Life.

Virgilio Canio Corbo was born in Avigliano, Italy on July 8, 1918. At the age of ten, he entered the minor seminary Franciscan Custody of Terra Santa (CTS). He was ordained a priest in Bethlehem in 1942. From 1946 to 1949 he studied at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in Oriental Science. (His thesis, "The excavations of Kh. Siyar El-Ghanam (Shepherd's Field) and the surrounding monasteries", was published in 1955.)

Archaeological exploration.

Corbo began teaching, first at the Franciscan minor seminary in Al-Qubeiba, and from 1950 to 1968 at the major Franciscan seminary in Jerusalem. While at Al-Qubeiba, he became interested in the work of archaeologist and fellow Franciscan Bellarmino Bagatti, and made some experimental excavations in the village. In expanding his investigations to other monastic ruins, and through literary sources was able to identify the monastery of St. Theodore at Bir el Qutt. Here he discovered the oldest extant Georgian inscriptions yet found. These give an important look into the every day life of the early monks. In October 1987, on a visit to Jerusalem, Ilia II of Georgia, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia presented Corbo with a commemorative coin celebrating 1500 years of the Evangelization of Georgia for helping to increase awareness of the Georgian monastic tradition in the Holy Land.  He will be remembered for excavating many important holy places. Father Corbo was responsible for organizing the Terra Sancta pavilion at the exhibition of missionary art for the 1950 Holy Year. This resulted in the publication of "Sacred art in the Holy Places". From 1950 to 1955, Corbo was director of the magazine "La Terra Santa", and in 1951 was put in charge of the restoration of a number of shrines administered by CTS. In this he worked with architect Antonio Barluzzi. One of the buildings restored was the Chapel of the Shepherd's Field, another was the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem. From 1956 to 1959, he was custos of the friary at Gethsemane.  In 1962 Corbo and Stanislao Loffreda, from the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum of Jerusalem, began archaeological excavation of the Herodium. Work continued until 1967: they discovered the upper citadel, at the top of the hill.  Corbo also excavated the interior of the Byzantine basilica on Mount Nebo. In 1963, he was put in charge of restoring the original pavements for exhibition. In the modern chapel presbytery, built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen.  In 1968 Corbo and Loffreda began work at Capharnaum. Between 1971 and 1977 they began work at Magdala. From 1978 to 1981, they carried out excavations were carried out at Machaerus. Corbo's group was the first to prove that the castle of Machaerus was definitely one of the mosaic-decorated fortified palaces of King Herod the Great.  His name will be especially tied to two sacred places: the Holy Sepulcher and Capharnaum, the "city of Jesus".  He is remembered for the excavations of many religious sites:  Corbo died in Capharnaum on December 6, 1991.

Virgilio Canio Corbo (1918, in Avigliano – December 6, 1991 in Capernaum) was an Italian Franciscan Friar and professor of archaeology at the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem.

Virgilio Canio Corbo ( à Avigliano - à Capharnaüm), est un Frère Franciscain italien et professeur d'archéologie au Studium Biblicum Franciscanum à Jérusalem.


Biography.

Charles Poisot was born in Dijon, but his family moved to Paris in 1834. He entered the Conservatoire de Paris in 1844 where he studied piano with Adolphe Adam, counterpoint with Leborne and musical composition with Fromental Halévy until 1848.  In 1850, he composed an Opéra comique in an act, "Le Paysan", on a traditional theme mixing nobility and love (the libretto is by Pujol).  He returned to Dijon in 1852 where he devoted himself to teaching, musicology and composition, continuing his piano interpretations. In 1868, he was appointed Director of the Municipal School of Music, the future, and was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon in 1869. He played an active role in the city's cultural life until his sudden death in his home at 4 Buffon Street at the age of 81.  He had his works performed in the city, gave talks on the glories of Burgundy (sculptor François Rude, poet and playwright Charles Brifaut and created a high level choir: "la Société des Dames". A street in Dijon bears his name.  A fervent admirer of Jean-Philippe Rameau, he began in 1860 with other Dijonnais (Jules Mercier, Léon Gastinel,...) a campaign to erect a statue in honour of the great Dijon composer of the 18th century for the centenary of his death in 1864. The affair dragged on for a long time and it was only on 12 August 1876 that the model of the sculptor's statue Eugène Guillaume was finally erected on Place de la Sainte-Chapelle and a concert was given at the Grand Théâtre with Camille Saint-Saëns. It was not until 1880 that the model was replaced by the final bronze statue (it was melted down by the Germans in 1942 and replaced by a stone copy in 1950). Charles Poisot collaborated in the publication of Rameau's works and produced numerous arrangements for piano and singing of his operas. He was also involved in the creation of the "Société des Compositeurs de Musique" (established in Paris in 1862).

Works.

His musical work is quite abundant and varied, but it has not left its mark on the history of music. He composed opéras comiques early in his career ("Le Paysan" in 1850), religious pieces (one cantata, "Jeanne d'Arc"; motets; one Stabat Mater; one requiem, three oratorios) and many piano pieces (exercises, arrangements, songs, melodies and fantasies), some in collaboration with Joseph O'Kelly.  He also wrote many texts on music, such as his brochure on Burgundian musicians in 1854 or his "Histoire de la musique en France, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à nos jours" (Paris 1860).

Charles Poisot (7 July 1822 – 17 March 1904) was a French musician from the second half of the 19th century. A pianist, composer and musicographer, he was also director of the Dijon Conservatory, where he spent his life.

Charles Poisot (Dijon, 1822 – Dijon, 1904) est un musicien français de la deuxième moitié du. Pianiste, compositeur et musicographe, il a été aussi directeur du Conservatoire de Dijon, ville où il a passé sa vie.


Design and development.

The Victoria was a twin-engined biplane transport with a conventional landing gear with a tailskid. The design mated a similar fuselage of the earlier Vernon transport with the wing of the Virginia bomber, which was developed in parallel. It was also powered by two Napier Lion engines. The enclosed cabin had room for 24 troops on collapsible canvas seats arranged along the sides of the fuselage.  In April 1921 two prototypes were ordered by the Air Ministry to Specification 5/20. The first prototype, allocated serial number "J6860", was built as a Type 56 and designated a Victoria I, the second "J6861" was built as a Type 81 Victoria II. The Type 56 had two Napier Lion engines with large frontal radiators and were fitted directly onto the lower mainplanes, the fuel tanks were placed under the inboard section of the bottom mainplane. The prototype "J6860" first flew from Brooklands, Surrey on 22 September 1922. The Type 81 flew in January 1923, and initially differed only in having the fuel tanks under the top mainplane. It was later modified by replacing the flat sided engine cowling with more streamlined nacelles with the radiators between the undercarriage legs, as fitted in the Virginia II bomber.  In March 1925, it was decided to place an order for 15 production aircraft. By this time, the Virginia design had evolved to incorporate swept-back wings, and the production Victoria IIIs incorporated this change. Another improvement first introduced in the Virginia was the introduction of metal structures instead of the all-wooden airframes of the early aircraft, with an order being placed for a prototype Victoria with a metal structure (serial number "J9250") in September 1927, this being delivered in October 1928. The metal airframe proved much more suitable for the hot and humid areas where the Victoria served, with Victoria IV and Vs with metal structures produced by conversion and new production respectively. The final version was the Mark VI, which substituted modern, more powerful Bristol Pegasus radial engines for the Napier Lions. The Vickers Valentia was a further improved version with a stronger structure, capable of operating at higher weights.  97 Victorias were built, many of which were later converted into Valentias.

Operational history.

Deliveries of the Victoria III started on 23 February 1926, with the type replacing Vernons and Vimys with 70 Squadron in Iraq and 216 Squadron in Egypt that year. Eight Victorias of 70 Squadron played an important part in the Kabul Airlift of November 1928–February 1929, when in severe winter conditions, RAF aircraft evacuated diplomatic staff and their dependents together with members of the Afghan royal family endangered by a civil war. Victorias were used to ferry troops to potential trouble spots including both in Iraq and elsewhere, flying reinforcements to Palestine in 1929 and Jordan in 1930 and from Egypt to Cyprus in 1931.  The Victorias of the two operational squadrons also made a number of long range training flights, such as return trips from Cairo to Aden in 1931, and helped to pioneer air routes for Imperial Airways' Handley Page HP.42 airliners. One Victoria was used as a blind flying trainer by the Central Flying School, being fitted with two sets of controls and instruments in a blanked off cabin. The Victoria continued in service until 1935, although many were converted to Valentias, which remained in use until well into the Second World War.

The Vickers Type 56 Victoria was a British biplane freighter and troop transport aircraft used by the Royal Air Force, which flew for the first time in 1922 and was selected for production over the Armstrong Whitworth Awana.

Le Vickers Victoria est un avion de transport militaire de l'entre-deux-guerres britannique, dérivé d'un bombardier mais qui a servi exclusivement comme avion de transport non armé.


History.

Oro was in existence in the pre-colonial period in Nigeria and was formerly a part of the province called the South-Eastern state. Natives of this area speak the dialect also known as Oro. Most Oro people also speak and understand the Efik language fluently. The Oro also have some dialectical similarities with the Ibibio and Annang people, hence their communication in Ibibio and Annang languages is very proficient.  History has it that by 2370 BC Oro also known as {Oro Nation} had already been settled down in the present location known as Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria on the West Coast of African Sub Region, Akwa Ibom Gulf Line to Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean South, after the Great flood (Noah's deluge). The Community as at then and up until this moment still uses their dialect Language originated by them as far back as 2370 BC.  The mass movements raided by Bantus the warriors, into many Communities did not mean that Oro people migrated from the Bantus, the Cameroun or Palestinians. Neither the Bantus attire nor any other cultural equivalent anywhere portrays that of Oro language or names. None of Oro Nation culture or names was derived from Bantu or any language elsewhere as immigrant. The Oros are peculiar people, strong contenders in nature wherever they are found, with the accolade `Oro Ukpabang Okpo`. Oro man complexion is not reflecting other ethnic nationalities or immigrant somewhere into Oro Nation. Their complexion is not as fair as the Palestinians or of the Israelis nor as dark as people residing around Cameroon mountain when Oro Nation had already came into being after creation of the world, even before pre colonialism came to being, when Nigeria and Cameroon did not come into existence as Countries. Oron folklore tells of "Abang" who was a powerful warrior and the Chief wrestler of the art-form known as `Mbok'. The wrestling known as (Mbok) was originated by Abang and later spread in popularity through African slaves into New world. Abang the warrior with his group gallantly fought against the slave traders who were in the area for slave trade business. One day, he was over powered and captured with few of his group and were taken to the present day Israel of what was then Egypt. This is perhaps why it may be more than a mere coincidence that the only two nations on earth with places named “Oron” are Israel and Nigeria.  Later, he escaped from Egypt during the Moslem celebrations period through River Nile with few of his men. He sailed down to Sudan, made his way to Lake Chad and settled within the region now known as Jigawa State, Nigeria. Abang named this area `Oron` which was written and pronounced as `Oronny` in line with Oros` phonemes migrations. As he was not comfortable with Islam, he escaped to a place call Usahadit area in the present day Cameroon. There, Abang begot Do, Do begot Doni, Doni begot Oro and Obolo. That is why there is a prevalence of Cameroon names as Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, and Etang in Oron today. Among the Oronians, there is a saying that the farthest point in the world is Usahadit which is in the Cameroon. He did not know that other people were already established on that land and due to dispute over farmland, the group later returned home to their original homeland of Oro Nation.  It is this return of Abang that has made some historian believe that Oro Nation is one of the Palestinian and Bantu ethnic nationalities that migrated from somewhere around Israel through Egypt (North Africa) to North Eastern Africa through Ethiopia (Abyssinia) to Central Africa (around the present-day Congo Republic & Democratic Republic of Congo) and through the southern Cameroons to the present day Niger Delta region of South-Southern Nigeria. On their return, Doni moved to establish the present day Andoni in Rivers State while Obolo established the present day Eastern Obolo of Akwa Ibom State. Oron people own up to the fact that the Ibeno, who dwell among the Ekids share similar ancestral history with them.  One controversy says that the relationship of Oron with Ekid is said to have gone sour when the Eket under the regime of Brigadier General U.J. Esuene declared and agreed to be called a subgroup of the Ibibio nation to gain political relevance and advantage. U.J. Esuene was also said to have denied the Oron people of the opportunity to site the Exxon Mobile's first terminal in Mbo and Effiat Oro areas of Oron.  Another common controversy that describes the worsened relationship between Oron and Eket is the accusation that General Esuene was the one who ordered the bombing of Urue Oruko, a region at the heart of Oron where several hundred of Oron people (mostly traders and women) were killed during the Nigerian Civil War in the late 1960s. This unfortunate event has been observed in Oron to be the most tragic in the history of the Nigerian Civil War.

Geography.

Oron is found in the flood plain of South Eastern Nigeria, with the land mainly intersected by numerous streams and tributaries flowing into Cross River. The entire coastline stretches from Uya Oron to Udung Uko.  Oron is in the tropical region and has a uniformly high temperature all the year round. The two main seasons are the dry which spans between October and April and wet season which starts around May and ends in September. There are also two prevailing winds – the South-West onshore winds which brings heavy rains and the North- East trade winds blowing across the Sahara Desert, which brings in the dry season

Natural Resources.

Oron is rich in oil and natural gas. Most of its oil reserves are off-shore. There are 25 corked oil wells. Oron is presently rated as having one of the highest supplies of natural gas deposits in sub-Saharan Africa with large amounts of untapped natural gas and oil at Ukpata, Udung Okung, and Edik Ekpu.  The region is extremely fertile and is known for its topographical Oil Palm Belt, tropical rainforest, swamps, and beaches. The mangrove forests also provide timber and raw materials for medicinal purposes. There are also deposits of solid minerals such as iron, free silica or glass sand and gravel. Seafoods such as crayfish, snipers, oyster and periwinkle abound richly in all coastal areas.

Education.

Oron people were among the earliest to encounter Western education in West Africa. This is most evident in the establishment of the Hope Waddell Training Institute, Calabar in 1895 and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. These schools are two of the oldest in the history of Nigeria and attracted students from all over Western and Central Africa.

Politics.

With a well formidable socio-cultural group called the Oron Union founded in 1925, the Oron people became one of the most formidable and vocal groups in the South-South region of Nigeria, hence one of the three political forces in the present day Akwa Ibom State.  Oron became a Division in August 1970 and in 1976, was made a local government area. However, following the local government creation exercise of the federal government in 1989, Oron was split into 3 Local Government Areas of Mbo, Oron and Okobo. Again in September 1991, Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government Area was carved out of Oron Local Government Area. Finally in December 1996, Udung Uko Local Government Area was further carved out of Oron.  Currently, the Oron people are still struggling in their attempts to properly place the Oron union in a position to control their political interests in the state. In the past, the Oron Union has put up such structures as the CWC (Central Working Committee), Esumbuke Oro, and quite recently, the Oron Think-Tank, and many others to address certain issues. There has been little success with these structures, when compared to the political expectation of the average Oron person within the state and Nigeria.

Kingship.

Traditionally, the Oron people have one king that rules over the land. He is known as the 'Ahta Oro'. The Ahta has all the Ofong (Ivong or Ifong) afaha and the paramount rulers as members of his traditional rulers council. Some high chiefs (for example, Ikpoto, Akpaha and Okete Okete) are also recognized by the Ahta's council. The President-General of the Oron Union worldwide is regarded as the administrative head of the Oron nation and second-in-command at the Ahta's traditional rulers council.

Culture and Tradition.

The Oron people have a unique culture and tradition. The Ekpe Society, which was shared with the Efiks and the Southern Igbos as well as the Ibibios, is used throughout Oron Land as the authority. There are other traditional cults and societies which include the Ekpo, Abang, Edeme Awan Ñkwuho, Ekong, Afiakegit, Kongoma, Mbok, Ababa, Nnabo, and many others. All these societies, in addition to the unique hospitality of the Oron people, their arts, rich diet, Oil and Gas minerals, have been known to attract tourism and commerce to the area and Akwa Ibom state in general.  The Oron people have a very colourful mode of traditional dressing, especially with an Iyara (which is red in colour). The red Iyara is usually worn with a white tailored traditional shirt and a wrapper (large fabric wrapped around the waist) to match. This wrapper is commonly worn by several peoples of southern Nigeria. Sometimes it can be combined with the rich Efik native piece of cloth (tie), usually a colourful silk material. Recently the Oron people have been known to tie a piece of cloth usually in form of a handkerchief on the neck. This cloth could be white or coloured depending on the user and his combination intent. A blend of the neck handkerchief and the Efik native tie is also very common among the Oron people. Generally, apart from the distinction of the red Iyara, it is not easy to distinguish an Oron man or woman from an Efik person in terms of attire and the culture. These attires are also sometimes used by the Ibibio and Annang groups of Akwa Ibom state; except that the Annang and Ibibio people will not put on the red Iyara of Oron people because of its political implications and consequence.

Language and Culture.

The people have a distinct Oro language, although many speak and understand the Ibibio/Efik language. Oron has a rich culture expressed in songs, folklore and dances. The first National Museum east of the Niger and the Maritime Academy of Nigeria are located in Oron.  The Ekpe initiates used a written expression known as Ndibisi

International Airport.

The Ibom International Airport is situated in Oron nation (Okobo LGA). The administrative office of the airport is located in the nearby Uruan, Uyo LGA. Uruan is said to have an ancestral relationship with the Oron group, just like the Efiks, Ibono, Eastern Obolo, and Andoni groups.  The city is currently witnessing massive infrastructural development such as the dualization of Oron-Eket Highway, construction of various intercity roads, health centers, schools, and housing estate projects to give the ancient city a facelift.

The Oro people are comprised in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Akwa Ibom State, and Bakassi LGA in Cross River State. Oro is the third largest ethnic group in the state. They are related to the Efik, Ibibio, Eket, Annang and Ibeno ethnic groups. The five local Councils in Akwa Ibom are Oron, Udung-Uko, Mbo, Urue-Offong/Oruko, and Okobo. The Oro people, popularly called 'Oro Ukpabang' or 'Akpakip Oro' or`Oro Ukpabang Okpo` by its indigenes, are made up of several clans. There are nine clans called "Afaha". They are namely: Afaha Okpo, Afaha Ukwong, Ebughu, Afaha Ibighi, Effiat, Afaha Ubodung, Etta, Afaha Oki-uso, and Afaha Idua (Iluhe). However, the geopolitical restructuring of the state and local government creation has seen the Oro nation being fragmented politically into two states of Nigeria, namely Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. There are five Oro Local Government Areas in Akwa Ibom State and one Local Government in Cross River State.

Les Oron sont une population d'Afrique de l'Ouest, vivant principalement dans la région côtière au sud-est du Nigeria, dans l'État d'Akwa Ibom.


History.

In 1788, the present site of Commerce was first occupied by French settlers, making Commerce apparently the third-oldest present site settlement in Missouri after St Louis and St. Charles. A trading post established in 1803 served as the center of commerce for the region, hence the name of the settlement. In 1823, the circuit court ordered a board of commissioners to be appointed to lay out lots here. From 1864 to 1878, Commerce was the county seat of Scott County. Commerce was one of the few areas in Scott County to have uninterrupted mail service during the Civil War, as guerilla bands made delivery unsafe for the northern carriers. Commerce, along with the German settlement of New Hamburg, were the two enclaves of Union sympathizers in Scott County during the war. On November 1, 1861, Colonel Oglesby landed in Commerce with about 3,000 men, where his soldiers soon exchanged shots with M. Jeff Thompson. On December 29, 1861, Thompson raided Commerce. On February 21, 1862, General Pope landed here with 140 troops, but when he left a week later his force consisted of 26,153 men. The island in front of Commerce was known as Cat Island at least as early as Mark Twain's time; however, it has been absorbed by Powers Island to the south. Commerce was a Methodist town, with a congregation established as early as 1825 and without a Baptist church until 1906.

Geography.

Commerce is located at (37.157131, -89.446512).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 67 people, 30 households, and 18 families living in the village. The population density was. There were 41 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the village was 92.54% White and 7.46% Black or African American.  There were 30 households of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 26.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.94.  The median age in the village was 46.5 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 22.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 56.7% male and 43.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 110 people, 42 households, and 30 families living in the village. The population density was 344.0 people per square mile (132.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 153.3 per square mile (59.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.36% White, 2.73% African American, 0.91% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82% of the population.  There were 42 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13.  In the village the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $36,667, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $16,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,552. There were no families and 4.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 28.6% of those over 64.

Commerce is a Mississippi River village in Scott County, Missouri, United States. The population was 67 at the 2010 census.

Commerce est un village américain situé dans le comté de Scott, dans le Missouri. C'est l'une des premières colonies françaises dans l'État au.


History of ATV Music.

Associated Television (ATV) was a British television broadcasting company founded in 1955 by Lew Grade. Over the next two decades, ATV expanded through acquisitions to become an entertainment conglomerate with business lines in the record industry, music publishing and film production.  ATV entered the music industry in 1958 when it acquired 50% of Pye Records, a British record company. ATV expanded into music publishing in 1966 when it acquired 50% of New World Music and Jubilee Music, subsidiaries of Chappell & Co. ATV also acquired the other 50% of Pye Records, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of ATV, including Pye Record's publishing subsidiary Welbeck Music. ATV acquired Northern Songs, publisher of the Lennon–McCartney song catalogue, in 1969. The catalog featured almost every song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Northern Songs was co-owned by Lennon, McCartney, Brian Epstein and Dick James, who owned a controlling interest. In 1969, James offered to sell his shares to ATV. Lennon and McCartney then attempted to gain a controlling interest in the company. Their bid to gain control, part of a long and acrimonious fight, failed. The financial clout of Grade, their adversary in the bidding war, ensured that the songs written by the two Beatles passed into the control of ATV.  In 1970, ATV formed a joint publishing venture with Kirshner Entertainment, called ATV-Kirshner Music. The partnership agreement expired at the end of 1972 at which time ATV Music was formed to manage all of ATV's publishing interests, including Northern Songs. ATV Music remained a successful organization in the music industry throughout the 1970s, largely due to the performance of Northern Songs. ATV Music also entered into co-publishing agreements with Lennon and McCartney, whose contract with Northern Songs expired in 1973.  While ATV Music was successful, its parent company, now known as Associated Communications Corporation (ACC) began experiencing financial difficulties. From 1978 to 1981, ACC's profits declined due to losses in its film division, and share prices dropped dramatically. The main television arm of ATV lost its government-granted license in its then-current form and was restructured into Central Independent Television. In 1981, Grade entertained offers for Northern Songs, drawing interest from several bidders. McCartney, with Lennon's widow Yoko Ono, offered £21 million but the offer was declined by Grade who decided not to sell Northern Songs separately after other suitors, including CBS Songs, EMI Music Publishing, Warner Communications, Paramount Pictures and the Entertainment Co. showed interest in buying ATV Music as a whole.  Meanwhile, Australian businessman Robert Holmes à Court had been acquiring shares of ACC and launched a takeover bid in earnest in January 1982. Grade resigned as chairman and was replaced by Holmes à Court who successfully acquired a controlling interest in the company. After Holmes à Court assumed control of ACC, ATV Music was no longer for sale.

Sale of ATV Music to Michael Jackson.

In 1981, American singer Michael Jackson collaborated with Paul McCartney, writing and recording several songs together. Jackson stayed at the home of McCartney and his wife Linda during the recording sessions, becoming friendly with both. One evening while at the dining table, McCartney brought out a thick, bound notebook displaying all the songs to which he owned the publishing rights. Jackson grew more excited as he examined the pages. He inquired about how to buy songs and how the songs were used. McCartney explained that music publishing was a lucrative part of the music business. Jackson replied by telling McCartney that he would buy the Beatles' songs one day. McCartney laughed, saying "Great. Good joke."  Jackson was first informed that the ATV catalog was up for sale in September 1984 by his attorney, John Branca, who had put together Jackson's earlier catalogue acquisitions. Warned of the competition he would face in buying such popular songs, Jackson remained resolute in his decision to purchase them. Branca approached McCartney's attorney to query whether the Beatle was planning to bid. The attorney stated he wasn't; it was "too pricey." According to Bert Reuter, who negotiated the sale of ATV Music for Holmes à Court, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time." Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono had been contacted as well but also did not enter bidding.  The competitors in the 1984 sale of ATV Music included Charles Koppelman and Marty Bandier's New York-based the Entertainment Co., Virgin Records, New York real estate tycoon Samuel J. LeFrak, and financier Charles Knapp. On November 20, 1984, Jackson sent a bid of $46 million to Holmes à Court. Branca suggested the amount of the bid after having spent time evaluating the earnings of the catalogue and learning of another bid for $39 million. Jackson was only interested in the music copyrights, but the package also included buildings, a recording studio and studio equipment. The two sides signed a non-binding memorandum of mutual interest in December 1984 and Jackson's team began a four-month process of verifying ATV Music's legal documents, financial reports, and every significant composition in the nearly 4000-song catalog.  The two sides began drafting contracts in January 1985 and follow-through meetings began on March 16. Jackson's team described the negotiations as frustrating, with frequent shifts of position by the seller. One Holmes à Court representative described the negotiations as a "game of poker". Jackson's team thought they had reached a deal several times, but new bidders would enter the picture or they would encounter new areas of debate. The prospective deal went through eight drafts. In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from negotiations after having spent hundreds of hours and over $1 million. In June 1985, they learned Koppelman/Bandier had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy the catalog for $50 million.  But in early August, Holmes à Court contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson only raised his bid to $47.5 million, but he had the advantage of being able to close the deal faster, having completed due diligence of ATV Music prior to any formal agreement. He also agreed to visit Australia as a guest of Holmes à Court and appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon. Holmes à Court included some more assets and agreed to establish a scholarship in Jackson's name at a U.S. university. Branca closed the deal and purchased ATV Music on Jackson's behalf for $47.5 million on August 10. 1985. In October 1985, Jackson fulfilled his contract provision to visit Perth, Western Australia and appear on the telethon, where he spoke briefly and met with two children.  The only Beatles song in the Northern Songs catalog that was excluded from the sale was "Penny Lane", the rights to which were gifted by Holmes à Court to his then-teenage daughter Catherine before the sale, as it was her favorite Beatles song.

Reactions to the acquisition.

Jackson went on to use the Beatles' songs in numerous commercials, feeling that it would enable a new generation of fans to enjoy the music. McCartney, who had used the Buddy Holly song catalogue in commercials, felt saddened. Privately, Jackson was reported to have expressed exasperation at McCartney's attitude; he felt that the musician should have paid for the songs he had written. At the time, McCartney was one of the richest entertainers in the world, with a net worth of $560 million and a royalty income of $41 million. Jackson stated, "If he didn't want to invest $47.5 million in his own songs, then he shouldn't come crying to me now."  Appearing on the "Late Show with David Letterman" shortly after Jackson died in 2009, McCartney spoke about Jackson's acquisition of the Beatles songs and the impact of it on their relationship:And which was, you know, that was cool, somebody had to get it, I suppose. What happened actually was then I started to ring him up. I thought, OK, here's the guy historically placed to give Lennon–McCartney a good deal at last. Cuz we got signed when we were 21 or something in a back alley in Liverpool. And the deal, it's remained the same, even though we made this company the most famous... hugely successful. So I kept thinking, it was time for a raise. Well you would, you know. [David Letterman: Yes, I think so.] And so it was great. But I did talk to him about it. But he kind of blanked me on it. He kept saying, "That's just business Paul." You know. So, "yeah it is", and waited for a reply. But we never kind of got to it. And I thought, mm... So we kind of drifted apart. It was no big bust up. We kind of drifted apart after that. But he was a lovely man, massively talented, and we miss him.  Ono was pleased that Jackson had acquired Northern Songs and called it a "blessing". Speaking in November 1990, Ono stated, "Businessmen who aren't artists themselves wouldn't have the consideration Michael has. He loves the songs. He's very caring." She added that if she and McCartney were to own the songs, there would certainly be arguments. Ono explained that neither she nor McCartney needed that. "If Paul got the songs, people would have said, 'Paul finally got John.' And if I got them, they'd say, 'Oh, the dragon lady strikes again.'"

History of Sony Music Publishing.

Sony, which sought to diversify into music, films and games, acquired CBS Records Inc. in January 1988, and was later renamed as Sony Music Entertainment Inc. in January 1991. Shortly after the acquisition by Sony a music publishing division, CBS Music Publishing, was formed. CBS Records' previous publishing division, CBS Songs, had been sold to SBK Entertinment in 1986, and SBK ended being sold to EMI in 1989. Looking for further opportunities, Sony aimed to expand its music publishing interests. CBS Records acquired the Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing in 1989. In addition to publishing agreements with Sony Music recording artists, further acquisitions included the Fred Fisher publishing catalog of 3,000 songs and Nile Rodgers' Chic Music, Inc.

Merger of ATV Music with Sony Music Publishing.

In 1995, Sony offered Jackson $110 million for a 50% stake in a combined ATV and Sony Music Publishing joint venture. Following hurriedly arranged meetings and disagreements over the selling price, a deal was sealed by Jackson during a concert in Tokyo. Jackson had essentially sold half ownership of the Beatles' and others' songs for a large profit. Jackson's own songs, grouped in the Mijac catalog, were not included in the deal; that catalog remained with Warner/Chappell Music until 2012.  The new company was named Sony/ATV Music Publishing and became the second largest music publisher in the world. Michael P. Schulhof, President and CEO of Sony Corporation of America, welcomed the merger and praised Jackson for his efforts in the venture. "Michael Jackson is not only the most successful entertainer in history; he is also an astute businessman. Michael understands the importance of copyrights and the role they play in the introduction to new technologies." He added that Jackson recognises Sony's "leadership in developing and realizing new technologies that serve to expand the creative horizon of artists such as himself". Administrative expertise was provided by Sony, who installed Paul Russell as chairman. Jackson was a company director and attended board meetings regularly. As each party in the arrangement held the power of veto, both sides would have to agree on a decision before it could be made. If neither party agreed on a decisions, they would not be implemented.  In 2006, Sony gained operational control of Sony/ATV and obtained an option to buy half of Jackson's stake in the company at any time for a fixed price of $250 million.

Catalog acquisitions (2001–2007).

Sony/ATV Music Publishing continued to acquire song catalogs in the 21st century.  In November 2001, the company signed country singer Tony Martin to an exclusive songwriting and co-publishing deal. Through the deal, they acquired Martin's Baby Mae Music catalog of 600 songs, which includes Joe Diffie's "Third Rock from the Sun" and Jeff Carson's "Not on Your Love".<ref name="Sony/ATV Music Publishing signs Tony Martin"></ref>  In July 2002, Sony/ATV Music Publishing bought veteran country music publisher Acuff-Rose Music for $157 million. The venture included music publishing rights to 55,000 country music songs, including the music of Hank Williams, The Everly Brothers and Roy Orbison, and the master recordings of the defunct label Hickory Records. Sony/ATV revived Hickory Records as the in-house record label imprint in 2007, with distribution handled by Sony Music's RED Distribution. Sony/ATV also owns the masters of Dial Records, Four Star Records and Challenge Records.  Another company acquisition was made in 2007, when Sony/ATV purchased Famous Music, a music publishing business with song catalogue of more than 125,000 songs including "Moon River" and "Footloose", for $370 million. The deal, sought by Viacom, included the assumption of around $30 million of debt. The song catalogue also includes the hits of Eminem, Akon, Linda Perry, Björk, Shakira and Beck, as well as music from films released by Viacom divisions Paramount Pictures (which had founded Famous Music in 1928) and DreamWorks Pictures.<ref name="Viacom sells Famous Music to Sony/ATV"></ref>

Notable administration and distribution deals.

Digital sheet music provider Musicnotes.com announced in June 2006 that it had signed a long-term distribution agreement with Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Musicnotes.com would produce and sell digital sheet music and guitar tablature for songs from Sony/ATV's extensive catalog.<ref name="Sony/ATV songs to be available in digital sheet music"></ref> "As a music publisher, we are always looking for new and innovative ways to promote our songs and songwriters," Sony/ATV chairman and chief executive David Hockman announced in a statement.  On August 4, 2008, The Orchard secured a deal to globally digitally distribute and market the music catalog by Sony/ATV which includes: Sony Tree Productions, Hickory Records, and Masters International.  On June 27, 2017, Sony/ATV agreed to administer the music publishing rights of French motion picture company EuropaCorp, soon after acquiring 1,500 music copyrights from the studio. Other major studios that rely on Sony/ATV's administration include ViacomCBS (and it's Paramount Pictures, Nickelodeon, MTV, Showtime, CBS, Comedy Central and DreamWorks brands, all since the Famous Music acquisition); Sony Pictures (except the studio's 1993-2012 catalogue, which is owned by Anthem Entertainment), 20th Century Fox, A+E Networks, Endemol Shine Group, Hit Entertainment, ITV Studios (including ITC Entertainment) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (including United Artists and Orion Pictures).

Purchase of EMI Publishing in 2012 and 2018.

In November 2011, Citigroup announced a deal to sell EMI in two pieces. Recorded music went to Vivendi's Universal Music Group for $1.9 billion. EMI Music Publishing went to a Sony/ATV-led consortium for around $2.2 billion. Other members of the Sony consortium included the Michael Jackson Estate (about 10% ownership), US media billionaire David Geffen, US investment firm Blackstone and Abu Dhabi state-owned investment fund Mubadala. The deal won European Union approval in April 2012, on condition that some catalogs be divested. The global publishing rights for Famous Music UK and Virgin Music were sold to BMG Rights Management in December 2012 for $150 million.  While Sony/ATV acquired about 30% of EMI Publishing, it put up a much lower cash contribution. In exchange, it agreed to administer the entire catalog. Sony/ATV became the largest music publisher administrator company in the world with more than 3 million songs and estimated revenues of over US$1.25 billion per year. Since 2012, Sony/ATV has administered Jackson's other publishing firm, Mijac, which includes songs written by Jackson himself (and others), and which used to be administered by competitor Warner/Chappell Music.<ref name="Michael Jackson's Mijac Music Catalog Moves to Sony/ATV"></ref>  In July 2018, Sony/ATV bought out the Jackson estate's stake in EMI for $287.5 million. In November 2018, Sony acquired the Mubadala Investment Company's 60% equity interest in EMI Music Publishing for $2.3 billion, based on an enterprise value of $4.75 billion, without offering any concessions to the European Commission. Following these transactions, Sony owned 100% of EMI Music Publishing.

Acquisition of Jackson's stake by Sony in 2016.

In September 2016, Sony acquired the Jackson estate's stake in Sony/ATV in a deal valued at around $750 million. The Jackson estate retained a 10% stake in EMI Music Publishing, and its ownership of Mijac Music, which holds the rights to Michael Jackson's songs and master recordings. The revenue will primarily be used to pay off the estate's $250 million in debt, with the remainder to be placed in trust for Jackson's children.<ref name="Sony Finalizes Acquisition of Michael Jackson Estate's Stake in Sony/ATV Publishing"></ref>

Ownership of the Beatles' songs.

In January 2017, McCartney filed a suit in United States district court against Sony/ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon–McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018. Under US copyright law, for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years. McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017.

Valuation.

Relevant value.

A recent and relevant valuation is tied to Sony's acquisition of Jackson estate's stake in the company, completed on September 30, 2016 for $750 million. This values Sony/ATV at between $2.2 to $2.4 billion (including debt).

Previous estimates.

Before the 2016 transaction with Sony, the reported value of Sony/ATV Music Publishing has varied across time and sources. Such valuations are uncertain, as illustrated by their wide variations, given a lack of actual transactions.

Controversies and criticism.

Copyright issues.

The incident where Sony/ATV Music Publishing claimed the video was on PewDiePie's YouTube channel. Sony/ATV Publishing claimed revenue from all Dr. Phil videos (a show where PewDiePie reviews a TV show). In the video, he says, “I want to make Dr. Phil videos, but all of them get claimed by copy strike. I should probably go to court, that’s probably thousands of dollars in revenue.” According to PewDiePie, those videos were claimed manually.

Sony/ATV Music Publishing is an American music publisher owned by Sony Entertainment. It has the largest music publishing catalog in the world, with 4.53 million songs owned and administered as of March 31, 2019. The company was formed in 1995 with the merger of Sony Music Publishing and ATV Music, which was owned by entertainer Michael Jackson. Jackson had purchased ATV Music, which included the Lennon–McCartney song catalog, in 1985.

Sony/ATV Music Publishing est une entreprise d'édition de musique qui appartient à Sony depuis le rachat en 2016 des 50% détenus par la succession de Michael Jackson pour 750 millions de $.


History.

The iconic phrase is attributed to Stewart Brand, who, in the late 1960s, founded the Whole Earth Catalog and argued that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing. The earliest recorded occurrence of the expression was at the first Hackers Conference in 1984. Brand told Steve Wozniak:  Brand's conference remarks are transcribed in the "Whole Earth Review" (May 1985, p. 49) and a later form appears in his "The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT":  According to historian Adrian Johns, the slogan expresses a view that had already been articulated in the mid-20th century by Norbert Wiener, Michael Polanyi and Arnold Plant, who advocated for the free communication of scientific knowledge, and specifically criticized the patent system.

"Gratis" versus "Libre".

The various forms of the original statement are ambiguous: the slogan can be used to argue the benefits of propertied information, of liberated, free, and open information, or of both. It can be taken amorally as an expression of a fact of information-science: once information has passed to a new location outside of the source's control there is no way of ensuring it is not propagated further, and therefore will naturally tend towards a state where that information is widely distributed. Much of its force is due to the anthropomorphic metaphor that imputes desire to information. In 1990 Richard Stallman restated the concept normatively, without the anthropomorphization:  Stallman's reformulation incorporates a political stance into Brand's value-neutral observation of social trends.

Cyberpunks.

Brand's attribution of will to an abstract human construct (information) has been adopted within a branch of the cyberpunk movement, whose members espouse a particular political viewpoint (anarchism). The construction of the statement takes its meaning beyond the simple judgmental observation, "Information "should" be free" by acknowledging that the internal force or entelechy of information and knowledge makes it essentially incompatible with notions of proprietary software, copyrights, patents, subscription services, etc. They believe that information is dynamic, ever-growing and evolving and cannot be contained within (any) ideological structure.  According to this philosophy, hackers, crackers, and phreakers are liberators of information which is being held hostage by agents demanding money for its release. Other participants in this network include cypherpunks who educate people to use public-key cryptography to protect the privacy of their messages from corporate or governmental snooping and programmers who write free software and open source code. Still others create Free-Nets allowing users to gain access to computer resources for which they would otherwise need an account. They might also break copyright law by swapping music, movies, or other copyrighted materials over the Internet.  Chelsea Manning is alleged to have said "Information should be free" to Adrian Lamo when explaining a rationale for US government documents to be released to WikiLeaks. The narrative goes on with Manning wondering if she is a "'hacker', 'cracker', 'hacktivist', 'leaker' or what".

Literary usage.

In the "Fall Revolution" series of science-fiction books, author Ken Macleod riffs and puns on the expression by writing about entities composed of information actually "wanting", as in desiring, freedom and the machinations of several human characters with differing political and ideological agendas, to facilitate or disrupt these entities' quest for freedom.  In the cyberpunk world of post-singularity transhuman culture described by Charles Stross in his books like "Accelerando" and "Singularity Sky", the wish of information to be free is a law of nature.

"Information wants to be free" is an expression that means all people should be able to access information freely. It is often used by technology activists to criticize laws that limit transparency and general access to information. People who criticize intellectual property law say the system of such government granted monopolies conflicts with the development of a public domain of information. The expression is often credited to Stewart Brand, who was recorded saying it at a hackers conference in 1984.

« L'information veut être libre » (traduction de l'anglais ) est une expression qui fait partie de l'histoire du mouvement pour le contenu libre de l'informatique, depuis que Stewart Brand l'a prononcée en 1984.


Early life and education.

Winkler was born June 1, 1955 in New York City and was raised in Grand View-on-Hudson, New York. He attended Kenyon College, where he received a bachelor's degree in history and later, an honorary doctorate of laws.

Career.

Winkler began his journalism career at the "Kenyon Collegian" and later, at a local paper, the "Mount Vernon News" while he was a student at Kenyon College. Following his years at the Mount Vernon News, Winkler worked as a New York-based reporter and assistant editor at "The Bond Buyer". Between 1980 and 1990, Winkler was a reporter in London and New York for "The Wall Street Journal", a reporter for "Barron's", and the founding editor/reporter for the "Dow Jones Capital Markets Report". Between 1991 and 1994, he wrote the Capital Markets column for "Forbes" magazine.

Bloomberg News.

After working at "The Wall Street Journal" for 10 years, Winkler left in 1990 when he co-founded Bloomberg News with Michael Bloomberg and became its editor-in-chief. Founded to provide financial bulletins to augment Bloomberg terminal service, Bloomberg News has since grown to include a wire service, a global television network, radio station, website, subscription-only newsletters and two magazines, "Bloomberg Businessweek" and "Bloomberg Markets". In 2011, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 72 countries and 146 news bureaus worldwide.  In 1997, Winkler partnered with Michael Bloomberg to write his autobiography, "Bloomberg by Bloomberg". The book chronicles the development of Bloomberg, L.P., from niche financial data provider in 1981 to global financial information services and media company 15 years later.  Under Winkler, the organization won the 2015 Pulitzer for Explanatory Reporting with Zachary Mider’s "painstaking, clear and entertaining explanation of how so many U.S. corporations dodge taxes and why lawmakers and regulators have a hard time stopping them."

The Bloomberg Way.

Winkler is known for his enforcement of the "Bloomberg Way," which includes a 300 plus-page guide outlining Bloomberg News reporting standards and its ethics and values. Reporters following the "Bloomberg Way" are instructed to consider the "Five Fs": factual word, first word, fastest word, final word and future word.

Awards and honors.

Winkler received the 2003 New York Financial Writers' Association Elliot V. Bell Award for making a "significant long-term contribution to the advancement of financial journalism." In 2007, Winkler was awarded the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Emmy Lifetime Achievement Award for business and financial reporting and the Gerald Loeb Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award, which recognizes individuals whose careers exemplify "consistent and superior insight and professional skills" to further the understanding of business, finance and the economy. He received the National Council for Research on Women Award in 2010, which recognizes "leaders who are making a difference for women in business, government, higher education, communications and across sectors." In 2012, Winkler was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Journalism by the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York. And in 2014, the Los Angeles Press Club recognized Winkler and Michael Bloomberg with the President’s Award for Impact on Media.  Winkler serves on the board of directors of the International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).

Personal life.

Winkler is married to Lisa Klein Winkler. The couple has three children and lives in New Jersey.

Matthew Winkler (born June 1, 1955) is an American journalist who is a co-founder and former editor-in-chief of Bloomberg News, part of Bloomberg L.P.. He is also co-author of "Bloomberg by Bloomberg" and the author of "The Bloomberg Way: A Guide for Reporters and Editors".

Matthew Winkler est un journaliste américain qui fut cofondateur et rédacteur en chef de l'agence de presse Bloomberg News, filiale de Bloomberg LP.


History.

Before Fort Belgica, there was a 16th-century Portuguese fort standing on a hill in Banda Neira. On September 4, 1611, Pieter Both, the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, instructed the construction of a new fort to fortify the hill which dominated the original Dutch fortress, Fort Nassau. This fort was to be named either "Belgica" or "Nederland", and it became Fort Belgica. Fort Belgica was a modest square fort on top of a hill. In 1662, Jan Pieterszoon Coen ordered the renovation of the original fort, so it was replaced with a more solid redoubt that could accommodate 40 men. By the mid seventeenth century earthquakes, the tropical monsoonal climate, and poor original construction materials and techniques had resulted in the structure becoming dilapidated. In 1667, Governor Cornelis Speelman instructed Engineer Adriaan de Leeuw to redesign and reconstruct the fort. The result was the present "castle", the major modification works started in 1672 and being completed by 1673. The new Fort Belgica was built from stone shipped to the island. The new design consisted of a low outer pentagonal structure with five angled corner bastions and a higher inner pentagon with five tall circular towers. It was the only fort of this kind throughout the Banda Islands.  Despite over 300,000 Guilders spent on the modifications, an armament of 50 guns and a garrison of 400 men Fort Belgica surrendered to a British fleet in 1796 without a shot fired. Returned to Dutch control in 1803, it was again taken by the British in 1810, when it was stormed by Captain Cole and his men.  Partially demolished in 1904, it was incompletely rebuilt in 1919. In 1991, following the order of General Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, at that time the Minister of Defense and Security of Indonesia, the fort was thoroughly restored.

Layout.

Fort Belgica sits on top of a hill on the southwestern part of the island Banda Neira. The fort overlooks the Fort Nassau, lower on the foot of the hill to the south.  Fort Belgica is pentagonal in form. It consists of a low outer pentagonal structure and a higher inner pentagonal structure. A stair access on the southernmost wall of the outer pentagon provides the sole point of entry to the fort. The lower pentagonal structure is equipped with five bastions, from the left hand side of the access point: "Galge punt", "Moorsche punt", "Leugenaar punt", "Metaale punt", and "Klokke punt", each equipped with a bartizan. The higher inner pentagonal structure housed several rooms which was arranged surrounding a pentagonal-shaped inner courtyard. A stairs in one of the room provide an access point to the top level.

World Heritage Status.

In January 2015, Belgica Fort was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List as part of the Historic and Marine Landscape of the Banda Islands.

Fort Belgica is a 17th-century fort in Banda Neira, Banda Islands, Maluku Islands (the Moluccas), Indonesia. The fort acted as a fortification system for the islands of Banda where during the period, the only place in the world where nutmeg was produced.

Fort Belgica est un fort du dans l'île de Banda Neira, Îles Banda, Moluques (), Indonésie. Il servait à la défense des îles Banda qui à l'époque, était le seul endroit au monde où l'on produisit la noix de muscade.


Life.

Early life and training.

Hole was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, the son of a doctor, Richard Hole and his wife Ann; His father died in the cholera epidemic of 1849, when William was only 3 years of age, and the family relocated to Edinburgh, Scotland, shortly afterwards. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy, then served an apprenticeship as a civil engineer for 5 years, although he really wanted to be an artist.  In 1869, he sailed from Swansea to Genoa, and spent the next 6 months travelling and sketching around Italy. In Rome he made the acquaintance of Keeley Halswelle who gave him practical advice on art. It was Halwelle whose criticism encouraged Hole to endeavour to become a professional painter.  On returning to Edinburgh, Hole entered the School of Design, then won admission to the life school of the Royal Scottish Academy, first exhibiting there in 1873; in 1878 he was elected an associate of the Academy. Around this time he took up etching and was accepted into the Royal Society of Painters and Etchers (RE) in 1885; he was already a member of the Royal Scottish Watercolour Society (RSW) from 1884. He eventually became a full member of the Academy (RSA).

Career.

Hole went on to specialise in painting industrial and historical material. Although an Englishman by birth, he devoted much of his energies to Scottish national subjects and purposes.  Principal paintings include "End of the '45" (1879), "A Straggler of the Chevalier's Army", " Culloden", "Prince Charlie's Parliament" (1882), "If thou hadst known" (1885) and "The Canterbury Pilgrims" (1889). Other paintings included "Medea in the Island of Circe", several based on Arthurian legend, and several depicting the life of fishermen on the west coast of Scotland, exhibited in 1883-84. Of the latter, "The Night's Catch" and "The fill of the two Boats" were praised by critics.  Hole's etchings were also highly regarded, one critic describing them as "perhaps the most wonderful translations of colour and handling, of design and conception and spirit, into another artistic medium ever made, and entitle their author to rank with creative artists of the highest class".  Around 1900, he travelled to Palestine in order to study the background for biblical painting. There he began working on the 80 watercolours that would eventually appear as illustrations in his book "The Life of Jesus of Nazareth". In April to May 1906 these pictures were shown at an exhibition at the Fine Art Society in London. He also painted scenes from the Old Testament.  In 1898 Hole painted a Processional Frieze for the entrance hall of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, showing over 150 figures or "heroes" from Scotland’s past. A critic described this work as "one of the most notable essays in mural decoration ever accomplished in this country". He also provided historical paintings for Edinburgh City Chambers and ecclesiastical decorations for other buildings.  Hole drew the black and white illustrations for several books including works by Robert Louis Stevenson, J M Barrie, and Robert Burns.  In later life he lived at 13 Inverleith Terrace in north Edinburgh, his neighbour at 15 being fellow-artist James Cadenhead.  Hole died in Edinburgh in 1917. He is buried in the Grange Cemetery in the ground of James Lindsay in the centre of the north wall. His name is listed at the base of the monument along with other members of the Hole family.

Selected works.

These are some of the publications Hole illustrated.

William Brassey Hole RSA (7 November 1846 – 22 October 1917) was an English artist, illustrator, etcher and engraver, known for his industrial, historical and biblical scenes.

William Fergusson Brassey Hole ( - ) est un peintre, illustrateur et graveur britannique, connu pour ses paysages industriels, historiques et bibliques. C'est un représentant du préraphaélisme, une école esthétique anglaise apparue au milieu du.


Production.

The many oboe solos played by the protagonist and other characters throughout the series are performed by Lelie Resnick, principal oboist of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, while the character of Rodrigo is loosely based on Gustavo Dudamel, the Venezuelan music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Dudamel coached García Bernal before the latter conducted, in the character of Rodrigo, for a real performance of the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, scenes of which were used for the second season opener. Dudamel has a cameo in that episode, acting as a stagehand trying to convince Rodrigo to move to Los Angeles. Other musicians that have cameos in the series are violinist Joshua Bell, pianists Emanuel Ax and Lang Lang, composers Anton Coppola and Nico Muhly, Broadway star Brian d'Arcy James and conductors Alan Gilbert and Bernard Uzan. Blair Tindall, oboist and writer of the book on which the series is based, also appears in a cameo. Much of the original music for the show (most notably "Impromptu," and other work presented within the show's continuity as by Thomas Pembridge) is composed by acclaimed contemporary composer Missy Mazzoli. For Pembridge's more experimental music in Season 4, the show turned to another female composer, Laura Karpman. Irish composer and conductor Eímear Noone served as Lola Kirke's real-life conducting coach in season four. Interior shots of the home concert hall were filmed at the Performing Arts Center at SUNY Purchase.

Focus on women composers and conductors.

In addition to behind-the-scenes contributions from Mazzoli, Karpman and Noone, the theme of underrepresented, or unjustly forgotten or overlooked women composers and conductors in the world of classical music has become central on screen in the show's third and fourth seasons. Historical female composers who appear in the show include Vítězslava Kaprálová, Isabella Leonarda, Nannerl Mozart and Fanny Mendelssohn. The fourth season featured Pulitzer Prize-winning contemporary composer Caroline Shaw appearing as herself (and the characters perform one of her actual compositions). Composer Paola Prestini also makes a brief cameo in season four, playing one of her own compositions.

Reception.

The first season of the series received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 'fresh' 95% rating based on 20 critic reviews, with the critical consensus "Though confined to the isolated world of classical music, Mozart in the Jungle's Gael Garcia Bernal makes this charming little show sing." Metacritic gave the series a 73 out of 100, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.' Cory Barker, writing for "TV.com", praised the series. "What works so well is that "Mozart" isn't afraid to throw you into a world you're likely unfamiliar with, but it doesn't swim so far into the deep end that you immediately drown in jargon and distanced dramatic stakes." Robert Lloyd, writing for "The Los Angeles Times", also lauded the first season. He stated that "Characters who were mouthpieces for attitudes start to seem like people, more complicated than a thumbnail description can accommodate. You grow interested in what will become of them without expecting or rooting for any particular outcome." Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone" also praised the series, writing that "[t]hanks to quirky scripts and a smart ensemble cast... it comes off whimsical without ringing off-pitch."  Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" also gave the first season a positive review. "Bernal is both likable and magnetic, and makes the eclectic maestro surge on the screen. He alone is worth streaming the series, but, thankfully, there's a lot more going on here." Brian Lowry, writing for "Variety", also lauded the series. "While Mozart is surely a niche confection, the show generally shines by proving long on charm even when it's short on laughs." In a more mixed review, Jeff Jensen of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the series a B-.

Criticism.

Some socially-minded critics have praised the show's push for gender equity, others have critiqued the "almost all-white orchestra and main cast" as unrealistic, given the prevalence of East Asian musicians in real-life orchestras.

Mozart in the Jungle is an American comedy-drama web television series developed by Roman Coppola, Jason Schwartzman, Alex Timbers, and Paul Weitz for the video-on-demand service Amazon Video. The show received a production order in March 2014.

En France, cette série est disponible sur Amazon Vidéo et au Québec depuis le sur ARTV. Le, Amazon a mis fin à la série après quatre saisons.


Early life and education.

Chakraborty was born in Barisal, then in East Bengal, Pakistan (now Bangladesh), on 16 June 1952. He studied at Oriental Seminary and then earned his degree in Chemistry from Scottish Church College in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. After that, he attended and graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune. He was a Naxalite before entering films, but tragedy struck his family when his only brother was electrocuted and killed in a freak accident. He returned to his family and left the Naxalite fold, even though this posed a grave risk to his own life. During his days as a Naxalite, he became friends with Ravi Ranjan, a popular Naxal figure, known to his friends as "Bhaa" (the ultimate saviour). Bhaa was known for his manipulational skills and oratory abilities.

Bollywood career.

Debut and stardom (1976–1990).

Chakraborty made his Bollywood debut with Mrinal Sen's National Award winning film "Mrigayaa" (1976), for which he won the National Film Award for Best Actor. After playing a few minor roles in films such as "Do Anjaane" (1976) and "Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan" (1978), his first major successful film was the 1978 film "Mera Rakshak". During those days Chakraborty was supported by his "Nadi Theke Sagare" co-star Debashree Roy. He rose to stardom with the low budget spy film "Surakshaa" (1979), directed by Ravikant Nagaich. The film was so successful that many movies starring Chakraborty in the lead were launched. His combination with Deepak Bahry also happened for the first time in 1979 with "Tarana" and they would go on to collaborate on many hit films together in the 1980s such as "Humse Badhkar Kaun", "Hum Se Hai Zamana" and "Woh Jo Hasina". Another important film for Chakraborty in the late 1970s was "Prem Vivah", directed by Basu Chatterjee.  Mithun Chakraborty literally ruled Bollywood in the 1980s, with the brand of impossible heroics and made-for-the-front-row lines as he starred in over 110 releases in this decade. He starred in films of various genres such as action, family drama, romance and comedy. Chakraborty played Bheema in the super-hit multi-starrer "Hum Paanch" (1980). He played dual roles for the first time in "Taxi Chor" (1980) and later played dual roles in several films such as "Aamne Samne" (1982) "Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki" (1984) and "Rakta Bandhan" (1984).  In 1982, he shot to superstardom with his most recognisable leading role in the musical "Disco Dancer", which extended Chakraborty's popularity across India and into Russia and established him as a dancing star. The film's director Babbar Subhash teamed up with Chakraborty again with the cult musical films "Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki" (1984), "Dance Dance" (1987) and "Commando" (1988) which were also successful. His 1985 superhit movie "Pyar Jhukta Nahin" reconfirmed his top star status. That same year, he was also appreciated for his role as Javar in the JP Dutta film, "Ghulami". Chakraborty also became India's highest tax payer in 1986. Chakraborty's most successful family dramas included "Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye" (1983), "Ghar Ek Mandir" (1984), "Swarag Se Sunder" (1986) and "Pyaar Ka Mandir" (1988). His comedies included "Shaukeen" (1982) "Pasand Apni Apni" (1983) and "Baat Ban Jaye" (1986) and action films such as "Jagir" (1984), Jaal (1986), Dilwala(1986), Muddat(1986), "Watan Ke Rakhwale" (1987), "Jeete Hain Shaan Se" (1988), "Waqt Ki Awaz" (1988), Ilaaka(1989), Daata(1989) and "Guru" (1989). These films remain his most commercially successful films to date. His performances never won any award in 1986 and 1987 as the "Filmfare Awards" were never announced due to technical reasons. As Chakraborty always had a high number of releases, sometimes it affected the business of his own films, as happened in 1989, where he had a record 19 films, including super hits like "Ilaaka", "Mujrim", "Prem Pratigya" and "Daata" And hits like "Ladaai", "Guru" and "Bees Saal Baad".

1990–99.

Chakraborty had another 100 plus releases in this decade too, starting with "Agneepath", which won him the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. Films such as "Shandaar","Gunahon Ka Devta", "Pyar Ka Devta","Trinetra" and "Mere Sajana Saath Nibhana" followed. In 1992, the critically acclaimed Bengali film "Tahader Katha" won him his second National Film Award for Best Actor. In this period he decided to take a break from Mumbai. He shifted his entire family to Ooty and he constructed "The Monarch" Hotel. Chakraborty then decided to do movies only to be shot at Ooty and nearby locations and he provided discount rates to the film crew to stay in his hotel as well. This strategy paid off as numerous films starring Chakraborty were launched every week, so he shifted his focus from mainstream Hindi cinemas to low-budget movies. "Dalaal" was released followed by other low-budget films such as "Phool Aur Angaar", "" and "Shapath", which created a market for low-budget productions.  Jallad won him the Filmfare Best Villain Award and Star Screen Award Best Villain for the year 1995. His economical film production was popular as Mithun's Dream Factory. Even he could not do Mani Ratnam's Tamil film "Iruvar" as his character had to crop his hair, which would have affected his other 15 films at that time. By this time, Chakraborty held the record for appearing in the most Hindi films as a hero. A third National Award followed in 1998, this time as the Best Supporting Actor, for his portrayal of Ramakrishnan in G. V. Iyer's "Swami Vivekananda". Once again, the overdose of Chakraborty releases affected the business as 1998 and 1999 itself had almost 30 releases. Meantime, he paid more taxes than anyone else in the country in the mean period for 5 continuous years, from 1995 to 1999. This decade proved Chakraborty as a businessman more than a star as low-budget filmmakers were given their due by Mithun. He operates hotels in Masinagudi and Ooty in Tamil Nadu, Mysore, Siliguri and Kolkata.

2000–20.

Mithun's Dream Factory films still continued to hold the audiences. He featured in Prasanta Bal's period drama "Hindustani Sipahi" (2002), based on veteran actor and dramatist Utpal Dutt's Bengali play "Ferari Fauj". Chakraborty also made a comeback to the mainstream Hindi film industry in 2005 with the film "Elaan". After a few supporting roles in films such as "" (2005) and "Dil Diya Hai" (2006), he starred in Mani Ratnam's film "Guru". He was also acclaimed for his villainous role in Kalpana Lajmi's "Chingaari" (2005). His 2009 movie "Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!" won multiple International awards and "Chal Chalein" was appreciated by critics for its bold theme. The critically acclaimed "Phir Kabhi" with Dimple Kapadia had a première through a "direct to home" (DTH) release in September 2009 and won as many as six awards in as many categories at the Los Angeles Reel Awards of 2009.  Chakraborty's recent films include "Veer", (2010) with Salman Khan and "Golmaal 3" (2010), with Ajay Devgn. And in 2012, he did 3 films with Akshay Kumar, "Housefull 2", "OMG – Oh My God!" and "Khiladi 786". His home production "Enemmy" (2013) was with his son Mimoh Chakraborty and actor Sunil Shetty and he did Anthony D'Souza's "Boss" (2013) with Akshay Kumar. In Subhash Ghai's "Kaanchi..." (2014), he played an evil politician wearing facial prosthetics that won him critical acclaim. "Kick" with Salman Khan earned more than 375 crore worldwide, and at the time was the third highest-grossing Bollywood film. Chakraborty also had "Entertainment" and "Hawaizaada" as recent releases and now he is playing the lead role in "Geher", a horror film directed by Ram Gopal Varma and Anil Sharma's "Genius" (2018) released worldwide successfully. Chakraborty's 2019 Hindi flick "The Tashkent Files" directed by Vivek Agnihotri was released on 12 April 2019 is a big hit.

Regional film career.

Parallel to his Bollywood career, Mithun Chakraborty has also worked in Bengali cinema. He made his debut in Bengali cinema with Arabinda Mukhopadhyay's "Nadi Theke Sagare" (1978) which was a major success at box office. In the 1980s he shot three blockbusters — "Kalankini Kankabati" (1981) directed by Uttam Kumar, "Troyee" (1982) by Goutam Mukherjee and "Anyay Abichar" (1985) by Shakti Samanta. He appeared in director Buddhadeb Dasgupta's "Tahader Katha", which got him his second National Award in 1992. After his Bollywood career took a back seat, he concentrated more on Bengali films. He also appeared in Goutam Ghose's "Gudia" in 1999 as well as Rituparno Ghosh's "Titli" in 2002. In 2006 he starred in the movie "MLA Fatakeshto" and its sequel "Minister Fatakeshto" in 2007 both of which were blockbusters. In 2008, he collaborated again with Buddhadeb Dasgupta for "Kaalpurush" and later appeared in films "Shukno Lanka" and "". His performances in "Mrigaya", "Tahader Katha", "Kaalpurush" and "Titli" won him National Film Awards and nominations. His debut Bhojpuri film "Bhole Shankar" is considered the biggest Bhojpuri film. Similarly, his Oriya film "Ae Jugara Krushna Sudama" in which he co-starred with Oriya icon Uttam Mohanty was also a huge success. The last Bengali hits for Chakraborty were "Handa and Bhonda", "Nobel Chor" and "Le Halwa Le".  Chakraborty's "Telugu" language film "Gopala Gopala" with Daggubati Venkatesh, Shriya Saran, Pawan Kalyan, Bengali film "Herogiri" along with actor Dev and "Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka", the Tamil film and its Telugu version "Malupu" were released successfully along with Debaditya Bandopadhyay's Bengali film "Naxal", while his long delayed film "" has been officially released and became a success at the box office.  Chakraborty's Bengali film, the science fiction "Jole Jongole" was successfully released in February 2017. Chakraborty's upcoming Bengali films are "Buddhuram Dhol Duniya Gol" and "White Mischief" while the long delayed "Hason Raja" has been resumed with Chakraborty opposite Raima Sen. Chakraborty is also made his Kannada film debut with "The Villain" starring Shiva Rajkumar and Sudeep in lead roles.

Television.

After the success of the Bengali competitive dance reality show "Dance Bangla Dance", Chakraborty developed the concept of Dance India Dance, an Indian dance competition show that airs on Zee TV in India, produced by UTV Software Communications and has become India's largest dance-based reality show. The contestants get a chance to perform before a panel of judges composed of Terrence Lewis, Remo D'Souza and Geeta Kapoor. The selection of the season's Top 18 live show finalists are overseen by head judge Chakraborty. The show has won several television awards for most popular dance reality show. Chakraborty was also the Grand Master of "Dance India Dance Li'l Masters" as well as the host of the reality show "Dadagiri Unlimited" on Zee Bangla channel. He replaced Sourav Ganguly as the host of the show. Chakraborty hosted the Bengali version of "Bigg Boss" and "Rannaghore Rockstar" on ETV Bangla. Chakraborty made his acting debut on TV with the comedy show "The Drama Company".  Chakraborty now appears in the Star Jalsha's "Dance Dance Junior," also judged by Tollywood actors, Soham and Srabanti Chatterjee.

Political career.

Chakraborty joined as a Member of Parliament after he was nominated for the Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament elections by the Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee for her All India Trinamool Congress (TMC) in the West Bengal Rajya Sabha Assembly Polls which were held on 7 February 2014. On 26 December 2016, he resigned as a Rajya Sabha MP.

Brand ambassador.

Chakraborty was the ambassador of Panasonic electronics for India back in the late 1980s. Now he is the face of GoDaddy, an internet domain registrar and web-hosting company. He was also the face of Channel 10, a unit of Bengal Media Pvt. Ltd. owned by Saradha Media Group, and he later said "Saradha didn't pay my dues" as its branch Saradha Chit Fund collapsed. Chakraborty is also the face of Manappuram Gold Loan for West Bengal state.

Personal life.

He married actress Yogeeta Bali, whom he met in 1979. Chakraborty has four children: three sons and a daughter.

Awards and honours.

Won  Nominated  Won  Nominated  Won  Won  Nominated  Nominated  Won  Won  Won

Gourang Chakraborty, better known by his stage name Mithun Chakraborty (informally referred to as Mithun Da), is an Indian film actor, singer, producer, writer, social worker, entrepreneur, television presenter and a former Rajya Sabha Member of Parliament. He is the recipient of two Filmfare Awards and three National Film Awards. He is one of the most successful actors in the history of Bollywood.

Gourang Chakraborty, mieux connu sous le nom de scène Mithun Chakraborty (en ), né le à Calcutta, est un acteur, chanteur, producteur, travailleur social, entrepreneur et député indien.


Operator.

Sarinah is owned and operated by PT Sarinah (Persero), which was incorporated on 17 August 1962 as PT Department Store Indonesia. The entity is wholly owned by the government of Indonesia and was renamed in 1979.

History.

In the early 1960s, Indonesia was hit by very high inflation rates. President Sukarno believed that a department store would act as a price stabilizer to help keep prices under control, a view he formed after visiting several communist capitals including Moscow, Prague and Warsaw. The department store was built by Obayashi Corporation using Japanese war reparation funds, and opened in August 1966. The project was conceived by President Sukarno, who named it Sarinah after his childhood nanny.  In an effort to pursue its price stabilization agenda, state-owned Sarinah department store published weekly grocery price lists. Sukarno affirmed that ""The Sarinah department store will become one of the important tools for the organization of Indonesian socialism..."" and ""if Sarinah sells a blouse for 10 rupiah then another retailer will not dare to sell the same blouse for 20 rupiah"". However, it failed almost immediately in this role as there was a limit to what one store or even a few stores could do in such a large country. Sarinah struggled to compete with other retailers and went into debt as it expanded aggressively into other cities in Indonesia.  In the early 1970s, in an effort to survive, Sarinah moved its focus to local handicrafts, especially batik. Sarinah is still best known for batik today. In the 1990s, after leasing out some of its space to McDonald's (its first branch in Indonesia) and Hard Rock Cafe (which later moved to Pacific Place Jakarta), Sarinah managed to rejuvenate itself as a popular place for young people.

2016 terrorist incident.

On 14 January 2016, multiple explosions and gunfire occurred near Sarinah. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility. 8 people were killed, 4 civilians and all 4 attackers.

Expansion.

Two forty-one story towers are planned to be built in the area to complement the existing shopping center. The new towers will house high end restaurants; offices; and venues for meetings, conferences, and exhibition halls. The existing building will undergo major renovations to restore the originality of the building. The expansion project is expected to start by July 2020 and is projected to be completed in its entirety by mid-2022. Renovations on the existing building are estimated to complete by mid-2021.  In order for the renovation to be carried out, the building management ordered all tenants to close in a 30 April 2020 memo. Notably the closing of the first McDonald's in Indonesia at the Sarinah location on 10 May 2020 attracted a considerable crowd and legal rebuke for violation of social distancing laws in effect for the ongoing SARS-2 pandemic at the time.

Sarinah is a 74-metre tall 15-floor department store in Gondangdia, Menteng, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Sarinah was the first skyscraper to be built in Jakarta. It is located at the intersection of Jalan Kyai Haji Wahid Hasyim and Jalan M. H. Thamrin. Sarinah was Jakarta's first modern department store, famous for having Indonesia's first escalators (installed by Hitachi), for being air-conditioned and for having electronic cash registers. In addition to Thamrin, Sarinah also has a number of outlets located in Pejaten Village at South Jakarta, Banyumanik at Semarang and Malang.

Sarinah est un grand magasin indonésien, situé Jalan M. H. Thamrin 11, dans le quartier de Menteng à Jakarta. Le magasin a été construit entre 1963 et 1967. Il a été inauguré en 1967 par le président Soekarno.


History.

Under Shinsuke Nakamura (2009–2016).

On April 5, 2009, Toru Yano turned on Great Bash Heel (G.B.H) leader Togi Makabe, costing Makabe his match against Shinsuke Nakamura. Throughout that month, all members of G.B.H besides Tomoaki Honma turned their backs on Makabe, joining Nakamura and Yano. On April 23, the group was officially dubbed Chaos, with Nakamura and Yano positioned as its two central figures.  After Chaos was formed, members Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson (collective known as Bad Intentions), received a shot at the IWGP Tag Team Championship, but were unable to defeat the defending champions Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon). Also on that day, Black Tiger V was defeated by Tiger Mask in a mask vs. mask match and afterwards it was revealed to be Tatsuhito Takaiwa by removing his mask and leaving the stable.

Championship success.

On September 27, Nakamura defeated Togi Makabe in a decision match to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the third time. Upon winning the title, Nakamura drew the ire of Antonio Inoki by announcing his plan of wanting to restore the "Strong Style" of New Japan by capturing the original IWGP Heavyweight Championship belt from Inoki to replace the fourth generation title belt Nakamura himself had. From October 17 to November 1, Chaos participated at the 2009 G1 Tag League, during which Chaos members Bad Intentions (Bernard and Anderson) defeated Apollo 55 (Prince Devitt and Ryusuke Taguchi) in the finals to win the tournament.  On January 4, 2010 at Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome, Bad Intentions received a match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, but lost to No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi) in a three-way hardcore tag team match also involving Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray). Later

Kazuchika Okada's rise to stardom.

On January 4, 2012 at Wrestle Kingdom VI in Tokyo Dome, Richards and Romero lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship back to Apollo 55 (Devitt and Taguchi), while new member Yoshi-Hashi was defeated in five minutes by Kazuchika Okada in both men's NJPW return match. Later that night, Chaos Top Team was defeated by Pro Wrestling Noah representatives Go Shiozaki and Naomichi Marufuji. At the following day's press conference where his upcoming title match was made official, Kazuchika Okada, who had issued a challenge to Hiroshi Tanahashi for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship at the end of Wrestle Kingdom, revealed that he had joined Chaos as well, enlisting new stablemate Gedo as his manager and spokesperson. On February 12 at The New Beginning, No Remorse Corps defeated Apollo 55 to regain the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. Later that night, Tanaka lost the lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship to Hirooki Goto. In the main event, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the first time. Okada made his first title defense on March 4, defeating Tetsuya Naito in the main event of NJPW's 40th anniversary event. On March 18, Yano and Iizuka attacked Tenzan and Kojima after they had successfully defended their title against Lance Archer and Yoshihiro Takayama and stole their championship belts.  On April 21, Low Ki returned to NJPW, aligning himself with the Chaos and teaming with Gedo, Jado and Rocky Romero in an eight-man tag team match to defeat Jyushin Thunder Liger, Prince Devitt, Ryusuke Taguchi and Tiger Mask, with Ki pinning IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Devitt for the win. On May 2, Richards and Romero were stripped of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship after a car accident forced Richards to miss his flight to Japan and the following day's Wrestling Dontaku 2012 event, where the two were scheduled to defend the title against Jyushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask. On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2012, Low Ki defeated Prince Devitt to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship while Iizuka and Yano defeated Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship, starting Yano's second reign with the title. From May 27 to June 10, Gedo, Jado and Low Ki participated at the 2012 Best of the Super Juniors tournament, where Low Ki defeated Prince Devitt to advance to the finals but lost to Ryusuke Taguchi. Also at the last day of the Best of the Super Juniors, Alex Koslov joined the stable and formed Forever Hooligans with his former AAA partner Rocky Romero.  On June 16 at Dominion 6.16, Brian Kendrick joined the stable by teaming with Gedo and Jado in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger, Kushida and Tiger Mask when Kendrick pinned Kushida. Yano's and Iizuka's first title defense, a rematch against Tenzan and Kojima, ended in a no contest and were stripped of the IWGP Tag Team Championship four days later. In the main event, Okada lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship back to Tanahashi, ending his reign. On July 22, Yano and Iizuka were defeated by Tenzan and Kojima in a decision match for the vacant title. Koslov and Romero defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. Also at that event, Nakamura defeated Hirooki Goto to win the IWGP Intercontinental Championship for the first time. On July 29, Low Ki lost the title to Kota Ibushi in his second defense. From August 1 to August 12, Okada, Nakamura, Yano and Takahashi participated at the 2012 G1 Climax. During the tournament, Okada wrestled in the same block as Chaos leader Shinsuke Nakamura and on August 5 was defeated by Nakamura. At the finals on August 12, Okada defeated Karl Anderson to win the 2012 G1 Climax.  On October 8 at King of Pro-Wrestling, Forever Hooligans made their second successful title defense by defeating Time Splitters (Alex Shelley and Kushida). Later that night, Low Ki regained the IWGP Junior Heavyeight title from Kota Ibushi. Later that night, Nakamura successfully defended the IWGP Intercontinental Championship in a rematch against Hirooki Goto. On November 12 at Power Struggle, Forever Hooligans lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship to the winners of the Super Jr. Tag Tournament, Time Splitters, ending their reign at 112 days. Later that night, Low Ki lost the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship to Prince Devitt in his first title defense. Takahashi received his first shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by Hiroshi Tanahashi. From November 15 to November 19, Takahashi, Tanaka. Hashi and Ishii participated in a tournament to crown the first NEVER Openweight Champion, but Takahashi was eliminated at the first round, Hashi was eliminated at second round by Ishii and Ishii was eliminated by Tanaka at the semifinals while Tanaka defeated Karl Anderson at the finals to become the inaugural champion. On December 10, "Tokyo Sports" named Okada the 2012 MVP in all of "puroresu". His match with Tanahashi from June 16 was also named the Match of the Year. On January 4, 2013 at Wrestle Kingdom 7 in Tokyo Dome, Bob Sapp, Yano, Iizuka and Takahshi lost to Akebono, Manabu Nakanishi, MVP and Strong Man. Later that night, Tanaka made his first successful title defense of the NEVER Openweight Champion by defeating Shelton Benjamin. In the main event, Okada failed in his title challenge against Hiroshi Tanahashi. Also on that event, New Japan removed Low Ki's profile from its official website, signaling the end of his run with the promotion. From January 18 to 19, Nakamura took part in the "Fantastica Mania 2013" weekend (co-promoted by New Japan and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre) and in the main event of the second night he made his fifth successful defense of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship against La Sombra. On February 9, Yano and Iizuka made an appearance for Pro Wrestling Noah, wrestling Maybach Taniguchi and Maybach Taniguchi Jr. to a double disqualification. Later, Yano and Iizuka attacked No Mercy leader Kenta after the main event, which led to Maybach Taniguchi coming out to seemingly save his stablemate, but he ended up hitting Kenta with a chair and Yano then grabbed Naomichi Marufuji's and Takashi Sugiura's GHC Tag Team Championship belts from ringside before handing Taniguchi Kenta's GHC Heavyweight Championship belt. The following day, Yano and Iizuka were named the number one contenders to the GHC Tag Team Championship. Also in February, Okada led Chaos to a war with NJPW's other villainous stable, Suzuki-gun, which built to a match on February 10 at The New Beginning, where Okada, positioned as the fan favorite, was defeated by the stable's leader Minoru Suzuki following interference from Taichi. On March 10, Yano and Iizuka defeated Naomichi Marufuji and Takashi Sugiura to become the new GHC Tag Team Champions.  From March 11 to March 23, Okada, Yano, Nakamura, Ishii and Takahashi participated at the 2013 New Japan Cup, during which Okada defeated Hirooki Goto to win the 2013 New Japan Cup. On April 5, Nakamura and Tomohiro Ishii unsuccessfully challenged Killer Elite Squad (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) for the IWGP Tag Team Championship. Two days later at Invasion Attack, Okada defeated Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the second time.  On May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, Koslov and Romero regained the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship from the Time Splitters. In the main event, Okada made his first successful title defense against Minoru Suzuki. Yano and Iizuka made their first successful defense of the GHC Tag Team Championship on May 12 against TMDK (Mikey Nicholls and Shane Haste). Post-match, Yano named himself the number one contender to the GHC Heavyweight Championship and his status as the next challenger for Kenta's title was made official the following day.  On May 31, Nakamura lost the IWGP Intercontinental Championship to La Sombra in a CMLL event. On June 2 at Pro Wrestling Noah, Yano received a chance for the GHC Heavyweight Championship, he but ended up losing to the defending champion Kenta. This led to a GHC Tag Team Championship match on June 8, where Yano and Iizuka successfully defended their title against Kenta and Yoshihiro Takayama, with Yano pinning Kenta for the win. On June 22 at Dominion 6.22, a special three-way match took place for

Under Okada (2016–present).

On January 4 at Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome, Roppongi Vice failed for the third time to capture the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championships, Toru Yano teamed with the Ring of Honor (ROH) tag team of Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe to defeat Bullet Club's Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga and Yujiro Takahashi to become the inaugural NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champions, while Ishii was defeated by Katsuyori Shibata ending his fourth reign of the Never Openweight Championship, Nakamura made his second successful defense by defeating A.J. Styles and Okada defeated 2015 G1 Climax winner Hiroshi Tanahashi in the main event of Wrestle Kingdom 10 in Tokyo Dome to retain the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Hours after the event it was reported that Nakamura had given his notice to NJPW on the morning of January 4, announcing that he was leaving the promotion for WWE. Nakamura remained under NJPW contract and was expected to finish off his contracted dates with the promotion before leaving. On January 12, NJPW confirmed Nakamura's upcoming departure and announced he would also be stripped of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. Nakamura handed in the title

Other media.

During their run in the stable together, Okada and Nakamura were featured in the Japanese music video for Pharrell Williams' song "Happy", released in May 2014. In January 2017, it was announced that the "" video game would feature a Chaos shirt as an alternate outfit for all characters.

Chaos (stylised in capital letters) is a professional wrestling stable, primarily performing in the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. The group was formed in 2009, when nearly all the members of the Great Bash Heel (G.B.H) stable turned on leader Togi Makabe and reformed under new leader Shinsuke Nakamura. Soon after, the new group was named Chaos, with Nakamura as the leader. As the leader of Chaos, Nakamura was one of NJPW's top wrestlers, winning the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Intercontinental Championship as well as the 2011 G1 Climax and the 2014 New Japan Cup.

Chaos est un clan de catcheurs apparaissant principalement à la (NJPW), une fédération de catch japonaise. Le groupe a été formé le 23 avril 2009, après que presque tous les membres de groupe Great Bash Heel se soient retournés contre leur leader Togi Makabe pour ensuite se réunir avec un nouveau leader, Shinsuke Nakamura. Peu de temps après, le nouveau groupe fut nommé Chaos. Shinsuke Nakamura en est le leader et son objectif commun est de ressusciter le style fort, qui selon lui a été abandonné après les départ de Antonio Inoki et Shinya Hashimoto. En tant que leader du Chaos, Shinsuke Nakamura a été l'un des meilleurs lutteurs de la NJPW, remportant le Championnat Poids lourd IWGP et le Championnat Intercontinental IWGP ainsi que le G1 Climax 2011 et la New Japan Cup 2014. Depuis sa création, Chaos a ajouté plusieurs nouveaux membres, notamment Kazuchika Okada qui a remporté le Championnat Poids lourd IWGP à quatre reprises, le G1 Climax en 2012 et 2014 et la New Japan Cup en 2014. Kazuchika Okada est devenu le leader de Chaos après le départ de Shinsuke Nakamura de la NJPW et a même succédé à Hiroshi Tanahashi comme "as" de la promotion, ou étoile supérieure. Rocky Romero a également connu un succès remarquable en tant que membre de Chaos, remportant le Championnat par équipes Poids lourd Junior IWGP à huit reprises: deux fois avec Davey Richards, deux fois avec Alex Koslov en tant que "Forever Hooligans" et quatre fois (plus le Super Jr. Tag Tournament en 2016) avec Beretta en tant que Roppongi Vice.