Background.

On November 14, it was reported that the Iraqi Army had taken full control of the city, forcing ISIL forces to withdraw.  On 18 November, the anti-terrorism force Mosul Battalion entered Baiji refinery for the first time since June. However, this could not be confirmed independently. If confirmed, it would be a major victory for Iraqi forces. Iraqi State television said that they had entered the gates of the refinery. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that Iraqi forces were in full control of Baiji. Iraqi state television said Baiji's recapture was a "Graveyard for ISIS". Later, the US Department of State congratulated the Iraqi forces for retaking the country's largest oil refinery, confirming the Iraqi victory.  On November 20, An RAF Tornado GR4 attacked three buildings occupied by ISIL militants in support to Iraqi ground forces, which were countering ISIL activity in the vicinity of the Baiji oil refinery.  By 25 November, fighting in the city center continued, with ISIL fighters still being present in four out of 12 of Baiji's neighborhoods. The militants were also continuing to hold positions at the refinery's perimeter.  On December 7, Two RAF Tornado GR4's provided air support for Iraqi ground forces under fire from ISIL terrorists, in the vicinity of Baiji, destroying an ISIL position and then using a Brimstone missile.  Between 13 and 18 December, ISIL recaptured seven neighborhoods, including the central part of the city, after Iraqi government forces retreated, due to a lack of support and ammunition.  On 21 December, ISIL forces recaptured the city of Baiji. ISIL forces also managed to re-establish a siege of the Baiji Oil Refinery.

The battle.

Initial assault.

On 23 December 2014, Iraqi forces and Shi'ite militia fighters launched an assault on the city of Baiji, after having lost control of the city to ISIL forces only two days earlier.  On 16 January 2015, A patrol of Tornado GR4's, operating near Baiji in support of Iraqi ground forces, attacked three ISIL positions with Paveway IV laser-guided bombs. A fourth position nearby was attacked shortly afterwards.  On February 4, 2015, a pair of Tornado GR4's conducted an armed reconnaissance patrol over Baiji in support of Iraqi ground forces. Two ISIL armoured vehicles were identified in a building and were attacked with two Paveway IV laser-guided bombs, scoring two direct hits.

Renewed ISIL offensive.

In early March 2015, ISIL launched a fresh offensive on Baiji, after some Iraqi troops were redeployed to Tikrit, to aid the Iraqi government in retaking that city. However, the Iraqi government planned to send reinforcements to Baiji once the Second Battle of Tikrit had fully concluded.  On 7 April 2015, 60 ISIL militants were killed by Iraqi forces in Baiji.  On 11 April 2015, ISIL launched an assault on the Baiji Oil Refinery, claiming to have seized full control of it, which Iraqi forces denied.  On 13 April 2015, RAF Tornado GR4s provided close air support for Iraqi ground forces by patrolling ahead of the Iraqi troops and successfully attacking four buildings within an ISIL military compound with Paveway IVs.

Iraqi counter-offensive and continuing ISIL assault.

On 14 April, hundreds of ISIL reinforcements arrived from Ar-Raqqah, Syria, after staying three days in Mosul. Beginning on 14 April, the US-led Coalition escalated its airstrikes in the region, after a recent ISIL offensive. From 14–15 April, the US-led Coalition conducted 9 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck two large and six smaller tactical units, and destroyed two ISIL fighting positions and an ISIL heavy machine gun. From 15–16 April, the US-led Coalition conducted eight airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck two large and four smaller tactical units, destroyed two ISIL structures, an ISIL mortar system, an ISIL fighting position, and an ISIL vehicle. From 16–17 April, the US-led Coalition conducted five airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck five ISIL tactical units, destroyed four ISIL vehicles, three ISIL fighting positions, and an ISIL heavy machine gun.  On 14 April, it was reported that Iraqi General Ayub Khalif was killed by ISIL while defending the Baiji Oil Refinery, along with 9 of his men.  On 17 April, it was reported that ISIL withdrew from most parts of the Baiji Oil Refinery, after suffering high casualties inflicted by entrenched Iraqi Volunteers Forces.  From 19–20 April, the US-led Coalition conducted another eight airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck four ISIL tactical units, destroyed two ISIL VBIEDS, an ISIL machine gun, an ISIL artillery piece, an ISIL ammo storage facility, and an ISIL vehicle.  On 23 April, it was revealed that ISIL was still inside the Baiji Oil Refinery, after the US and the Iraqi Government had claimed that the refinery had been secured and cleared off ISIL fighters. On the same day, Iraqi federal policemen arrived in Baiji, to reinforce the Iraqi Army positions there.  From 25–26 April, the US-led Coalition conducted 7 airstrikes in and around Bayji, which struck six ISIL tactical units, destroyed three ISIL fighting positions, three ISIL vehicles, an ISIL warehouse, and an ISIL mortar system.  On 27 April, ISIL militants launched an attack on the Baiji Oil Refinery, destroying three depots and several Iraqi forces. On 28 April, ISIL forces claimed to be in middle of the Baiji Oil Refenery.  On 29 April, Raid al-Jabouri, the Iraqi Governor of the Saladin Governorate, stated that Iraqi forces were ready to launch a counter-offensive the retake the areas around Baiji and Shargat. On the same day, al-Joubouri also stated that large military reinforcements were set to arrive in Baiji, later on the same day.  On 2 May, Iraqi forces killed Abu Ibrahim Chechen, the commander of the ISIL forces at the Baiji Oil Refinery.  From 2–4 May, the US-led Coalition conducted 13 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck one large and eight small ISIL tactical units, destroying eight ISIL fighting positions, three ISIL buildings, and ISIL command and control facility, two ISIL mortar tubes, an ISIL heavy machine gun, an ISIL VBIED, and an ISIL vehicle.  From 6–7 May, the US-led Coalition conducted 6 airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck an ISIL large tactical unit, destroying two ISIL fighting positions, four ISIL structures, an ISIL VBIED, and an ISIL vehicle. On 10 May, Iraqi forces reportedly broke the ISIL siege of the Baiji Oil Refinery, but ISIL soon re-entered parts of the refinery, nearly severing all of the Iraqi supply lines leading to it  On 15 May, it was reported that ISIL fighters had started setting fire to fuel storage containers, in an attempt to obstruct advances by pro-Iraqi government forces. ISIL forces were still embedded deep within the facility, and the Iraqi security forces were reduced to supplying the defenders by air. An RAF Tornado GR4 used a Paveway precision guided bomb to demolish an ISIL-held building near Baiji.  On 17 May, RAF Tornado GR4s were supporting Iraqi army operations in the Baiji area, safely destroying a car-bomb which the terrorists had positioned ahead of the advancing Iraqi troops.

ISIL captures Baiji, Iraqi forces re-enter.

On 22 May, it was reported that ISIL had managed to capture the city of Baiji. Because of this failure, the US decided to allow Shi'ite militias under the control of the Iraqi Government to join the battle. However, later on the same day, Iraqi reinforcements managed to re-enter the city, and recaptured part of it from ISIL forces. Iraqi forces also managed to recapture the road leading from Baiji to the Baiji Oil Refinery. Additionally, it was reported that parts of the Baiji Oil Refinery were set on fire during the battle.

Iraqi advance and ISIL re-entry.

On 7 June, Iraqi Security Forces and al-Hashd al-Shaabi militia, with aid from US-led Coalition airstrikes, captured the downtown area of Baiji, including the local government building. Small pockets of ISIL fighters were still present in the city, while clashes in the refinery were still continuing.  By 9 June, half of the city was under Iraqi government control.  On 10 June, the US-led Coalition conducted five airstrikes in and around Baiji, which struck four ISIL tactical units, destroying three ISIL vehicles, an ISIL building, and an ISIL VBIED.  On 24 June 2015, it was reported that the city of Baiji had been fully recaptured by Iraqi security forces and Shi'ite militia fighters. However, the Baiji Oil Refinery remained contested.  On 29 June 2015, Iraqi forces, supported by Shi'ite militias, reportedly recaptured the Baiji Oil Refinery from ISIL. Iraqi forces were also clearing the city of Baiji of IEDs and other explosives left behind by ISIL. On 30 June, it was revealed that a small number of ISIL sleepers were still hiding inside Baiji city and its refinery, ambushing Iraqi fighters and hampering the cleanup process with guerrilla attacks and suicide bombings. ISIL also continued to conduct larger attacks, forcing an Iraqi military and militias retreat from three neighborhoods on 5 July.  On 6 July 2015, ISIL was in control of several parts of Baiji city, with clashes erupting inside of Baiji city.  On 7 July 2015, clashes between the Iraqi Security Force and ISIL continued inside of Baiji city.  On 27 July, Iraqi forces killed Khalaf Eidan, the new ISIL emir for Baiji, before he arrived at Baiji from Mosul.  On 29 July, three ISIL suicide bombers attacked a suburb of Baiji and tried to clear the way for other militants, killing 11 Iraqi fighters and wounding 21 others.  On 31 July 2015, Iraqi Defense Minister Khaled Ubaidi stated that the city of Baiji was almost completely under the control of Iraqi government forces. He also stated that ISIL only retained control over the Muhandeseen neighborhood, in the eastern part of the city.  On 2 September, ISIL fighters recaptured parts of the city, undoing much of the gains the Iraqi army had made in the preceding months. By late September, the battle was considered to be stalemated, with the Iraqi army's inability to recapture the city and its refinery considered to be a main stumbling block towards retaking Mosul. ISIL was bringing in fresh reinforcements to replace weary fighters and had control over as much as 50% of the city. Iraqi security forces and Shiite militias were primarily entrenched in the south of the city and were unable to cut supply lines to ISIL controlled areas. In late September 2015, Iraqi forces were able to cut the ISIL supply route to Baiji from the west, but it was reported that they were having trouble cutting the supply lines from the north. It was also reported that 500 more ISIL militants had been killed in Baiji between mid-July and early September 2015.

Renewed Iraqi offensive.

On 14 October, the Iraqi Army, supported by volunteer Shiite militia fighters, as well as the U.S. and Iraqi Air Forces, launched a large-scale offensive to recapture Baiji and its ruined oil refinery.  On 15 October, Iraqi Army forces captured the village of Makhoul, to the north of Baiji, marking the Iraqi Army's farthest advance north in almost a year. Iranian Major General Qasem Soleimani was said to have been the mastermind behind the latest offensive in Baiji. Hadi al-Amiri, the leader of the Popular Mobilization Forces, was also present in the region.  On 16 October, Iraqi forces fully recaptured the Baiji Oil Refinery, as well as the neighboring town of Al Siniyah. It was reported that there were several thousand Iraqi soldiers and Shi'ite militiamen in the city to carry out the offensive. Iraqi forces also severed all of the ISIL supply lines leading into Baiji city, and recaptured multiple other districts in the area, including the town of Al-Siniyah, reducing ISIL's control of Baiji city to a pocket in the southern 40% of the city. A spokesman for the US-led Coalition also stated that Coalition forces had carried out 43 airstrikes in the Baiji region in the past 30 days. Iraqi officials said that after the conclusion of the battle, they planned to retake the towns of Al-Shirqat and Hawija, where they expected heavy clashes.  On 17 October, Iraqi forces advanced northward from the Baiji Oil Refinery area to Mas'haq, recapturing the al-Hanshii and Baiji Thermal Power Station areas, reducing ISIL control of Baiji to a pocket in the southern part of the city, and another besieged pocket between the Baiji Fuel Depot and the Northern Company Fertilizer Plant. Later on the same day, Iraqi Government forces and Shi'ite militia forces pushed further north, besieging the town of Zawiyah, which was near the last ISIL supply route into the Kirkuk Province. At the same time, there were reports of residents fleeing ISIL-held villages to meet the Iraqi forces, or villagers turning on ISIL fighters within their own territory.  On 20 October, the Iraqi Security Forces and the Popular Mobilization Forces recaptured the entire city of Baiji, along with the surrounding region. However, pockets of ISIL resistance continued to persist in some parts of Baiji city, until they were finally cleared by the Iraqi Army and Shi'ite forces on 22 October. On 21 October, Iraqi forces uncovered 19 mass graves in Baiji that contained the bodies of 365 ISIL militants. On 22 October, chairman of the US Join Chiefs of Staff Joseph F. Dunford stated that Iraqi forces had successfully recaptured the oil refinery city of Baiji. US officials also praised the Iraqi soldiers and the Popular Mobilization Forces for successfully recapturing the city of Baiji. Brett McGurk, the Deputy Special Presidential Envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter ISIL, stated that the US had conducted 130 airstrikes in the Baiji region since August 2015, in support of the Iraqi Army and the Shi'ite militias. On 7 November, it was revealed that 920+ more ISIL fighters had been killed during the fighting in Baiji, during the last 3 months of the battle.

Aftermath.

On 23 October, Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi visited the city of Baiji, declaring that Baiji was finally free from ISIL militants, and that the anti-ISIL forces had won a "valuable victory." Al-Abadi also stated that the battle proved the capabilities of the Iraqi forces, and a Shi'ite commander stated that his forces were removing the IEDs and landmines left behind by ISIL in the city. Additionally, on October 23, it was also reported that members of the Popular Mobilization Forces were bombing houses and government buildings of former Iraqi generals who had fought in the Iran–Iraq War.

Clashes in 2016.

On 4 May, anti-terrorism forces backed by the Iraqi Air Force foiled ISIS attempt to penetrate the thermal energy area north of Baiji, killing 60 terrorists, mostly Arab nationalities.

The Battle of Baiji (2014–2015) was a battle that took place in Baiji, Iraq, lasting from late December 2014 to late October 2015. It gave Iraqi forces complete control of the highway stretching from Baghdad to Baiji, and allowed Iraqi forces to use Baiji as a base for launching a future assault on Mosul.

La bataille de Baïji a lieu lors de la guerre d'Irak. Pendant plusieurs mois, les forces gouvernementales et les djihadistes se disputent le contrôle de la ville et de sa raffinerie pétrolière, la plus importante d'Irak.


Population.

The parish population has varied since 1801. There was a significant increase of 139 between 1801 and 1841, after which there was a long period of decline as agriculture became less labour-intensive. There has been one minor boundary change since 1801, but it was not significant enough to affect the rise in population. However between 1831 and 1841, 36 houses were built, leading to a population increase with more people moving to the area.  As of the 2011 census, Mettingham's population is relatively old: out of the total population of 211 only 34 are below the age of 16; 54 are in the age range 35–54; and 85 are over 55; so that many of the residents are above the national average age of 39.7.

Employment.

In 1881 there were 158 adults employed in Mettingham, of whom 62 men and 2 women worked in agriculture as the area is rural farm land. The occupations of most of the women were recorded as "unknown" which means that it is unclear what the main occupation of the women was at that time. The farming was mainly arable, with fields lying fallow in summer in preparation for corn products in the early 1800s, slowly progressing to wheat, barley and beans by the mid 1900s. As of 2011 there were just 22 people employed in agriculture. As infrastructure and communications have improved, the population can now travel further afield to work, giving access to a wider range of occupations, including professional occupations.

Education.

Of the 177 residents over age 16 in Mettingham, 41 have no qualifications at all; 6 are in apprenticeships; 28 have between 1–4 GCSEs or equivalent, with another 28 having 5 or more; 18 have 2 or more A-levels; and 47 have education to degree level or above; 4 of the 177 are still in full-time education. Those under 16 are still in compulsory education. There are 7 primary schools and 2 secondary schools within 3 miles of Mettingham, all of which are in the town of Bungay. Bungay High School provides a sixth form for 16- to 18-year-olds taking A-levels.

All Saints Church.

All Saints is one of 178 round tower churches in East Anglia from the Norman period. It is a Grade I listed building which was restored in 1898. Round tower churches in the UK, with a few exceptions, are only found in East Anglia. It is widely accepted that the tower was built as a bell tower with flint as the main construction material; but stone is also used in the main building construction, This is due to Mettingham's location: flint was cheaper and much more widely available in East Anglia, whereas stone had to be transported from a distance.  In 2012, All Saints Church was threatened with closure due to the theft of £16,000 worth of lead from its roof: there was insufficient money for repairs on top of daily running costs. The money was raised to replace the lead, but just two years later, in October 2014, a 15m x 10m stretch of lead was again taken. A cheaper material was used to fix the roof to avoid another recurrence.

Transport.

Mettingham has very limited public transport. It has a bus service with 3 morning stops and one evening stop at the Rectory Lane Junction on the B1062 on Monday to Saturday, but no Sunday service. The closest railway station is Beccles, about 4 miles away.

Mettingham is a village and civil parish, near Bungay, in the East Suffolk district, in NE Suffolk, England, close to the River Waveney which forms the boundary with Norfolk. In the 1870s, Mettingham was described as:

Mettingham est un village et une paroisse civile du Suffolk, en Angleterre. Il est situé à proximité de la frontière avec le comté voisin de Norfolk. Administrativement, il dépend du district de East Suffolk. Au moment du recensement de 2011, il comptait.


Medical use.

Naloxegol is indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. It is recommended that any maintenance laxative be discontinued before starting naloxegol or be held for at-least 3 days. Naloxegol should be taken on an empty stomach at least two hours after the last meal.

Pharmacodynamic properties.

Naloxegol inhibits opioid binding in μ-opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, thus decreasing the constipating effects (slowing of gastrointestinal motility and transit, hypertonicity, increased fluid reabsorption) associated with opioids.  If naloxegol is coadministered with other opioid antagonists, there is a potential for additive effect and increased risk of opioid withdrawal.

Mechanism of action.

Chemically, naloxegol is a pegylated (polyethylene glycol-modified) derivative of α-naloxol. Specifically, the 6-α-hydroxyl group of α-naloxol is connected via an ether linkage to the free hydroxyl group of a monomethoxy-terminated n=7 oligomer of PEG, shown extending at the lower left of the molecule image at right. The "n=7" defines the number of two-carbon ethylenes, and so the chain length, of the attached PEG chain, and the "monomethoxy" indicates that the terminal hydroxyl group of the PEG is "capped" with a methyl group. The pegylation of the 6-α-hydroxyl side chain of naloxol prevents the drug from crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As such, it can be considered the antithesis of the peripherally-acting opiate loperamide which is utilized as an opiate-targeting anti-diarrheal agent that does not cause traditional opiate side-effects due to its inability to accumulate in the central nervous system in normal subjects.

Naloxegol (INN; PEGylated naloxol; trade names Movantik and Moventig) is a peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist developed by AstraZeneca, licensed from Nektar Therapeutics, for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation. It was approved in 2014 in adult patients with chronic, non-cancer pain. Doses of 25 mg were found safe and well tolerated for 52 weeks. When given concomitantly with opioid analgesics, naloxegol reduced constipation-related side effects, while maintaining comparable levels of analgesia.

Le naloxégol est un dérivé PEGylé de l'antagoniste des récepteurs opioïdes-μ : la naloxone. La PEGylation réduit la perméabilité passive du naloxégol et fait également de cette molécule un substrat pour le transporteur glycoprotéine P. Compte-tenu de la faible perméabilité et de l'efflux plus important du naloxégol au travers de la barrière hémato-encéphalique, liés aux propriétés de substrat de la P-gp, la pénétration du naloxégol dans le système nerveux central est minimale.


Overview.

Pale Moon has diverged from Firefox in a number of ways:

Old platforms.

Version 26.5 was the final official release to support Windows XP. Version 27.9.4 was the final official release to support Windows Vista as well as the final unofficial release for Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard.  The end of XP support was quickly followed by Pale Moon getting at least two forks of its own, both of which take the most recent Pale Moon code and recompile it for XP; "New Moon" by roytam1, and "Mypal" by Feodor2.  The final version for Snow Leopard is the foundation for the "Arctic Fox" web browser.  The official releases do not support older processors without the SSE2 instruction set. However, a contributed build for Linux is available that supports some older processors.

License.

Pale Moon's source code is released under the Mozilla Public License 2.0 except for parts relating to branding. To ensure quality, redistribution of officially branded Pale Moon binaries is only permissible under specific circumstances. The name and logo are trademarked by the project founder and cannot be used without his prior permission.

History.

M.C. Straver is the project founder and lead developer. Straver's first official release of Pale Moon, in 2009, was a rebuild of Firefox 3.5.2 with tweaked compiler settings. Eventually the scope of the project grew, and version 24 became a true fork of Firefox 24 ESR. Starting with version 25, Pale Moon uses a completely independent versioning scheme.  Pale Moon 27 was a major re-fork of the core browser code to Firefox 38 ESR, which added HTTP/2, DirectX 11, MSE/DASH, and JavaScript ES6 capabilities. Add-on support remained almost entirely unchanged, with a slight reduction of Jetpack compatibility.

UXP.

In 2017, the team behind Pale Moon began the Unified XUL Platform (UXP) project. UXP is an actively maintained fork with a historical fork point of the Mozilla code at Firefox 52 ESR with significant modifications to be a codebase for updated web technology support and creating any number of XUL-based applications. To demonstrate, develop and refine the platform, Straver used it to create a new browser, Basilisk.  Pale Moon 28, released in August 2018, was the first version built on UXP, thereby providing improved support for web standards and video.

Android.

Pale Moon for Android was a distinct development effort that is no longer maintained. First released in 2014, Straver announced the following year that it would likely be abandoned due to lack of community involvement. The final release was 25.9.6.

Releases.

Benchmarks.

Straver has remarked that the role of benchmark tests is questionable, stating that they "can't be used to draw hard (or regularly even any) conclusions. Plain and simple: they are an indication, nothing more. They serve well if you compare closely related siblings (e.g. Firefox and Iceweasel) or different builds of the exact same browser, to get a relative performance difference between the two on the limited subset of what is actually tested, but that's about as far as it goes."  The questionable role of benchmarking was confirmed by leading technology experts when, for example, Google announced it was retiring its Octane benchmark in 2017.  In 2013, Pale Moon was a bit slower than Firefox in the ClubCompy Real-World Benchmark, with the browsers respectively scoring 8,168 and 9,344 points out of a possible 50,000. In a 2016 browser comparison test by Ghacks, Pale Moon version 25 had the smallest memory footprint after opening 10 different websites in separate tabs. However, in the same report Pale Moon scored bottom in the Mozilla Kraken, Google Octane, 32-bit RoboHornet tests and second-to-last in the 64-bit RoboHornet benchmarks. Whilst other browsers hung during some tests, Pale Moon only hung during the JetStream JavaScript benchmark.  Current (UXP) versions of Pale Moon score comparatively to other browsers in benchmarks, showing, for example, no significant difference on the Sunspider benchmark compared to Firefox Quantum.

Market share.

Worldwide market share according to StatCounter was stable at 0.02% between March 2019 and 2020.

Data breach incident.

It was reported on 10 July 2019 that a data breach of the archive server holding previous binaries of the Pale Moon browser had occurred and malware inserted into the executables. This breach was discovered on the previous day. It is unknown when the breach first occurred. Firstly, it was estimated to have been as early as 27 December 2017, according to timestamps. After getting some more feedback from users, it is now estimated to have occurred somewhere between April and June 2019.

Pale Moon is an open-source web browser with an emphasis on customizability; its motto is "Your browser, Your way". There are official releases for Microsoft Windows and Linux, an unofficial build for macOS, and contributed builds for various platforms.

Pale Moon est un navigateur web open source dérivé de Mozilla Firefox. Il dérivait à l'origine de celui-ci en proposant des optimisations de compilation pour améliorer les performances, mais s'en détache depuis progressivement en réintroduisant des fonctions retirées par Mozilla comme la barre d'état et en refusant d'adopter des changements introduits en vue de la nouvelle interface dite Australis ou les DRM HTML5, au point de pouvoir être qualifié de fork. Il reste cependant compatible avec la large majorité des extensions de Firefox.<br>Pale Moon est développé par M.C. Straver, un développeur néerlandais. Le navigateur est disponible sur Windows, GNU/Linux et Android. Dérivant de Firefox, Pale Moon utilise depuis la version 26 le moteur de rendu Goanna, créé par Moonchild Productions, développeur de Pale Moon. Ce moteur est un fork du célèbre Gecko.


Contents.

The monograph consisted of three sections: Introduction, Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Scientific Management, and Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management.

Introduction.

Taylor started this paper by quoting then President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt: "The conservation of our national resources is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency". Taylor pointed out that while a large movement had started to conserve material resources, the less visible and less tangible effects of the wasted human effort was only vaguely appreciated. He argues the necessity of focusing on training rather than finding the "right man", stating "In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first", and the first goal of all good systems should be developing first-class men. He listed three goals for the work: "First." To point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.  "Second." To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management, rather than in searching for some unusual or extraordinary man.  "Third." To prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation. And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through a series of illustrations, to convince the reader that whenever these principles are correctly applied, results must follow which are truly astounding. Lastly, Taylor noted that while the examples were chosen to appeal to engineers and managers, his principles could be applied to the management of any social enterprise, such as homes, farms, small businesses, churches, philanthropic institutions, universities, and government.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of scientific management.

Taylor argued that the principle object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. He argued that the most important object of both the employee and the management should be the training and development of each individual in the establishment, so that he can do the highest class of work for which his natural abilities fit him. Taylor demonstrated that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of maximum productivity, both for the shop and individual, and rebuked the idea that the fundamental interests of employees and employers are necessarily antagonistic.  Taylor described how workers deliberately work slowly, or “soldier”, to protect their interests. According to Taylor, there were three reasons for the inefficiency: "First." The fallacy, which has from time immemorial been almost universal among workmen, that a material increase in the output of each man or each machine in the trade would result in the end in throwing a large number of men out of work.  "Second." The defective systems of management which are in common use, and which make it necessary for each workman to soldier, or work slowly, in order that he may protect his own best interests.  "Third." The inefficient rule-of-thumb methods, which are still almost universal in all trades, and in practicing which our workmen waste a large part of their effort. Taylor argued that the cheapening of any article in common use almost immediately results in a largely increased demand for that article, creating additional work and contradicting the first belief.  As to the second cause, Taylor pointed to quotes from 'Shop Management' to help explain how current management styles caused workers to soldier. He explained the natural tendency of men to take it easy as distinct from "systematic soldiering" due to thought and reasoning, and how bringing men together at a standard rate of pay exacerbated this problem. He described how under standard day, piece, or contract work it was in the workers' interest to work slowly and hide how fast work can actually be done, and the antagonism between workers and management must change.  For the third cause, Taylor noted the enormous saving of time and increase in output that could be obtained by eliminating unnecessary movements and substituting faster movements, which can only be realized after a motion and time study by a competent man. While there are perhaps "forty, fifty, or a hundred ways of doing each act in each trade", "there is always one method and one implement which is quicker and better than any of the rest".

In this section, Taylor explained his principles of scientific management. He starts by describing what he considered the best system of management then in use, the system of "initiative and incentive". In this system, management gives incentives for better work, and workers give their best effort. The form of payment is practically the whole system, in contrast to scientific management. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles:  Under the management of "initiative and incentive", the first three elements often exist in some form, but their importance is minor. However, under scientific management, they "form the very essence of the whole system". Taylor's summary of the fourth point is "Under the management of "initiative and incentive" practically the whole problem is "up to the workman", while under scientific management fully one-half of the problem is "up to the management"." It is up to the management to determine the best method to complete each task through a time and motion study, to train the worker in this method, and keep individual records for incentive based pay.  Taylor devotes most of the remainder of the work to providing case studies to support his case, including:  Taylor warned about attempting to implement parts of scientific management without accepting the whole philosophy, stating that too fast of a change was often met with trouble, strikes, and failure.

The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) is a monograph published by Frederick Winslow Taylor. This laid out Taylor's views on principles of scientific management, or industrial era organization and decision theory. Taylor was an American manufacturing manager, mechanical engineer, and then a management consultant in his later years. The term "scientific management" refers to coordinating the enterprise for everyone's benefit including increased wages for laborers although the approach is "directly antagonistic to the old idea that each workman can best regulate his own way of doing the work." His approach is also often referred to as Taylor's Principles, or Taylorism.

Il y décrit une méthode scientifique d'organisation du travail, qui consiste à donner une tâche à chaque ouvrier à exécuter dans un temps déterminé.


Physics engines.

In computer science, a program called a physics engine is used to model the behaviors of objects in space. These engines allow simulation of the way bodies of many types are affected by a variety of physical stimuli. They are also used to create Dynamical simulations without having to know anything about physics. Physics engines are used throughout the video game and movie industry, but not all physics engines are alike; They are generally broken into real-time and the high precision but these are not the only options. Most real-time physics engines are inaccurate and yield only the barest approximation of the real world, whereas most high-precision engines are far too slow for use in everyday applications. To understand how these Physics engines are built, a basic understanding of physics is required. Physics engines are based on the actual behaviors of the world as described by classical mechanics. Engines do not typically account for Modern Mechanics (see Theory of relativity and quantum mechanics) because most visualization deals with large bodies moving relatively slowly, but the most complicated engines perform calculations for Modern Mechanics as well as Classical. The models used in Dynamical simulations determine how accurate these simulations are.

Particle model.

The first model which may be used in physics engines governs the motion of infinitesimal objects with finite mass called “particles.” This equation, called Newton’s Second law (see Newton's laws) or the definition of force, is the fundamental behavior governing all motion:  This equation will allow us to fully model the behavior of particles, but this is not sufficient for most simulations because it does not account for the rotational motion of rigid bodies. This is the simplest model that can be used in a physics engine and was used extensively in early video games.

Inertial model.

Bodies in the real world deform as forces are applied to them, so we call them “soft,” but often the deformation is negligibly small compared to the motion, and it is very complicated to model, so most physics engines ignore deformation. A body that is assumed to be non-deformable is called a rigid body. Rigid body dynamics deals with the motion of objects that cannot change shape, size, or mass but can change orientation and position.  To account for rotational energy and momentum, we must describe how force is applied to the object using a moment, and account for the mass distribution of the object using an inertia tensor. We describe these complex interactions with an equation somewhat similar to the definition of force above:  where formula_3 is the central inertia tensor, formula_4 is the angular velocity vector, and formula_5 is the moment of the "j"th external force about the mass center.  The inertia tensor describes the location of each particle of mass in a given object in relation to the object's center of mass. This allows us to determine how an object will rotate dependent on the forces applied to it. This angular motion is quantified by the angular velocity vector.  As long as we stay below relativistic speeds (see Relativistic dynamics), this model will accurately simulate all relevant behavior. This method requires the Physics engine to solve six ordinary differential equations at every instant we want to render, which is a simple task for modern computers.

Euler model.

The inertial model is much more complex than we typically need but it is the most simple to use. In this model, we do not need to change our forces or constrain our system. However, if we make a few intelligent changes to our system, simulation will become much easier, and our calculation time will decrease. The first constraint will be to put each torque in terms of the principal axes. This makes each torque much more difficult to program, but it simplifies our equations significantly. When we apply this constraint, we diagonalize the moment of inertia tensor, which simplifies our three equations into a special set of equations called Euler's equations. These equations describe all rotational momentum in terms of the principal axes:  The drawback to this model is that all the computation is on the front end, so it is still slower than we would like. The real usefulness is not apparent because it still relies on a system of non-linear differential equations. To alleviate this problem, we have to find a method that can remove the second term from the equation. This will allow us to integrate much more easily. The easiest way to do this is to assume a certain amount of symmetry.

Symmetric/torque model.

The two types of symmetric objects that will simplify Euler's equations are “symmetric tops” and “symmetric spheres.” The first assumes one degree of symmetry, this makes two of the I terms equal. These objects, like cylinders and tops, can be expressed with one very simple equation and two slightly simpler equations. This does not do us much good, because with one more symmetry we can get a large jump in speed with almost no change in appearance. The symmetric sphere makes all of the I terms equal (the Moment of inertia scalar), which makes all of these equations simple:  These equations allow us to simulate the behavior of an object that can spin in a way very close to the method simulate motion without spin. This is a simple model but it is accurate enough to produce realistic output in real-time Dynamical simulations. It also allows a Physics engine to focus on the changing forces and torques rather than varying inertia.

Dynamical simulation, in computational physics, is the simulation of systems of objects that are free to move, usually in three dimensions according to Newton's laws of dynamics, or approximations thereof. Dynamical simulation is used in computer animation to assist animators to produce realistic motion, in industrial design (for example to simulate crashes as an early step in crash testing), and in video games. Body movement is calculated using time integration methods.

La simulation dynamique est, en physique numérique, la simulation de phénomènes d’un système d’objets qui sont libres de se déplacer, habituellement en trois dimensions et selon les lois du mouvement de Newton en dynamique, ou des approximations de ces lois.


Background.

The band have said of the album “The Golden Ratio” is the end result of three years of work in the studio for Ulf and Jonas. Their main challenge was to find what the Ace of Base sound would be in the second decade of the twenty-first century. After a year of experimenting, they realized they wanted to embrace and preserve the original Ace of Base sound and make it contemporary at the same time." Following the release of the album, an acoustic version was in talks but never eventuated.

Singles.

The sole single released from the album was "All for You". The song was serviced to European radio stations in mid-July 2010, and was released as a single in digital and physical formats on September 10, 2010. The music video for the song was released on August 27, 2010.

Promotional singles.

"Mr. Replay" was released as the first promotional single from the album prior to its release and was the first Ace of Base release to feature Clara and Julia. The song appeared on a promotional DJ disc which was released in early July 2010. "Mr. Replay" was described as an "amalgamation of every song Ace of Base has ever recorded" and features guest vocals on verses by Lex Marshall. The song received mixed reviews from critics, who felt it was too similar to their previous material. The song appears in a slightly different format on the album in comparison with the promotional release.  The title track from "The Golden Ratio" was planned as a future single in Sweden; however, it was only released promotionally and was the final release from the album.

Reception.

"The Golden Ratio" received mostly positive reviews from critics. "Rock&Review" gave the album a positive review, stating, "Sonically, The Golden Ratio is everything you expect in an Ace of Base album and it's quite hard to tell that Jonas Berggren's sisters are absent as the new vocalists do a great job of filling in where Malin and Jenny left off."  ScandiPop also gave the album very high praise, saying "It’s a jaw droppingly good album. They’ve gone back to everything that made them so brilliant when they first started out in the early nineties."

The Golden Ratio is the fifth and the final album by Swedish pop music group, Ace of Base. It was recorded in early 2009 through mid-2010. It is the only album to feature two new vocalists: Clara Hagman and Julia Williamson. Production on this album initially began with former band member and lead vocalist, Jenny Berggren in which the resulting sessions were shelved.

The Golden Ratio est le cinquième album du groupe suédois Ace of Base. Il a été enregistré entre 2009 et 2010. C'est le premier album du groupe comme Ace.of.Base qui inclut deux nouvelles chanteuses Clara Hagman et Julia Williamson.


Gameplay.

"Fighters Uncaged" is a single-player-only fighting game controlled using the Kinect, a motion sensing input device. The player controls the protagonist of the game, Simon, through his attempts to win an illegal fighting tournament to help get his father out of trouble with a crime lord. The game features one gamemode called "Fight" which is only accessible after completing the tutorial. "Fighters Uncaged" is played in an over-the-shoulder perspective, with the opponent being on the opposite side. Simon is able to do a range of different actions, including short and long punches, kicks, blocks, dodges, and headbutts. The player can execute special moves via shouting in the direction of the Kinect, once the corresponding bar is full. Fighting consists of looking for telegraphs in the movements of one's opponents to figure out when to dodge or block attacks, then hitting them while they are vulnerable. In the early stages of "Fighters Uncaged", it is made less difficult to read the telegraphs of the opponent, but as the player progresses, they become increasingly imperceptible. The moves Simon can complete depend on where the opponent is at the time, and therefore only certain moves will land hits at particular moments. "Fighters Uncaged" features different leagues, with higher leagues being reached by having a certain number of points. Points are obtained by defeating the opponent, while having a good score. Good scores are attained by accomplishing counterattacks, exploiting the enemies' weak spots, and correctly completing combos. If a good score is not secured at the end of the fight, no points are rewarded.

Development and release.

"Fighters Uncaged" was announced by Ubisoft at Gamescom 2010, three months before its official release. There, people were allowed to preview the game. The game was developed by AMA Studios and published by Ubisoft exclusively for the Xbox 360 Kinect. Because the announcement came suddenly and close to the release date, video game journalists such as Christopher Grant of "Engadget" and Jamin Smith of "VideoGamer" were not intrigued. Grant was unimpressed by the game's announcement, criticizing the concept and its character designs and noted a misspelling in the preview. The game was originally planned to feature a multiplayer mode, though this was cut later on in development.  The game was released on November 4, 2010, and was one of the twelve games released on day one of the Kinect's launch. In December, Ultimate Fighting Championship's parent company Zuffa filed a lawsuit against Ubisoft based on the usage of the phrase "ULTIMATE FIGHTING", a term which Zuffa had trademarked, on the back of the game's box. Zuffa claimed that the "use of the ULTIMATE FIGHTING name and mark is identical or confusingly similar to the use of the UFC marks, including the ULTIMATE FIGHTING name". Zuffa wanted Ubisoft to be prevented from using the term in the future as well as having all uses of it destroyed, and sought all of Ubisoft's profits off the game, along with triple the normal fees for trademark violation. Zuffa also wanted Ubisoft to pay for their attorneys, exemplary damages and compensatory damages. Ubisoft did not publicly comment on the issue.

Reception.

"Fighters Uncaged" was released to "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to the review aggregator website Metacritic, where it garnered a rating of 32/100, based on 38 critics.  The tutorial was criticized by reviewers for different reasons. Tom Hoggins for "The Telegraph" described the tutorial as being "mind-numbing". The reviewers for "Metro"s "Game Central" wrote that the tutorial was the most notable part of the game, though ultimately nonessential. They wrote that because of its length it may have been an "attempt to protect [the player] from the awful reality of the real game". Ellie Gibson of "Eurogamer" described it as being "the most boring tutorial sequence in the history of the world". Jamin Smith of "VideoGamer.com" criticized the tutorial for "insisting on explaining each and every move in the game before forcing you to repeat it three times".  Critics believed that the motion control system in "Fighters Uncaged" did not work and that the fighting mechanic was poorly made. Mark Walton of "GameSpot" wrote that he found it to be "immensely frustrating", saying that the controls were "simply broken". Wyatt Fossett for "Gamesradar" abhorred the system, disparaging Ubisoft and AMA Studios for the poorly optimized game, saying that they "didn’t drop the ball on this title; they weren’t even invited to the sport in which the ball exists". In regards to the motion detection, Fossett wrote that "Every third punch thrown is recognized and every block you attempt is either exaggerated or completely ignored". Smith compared the combat to that of the luck in rock, paper, scissors, noting that "90% of the time" the attack will be avoided or blocked, while for the other 10%, the character "just stands there like a lemon, refusing to acknowledge the command". Jack DeVries thought that when in a fight, the moves become a "series of desperate flails" in an attempt for the game to notice the player's actions.  The visuals were disliked by reviewers, with Smith saying the game was "plagued with bizarre design choices and lacklustre visuals" and attributed this to the rush of the development. Walton wrote that the game was a good example for how to not make fighting games for the Kinect, continuing on to say that the presentation was sub-par. Gibson believed that "everything about this game is incorrect". She said that her enthusiasm for the game diminished with the intro movie, and criticized the "static images of ugly men with stupid names rolling across the screen". DeVries described the game as being rushed, hence the static and unflattering visuals.

Fighters Uncaged is a fighting video game for the Xbox 360 Kinect system. It was developed by AMA Studios and published by Ubisoft in November 2010. "Fighters Uncaged" was one of the first twelve games released for the Kinect. The game has the player control Simon, a man who is attempting to win an illegal fighting tournament to help get his father out of trouble with a crime lord. It has one game mode and features many different fighting moves and different settings and opponents. Simon is able to go up in leagues by obtaining certain numbers of points, which in turn unlock more scenarios and opponents. Following its release, Zuffa filed a lawsuit against Ubisoft for the usage of a trademarked term. "Fighters Uncaged" received poor reviews from critics, with many criticizing the tutorial and visuals, and citing its motion control system as the biggest issue they had with the game, which many considered to be broken.

Fighters Uncaged est un jeu vidéo développé par AMA et édité par Ubisoft. Il est sorti le 20 novembre 2010 et fait partie des jeux compatibles avec Kinect lors du lancement du périphérique.


History.

Early career (2010–2011).

Tony had been DJing since 2001 while Josh had been in multiple bands prior to Modestep with the drummer, only forming the band in 2010, along with guitarist Nick Tsang, a former member of.

Evolution Theory (2011–2013).

Modestep began work on their debut album during early January 2011, with their debut single "Feel Good" being released in the United Kingdom on 6 February 2011; managing to reach the BBC Radio 1 A Playlist during the weeks prior to release. The single was released as part of a 3-track extended play, including another track entitled "Bite The Hand". On 13 February, the single debuted at number 38 on the UK Singles Chart, also reaching number 5 on the independent releases chart and number 6 on the dance releases chart. The music video of the new version of their single "Sunlight" was released on YouTube on 3 July, passing 1 million views within four days, also making the Radio 1 A-list and debuting at number 16 in the UK charts. "To The Stars" has also made it onto the Radio 1 A-list and was released on 6 November. Their fourth single "Show Me A Sign" made its YouTube debut on 19 March 2012 and was released on 6 May 2012. They were also a support act for Lostprophets "Weapons" tour in mid-2012 and have been received extremely well by audiences. In July 2012, the fifth single from Evolution Theory, entitled "Another Day", was aired on BBC Radio 1Xtra. Modestep had previously performed this song to open their set when supporting Lostprophets on their spring UK tour. Just before the song was aired, Tony Friend revealed in an interview that Modestep hoped to release their debut album on 3 September 2012. After the album was pushed back to 14 January 2013, it was pushed back yet again to 11 February 2013.

Second studio album, departure of Tsang and Curtis and arrival of Deek and Lundy (2013-2017).

Modestep have announced via their social pages that they are now in the studio working on new material. On 16 October 2013 they began work on the first track from their then-forthcoming second studio album. In December 2013, the band embarked on the Foot Locker tour in Europe, promoting popular shoe retail store Foot Locker. On 14 January 2014, Tsang and Curtis both left the band to pursue their own careers in the music industry. Despite this the album was still scheduled and a world tour is expected with the two new members, Pat Lundy (ex-drummer of the iconic band Funeral For A Friend) and Kyle Deek (age 22) who joined in the spring of 2014. Starting in mid-2014, Josh and Tony began their recurring appearances in TheSyndicateProject's YouTube series, "Mianite", a series of videos based around the game Minecraft.  The band released a new single titled "Snake" for free download in mid-January 2015. On 22 February 2015, they announced the title and track listing for their second studio album, to be released on 25 May 2015. "London Road", released through Modestep's own record label Max Records, features collaborations with FuntCase, Teddy Killerz, Culprate, The Partysquad, Trolley Snatcha, Big Narstie, Flowdan, Frisco and more. On 14 May 2015, Modestep announced the release of one new song per day until the full album release.

Monstercat, Disciple, and the departure of Tony and Deek (2017–present).

After a brief hiatus, Modestep came back strong with "Living For The Weekend," a song about wanting to get out of work and have fun that released on British record label Never Say Die.  Tony left the band in the summer of 2017. On 13 November, Canadian record label Monstercat released the duo's next single, "Higher". The duo then released two more singles on Monstercat: "Going Nowhere" (with Dion Timmer) and "Summer".  On 4 July 2018, British record label Disciple announces that Modestep signed to the label. The duo released "By My Side" alongside Virtual Riot and Barely Alive on Disciple's fourth compilation in the Disciple Alliance series.  A few miscellaneous Disciple releases later, Modestep came back to Monstercat to release "Not IRL" on 14 January 2019.

Musical style & influences.

Modestep have various musical styles and sounds as they have incorporated electronical elements such as dubstep and drum & bass, however they have also incorporated hard rock into their music, thus giving them a unique style. Josh Friend has also incorporated vocals into their music.  They have been placed next to bands such as Pendulum and The Prodigy due to their musical style, however they are able to play along with other artists such as The Script, Skrillex, Ed Sheeran and Flux Pavilion. In a 2012 interview with "Soundsphere Magazine", the members explained that "We’re all massive ‘tech-head’ musicians...". It is explained how each member of the band influences their musical style with different genres of music, also explaining that their unique musical style was unintentional.

Modestep are a dubstep and electronic rock duo from London consisting of Josh Friend and Pat Lundy. They were initially a band that formed in 2010, but former members Nick Tsang and Matthew Curtis left in 2014, Kyle Deek in 2016, and Josh's brother Tony soon followed in 2017. Their debut album "Evolution Theory" was released on 11 February 2013, including its five singles: "Feel Good", "Sunlight", "To The Stars", "Show Me a Sign" and "Another Day". Modestep's second album, "London Road", was released on 25 May 2015, marking the band's first album featuring Lundy and Deek as members. Between 2017 and March 2019, the now-duo released four singles on record label Monstercat and two EPs on Disciple Records.

Modestep est un groupe de dubstep et de rock issu de Londres, formé en 2010. Le groupe est actuellement composé de Josh Friend et Pat Lundy.


History.

Before its construction in 1909, a prior building on the same site housed the offices of the "New York Evening Post" under editor William Cullen Bryant, and served as the first headquarters of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, established by Henry Bergh in 1867.  President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's law office was one of its first commercial tenants after the building opened in 1910. In 1917, an office was leased as cover for German spies seeking to prevent America's intervention in World War I (then called "The Great War"). The plot involved an attempt to draw the United States into a diversionary war with Mexico and Japan. The plot was exposed on March 1, 1917, with news reports of an intercepted telegram decoded by British cryptographers, the notorious "Zimmermann Telegram", which prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare war against Germany a month later.  Shortly afterward, the entire building was leased by the Sinclair Oil Company, responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal of 1922. Prior to the 1974 Watergate scandal, this was called "the most sensational scandal in the history of American politics," and became the most enduring legacy of Warren G. Harding's troubled presidency.  In 1979, the structure, renamed Liberty Tower, was converted from commercial use into a residential building, one of the first such conversions in Manhattan south of Canal Street, by architect Joseph Pell Lombardi. It was designated a New York City landmark in 1982, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983.  Because the then new principles of "skyscraper" design were not yet fully understood, the building was overbuilt, with its steel foundation anchored deeply into bedrock five stories below street level. This overly sturdy construction helped this tall, slender building withstand the collapse of the World Trade Center some to the west on September 11, 2001, with only minimal damage.  A restoration of the building was undertaken from 2007 to 2009.

The Liberty Tower, formerly the Sinclair Oil Building, is located at 55 Liberty Street at the corner of Nassau Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1909–10 as a commercial office building and was designed by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb in a Gothic Revival style. It was built on a site adjacent to the New York City Chamber of Commerce Building (1901); the subsequent New York Federal Reserve Bank building was constructed to the east, across Nassau Street, in 1922. A completely free-standing 33-story building, in 1909 Liberty Tower was the tallest building in the world with such a small footprint. The limestone building is covered in white architectural terracotta ornamented with birds and alligators and other fanciful subjects.

La Liberty Tower, anciennement Sinclair Oil Building est un gratte-ciel situé au 55 Liberty Street, à son intersection avec la Nassau Street, dans le Financial District de Manhattan à New York. La construction a débuté en 1909 pour s'achever en 1910 : la tour était alors occupée par des bureaux. Elle a été dessinée par l'architecte chicagoan Henry Ives Cobb, dans un style néo-gothique.


Office.

La Ruelle was a leader of the "Grignoux" party in Liège, which sought a French alliance to counterbalance the prince-bishop's alliance with the Habsburgs, and opposed the growth of absolutism in city government. He was elected as one of the mayors of Liège in 1630, but the prince-bishop declared the election fraudulent and refused to confirm him in the office. La Ruelle was re-elected on 14 July 1635, after the outbreak of open war between France and the Habsburgs.  He left office on 24 July 1636, but was still identified as the head of the party that supported the presence of French troops in the prince-bishopric as a counterweight to Habsburg influence. He survived an attempt on his life on 3 November 1636, when a rider fired a shot in his direction that hit and injured his wife, Ida de Cerf.

Assassination.

In April 1637 he accepted an invitation to dine at the house of René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée, who had been living in exile in Liège since the failure of the Conspiracy of Nobles (1632). Louis XIII's envoy in Liège, René-Louis de Ficquelmont, abbé de Mouzon, was also invited. At the banquet, after drinking the health of the King of France, La Ruelle was murdered by a party of Spanish soldiers that Warfusée had smuggled into Liège for the purpose.  When the murder became known, popular reaction was extreme. Warfusée was hanged out of hand by the mob, and they went on the rampage against prominent members of the "Spanish party", few of whom were implicated in the murder.  La Ruelle was buried in the church of St. Martin-en-Ile in Liège, with his funeral mass taking place in St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège, on 2 May 1637.

Sébastien de La Ruelle (died 16 April 1637) was a mayor of the city of Liège who was assassinated for his opposition to the policies of the prince-bishop of Liège, Ferdinand of Bavaria.

Sébastien La Ruelle, né à Chênée en 1591 et assassiné à Liège le, fut bourgmestre de Liège et chef du parti des Grignoux.


Storylines.

The character is first introduced as Daisy Thompkins (later Sanders), a new friend of Abby Newman (then Hayley Erin). She works at Fenmore's boutique and lives in the dorms at her high school. She and her brother, Ryder Callahan (Wilson Bethel) arrive in Genoa City to get revenge against Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman) for killing their mother, Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown). They work with their aunt Sarah Smythe, Sheila's sister, to commit a series of crimes and ultimately kidnap Lauren and Jana Hawkes (Emily O'Brien), their brother Kevin Fisher's (Greg Rikaart) wife. Lauren and Jana are later rescued by Kevin and Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc).  Daisy then found herself attracted to Daniel Romalotti (Michael Graziadei), who at the time was married to Amber Moore (Adrienne Frantz). After drugging him, she rapes an unconscious Daniel, mirroring what her mother did with Lauren's first husband. Afterward, Daisy and Ryder left town, but she promised to return someday. While Ryder and Daisy both blame Lauren for their mother's death, they do not seem to realize that their half-sister, Mary, cut Shelia out of her life because of what she was. Daisy later returned to Genoa City on Halloween, unnoticed by anyone (except Lauren, who came to the conclusion that she was hallucinating). Daisy goes to Daniel's apartment and tells him that she is pregnant with his child. It was revealed that the baby was conceived through her raping him and later a paternity test proved that Daniel fathered the child. Daisy was sent to jail, and later left in Daniel's mother, Phyllis Summers' custody as Phyllis wanted to protect her unborn grandchild. Daisy also stayed briefly at Daniel's apartment, and later gave birth on New Year's Eve with Jana at her side. She was later found in labor on the side of the road by Daniel, who delivered their child. She knocked him unconscious on the head afterwards, when he rejected her advances of wanting a "happy family". She then left her daughter at a church. A couple found her and sold her away. Daisy returned months later. It was revealed that the child which Billy Abbott and Victoria Newman were raising, Lucy, was Daisy's child prior to this. Her return consisted of solely claims to regain a life with her daughter. Phyllis promised her multiple things in order to do what she wanted, however Daisy never acquired what she was looking for. Avery Bailey Clark later stepped in as her lawyer for revenge on her sister Phyllis, and Daisy was released.  After her release from prison, Daisy regained custody of Lucy from Phyllis. In an attempt to keep his daughter safe, Daniel had his parental rights restored. He fought for custody of Lucy, but lost to Daisy and must wait six months before he can try for custody again. Afraid for his daughter's safety, Daniel proposed to Daisy, and the two eloped. Although Daisy got what she wanted, Daniel refused to ever really love her. When Phyllis refused to allow Daisy to attend her wedding, Daisy heartlessly walked out as Phyllis miscarried. Angered by Phyllis and Daniel's continuing rejection, Daisy has teamed up with Ricky Williams to bring down Phyllis and see her suffer. Daisy has also conned Kevin into believing she's the innocent victim, and that she's really changed. Kevin gave her job at Crimson Lights, much to everyone else's dismay. Phyllis and Daniel discovered that Daisy walked away when Phyllis was miscarrying, but she claimed she paused for a few moments to think about apologizing which is not true. Avery then teamed up with Heather Stevens to arrest Daisy for not helping Phyllis when she was miscarrying, and in return Daisy threatened to reveal that Phyllis hit Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) with a car eighteen years prior. Because of this Phyllis wanted to drop the pursuit to arrest Daisy. At the same time, Daisy asked Ricky to help her and Lucy disappear from Genoa City, and he agreed to help, however Daisy saw a video on Ricky's laptop of him murdering his ex-girlfriend, Rachel, and she decided to tell Michael, district attorney, immediately. When Michael told Phyllis and Daniel that she wanted to see him, Phyllis assumed it was to tell him about the hit-and-run incident. Ricky found out that Daisy saw the video, and went to see her in the alleyway where she was supposed to meet Michael, saying that he was about to make her disappear. When Daniel discovered that Daisy had gone missing, he and Phyllis assumed she went on the run to avoid the arrest. Daniel became the prime suspect in her disappearance, which deepened when it was revealed that Daisy's credit card had been in use near Canada, when in fact Ricky had been using the card to frame Daniel, who was about to be released when the police found an email Daisy wrote to Kevin, saying that she knew Daniel hated her and that she was afraid. This led to Michael realizing that in fact all evidence was pointing to Daniel. At the same time, Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap), Ricky's former roommate, was adamant that Ricky was involved in Daisy's disappearance, and she found Daisy's wallet and cell phone in Ricky's hotel room, meaning she was right about his involvement. However, Ricky tried to kill Eden when he found out and she hit her head on a bathtub and passed out.  Three months later, while Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) was checking into Fairview psychiatric hospital, a woman called her name in the waiting room: Daisy. Sharon explained that everyone in Genoa City believed that she was dead, and Daisy revealed that after Ricky threatened to make her disappear, she ran away and checked into Fairview under an alias, Scarlett, as she was terrified that Ricky would kill her as he did Rachel. Daisy was unaware of Ricky's death, and tried to convince the doctors to release her, which they refused to do without legal proof of her true identity. Daisy then decided to overdose on pills she had been harboring with hopes of landing in the hospital where she could then escape. After she did so, the doctors received the results of her fingerprint scan, and Ronan Malloy (Jeff Branson) got a call about Daisy's whereabouts. Yet, just as Michael secured a court order to question Daisy, she disappeared. A woman claiming to be Daisy's mother checked her out of a mental institution, signing the name "Sheila Carter" on the release form. Michael had the signature analyzed to see if it fit Sheila's handwriting, and results turned out to be inconclusive. The doctor who released Daisy was unable to identify the woman claiming to be Daisy's mother as his glasses were broken when Daisy was signed out. Paul got a hold of the security footage of the woman who checked Daisy out but unfortunately, the woman was wearing a head scarf and big sunglasses making her face unidentifiable. In June 2017, Sheila Carter reappears in Los Angeles, revealing herself to Quinn Fuller.

Reception.

"TV Guide Canada" listed Zima's appearance as Daisy in 2010 as the "worst comeback" of a character.

Daisy Carter is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Created and introduced by former head writer Maria Arena Bell, the character was portrayed by Yvonne Zima. She debuted during the episode airing on October 30, 2009 under an alias, later revealed to be the daughter of Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) and Tom Fisher (Roscoe Born). Bell created Daisy and stated Sheila was back in a new form. Daisy later raped Daniel Romalotti (Michael Graziadei), drugging him to believe he was sleeping with his then wife. She became pregnant with his child, and gave birth to a girl, Lucy, in 2011. However, she later abandoned her in a church and the child was placed in an illegal adoption ring. After Daisy was sent to prison for her actions, Daniel's mother Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford) gained custody of Lucy after Daniel gave up his parental rights. In 2012, Daisy was released from prison by Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins) and reclaimed her daughter, later earning full custody. Daniel then married Daisy to be close to his child, and after Daisy went missing, Daniel has been raising Lucy. Despite a brief stint in a psychiatric hospital, Daisy's whereabouts are still unknown.

Daisy Carter Romalotti est un personnage de feuilleton télévisé "Les Feux de l'amour". Elle est interprétée par Yvonne Zima entre 2009 et 2012 aux États-Unis.


Political career.

In 1994, Kopin began his political career as the deputy director of the Nizhniy Novgorod Regional Center for Youth Initiatives. In 1995, he was an inspector in the legal department. He later became the leader of the group in the Kostroma custom that dealt with issues involving infringement of custom laws. In 1998, Kopin worked in the branch of the bank SBS-Agro in Kostroma. In 1999, Kopin was appointed as the advisor of Aleksandr Nazarov, who was the governor of Chukotka at the time. Kopin was also the advisor of Nazarov's successor, Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich. In December 2001, Kopin was chosen to be the chief of the municipal union in Chaunskiy district. Two years later, in December 2003, he was chosen to be the chief of the municipal district in Bilibinskiy. In these two elections, Kopin received over 70% of the vote.  In April 2008, Kopin was elected to be the deputy governor of Chukotka. He became the supervisor of the department of industrial and agricultural policy.

Governorship.

Kopin became the acting governor on 3 July 2008, when Roman Abramovich, the then-governor of Chukotka, resigned. On 11 July Dmitry Medvedev, the president of Russia, nominated Kopin to be the governor. On 13 July the local legislators unanimously confirmed Kopin as the next governor of Chukotka. He was officially inaugurated in Anadyr to be the governor of Chukotka on 24 July 2008.

Personal life.

Roman Kopin was born in Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast, on 5 March 1974. In 1996, he graduated from Volgo-Vyatskaya Academy. He majored in state and municipal governing. Kopin is married and has a son.

Roman Valentinovich Kopin (; born 5 March 1974 in Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast) is the governor of Chukotka, Russia. He succeeded Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich in July 2008.

Roman Valentinovitch Kopine (en russe : Роман Валентинович Kopine) né le à Kostroma, est un homme politique et homme d'affaires russe, gouverneur de la région autonome de Tchoukotka en Russie depuis le.


College career.

In his freshman season at the University of Dayton, Johnson played 34 games, averaging 6.3 points and 5.2 rebounds per game.  In his sophomore season, he played 36 games, averaging 11.9 points and 6.9 rebounds per game.  In his junior season, he played 36 games (all starts), averaging 11.9 points, 6.0 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. He led the Flyers in steals with 31 (.86 spg), free throw percentage (.830) and three-pointers made with 77. He finished second on the team in scoring, rebounds and offensive rebounds with 76. He also tied for second on the team in blocks with 14 and ranked third in three-point percentage (.379). He scored in double-figures in 24 of the Flyers' 36 games and led the Flyers in scoring 13 times. He also recorded four double-doubles for the season.  In his senior season, he was his team’s co-MVP as he helped lead the Flyers to a 20-13 record and a third straight trip to the NIT. He was at his best against power conference competition: 20 points against Alabama, 18 against Minnesota, 16 against Seton Hall and Ole Miss, 12 against Wake Forest. In 32 games, he averaged 12.4 points, 6.4 rebounds and 1.3 assists per game.

Professional career.

2012 Summer League and preseason.

After going undrafted in the 2012 NBA draft, Johnson joined the Philadelphia 76ers for the 2012 NBA Summer League. He signed with the Los Angeles Clippers in September 2012, but was later waived on October 7. Two days later, he signed with the Orlando Magic, but was waived on October 27 after appearing in four preseason games.

Rio Grande Valley Vipers and Memphis Grizzlies (2013–2014).

On November 2, 2012, Johnson was selected by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers with the seventh overall pick in the 2012 NBA Development League Draft. On January 23, 2013, he signed a 10-day contract with the Memphis Grizzlies. He made his NBA debut the same day in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Grizzlies on February 3, but returned to the Vipers on February 20 after the contract expired.  In July 2013, Johnson joined the NBA D-League Select Team for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On September 30, 2013, he signed with the Brooklyn Nets, but was later waived on October 26 after appearing in seven preseason games. The following month, he re-joined the Rio Grande Valley Vipers.

Boston Celtics (2014).

On January 17, 2014, Johnson signed a 10-day contract with the Boston Celtics. He made his debut for the Celtics four days later, recording 11 points, 3 rebounds, 1 assist and 1 steal in a 93–86 loss to the Miami Heat. He signed a second 10-day contract with the Celtics on January 28, and a multi-year deal on February 7.  In July 2014, Johnson re-joined the Celtics for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 25, 2014, he was waived by the Celtics. In 40 games, he averaged 6.3 points and 2.4 rebounds in 19.7 minutes.

Philadelphia 76ers (2014).

On September 29, 2014, Johnson signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. He appeared in nine games for the 76ers in 2014–15 before being waived by the team on November 15.

Utah Jazz and Milwaukee Bucks (2014–2016).

Johnson returned to the Rio Grande Valley Vipers in December 2014, but was quickly picked up by another NBA team, as he signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz on January 28, 2015. On February 7, after his contract expired, the Jazz decided to not re-sign him, and he returned to Rio Grande Valley on February 23.  On March 6, 2015, Johnson signed a 10-day contract with the Milwaukee Bucks. He went on to sign a second 10-day contract with the Bucks on March 16. In eight games with the Bucks, he averaged 3.9 points and 1.4 rebounds in 16 minutes.  After his second 10-day contract expired on March 26, Johnson was free to sign a multi-year deal with the Utah Jazz. Johnson continued on with the Jazz in 2015–16, and managed his first full NBA season. On October 22, 2016, he was waived by the Jazz. Johnson appeared in 82 games (two starts) for Utah over two seasons, averaging 3.5 points and 1.8 rebounds in 13.0 minutes per contest.

Return to Rio Grande Valley (2016–2017).

On November 23, 2016, Johnson was reacquired by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. He averaged 13.5 points and 6.2 rebounds per game during the 2016–17 season.  In July 2017, Johnson played for the Indiana Pacers and the Houston Rockets during the 2017 NBA Summer League. He later signed with the Rockets for training camp on September 25, 2017. On October 13, 2017, he was waived by the Rockets.

France (2017–2018).

On November 13, 2017, Johnson signed a one-year deal with the French team BCM Gravelines-Dunkerque. On March 1, 2018, Johnson was named Pro A MVP of the Month for games played in February. In 25 games played during the 2017–18 season, he averaged 15.5 points, 5 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.2 steals per game.

Israel (2018–2019).

On July 2, 2018, Johnson signed with the Israeli team Hapoel Jerusalem for the 2018–19 season. Johnson went on to win the 2019 Israeli State Cup with Jerusalem.

Return to France (2019–present).

On July 17, 2019, Johnson returned to France for a second stint, signing a one-year deal with JL Bourg.

Personal life.

Johnson is the son of Nicole Johnson, and has two siblings, Ty’onna and Maurice.

Christapher Johnson (born April 29, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for JL Bourg of LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for the University of Dayton. Standing at, he plays at the small forward and the shooting guard positions.

Christapher "Chris" Johnson (né le à Columbus (Ohio) est un joueur américain de basket-ball évoluant au poste d'ailier ainsi qu'au poste d'arrière.


Career.

Crewe Alexandra.

Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, Murphy made his debut for Crewe Alexandra on 13 December 2008 in a 1–0 home win against Swindon Town. He scored his first goal for Crewe in a 4–1 away win against Hartlepool United on 28 December 2008. His second goal for the club came in a 3–2 FA Cup replay loss to Millwall on 13 January 2009. He finished his breakthrough season with 11 appearances as Crewe were relegated from League One. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season in a 5–3 away loss to Accrington Stanley and scored his second and final goal of the season in a 3–2 away win against Chesterfield on 2 December.  Murphy scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season on 11 September 2010 in a 3–0 win against Bury. He scored again the following game in a 1–1 draw against Burton Albion. His third goal of the season came in a 5–5 draw away to eventual League Two winners Chesterfield. Murphy extended his contract with Crewe in November 2010.  Murphy missed the final month of the 2010–11 season after having a hernia operation. During the 2011–12 pre-season Murphy who had been playing as a right winger was moved into his favoured more central position alongside Ashley Westwood. His 10th league goal for Crewe came in the 2011–12 season, during a 3–2 against Plymouth Argyle, where he scored two goals. He scored his fifth goal of the 2011–12 season in a 2–0 home win to Accrington. He ended the season with eight goals and helped Crewe secure promotion after beating Cheltenham Town in the 2012 League Two play-off Final at Wembley Stadium, to win promotion back to League One.  After the departure of Ashley Westwood to Aston Villa, Murphy was appointed as the new Crewe Alexandra Captain in August 2012. In September 2012, Murphy signed a new 2-year deal at Crewe. On 7 April 2013, Murphy scored the first goal in the Football League Trophy final against Southend United, which Crewe went on to win 2–0. In the final match of the 2012–13 season, Murphy led out a Crewe Alexandra side against Walsall in a 2–0 win in which Murphy scored the opening goal for Crewe. The game made history being the first English fixture a side had fielded a team entirely made out of their academy players.  Murphy who was the captain of Crewe Alexandra collected the club's Player Of The Year award for the 2012–13 season, a season in which he scored nine goals, gained 12 assists and captained Crewe to victory for the Football League Trophy. Murphy also finished 4th in the voting for the League One player-of-the-season for 2012–13. Murphy was also named in the 2012–13 PFA Team of the Year for League One. After the season Murphy proclaimed that he was ready to step up to play at a higher level. Murphy was heavily linked with a move to Premier League side Aston Villa to join up with ex-teammate Ashley Westwood. On 25 June, Crewe assistant manager Neil Baker revealed he expected Murphy to leave the club for a higher level and that he would go with the club's blessing.

Leeds United.

2013–14 season.

In June 2013, Crewe accepted bids believed to be over £1 million from both Wolverhampton Wanderers and Blackburn Rovers for Murphy. Despite this on 1 July, Leeds United confirmed the signing of Murphy on a three-year deal. Crewe manager, Steve Davis revealed the transfer fee for Murphy was above £1 million. The signing of Murphy was the first time that Leeds had spent over £1 million on a transfer fee since signing Richard Cresswell in 2005.  Murphy made his debut against Brighton & Hove Albion on 3 August in the first game of the season, he scored a dramatic 94th-minute winner in the game to give Leeds a 2–1 victory. On 12 April 2014, Murphy scored both goals in Leeds' 2–0 victory against Blackpool. On 15 April, Leeds owner Massimo Cellino revealed after the game that he advised the then Leeds manager Brian McDermott to play Murphy in a more attacking midfield role.

2014–15 season.

On 1 August 2014, Murphy was assigned the Leeds number seven shirt for the 2014–15 season. On 27 August 2014, Murphy was sent off in the first half against Bradford City to condemn Leeds to a shock 2–1 League Cup defeat against the League One opposition. Head coach, Dave Hockaday was sacked the following day.  After a long spell out of favour under new head coach Neil Redfearn Murphy returned to Leeds' starting lineup in the FA Cup 1–0 defeat against Sunderland on 4 January 2015. He started the following league game, a 1–1 draw against Bolton Wanderers on 10 January. He scored in consecutive games for Leeds, firstly helping to earn a point by equalising in a 1–1 draw against Birmingham City on 17 January. He then scored the winner, with a long range strike, in a 1–0 win against Bournemouth on 20 January. As a result of his rise in form over this period Murphy was subsequently nominated for the January 2015 Championship Player of the Month award. Murphy followed this up with a long range strike in a 2–0 victory against Reading on 10 February.  On 2 May 2015, Murphy was one of five players nominated for the Fans Player Of The Year Award at Leeds United's official end of 2014–15 season awards ceremony, but lost out to eventual winner Alex Mowatt. Murphy also lost out to goal of the season for his goal against Bournemouth to teammate Rodolph Austin's volley against Watford.

2015–16 season.

On 9 July 2015, it was announced that Murphy would miss all of pre-season and the beginning of the season after picking up a knee injury which required surgery during pre season training.  Despite being out injured, on 14 July 2015, Murphy signed a new four-year contract at the club keeping him at Leeds until the summer of 2019. The contract saw Murphy actually sign on reduced terms as a considerable sign of his commitment to stay with the club. On 31 July 2015, Murphy was given the number 8 shirt for the upcoming 2015–16 season. After missing all of the pre season and the beginning of the Championship season, on 12 August 2015, Murphy returned for Leeds as a substitute in the League Cup against Doncaster Rovers, Murphy scored a penalty in a penalty shootout with Leeds losing 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. On 2 April 2016, Murphy scored his first goal of the season and Leeds' only goal in the 2–1 loss to Rotherham.

2016–17 season.

He made his first appearance for Leeds on 23 August 2016, starting in Leeds League Cup fixture against Luton Town.  By 24 September, Murphy had fallen so far out of favour that he, along with Toumani Diagouraga and Ross Turnbull, was no longer listed in the Leeds United match programme as a member of the squad, and all three were training with the under-23 team.

Burton Albion loan.

On 6 January 2017, Murphy left Leeds for fellow Championship side Burton Albion, on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. On 28 January 2017, Murphy scored his first goal for Burton against Queens Park Rangers. He impressed during his time at Burton, and formed a vital partnership in midfield alongside midfielder Jackson Irvine and helped the club to avoid relegation after finishing 20th.  On 3 July 2017, he re-joined Burton on loan for the entirety of the 2017–18 season. Playing in a deeper central midfield position for most of the 2017/18 season, he scored his first goal of the season on 15 April 2018, in a 3–1 victory against Derby County.

Return to Leeds.

With speculation that he was not in Marcelo Bielsa's plans, on 26 July 2018, Murphy was not given a shirt number for Leeds for the upcoming 2018–19 season for Leeds.

Bolton Wanderers.

He was released from his Leeds contract, a year early, on 1 August 2018. The following day he signed for Bolton Wanderers on a two-year contract. He made his debut for Bolton on 4 August 2018 when starting in Wanderers' 2–1 victory over West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns. His first goal for Bolton was on 22 October 2019, as he scored the opening goal in Bolton's first win of the 2019/2020 season, a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers.

Honours.

Crewe Alexandra  Individual

Luke John Murphy (born 21 October 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Bolton Wanderers.

Luke Murphy, né le à Macclesfield, est un footballeur anglais qui évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au Bolton Wanderers.


History.

The ridge forms part of the boundary between the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France. In 1871, Alsace was ceded to Germany under the Treaty of Frankfurt, and thus the ridge formed the boundary between France and Germany.  During the First World War, the French military decided to create a road to follow the ridge, thus allowing easier access to the valleys on both sides, enabling the faster movement of French troops. The route was mostly just below the ridge to the west and was thus protected from German gunfire.

Description of route.

From Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Haut-Rhin) (elevation ), the Route des Crêtes is accessed via D48 and Col des Bagenelles (), which leads to the Col du Bonhomme (), on the route connecting Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (west) and Colmar (east).  The route (now D148) continues south via the Col de Louchbach () to the Col de Calvaire (), where it enters the department of Vosges. The route (now D61) then passes the Gazon du Faing () from where there is a panoramic view stretching to the Black Forest across the Rhine valley in Germany and the Hohneck, Petit Ballon and Grand Ballon summits in the Vosges mountains.  From here the road then crosses the Col de la Schlucht (), which connects Gérardmer (west) with Colmar. Near here, there is the Jardin d'altitude du Haut Chitelet. Now the D430, the road then passes the Hohneck mountain () from where there are also panoramic views.  After passing the Kastelberg (), Rainkopf () and Rotherbachkopf () peaks in quick succession, the road returns to the Haut-Rhin department before it crosses the Cols du Herrenberg () and Hahnenbrunnen () on the way to the winter resort of Le Markstein ().  The road (now D431) then reaches its highest point at the Col du Grand Ballon (), before passing the Col Amic () on the descent to Cernay. En route, it passes the ruins of Freundstein Chateau, which at an altitude of is the highest castle in Alsace, and the Hartmannswillerkopf military cemetery at Vieil Armand.

Traffic management.

The route has become popular with walkers, cyclists, motorbikers and motorcaravanners. In 2000, a shuttle bus was introduced to carry walkers onto the ridge road in an attempt to reduce the pressure from the use of cars; this was not successful and the bus service was withdrawn in 2012. In 2008, a comprehensive report on the traffic problems was published by the park authority. Environmental groups were calling for partial closure of the road to prevent over-crowding especially during summer weekends, which often resulted in road accidents. The report's author, J.-P. Monet considered the conflicting environmental and economic issues. His report offered no real solutions but concluded:Je souhaite aux acteurs... de trouver le chemin de la concertation et d’arriver à créer un réseau coopératif leur permettant de valoriser ce magnifique site dans un climat apaisé. (I hope the players can find the path of dialogue and create a cooperative network allowing them to develop this wonderful site in a peaceful climate.)  With effect from 1 May 2012, a speed limit of 70 km/h was introduced on the sections of the road in the Haut-Rhin department, between the Col des Bagenelles and Uffholtz (near Cernay). At present, a similar speed limit has not been imposed by the Vosges department covering the central section of the route. A proposal has also been put forward to close the road entirely to motor vehicles, other than public transport, on at least one day a week.

Route des Crêtes () is an road in the Vosges Mountains in eastern France, which passes through the Parc Naturel Régional des Ballons des Vosges. It connects Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (north) with Cernay (south) and runs on the border of the departements of Haut-Rhin (68) and Vosges (88). Most of the route is at an elevation in excess of, with the highest point being at the Col du Grand Ballon (). The road is generally open from April to November, but most of the route is closed in the winter by snow.

La route des Crêtes fut créée pendant la Première Guerre mondiale dans un but stratégique afin d’assurer la logistique et la défense sur le front des Vosges. La route des Crêtes des Vosges est longue de entre Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines au nord et Uffholtz au sud à proximité de Cernay. Elle passe du nord au sud par le col du Bonhomme, le col de la Schlucht, le massif du Hohneck, le Markstein, le Grand Ballon et le Vieil Armand. Son point le plus élevé est à au passage du Grand Ballon. En hiver, elle est fermée au nord entre le col de la Schlucht et le col du Calvaire pour faire place aux pistes de ski de fond, et entre le col du Bonhomme et le col des Bagenelles et au sud entre le Grand Ballon et les pistes de ski de La Bresse-Kastelberg.


Life.

At a young age, he fought in the famous Battle of Grunwald (1410) on the side of the Teutonic Order and was taken captive by the Polish, but was soon released.  Konrad VII began his rule over the family lands only in 1416, when all his brother (including him) attained his majority. The older brother, Konrad IV renounced in favor of his brothers the government over the Duchy. Konrad VII and his brothers remained as co-rulers until 1427, when a second division of the Duchy was made: Kornad VII obtained Koźle and half of Bytom.  After the death of his brother Konrad V Kantner in 1439, Konrad VII obtain Oleśnica, this time as a regent on behalf of his nephews, Konrad V's sons, who were effectively excluded from the government. After the death of Konrad VIII the Younger (5 September 1444), Konrad VII inherited half of Ścinawa; three years later (9 August 1447), Konrad VII also inherited Kątach (Kanth) and Bierutów after Konrad IV's death.  In 1449 he obtain Wołów after the death of his sister-in-law Margareta (widow of Konrad V), who ruled this land as her ; however, one year later, in 1450, he was finally deposed by the sons of Konrad V. He died two years later.

Marriages.

By 2 February 1437 Konrad VII married firstly Katharina (d. bef. 20 Jun 1449), whose origins are unknown. They had no children.  By 7 March 1450 Konrad VII remarried. According to some sources the name of his second wife is unknown, and others stated that she was Dorothea (d. aft. 16 July 1450), daughter of Janusz the Younger, eldest son and heir of Duke Janusz I of Warsaw. Like his first marriage, this union was also childless.

Konrad VII the White (; aft. 1396 – 14 February 1452) was a Duke of Oels / Oleśnica, Koźle, half of Bytom and half of Ścinawa during 1416–1427 (with his brothers as co-rulers), sole Duke of Koźle and half of Bytom during 1427–1450, Duke of Oleśnica during 1421–1450 (until 1439 with his brother as co-ruler) and sole Duke of half of Ścinawa during 1447–1450.

Conrad VII d'Oleśnica dit le Blanc (polonais: "Konrad VII Biały"); né après 1396 – ) est un duc d'Oleśnica, Koźle, de la moitié de Bytom et de la moitié de Ścinawa conjointement avec ses frères comme corégents, pendant au la période 1416-1427; puis seul duc de Koźle et d'une moitié de Bytom entre 1427 et 1450, duc d'Oleśnica de 1421 à 1450 (jusqu'en 1439 avec son frère et corégent) et seul duc de la moitié de Ścinawa de 1447 à 1450.


Early years.

Hanbury Brown was born in Aruvankadu, the Nilgiris, British India in 1916, the son of an army officer. At age 8 he was sent to England to attend Cottesmore preparatory school in Hove, where he was educated in primarily non-scientific subjects. In 1930, at age 14, Hanbury Brown went on to attend Tonbridge School in Kent for only two years before changing to Brighton Technical College. Though originally planning to become a classics scholar, the change to a technical college came due to influences from those around him. His grandfather, Sir Robert Hanbury Brown, K.C.M.G., a notable irrigation engineer, was also one of the early pioneers of radio, and following Hanbury Brown's parents' divorce, his legal guardian was a consulting radio engineer. At Brighton Technical College, Hanbury Brown studied for an external Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of London, which he received at the age of 19. At this time he also published his first paper, 'Lamp polar curves on the cathode-ray oscillograph'.

Career.

Though initially planning to study for a Ph.D. at Imperial College, London, Hanbury Brown drew the attention of Henry Tizard. Tizard recruited Hanbury Brown to work for what would become the Telecommunications Research Establishment on Chain Home in 1936, where he worked until joining the Tizard Mission in 1942; spending 3 years in Washington, D.C. to work with the Combined Research Group at the Naval Research Laboratory. By 1947 a consultancy that had been set up by Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the father of radar, offered more interesting prospects for the conversion of wartime developments into peacetime technologies. Hanbury Brown was recruited and worked as a consulting engineer until Watson-Watt moved the firm to Canada. After considering his career possibilities, Hanbury Brown joined Bernard Lovell's radio astronomy group at the University of Manchester in 1949 to work on his PhD.  At the University of Manchester, Hanbury Brown worked with Cyril Hazard to modify the 218-ft radio telescope built for the study of cosmic rays into a fully functioning radio telescope. Using it they showed, among other things, that radio waves were being emitted from the Andromeda Galaxy; proving that such emissions were not just from our own galaxy. After completion of the Lovell Telescope Hanbury was among those who used it to discover quasars.  Hanbury Brown is primarily known for his work on interferometry, in particular the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect which led to intensity interferometers. Despite opposition from some in the scientific community who argued that his predictions violated the laws of physics, Hanbury Brown and Twiss showed that their theory was correct through a number of observations.  In 1962 Hanbury Brown moved to Australia to work at the University of Sydney. There he built his next interferometer – the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer – in a sheep paddock outside Narrabri in New South Wales, consisting of two 23 ft telescopes. Using it, Hanbury Brown succeeded in measuring the diameters of 32 stars, thus producing the first empirical temperature scale for hot stars. Despite only aiming to stay in Australia for two years, he stayed for a total of 27; going on to receive the Companion of the Order of Australia honour in 1986 for his work.

Personal life.

Hanbury Brown married Heather Hilda Chesterman in 1952 with whom he had one daughter and two sons (twins). He was rumoured to have prompted the term boffin.  Brown died in Andover, Hampshire on 16 January 2002.

Honours and awards.

He won the Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize in 1959. In March 1960 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1971 was awarded their Hughes Medal for " his efforts in developing the optical stellar intensity interferometer and for his observations of Spica". In 1968, he received the Eddington Medal jointly with Twiss (see Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect). He also won the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal of the Australian Academy of Science in 1972. In 1982 he was named President of the International Astronomical Union, a title he retained until the end of his term in 1985. In 1986 he was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia. He was awarded the Albert A. Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1982, jointly with Richard Q. Twiss and the Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture the same year.

Publications.

He wrote an autobiographical account of the development of airborne and ground-based radar, and his subsequent work on radio astronomy. Since he was rumoured to have been the original boffin who inspired the term, he called these recollections "Boffin: A Personal Story of the Early Days of Radar, Radio Astronomy and Quantum Optics"  Hanbury Brown is author of 127 articles and other scientific works, published over a 67-year period of activity (1935-2002). The full list of his contributions can be found in a document made available by the Royal Society Publishing Organisation, at the following url: http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/49/83/suppl/DC1  The Hanbury Brown Papers were catalogued by Anna-K Mayer and Tim Powell, NCUACS, and have been deposited with the Royal Society, London.

Robert Hanbury Brown, AC FRS (31 August 1916 – 16 January 2002) was a British astronomer and physicist born in Aruvankadu, India. He made notable contributions to the development of radar and later conducted pioneering work in the field of radio astronomy.

Robert Hanbury Brown ( – ) est un astronome et physicien britannique, né à, Inde. Il a fait d'importantes contributions au développement du radar, et à la radioastronomie.