman over Jon Fox.

Career in Congress.

In 1996, Hoeffel made a third run at Congress, taking on his former colleague on the Montgomery County Commission, Jon Fox, now a first-term Congressman. That year, Fox hung onto his seat by an 84-vote margin. However, in 1998, in his fourth attempt, Hoeffel broke through. Hobbled by a tough Republican primary and the fallout from the impeachment of President Bill Clinton, Fox could not hang on a second time. Hoeffel won by more than 5,000 votes. Hoeffel became only the second Democrat to represent the Montgomery County-based district in 86 years.  He won re-election twice, though not without difficulty. In 2000 he won an expensive race against Republican State Senator Stewart Greenleaf, who represented most of the eastern portion of the congressional district. He thus became the first Democrat to serve more than one term in the district in decades. In 2002, he defeated wealthy ophthalmologist Melissa Brown by less than expected; the 13th had been made somewhat more Democratic with the addition of part of Philadelphia. During the 2002 election, Hoeffel's website was praised as among the best of the 2002 election cycle.  In Congress, Hoeffel was a member of two House committees: International Relations and Transportation and Infrastructure.  On July 20, 2004, Hoeffel became the third sitting U.S. Congressman in one week, following Charles Rangel and Bobby Rush, to be arrested for trespassing while protesting alleged human rights violations in front of the Sudanese Embassy. U.S. Senator Arlen Specter, Hoeffel's Republican opponent in the 2004 U.S. Senate race, criticized the arrest as a publicity stunt.  Rather than holding onto his seat, Hoeffel decided in 2004 to run for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Republican Arlen Specter. In the election held on November 2, 2004, Hoeffel was defeated by more than ten points to Specter, 53%-42%, and only carried four counties. Hoeffel was at a considerable disadvantage because of Specter's popularity in the Philadelphia suburbs.

After Congress.

Hoeffel endorsed Bob Casey, Jr. for the United States Senate in 2006; Casey defeated incumbent Republican Rick Santorum by a wide margin.  Hoeffel announced that he would run for lieutenant governor in March 2006 against incumbent Catherine Baker Knoll, but dropped out of the race a day later. Governor Ed Rendell convinced Hoeffel that the Democratic ticket needed geographic balance; Knoll is from Allegheny County; Rendell is from Philadelphia. The Democratic Committees of Bucks and Chester Counties had overwhelmingly voted to endorse him over Knoll.  In July 2006, Rendell named Hoeffel the Deputy Secretary of the Department of Community and Economic Development where he would oversee the International Commerce Office of the DCED.  In February 2007, Hoeffel announced that he would resign his post in order to run for the Montgomery County Commission with incumbent Ruth Damsker. Hoeffel's and Damsker's opponents were incumbent Jim Matthews and district attorney Bruce Castor.  Hopes were high that the Democrats could win majority control on the commission due to party gains in the county and a fractured county Republican party. Hoeffel finished second, behind Castor, winning a seat on the Commission, but his running mate fell short, keeping control in Republican hands. However, thanks to a deal with Matthews, Hoeffel became Vice Chairman of the Commission, in exchange for supporting Matthews' bid to become Chairman over Castor.

2010 gubernatorial campaign.

On September 20, 2009, Hoeffel announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of Pennsylvania. During the campaign, he called for the introduction of a graduated income tax for the state, supported the implementation of a statewide single-payer health care program, stressed his pro-choice position on abortion and opposition to school vouchers, and distinguished himself as the only candidate supporting the legalization of same-sex marriage.  He received endorsements from NOW, the Stonewall Democrats, the United Auto Workers, and various local affiliates of Democracy for America.  In the May 18, 2010 primary, he placed fourth out of four candidates, receiving 130,799 votes, or 12.7% of the total votes cast, and winning Montgomery County, though without a majority.

Subsequent political career.

Within days of losing the 2010 primary for governor, Hoeffel announced he would seek another term as county commissioner in 2011. He followed Matthews, who also initially announced his intention to seek re-election, in withdrawing from the contest in early 2011 and was not renominated by his party.  A subsequent grand jury report found questionable behavior on Hoeffel's part for his participation in discussing county business at private breakfast meetings held with Matthews and senior aides–an alleged violation of state Sunshine laws. However, unlike Matthews, who was later alleged to have perjured himself while testifying to the grand jury, Hoeffel was never charged with criminal wrongdoing.  On March 10, 2018, Hoeffel announced that he will seek to retake his old congressional seat, now renumbered as the 4th District. A court-ordered remap had cut out the district's share of Philadelphia. Although the new 4th was geographically similar to the area he had represented for his first two terms, he finished a distant third, with only 11 percent of the vote, well behind State Representative and fellow Abingdon resident Madeleine Dean.

Political positions.

Education.

According to his campaign website, Hoeffel favors expanded funding for early childhood education programs, drop-out prevention and drop-out reengagement programs and centers, and basic education for school board members. He favors keeping the current defined benefit pension plan for all teachers over a change to a defined contribution plan for new hires. Hoeffel would continue the school funding formula implemented by Governor Ed Rendell to reduce dependence on local property taxes to fund schools.

Labor.

Hoeffel has a lifetime 97% rating from the AFL-CIO and is endorsed by several labor unions in the Philadelphia area.

Abortion.

Hoeffel has a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America. He is endorsed by former NARAL Pro-Choice America President Kate Michelman, and by the Pennsylvania chapter of the National Organization for Women

LGBT rights.

He favors amending Pennsylvania's Hate Crimes Law to include crimes targeting LGBT people and supports full marriage rights.

Writing.

Hoeffel's book about his vote for the Iraq War, "The Iraq Lie: How the White House Sold the War", was published in 2014 by Progressive Press. Hoeffel provides a first-person account of the Congressional debate on the Iraq War Resolution, and argues that the Bush White House misled Congress and the country and took the United States to war in Iraq under false pretenses. Hoeffel suggests intelligence reforms to prevent such deceptions from happening again.  Hoeffel's second book, "Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump", was published in August 2017 by Praeger. In this book, Hoeffel argues that "progressives must fight for the political center of our civic arena with policies that are both socially liberal and fiscally responsible if we want to win the battle for public support against Donald Trump." The book is a mix of policy prescriptions which reject partisan extremes and rigid ideologies, with numerous anecdotes from 25 years serving in elected office at the county, state and federal levels.

Personal life.

He has been married for 26 years to Francesca Hoeffel. They live in Abington Township, a suburb of Philadelphia, and have two children. His grandfather, also named Joseph M. "Joe" Hoeffel, served as coach of the Green Bay Packers in 1921.

Congressional electoral history.

!|Year!|Democrat!|Votes!|Pct!|Republican!|Votes!|Pct!|3rd Party!|Party!|Votes!|Pct!|3rd Party!|Party!|Votes!|Pct!|Year!|Democrat!|Votes!|Pct!|Republican!|Votes!|Pct!|3rd Party!|Party!|Votes!|Pct!|3rd Party!|Party!|Votes!|Pct  <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2004, write-ins received 580 votes.

Joseph Merrill Hoeffel III ( ; born September 3, 1950) is an American author and politician. A Democrat, Hoeffel was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005, representing Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. He also served multiple terms on the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, and from 1977–84, was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. A native of Philadelphia, he is a graduate of Boston University and Temple University School of Law.

Joseph Merrill Hoeffel III dit Joe Hoeffel, né le à Philadelphie, est un homme politique américain. Membre du Parti démocrate, il représente notamment la Pennsylvanie à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis de 1999 à 2015.


Writing credits.

In late 1955, The Teenagers (at that time calling themselves The Premiers) auditioned a song called "Why do Birds Sing So Gay?" for George Goldner, recording producer and owner of Gee Records. Herman Santiago, tenor of the group, had written the song based on a line from some love letters given to the guys by a tenant in bassist Sherman Garnes' apartment building. One of them featured the words "Why do birds sing so gay?," which fit in with lyrics of other songs that Herman had been writing based on a 1-6-2-5 chord pattern. Herman adjusted the harmony to take advantage of Frankie Lymon's high tenor/soprano. Along the way, at Goldner's suggestion, some of the lyrics were changed. During the audition Frankie's voice stood out and Goldner recommended the lead in subsequent recording sessions be given to Frankie. Frankie did some improvising and re-created the melody to match his own style. According to Jimmy Merchant, what happened at the recording session was a combination of "Frankie's singing ability coupled with George Goldner's special ability to bring out the best in Frankie."  Although early vinyl single releases of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" credit Frankie Lymon, Herman Santiago, and George Goldner as co-writers of the song, later releases and cover versions were attributed only to Lymon and record producer George Goldner. Goldner's name was later replaced by Morris Levy when Levy bought Goldner's interest in Gee Records, the Teenagers' record company.  After a lengthy court battle, songwriting credits were awarded to original Teenagers members Herman Santiago and Jimmy Merchant in December 1992.  However, in 1996, this ruling was overturned by the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit under the statute of limitations and authorship, because Santiago and Merchant did not bring the case to court soon enough. This gave the song rights back to Lymon and Levy. The current publisher of the song is EMI Music Publishing, which still lists these two as the songwriters.

Diana Ross version.

Diana Ross released a cover version on the RCA label in 1981, peaking at No. 2 on the US adult contemporary chart, No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart, No. 6 on the US R&B chart, and No. 7 on "Billboard"'s Pop Singles Chart, and earning her a British Phonographic Industry silver disc award for sales in excess of 250,000 copies. It also reached No.1 in Belgium and the Netherlands and climbed to the top 10 in Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland as well as making the top 20 in Australia, Canada and Germany. Unlike the original, this version contains echoes of the soul of the 1960s. A reissue of Ross' cover peaked at No. 36 on the UK chart in July, 1994.

Music video.

In the music video, Diana Ross performs the song in a city full of casinos and clubs (Las Vegas).

The Beach Boys version.

The song was used as a B-side for The Beach Boys single "Fun, Fun, Fun", which reached #5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1964. The Beach Boys' version of the song charted at #120. It was included on the Beach Boys 1964 album "Shut Down Volume 2" and had only appeared in mono since the release of the single back in 1964. The single mix of the song was later found and used on the 2007 "The Warmth of the Sun" compilation and on "The Original US Singles Collection The Capitol Years 1962–1965". This box set, released in 2008, also used a recently found mono single edit mix. In 2009, a new stereo mix was created with a newly discovered intro, thanks to the discovery of the original multitrack masters by Jon Stebbins and is featured on the band's compilation "Summer Love Songs". The song was also performed as part of the band's 50th Anniversary Tour, usually during the first half of the shows. One of the performances was later included on the live album from the tour.

Personnel.

Sourced from Craig Slowinski.  The Beach Boys  Additional musicians

Legacy.

The recording by Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers features in the 1973 film "American Graffiti" in the scene where Charles Martin Smith's character first notices the mysterious blonde girl. The same recording was also featured on the in-game radio station "Empire Central Radio" in the 2010 video game Mafia II. It is featured in the final episode of the first series of the 2012 BBC drama "Call the Midwife", when the character Chummy played by Miranda Hart marries PC Noakes. In 1998, the legacy of the song and its author was the theme of the movie of the same name.

"Why Do Fools Fall in Love" is a song that was originally a hit for early New York City-based rock and roll group Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, in January 1956. It reached No. 1 on the R&B chart, No. 6 on "Billboard"'s Pop Singles chart, and No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in July.

Aux États-Unis, la chanson a atteint la place au classement rhythm and blues de "Billboard" et la place au classement pop (le Top 100) de "Billboard".


History.

Mackville was established in 1818 as "Maxville." It was named for Captain John McKittrick, a Revolutionary War veteran who owned the original tract upon which the city was founded. The name was changed to the current spelling when a post office was established in the city in 1826.

Geography.

Mackville is located at (37.735886, -85.071648). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all land. The city is situated in eastern Washington County, west of Harrodsburg and east of Springfield, and is concentrated around the intersection of Kentucky Route 152 and Kentucky Route 433.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 206 people, 93 households, and 59 families residing in the city. The population density was 544.4 people per square mile (209.3/km2). There were 103 housing units at an average density of 272.2 per square mile (104.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.60% White, 2.91% African American, and 0.49% from two or more races.  There were 93 households out of which 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the city, the population was spread out with 16.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 28.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.1 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $32,250, and the median income for a family was $43,125. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $33,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,837. About 3.3% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 23.7% of those sixty five or over.

Mackville is a home rule-class city in Washington County, Kentucky, in the United States. The population was 206 at the 2000 census.

La ville américaine de est située dans le comté de Washington, dans l’État du Kentucky. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à en 2016.


History.

With the idea of professional journalists using social media and crowd sourcing for news distribution, Rappler was started in 2011 by Filipino journalist Maria Ressa along with her entrepreneur and journalist friends. Brainstorming for the company began some time in 2010 when Maria Ressa was writing her second book, "From Bin Laden to Facebook". Other key people involved in its conceptualization and creation were former "Newsbreak" head and ABS-CBN News Channel managing editor Glenda Gloria, journalist and Ateneo De Manila University professor Chay Hofileña, former "TV Patrol" executive producer Lilibeth Frondoso, Philippine internet pioneer Nix Nolledo, internet entrepreneur Manuel I. Ayala, and former Nation Broadcasting Corporation executive Raymund Miranda.  Rappler first went public as a beta version website on January 1, 2012, the same day that the "Philippine Daily Inquirer" published a Rappler piece that broke the story of (then) Philippine Chief Justice Renato Corona being awarded a University of Santo Tomas doctoral degree without a required dissertation. The site officially launched at its #MoveManila event at the Far Eastern University in Manila on January 12, 2012.

Coverage of fake news campaigns in the Philippines.

In 2016, Rappler began to be critical of the Duterte led government of the Philippines, who had just taken office in 2016 and his controversial war on drugs after it noticed a trend of fake news related to him in media outlets of the state and private entities, and being spread on Facebook. On 11 January 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission revoked Rappler's license to operate as a "mass media" entity, for allegedly violating the Constitution's Foreign Equity Restrictions in Mass Media by being wholly foreign-owned. Rappler then sought a petition for review from the Court of Appeals on 28 January, but was rejected on 26 July 2018, finding no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the SEC. Many journalistic organizations and committees saw the act as intimidation and attempt to silence the opposition, and control freedom of the press.  On October 26, 2017, Rappler became a member of the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). This led to Facebook tapping Rappler and Vera Files in April 2018 to be its Philippine partners in its worldwide fact-checking program, in part because of their participation in the IFCN. Under the program, false news stories will appear lower on users' news feeds and lower the chances of people seeing those stories. The program, according to a Facebook executive, "is one of the ways we hope to better identify and reduce the reach of false news that people share on our platform." A spokesperson for the Philippine government backed the fact-checking program but protested Facebook's partnership with Rappler.

Legal issues.

Many legal cases have been filed by various government agencies against Rappler since 2017; these cases are collectively considered by "The Guardian" and Reporters Without Borders as "judicial harassment". Among other cases are cases alleging ownership irregularities and tax evasion. Both Ressa and Chel Diokno, a human rights attorney who also represents Rappler, connects a statement made by President Duterte regarding Rappler's ownership during his 2017 State of the Nation Address to the outpour of legal cases against Rappler from all areas of the executive branch. If all of the cases filed against Ressa related to her management of Rappler up to June 18, 2020 were to result in guilty verdicts after final appeal, and the sentences were all to run consecutively, she would face around 100 years in prison.

Revocation of certificate of incorporation.

On January 11, 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines (SEC) revoked Rappler's certificate of incorporation over Rappler's use of Philippine Depository Receipts (PDRs). It said that the provisions of the PDR issued to Omidyar Network by Rappler gave the American investment firm control over the local media firms' other PDR holders as well as its corporate policies, which the SEC says is a violation of the Constitution's provisions on foreign ownership and control. Rappler claimed that it was 100% Filipino owned and that Omidyar only invests in the media firm. Despite the certificate revocation, SEC stated that Rappler could still operate since their decision was not final, pointing out that the media firm could also challenge the decision before the Court of Appeals within 15 days. Malacañang Palace also suggested that Rappler authors can still continue to publish on their website as bloggers. On February 28, Omidyar Network donated its Rappler PDRs to the editors and executives of Rappler.  Rappler stated that the revocation of Rappler's certificate was an attack against the freedom of the press. The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines (NUJP), Foreign Correspondents Association of the Philippines (FOCAP) and the Philippine Press Institute (PPI) said the SEC ruling is part of a pattern of restricting criticism. The National Press Club of the Philippines, on the other hand, supported the SEC decision.  Members of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives issued statements of concern, describing the SEC revocation of Rappler's license as "a loss for dissenting voices and free speech", "pure harassment" and "straight out of the dictator's playbook", and an "affront on press freedom." A law advocacy group called "CenterLaw" said the move was unconstitutional since the SEC denied Rappler due process. It also said the SEC's action was "tantamount to prior restraint" of "a known critic of the government's drug war."  The Philippine government issued a statement denying such a claim, pointing out that President Rodrigo Duterte could have used the armed forces to implement Rappler's closure, as done by various foreign governments, but had not resorted to such moves. The chief presidential legal counsel defended the SEC, saying the SEC's job was simply to punish violators of the law.  A "BBC News" report described wider concerns about the media in the Philippines, citing how a major campaign donor of the Philippine president had earlier become majority shareholder of the "Philippine Daily Inquirer", a newspaper critical of the government's war on drugs. The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility also cited verbal attacks by the Philippine president and close allies on media organizations that have released critical reports on the government. The National Bureau of Investigation of the Philippines subpoenaed Ressa and a former Rappler reporter on January 18, 2018, in connection with an online libel complaint filed by private entrepreneur Wilfredo Keng. The complaint was for a 2012 article that had reported that the then Philippine Supreme Court Chief Justice Renato Corona had been using a luxury vehicle owned by Keng. The report also claimed that Keng was involved in human trafficking.  On March 8, 2018, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) filed criminal and tax evasion charges against Rappler Holdings Corp. before the Department of Justice (DoJ) for allegedly evading in taxes. Rappler's petition for review regarding the SEC's decision was subsequently rejected by the Court of Appeals on 26 July 2018, finding no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the SEC.

Cyberlibel.

On March 8, 2018, the National Bureau of Investigation lodged before the Department of Justice (DoJ) a cyber libel complaint against Rappler and its officers (Maria Ressa, former Rappler reporter Reynaldo Santos, Jr. who wrote the story, and directors and officers Manuel Ayala, Nico Jose Nolledo, Glenda Gloria, James Bitanga, Felicia Atienza, Dan Albert de Padua and Jose Maria G. Hofilena) in connection with a news article published in 2012 wherein citing in the complaint stated that “Unlike published materials on print, defamatory statements online, such as those contained in the libelous article written and published by subjects, [are]indubitably considered as a continuing crime until and unless the libelous article is actually removed or taken down. Otherwise, the same is a continuing violation of Section 4 (c) (4) of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”.  Ressa was arrested on February 13, 2019, and spent a night in jail before being able to bail herself out. The arrest was criticized by the international community. As one of the only media organizations in the Philippines that is openly critical of Duterte, many saw the arrest of Rappler's CEO as politically motivated. Their trial began on July 23, 2019. Ressa and Reynaldo Santos, Jr. were convicted of cyberlibel by Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 46 on June 15, 2020 and sentenced to a maximum of six years in jail, along with being ordered to pay fines of each. Human rights and media freedom advocates have characterized the court decision as a blow to freedom of the press and democracy.  After the verdict, a "vindicated" Keng sued Ressa again for a different count of cyberlibel, this time over a tweet she wrote on February 15, 2019 which contained a screenshot of the 2002 "Philippine Star" article discussed in. Keng stated that by republishing the article "[Ressa] feloniously communicated the malicious imputations against me not only to her 350,000 Twitter followers, but to anyone who has access to the internet."

Tax cases.

On December 3, 2018, an arrest warrant for Rappler's founder Maria Ressa was sent to the Pasig police station, for alleged omissions in the VAT (value added tax) filings of Rappler, in connection with "People of the Philippines v. Rappler Holdings Corp. and Maria Ressa" (R-PSG-18-02983-CR). However, her arraignment in this case was suspended as she filed a motion to quash the information, and she was not arrested in connection with this warrant, as she posted bail in the amount of the same day. As of January 2020, the case remains suspended, as the Pasig has still not ruled on the motion.  On March 29, 2019, Ressa was arrested again upon her arrival at Ninoy Aquino International Airport from an overseas trip. The arrest warrant was issued by the Pasig Branch 265 against Ressa in connection with yet another case she and members of Rappler's 2016 board are facing, this time for alleged violations of the Anti-Dummy Law (C.A. No. 108). Ressa posted bail in the amount of the same day.

Mood Meter feature.

"Mood Meter" is a web widget embedded on each of Rappler's blogs and articles. It appears as colored bubbles showing the way people react to Rappler's stories. Readers are prompted to choose their response from eight different emotional reactions. The ten stories that received the most reactions in the last 48-hour period would appear on the Mood Navigator.  The Rappler Mood Meter, which is similar to Facebook Reactions, won the Bronze Medal for Brand Experience at the 2012 Boomerang Awards sponsored by the Internet Media Marketing Association of the Philippines (IMMAP).

Ownership structure.

As of 2017, Rappler is owned primarily by Rappler Holdings Corporation, which is in turn owned by Dolphin Fire Group (31.21%), Maria Ressa (23.77%), Hatchd Group (17.86%), Benjamin So (17.86%), and 9.3 percent of minority shares.  Rappler originally drew in funds through the issuance of Philippine Depository Receipts (PDR), which allowed foreign firms Omidyar Network and North Base Media to invest in Rappler. On February 28, 2018, Omidyar Network donated its Rappler PDRs to the editors and executives of Rappler.

Rappler is an online news website based in the Philippines with a bureau in Jakarta, Indonesia. It started as a Facebook page named MovePH in August 2011 and later evolved into a complete website on January 1, 2012. Along with web based text news content, it was also among the first news websites in the Philippines to extensively use online multimedia including video, pictures, text and audio. It also uses social media sites for news distribution.

Rappler est un site web d'information philippin lancé officiellement le par un groupe de journalistes menés par Maria Ressa. Le site, gratuit et financé par la publicité, est publié en anglais, et possède aussi une version indonésienne.


Early life.

Family and background.

Alvin Peterson Hovey was born in Mount Vernon, Indiana, on September 6, 1821, to Abiel and Francis Hovey. His mother died while he was a young boy, and his father died when he was fifteen leaving him orphaned. His youth was spent in poverty, and after being sent to an orphanage following his father's death, he received a basic education before being turned out at age eighteen. Hovey wanted to become a lawyer, and went work as a bricklayer by day, and studied law at night in the office of John Pitcher, a Mount Vernon attorney in 1840. After over three years of study in the office, he was admitted to bar in 1843 and opened his own law office.  Hovey was propelled into the state spotlight in 1849 when he was appointed to oversee the estate of the deceased William McClure. McClure was a wealthy idealist who was one of the co-founders of the failed utopian settlement of New Harmony, Indiana. In his will, he ordered that his estate be sold and the proceeds be used to fund the construction of libraries. His two siblings had already seized much of his estate, sold it, and made off with the funds. Hovey filed over sixty lawsuits to reclaim the assets of the estate, and use the proceeds for their intended purpose. The estate successfully funded the opening of 160 libraries in Indiana and Illinois. The case gained considerable press coverage around Indiana, and Hovey gained considerable popularity from his success. He met and married his wife Mary Ann in 1844, and the couple had five children. Only two of the children survived infancy.

Constitutionalist.

Hovey was elected as a Democrat to serve as a delegate in 1850 to help create a new constitution for the state of Indiana. Hovey supported the educational and governmental reforms to the constitution, as well as being a driving force in some of the more controversial aspects of the constitution. He opposed the extension of suffrage to women and blacks, and proposed adding a section to the constitution to ban free blacks from Indiana. His proposal was accepted because it was viewed as a punishment to the southern states, who would be required to care for the free blacks. He also opposed the bankruptcy reforms, saying that it would grant too much protection from creditors, and encourage laziness. The constitution was approved by the public, but the anti-black portions were ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court two years later.  In 1854, Hovey was appointed by Governor Joseph A. Wright to fill a vacancy on the Indiana Supreme Court until an election could be held. At the time of his appointment, he was 34, making him the youngest justice in the history of the court. It also made him the only constitutional delegate to become the interpreter of a document which he himself had helped write. His most important decision was in voting to strike down taxing laws created by some townships to increase funding for their schools. His decision stated that the constitution required all state schools be funded uniformly. He campaigned to be elected to the Supreme Court, but was defeated having only served six months on the court.  In 1855, Hovey was appointed by United States President Franklin Pierce to serve as US Attorney for Indiana. The state Democratic party had been going through a period of internal problems over the slavery issue. The pro-slavery faction, led by Jesse D. Bright, expelled many anti-slavery members of the party including Hovey during the 1858 state convention. Bright was able to influence President James Buchanan to remove Hovey from office because of his position. Hovey responded by running for Congress against Democrat William E. Niblack as an Independent, but was defeated by a large margin. Hovey then joined the Republican Party, along with many of the other expelled Democrats.

American Civil War.

Front lines.

Immediately following the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Hovey was commissioned as a colonel and organized the First Regiment of the Indiana Legion, a militia force that was used to defend the state during the war. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed colonel of the 24th Regiment Indiana Infantry. His regiment was quickly sent to the front-lines where he led it in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862. He remained with the advance elements of the main western Union army, and was promoted to brigadier general of United States Volunteers. During the siege of Corinth he commanded the 1st Brigade in Lew Wallace's 3rd Division. Hovey briefly commanded the District of Eastern Arkansas during the Fall of 1862 but returned to brigade command in the Army of the Tennessee in 1863. In January he was given command of the 12th Division in the XIII Corps. He led his division at the Battle of Champion Hill later that year earning the praise of General Ulysses S. Grant.  He again led his division in the Siege of Vicksburg, breaking Confederate control of the Mississippi River. Grant again praised Hovey as key to the siege's success. Shortly after the battle, he received word that his wife had died, and returned home to arrange for guardians for his children. Her death was deeply saddening to Hovey who was slow to recover emotionally. He returned briefly to the front in 1864 to the 1st Division in the XXIII Corps division during the Atlanta Campaign. In August 1864 the 1st Division was discontinued and its regiments dispersed throughout the other divisions in the XXIII Corps. Hovey, without a command, again returned home. For the remainder of the war he was in command of the military District of Indiana. He resigned from the Union Army on October 7, 1865.

Sons of Liberty.

Back in Indiana, Governor Oliver P. Morton placed Hovey in command of the Regular army and Indiana Legions units in the state. His primary task was overseeing recruitment and keeping anti-government activities under control. To accomplish the task, Hovey raised a division of ten-thousand troops, but would only accept unmarried men. Because of the young age of most of his soldiers, his division was nicknamed "Hovey's Babies." His investigations uncovered a network of southern sympathizers known as the Sons of Liberty and the Knights of the Golden Circle. He alleged the group had secret plans for an uprising in Indianapolis in August 1864. To prevent the plot, he had dozens of suspects arrested and taken before military tribunals for judgment. Several were sentenced to hanging, but their terms were commuted to life in prison. After the war, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the trials unconstitutional in the case of Ex parte Milligan.  After the war ended, Hovey was brevetted as a major general before resigning from the army. He then remarried to Rosa Alice, the stepdaughter of Caleb B. Smith, in 1865. He was then appointed as Minister to Peru and dispatched to the country. Just prior to his departure, his new wife fell ill and died. During his time in Peru, the country was constantly at war with its neighbors and undergoing violent revolution. Hovey spent a good deal of his time trying to determine who was running the country on any given day. In 1870 he resigned from his post and returned to Mount Vernon where he resumed his law practice.

Governor.

Clash with General Assembly.

In 1872, the Republican party entered Hovey's name as a candidate to run for governor, but he declined, claiming he was finished with politics. For the next fourteen years he continued operating his private law practice until 1886, he was nominated to run for Congress and accepted. He defeated his Democratic opponent J. E. McCullough 18,258 to 16,907. Two years later, he was nominated to run for Governor of Indiana. Benjamin Harrison was running for President that year and was immensely popular in the state. Despite his party ticket's popularity, he barely won the election, defeating Democrat Courtland C. Matson by a plurality, 49%–48.6% of the vote, and Democrats retained majorities in both houses of the Indiana General Assembly. At age sixty-eight, Hovey became the oldest man ever elected governor, up until that time.  In the last year of the term of Hovey's predecessor, Governor Albert G. Porter, the General Assembly had passed a series of laws weakening the governor's powers. The legislature pursued an agenda for the most part differing from the Governor's, and overrode most of his symbolic vetoes to enact it. Hovey attempted to reclaim some of the power taken by the legislature by taking many of their recent laws to the courts. They had removed all the governor's appointment powers, and the Indiana Supreme Court ruled in favor of the legislature in that matter. In another case, where the assembly had created state boards to run police, fire, and other departments at the local level, taking their control from Republican-controlled local governments, the courts ruled in favor of Hovey and declared the laws unconstitutional. In a fight over who had the right to appoint newly created department heads, the court ruled against both the assembly and the governor, stating that like all other departments heads must be elected in a general election.

Reforms.

The only agenda item which Hovey was able to pass through the General Assembly was voter reform. The state for several election cycles had been the victim of serious voter fraud, and had among the least restrictive voter regulations in the nation. Parties created their own ballots, and were responsible for including their opponents on their ballots. This led to considerable trickery on the part of the parties who would deliberately make their ballot in a manner to increase the likelihood voters would choose their candidate, even accidentally. Vote buying had also become commonplace; that had led to a national scandal in the election of Benjamin Harrison. The reforms enacted created the secret ballot, standardized ballots, provided more supervision at polling stations, and gave the responsibility of creating ballots to the state.  Hovey had campaigned on dealing with the White Cap groups operating in southern Indiana. The vigilante groups had carried out several lynchings, including the Reno Gang, and had been carrying out other forms of vigilante justice, especially in Harrison and Crawford Counties. They often meted out corporeal punishments to men who were believed to not be taking care of their family, local criminals, and alcoholics. Hovey launched investigations into the groups, and made known his intentions to put an end to their organizations. Although no arrests were made, the threat led to a significant decrease and eventual end to their activities.

Death.

In 1891, Hovey fell ill and died on November 23, 1891, and was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor Ira Joy Chase. Hovey's body lay in state in Indianapolis before his remains were removed to his hometown for a funeral. He is buried in the Bellefontaine Cemetery near Mount Vernon, Indiana.

References.

Notes Bibliography  Retrieved on 2008-02-12

Alvin Peterson Hovey (September 6, 1821 – November 23, 1891) was a Union general during the American Civil War, an Indiana Supreme Court justice, congressman, and the 21st Governor of Indiana from 1889 to 1891. During the war he played an important role in the Western theatre, earning high approval from General Ulysses Grant, and uncovered a secret plot for an uprising in Indiana. As governor, he launched several legal challenges to the Indiana General Assembly's removal of his powers, but was mostly unsuccessful. He successfully advocated election reform before he died in office.

Alvin Peterson Hovey () est un général de l'Union au cours de la guerre de Sécession, un juge de la cour suprême de l'Indiana, membre du congrès, et gouverneur de l'Indiana de 1889 à 1891. Pendant la guerre, il joue un rôle important sur le théâtre occidental, obtenant une haute admiration de Grant, et découvre un complot pour un soulèvement dans l'Indiana. En tant que gouverneur, il lance plusieurs défis juridiques pour retirer du pouvoir à l'assemblée générale de l'Inidiana, mais échoue surtout. Il a plaidé avec succès la réforme électorale avant son décès au cours de son mandat.


History.

In 1922, Ermine Cowles Case described a partial vertebral column (UMMP 7507) he'd discovered in 1921 from the Tecovas Member of the Carnian-age Upper Triassic Dockum Formation of Crosby County, Texas, as "Coelophysis" sp. ("Coelophysis" at that time also being poorly known). He considered it to be about 2.5 meters (8.5 ft) long. Additional material was referred to it, including a femur (UMMP 3396), an ilium (UMMP 8870), and a basicranium (UMMP 7473). These additional remains have since been recognized as belonging to a variety of other Triassic animals, all of which were poorly known or unknown at the time: the femur to an aetosaur, possibly "Desmatosuchus", the ilium to a herrerasaurid, either "Chindesaurus" or "Caseosaurus", depending on the taxonomic authority, and the basicranium to the rauisuchian "Postosuchus".  Friedrich von Huene recognized it as a new genus in 1932, and named it in honor of Case. He considered it to be a "podokesaurid". Since the 1970s, though, it has been considered a nondinosaurian. However, a review by Hunt "et al." in 1998 suggested that it was a theropod, possibly a herrerasaurid, citing its hollow centra as evidence for dinosaurian affinities. In an abstract for the 1999 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting and his unpublished thesis, Richards recognized that it had a variety of characters that are apomorphic for various dinosaur subgroups, but that these are also found in different basal archosaur groups, and that the poorly preserved, distorted, and reconstructed vertebrae offer no evidence for assignment to any major archosaur group; it does, though, show some resemblances to the trilophosaurs. Further review, as part of a larger series of papers on the evolution of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic by Sterling Nesbitt, Randall Irmis, and William Parker, found "Spinosuchus" to be a valid genus. However, the authors could not classify it beyond Archosauriformes, and disagreed with Richards' trilophosaur hypothesis. Justin Spielmann and colleagues published a redescription in 2009 that concluded "Spinosuchus" was a trilophosaurid closely related to "Trilophosaurus".  Nesbitt "et al." (2015) performed a phylogenetic analysis focusing on relations within Allokotosauria and recovered "Trilophosaurus jacobsi" to be more closely related to "S. caseanus" than to the type species of "Trilophosaurus", "Trilophosaurus buettneri". To further test this possibility, the types of "S. caseanus" and "T. jacobsi" were scored separately from the referred the Kahle "Trilophosaurus" Quarry elements (referred to "T. jacobsi" by Spielmann "et al." (2008) or to "S. caseanus" by Spielmann "et al." (2009)). A phylogenetic analysis recovered the three in a monophyletic clade to the exclusion of "T. buettneri" based on a single autapomorphy. Furthermore, the types of "S. caseanus" and "T. jacobsi" as well as the Kahle Quarry material all scored identically, suggesting that "T. jacobsi" not only should be reassigned to "Spinosuchus", but in fact represents the junior synonym of its type and only species ("S. caseanus"). Nesbitt "et al." (2015) refrained from officially synonymizing the two taxa pending further study of other advanced trilophosaurids.

Spinosuchus (meaning "spined crocodile") is an extinct genus of trilophosaurid allokotosaur from the Late Triassic of Texas, southern United States. It has been assigned to a variety of groups over its history, from coelophysid dinosaur to pseudosuchian to uncertain theropod dinosaur and to Proterosuchidae. This uncertainty is not unusual, given that it was only known from a poorly preserved, wall-mounted, partial vertebral column of an animal that lived in a time of diverse, poorly known reptile groups. However, newly collected material and recent phylogenetic studies of early archosauromorphs suggest that is represents an advance trilophosaurid very closely related to "Trilophosaurus".

Spinosuchus (du grec « crocodile à épines ») est un genre éteint de reptiles archosauromorphes allokotosauriens, qui a vécu au Trias supérieur (Carnien), en Amérique du Nord. Il est rattaché à la famille des Trilophosauridae.


Club career.

McKenna began his career in the Aberdeen academy and was initially a left back before moving to the centre. The "Daily Record" called him "one of the most promising defenders in the country".  McKenna made his professional debut for Aberdeen as a substitute against St Johnstone on 6 February 2016. His first start came against Heart of Midlothian on 16 May 2016. On 22 May 2016, he signed a new two-year contract with Aberdeen, In November 2016, McKenna moved on loan to Scottish Championship side Ayr United for 28 days, his second time on loan with the club. His loan was subsequently extended until the end of the season.  In October 2017, McKenna extended his Aberdeen contract until 2021. The club rejected a bid from Hull City to buy him in January 2018. In January 2018, McKenna scored from more than 35 yards in Aberdeen's 3–1 win against Kilmarnock. He claimed in an interview after the match that Kilmarnock skipper Kris Boyd urged him to "shoot" so he obliged. On 7 March 2018, McKenna signed a new contract extension until 2023.  Aberdeen rejected an offer of £3.5 million for McKenna from Celtic in August 2018. Later in August, Aberdeen rejected a larger offer from Aston Villa. During the summer 2019 transfer window, Aberdeen rejected offers from Queens Park Rangers and Nottingham Forest for McKenna after he handed in a transfer request.  In December 2019 Aberdeen chairman Dave Cormack confirmed the club had received no offers or approaches from other clubs for McKenna or teammate Sam Cosgrove. McKenna suffered a torn hamstring during a Scottish Cup tie at St Mirren on 29 February 2020, which is expected to prevent him from playing for the rest of the 2019–20 season.

International career.

McKenna captained the Scotland under-19s in a 2–2 draw with the Czech Republic in 2014. McKenna made his first appearance for the Scotland under-21s in September 2017.  McKenna was selected for the full national squad in March 2018, and made his full international debut in a 1–0 defeat against Costa Rica on 23 March. In his fourth game for Scotland, a 1–0 defeat to Mexico on 2 June 2018, McKenna was made team captain. On 11 October 2018, McKenna came on a second-half substitute in a 2–1 defeat against Israel, marking his competitive debut for Scotland.

Personal life.

McKenna supported Celtic as a boy. He is distantly related to the late Alan Gilzean, who was a cousin of McKenna's maternal grandmother. His father Ian played semi-professionally in the Scottish Football League for Forfar Athletic and Montrose in the 1990s.

Scott Fraser McKenna (born 12 November 1996) is a Scottish professional footballer, who plays as a defender for Aberdeen and the Scotland national team. McKenna has also previously played for Ayr United and Alloa Athletic on loan.

Scott McKenna, né le à Kirriemuir (Écosse), est un footballeur international écossais, qui évolue au poste de défenseur à Aberdeen.


David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury

Early life.

Neuberger was born on 10 January 1948, the son of Albert Neuberger, Professor of Chemical Pathology at St Mary's Hospital, University of London, and his wife, Lilian. His uncle was the noted rabbi Herman N. Neuberger. All three of his brothers are or were professors: James Neuberger is Professor of Medicine at the University of Birmingham, Michael Neuberger was Professor of Molecular Immunology at the University of Cambridge, while Anthony Neuberger is Professor in Finance at Warwick Business School, University of Warwick.  He was educated first at The Hall School, Hampstead, then Westminster School, and studied chemistry at Christ Church, Oxford.

Career.

After graduation, Neuberger worked at the merchant bank, N M Rothschild & Sons, from 1970–73. Neuberger was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1974, where he became a Bencher in 1993. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1987. He was a Recorder from 1990 to 1 October 1996, when he was appointed a High Court Judge in the Chancery Division and received the customary knighthood.  In 2001, he was made Supervisory Chancery Judge of Midland, Wales and Chester, and of the Western Circuits, a post he held until 12 January 2004, when he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal and a member of the Privy Council.  Since 2005, he has been co-chair (with Richard Susskind) of ITAC (Lord Chancellor's Information Technology and Courts Committee).  On 11 January 2007, he succeeded Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was made a life peer as Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury, of Abbotsbury in the County of Dorset, and introduced in the House of Lords on 15 January 2007 between Lord Bingham of Cornhill and his sister-in-law, Baroness Neuberger.  His rise to the Court of Appeal and then to the House of Lords is one of the quickest in recent times. Although Lord Devlin was, at 55, even younger on his own appointment to the House of Lords in 1960, Neuberger was the youngest sitting Law Lord.  It was announced on 23 July 2009 that he would be appointed the next Master of the Rolls, succeeding Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, who became one of the inaugural Justices of the Supreme Court on the retirement of Lord Scott of Foscote. This appointment took effect on 1 October 2009.  Between 2006 and 2007, he led an investigation for the Bar Council into widening access to the Bar. He also served on the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions, led by former Health Secretary Alan Milburn, which reported in July 2009. Other Panel members included Trevor Phillips, head of the Commission for Equalities and Human Rights, Michael Grade, Chairman of ITV, and Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal.  In May 2010, Neuberger gave an "ex tempore" dissenting judgment that the trade union Unite had not complied with ballot rules under trade union legislation.  In July 2010 Neuberger ruled that peace protesters in Parliament Square who had camped out in Democracy Village should be evicted after the protesters lost an appeal.  In May 2011, while commenting on super injunctions, he said that social media sites like Twitter were "totally out of control" and society should consider ways to bring such websites under control.  In July 2012, it was announced that Neuberger would succeed Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers as President of the Supreme Court, which post he took up on 1 October 2012.  In February 2017, it was announced that Neuberger was stepping down "in the Summer" from his role in the Supreme Court and retiring.  He now sits as a voting cross-bench member of the House of Lords.

Awards and honours.

He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society in 2017.  In 2018, Neuberger was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Personal life.

In 1976, Neuberger married Angela Holdsworth, the TV producer and writer. They have three children, Jessica, Nicholas and Max, who are all solicitors. Neuberger's sister-in-law, through his brother Anthony Neuberger, is Julia Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger, Senior Rabbi of the West London Synagogue.  Neuberger was Chairman of the Schizophrenia Trust from 2003 to 2013, when it merged with and was subsumed by Mental Health Research UK: he is now a Trustee of MHRUK. He was a Governor of the University of the Arts London between 2000 and 2010. He was President of the British Records Association from 2009 to 2012, in his capacity as Master of the Rolls.  On 18th May 2020 he was appointed as Deputy President of The Academy of Experts due to replace Mark Saville, Baron Saville of Newdigate as President in late 2020.

David Edmond Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury, PC, GBS, HonFRS (; born 10 January 1948) is an English judge. He served as President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2017. He was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary until the House of Lords' judicial functions were transferred to the new Supreme Court in 2009, at which point he became Master of the Rolls, the second most senior judge in England and Wales. Neuberger was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2012. He also serves as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal.

David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger d'Abbotsbury, (née le à Londres), est un juge britannique. Il a été le entre 2012 et 2017.


Design and description.

The s were designed as improved versions of the armored corvette, suited for foreign deployments. Unlike their predecessor, the "Alma"-class ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads. Like most ironclads of their era, they were equipped with a metal-reinforced ram.  "Reine Blanche" measured between perpendiculars, with a beam of. She had a mean draft of and displaced. Her crew numbered 316 officers and men.

Propulsion.

The ship had a single horizontal return connecting-rod steam engine driving a single propeller. Her engine was powered by four oval boilers. On sea trials the engine produced and the ship reached. "Reine Blanche" carried of coal, allowing the ship to steam for at a speed of. She was barque-rigged and had a sail area of.

Armament.

"Reine Blanche" mounted her four Modèle 1864 breech-loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck. The other two 194-millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck, sponsoned out over the sides of the ship. The four guns were also mounted on the upper deck. She may have exchanged her Mle 1864 guns for Mle 1870 guns. The armor-piercing shell of the 20-caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed while the gun itself weighed. The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal of wrought iron armour at the muzzle. The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.

Armor.

"Reine Blanche" had a complete wrought iron waterline belt, approximately high. The sides of the battery itself were armored with of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness. The barbette armor was thick, backed by of wood. The unarmored portions of her sides were protected by iron plates.

Service.

"Reine Blanche" was laid down at Lorient in 1865 and launched on 10 March 1868. The ship began her sea trials on 15 April 1869 and was put into reserve at Brest after they were completed. She was commissioned on 20 July 1870 and made one cruise to the Shetland Islands during the Franco-Prussian War before she was placed in reserve again on 20 September. "Reine Blanche" was recommissioned in July 1871 as flagship of the second division of the Evolutionary Squadron. During the Cantonal Revolution "Reine Blanche" and her sister spent much of September–October 1873 in the port of Cartagena, Spain, where they could protect French citizens. She was reduced to reserve on 1 February 1876 and recommissioned in April 1877.  On 3 July 1877 she was accidentally rammed by "Thétis" and had to be run ashore to prevent her from sinking. "Reine Blanche" was placed back into reserve in 1878. She was recommissioned on 15 April 1879 for service with the Levant Squadron. From 5–16 July 1881 "Reine Blanche" bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax as part of the French occupation of Tunisia. The ship was named as the flagship of the Pacific Squadron on 20 January 1884 under command of Rear Admiral Franquet, but she returned to Cherbourg on 22 May 1884 with worn-out boilers and her hull in poor shape. "Reine Blanche" was paid off and condemned on 12 November 1884.

The French ironclad "Reine Blanche" was a wooden-hulled armored corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1860s as an improvement over the armored corvette. She played a minor role in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and was accidentally rammed by one of her sisters in 1877. The ship bombarded the port of Sfax during the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881 before being sent to the Pacific in 1884. She quickly returned to port with worn-out boilers and was condemned later that year.

La Reine Blanche est une corvette cuirassée de classe Alma construite à l'arsenal de Lorient pour la Marine française. Lancée en 1868 puis armée l'année suivante, elle sert notamment en mer Méditerranée, dans l'océan Atlantique et dans l'océan Pacifique avant d'être désarmée et condamnée en 1886.


Summary.

The dialogue itself, set in the 70s AD, follows the tradition of Cicero's speeches on philosophical and rhetorical arguments. It is set in the home of Curiatius Maternus, one of the speakers, to whom two leading lawyers of the day, Marcus Aper and Julius Secundus, have come to discuss a recent event; the fourth speaker, Lucius Vipstanus Messalla, arrives later. All four men are attested historical personages. The beginning of the work is a speech in defence of eloquence and poetry. It then deals with the decadence of oratory, for which the cause is said to be the decline of the education, both in the family and in the school, of the future orator. The education is not as accurate as it once was; the teachers are not prepared and a useless rhetoric often takes the place of the general culture.  After a lacuna, the "Dialogus" ends with a speech delivered by Maternus reporting what some believe is Tacitus's opinion. Maternus thinks that great oratory was possible with the freedom from any power, more precisely in the anarchy, that characterized the Roman Republic during the civil wars. It became anachronistic and impracticable in the quiet and ordered society that resulted from the institution of the Roman Empire. The peace, warranted by the Empire, should be accepted without regret for a previous age that was more favorable to the wide spread of literacy and the growth of great personality.

Critical evaluation.

Some believe that at the base of all of Tacitus's work is the acceptance of the Empire as the only power able to save the state from the chaos of the civil wars. The Empire reduced the space of the orators and of the political men, but there is no viable alternative to it. Nevertheless, Tacitus does not accept the imperial government apathetically, and he shows, as in the "Agricola" the remaining possibility of making choices that are dignified and useful to the state.  The date of publication of the "Dialogus" is uncertain, but it was probably written after the "Agricola" and the "Germania". Many characteristics set it apart from the other works of Tacitus, so much so that its authenticity may be questioned, even if it is always grouped with the "Agricola" and the "Germania" in the manuscript tradition. The way of speaking in the "Dialogus" seems closer to the model of Cicero, refined but not prolix, which inspired the teaching of Quintilian; it lacks the incongruities that are typical of Tacitus's major historical works. It may have been written when Tacitus was young; its dedication to Fabius Iustus would thus give the date of publication, but not the date of writing. More probably, the unusually classical style may be explained by the fact that the "Dialogus" is a work of rhetoric. For this genre the structure, the language, and the style of Cicero were the usual models.

The Dialogus de oratoribus is a short work attributed to Tacitus, in dialogue form, on the art of rhetoric. Its date of composition is unknown, though its dedication to Lucius Fabius Justus places its publication around 102 AD.

Le Dialogue des orateurs ou "Dialogus de oratoribus" est une courte œuvre sur l'art de la rhétorique et sous la forme d'un dialogue. Il est attribué à Tacite. Sa date de composition est inconnue, mais la dédicace à Lucius Fabius Justus permet de le situer aux alentours de 102 après Jésus-Christ.


Overview.

The song's primary inspiration is the 1984 Penelope Spheeris film "Suburbia", and its depiction of violence and squalor in the suburbs of Los Angeles; in addition, the tension of the Brixton riots of 1981 and of 1985 hanging in recent memory led Neil Tennant of the duo to thinking about the boredom of suburbia and the underlying tension among disaffected youth that sparked off the riots at the least provocation.  The various versions of the song are punctuated by sounds of suburban violence, riots and smashing glass, as well as snarling dogs on the re-recorded single version (extended even further on the music video), which were derived from typical scenes in suburbia. The "Please" version of the song sounds very sparse in comparison. The version used for the video was the song that appeared on the "" compilation in 2003.  The video was directed by Eric Watson, and features footage of the duo in a Los Angeles suburb, as they happened to be there for that year's MTV Video Music Awards.  The B-sides to the single were "Jack the Lad" and "Paninaro". "The Full Horror mix" of "Suburbia" and the "Italian Mix" of "Paninaro", which appeared on the "Suburbia" 12", both also appeared on the Pet Shop Boys' album "Disco", and were later collected on the 2001 2-disc re-release of "Please".

Charts.

Year-end charts.

In Australia, "Suburbia" missed the Kent Music Report Top 100 Singles chart, but was listed as one of the singles receiving significant sales reports beyond the top 100 for one week in November 1986, being ranked tenth on this list.

"Suburbia" is a song by UK synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys. It was remixed and released as the fourth single from the album "Please" in 1986 and became the band's second UK Top 10 hit, peaking at number 8.

Le, un peu moins de 6 mois après la sortie de l'album, la chanson a été publiée en single. C'était le quatrième et dernier single tiré de cet album.


History.

The early version of ABViewer presented a viewer that also allowed merging CAD files, storing BMP and EMF images in the clipboard as well as printing a group of files. Initially the program supported 20 languages and was available in two versions: Standard and Professional. In 2007 ABViewer was no longer just a viewer. It became a tool for viewing, editing and converting files. The application had a full set of tools of a professional editor and supported operations used in design and project work. As a converter ABViewer made it possible to convert selected parts of the image.

Features.

Viewer.

ABViewer allows viewing 2D and 3D drawings. It supports work with drawing layers and layouts; users can reposition drawings: i.e. zoom, rotate 3D models as well as change the drawing display view and mode; users can navigate through files by means of the Thumbnails window. It is possible to hide/show texts and dimensions as well as measure drawings (both in 2D and 3D modes). The program not only displays drawings but also provides access to drawing properties and structure.

Editor.

The Editor mode enables users to create drawings from scratch as well as edit loaded files. ABViewer offers a wide range of tools for working with CAD drawings: drawing tools (used to add entities); modifying instruments (for work with created drawings); different types of snap; work with blocks and external references.

Saving and printing.

ABViewer allows saving as well as printing drawings: saving to vector and raster file formats; saving DWG/DXF drawings to G-code; extended printing settings (multipage printing, print preview, plot settings). Batch operations with multiple files are available too: batch conversion and batch print.

Advanced features.

ABViewer also provides additional functionality for work with drawings: conversion of PDF drawings into editable DWG files, the Redline mode for adding markups, comparison of DWG/DXF drawing revisions, georeferencing, work from the command line, LISP support as well as XML support.

Supported formats.

ABViewer allows viewing more than 50 vector and raster 2D and 3D formats: The program opens archived drawings too: ZIP, 7z, RAR, CAB, BZIP, TAR.

Editions.

There are three editions of ABViewer available: Standard, Professional and Enterprise. Program functionality varies depending on the license version.

Localization.

ABViewer is fully translated into the following languages: Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. ABViewer documentation and detailed help system are available in English, German, French and Russian.

ABViewer is multifunctional software for working with AutoCAD DWG, DXF, PLT, STEP, IGES, STL and other 2D and 3D CAD files. The application allows creating and editing drawings as well as saving them to AutoCAD DWG/DXF, PDF, JPG and a number of other vector and raster file formats.

ABViewer est un logiciel multifonctionnel pour le travail avec les fichiers DWG, DXF, PLT, STEP, IGES, STL et d’autres formats de CAO 2D et 3D Donc, l’utilisateur peut créer et modifier des dessins ainsi que les enregistrer sous AutoCAD DWG/DXF, PDF, JPG et sous les autres formats vectoriels et raster..


History.

The community was organized in 1909, in part, due to the efforts of John Closner.

Geography.

San Juan is located in southern Hidalgo County at (26.192451, -98.152708), in the Rio Grande Valley region. It is bordered to the west by the city of Pharr and to the east by the city of Alamo. Unincorporated communities bordering San Juan include Lopezville to the northwest, Murillo to the north, and North Alamo to the northeast. San Juan is east of McAllen and south of Edinburg, the county seat. It is north of the Mexican border at the Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge over the Rio Grande.  According to the United States Census Bureau, San Juan has a total area of, all of it land.  The center of San Juan is south of Interstate 2/U.S. Route 83 and east of U.S. Route 281.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 26,229 people, 6,606 households, and 5,952 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,383.0 people per square mile (919.8/km2). There were 7,719 housing units at an average density of 701.3 per square mile (270.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 4.4% White, 0.34% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 15.93% from other races, and 1.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 95.12% of the population.  There were 6,606 households out of which 56.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.0% were married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.9% were non-families. 8.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.95 and the average family size was 4.19.  In the city, the population was spread out with 37.4% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 15.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,706, and the median income for a family was $23,314. Males had a median income of $18,756 versus $16,910 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,945. About 32.7% of families and 34.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.6% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure.

The United States Postal Service operates the San Juan Post Office.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Almost all of San Juan is a part of the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District. A small fringe portion is a part of the Hidalgo Independent School District.  PSJA elementary schools in San Juan include Carman Elementary, Clover Elementary, Doedyns Elementary, Garza-Peña Elementary, North San Juan Elementary, Reed-Mock Elementary, Sorensen Elementary, and Leonel Trevino Elementary. Austin Middle School, which opened in 1970, and San Juan Middle School are inside the city. Pharr-San Juan-Alamo High School is in San Juan, serving most of it. A small northeastern section is zoned to Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Memorial High School in Alamo.  In addition, South Texas Independent School District operates magnet schools that serve the community.

Public libraries.

San Juan Memorial Library serves San Juan. It is located at 1010 S. Standard, San Juan, Texas 78589.

San Juan is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 33,856, up from 26,229 in 2000. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.

La ville de est située dans le comté de Hidalgo, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement, estimée à.


History.

David Lloyd established David Lloyd Leisure in 1982 and opened the first club, aimed at providing a family orientated, high quality fitness and leisure facility. This was somewhat distinct from the traditional gyms and sports centres of the time. There was also an emphasis on racquet sports.  By 1995, there were 18 David Lloyd Leisure clubs when Whitbread PLC acquired the company for £182 million, incorporating it into its Restaurants & Leisure Division. Gerrard Duxbury remained as managing director of the division until 1996.  Whitbread ran more than 50 David Lloyd Leisure (DLL) clubs in the UK with a further number in Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium. However, by the mid-2000s, the business was giving Whitbread a poor financial return, and on 2 August 2007 they sold it to London & Regional Properties and Bank of Scotland for £925 million. Whitbread used the proceeds from the sale to repay debt.  London & Regional Properties already owned and operated Next Generation Clubs; the businesses were merged under the Next Generation Clubs' management team led by Scott Lloyd, David Lloyd's son.  On 5 September 2013 London & Regional Properties agreed to sell David Lloyd Leisure to TDR Capital for £750m. TDR Capital will invest £50m into existing clubs and to further expand its UK & European operations.  In February 2017, David Lloyd Clubs was named as number 21 in the "Sunday Times’ Top 30 Best Companies" to work for in the UK. The recognition is due to it achieving a high engagement score on the Best Companies’ survey, which was completed by a random sample of its teams in which it asked them for their views on working for the company, revealing how proud and engaged their team members are to work for David Lloyd Clubs.  The accreditation comes on the back of a £120 million investment over the last two years, made by owners TDR, to refurbish and develop its existing clubs, as well as construct a further five new clubs in Newbury, Rouken Glen (Glasgow) and Colchester, plus Antwerp in Belgium and Aravaca in Madrid.

Current operations.

David Lloyd clubs currently operate 99 clubs in the United Kingdom as well as 15 in Europe in Spain, Germany, Ireland, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands.

David Lloyd clubs is a British multinational sports, health and leisure business that runs health clubs and gyms across Europe mainly in the United Kingdom.

Le David Lloyd est une entreprise britannique de sport, de santé et de loisirs qui gère des clubs de santé et des gymnases dans toute l'Europe.


Major findings.

The board found both the immediate physical cause of the accident and also what it called organizational causes.

Immediate cause of the accident.

82 seconds after launch a large piece of foam insulating material, the "left bipod foam ramp", broke free from the external tank and struck the leading edge of the shuttle's left wing, damaging the protective carbon heat shielding panels.  During re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, this damage allowed super-heated gases to enter and erode the inner wing structure which led to the destruction of "Columbia". It was the seventh known instance of a piece of foam, from this particular area of the external tank, breaking free during launch.

Organizational cause of the accident.

The problem of debris shedding from the external tank was well known and had caused shuttle damage on every prior shuttle flight. The damage was usually, but not always, minor. Over time, management gained confidence that it was an acceptable risk. NASA decided that it did not warrant an extra EVA for visual inspection, feeling that it would be like a car going down a highway and hitting a Styrofoam cooler.

Board recommendations.

The board made 29 specific recommendations to NASA to improve the safety of future shuttle flights. These recommendations include:  Only two further Space Shuttle missions were allowed to be flown before the implementation of these recommendations.

Shuttle program after the CAIB report.

After the CAIB report came out, NASA implemented all recommended changes and flew its first post-"Columbia" mission in 2005. As part of the CAIB recommendations, the Shuttle carried a 50-foot inspection boom attached to the robot arm, which was used within 24 hours of launch to check the orbiter for damage. As all but one of the post-"Columbia" missions were concentrated on the International Space Station, primarily to provide a "safe haven" in the event an orbiter was damaged beyond the normal repair methods, NASA implemented a STS-3xx contingency mission program that could launch a rescue orbiter on short notice, similar to the Skylab Rescue that was planned during the Skylab program.  NASA retired the Space Shuttle fleet on July 21, 2011 after completing the ISS and the final flight and subsequent landing of "Atlantis". The Shuttle's replacement, Orion, was to have consisted of an Apollo-derived spacecraft launched on the Ares I rocket, which would use a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster as its first stage. Orion would not face the dangers of either an O-ring failure (due to the presence of a launch escape system) or shedding foam (as the spacecraft would be launched in a stack configuration). In addition to ferrying crews to the ISS, the Orion spacecraft was to (as part of Project Constellation) allow NASA to return to the Moon. President Obama signed the NASA Authorization Act 2010 on October 11 which officially brought the Constellation program to an end, replacing it with the Space Launch System (SLS) and Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) programs to develop the launch vehicle and spacecraft to enable human exploration missions beyond low-Earth orbit.

Board members.

Chairman of the board  Board members

The "Columbia" Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) was an internal commission convened by NASA to investigate the destruction of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" during STS-107 upon atmospheric re-entry on February 1, 2003. The panel determined that the accident was caused by foam insulation breaking off from the external fuel tank, forming debris which damaged the orbiter's wing; and that the problem of "debris shedding" was well known but considered "acceptable" by management. The panel also recommended changes that should be made to increase the safety of future shuttle flights. The CAIB released its final report on August 26, 2003.

Le, ou CAIB (en ), était un groupe de personnes convoqué par la NASA pour enquêter sur les causes de la perte de la navette spatiale "Columbia" lors de sa rentrée atmosphérique au cours de la mission STS-107, le.