Operational history.

On 1 October 1942, 3./NJG 1 was redesignated 1./NJG 5. In March and April 1943, General Josef Kammhuber ordered IV./NJG 5 to Rennes, France to protect the German U-boat bases. The group was relocated to the Eastern Front again and redesignated as I./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 100 (I./NJG 100).

Western Front.

Oberleutnant Walter Borchers was made "Gruppenkommandeur" of III./NJG 5 on 22 April 1943, leading the Gruppe until March 1944. On the night of 27/28 April, Wilhelm Johnen in a Bf 110 G-4 performed an emergency landing at the Swiss airfield at Zürich-Dubendorf. Johnen and his crew were interned, and the Luftwaffe employed extensive political manoeuvring to ensure the Bf 110, equipped with the still secret SN-2 radar, was kept from close Allied examination and returned intact.  At the end of July 1944 I./NJG 5 was withdrawn to Stendal for re-equipment with the new Ju 88G-6 night fighter. Then deployed to Jesau in East Prussia, night operations against Soviet bombers followed for the remainder of 1944. Following the opening of the Soviet offensive on 12 January 1945, I./NJG 5 operated in the ground attack role on the eastern front. By 25 January 1945 I./NJG 5 was again operating from bases in Germany, relocating to Parchim and Erfurt.  Borchers was shot down and killed on the night of 5 March 1945 by W/C Walter Gibb and F/O Kendall in a Mosquito night fighter of No. 239 Squadron. Flying Junkers Ju 88 G-6 "C9+GA" (Werknummer 622 319—factory number) his air gunner parachuted to safety while his radio operator was also killed. he was replaced by Major Rudolf Schoenert. By the war's end the bulk of NJG 5 were based at Lübeck-Blankensee.

Eastern Front.

By early 1943 the Soviet Air Forces were increasing difficulties for the invading German forces. At night harassment sorties were flown with elderly biplanes. The Polikarpov Po-2, known to the Germans as the "Nähmaschine" (sewing machine), did little damage in night raids but had an immense nuisance value. The aircraft with their slow cruising speed made interception extremely difficult.  To counter these attacks IV./NJG 5 under Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein was moved to the Eastern Front in February 1943. The unit moved to Bryansk and Orel in June 1943 for Operation Citadel and later operated under "Luftflotte 6" in the Smolensk-Bryansk area and under "Luftflotte 4" in the Poltava-Stalino area.

"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 5 (NJG 5) was a Luftwaffe night fighter-wing of World War II. NJG 5 was formed on 30 September 1942 in Döberitz.

La Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (NJG 5) ( de chasse nocturne) est une unité de chasseurs de nuit de la Luftwaffe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


History.

The Elizabeth City and Norfolk Railroad was established January 20, 1870, and in 1881 the line opened, running south from Berkley, Virginia, across the Eastern Branch of the Elizabeth River from Norfolk, via Elizabeth City to Edenton, North Carolina. On February 1, 1883, the name was changed to the Norfolk Southern Railroad, reflecting the company's ambitions to build further. It entered receivership for the first time in 1889, and was purchased April 29 and reorganized May 1891 as the Norfolk and Southern Railroad. By that time, it had acquired trackage rights over the Norfolk and Western Railroad over the Elizabeth River into Norfolk. With the reorganization also came the acquisition of the Albemarle and Pantego Railroad in North Carolina from the John L. Roper Lumber Company, extending the line from Mackeys on the other side of the Albemarle Sound from Edenton south to Belhaven on the Pungo River, a branch of the Pamlico River.  On November 1, 1899, the N&S bought the Norfolk, Virginia Beach and Southern Railroad, running east from Norfolk to Virginia Beach on the Atlantic Ocean. An extension parallel to the oceanfront took the line north from Virginia Beach to Cape Henry in 1902, but two years later the N&S bought the competing Chesapeake Transit Company which had a line from Norfolk to Cape Henry via the Lynnhaven Inlet area and hence to Virginia Beach, and abandoned its duplicative trackage between Cape Henry and Virginia Beach. The importance of passenger rail service to the Oceanfront area to Virginia Beach's resort growth in the late 19th and early 20th century was eclipsed only in 1922 by the construction of the paved Virginia Beach Boulevard roadway between the Oceanfront area and Norfolk.  Also in 1902, the N&S acquired the Roanoke Railroad and Lumber Company's Washington and Plymouth Railroad, running from Plymouth, North Carolina, south to Washington, built a line from Mackeys to Plymouth, and began a car ferry operation across the Albemarle Sound between Edenton and Mackeys (replaced by a bridge in 1910). The W&P had been built by the lumber company in 1889 to narrow gauge, became a common carrier in 1901, and was converted to by the N&S in 1904.  The Raleigh and Eastern North Carolina Railroad was organized in 1903 and renamed the Raleigh and Pamlico Sound Railroad in 1905. In 1906, it built a line from the end of the N&S at Washington south to Bridgeton, as well as a completely separated line from Raleigh east to Zebulon.  On November 24, 1906, the Norfolk and Southern Railway was formed as a consolidation of the Norfolk and Southern Railroad with the Raleigh and Pamlico Sound Railroad and several other companies: The company again entered receivership in 1908, and in 1910 reorganized as the Norfolk Southern Railroad. That same year it built a long branch from Chocowinity (also known as Marsden) on the main line south of Washington west to the isolated section to Raleigh at Zebulon (that became the main line to Charlotte via Raleigh, while the old line to New Bern became a branch). Several shorter branches also opened that year - from Bayboro south to Oriental, from Pinetown on the main line east to Bishops Cross on the line to Belhaven, and from Mackeys east to Columbia (as well as a trestle across the Albemarle Sound between Mackeys and Edenton).  The Egypt Railroad was chartered June 14, 1890, and opened October 15, 1891, running a short distance from Colon on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad main line west to Cumnock. It was leased to the Raleigh and Western Railway, another short line continuing west from Cumnock to Harpers Crossroads, on September 6, 1893. The company entered receivership in 1907 and operations west of Cumnock were suspended in 1908. The Egypt Railroad was reorganized April 1, 1910, as the Sanford and Troy Railroad.  The Durham and Charlotte Railroad was chartered March 2, 1893, and planned to connect the two cities named with the railroad. On July 15, 1896, it bought the Glendon and Gulf Railroad, running from Gulf (west of Cumnock) southwest to Glendon. After reaching Elise (Robbins) in 1899, the Durham and Charlotte Railroad was building towards Star. The company endured several years of litigation over the right-of-way with a Wright Tramway, which was built in 1896. The tramway was removed in 1901 and the Durham and Charlotte Railroad was then built to Star by 1902. Some time after 1900 it bought the former Raleigh and Western Railway right-of-way and rebuilt the line from Cumnock to Gulf, and built an extension from Star southwest to Troy.  In November 1911, the NS formed the Raleigh, Charlotte and Southern Railway (RC&S) as a consolidation of several smaller companies; the RC&S was merged into the NS in fall 1912. The RC&S was made up of the Sanford and Troy Railroad, Durham and Charlotte Railroad, and the following lines: At the time, only the Raleigh and Southport Railway connected to the other NS lines. In 1914 the NS built a line from Varina on the former R&S southwest to Colon and from Mount Gilead west to Charlotte, giving it a continuous line, using the former S&T, D&C and branch of the A&A from Colon to Mount Gilead.  On May 27, 1920, the NS leased the Durham and South Carolina Railroad, giving it access to Durham. The D&SC ran from Durham south to Bonsal on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, and was extended to Duncan on the NS around the time the NS leased it. Another receivership came in 1932, and in 1935 it defaulted on its lease of the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, which was reincorporated November 16 of that year. Many branch lines were abandoned or sold during that period, such as the local lines in Suffolk, Virginia, which were sold to the Virginian Railway in 1940. On January 21, 1942, the company was reorganized for the last time as the Norfolk Southern Railway.  On January 1, 1974, the Southern Railway bought the Norfolk Southern Railway and merged it into the Carolina and Northwestern Railway, but kept the Norfolk Southern Railway name. In 1982 the Carolina and Northwestern name was brought back to free up the Norfolk Southern name for the planned merger of the Southern Railway with the Norfolk and Western Railway. The new Norfolk Southern Railway was formed in 1982. While the name had once represented simply the Virginia and North Carolina based railroad which ran south from Norfolk to Charlotte, it was now a combination of the names of the two merged Class I railroads.  Norfolk Southern still owns the main line from Gulf (near Cumnock) northeast to Raleigh. The part from Gulf west to Charlotte (as well as the branch to Aberdeen) is now the Aberdeen, Carolina and Western Railway, the part from Edenton north to Norfolk is now the Chesapeake and Albemarle Railroad, and the Belhaven-Pinetown branch as well as the Plymouth-Raleigh segment is now operated by the Carolina Coastal Railway. The line between Plymouth and Edenton has been removed, with the famous Albemarle Sound Trestle having been demolished in the late 1980s.

Company officers.

Presidents of Norfolk Southern:

Heritage Unit.

As a part of the current Norfolk Southern Railway's 30th anniversary in 2012, the company painted 20 new locomotives in predecessor schemes. NS #8114, a GE ES44AC locomotive, was painted in the original Norfolk Southern paint scheme.

The Norfolk Southern Railway was the final name of a railroad that ran from Norfolk, Virginia, southwest and west to Charlotte, North Carolina. It was acquired by the Southern Railway in 1974, which merged with the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1982 to form the current Norfolk Southern Railway.

Le Norfolk Southern Railway (1942-1982) (sigle de l'AAR: NS) fut le dernier nom d'un chemin de fer américain de classe I qui circulait entre Norfolk et Charlotte. Il fut racheté par le Southern Railway (SOU) en 1974. Ce nom fut ensuite réutilisé pour la nouvelle compagnie issue de la fusion du Norfolk and Western Railway et du Southern Railway en 1982.


History.

StarWriter 1.0 was written by Marco Börries in 1985 for the Zilog Z80. Börries formed Star Division in Lüneburg the following year. It was later ported to the Amstrad CPC (marketed by Schneider in Germany) under CP/M and later ported to the 8086-based Amstrad PC-1512, running under MS-DOS 3.2. Later, the integration of the other individual programs followed as the development progressed to an office suite for DOS, IBM's OS/2 Warp, and for the Microsoft Windows operating system. From this time onwards Star Division marketed its suite under the name "StarOffice."  Until version 4.2, Star Division based StarOffice on the cross-platform C++ class library StarView. In 1998 Star Division began offering StarOffice for free.  Sun Microsystems acquired the company, copyright and trademark of StarOffice in 1999 for, as it was supposedly cheaper than 42,000 licenses of Microsoft Office.

Naming.

StarSuite was the version of StarOffice with Asian language localization. It included Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese interfaces. It also included additional fonts for the East Asian market, resulting in slightly larger installation footprint. Otherwise the features were identical to StarOffice.  The two brands existed because a StarOffice brand was owned by another company in certain Asian countries. Currently NEC produces StarOffice collaborative software (unrelated to the one discussed here) in Japan. After Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems (in January 2010) it renamed both StarOffice and StarSuite as "Oracle Open Office".

Sun ONE Webtop.

In 2001, Sun Microsystems announced "Sun ONE Webtop"formerly known as project StarPortala limited release. It was based on StarOffice components.

Components.

Proprietary components.

For StarOffice Enterprise Edition only:

Other differences.

There are also differences in the documentation, training and support options, and some minor differences in the look and icons between Oracle Open Office and OpenOffice.org.  Other differences are that StarOffice only supports 12 languages, compared to over 110 for OpenOffice.org.

Version history.

StarOffice 2.0.

StarWriter was the first StarOffice, with the successor being StarOffice 2.0 which included StarWriter compact, StarBase 1.0, StarDraw 1.0.  Supported platforms included DOS.

StarOffice 3.

StarOffice 3.0 included StarWriter 3.0, StarCalc 3.0, StarDraw 3.0, StarImage, StarChart.  Supported platforms included DOS, Windows 3.1, OS/2, Solaris on SPARC. Power Mac beta support was introduced in 1996.

3.1.

Supported platforms included Windows 3.1/95, OS/2 (16-bit), Linux i386, Solaris Sparc/x86, Mac OS 7.5 – 8.0.  Caldera, Inc. supported the Linux-port of StarOffice 3.1 with ca. 800.000 DM in order to offer the product with their forthcoming OpenLinux distribution in 1997.

StarOffice 4.0.

Supported platforms included Windows 3.1/95, OS/2, Linux i386, Solaris Sparc/x86, Mac OS (beta).

StarOffice 5.

5.0 was released late November 1998. Supported platforms included Windows 95/NT 3.51, OS/2, Linux i386, Solaris Sparc/x86.

5.1.

5.1 was released 20 May 1999. Supported platforms included Windows 95, OS/2, Linux i386, Solaris Sparc/x86.

5.2.

5.2 was released 20 June 2000. Sun offered StarOffice 5.2 as a free download for personal use, and soon went through an exercise similar to Netscape's relicensing of Mozilla, by releasing most of the StarOffice source code under a free/open source license. The resultant free/open source software codebase fork continued development as OpenOffice.org, with contributions from both Sun and the wider OpenOffice.org community. Sun then took "snapshots" of the OpenOffice.org code base, integrated proprietary and third-party code modules, and marketed the package commercially.  StarOffice 5.2 was the last version to contain the programs listed under Older Discontinued Components. It was also the last version to support multiple virtual desktops, previously available from within the Suite.  Supported platforms included: MS Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000; Linux i386; Solaris Sparc/x86.

StarOffice 6.

A beta version of 6.0 (based on OpenOffice.org 638c) was released in October 2001; the final 6.0 (based on OpenOffice.org 1.0) was released in May 2002.  Support for OpenOffice.org XML file format.  Supported platforms included Windows 95, Linux i386, Solaris Sparc/x86. OpenOffice.org version also supported Windows ME/2000 for Asian/CJK versions, generic Linux 2.2.13 with glibc2 2.1.3, Solaris 7 SPARC (8 for Asian version).

StarOffice 7.

Based on OpenOffice.org 1.1. Released 14 November 2003.  Supported platforms included Windows 98, Linux i386, Solaris 8 Sparc/x86. OpenOffice.org version also supports generic Linux with Glibc 2.2.0, Mac OS X 10.2 for PowerPC with X11 in OOO 1.1.2.  Product Update 5 added Windows NT 4.0 as a supported platform and incorporated support for the OpenDocument file-format.  Product Updates 6-8 are based on OpenOffice.org 2.1. The OOO version added support for Mac OS X 10.3 for PowerPC, and for Mac OS X 10.4 for x86.  Product Updates 9-11 built on OpenOffice.org 2.2. New features included enhanced Windows Vista integration, PDF export.  Product Update 12 was based on OpenOffice.org 2.4. The OOO version added support for Linux x86-64, Linux MIPS, Linux S390, Mac OS X x86/PPC above 10.4. New features included improved input and sorting in Calc, block markings in text documents, new import filtering, improved security, access to WebDAV servers via HTTPS, and PDF export for long-term archiving.

StarOffice 8.

Sun released StarOffice 8 (based on the code of OpenOffice.org 2.0) on 27 September 2005, adding support for the OpenDocument standard and a number of improvements.  Supported platforms include Windows 98/2000 (Service Pack 2 or higher), Linux i386, Solaris 8 Sparc/x86.  Product Updates 2–5 are based on OpenOffice.org 2.1.  Product Updates 6–7 are based on OpenOffice.org 2.2. New features include enhanced Windows Vista integration, PDF export.  Product Updates 8–9 are based on OpenOffice.org 2.3. New features include bookmark support for PDF export, MediaWiki export in Writer.  Product Updates 10–11 are based on OpenOffice.org 2.4. New features include improved input and sorting in Calc, block markings in text documents, new import filter, improved security, access to WebDAV servers via HTTPS, PDF export for long-term archiving.

StarOffice 9.

StarOffice 9, released 17 November 2008, added support for version 1.2 of the OpenDocument standard and Microsoft Office 2007 files and a number of other improvements.  It is based on OpenOffice.org 3.0.  Supported platforms include Windows 2000 (Service Pack 2 or higher), Mac OS X 10.4 (Intel version), Linux 2.4 i386 with glibc2 version 2.3.2 or higher, gtk version 2.2.0 or higher, Solaris 10 for Sparc/x86. OOO version supports Mac OS X PPC, generic Linux platforms.  Product Update 1 is based on OpenOffice.org 3.0.1, which adds improved extension manager, but requires extensions in the new format  Product Update 2 is based on OpenOffice.org 3.1.0.  Product Update 3 is based on OpenOffice.org 3.1.1.  Product Update 4 is based on OpenOffice.org 3.2.

Oracle Open Office.

Oracle bought Sun in January 2010 and quickly renamed StarOffice as Oracle Open Office.  On 15 December 2010, Oracle released Oracle Open Office 3.3, based on OpenOffice.org 3.3 beta, and a web-based version called "Oracle Cloud Office". The suite was released in two versions, sold at and.

Pricing and licensing.

Traditionally, StarOffice licenses sold for around, but in 2004, Sun planned to offer subscription-based licenses to Japanese customers for about () per year (Becker, 2004). P. Ulander, a desktop products manager for Sun, acknowledged that Sun planned to expand subscription-based licenses to other countries as well. In January 2009, Sun's website offered StarOffice for.  Sun used a per-person license for StarOffice, compared to the per-device licenses used for most other proprietary software. An individual purchaser gains the right to install the software on up to five computers. For example, a small-business owner can have the software on laptop, office and home computers, or a user with a computer running Microsoft Windows, and another running Linux, can install StarOffice on both computers.  In 2010, StarOffice 9 Software was no longer offered free of charge to education customers, but StarOffice 8 could still be used without charge. The free OpenOffice.org 3.0, with the same functionality as StarOffice 9, could also be used. Sun also offered free web-based training and an online tutorial for students and teachers, free support services for teachers (including educational templates for StarOffice) and significantly discounted technical support for schools.  From August 2007 to November 2008, Google offered StarOffice 8 as part of its free downloadable Google Pack application.

Derivatives.

OpenOffice.org was open source, and gave rise to many derivative versions and successor projects to StarOffice., Apache OpenOffice, LibreOffice and NeoOffice are still developed.

StarOffice, known briefly as Oracle Open Office before being discontinued in 2011, is a proprietary office suite. It originated in 1985 as StarWriter by "Star Division", which was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 1999. Sun Microsystems, in turn, was acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010.

StarOffice, connue brièvement sous le nom d'Oracle OpenOffice avant d'être abandonnée en 2011, était une suite bureautique multiplate-forme (Windows, GNU/Linux, Solaris) appartenant à Star Division, éditée par Sun Microsystems puis Oracle et basée, à partir de la version 6, sur le projet OpenOffice.org.


Game Modes.

The game features four server settings called Play Styles: Custom, Action, Realistic and Classic. Classic is based on the original Red Orchestra, Realism is the standard mode and Action is more forgiving than Realism or Classic. All maps and theaters of Rising Storm/Red Orchestra 2 GOTY support Multiplayer Campaign, Territory Control and Countdown. Some maps don't support Firefight. Singleplayer is unable to be played directly from or within the Multiplayer installation of the game.

Singleplayer Campaign (removed from newer updates).

Owners of Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad and Rising Storm GOTY used to have access to a separate singleplayer campaign installation of both games, which was removed in a later update to the game, meaning only those who owned it at the time could still access or install the singleplayer campaign.

Controversy and critical reception.

The singleplayer campaign received a fairly negative reception due to the uninteresting gameplay, which was mostly caused by very poorly programmed AI opponents and teammates. A singleplayer game plays much like a multiplayer campaign except each team only has less than 12 players and the player assumes control of a bot when he dies, with no reinforcements to the teams.

Multiplayer Campaign (TE).

The multiplayer campaign is a multiple-map based game of Territory Control, with each side having a certain Combat Power that they replenish or lose by winning and losing a match against the enemy and the number of reinforcements each side loses. The side with the most combat power at the end of a match will decide whether to Attack or Defend: if they attack, they have to choose an enemy held sector and map to attack. If they defend, the enemy can choose a sector and map to attack.  Combat power also affects the number of bonus reinforcements and which team has the reinforcement advantage in the next match.  Once the enemy team holds all enemy sectors or drains the combat power of the enemy team, they win.

Territory Control (TE).

A 40 minute to 2 hour long timed match between two teams to complete the map objectives. A team has to complete all possible objectives on the map or wipe out the enemy team to win before the time runs out, primarily capturing control points by having more teammates in it than the enemy.

Countdown (CD).

One team attacks while the other defends, but the attacking team does not respawn until they capture a control point from the enemy, which they must do in less than 3 minutes. Once they do, their dead teammates respawn and they swap places -- now attackers must defend the objective, while defenders must attack it.  Attackers have a Commander which has 2 Force Respawns to use to give them a fair shot, letting him respawn all the previously dead teammates immediately.

Firefight (FF).

This game mode is a simple Team Deathmatch: the team to first kill a certain number of the opposing team, or just have killed more of them than they did, wins. The players spawn near where their teammates are on the map, instead of from a fixed spawn, similar to other team deathmatch games.

Search and Destroy (SD).

Similar to Counter-Strike defuse maps, the attacking team has a bomb and has to plant it at a specific location, while the defending team must kill the bomb carrier before they are able to do that and wipe out the enemy team. The attacking team can also wipe out the defenders to win. Both teams have only one life and no reinforcements.

Gameplay.

"Rising Storm/Red Orchestra 2" is a realistic first-person shooter. Guns behave realistically, with bullet drop and spin taken into account. The game also takes away many of the elements of a traditional HUD, like an ammo counter, forcing players to remember, or manually check, the approximate number of rounds that are left in the gun's magazine. When reloading a weapon, the character checks the weight of the new magazine and determines if it is heavy (full or close to full) or light (empty or close to empty). The game's first-person cover system allows players to hide behind all objects in the world to avoid gunfire. While in cover, players can peek out to take more accurate shots or fire blindly. However, the shape, size, and composition of the object changes its effectiveness at protecting the player. Smaller objects may not cover the player's entire body, and some may not stop bullets. Health does not regenerate over time or by use of medical equipment, but non-fatal wounds must still be bandaged so no more health is lost through blood loss.  The player gains "Kill Points" and "Honor Points" which level up his weapons and the Honor level of each class AKA the class level. The game features a limited number of slots for each of its various classes for the Soviet army, Wehrmacht army, Imperial Japanese and the US Marine Corps. Each class is based on a historical role of the respective army in that time frame.  Typical classes include:  depending on the army, map, date and theater of war the player is in. Players who level up their classes enough will change in appearance to very closely resemble the level 1 look of the enemy team in color and uniform. Leveling up your weapons means you will gain up to two additional upgrades (level 1 weapon with 1 chevron; level 25 weapon (2nd Chevron upgrade); Level 50 (maximum level, 3 Chevrons) to your weapon, usually a bayonet or magazine related upgrade. Leveling up your weapons also means that you will get steadier aim, less recoil, faster cycling and reloading of any gun etc. etc. Leveling a class' Honor level also means you will receive better weapons, pistols, enemy loadouts and after a certain level you become a "hero" of that class (e. g. Rifleman Hero), giving you a more closer look to an enemy of the same class as well as all their weapons and much improved versions of weapons you already have. Class and weapon level affect how much stamina you lose and how suppressed you get (your aim starts to wobble with each enemy shot, grenade or other explosive more, vision gets grey-shaded and blurry) when shot at by an enemy player. A player of a high Honor level in a class receives much less suppression than one of a basic Honor level, and Heroes are able to spread their resistance to suppression to nearby teammates. Every team has a number of squads making up a 64 player team. Sometimes based on certain specializations like: some squads are composed of Mortar operators, sniper rifle guys, tank crews etc. Each squad is composed of 2-9 players depending on the purpose of that squad and all those squads make up a 32 player team, in a maximum player count of 64 players any server. Every squad has a squad leader, even a tank commander which are their own unique classes. A team is a platoon and has a platoon leader called a Commander. Commanders can call in support abilities like mortars, artillery, rocket artillery and naval artillery (wherever marked on a map by them or a Squad Leader) and use abilities like recon planes to spot enemies, Force Respawn to immediately respawn the whole team, and in Pacific themed maps, personally lead Banzai charges with a Katana.  Every team starts out with around 400-600 tickets (to simulate reinforcing a battalion) called reinforcements, with each game lasting around 30 minutes to 2 hours. In Territory Control (TE) maps, players have to attack the control points of a defending team which are usually large landmarks and other large zones of capture players must enter. The team with the most people in a capture point will start capturing the point for their team, unless they are killed while trying to attack or defend it. Players may choose to respawn on a number of spawn points or at a particular role in the squad (machinegunner, squad leader) as the role they select, and respawn in waves that spend the team's reinforcement tickets. The team to wipe out the opposing side with no reinforcements left or by completing all of the objectives indicated on the Map screen wins (capturing and destroying objectives).  There are tanks, APCs, artillery and recon planes in "Red Orchestra 2". The interiors of each tank are fully recreated with either a human or AI manning each station. The level of detail was described by Tripwire's president John Gibson as rivaling or exceeding tank simulation games. Because of the extensive work required to recreate each vehicle, which Tripwire estimates to take three months each, the game launched with two tanks: the German Panzer IV Ausf. G and Soviet T-34/76. In April 2014 the Game of the Year addition was released with a new game mode search and destroy, new maps and two armored personal carriers were added into the game for the German and Soviet sides respectively. These are the German Sd.Kfz. 251 and the British Universal Carrier with a mounted DP-27 machine gun used by the Soviets. These additions gave infantry more protection and a quick alternative for moving around the battlefield. Two more tanks, the German Panzer III Ausf. M and the Soviet T-70 along with the MG42 German machinegun were added in the Armored Assault free DLC.

Development.

In June 2011, "Red Orchestra 2"'s developer, Tripwire, announced they would be taking an aggressive, three-pronged approach to proactively deal with cheating. "Red Orchestra 2" would be using a combination of three anti-cheat services; VAC along with Punkbuster and a related service called PBBans. Server operators can choose to use any or none of these services. Tripwire later clarified that Punkbuster for "Red Orchestra 2" will have three levels of protection so server operators can optionally make it more or less aggressive in kicking players. A Beta was initiated early on the development process with several phases. First, the Family and Friends Beta for family members and friends of the Tripwire Interactive staff. Then the Beta moved on to include long time clans from "" and clans new to the game. After this stage, the Beta was opened for anyone that had pre-ordered the Digital Deluxe Edition of the game, which gave the added bonus of participating in the final stage of the Beta.  "Rising Storm" was released on May 30, 2013 as a standalone expansion to Red Orchestra 2. An optional Digital Deluxe edition is available, and a "Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad" ownership bonus discount of 25% on the Steam store. A 15% preorder discount was also available. Owners of the original "Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad" received free access to the rifleman class, whilst buyers of "Rising Storm" were given the original game as well. As of 2018, both games' content is merged and cannot be bought separately as "Rising Storm/Red Orchestra 2 GOTY" on Steam. The game has had many gameplay and feature updates from 2011 to 2015. The last update released for both games was on October 20th, 2015.  "Rising Storm" features content based on the Pacific war between the US and Japan. Both sides have distinct weaponry and abilities so as to create an asymmetric gameplay. The Americans have access to high firepower weapons such as semi-automatic rifles, machineguns and flamethrowers. The Japanese are instead equipped with bolt-action rifles, hand-held mortars, mines, katanas and the ability to banzai charge: causing the enemy to be suppressed and have it difficult to fire back to simulate fear, for the duration of the charge.  A sequel, "", was released on May 30th, 2017.

Mods.

Some mod teams were given early access to the Steam Development Kit (SDK) and have been developing mods. These mods include "Heroes of the West", set in Western Europe during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945, and "Aufmarsch: The Great War 1914-1918", which includes maps set on both the Eastern and Western Fronts of World War I. There is also the CGT mod that adds classic gametypes such as Capture The Flag and Search & Destroy to the game. The full SDK was made available in January 2012.  The SDK has allowed modders to create many custom maps for the base game, for Rising Storm, and for the game's mods. These maps expand the variety of locations represented in game, adding battles in places like Ukraine, the Caucasus, and various Pacific islands.

Music.

Composer Sam Hulick, one of the principal composers for the "Mass Effect" series, was chosen to score the game. The game features dynamic music system, which will cue different music depending on the state of the battle. The Russian and German sides have their own separate soundtrack.

"Rising Storm".

A standalone expansion pack, titled "Rising Storm", was announced in 2010 and released May 30th, 2013. It features the addition of the Pacific Theater and the United States Marine Corps, United States Army, Imperial Japanese Army, and Special Naval Landing Forces as playable factions, as well as new weapons, maps, and gameplay mechanics.  It received mostly positive reception. A sequel, "", was announced June 2015 and released May 2017.

Reception.

"Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad" received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  "GameSpot" gave it a 7.5/10, with a generally positive review only critiquing the game's singleplayer component, stability (citing frequent crashes) and inconsistent, unrefined game mechanics.  Reviewers had generally positive, to mixed feelings about the title. Some would praise its realistic but slightly rough nature, while others would be turned off by it completely. Most common critiques at the time of release besides those aimed at its realism mostly cited problems they might've had with controls, taking cover etc.

Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad and Rising Storm GOTY, now known as Rising Storm/Red Orchestra 2 GOTY on Steam is a World War II-themed tactical multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed and published by Tripwire Interactive with bot support. It is a sequel to "". The title focuses heavily on the Battle of Stalingrad and the Pacific Theater. The game was released in September 2011. The game is currently a Windows exclusive available on Steam and contains many new features compared to the original, including a new first-person cover system combined with blind firing, first person collision detection, Commander role and abilities as well as an entirely new system of statistics tracking and player levelling. Maps are much bigger and had immediate 64-player support.

Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad est un jeu vidéo de tir tactique multijoueur à l'approche réaliste développé par Tripwire Interactive. Annoncé en et sorti le, il fait suite à "". Comme le suggère le titre, cet opus se focalise sur la bataille de Stalingrad opposant la Wehrmacht et l'Armée rouge.


Plot introduction.

Musil's novel is ostensibly a Bildungsroman, a story of a young disoriented man searching for moral values in society and their meaning for him.  The expressionistic novel, based on Musil's personal experiences at a boarding school in Hranice (in Austria-Hungary, now in the Czech Republic) was written according to Musil "because of boredom". In later life, however, Musil denied that the novel was about youthful experiences of his own. Due to its explicit sexual content, the novel at first caused a scandal among the reading public and the authorities of Austria-Hungary.  Later, various prefigurings of Fascism were identified in the text, including the characters of Beineberg and Reiting, who seem to be orderly pupils by day but shamelessly abuse their classmate psychologically, physically and sexually by night.  In 1966, the German director Volker Schlöndorff made the film "Der junge Törless" based on the novel.

Plot summary.

Three students of an Austrian boarding school, Reiting, Beineberg and Törless, catch their classmate Basini stealing money from one of the three and decide to punish him themselves instead of turning him in to the school authorities. They start abusing him, first physically and then psychologically and sexually, while also blackmailing him by threatening to denounce him. Their abusive treatment of Basini becomes openly sexual and increasingly sadistic; nevertheless, he endures all the torture even when, after being deprived of any dignity, he is discredited by the entire class.  Törless' moral and sexual confusion leads him to join Beineberg and Reiting's degradation of Basini; he is both sexually attracted to Basini and Beineberg and repelled by them. He observes and takes part in the torture and rape of Basini while telling himself that he is trying to understand the gap between his rational self and his obscure irrational self; he is a disturbed and despairing observer of his own states of consciousness. The homosexual Basini is somewhat complicit in the abuse, as he apparently enjoys the sexual aspect of Beineberg and Reiting's "experiments". Beinberg and Reiting compensate for their own shame about their attraction to Basini by debasing him. Basini professes love for Törless and Törless comes to reciprocate somewhat, but is ultimately repelled by Basini's unwillingness to stand up for himself. This disgust with Basini's passivity ultimately leads him almost off-handedly to stand up to Beineberg and Reiting. When the torment becomes unbearable, Törless covertly advises Basini to turn himself in to the headmaster as a way out of the situation.  An investigation is commenced, but the only party to be found guilty is Basini. Törless makes a strange existential speech to the school authorities about the gap between the rational and irrational ("...after all, things just happen"), which puzzles the authorities more than anything else. They decide he is of too refined an intellect for the institute, and suggest to his parents that he be privately educated, a conclusion that he comes to on his own.  Other subplots include Törless' experience with the local prostitute Božena, his encounter with his mathematics teacher, and his analysis of his parents' attitudes toward the world.

The Confusions of Young Törless (), or Young Törless, is the literary debut of the Austrian philosophical novelist and essayist Robert Musil, first published in 1906.

Les Désarrois de l'élève Törless ("Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless") est le premier roman de l'écrivain autrichien Robert Musil, publié en 1906.


Career.

Florida Marlins.

Martínez was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 11th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft out of Porterville College. He was called up to the Majors for the first time on September 19, 2010, walking in his one at-bat as a pinch hitter. The following day, he started at shortstop for the Marlins against the St. Louis Cardinals and recorded his first hit, a single to center field off Chris Carpenter. He appeared in 14 games for the Marlins in 2010 and another 20 in 2011, with a combined batting average of.258.

Chicago White Sox.

Martínez and Jhan Mariñez were sent to the Chicago White Sox on September 29, 2011 as compensation for the hiring of Ozzie Guillén by the Marlins, as Guillen had one year remaining on his contract with the White Sox.

Los Angeles Dodgers.

On July 10, 2012, he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for cash considerations. With the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes, he played in 39 games and hit.255.  On November 23, 2012, he was resigned to the Los Angeles Dodgers on a minor league deal, with an invitation to spring training. He split the season between Albuquerque and AA Chattanooga and hit.247 in 89 games.

Atlanta Braves.

On May 18, 2014, he was traded to the Atlanta Braves, who assigned him to the Gwinnett Braves.

Baltimore Orioles.

He signed with the Baltimore Orioles as a minor league free agent in November 2014. He re-signed with the team after the 2015 season. He became a free agent after the 2016 season.

Sugar Land Skeeters.

On March 7, 2017, Martinez signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Chicago Cubs.

On April 4, 2017, Martinez signed a minor league deal with the Chicago Cubs. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

Road Warriors.

Martinez signed with the Road Warriors of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for the 2018 season. He was released on July 9, 2018. Martinez re-signed with the team on August 2, 2018. He became a free agent following the 2018 season.

New Britain Bees.

On March 5, 2019, Martinez signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He became a free agent following the 2019 season.

Osvaldo "Ozzie" Martínez (born May 7, 1988) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins.

Osvaldo Martinez (né le à Carolina, Porto Rico) est un joueur de baseball évoluant à la position d'arrêt-court. Il a fait ses débuts dans les Ligues majeures au cours de la saison 2010 avec les Marlins de la Floride et passe aux White Sox de Chicago en 2011.


Distribution.

The distribution of "Myxine glutinosa" in the eastern Atlantic Ocean extends from the western Mediterranean Sea and Portugal to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Varanger Fjord. It is also found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Baffin Island, Canada south to North Carolina. A related species, the Gulf hagfish ("Eptatretus springeri"), occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.

Description.

The Atlantic hagfish may grow up to long, with no eyes and no jaws; its star-shaped mouth is surrounded by 6 barbels. There is a single gill slit on each side of the eel-like body. It has a total of 88–102 pores from which it can exude a slimy mucus. Hagfish have very flexible bodies which allow them to manipulate themselves into knots.The knots created by the hagfish remove mucous from the body, allow them to escape tight spaces, pull potential prey from burrows, and because they have no opposable jaws it helps create leverage while they eat.

Ecology.

Hagfish such as "M. glutinosa" feed on the carcasses of fishes, which they bore into through any available opening.

Trivia.

Following an unofficial poll by the NRK P1 broadcaster in 1982, the hagfish was voted the national fish of Norway with over 4 000 votes, beating the second place (Atlantic Cod) by a large margin, as that fish only got 2,552 votes. However, the vote was most likely rigged and the result was overturned by the jury.

References.

Haney, W. A., Clark, A. J., & Uyeno, T. A. (2019). Characterization of body knotting behavior used for escape in a diversity of hagfishes. Journal of Zoology. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12752

Myxine glutinosa, known as the Atlantic hagfish in North America, and often simply as the hagfish in Europe, is a species of jawless fish of the genus "Myxine".

Myxine glutinosa est une espèce d'animal marin agnathe (sans mâchoire) de la famille des Myxinidae et du genre "Myxine", une myxine en français.


Biography.

Pierre de Foix was born in Pau on February 7, 1449, the son of Gaston IV, Count of Foix, and his wife Eleanor of Navarre. He was the nephew of Louis XI of France and the grand-nephew of Cardinal Pierre de Foix, "le vieux".  He studied at Paris and then at the University of Ferrara, from which he studied under Felino Maria Sandeo in the course of receiving a doctorate in law.  After graduation, he traveled to Rome, where he delivered an oration before Pope Paul II and the College of Cardinals. He joined the Order of the Friars Minor at this time. The pope made him a protonotary apostolic.  On May 17, 1475, he was elected Bishop of Vannes. Pope Sixtus IV confirmed his appointment on March 11, 1476 and Foix subsequently occupied this see until his death. On July 31, 1475, he was also named Bishop of Aire.  Pope Sixtus IV made him a cardinal deacon in the consistory of December 18, 1476. He received the red hat and the deaconry of Santi Cosma e Damiano on January 15, 1477. He served as apostolic administrator of the see of Bayonne from May 5, 1484 until his death.  He did not participate in the papal conclave of 1484 that elected Pope Innocent VIII.  He served as apostolic administrator of the metropolitan see of Palermo from May 14, 1485 until July 6, 1489.  Around 1485, he brokered a peace deal between Charles VIII of France and Francis II, Duke of Brittany. He later entered Rome on January 27, 1488 for an audience with the pope, departing the city in July 1488. He then traveled to the Kingdom of Naples to visit his friend Ferdinand I of Naples. He returned to Rome on October 15, 1488. On July 6, 1489, he was named apostolic administrator of the see of Malta, holding this position until his death.  He died in Rome on August 10, 1490. He was buried in the church dedicated to St. Tryphon which has since been demolished.

Peter of Foix the Younger (Fr.: "Pierre de Foix, le jeune") (7 February 1449–10 August 1490) (called the Cardinal of Foix) was a French Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

Pierre de Foix, dit le Jeune (né le à Pau et mort à Rome le ) est un cardinal du. Il est un fils du comte Gaston IV de Foix-Béarn et de la reine Éléonore Ire de Navarre. Il est un neveu du cardinal Pierre de Foix "le Vieux" (1414) et du roi Louis XI de France.


Background.

Knight was a student of Anglo-Chinese School. In the 1990s, he was the vice-chairman of its Old Boys' Association and a member of its board of governors. He obtained his bachelor of laws degree from the National University of Singapore in the 1960s, and played the guitar in a jazz band to raise money for his tuition fees.  He joined the Singapore Legal Service in 1970 and rose through the ranks "with the speed and power of an Exocet missile," as Queen's Counsel Roy Allaway later described it. Soon he acquired a reputation for being a law enforcer who prosecuted criminals without fear or favour. News of his ability and integrity impressed the late David Marshall, so much that when he retired he offered to give Knight a full partnership in his law firm; however, Knight was content to remain in the Legal Service and declined the offer.  Knight is married to Pathmavali Rengayah. The couple have no children.

Notable cases.

In 1978, Knight was the deputy public prosecutor in the trial of former magistrate Khoo Hin Hiong. In 1983, he acted for the Prosecution again in the trial of Adrian Lim, who had murdered two children. In 1985, he was the senior state counsel and deputy public prosecutor who filed an affidavit on behalf of the Attorney-General requesting that the High Court cite five defendants for contempt of court over an editorial published in the "Asian Wall Street Journal" (AWSJ) on 17 October 1985. Titled "Jeyaretnam's Challenge", the editorial had questioned the "integrity and impartiality" of Singapore's judicial system. The affidavit led to an apology from the editor of the AWSJ. In 1986, he was the public prosecutor for the Commercial Affairs Investigation Department who filed charges against key people in Pan Electric Industries ("Pan-El"), such as Tan Kok Liang, Tan Koon Swan, and Peter Tham, in the aftermath of the company's collapse. For his role in the Pan-El investigations, Knight was commended by then-Finance Minister Richard Hu in 1989. Knight also led the prosecution team in Singapore's first case of insider trading, that of former United Overseas Bank banker Allan Ng. On National Day 1990 (9 August 1990), he was awarded the Public Administration Medal, Gold, for his work as Director of the Commercial Affairs Department.

First investigation and trial.

On 23 March 1991, Knight was suddenly replaced as CAD director by Senior State Counsel Lawrence Ang in a decision that shocked the local legal community. It turned out that Knight was under investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). After an investigation lasting more than two months—one of the longest probes into the conduct of a public servant in Singapore—Knight was arrested on 27 May 1991 and charged with corruption the next day. He was the first Singapore legal officer to face such charges. Specifically, he was accused of cheating three businessmen into investing S$3,000,000 each into the former Batam Island Country Club on the Indonesian island of Batam, as well as giving false information to the CPIB regarding vehicle purchases, an application for a car loan, and his corporate investments. The judge originally set Knight's trial to commence in October 1992, but changed his mind and brought it forward to September 1991 after the prosecution complained that its witnesses had been subject to intimidation, and investigating officers had received mysterious phone calls warning them to "watch out". In July that year, his wife and two others were also arrested and charged over the Batam resort investments.  In a district court on 29 September 1991, Knight pleaded guilty to cheating then managing director of Trans-Island Bus Services Ng Ser Miang to try to make him invest in the Batam resort project, which had been planned by Knight and his wife. In October, he was sentenced to three months in prison.  Knight appealed against the sentence, and in March 1992 he managed to get his sentence reduced to a $17,000 fine and a day in prison. He served the jail sentence and paid the fine on the day it was announced. In deciding to reduce the sentence, High Court Judge L.P. Thean said that a "nominal custodial sentence" was sufficient given the mitigating circumstances in Knight's case. In April, all charges against his wife in relation to his case were also dropped.

Aftermath of first conviction.

Although the sentence meted to him was eventually reduced, the corruption case had left permanent damage on Knight's career as a civil servant. After investigations on him began in March 1991, he faced disciplinary hearings and his services were terminated on 26 March 1992. The President also revoked the prestigious Public Administration Medal, Gold, that had been awarded to Knight. In August 1994, the High Court struck Knight off the roll of advocates and solicitors, meaning that he could no longer practise law. After being disbarred, Knight worked as a consultant in a public-listed company.

Second investigation and trial.

In 1998, Knight was again charged in court—this time with criminal breach of trust by misappropriating money totalling $4,200 when still the CAD's Director on two occasions, in 1989 and 1990. This second charge caused Knight to resign from his job.  During the trial, the defence argued that the proceedings were invalid as Knight had been granted immunity by the Attorney-General's Chambers in 1991 from further charges arising from his corruption investigations, in exchange for him to plead guilty in the earlier trial. They argued that the latest set of charges stemmed from that investigation and thus were subject to the immunity clause. The CPIB revealed that it had been tipped off about the misappropriation of money only in 1997 by an unnamed informant. The court ruled that the proceedings could continue because the 1991 probe into Knight's dealings did not investigate his misappropriation of money. Eventually the court found him guilty of two charges of misappropriation and sentenced him to a $10,000 fine and another day in jail.

Aftermath of second conviction.

The second conviction left Knight even worse off than before. The company he was working for before his second trial refused to re-employ him. Jobless, he engaged himself in community work in his church, Covenant Community Methodist Church, and often visited a pub in Boat Quay of which his wife was a partner. He faded quietly from public life.  On 25 April 2007, he re-appeared in the news when he filed an application seeking court approval to be reinstated as a lawyer. His application was granted on 22 May 2007, making him only the sixth lawyer to be reinstated in the Law Society of Singapore's 35-year history. He will be joining the law firm Bernard & Rada Law Corporation.

Glenn Jeyasingam Knight (born 1945) is a Singaporean lawyer. He was the first Director of the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) when it was founded in 1984. He lost his post in 1991 after being convicted of corruption in a much-publicised trial. In 1998, he was again tried and convicted for misappropriating money while in office.

Glenn Jeyasingam Knight (1945 à Singapour) est un avocat et un haut fonctionnaire singapourien. Dans les années 1980, Knight occupa le poste de procureur lors d'un procès pour meurtres médiatisé à Singapour.


Development.

SUBROC was one of several weapons recommended for implementation by Project Nobska, a 1956 summer study on submarine warfare. Development began in 1958, with the technical evaluation being completed in 1963. SUBROC reached Initial Operation Capability (IOC) aboard the attack submarine "Permit" in 1964. When SUBROC reached IOC, the US Navy's admiral in charge of weapons procurement stated that SUBROC was ".. a more difficult technical problem than Polaris."

Operation.

SUBROC could be launched from a 21-inch submarine torpedo tube. After launch, the solid fuel rocket motor fired and SUBROC rose to the surface. The launch angle then changed and SUBROC flew to its destination following a predetermined ballistic trajectory. At a predetermined time in the trajectory, the reentry vehicle (containing the warhead) separated from the solid fuel motor. The 250 kiloton W55 nuclear depth bomb, dropped into the water and sank rapidly to detonate near its target. A direct hit was not necessary.  The W55 was in diameter, long, and weighed. Some sources suggest the W55 evolved from the experimental bomb tested in the Hardtack I Olive nuclear test on July 22, 1958, which had a full two-stage yield estimated at 202 kilotons. Researcher Chuck Hansen claims based on his US nuclear program research that the W55 and W58 warheads shared a common primary or fission first stage, and that this design was nicknamed the Kinglet primary by Hansen in 2001.  SUBROC's tactical use was as an urgent-attack long-range weapon for time-urgent submarine targets that could not be attacked with any other weapon without betraying the position of the launching submarine by calling for an air-strike, or where the target was too distant to be attacked quickly with a torpedo launched from the submarine. The tactical rationale for SUBROC was similar to that for ASROC or Ikara. An added advantage was that SUBROC's approach to the target was not detectable by the target in time to take evasive action, although the warhead yield would appear to make evasive maneuvers unrealistic. However, SUBROC was less flexible in its use than Ikara or ASROC: since its only payload was a nuclear warhead, it could not be used to provide stand-off fire in a conventional (i.e., non-nuclear) engagement.  SUBROC production ended in 1968. SUBROC was never used in combat, and all 285 W55 warheads were decommissioned in 1990 following the end of the Cold War. Because the nuclear warhead was an integral part of the weapon, SUBROC could not be exported to other navies, and there is no evidence that any were supplied to other NATO allies under the well-established arrangements for supplying other dual-key nuclear weapons. In 1980 a planned successor, the UUM-125 Sea Lance, was authorized. In 1982 the contract was awarded to Boeing. The system and its W89 warhead were cancelled in 1990 at the end of the Cold War.

The UUM-44 SUBROC (SUBmarine ROCket) was a type of submarine-launched rocket deployed by the United States Navy as an anti-submarine weapon. It carried a 250 kiloton thermonuclear warhead configured as a Nuclear Depth Bomb.

Le UUM-44 SUBROC (pour "SUBmarine ROCket") était un missile à changement de milieu tiré depuis un sous-marin et utilisé par l’"US Navy" comme moyen de lutte anti-sous-marine. Il transportait une ogive nucléaire W55.


Description.

There are seven figures in the painting: from left to right they are John, Jesus, Judas, three soldiers (the one farthest to the right barely visible in the rear), and a man holding a lantern to the scene. They are standing, and only the upper three-quarters of their bodies are depicted. Judas has just kissed Jesus to identify him for the soldiers. The figures are arrayed before a very dark background, in which the setting is obscured. The main light source is not evident in the painting but comes from the upper left; the lesser light source is the lantern held by the man at the right (believed to be a self-portrait of Caravaggio; also, presumably, representing St Peter, who would first betray Jesus by denying him, and then go on to bring the light of Christ to the world). At the far left, a man (St John) is fleeing; his arms are raised, his mouth is open in a gasp, his cloak is flying and being snatched back by a soldier. The flight of the terrified John contrasts with the entrance of the artist; scholars claim that Caravaggio is making the point that even a sinner one thousand years after the resurrection has a better understanding of Christ than does his friend.  Two of the more puzzling details of the painting are, one, the fact that the heads of Jesus and St. John seem to visually meld together in the upper left corner, and, two, the fact of the prominent presence, in the very centre of the canvas and in the foremost plane of the picture, of the arresting officer's highly polished, metal-clad arm. Regarding the detail of the polished metal arm of the soldier in the centre of the picture, Franco Mormando suggests that it was meant by the artist to serve as a mirror, a mirror of self-reflection and examination of conscience (such as in Caravaggio's Martha and Mary Magdalene in Detroit): as do many spiritual writers and preachers of the period, the artist may be 'inviting his viewers to see themselves reflected in the behaviour of Judas' through their own daily acts of betrayal of Jesus, that is, through their sin.

Sources.

The central group, composed of Jesus, Judas and the soldier with an outstretched hand, resembles a 1509 woodcut by Albrecht Dürer from his "Small Passion" series.

Loss and rediscovery.

By the late 18th century, the painting was thought to have disappeared, and its whereabouts remained unknown for about 200 years. In 1990, Caravaggio's lost masterpiece was recognized in the residence of the Society of Jesus in Dublin, Ireland. The rediscovery was published in November 1993.  The painting had been hanging in the Dublin Jesuits’ dining room since the early 1930s but had long been considered a copy of the lost original by Gerard van Honthorst, also known as Gherardo delle Notti, one of Caravaggio's Dutch followers. This erroneous attribution had already been made while the painting was in the possession of the Roman Mattei family, whose ancestor had originally commissioned it. In 1802, the Mattei sold it, as a work by Honthorst, to William Hamilton Nisbet, in whose home in Scotland it hung until 1921. Later in that decade, still unrecognised for what it was, the painting was sold to an Irish paediatrician, Marie Lea-Wilson, who eventually donated it in the 1930s to the Jesuit Fathers in Dublin, in gratitude for their support following the shooting of her husband, Capt. Percival Lea-Wilson, a District Inspector in the Royal Irish Constabulary in Gorey, County Wexford, by the Irish Republican Army on 15 June 1920.  "The Taking of Christ" remained in the Dublin Jesuits' possession for about 60 years, until it was spotted and recognised, in the early 1990s, by Sergio Benedetti, Senior Conservator of the National Gallery of Ireland, who had been asked by Father Noel Barber, S.J., to examine a number of paintings in the Leeson Street Jesuit Community (of which Barber was superior) for the purposes of restoration. As layers of dirt and discoloured varnish were removed, the high technical quality of the painting was revealed, and it was tentatively identified as Caravaggio's lost painting. Much of the credit for verifying the authenticity of this painting belongs to Francesca Cappelletti and Laura Testa, two graduate students at the University of Rome. During a long period of research, they found the first recorded mention of "The Taking of Christ", in an ancient and decaying account book documenting the original commission and payments to Caravaggio, in the archives of the Mattei family, kept in the cellar of a palazzo in the small town of Recanati.  The painting is on indefinite loan to the National Gallery of Ireland from the Jesuit Community, Leeson Street, Dublin, who acknowledge the kind generosity of Dr Marie Lea-Wilson. It was displayed in the United States as the centrepiece of a 1999 exhibition entitled "Saints and Sinners" at the McMullen Museum of Art, at Boston College, and at the 2006 "Rembrandt / Caravaggio" exhibition in the van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. In 2010 it was displayed from February to June at the Scuderie del Quirinale, Rome, for the 400th anniversary of Caravaggio's death. In 2016 it was displayed in the National Gallery, London.

Copies.

There are at least 12 known copies of this painting. These include ones in the Sucre Cathedral Museum and St Bede's College, Manchester and one formerly in the Walter P. Chrysler Jr. Collection.  The Odessa Museum of Western and Eastern Art (Ukraine) has a copy of "The Taking of Christ" believed to be an original copy made by Caravaggio himself. The painting was stolen from the museum in 2008 and found in Germany. After restoration and research Ukrainian and Russian scientists claimed it is a copy, made by Giovanni di Attili for Asdrubale Mattei, brother of the original's owner - Ciriaco Mattei. The account books of Asdrubale record a payment of 12 scudi in 1626 for this work.

Sannini version: putative original.

A version owned by the Sannini family of Florence came to the attention of Roberto Longhi in 1943, who considered it a copy. In 2003, dealer Mario Bigetti, suspecting it was an original, contracted to buy it. He consulted Maria Letizia Paoletti, who argued the large number of pentimenti visible under X-ray images proved the painting was the original. Sir Denis Mahon, who had in 1993 authenticated the Dublin version, in 2004 stated that the Sannini version was Caravaggio's original, but that the Dublin version was a copy by Caravaggio himself. This prompted comment in the Irish and British media in February 2004. The Sannini version was the subject of a legal dispute and was taken into official custody, where pigment analysis by Maurizio Seracini found Naples yellow, which was not known in painting before 1615. Seracini said this proved it was not the original; Paoletti disagreed. Jonathan Harr's book about the Dublin painting accepts Seracini's argument, while Michael Daley of ArtWatch was not convinced.

The Taking of Christ () is a painting, of the arrest of Jesus, by the Italian Baroque master Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. Originally commissioned by the Roman nobleman Ciriaco Mattei in 1602, it is housed in the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin.

L'Arrestation du Christ est un tableau de Caravage peint en 1602 et conservé à la Galerie nationale d'Irlande à Dublin. Il représente un épisode du Nouveau Testament au cours duquel Judas vient à la rencontre de Jésus et l'embrasse afin de le désigner aux soldats qui viennent pour l'arrêter. Sept personnages sont représentés à mi-corps, au sein d'une composition très dense qui joue sur les expressions, les mouvements et les jeux d'ombre et de lumière. Parmi ces personnages apparaît un homme porteur d'une lanterne : il s'agit vraisemblablement d'un autoportrait du peintre lombard.


Communities.

The Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville consists of several distinct communities and the intermediary countryside. The largest urban area is the community of Stouffville

History.

The oldest human artifacts found in Whitchurch Township date back to 1500 BC and were found in the hamlet of Ringwood (now part of urban Stouffville). Prior to the arrival of Europeans, two Native trails crossed through what is today Whitchurch–Stouffville. The "Vandorf Trail" ran from the source waters of the Rouge River to Newmarket, across the heights of the hamlet of Vandorf, and the "Rouge Trail" ran along the Rouge River and northwest from Musselman Lake; both were part of the aboriginal and Coureur des bois trail system leading through dense forests from Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. The territory was the site of several Native villages, including Iroquois settlements around Preston Lake, Vandorf, and Musselman Lake. In 2003, a large 16th-century Huron village was discovered in Stouffville during land development; approximately 2000 people once inhabited the site (Mantle Site), which included a palisade and more than 70 longhouses, yielding tens of thousands of artifacts. In 2012, archaeologists revealed that a European forged-iron axehead was discovered at the site--"the earliest European piece of iron ever found in the North American interior." Other significant late precontact Huron village sites have been located to the south-east (the Draper Site on the Pickering Airport lands) and to the north-west of urban Stouffville (the Ratcliff or Baker Hill Site on Ontario Highway 48, and the Old Fort or Aurora Site on Kennedy Road).  The western end of Whitchurch and Markham Townships was purchased by the British crown from the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation in 1787 as part of the Toronto Purchase. Whitchurch Township was created in 1792 as one of ten townships in York County. It was named in honour of the village of Whitchurch, Herefordshire in England, where Elizabeth Simcoe (wife of Upper Canada Lieutenant Governor Sir John Graves Simcoe), was born. The first European settlements in Whitchurch Township were established in the 1790s, though Whitchurch and large areas of southern Ontario were only ceded by the south-Central Ontario Mississaugas in 1923. Between 1800 and 1802, John Stegman completed a survey of the township which created a system of land concessions. This allowed for the organized distribution of land to settlers, with each concession containing five, lots. This layout remains visible today, as the road network in the area reflects the locations of the boundaries between concession blocks.  Early settlers of this period included Quakers and Mennonites—two pacifist groups from the nearby American states of Pennsylvania, Vermont and New York. Both groups were seeking religious freedom, and were identified by the Upper Canadian government as people with necessary skills and abilities for establishing viable communities that could, in turn, attract others to settle in the region. Mercenary German Hessian soldiers, like Stegman, were also granted land in Upper Canada by Britain in exchange for their service in the American Revolution against the 13 Colonies.  Many of the first settlements in Whitchurch Township were developed at the intersections of main roads throughout the township and /or near streams where mills could built to process the timber cleared from the land. Stoufferville was one such hamlet that grew around the saw and grist mills of Abraham Stouffer, a Mennonite who with his wife Elizabeth Reesor Stouffer came from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania in 1804, and acquired of land. Elizabeth's brother Peter Reesor established what is today Markham, first called Reesorville. Fifty-five more families from Pennsylvania, mostly Mennonite, arrived in Stoufferville in the next few years. Stouffer's sawmill was in operation by 1817 on Duffin's Creek on the Whitchurch side of Main St., and by 1825 he had a gristmill across the street on the Markham Township side of Main St. as well.  In the early 1830s, the old Stouffville Road was carved through largely virgin forest to connect York (Toronto) with Brock Township; a post office was opened in 1832 and the name Stouffville was standardized. In 1839, a new resident from England noted that Stouffville still had "no church (other than the Mennonite Meeting House in neighbouring Altona), baker, or butcher," though "saddlebag [Methodist circuit] preachers sometimes arrived and held meetings at the schoolhouse." Nonetheless, Stouffville was considered a centre "of Radical opinion," one of the "hotbeds of revolution," and it was here that William Lyon Mackenzie set forth his plan for the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837–38.  The hamlet of

Government.

Municipal.

Whitchurch–Stouffville is governed by a mayor and six councillors, with one councillor representing each of the six municipal wards. The Mayor of Whitchurch–Stouffville represents the town on the York Regional Council. The original ward boundaries were created with amalgamation in 1971, and were amended in 2009 for the 2010 municipal elections. As of the 2018 election, the elected council members are:  Mayor: Iain Lovatt  Councillors:  Two York Region District School Board trustees are elected to represent Whitchurch–Stouffville and East Gwillimbury (one English language and one French), as well as two trustees for the York Catholic District School Board (one English language and one French). School board trustees are elected at the same time, and on the same ballot, as the mayor and town councillors. As of the election in 2018, the elected trustees are:

Provincial.

At the provincial level Whitchurch–Stouffville is in the Markham-Stouffville electoral district. Since 2018 this riding

Federal.

At the federal level Whitchurch–Stouffville is in the riding of Markham—Stouffville. Since the federal

Geography and environment.

The greatest portion of Whitchurch–Stouffville lies on the Oak Ridges Moraine. The moraine consists of knobby hills between 290 and 373 meters above sea level of irregularly bedded layers of unconsolidated sand and gravel (built-up glacial debris) deposited by the meltwater of the Wisconsin glacier some twenty-five thousand to ten thousand years ago. In a few cases the retreating glacier left behind and buried huge blocks of ice which, when melted, created deep, water-filled depressions known as kettle lakes. Preston Lake, Van Nostrand Lake and Musselman Lake are three such examples.  The boundaries of Whitchurch–Stouffville contain a watershed divide. Streams and rivers at the top of the Oak Ridges Moraine flow northward into the Lake Simcoe basin, part of the Lake Huron watershed. The southern sections (south of Bloomington Road) make up the headwaters of the Rouge River and Duffins Creek, both of which flow into the Lake Ontario basin. These headwaters include many smaller streams and creeks throughout southern Whitchurch–Stouffville. Their identification and protection, plus reforestation in these area, has been identified as urgent for rebuilding water-capacity in the Rouge River watershed which can off-set the worst environmental impacts (e.g., flash flooding, erosion and ground water contamination) of rapid urbanization. The heavily wooded Vivian Infiltration Area is an environmentally significant hydrological infiltration area that contributes groundwater to the Oak Ridges aquifer complex.  The northwestern corner of Whitchurch–Stouffville is outside the moraine and is part of the Schomberg Lake plain, an ancient lake-bed overlain by silts and fine sands. The soil formed over the former lake-bed is well-drained, arable farmland. The southernmost portion of Whitchurch–Stouffville west

Demographics.

Between 2006 and 2011 Stouffville's population grew 54.3%, second in the province only to Milton at 56%, and far exceeding the provincial average of 5.7%.  In 2011 with a population of 37,210, 29% of residents were immigrants, 81% of whom came to Canada before 2001; the number of visible minorities grew from 4.53% in 2001 to 24.5% in 2011 (the trend is expected to continue through 2031). In 2012–13, 50% of the Grade 6 children in one of

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

Primarily roadways include Highway 48, Highway 407, and Highway 404, which are in turn complemented by a network of regional roads that form a grid pattern across the town. In 1994, a plan to connect urban Stouffville directly to Highway 401 via the proposed East Metro Freeway was canceled in large part due to the concerns of residents and the work of the Rouge River activist groups.  Whitchurch–Stouffville is traversed by two railway lines: One is Canadian National Railway's primary freight corridor connecting Greater Toronto to Northern Ontario and Western Canada, which is being considered for future GO Transit train service with stations in the communities of Vandorf and Gormley (West). The other railway line, formerly the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, is now owned by GO Transit and hosts Stouffville line passenger service to and from Toronto. This line includes two stations in Whitchurch–Stouffville: the Stouffville GO

Other amenities.

The Markham Stouffville Hospital is a multi-site hospital that serves approximately 400,000 people in the communities of Markham, Uxbridge, and Whitchurch–Stouffville. The main hospital site is in Markham, 10 kilometers south of urban Stouffville on Ninth Line, and linked by public transportation from Stouffville. The hospital opened in 1990 and, after a successful $50 million expansion campaign, completed a 385,000 sq. ft. addition and renovation project in 2014. The expanded hospital employs an additional 875 staff and 60 new physicians. Residents in northern Whitchurch–Stouffville live in close proximity to the Southlake Regional Health Centre in neighbouring Newmarket.  The "York-Durham Aphasia Centre" is located in Stouffville's Parkview Village, and

Education.

The first schoolhouse in Stouffville was on Church St., just north of Main St., where the United Church building stands. In 1865, the schoolhouse was purchased by the Methodist congregation and moved across the street; the building still exists as a two-family dwelling. Today Whitchurch–Stouffville is home to several public, Catholic, and private educational institutions.  The York Region District School Board has one public secondary institution in Whitchurch–Stouffville--Stouffville District Secondary School—and eight public elementary institutions: Ballantrae Public School, Glad Park Public School, Summitview Public School, Whitchurch Highlands Public School, Harry Bowes Public School, Oscar Peterson Public School, Wendat Village Public School, and Barbara Reid Public School.  The York Catholic District School Board has three Catholic elementary institutions in Whitchurch–Stouffville: Saint Mark's Catholic Elementary (1965), Saint Brigid Catholic Elementary, and Saint Brendan Catholic Elementary (2012). A Kindergarten to Grade 12 Catholic French school opened in 2015. Catholic school students graduating from Grade 8 are either bused to Brother André Catholic High School in

Economy.

Stouffville's economy prior to 1900 flourished because of the coming of the railway in 1871, and because of the town's location on the juncture of the Markham-Uxbridge Road and the Town Line.

Employment.

In 2013, Whitchurch–Stouffville had an estimated 11,249 jobs (excluding home- and farm-based businesses), 58.5% of which were full-time, 23.7% part-time, and the rest seasonal. While the manufacturing sector represented the largest number of local jobs in 2001, the actual numbers stagnated over the next decade between 1,300 and 1,600 jobs. By 2012, only 12% of local jobs were in the manufacturing sector (1,351), compared to 39% of jobs (or 4,419) in the retail and personal services sector.  While the number of businesses in Whitchurch–Stouffville dropped from 750 in 2009 to 690 in 2013, the total number of local jobs went from 10,300 to 13,700.  The majority of employed Whitchurch–Stouffville residents commute to Toronto and its environs for employment; in 2011 the median commuting time was 30 minutes. In the same year, the unemployment

Household income and housing.

By 2013, the town had 14,334 residential units, and projected the building of 6,525 new residential units between 2013 and 2021—and a further 1,969 units by 2031—in order to accommodate a net population increase of 17,408 new residents by 2031.  In 2013 the median value of dwellings in Whitchurch–Stouffville was $471,000, or 79% higher than the provincial median of $263,500, and the town's estimated average household income was $141,885; the Ontario average was $96,1300.  Only 8.8% of the private dwellings in Whitchurch–Stouffville were apartments (including duplexes) in 2011, down from 15.2% in 2006, and significantly below the provincial average was 30%. In 2009, the ratio of owned dwellings to rented dwellings in Whitchurch–Stouffville was almost 6 to 1, compared to provincial average of 2.5 to 1. In 2011, 30 per cent of renters in Whitchurch–Stouffville spent

Sports.

The first organized sport in Stouffville was curling in 1890 on the Mill Pond (today site of the Latcham Art Gallery and the Mennonite "Care and Share" Thrift Store). Lacrosse was also played at this time, and in 1897, Stouffville won the Ontario championships. The first hockey team was organized about 1900, and at the turn of the century the Stouffville rink below Burkholder Street was considered "the largest and best arranged rink in Canada." Lawnbowling has also been played in Stouffville since the early 1900s as well as organized men's and women's baseball.  The most important recreational facilities in Whitchurch–Stouffville are "Soccer City", a 55,775 square feet indoor soccer complex (completed 2013); the "Stouffville Clippers Sports Complex", with two NHL size ice pads (completed 2010); the "Stouffville Arena", with two ice pads; the "Whitchurch-Stouffville Leisure Centre", with a 25-meter pool, hot tub, gym and fitness centre, and "Bethesda Park", with two ball diamonds, a senior soccer pitch and four mini sports fields (completed 2010).  Whitchurch–Stouffville is home to many golf courses, including Emerald Hills, Rolling Hills, Spring Lakes, Maples of Ballantrae, Ballantrae Golf & Country Club, St. Andrews East Golf & Country Club, Timber Creek Mini Golf & Family Fun Centre, Sleepy Hollow, Meadowbrook and Station Creek.

Organized sports.

The Town has a Junior "A" ice hockey team, the Stouffville Spirit. The Stouffville Amateur Hockey League (men's and women's leagues), the Stouffville-Markham Girls Hockey Association, Whitchurch–Stouffville Minor Hockey Association, the Whitchurch–Stouffville Skating Club, and the Stouffville Adult Skating Club offer programs in the town's arenas.

Recreational trails and water recreation.

1,142 hectares of the twenty York Regional Forest tracts (or slightly more than half of the total) are found within the borders of Whitchurch–Stouffville.  "The Whitchurch Conservation Area" covers ten hectares, and is accessed on Aurora Sideroad, three kilometres east of Woodbine Ave. It is connected to a larger York Region Forest Tract and to trails of the Oak Ridges Trail Association.  "The Pangman Springs Conservation Area" is accessed from Kennedy Road between Davis Drive and Aurora Road or from the Porritt tract of the York Region Forest using an Oak Ridges Trail Association side trail.  "Bruce's Mill Conservation Area" in Whitchurch–Stouffville is the northern gateway to Rouge Park. The Master Plan for the conservation area includes not only a trail system within the park, but also future trail connections to inter-regional trails.  An extensive trail system within urban Stouffville is being developed that connects to the

Arts, culture and media.

In 2006, the town of Whitchurch–Stouffville developed and adopted "Municipal Cultural Policy" as a framework for planning and delivering cultural services. Whitchurch–Stouffville's investment in the arts has been slow, and consequently residents have not only fallen below the national average on exposure to the performing arts, museums and galleries, but the average exposure has decreased from 2006 to 2010.

Arts and entertainment centre.

Whitchurch–Stouffville's deficit in the performing arts has been addressed in part by the recent rehabilitation of the former Stouffville Town Hall (constructed in 1896),

Art gallery & visual art.

Latcham Art Centre (formerly The Latcham Gallery) is a public art gallery established in 1979, by a group of local artists and visionaries who saw the need for an arts facility in Whitchurch–Stouffville. The art centre was named after Arthur Latcham, a local philanthropist who donated money for the building on 6240 Main Street that housed the art centre from 1979-2018. Latcham Art Centre hosts 5-6 curated exhibitions a year featuring contemporary work by provincial artists and three community exhibitions, including an annual juried exhibition, an exhibition of work by a local graduating high school art class, and an exhibition

Library.

The Whitchurch-Stouffville Public Library is located in the "Whitchurch-Stouffvile Leisure Centre" (constructed in 2001), a facility occupied jointly by the department of Leisure Services and the library. The population served by the library doubled between 2005 and 2013, and circulation increased 109%. Library expenditures dropped from 5.1% of town operating expenses in 2004 to 3.0% in 2007, and 2.7% in the 2014 budget. In 2014, Whitchurch–Stouffville's per capita library costs were $26, the lowest of

Festivals and fairs.

The "Stouffville Strawberry Festival" is a traditional community fair on the Canada Day weekend, which celebrates Stouffville's agricultural heritage.  The annual Stouffville Country Ribfest is held by the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville every August in Memorial Park. This event features ribbers, merchants, food vendors, a midway and more and attracts over 20 000 visitors a year. The Town also holds two Food Truck Frenzy events, six outdoor movie screenings, various firework celebrations, Snowflakes & Starlight Winterfest and the Whitchurch-Stouffville Santa Claus Parade.  The Markham Fair is hosted by the Markham and East York Agricultural Society, and supported by both the City of Markham and the Town of

Museum.

The idea for the "Whitchurch–Stouffville Museum" began in 1969 as a civic-minded project by a group of local residents. After opening in 1971 in the hamlet of Vandorf the site has grown over the years from the original museum building. The museum site includes five historic

Media.

The town is currently served by two local community newspapers: the "Stouffville Free Press" and the "Stouffville Sun-Tribune". "SNAP Stouffville/Uxbridge" is a print

Film and TV.

Movies partially shot on location in the community of Stouffville include: "The Russell Girl" (2008), "" (2007), "Who Killed Atlanta's Children?" (2000), "On Hostile Ground" (2000), "Strike!" (1998), "The Sweet Hereafter" (1997), "Bad Day on the Block" (1997), "Martin's Day" (1984), and "The Dead Zone" (1983). Television shows shot in Stouffville include

Whitchurch-Stouffville (2016 population 45,837) is a town in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada, approximately 50 kilometres north of downtown Toronto, and 55 kilometres north-east of Toronto Pearson International Airport. It is 206.22 square kilometres in area, and located in the mid-eastern area of the Regional Municipality of York on the ecologically-sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine. Its motto since 1993 is "country close to the city".

Whitchurch-Stouffville est une ville située dans la division de recensement York, en Ontario, au Canada. En 2006, elle comptait habitants. Aujourd'hui, la population est estimée à habitants


History.

First mentioned in 1226, it was on property of the Premonstratensian monastery in Doksany. Václav Karel Schroll of Schrollenberg built a new château on the site of an older stronghold with a new church and clergyman's house in Rococo style (1770). The château had a large park with statues and fountains in the back.  The church, built in 1773, is dedicated to All Saints. The vault paintings depict the scenes from lives of some patron saints. The organ was made in 1775.  Before 1918 Libočany was part of the Bohemian part of the Austrian Empire. In 1919 it became part of the newly independent Czechoslovakia. In 1938, along with the Sudetenland, it was annexed by Germany after the Munich Agreement. In 1945 it was restored to Czechoslovakia and most of its German speaking inhabitants were expelled.

Beer.

The brewery from the 19th century produced beer even for US trade with a stock in New York. The "Liebotschaner Beer" was among four Bohemian beer brands exported to the USA (the others were Pilsner Urquell, Budweiser Bier, and Michelob). The latter place, as well as Liebotschan, are located in the Saaz hops region, and bear Czech language names since 1918. Several local American breweries have produced beer under the name of the former Austrian village, or abbreviated to Lieb (e.g. Chattanooga Brewing Co. in Tennessee, Stegmaier Brewing Company, or Lion Brewery, Inc., Wilkes-Barre in Pennsylvania; "Genesee's Liebotschaner Beer" was pronounced best of Rochester's post repeal brews in 1932  The production of beer in Libočany ended after World War I when the Austrian Empire was dissolved and Czechoslovakian authorities took over. The buildings of the brewery were demolished in 1939. After World War II, in socialist Czechoslovakia, it was replaced by a collective farm.

Libočany () is a village in Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic. It lies near the town of Žatec on a bank of the Ohře River, by the mouth of the small tributary Liboc River. It is famous for Václav Hájek z Libočan, the most renowned Czech chronicler of Baroque times, who was probably born there.

Libočany (en ) est une commune du district de Louny, dans la région d'Ústí nad Labem, en Tchéquie. Sa population s'élevait à habitants en 2018.