Description.

Tukwila station consists of two side platforms on an embanked, triple-tracked segment of the BNSF Seattle Subdivision. The platforms have several covered shelters and are connected to ground level by stairs and ramps that lead towards a pedestrian underpass along Longacres Way at the north end of the station. The station's ticket vending machines, bike lockers, and bus bays are located in a plaza west of the platforms. The plaza also includes a piece of public art, Sheila Klein's sculpture and garden "Imaginary Landscape", located at the station's ancillary building. It consists of planted red-twig dogwood shrubs, painted steel panels, and a steel "crown" atop the building.  A 390-stall park and ride lot is located south of the plaza and includes four electric vehicle charging stations. The lot includes 40 parking spaces for Amtrak passengers, divided between short-term and long-term use, and reserved spaces for carpool vehicles, available for a monthly fee of $5. The station is accessed from the north via Longacres Way, connecting to Interstate 405 and the Southcenter Mall. The City of Tukwila has prepared the area around the station for transit-oriented development and plans to build a multi-use trail between Longacres Way and the Southcenter Mall. Southwest 27th Street travels south and east from the station to Boeing's Longacres Industrial Park, the Federal Reserve Bank, and offices for Kaiser Permanente. An undeveloped area north of the station was proposed in 2015 as the site of an indoor arena for a major-league basketball or hockey team.

History.

Early stations.

The Puget Sound Shore Railroad, a branch of the Northern Pacific Railway, built the first railroad between Seattle and Tacoma in 1884, traveling through modern-day Tukwila on the current BNSF Seattle Subdivision. The railroad was sparsely used during its early years, earning the title "Orphan Road", but had several daily passenger trains stopping at Black River Junction (near Fort Dent) and Orillia (south of modern-day Tukwila station). An interurban railway, the Puget Sound Electric Railway, was built parallel to the Northern Pacific route in the Green River Valley in 1902. It connected Orillia to Tacoma and Seattle until it ceased operations in 1928. The tracks were removed and replaced in the 1980s by the Interurban Trail, a bicycle and pedestrian trail that runs from Tukwila to Pierce County.  The Longacres horse racetrack was built in 1933 to the northeast of Orillia, adjacent to the Northern Pacific tracks and the modern-day Tukwila station. The racetrack site was targeted for redevelopment into offices by the City of Renton in the 1980s and acquired by the Boeing Company in 1990. Horse racing at Longacres ended in 1992 and construction of Boeing's Commercial Airplane Group headquarters began on the site in 1997. In 1991, Metro Transit recommended the Longacres redevelopment site as a station on a potential commuter rail line between Seattle and Tacoma.

Temporary commuter rail station.

The 1993 regional transit plan developed by the Regional Transit Authority (RTA; later Sound Transit) recommended Longacres as the transfer station between the north–south commuter rail line and a light rail line serving the Interstate 405 corridor. The RTA's March 1995 ballot measure included a Tukwila station for the Seattle–Tacoma commuter rail line, but was rejected by voters. A smaller version of the regional transit plan was re-submitted in November 1996 and approved by voters, allocating $13 million (equivalent to $ in dollars) in provisional funding for a commuter rail station at the Longacres site in Tukwila. The station would include two covered platforms, a bus station, bicycle lockers, and 800 to 1,000 parking spaces. The Tukwila station was also selected by Amtrak as a "Cascades" stop in January 1998, intended to serve all of southern King County as the lone stop between Seattle and Tacoma.  Sound Transit selected the Longacres site as its preferred station location for Tukwila on March 12, 1998, and approved the purchase of from Boeing for the station in September. After receiving six design proposals for Tukwila station, Sound Transit selected MBT Architecture to lead the preliminary design team and later the final design team. Final design was suspended in early 1999 at the request of the Tukwila city council, who were seeking transit-oriented development proposals for the Longacres area from private developers. Construction of the full station was postponed in November 2000, and construction of an $587,000 interim station began immediately. The cost of the station was increased to $796,000 as a result of the rushed bidding and design process, which lasted five days and omitted a survey of underground utilities.  The interim Tukwila station opened on March 12, 2001, built with wooden platforms, chain-link fencing, and 250 parking spaces in the former Longacres lot on lease from Boeing. Tukwila was the seventh Sounder station to open, and was initially expected to open in September 2001; the opening date was moved up to February to coincide with the opening of stations in Kent and Puyallup, but delayed to complete additional construction. Amtrak began "Cascades" service to Tukwila on June 1, 2001, after contributing $1 million for the temporary station's construction. Sound Transit signed an agreement in 2002 to delay design work on the permanent station for up to ten years while the City of Tukwila revised its development plans and the City of Renton completed design of the Strander Boulevard crossing to the south of the station.

Permanent station.

Alternatives analysis and preliminary engineering work for the permanent station was authorized by the Sound Transit Board in 2005. The remaining funds from the 1996 ballot measure were used to complete design work and real estate acquisition, but construction would need to be funded separately. Construction of a permanent Tukwila station with up to 400 parking spaces was included in the Roads and Transit ballot measure, which was rejected by voters in November 2007. The permanent station was part of the standalone Sound Transit 2 measure, which was approved by voters in November 2008.  Sound Transit completed 30 percent design and an environmental assessment of the project in January 2009, proposing a station with platforms south of Longacres Way, and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) published a Finding of No Significant Impact in March. The south end of the new platforms would have conflicted with construction of the City of Renton's Strander Boulevard extension and delayed construction until late 2012; in response, Sound Transit moved the permanent station platforms north to the site of the temporary station and extended the final design phase of the project. The FTA and Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) approved the reevaluated design in 2011 and found no significantly different environmental impacts for the northern platforms. The $46 million project received $14.2 million in federal grants, including $4.6 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and $8 million from the FRA's High-Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program.  Construction of the permanent station was pushed back into 2013 to allow for further design development. The $17 million construction contract was awarded to Absher Construction in April 2013, and a ceremonial groundbreaking was held on June 24, 2013. The west platform was demolished in August and replaced with a temporary platform to serve Sounder and Amtrak trains. In June 2014, the RapidRide F Line began serving the station's newly completed bus bays, replacing local service on routes 110 and 140 between Burien and Renton. The City of Renton completed its extension of Strander Boulevard to the station later in the month, connecting to the new park and ride on the west side of the platforms. Following a four-week closure of the east platform, both permanent platforms were re-opened in August 2014. Construction of the permanent station reached substantial completion in December, and the new station was dedicated by local dignitaries on February 18, 2015. The east platform was built with additional width to be removed for a third track, which was installed by BNSF in 2016.

Other proposals.

Sound Transit has proposed building an intermodal connection at the station to the Link light rail system through a future extension. The Longacres site was considered in the Southcenter alternative for Central Link in 1999, but rejected in favor of a shorter route along Interstate 5. The agency's 2005 long-range plan studied a potential light rail line connecting Burien to Renton, with stops at Southcenter Mall and the Tukwila Sounder station. The 2014 update to the long-range plan re-studied the corridor as an extension to the proposed West Seattle light rail or bus rapid transit line, and also considered a connection to Sounder at Tukwila station.  Tukwila station is also being studied as a potential stop for the state's proposed high-speed rail network. The station is included in plans for a Vancouver, B.C.–Seattle–Portland line along the "Cascades" corridor, as well as a Seattle–Spokane line connecting to Eastern Washington.

Services.

The station is served by 13 daily round-trips on Sounder, which travel north to King Street Station in Downtown Seattle and south to Tacoma Dome Station or Lakewood station on weekdays. Amtrak operates eight daily trains on the "Cascades" that stop at Tukwila on its route between Seattle and Portland, Oregon. Tukwila is the closest Amtrak station to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.  King County Metro operates two routes from the station's bus bays: the RapidRide F Line, which travels from Burien to Renton via Southcenter Mall; and Route 154, a peak-only service connecting the station to the Boeing Field industrial district.

Tukwila is a train station in Tukwila, Washington, United States. The station was built by Sound Transit to serve its Sounder commuter rail service, as well as Amtrak's intercity "Cascades" line. It includes 390 parking spaces and a bus platform served by King County Metro's RapidRide F Line and other routes.

La gare de Tukwila est une gare ferroviaire des États-Unis située dans la ville de Tukwila dans l'État de Washington; elle est desservie par Amtrak. C'est une gare sans personnel.


Biography.

Biographies of Ramprasad are a mixture of biography, metaphor, and legend.

Early life.

Ramprasad was born in Garalgachha, in Hooghly District (at his maternal house), into a Tantric Baidya-Brahmin family. Due to the absence of birth records, his actual birth date is not known, but it is believed to be around 1718 or 1723. His father, Ramram Sen, was an Ayurvedic doctor and Sanskrit scholar. Ramprasad's mother Siddheswari was Ramram's second wife. Ramprasad was sent to a Sanskrit "tol" (school) where he learned Sanskrit grammar, literature, Persian, and Hindi. As a youth, he had a talent for poetry and learning new languages.  Ramram hoped his son would follow in his profession, but Ramprasad showed no interest in practical pursuits. As he grew up, his spiritual inclinations caused a great deal of anxiety to his parents. Believing that marriage would make Ramprasad more responsible, his parents married him to a girl named Sarvani when he was twenty-two years old. In keeping with the family custom, the newly wed couple was initiated by the family's spiritual teacher, Madhavacharya. According to traditional accounts, during initiation when the "guru" whispered the "mantra" to him, Ramprasad became consumed by intense longing for the goddess Kali. One year after the initiation he lost his guru. Ramprasad later became the disciple of Krishnananda Agamavagisha, a Tantric yogi and scholar. Agamavagisha was a well known devotee of Kali and the author of the Bengali book "Tantrasara". Agamavagisha instructed Ramprasad in Tantric "sadhanas" (spiritual disciplines) and worship of Kali.

Employment.

Instead of following his parents wishes and looking for a job, it is said that Ramprasad devoted most of his time to "sadhana". Ramram died before he could make provisions to support the family. Forced finally by poverty, Ramprasad moved to Kolkata and worked as an accountant in the household of Durga Charan Mitra for a monthly salary of thirty rupees. According to traditional accounts, during his employment Ramprasad would write devotional songs to Kali. His fellow employees were appalled to see Ramprasad write poems in his account book, and reported him to their employer. Durga Charan Mitra, upon reading Ramprasad's work, was moved by his piety and literary skill. Instead of dismissing Ramprasad from work, he asked him to return to his village and compose songs to Kali, while continuing to pay his salary.

"Sadhana" and poetry.

After returning to his village, Ramprasad spent most of his time in "sadhana", meditation, and prayer. Traditional accounts tell of several esoteric "sadhanas" that he performed, including standing neck-deep in the river Ganges, singing songs to Kali. Ramprasad would regularly practice his "sadhana" in a panchavati: a grove with five trees—banyan, bael, amalaki, ashoka, and peepul—all regarded as holy in Tantric tradition. He would reportedly spend hours meditating on a "panchamundi asana" (an altar inside which are interred five skulls–that of a snake, frog, rabbit, fox, and man). According to popular stories he had a vision of Kali in her form of "Adyashakti Mahamaya".  Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia, a landlord under Nawab Sirajuddaula of Bengal, heard Ramprasad's hymns. Being an ardent devotee of Kali, he appointed Ramprasad as his court poet. Ramprasad rarely attended the Maharaja's court and would spend his time in "sadhana" and worship of Kali instead. Krishna Chandra became Ramprasad's benefactor, giving him of tax free land. Ramprasad, in return, dedicated his book "Vidyasundar" ("Beautiful Knowledge") to the Maharaja. Krishna Chandra also gave Ramprasad the title "Kaviranjana" ("Entertainer of poets"). During the Maharaja's last years, Ramprasad stayed beside him, singing hymns to Kali. Ramprasad's mysticism was recognized by sufis and Nawab Sirajuddaula. Ramprasad is said to have visited the court of the Nawab at the Nawab's fervent request.

Death.

During Ramprasad's old age, he was looked after by his son Ramdulal and daughter-in-law Bhagavati. A folk story is told of Ramprasad's death. Ramprasad was very fond of taking part in Kali puja on the night of Diwali, the festival of lights. On one Kali puja night, he performed the puja and sang throughout the night. In the morning, Ramprasad carried the jar of Divine Mother's sanctified water on his head to the Ganges. He was followed by the devotees, who carried the clay image of Kali to be immersed in the Ganges after the night of worship. Ramprasad waded into the holy river, until the water was neck deep, all the while singing for Kali. As Kali's image was immersed, Ramprasad died— this was believed to be around 1775. However, recent documentary evidence, a Kabulatipatra dated April 1794 bearing the sign of Ramprasad Sen as a witness, clearly proves the fact that Ramprasad Sen was alive in 1794. The said Kabulatipatra has been preserved and displayed at Sabarna Sangrahashala in Barisha.

Stories and legends.

In Bengal, popular stories and legends are told of Ramprasad. One of the most well known stories is about a "radiant girl" who helped him one day. Ramprasad was repairing a fence with the assistance of his daughter, who left shortly thereafter. Soon a "radiant girl", whom he didn't recognize, came to help him. After finishing the task, she vanished. According to the story, Ramprasad then realized that she was a manifestation of Kali.  Another popular story is told of Ramprasad's vision of goddess Annapurna of Varanasi. Ramprasad was on his way to the river for his daily ritual bath when a beautiful young woman stopped him, asking if she could hear him sing a devotional song to the Divine Mother. Ramprasad requested her to wait, since it was getting late for his noon worship. When he returned, he couldn't find her, and began to think that it may have been the "play of Divine Mother." Sitting down to meditate, he was surrounded by a radiant light and heard a female voice saying, "I am Annapurna (...) I came all the way from Varanasi to hear your songs but, alas, I had to leave disappointed." Ramprasad was angry with himself and immediately left for Varanasi to find Mother Annapurna and sing for her. After walking many miles, he reached Triveni, where he took rest under a tree on the bank of the Ganges. Here he reportedly received another vision, saw the same mystical light, and heard the Mother's voice saying, "Stay here and sing for me. (...) Varanasi is not the only place where I live; I pervade the whole universe."

Poetry and influence.

Ramprasad Sen is regarded as one of the notable figures of the bhakti movement in Bengal during the eighteenth century. He is credited with popularizing the "bhakti" Shakta tradition and "Shyama Sangeet"—devotional songs to the goddess Kali. Ramprasad was the first Shakta poet to address Kali with such intimate devotion, and to sing of her as a tender loving mother or even as a little girl. After him, a school of Shakta poets continued the Kali-"bhakti" tradition.  Ramprasad created a new compositional form that combined the Bengali folk style of Baul music with classical melodies and "kirtan". This new form took root in Bengali culture for the next hundred and fifty years, with hundreds of poet-composers combining folk and raga-based melodies, and bringing together styles of music that included classical, semi-classical, and folk. His poetic style has been described as "sweet, familiar and unsophisticated", though his lyrics were sung in classical style rather than a folk style. Two of his notable successors as composers in the same style were Kamalakanta Bhattacarya and Mahendranath Bhattacarya.  Ramprasad's songs are known as "Ramprasadi". The devotion to Kali often included as a background the events in Bengal during his time, such as the Bengal famine of 1770, economic hardships, and the deterioration of rural culture. His poems were very popular during his lifetime.  Ramprasad's literary works include " Vidyasundar" (or "Kalikaman-gala") (ca. sixth or seventh decade of the 18th century), "Kali-kirtana", the fragmentary "Krishna-kirtana", and "Shaktigiti". "Kali-kirtana" is a collection of lyric and narrative poetry describing the early life of Uma. "Krishna-kirtana" is an incomplete book of poems and songs to Krishna—the complete collection is yet to be discovered. "Vidyasundara Kavya" is written in a narrative style that was already popular in Bengali literature, telling the traditional love story of Vidya and Sundara—children of kings who are aided by Kali in meeting, falling in love, and marrying. "Shaktigiti" is Ramprasad's well known and respected work, in which he expresses his deepest feelings and love for Kali. In "Shaktigiti", he shares the most intimate relationship with Kali—a child who can both love and quarrel with his mother over the inequities of human birth.  Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, a mystic of nineteenth century Bengal, often sang his songs and regarded Ramprasad as his beloved poet. Many of these songs are recorded in "The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna", which at one point mentions, ""...he (Ramakrishna) would spend hours singing the devotional songs of great devotees of the Mother, such as Kamalakanta and Ramprasad. Those rhapsodic songs describing direct vision of God...""Paramhansa Yogananda also was an admirer of Ramprasad and his devotional songs, frequently singing them. Sister Nivedita compared Ramprasad with the English poet William Blake.  One of Ramprasad's hymns to the Goddess is as follows:  <poem> You'll find Mother In any house. Do I dare say it in public? She is Bhairavi with Shiva, Durga with Her children, Sita with Lakshmana. She's mother, daughter, wife, sister— Every woman close to you. What more can Ramprasad say? You work the rest out from these hints. </poem> Another of his popular poems describes the human attempt to understand the Goddess: <poem> You think you understand the Goddess? Even philosophers can not explain her. The scriptures say that she, herself, is the essence of us all. It is she, herself, who brings life through her sweet will.  You think you understand her? I can only smile, you think that you can truly know her? I can only laugh! But what our minds accept, our hearts do not. Ants try to grasp the moon, we the goddess. </poem> Ramprasad's songs are still popular in Bengal and recited regularly in the worship of Kali. Scholar Shuma Chakrovarty notes that his songs are "broadcast over the radio and sung on the streets and in the homes and temples of Calcutta by a cross-section of people—children, the elderly, housewives, businessmen, scholars, the illiterate, monks, householders, and the youth of all classes". Many of his songs were sung by popular Shyama Sangeet singers like Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Pannalal Bhattacharya, and Anup Ghosal. Still his master literature combination of simple words in the songs melts one's hearts and floods the eye with tears. An [anekanta]vadin reading of Ramprasad's texts is also found.

It is said that, Ramprasad was born into a Tantric family, and showed an inclination towards poetry from an early age. He became a disciple of Krishnananda Agamavagisha, a Tantric scholar and yogi. Ramprasad became well known for his devotional songs, eventually becoming the court poet of Raja Krishnachandra of Nadia. His life has been the subject of many stories depicting his devotion to, and relationship with, Kali. Ramprasad's literary works include "Vidyasundar", "Kali-kirtana", "Krishna-kirtana" and "Shaktigiti".

Ramprasad Sen (bengalî: রামপ্রসাদ সেন) (1718-1781) est un poète et chanteur indien d'expression bengalie, auteur de 300 chants mystiques dédiés à la déesse Kâlî, toujours très populaires aujourd'hui. On le désigne le plus souvent sous le simple nom de Ramprasad, et ses chants sont baptisés "Ramprasadi". La vie de Ramprasad a inspiré de nombreuses histoires mystiques décrivant sa dévotion envers Kâlî et sa relation avec elle.


Early life in Italy.

Panizzi was born at Brescello in the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (now the province of Reggio Emilia), Italy, on 16 September 1797. He studied at the Lyceum of Reggio, then obtained a degree in law from the University of Parma in 1818. He was appointed as Inspector of Public Schools at Brescello. It was during this time that a charge was brought against Panizzi that he was a Carbonaro, that is, a member of a secret society that opposed the current political regime. The evidence would suggest that the accusation was true.  In October 1822, amid political upheaval in Italy, Panizzi was slated for arrest, as were many Carbonari. He was tipped off that he faced arrest and trial as a subversive, and made his way across Italy, eventually arriving in Switzerland. In 1823, he wrote and published a book decrying the repressive regime and trials against citizens of the Duchy of Modena, "Dei Processi e delle Sentenze contra gli imputati di Lesa Maestà e di aderenza alle Sette proscritte negli Stati di Modena". Following the book's publication, he was indicted, tried, and condemned to death "in absentia" in Modena, and pressure was brought to have him expelled from Switzerland.

Escape to England and subsequent career as a librarian.

In May 1823, Panizzi moved to England, becoming a British subject in 1832. Upon his arrival in London, Italian poet in exile Ugo Foscolo gave him a letter of introduction to Liverpool banker William Roscoe and he moved to that city, where he made a meager living teaching Italian. In 1826 Panizzi met lawyer and political figure Henry Brougham and helped him in a difficult abduction case; when Brougham became Lord Chancellor of England, he obtained for Panizzi the Professorship of Italian at the newly founded London University (now University College London), and later a post of "Extra-Assistant-Keeper" at the British Museum Library. Panizzi held a string of posts there: first Assistant Librarian (1831–37), then Keeper of Printed Books (1837–56) and finally Principal Librarian (1856–66). For his extraordinary services as a librarian, in 1869 he was knighted by Queen Victoria.  The British Museum library was the national library of the United Kingdom in all but name. During Panizzi's tenure as Keeper of Printed Books its holdings increased from 235,000 to 540,000 volumes, making it the largest library in the world at the time. Its famous circular Reading Room was designed and built by architect Sydney Smirke from a sketch drawn by Panizzi. The new reading room opened in 1857. The British Museum library formed the bulk of what became the British Library in 1973 and the "Round" Reading Room was in use until 1997 when the Library moved to its current site at St. Pancras.  During his tenure at the Library, Panizzi was embroiled in many controversies. His appointment as Keeper of Printed Books was met with criticism due to Panizzi's Italian origin: some felt an Englishman should be in charge of the national institution. Other sources state it was because he had been "seen in the streets of London selling white mice."  Panizzi also had a long-term dispute with historian Thomas Carlyle. While Carlyle worked on his, he had complained in a magazine article that "a certain sub-librarian" had not been very helpful to him, restricting access to uncatalogued documents held by the British Museum. Panizzi never forgot the slight and when Carlyle, now working on the biography of Cromwell, requested the use of a private room at the library for his researches, the request was denied. Despite high-level complaints, Carlyle lost the argument; and he and his supporters opened their own independent subscription library, the London Library.  Whilst at the library, Panizzi undertook the creation of a new catalogue, based on the "Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules" (1841) which he devised with his assistants. These rules served as the basis for all subsequent catalogue rules of the 19th and 20th centuries, and are at the origins of the ISBD and of digital cataloguing elements such as Dublin Core. Panizzi had to give up his concept of "corporate main entry" to have his 91 Rules code approved. Panizzi's idea of corporate authorship later came to public attention through Charles C. Jewett's code for the catalog of the Smithsonian Institution in 1850.  Panizzi was also influential in enforcing the Copyright Act of 1842, which required British publishers to deposit with the library a copy of every book printed in Britain.  Panizzi was a strong advocate of free and equal access to learning, evident in the quote below: I want a poor student to have the same means of indulging his learned curiosity, of following his rational pursuits, of consulting the same authorities, of fathoming the most intricate inquiry as the richest man in the kingdom, as far as books go, and I contend that the Government is bound to give him the most liberal and unlimited assistance in this respect. Panizzi is credited with the invention of the "Panizzi pin", a shelf-support pin which prevents wooden shelves from "wobbling".

Political activities and honours.

Panizzi was a personal friend of British Prime ministers Lord Palmerston and William Ewart Gladstone, conducted an active correspondence with Sardinian, and later Italian Prime Minister Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, and through French archaeologist and writer Prosper Mérimée, was well acquainted with French Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie. In 1844, Panizzi also assisted Giuseppe Mazzini, then in exile in London, by publishing an influential article denouncing the practice ordered by the Home Secretary of ordering Mazzini's private letters opened by the Post Office and giving copies of their contents to the Austrian Embassy. He also orchestrated a visit of Giuseppe Garibaldi to England, and convinced Gladstone to travel to Naples to view personally the inhumane conditions in which political prisoners were kept. When his efforts to have these prisoners released failed, he raised money to buy a ship and mounted an expedition to rescue the prisoners from the island fortress of Santo Stefano in the Gulf of Gaeta. Unfortunately, the ship sank in a storm shortly after leaving England. In 1859, the prisoners were released by Neapolitan King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and put on a ship bound for New York. Panizzi then mounted a new expedition led by his son, who commandeered the ship and made port in England, where the former prisoners received asylum and were assured support.  In addition to his English knighthood, Panizzi was given an honorary degree by Oxford University, the Légion d'Honneur from France, various chivalric honours from the Italian Government and Crown, and in 1868 was appointed as a senator in the Italian Parliament. He never took his seat there.  Panizzi died in London on 8 April 1879 and was buried in the Kensal Green Catholic Cemetery, not far from the resting places of William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope. Panizzi also prepared and published editions of Matteo Maria Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato" and Ludovico Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso".  The Panizzi Lectures are an annual series of bibliography lectures, hosted by the British Library since 1985. There is also a staff meeting room at the British Library called the Panizzi Room in his honour.

Sir Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi (16 September 1797 – 8 April 1879), better known as Anthony Panizzi, was a naturalised British librarian of Italian birth and an Italian patriot. He was the Principal Librarian (i.e. head) of the British Museum from 1856 to 1866.

Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi, plus connu dans les pays anglo-saxons sous le nom d’Anthony Panizzi, est un bibliothécaire britannique d’origine italienne, né le et mort le.


Plot.

The story is narrated by Sunny von Bülow, who is in a coma after falling into diabetic shock after a Christmas party. Her husband, the dissolute European aristocrat Claus von Bülow, is charged with attempting to murder the hypoglycemic Sunny by giving her an overdose of insulin. Claus's strained relationship with his wife and his cold and haughty personal demeanor led most people to conclude that he is guilty. In need of an innovative defense, Claus turns to law professor Alan Dershowitz. Dershowitz is initially convinced of Claus's guilt, but takes the case because von Bülow agrees to fund Dershowitz's defense of two poor black boys accused of capital murder. Employing his law students as workers, Dershowitz proceeds to defend Claus, wrestling with his client's unnerving personal style and questions of von Bülow's guilt or innocence.

Production.

The film was shot in numerous estates in Rhode Island and New Jersey, and the Knole house in Old Westbury. At least one courtroom scene was shot at the Appellate Division, Second Judicial Department in Brooklyn, New York.

Reception.

The film received mostly positive reviews and holds a 92% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 7.89/10 from 48 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Featuring exceptional performances and a cunning script, "Reversal of Fortune" doubles as a tantalizing mystery and ruthless satire of the rich."

Awards and honors.

In 2015, the 25th anniversary of "Entertainment Weekly" named "Reversal of Fortune" on its list of the 25 best films of the past 25 years.  The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Reversal of Fortune is a 1990 American drama film adapted from the 1985 book "Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case", written by law professor Alan Dershowitz. It recounts the true story of the unexplained coma of socialite Sunny von Bülow, the subsequent attempted murder trial, and the eventual acquittal of her husband, Claus von Bülow, who had Dershowitz acting as his defense. The film was directed by Barbet Schroeder and stars Jeremy Irons as Claus, Glenn Close as Sunny, and Ron Silver as Dershowitz. Screenwriter Nick Kazan originally envisioned Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer in the role of Claus von Bülow, but was thrilled with Irons' performance. Irons earned the 1990 Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film.

Le Mystère von Bülow ("Reversal of Fortune") est un film dramatique américain réalisé par Barbet Schroeder, sorti en 1990. Il s'agit de la transposition cinématographique du livre "Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case" du professeur Alan M. Dershowitz (1985) sur l'histoire vraie de, riche héritière américaine plongée dans le coma à la suite d'une surdose d'insuline – dont elle mourra, sans en être sortie, vingt-huit ans plus tard, le samedi –, et du procès pour la supposée tentative de meurtre sur la personne de son époux Claus von Bülow, faite dans les années 1980.


Liste des circuits intégrés de la série 7400

Overview.

Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number.  A short-lived 64 prefix on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range; this prefix had been dropped from the TI literature by 1973. Most recent 7400 series parts are fabricated in CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL. Surface mount parts with a single gate (often in a 5-pin or 6-pin package) are prefixed with 741G instead of 74.  Some manufacturers released some 4000-series equivalent CMOS circuits with a 74 prefix, for example the 74HC4066 was a replacement for the 4066 with slightly different electrical characteristics (different power supply voltage ratings, higher frequency capabilities, lower "on" resistances in analog switches, etc.). See List of 4000-series integrated circuits. Conversely, the 4000-series has "borrowed" from the 7400 series - such as the CD40193 and CD40161 being pin-for-pin "functional" replacements for 74C193 and 74C161.  Older TTL parts made by manufacturers such as Signetics, Motorola, Mullard and Siemens may have different numeric prefix and numbering series entirely, such as in the European FJ family FJH101 is an 8-input NAND gate like a 7430.  A few alphabetic characters to designate a specific logic subfamily may immediately follow the 74 or 54 in the part number, e.g., 74LS74 for Low-power Schottky. Some CMOS parts such as 74HCT74 for High-speed CMOS with TTL-compatible input thresholds are functionally similar to the TTL part. Not all functions are available in all families. The generic descriptive feature of these alphabetic characters was diluted by various companies participating in the market at its peak, and are not always consistent especially with more recent offerings. The National Semiconductor trademarks of the words FAST and FACT  In a few instances, such as the 7478 and 74107, the same suffix in different families do not have completely equivalent logic functions.  Another extension to the series is the 7416xxx variant, representing mostly the 16-bit wide counterpart of otherwise 8-bit-wide "base" chips with the same three ending digits. Thus e.g. a "7416373" would be the 16-bit-wide equivalent of a "74373". Some 7416xxx parts, however, do not have a direct counterpart from the standard 74xxx range but deliver new functionality instead, which needs making use of the 7416xxx series' higher pin count. For more details, refer primarily to the Texas Instruments documentation mentioned in the References section.  For CMOS (AC, HC, etc.) subfamilies, read "open drain" for "open collector" in the table below.  There are a few numeric suffixes that have multiple conflicting assignments, such as the 74453.

Larger footprints.

Parts in this section have a pin count of 14 pins or more. The lower part numbers were established in the 1960s and 1970s, then higher part numbers were added incrementally over decades. IC manufacturers continue to make a core subset of this group, but many of these part numbers are considered obsolete and no longer manufactured. Older discontinued parts may be available from a limited number of sellers as new old stock (NOS), though some are much harder to find.  For the following table:

Smaller footprints.

As board designs have migrated away from large amounts of logic chips, so has the need for many of the same gate in one package. Since about 1996, there has been an ongoing trend towards one / two / three logic gates per chip. Now logic can be placed where it is physically needed on a board, instead of running long signal traces to a full-size logic chip that has many of the same gate.  All chips in the following sections are available 4 to 12 pin surface mount packages. The right digits, after the 1G/2G/3G, typically has the same functional features as older legacy chips, except for the multifunctional chips and 4-digit chip numbers which are unique to these newer families. The "x" in the part number is a place holder for the logic family name. For example, 74x1G14 in "LVC" logic family would be "74LVC1G14". The previously stated prefixes of "SN-" and "MC-" are used to denote manufacturers, Texas Instruments and ON Semiconductor respectively.  Some of the manufacturers that make these smaller IC chips are: Diodes Incorporated, Nexperia (NXP Semiconductors), ON Semiconductor (Fairchild Semiconductor), Texas Instruments (National Semiconductor), Toshiba.

One gate chips.

All chips in this section have one gate, noted by the "1G" in the part numbers. The most popular logic families are LVC and AUP, however there have been other releases such as AUC and AXP families with shorter propagation delays or expansions of the existing families such as the AHC(T) and HC(T).

Two gate chips.

All chips in this section have two gates, noted by the "2G" in the part numbers. The "2G" chips mainly consist of AUG and LVC logic families, more recently AHC, AHCT, HC, HCT families have been expanding, plus some support for AXP family.

Three gate chips.

All chips in this section have three gates, noted by the "3G" in the part numbers. The "3G" chips mainly consist of AUG and LVC logic families, more recently AHC, AHCT, HC, HCT families have been expanding.

The following is a list of 7400-series digital logic integrated circuits. The original 7400-series integrated circuits were made by Texas Instruments with the prefix "SN" to create the name SN74xx. Due to the popularity of these parts, other manufacturers released pin-to-pin compatible logic devices which kept the 7400 sequence number as an aid to identification of compatible parts. However, different manufacturers use different prefixes or no prefix at all.

La série des 7400 est une famille de circuits intégrés dont la caractéristique est d'utiliser la technique TTL. Néanmoins, depuis l'invention de cette série, de nombreuses autres techniques ont été inventées, qui reprennent cette nomenclature avec un code du type 74XY, où X est un code composé d'une ou plusieurs lettres indiquant la technique (par exemple S, LS, HC, ACT...) et Y reprend le code de la fonction originelle de la série TTL (par exemple un circuit 74ACT245 réalise la même fonction logique qu'un 74245, mais avec des performances différentes).


Biography.

Early life and education.

Brand was born in Longmont, Colorado, May 9, 1931, and is the son of Rudolph William and Donna Mae Brand. He was active in Troop 64 of the Boy Scouts of America in Longmont, where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. Brand graduated at Longmont High School in 1949, and at the University of Colorado at Boulder he received a B.S. in business in 1953 and a B.S. in aeronautical engineering in 1960. He was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity and of the International Order of DeMolay. In 1964 he completed an M.S. in business administration at UCLA.  Brand is married to the former Beverly Ann Whitnel, and has two daughters and four sons: Susan Nancy (born April 30, 1954), Stephanie Brand Lowery (born August 6, 1955), Patrick Richard (born March 22, 1958), Kevin Stephen (born December 1, 1963), Erik Ryan (May 11, 1981), and Dane Vance (born October 1, 1985). He currently resides with his wife in Tehachapi, California.

Military service.

Brand was a commissioned officer and naval aviator with the United States Marine Corps from 1953 to 1957. His military assignments included a 15-month tour in Japan as a jet fighter pilot. Following his release from active duty, Brand continued service in U.S. Marine Forces Reserve and Air National Guard jet fighter squadrons until 1964, reaching the rank of major.

Civilian test pilot.

Employed as a civilian by the Lockheed Corporation from 1960 to 1966, he worked initially as a flight test engineer on the United States Navy's P-3 Orion aircraft. In 1963, Brand graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School (Class 33) and was assigned to Palmdale, California as an experimental test pilot on Canadian and German F-104 programs. Prior to selection to the astronaut program, Brand worked at the West German F-104G Flight Test Center at Istres, France as an experimental test pilot and leader of a Lockheed flight test advisory group.

NASA career.

One of the 19 pilot astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966, Brand initially was a crew member in the thermal vacuum chamber testing of the prototype command module (alongside astronauts Joe Engle and Dr. Joseph Kerwin) and support crewman on Apollos 8 and 13. Later he was backup Command Module Pilot for Apollo 15, and was likely to be named to the prime crew of Apollo 18 before that mission was canceled. Brand was backup Commander for Skylabs 3 and 4. When Skylab 3's CSM had problems with its Reaction Control System, Brand was put on standby to command a rescue mission with backup Pilot Don Lind; however, the crew stood down when it was decided that the problem did not require the rescue mission to be launched. As an astronaut, he held management positions relating to spacecraft development, acquisition, flight safety and mission operations. Brand flew on four space missions; Apollo-Soyuz, STS-5, STS-41-B, and STS-35. He logged 746 hours in space and commanded three missions. Brand was the last member of his astronaut class to remain active with NASA, and was the only Apollo-era astronaut to pilot the Space Shuttle in the post-"Challenger" era.  Brand departed the Astronaut Office in 1992 to become Chief of Plans at the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) Joint Program Office at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. In September 1994, he moved to California to become Assistant Chief of Flight Operations at the Dryden Flight Research Center, then Acting Chief Engineer, Deputy Director for Aerospace Projects, and Acting Associate Center Director for Programs. He retired from NASA in January 2008.

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Brand was launched on his first space flight on July 15, 1975, as Apollo Command Module Pilot on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. This flight resulted in the historic meeting in space between American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts. Other crewmen on this nine-day Earth-orbital mission were Apollo Commander Thomas Stafford, Apollo Docking Module Pilot Deke Slayton, Soyuz Commander Alexei Leonov, and Soyuz Flight Engineer Valeri Kubasov. The Soyuz spacecraft was launched at Baikonur Cosmodrome, and the Apollo was launched 71⁄2 hours later at the Kennedy Space Center. Two days later, the two spacecraft docked successfully. The linkup tested a new docking system and demonstrated international cooperation in space. There were 44 hours of docked joint activities which included four crew transfers between the Apollo and the Soyuz. Six records for docked and group flight were set on the mission and are recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Apollo splashed down in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, on July 25, and was recovered by, completing a 217-hour mission. The mission almost ended in disaster when, during the final stages of the mission, the crew was exposed to near fatal amounts of nitrogen tetroxide gas. The reaction control system had been inadvertently left on during descent, and the poisonous fumes were sucked into the capsule as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness and all three crewmen required hospitalization in Hawaii for a number of weeks after landing.

STS-5.

Brand was Commander of Space Shuttle "Columbia" for STS-5, the first fully operational flight of the Space Shuttle program, which launched on November 11, 1982. His crew comprised Colonel Robert Overmyer, pilot, and two mission specialists, Dr. Joseph P. Allen and Dr. William B. Lenoir. STS-5, the first mission with a four-man crew, demonstrated the Shuttle as operational by the successful first deployment of two commercial communications satellites from the Shuttle's payload bay. The mission marked the Shuttle's first use of an upper-stage rocket for payloads, the Payload Assist Module (PAM-D). The satellites were deployed for Satellite Business Systems Corporation of McLean, Virginia, and TELESAT of Ottawa, Canada. Two FAI records for mass to altitude were set on the mission. Numerous flight tests were performed to ascertain Shuttle performance. STS-5 was the last flight to carry the Development Flight Instrumentation package to support extensive flight testing. The STS-5 crew concluded the 5-day orbital flight of "Columbia" with the landing approach through a cloud deck to Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base, California on November 16, 1982. Mission duration was 122 hours.

STS-41-B.

Brand commanded "Challenger" with a crew of five on the tenth flight of the Space Shuttle program, STS-41-B. The launch was on February 3, 1984. His crew included Commander Robert L. Gibson, pilot, and 3 Mission Specialists, Captain Bruce McCandless II, Dr. Ronald McNair, and Lt. Col. Robert L. Stewart. The flight accomplished the deployment of two Hughes HS-376 communications satellites which failed to reach desired geosynchronous orbits due to upper-stage rocket failures. This mission marked the first flight checkout of the Manned Maneuvering Unit and the Manipulator Foot Restraint with McCandless and Stewart performing two untethered extravehicular activities. Shuttle rendezvous sensors and computer programs were flight-tested for the first time. The 8-day flight of "Challenger" ended with the first landing on the runway at the Kennedy Space Center on February 11, 1984.  Brand was training initially for STS-51-H on "Atlantis" in November 1985. That mission was canceled and re-manifested as STS-61-K, a Spacelab mission which would've launched on "Columbia" in October 1986. That mission was canceled by the "Challenger" disaster.

STS-35.

Brand again commanded "Columbia" on the 38th flight of the shuttle, this time with a crew of seven, on STS-35. The night launch on December 2, 1990 started a nine-day mission devoted to round-the-clock astronomical observations. Crewmen included the pilot, Col. Guy Gardner; three Mission Specialists, John M. Lounge, Dr. Robert A. Parker and Dr. Jeffrey A. Hoffman; and two payload specialists, Dr. Samuel T. Durrance and Dr. Ronald A. Parise. The 13-ton payload consisted of the three ASTRO-1 ultraviolet (UV) telescopes and the Broadband X-ray Telescope. More than 200 Orbiter maneuvers were required to point the telescopes. This Shuttle flight, one of the first dedicated to astronomy, provided a rich return of science data with emphasis on observations of very active celestial objects. A night landing was made on December 10, to Runway 22 at Edwards Air Force Base. Mission duration was 215 hours.

Awards and honors.

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) awarded Brand, along with Slayton and Kubasov, the Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal in 1976.

Philanthropy.

In 2019, Brand donated 40 acres of land to the Rocky Mountain Conservancy, which is the nonprofit arm of Rocky Mountain National Park, hoping to expand the national park that he has visited throughout his life. The 40 acres of rugged terrain borders Rocky Mountain National Park on two sides. The United States Congress will need to approve the boundary change for this acreage to be officially incorporated into the national park.

Vance DeVoe Brand (born May 9, 1931) is an American former naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He served as command module pilot during the first U.S.-Soviet joint spaceflight in 1975, and as commander of three Space Shuttle missions.

Vance DeVoe Brand est un pilote d'essai, ingénieur et astronaute américain né le. Il a été pilote de la mission Apollo-Soyouz, première mission conjointe entre les États-Unis et l'URSS en 1975. Par la suite, il a commandé trois missions de navette spatiale.


History.

Amur Khabarovsk was founded in 1966 as SKA Khabarovsk; it only adopted its current name in 1996, a name that comes from the nearby river Amur. By its location in the Russian Far East, the team is pretty isolated from every other team in the KHL, making rivalries difficult; the nearest KHL team is Admiral Vladivostok. Still, the team is very popular among Khabarovsk citizens, and despite its usual poor results, the team keeps being highly successful at the gates.  For a long time a lower division dweller, Khabarovsk won the championship of the Soviet League Division 3 in 1989, earning promotion to the upper level. The team played regular season games known as the "Red Army" against West Coast Hockey League teams for the 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons.  In 1996, Khabarovsk promoted to the Russian Superleague. A relegation to the Vysshaya Liga occurred in 2004 when the mining company that funds the club had financial difficulties. The Tigers could promote back to the top level in 2006. That same financial crisis forced the team's reserve squad, the Golden Amur Khabarovsk, to withdraw from the Asia League where it played for the 2004-05 season. The team could finish the season and take part in the playoffs, however; they finished third in regular season standings and failed to reach the playoffs finals.  In 2008, Khabarovsk was one of the 24 founding members of the Kontinental Hockey League. The team played the league's inaugural game on September 2 against Dinamo Riga at home in front of a sell-out crowd of 7,100 people. They lost, 4-2 to the Latvian team. Riga and the Tigers were playing back-to-back games in Khabarovsk, however, and on the second match, Amur won 7-6 in a tied game that went to shootouts. But the 2008-09 didn't prove to be very successful for the Tigers. The team was plagued with injuries - in October only, 11 players were side-lined, including imports Kyle Wanvig and Bryce Lampman. The Tigers needed to strengthen their squad, and therefore offered a contract to Carolina Hurricanes's Matt Murley, which resulted in a controversy sometimes compared to Alexander Radulov's, even though there are many differences. Murley's signing didn't prove beneficial for Amur though, as he only contributed 8 points to a fairly impotent offence that scored only 111 goals. Veterans Oleg Belkin and Peter Nylander were Amur's top goal scorers with 11 goals each; Belkin was top scorer with a meager 24 points in 50 games. Amur's defence was better, with regular defencemen Vasily Turkovsky and Viktor Kostyuchenok even managing to finish the season with a +3 and +2 record, respectively. But overall, the season was disappointing for the Tigers, with a 20th place, 15 wins and 60 points.  Things barely improved in 2009-10. Amur finished 21st, out of playoffs again, this time again with 60 points and only 12 wins in regular time (plus three in overtime and six in the shootouts). Former Montreal Canadiens' and Columbus Blue Jackets' David Ling did the best in offense with 32 points, while Alexei Kopeikin and Ruslan Khasanshin were the best goal scorers with respectively 16 and 14 goals. All in all, it's only 129 goals that the team scored, 18 better than the previous season, but still fourth worst in the league. Oleg Belkin had to miss the whole season, while Peter Nylander left the team after ten game to go back in Sweden, joining Timrå IK of the Elitserien. The defence was not as solid as the previous season, with Turkovsky retired and Kostyuchenok traded to HC Spartak Moscow after 14 games. The result was 187 goals against, 29 more than the previous season. Former NHL veteran and Stanley Cup winner Nolan Pratt ended up being the fourth defenceman on the team in icetime and finished the season with 11 points and a -14 +/- rating. Despite a disappointing season, Khabarovsk still had the 4th highest average attendance in the league, with an average of 7,100 fans per game.

Season-by-season KHL record.

"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"

Franchise records and leaders.

Scoring leaders.

These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history in the KHL. "Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; bold = current Amur player"

Team Awards and Honors.

Winners.

Motor Cup (České Budějovice) "(1)": 2019

Runners-up.

KHL Cup of Hope "(1)": 2013

Hockey Club Amur (), commonly referred to as the Amur Khabarovsk, is a Russian professional ice hockey team based in Khabarovsk. They are members of the Chernyshev Division of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Located in the Russian Far East, the team takes its name from the Amur River, and plays its home games at the Platinum Arena.

L'Amour Khabarovsk (en ) est un club de hockey sur glace professionnel de Russie, dans la ville de Khabarovsk, en Sibérie orientale.


Qualifications.

Article 52 of the Constitution lays out the qualifications for candidates for vice president. To be eligible for office under the current Constitution, a vice presidential candidate must:  Additionally, the vice president may not reside in the same county as the president.

Succession.

Under Article 63(b), the vice president ascends to the presidency in the event of president's death, resignation, impeachment, or when the president is declared incapable of carrying out the duties of the office. In the event of ascension, the vice president serves as president for the remainder of his or her predecessor's term, though this period is not considered a term for the purposes of term limits to the presidency. According to Article 63(a), should the president-elect die or become otherwise incapacitated before his or her inauguration, the vice president-elect is sworn in as president in their place, though a term of this nature does constitute a term for the purposes of determining term limits.  To date, five vice presidents have ascended to the presidency, either due to the president's death, resignation, or removal from office: James Skivring Smith, Alfred Francis Russell, William D. Coleman, William Tolbert, and Moses Blah.  There have been twelve vacancies in the office, the first of which occurred between October 26, 1871 and January 1, 1872; after the ascension of James Skivring Smith to the office of president. The most recent vacancy was between August 11, 2003 and January 16, 2006; after the ascension of Moses Blah to the office of president and prior to the election of Joseph Boakai.

The vice president of the Republic of Liberia is the second-highest executive official in Liberia, and one of only two elected executive offices along with the president. The vice president is elected on the same ticket with the president to a six-year term. In the event of the death, resignation or removal of the president, the vice president ascends to the presidency, which he or she holds for the remainder of their predecessor's term. The vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and may cast a vote in the event of a tie. The current vice president is Jewel Taylor, serving under president George Weah. She began her term on January 22, 2018.

Le Vice-président du Liberia occupe le deuxième poste du pouvoir exécutif du Liberia. La vice-présidente actuelle est Jewel Taylor, entrée en fonction le.


Description.

The stems of Osmundaceae contain vascular tissue arranged as an ectophloic siphonostele; that is, a ring of phloem occurs on the outside only of a ring of xylem, which surrounds pith (and no other vascular tissue). Stipules can be discerned at the leaf bases of these ferns. The hardened leaf bases are persistent and overlap to form a hardened layer surrounding the stem. The mantle of sclerenchymatous leaf bases and intermixed roots can form a woody trunk when the stem emerges above ground, up to in "Todea barbara". Extinct members of the family, which flourished during the Mesozoic, could reach the stature of trees and be termed tree ferns. The leaves are either holodimorphic, with separate fertile and sterile fronds assuming an entirely different structure, or have fertile and sterile portions of the frond very distinct in structure.  Sporangia in the Osmundaceae are large, and open at a slit on the top; the annulus that drives the sporangium opening is on the side. 128 to 512 spores are typically present. The spores are green, nearly round, and trilete. The spores germinate into gametophytes, which are green (photosynthetic) and grow at the surface. They are large and heart-shaped. The base chromosome number for members of the order is 22.

Taxonomy.

Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, creating four classes of ferns (Polypodiopsida). At that time they used the term Polypodiopsida "sensu stricto" to apply to the largest of these. Later the term Polypodiopsida "sensu lato" was used to refer to all four subclasses, and the large subclass renamed Polypodiidae. This is also referred to informally as the leptosporangiate ferns. The Polypodiidae contain seven orders whose phylogenic relationship is shown in the following cladogram, where Osmundales is seen as a sister to all other members of the subclass.

Subdivision.

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (2016) Osmundales consists of the single family Osmundaceae, six genera, and an estimated 18 species (Christenhusz and Byng give 25 species).  The three genera "Osmunda", "Leptopteris", and "Todea" were recognized as members of Osmundaceae by Smith et al. (2006) Of these, the largest genus, "Osmunda", had traditionally been treated as three subgenera, "Osmunda" (3 species), "Osmundastrum" (2 species), and "Plenasium" (3–4 species). However, there was suspicion that the genus was not monophyletic.  The first molecular phylogeny showed that "Osmunda" as traditionally circumscribed was paraphyletic and that "Osmunda cinnamomea", despite its morphological similarity to "Osmunda claytoniana", was sister to the rest of the family. This was later confirmed by a detailed species-level phylogeny of the family by Metzgar et al. (2008) leading to the resurrection of the segregate genus "Osmundastrum", by elevating it from subgenus, to contain it and render "Osmunda" monophyletic. "Todea" and "Leptopteris" are consistently resolved as sister groups, and "Osmunda" was found to contain three separate subclades corresponding to subgenera (now genera) "Osmunda", "Plenasium", and the recently described "Claytosmunda" with the single species, "Osmunda claytoniana".  The following phylogram shows the relationship between the Osmundaceae genera and subtaxa, according to Metzgar et al.:  The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and its placement remained the same in subsequent classifications including Chase and Reveal (2009), Christenhusz et al. (2011), and Christenhusz and Chase (2014). The find of an exceptionally well preserved Jurassic fossil intermediate between genus "Osmunda" (as shown above) and "Osmundastrum" lead to a re-analysis of Metzgar et al.'s data, which revealed that the Osmundaceae root used above may be wrong and a tree-branching artefact (all other ferns are genetically very distant from the Osmundaceae), and allowing the following classification:  A molecular dating study using Metzgar et al.'s data and a comprehensive set of rhizome and leaf fossils estimated that (sub)generic differentiation within Osmundaceae started by the Triassic and was finished by the Early Cretaceous with the formation of "Osmunda" and "Plenasium". Accordingly, the PPG I classification of 2016 continues to place Osmundales in Polypodiidae, but splits "Osmunda" further by elevating its subgenera to genera ("Claytosmunda", "Plenasium"). The following cladogram reproduces the PPG I concept for the extant members of the family:  The new system was used in a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of Osmundales rhizome fossils, who provide a polytomous key using anatomical features of Osmundaceae rhizomes and an updated ‘evolutionary’ (non-cladistic) classification of fossil and extant Osmundales (see classification concepts for groups including extinct members), which can be tentatively transferred into the following cladogram (monophyla in bold, polytomies reflect unresolved relationships) Notes: "Millerocaulis" is a likely paraphyletic genus that includes forms ancestral to the modern Osmundaceae (classified as Osmundeae) as well as their potential sister lineages. The morphology of "Claytosmunda" is primitive within the Osmundinae, and total evidence indicates that "Osmunda" and "Plenasium" likely evolved from a "Claytosmunda"-type ancestor, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic when Osmundaceae fossil should be considered. The genus comprises 12 fossil rhizome species in addition to the sole surviving species.

Evolution.

Bomfleur et al. state that “Osmundales has arguably the richest and most informative fossil record of any extant group of ferns” and provide a comprehensive literature list for sources and further reading. The order is well represented in the fossil record from the Permian onwards. Osmundalean or potentially osmundalean fern foliage including "Anomopteris" Brongn., "Todites" Seward, "Cladotheca" T.Halle, "Osmundopsis" T.M.Harris, "Cacumen" Cantrill & J.A.Webb, "Osmunda", "Damudopteris" D.D.Pant & P.K.Khare, "Dichotomopteris" Maithy, and "Cladophlebis" Brongn., 1849) is commonly found from the Permian onwards together with dispersed spores such as "Osmundacidites" Couper and "Todisporites" Couper. But their affinitity to the Osmundales, and Osmundaceae in particular, is difficult to judge. In the Triassic foliage becomes frequent which is similar to identical to the fronds of modern-day "Todea", "Osmundastrum" and "Claytosmunda". The better understood rhizome fossil record indicates that the group was most diverse in the Permian, and already much reduced in the Triassic regarding the number of substantially different forms (see Bomfleur et al. and literature cited therein).  The first fossil representatives of the modern Osmundaceae (= tribus Osmundeae) include rhizome fossils with "Claytosmunda"-anatomy or with structural features characteristic for "Osmundastrum cinnomomeum" and its precursors. The same holds for the equally old leaf fossil record of the group. The main diagnostic feature of Osmundeae (modern Osmundaceae) is a heterogenous sclerenchymatic ring in the stipe basis. This potential synapomorphy is the only character differentiating between Osmundeae and the paraphyletic genus collecting their potential early ancestors and sister lineages, "Millerocaulis". The basic "Bauplan" shared with 'Millerocaulis' was generally kept within the Osmundeae-lineage and only slightly to moderately modified in the last 200 million years. Triassic-Jurassic rhizome and frond morphologies remained essentially unaltered in the lineage leading to "Claytosmunda claytoniana". This makes it impossible to discern direct ancestors of "C. claytoniana" from the ancestors of its sister lineages "Osmunda" and "Plenasium"), or their shared ancestors. Molecular dating placed the split between "Osmunda" and "Plenasium", and their divergence from "Claytosmunda" in the Early Cretaceous, co-eval with the divergence between the sister genera "Todea" and "Leptopteris". The "Osmundastrum"-lineage diverged much earlier (probably Middle Triassic), which fits with the new classification of re-evaluated rhizome fossils originally included in "Millercaulis". A comprehensive list of rhizome and leaf fossils associated with modern Osmundaceae (Osmundeae in the classification of Bomfleur et al.) can be found at datadryad.org.  The only explicit reconstruction regarding the evolution of morphological traits in Osmundaceae can be found in Miller's groundbreaking work. Notable is that Permian rhizomes of both families in the Osmundales, the extinct Guaireaceae and the Osmundaceae including the extant species, show already relatively complex stele anatomies in comparison to the surviving members of the group. The rhizome fossil record also indicates several independent radiations of likely arborescent lineages, the Guaireaceae and Thamnopterioideae in the Permian, "Osmundacaulis" in the Triassic, and "Plenasium" (subgenus "Aurealcaulis") in the late Cretaceous to Paleogene. As already noted by Miller, highly derived forms not directly related to the extant species and genera, can be found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as "Millerocaulis (Osmundacaulis) kolbii". Another general trend is that the Permian Osmundales were much larger than their modern counterparts. Today, the widespread species of Osmundaceae are rhizomatous with small, low-dissected steles.

The Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only fern family of the order Osmundales an order in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida. This is an ancient (known from the Upper Permian) and fairly isolated group that is often known as the "flowering ferns" because of the striking aspect of the ripe sporangia in "Claytosmunda", "Osmunda", "Osmundastrum", and "Plensium" (subtribe Osmundinae). In these genera the sporangia are borne naked on non-laminar pinnules, while "Todea" and "Leptopteris" (subtribe Todinae) bear sporangia naked on laminar pinnules. Ferns in this family are larger than most other ferns.

La famille Osmundaceae regroupe 3 à 6 genres et quelques espèces de fougères. Le rhizome est ligneux avec des racines fibreuses. Les frondes ont un limbe pinnatiséqué. Elles sont disposées en rosette plus ou moins complète.


History.

Byrd Stadium, constructed at a cost of $1 million, opened September 30, 1950 in order to replace an older, much smaller Old Byrd Stadium. For 26 seasons, Maryland Stadium consisted of a horseshoe-shaped bowl with capacity of 34,680. In 1991, the five-story Tyser Tower, featuring luxury suites and an expanded press area, was completed on the south side of the stadium, as well as the Gossett Football Team House adjacent to the east endzone. In 1995, the stadium's capacity was raised to 48,055 through the addition of an upper deck on the north side of the stadium. In November 2001, as the football team once again became an ACC-title contender, temporary bleachers were brought in for an additional 3,000 seats. Those bleachers remain to this day. In 2002, a full-color video scoreboard was added in the east endzone and an expansion of the Gossett Football Team House was begun. The athletic department hoped to parlay the success of the Ralph Friedgen era into a stadium expansion that would have increased capacity to 65,000, but considering that attendance has become sparse over the last several years, under Friedgen and Randy Edsall, those plans have been put on hold or abandoned. Maryland Stadium's attendance record is 58,973, set on November 1, 1975. The record was achieved with temporary seating for a game featuring the #14 Terps and #9 Penn State. Lights were installed in 1985.  The lone version of the Presidential Cup college football bowl game was held here in December 1950. The USFL Baltimore Stars called the stadium home in 1985. Maryland Stadium has also hosted the Division I NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship ten times.

Renaming and expansion plans.

On August 24, 2006, the University of Maryland announced that it had agreed to a $20 million naming-rights deal with Chevy Chase Bank. The revenue from the deal was used to pay for renovations and upgrades to the Stadium.  On April 25, 2007, the Athletic Department unveiled plans for a $50.8 million expansion to Byrd Stadium, a project that will increase overall capacity, add skyboxes complete with catered food and flat panel televisions, and lower the field to give spectators a better view.  The first phase of the expansion plans has been completed and included renovating the old press tower and building 63 luxury suites that stretch from end zone to end zone. New mezzanine seating was added as well, bringing the capacity from 51,500 to 54,000. A second LED video board was installed on the west side of the stadium just before the 2008 season.  The second phase is to add an 8,000 seat upper deck to the stadium's west end zone bringing total seating capacity to over 60,000. This is dependent on the sale of all existing luxury suites from phase one. To date, no schedule for construction has been established.  On June 20, 2012, the Athletic Department announced plans for a new field at Byrd Stadium. The installation of FieldTurf Revolution was completed in early August 2012, and included a new technology known as "CoolPlay" that reportedly keeps the field cooler (up to 15 °F cooler) than traditional turf fields with rubber infill. It was the first installation of its kind in the United States.

Stadium name change.

In 2015, the student government association agreed to a resolution in support of removing "Byrd" from the stadium's name because of Harry "Curley" Byrd's support of segregation. On September 28, 2015, University of Maryland President Wallace Loh appointed a task force to develop viewpoints and options. The University President then made a recommendation to the University System of Maryland Board of Regents—the governing body of Maryland state universities—as to whether to change or keep the name, and the Board of Regents voted 12-5 in December 2015 to remove "Byrd" from the stadium's name, renaming it "Maryland Stadium."  Harry C. "Curley" Byrd was a former football player who taught English and history and served as athletic director before rising to university president, serving from 1935 until 1954. During his tenure, the campus grew significantly, and Byrd is credited with transforming it from "an undistinguished agricultural college to something resembling a modern university."

Maryland Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park, Maryland. It is the home of Maryland Terrapins football and men's lacrosse teams, which compete in the Big Ten Conference. The facility was formerly named Byrd Stadium after Harry "Curley" Byrd, a multi-sport athlete, football coach, and university president in the first half of the 20th century.

Le Maryland Stadium, anciennement Byrd Stadium, est un stade de football américain de places situé sur le campus de l'Université du Maryland à College Park (Maryland). L'équipe de football américain universitaire des Terrapins du Maryland évolue dans cette enceinte inaugurée en 1950. Ce stade est la propriété de l'Université du Maryland.


Transit connections.

Gold Coast Transit.

1A/B – Oxnard – Port Hueneme
 2 – Colonia
 3 – Oxnard – Naval Base
 4A/B – North Oxnard
 5 – Seabridge
 6 – Oxnard – Ventura
 8 – Centerpoint Mall, via Oxnard College
 19/20 – Central Oxnard

VISTA.

Conejo Connection – Oxnard – Camarillo – Thousand Oaks – Warner Center Transit Hub

History.

The Southern Pacific Railroad constructed a wye at Montalvo in late 1897 on the original route connecting Ventura to Los Angeles through the Santa Clara River Valley. This spur was needed for shipping construction equipment to the site of a new beet sugar refinery. A wooden railroad trestle and rail line were constructed over the Santa Clara River as the spur headed south, reaching the new settlement here on the relatively isolated coastal plain in April 1898. The rail line turned here from the north-south alignment to east-west as they continued building the tracks to Santa Susana in the Simi Valley. With the completion of the Santa Susana Tunnel, this became the most direct route between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The new settlement was named after the factory owner and in 1904 traffic on the coast railroad line was rerouted through Oxnard. In 1987, the current station was constructed on the northerly end of the curve while the former station remained at the southerly end. The former Oxnard depot has continued in use as a maintenance and freight yard office by Union Pacific. Metrolink service started on April 4, 1994, after the Northridge earthquake damaged Simi Valley Freeway and the Federal Emergency Management Agency agreed to temporarily fund the extension of service. The trains were stored overnight in a temporary layover facility in the Montalvo neighborhood of Ventura where the Santa Paula branch line owned by the Ventura County Transportation Commission connects to the Coast Line.  The station was formerly on State Route 1 but in 2014, Oxnard Boulevard was relinquished to the city in anticipation of a bypass route east of the Oxnard that would meet US 101 at the rebuilt interchange at Rice Avenue. In 2015, a southbound Metrolink train left this station and crashed into a truck at Rice Avenue about 2 miles from the station injuring several passengers and an engineer (fatally). A Rice Avenue overpass that would take the rerouted State Route 1 over the rail line has long been proposed at the site where the accident occurred. The new overpass would include an interchange with State Route 34 (known as 5th Street for most of the route) that parallels the rail line to Camarillo.

The Oxnard Transit Center, originally known as the Oxnard Transportation Center, is an intermodal transit center in historic downtown Oxnard, California. As a transit hub, the station serves Amtrak and Metrolink trains as well as local and regional buses. Amtrak's "Pacific Surfliner" from San Luis Obispo to San Diego, Amtrak's "Coast Starlight" from Los Angeles to Seattle, Washington, and Metrolink's Ventura County Line from Los Angeles Union Station to East Ventura stop here. Ten "Pacific Surfliner" trains serve the station daily, and six Metrolink trains serve the station each weekday. The "Coast Starlight" operates one train daily in each direction.

La gare d'Oxnard ou "Oxnard Transportation Center" est une gare ferroviaire des États-Unis située à Oxnard en Californie ; elle est desservie par Amtrak. C'est une gare avec personnel.


Pre-independence.

On 4 July 1927, Sukarno, a young engineer at the time, and members of the Algemeene Studie Club formed a movement called the Indonesian National Association. In May 1928, the name was changed to the Indonesian National Party. The organization's aim was economic and political independence for the Indonesian archipelago. This would be achieved by non-cooperation with the Dutch colonial regime. By the end of 1929, the organization had 10,000 members. This alarmed the authorities, and Sukarno and seven party leaders were arrested in December 1929. They were put on trial for being a threat to public order and in September 1930 received sentences of one to three years - Sukarno received the longest sentence. Without its leader, the party was paralyzed and dissolved itself in 1931.  In December 1930, Sutan Sjahrir established an organization called Indonesian Nationalist Education (), known as the New PNI ("PNI Baru") as a rival to the Indonesia Party (Partindo), which was itself a replacement for the original PNI. Rather than confronting the Dutch, the PNI-Baru aimed to nurture future political leaders, rather than take direct action. In 1932, Mohammad Hatta became the organization's leader, but two years later he and Sjahrir were arrested and the PNI-Baru faded away.

The PNI in the early years after independence.

Following the Indonesian Declaration of Independence in August 1945, on the same day as the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) was established, August 22, the wartime Japanese "Jawa Hokokai" (Java Service Association) was renamed the Indonesian National Party, or PNI-Staatspartij (State Party). However its associations with the Japanese occupation made it unpopular and it lacked internal cohesion. As it result, it was dissolved at the end of August.  On 29 January 1946, the Indonesian National Party was revived as a merger of the recently established Indonesia People's Union (Serindo) and a number of smaller parties, together with activists from parties including Parindra and Partindo, but this time without Sukarno, who as president, was above politics. The party attracted considerable support due to its having the same name as Sukarno's original party as well as the short-lived party of August 1945. It was supported by the a large proportion of republican administrative officers who had been members of the Dutch East Indies, as well as their subordinates and older former members of the pre-war party. Other support came from the Indonesia middle class, and left-wingers. This very broad range of membership made the party rather "unwieldy". The leadership was to politically closer to the left wing of the party. During the Indonesian National Revolution, the party opposed negotiating with the Dutch, and disagreed with the socialist stance of the early Indonesian cabinets. It leadership, dominated by figures from the old PNI and Partindo gave the party a "radical-nationalist" stance.  Because of its support among regional administrators, when the Working Body of the KNIP, which carried out the day-to-day duties of the full KNIP, was increased in size to 25 members, the PNI was awarded ten seats. A subsequent reorganisation of the KNIP in July 1946 saw the PNI being given 45 of the 200 seats. PNI members were subsequently appointed to four posts in the Third Sjahrir Cabinet, including minister of justice and vice-minister of finance.  In November 1946, the Linggadjati Agreement was signed between the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands. The PNI was critical of a number of its provisions. In an expansion of the KNIP to 514 seats, ostensibly to make it more representative, but also to ensure that the Linggadjati Agreement was ratified, the PNI gained no more seats, while its representation in the working committee fell to 5 of the 47 seats. Following the signature of the agreement, PNI and Masyumi members resigned in protest, bringing down the Second Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet. The PNI was given two seats (later three) in the presidential cabinet that replaced it.  During 1948, the PNI right wing was increasingly sidelined in deciding party policy, and the centre-left grouping became dominant. Speeches at the party's third annual congress in June 1948 emphasized socialist ideals. As a result, in November 1948, right-wingers who also supported Prime Minister Hatta's policy of negotiating with the Dutch, putting them at odds with the majority of the membership, split off to form the Great Indonesia Unity Party (PIR). Following the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty at the end of 1949, the PNI had two seats in the cabinet of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI). Hatta depended on PNI-Masyumi support: the PNI was pro-unitary state, but Hatta and Masyumi were more cautious. From April 1950, there were growing differences between the PNI and Masyumi. In July, a group of PNI members dissatisfied with the selection of Sidik Djojosukarto as party chairman split off and formed the Indonesian National Party - Freedom ("PNI Merdeka"), subsequently renamed the National People's Party (PRN). This left the radical-nationalists such as chairman Sidik Djojosukarto greater control over the party

The Liberal Democracy era.

After the dissolution of the RUSI and the reestablishment of the unitary state in August 1950, the PNI refused to join the cabinet, claiming it had been offered too few posts for its 43 seats in the Provisional People's Representative Council. This was the first cabinet without PNI representation since the fall of the First Sjahrir Cabinet in early 1946. However, the next cabinet, formed in April 1951 was another Masyumi-PNI coalition. Despite this, the PNI leadership helped bring it down when its policies prioritized economic stability over radical nationalism.  The Wilopo Cabinet, in office from April 1952-June 1953, was headed by the PNI's Wilopo. Despite this, support from the PNI rank and file was lukewarm, as the party grew closer to Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and more nationalist and radical. All four PNI ministers were accused of poor party discipline, and were criticised at the sixth PNI congress for their part in cabinet policies. Eventually, internal conflicts, particularly between the PNI and Masyumi, brought the cabinet down. It was replaced by another PNI-led cabinet, with Ali Sastroamidjojo as prime minister.  As the 1955 elections neared, the PNI leadership realized that it would need to raise funds and increase party membership. It took advantage of its cabinet positions to charge levies in return for permits and government loans. However, the increase in membership weakened the position of the highly centralized party leadership. Campaigning on a program that prioritized above all nationalism, together with a strong centralized government and secularism, the PNI came first in the 1955 Indonesian general election, with a 22.3% share of the vote. It was followed by Masyumi, the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and the PKI. The PNI thereby gained 57 of the 257 seats in parliament. Many of these new members of parliament were local branch leaders, who were replaced by new recruits. The cabinet resulting from the election was a coalition of the PNI, Masyumi and the NU, with Ali Sastroamidjojo returning to the post of prime minister. At the eighth party congress, shifts within the membership led to a narrow win for the conservative Suwirjo as party chairman. The same congress saw major changes to the organization of the party, with the establishment of a decentralized and inclusive Congress Working Committee to set party policy.  In 1956, tired of national political instability, President Sukarno called for the parties to be "buried" and spoke of his concept of "guided democracy". In the following year, as details of Sukarno's concept emerged, there were demonstrations in support of it. In March 1957, the regional Permesta rebellion broke out, and Army Chief of staff Naution proposed Sukarno declare martial law nationwide. Sukarno agreed, and on 14 March the cabinet resigned, and martial law came into force, thus ending parliamentary democracy. Sukarno and the Army were to use the six years it remained in force to take measures to limit the freedom of parties and to pass laws that the parties were opposed to.

Guided Democracy to the end of the party.

In May 1957, the Working Cabinet, which was officially non-party, passed an emergency law establishing a National Council based on functional groups. Its official purpose was to be "a reflection of society", to strengthen the position of the cabinet by associating it with Sukarno and to serve as a counterpoint to the party political system, in practice Sukarno wanted it to undermine the cabinet and parliament.  Meanwhile, the regional rebellion put the PNI in a difficult position as it simultaneously supported the central government and wanted to maintain its support in the outer (non-Java) islands. When local elections were held in Java and South Sumatra in 1957, the PKI made significant gains at the expense of the PNI, which dropped from first place (in the 1955 vote) to third. During the campaign, the campaign the PKI attacked the PNI for being a "half-way group", positioned indecisively between the political left and the right.  Disorganization and insubordination by regional party branches characterized the period under the chairmanship of Suwirjo, and resulted in left-wingers breaking away in July 1958 to found a new party called Partindo. At the same time, some of the PNI's mass organizations began to openly challenge the party leadership. They were supported in this by Sukarno and the Army, who both wanted to undermine the party system as part of the move towards Guided Democracy. Matters came to a head at the ninth party congress in July 1960 when these mass organizations joined forces with Sidik's radical nationalists to overturn the decentralization of party policymaking and elect Sidik ally Ali Sastroamidjojo as party chairman.  In 1963, martial law, with its restrictions on party activity, was lifted. From 28 August - 1 September, the PNI held its tenth annual congress. This resulted in a move to the left, both in the composition of the leadership and in party policy. The party ideology of Marhaenism was formally defined as "Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions". The party began to move towards a mass-based organization, in line with the philosophy of Sukarno and the PKI. However, there were sharp internal divisions between the left-wing central party organization and the right-wing regional party leaders. These were manifested in the government's land reform program, with local party branches working with landlords to frustrate attempts to abide by the Land Reform law. When the PKI supported unilateral land seizures, local PNI members attacked the PKI. On 30 September 1965, a coup attempt took place that was subsequently blamed on the PKI. In the aftermath of this, the PNI, which was seen as a PKI-collaborator, faced strong pressure from the army to purge its left wing and pro-PKI faction, led by party chairman Ali Sastroamidjojo and Surachman. There was resistance to this from the party's Central and East Java branches, and this led to clashes with anti-Sukarno students in 1966 and 1967. The army subsequently banned PNI activities in Sumatra. However, conservatives Hardi and Suharto associate Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo persuaded the party leadership to hold a "reunification" meeting in April 1966. Attendance at this meetings was controlled by the army and the left-wing group was forced out. Osa Maliki became chairman. On 21 December 1967, the PNI leadership declared that the party had abandoned its philosophy of Sukarno and his teachings, General Suharto, but then acting president - ordered local authorities to assist the party in "crystallization and New Order consolidation with itself". The now-weakened PNI was subsequently given 68 seats in the People's Representative Council, which had itself been purged of PKI members, making it the largest group. In April 1970, Osa Maliki died, and strong pressure from the army resulted in Hadisubeno, who was thought to be compliant with government aims, being selected as chairman. Along with eight other political parties and the government-sponsored Golkar organization, the PNI contested the 1971 elections. It came third, but won less than 7% of the vote. In 1973, the PNI along with other nationalist and Christian parties was merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party in order to limit the number of political parties and to weaken opposition to the regime.

The revival of the PNI name.

In October 1995 an organization called Indonesian National Union ("Persatuan Nasional Indonesia") was established as a vehicle for PNI followers. At that time, it was still not possible to establish political parties. After the fall of President Suharto its members agreed to agreement to revive PNI. The party was officially declared on 17 July 1998 with the aims of upholding the unitary republic of Indonesia and opposing federalism as this could lead to national disintegration. Former PNI member Supeni was the first party chair. However, a number of other parties were also established, each claiming to be the heir of the old PNI. As a result, five different PNIs were registered with the Ministry of Justice Dept. After a change in its articles of establishment, the PNI led by Probosutedjo declared itself as the PNI-Marhaenis Front (PNI-FM) on 10 February 1999, while a merger of two other PNIs resulted in the PNI-Marhaen Mass (PNI-MM) led by Bachtar Oscha Chalik  All three parties contested the 1999 legislative election. The PNI-MM and the PNI-FM each won one seat in the legislature, but despite winning a larger share of the vote - 0.36% - Supeni's PNI won no seats. None of these parties achieved the threshold of votes allowing them to contest the 2004 legislative election. The PNI therefore changed its name to the PNI-Marhaenisme, which was officially declared in May 2002. Now led by Sukarno's daughter Sukmawati Sukarnoputri, it won only 0.31% of the vote in 2004 and no seats. It did not contest the 2009, 2014 or 2019 elections. The PNI-FM and PNI-MM under new names failed the verification process for the 2004 elections and did not contest any further elections.

The Indonesian National Party (, PNI) is the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until the 2000s. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats.

Le Parti national indonésien, PNI ou Partai Nasional Indonesia est un parti politique indonésien qui a cessé d'exister en 1973, lorsque le gouvernement du président Soeharto a contraint les partis politiques indonésiens à fusionner en deux partis, les musulmans pour former le Parti pour l'unité et le développement ou PPP, les autres partis pour se fondre dans le Parti démocratique indonésien de lutte ou PDI.


Etymology.

Traditionally, the town's name has been written as Guetaria. However, since 1980, the official toponym has become Getaria, which is the adaptation of the modern Basque orthography. Thus, in Spanish it is written Guetaria, and, though pronounced the same, in Basque it is written Getaria.  Apart from the Getaria of Gipuzkoa, there is another town 61 kilometers up the coast in Lapurdi (Labourd), the French Basque Country, which is called Guéthary in French, but the Basque pronunciation and spelling of the two towns is the same. Both villages are located on the Basque coast, and throughout history, many have sought the origin of the towns' names. Based on archaeological findings, the most convincing hypothesis is that the name of Getaria comes from the Latin word "cetaria". In the classic Latin, pronounced as [ketaria], it means "a place where fish is canned". Indeed, in both places, evidence of Roman facilities for canning fish have been found.  Another possible origin of the name is "guaita" in the Gascon language which means "lookout". During the Middle Ages various villages on the Basque coast were colonized by Gascons, and among these villages both Getarias could be found. Therefore, it was believed that Getari could be the result of a mix between "guaita" and "–ari", a suffix that is used in the Basque language for professions and would mean vigilante. For others, though, the name of Getaria results from the mix of "guaita" and "–erri", meaning town, creating a word that means the town of the vigilant.

Geography.

The municipality of Getaria occupies a section of the central coast of Gipuzkoa in the Cantabrian Sea. This section of the coast consists of a steep ledge on which a series of coves and points have formed through erosion.  The historic centre of Getaria is located just between the mainland and the mountain San Antón, also called the mouse of Getaria due to its mouse-like shape. This mountain that characterizes the town, was an island until the 16th century.  In the interior part of the township, the mountain Garate (278 m) is located. This mountain runs parallel to the coast, and in its smooth skirts lie several farms belonging to the township of Getaria. These farms are typical of the Basque Country and they are called "baserri".  Nearly all the land situated between the mountain Garate and the coast is covered in vineyards due to the microclimate that this area generates.

History.

Probably the beginnings of a village in what today is Getaria could have been found in Roman times, as reflected in the finding of an "ace" of the previous pre-imperial era 2 b. C.  The Middle Ages  The village of Getaria was founded between 1180 and 1194 by King Sancho VI of Navarre, making Getaria, along with San Sebastián, one of the oldest towns in the province. During the second half of the 12th century, increasing and dominating the Cantabrian ports was a priority for the kings of Navarre. After Gipuzkoa was conquered around the year 1200, King Alfonso VIII of Castile confirmed his Fuero «eo modo quo rex Navarre illud dedit vobis habendum» on 1 September 1209 in San Sebastián. In 1571, the historian Esteban de Garibay confirmed the village's Navvarran founding in his book "Compendio Historial", stating that in 1209, Alfonso VIII gave Getaria the Fuero of San Sebastián thereby confirming its jurisdiction within Navarre. Finally, the "Diccionario Geográfico-Histórico de España (1845-1850)" states that the town's municipal archives hold a letter dated January 20, 1201 sent by King Alfonso VIII from Burgos. In the letter it was declared that the inhabitants of Getaria had the right to pasture, water, meadows and forests. Therefore, it is clear that Getaria was founded by the kings of Navarre. Furthermore, throughout history Getaria has had various privileges attesting to its status as a township. The following are some of them:  1270. Sancion to cut in Gipuzkoa all the wood and firewood they needed to build their houses and ships. 1290. Exemption from tolls and other taxes in the Kingdom of Castile and León, Spain. 1407. The ships that brought wheat and other grains to the Beach of La Concha and the town dock should unload half their loads.  Regarding the town's maritime activities, they were the main source of income for the town in the Middle Ages. In the fifteenth century, the gap that existed between the island of San Antón and the historic centre was closed. The harbour is located south of the island, traditionally used as a whaling port. Indeed, in 1878, the last capture of a whale by fishermen of Zarautz and Getaria took place in nearby waters, the latter managing to take it to port. Nowadays, it is a major port of the Basque coast.  Thirty Years' War  Regarding the Thirty Years' War, during the summer of 1638 the Cardinal Richelieu had planned a campaign that would annex the strategic territory of Gipuzkoa. For achieving this, he wanted to occupy Hondarribia along with 20.000 soldiers. Besides, he needed a port to harbour a fleet of 50 vessels so as to devastate any relief plan to Hondarribia. Thus, the chosen port for this strategic plan was the one from Getaria. The July 24, 1638 the Spanish fleet commanded by Admiral Lope de Hoces was attacked, this attack was launched precisely from Guetaria. Only survived a Spanish galleon to this attack. However, when the troops of Geoffrey II (archbishop of Bordeaux) tried to take the town, they were destroyed by the defenders of Getaria and Zarautz and reinforcements from neighboring towns. Finally, the village was destroyed by the artillery of the French galleons, but not a single French soldier came close to its walls. Soon after, on September 7, the siege of Hondarribia would fail.  Peninsular War  During the Peninsular War, in 1811 Getaria is occupied by the French troops who leave Getaria in 1813 after having caused important damages.  Carlist Wars  In the Carlist Wars, in 1835 the village is again practically ruined. After being besieged by the Carlists, they finally captured it in 1836 and set on fire from several points, standing alone badly 16 damaged houses. The parish particularly, suffered the effects of the attack, and needed major repairs.

Economy.

Getaria's principal sources of income are fishing, tourism and the viticulture of the Txakoli.  In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the population of this village worked more on agriculture than on fishing, thus, obtaining the best Txakoli of Gipuzkoa. Nowadays, there is still producing Txakoli but in a smaller amount. Therefore, today, fishing has become the main income source. However, now the fishing sector is in decline.  Besides, in the neighbourhoods of Askizu, Akerregi and Meagas cider is produced.

Getaria is a coastal town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the North of Spain. This coastal village is located on the Urola Coast, with Zarautz to the east and Zumaia to the west.

Getaria en basque (prononcer « Guétaria ») ou "Guetaria" en espagnol est une commune du Guipuscoa dans la communauté autonome du Pays basque en Espagne.