Personal life.

In 2016 Zeid has Hepatitis C, which he was diagnosed for while in prison. He has also been diagnosed with malnourishment, anemia, and depression, as well as lacking proper medical care.

Career.

Zeid is an award-winning freelance photojournalist. He started working for Demotix in April 2010. In the wake of the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Zeid took photographs of protests against General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. His work has been published in "Time", "The Sun", "Die Zeit", "Bild" and on the "BBC" website. His work has also been reproduced by Amnesty International, Global Voices, IFEX, Index on Censorship and Open Democracy.

Arrest.

Zeid was arrested along with two other journalists while he was taking pictures of the 14 August 2013 Rabaa massacre.  The two other non-Egyptian journalists were released but Shawkan remained in prison for more than two years without charges. His case, along with 700 other defendants, is known as the "Rabaa sit-in dispersal". Shawkan's camera has not been used as evidence he is a photojournalist, which makes his status as a prisoner ambiguous.  By November 2015, he had been in "pre-trial detention for over two years". On 26 March 2016, he was charged with six offences, and, as a result, faced the death penalty.  On 8 September, an Egyptian court handed him a 5-year jail sentence which could see him leave prison "within a few days," said his lawyer Karim Abdelrady. Abdelrady added that the sentence was nevertheless "unfair because he (Shawkan) was only doing his job".  Shawkan was released early on 4 March 2019, 6 years after he was arrested.

Context.

Egypt was in 2015 among the top ten countries of world in the imprisonment of journalists with 12. Shawkan is being held in Egypt's Tora Prison. As of end of 2015, China had the largest number of imprisoned journalists for the past two years with the number of 49 journalists.

Reactions.

There is an international campaign for Shawkan's release using the hashtag #FreeShawkan and several press freedom organizations including the Rory Peck Trust and the Committee to Protect Journalists have called for his release, while Amnesty International has started an online petition for it. In February 2015, the Committee to Protect Journalists met with officials in Egypt to call for his release. Shawkan is a featured case in the Press Uncuffed campaign, led by Dana Priest and her students at the Phillip Merrill College of Journalism in collaboration with the Committee to Protect Journalists to help free imprisoned journalists throughout the world by selling bracelets bearing their names and raising awareness about their cases. In 2016 the Committee to Protect Journalists organized an exhibit of Shawkan's work at the Bronx Documentary Center.  In 2018, UNESCO awarded Press Freedom Prize for his contributions and marked its detention as Human Rights abuse.  According to Jason Stern, a senior Middle East and North Africa research associate for the CPJ, Shawkan should have never been arrested for performing his job duties. In a letter published by news outlets such as National Public Radio and Deutsche Welle, as well as human rights groups, Shawkan wrote about how journalism in Egypt has become a crime. There are 13 journalists who are facing a life sentence or death.  Shawkan's brother, Mohammed, spoke on his brother's imprisonment, "For a year, my brother is being held without charges in prison, he was detained during the dispersal of Rabaa and his detention has been renewed since then. My brother never held a gun, he was simply doing his job, but unfortunately he was a freelancer, so he had no institution to back him or offer any support."

Foundations.

The Free Shawkan Foundation was founded by Shawkan’s lifelong best friend Ahmed Abu Seif in the United States to advocate for Shawkan and other imprisoned journalists worldwide.

Mahmoud Abu Zeid, also known as Shawkan (born ca. 1987), an Egyptian photojournalist, was arrested for taking photos at the Rabaa massacre 14 August 2013 in Cairo, Egypt and imprisoned during the post-coup unrest by the Egyptian government since 2013, where he faced the death penalty. By September 2018 he had been sentenced to a 5-year prison term and was expected to be released shortly thereafter; he was released on 4 March 2019.

Mahmoud Abou Zeid, dit Shawkan (en et ), est un photojournaliste égyptien né vers 1987, connu pour avoir été emprisonné sans motif par le pouvoir égyptien de 2013 à.


Playing career.

After playing junior hockey with the Des Moines Buccaneers and the U.S. National Development Team in the United States Hockey League, Brickley committed to a collegiate career with the University of Vermont of the Hockey East.  Upon completion of his senior year with the Catamounts, he was immediately assigned to the Panthers' AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage on an amateur try-out contract to make his professional debut to end the 2013–14 season. Brickley was signed to a two-year entry-level contract with the Florida Panthers on April 21, 2014.  In his first full professional season with the Rampage in the 2014–15 season, Brickley adapted quickly the professional circuit in amassing 22 goals and 47 points in 73 games. After a strong off-season of development, Brickley impressed at his second Panthers training camp and made the club's opening night roster to begin the 2015–16 season. He made his NHL debut with the Panthers in a 7-1 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers on October 10, 2015. In his third game, Brickley recorded his first NHL goal, and point, in a 4-1 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes on October 13, 2015.  Approaching the beginning of the 2016–17 season, Brickley was traded by the Panthers to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Brody Sutter on October 11, 2016. He was directly assigned to AHL affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers. Over the duration of the season, Brickley posted 15 goals and 26 points in 69 games with the Checkers.  On June 21, 2017, Brickley was selected from the Hurricanes at the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft by the Vegas Golden Knights. The Hurricanes also dealt a fifth-round selection in 2017 to Vegas in order for Brickley to be the agreed choice as he was a pending unrestricted free agent. On July 1, he returned to the Panthers on a one-year, two-way contract. Brickley returned to the NHL in the 2017–18 season, remaining on the roster for the full season. In 44 games with the Panthers and used in a checking line role, Brickley scored 4 goals and 12 points.  As a free agent at the conclusion of his contract, Brickley left the Panthers to sign a one-year, two-way contract with the Nashville Predators on July 1, 2018. After attending the Predators training camp, Brickley was assigned to begin the 2018–19 season with AHL affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals. In a top-nine forward role, Brickley posted 7 goals and 11 points in 39 games with the Admirals, before he was traded by the Predators to the New York Rangers in exchange for Cole Schneider on January 14, 2019.  As a member of the New York Rangers, Brickley played 14 games, with 1 goal and 3 assists. His lone NHL goal of the 2018–19 season came against the Carolina Hurricanes on February 19.  Unable to garner another NHL contract as a free agent from the Rangers, Brickley went un-signed over the summer before opting to play in Europe by agreeing to a one-year contract with Austrian club, EC Red Bull Salzburg of the EBEL, on October 26, 2019.

Personal.

Brickley is the son of Robin and Craig Brickley, who played collegiate hockey with the University of Pennsylvania in the 1970s. He is the nephew of Boston Bruins longtime broadcasting announcer and former NHL player Andy Brickley. He is also cousins with Daniel Brickley.

Connor Brickley (born February 25, 1992) is an American professional hockey center who is currently playing with EC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has formerly played with the Florida Panthers and the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the second round, 50th overall, by the Florida Panthers in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft.

Connor Brickley (né le 25 février 1992 à Everett dans l'État du Massachusetts aux États-Unis) est un joueur professionnel américain de hockey sur glace. Il évolue au poste d'attaquant.


History.

Michie is rooted in a 19th century community known as "Monterey." When the community applied for a post office, the name Monterey had already been taken by another town in Tennessee, so the community settled on the name "Michie" after a prominent local family. The town incorporated in 1961.

Geography.

Michie is located at (35.054533, -88.431452). The town is concentrated around the intersection of State Route 22 and State Route 224, just north of the Tennessee-Mississippi state line. State Route 57 traverses the northern part of Michie, connecting the town with Pickwick Lake to the east. Shiloh National Military Park, where the Battle of Shiloh took place during the Civil War, lies along TN 22 to the north.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all land.

Newspaper.

Michie's newspaper is the "McNairy County News", which has the largest following of any weekly newspaper on Facebook in the state of Tennessee. They are located at 252 Mulberry Ave. in Selmer. The other newspaper serving the community is the "Independent Appeal", which was founded in 1902. It is located at 111 N. 2nd St. in Selmer.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 647 people, 275 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 116.6 people per square mile (45.0/km2). There were 310 housing units at an average density of 55.9 per square mile (21.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.84% White, 1.08% African American, 0.46% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.70% of the population.  There were 275 households out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.77.  In the town, the population was spread out with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $28,929, and the median income for a family was $34,688. Males had a median income of $30,119 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,122. About 9.3% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

Michie is a town in McNairy County, Tennessee. The population was 647 at the 2000 census and 591 at the 2010 census.

Michie est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté de McNairy au Tennessee. Selon le recensement de 2010, Michie compte. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de.


Early life and career.

After graduating from the University of Toulouse (France) in 1972 with a master's degree in chemical engineering, he received a Fulbright Scholarship to study economics and finance at New York University where he was awarded a PhD in 1977 and appointed to the faculty of NYU Stern School of Business as an Assistant Professor of Finance. In 1980 he moved to Baruch College of the City University of New York as an Associate Professor before joining INSEAD in 1982 as a Full Professor. At INSEAD he first chaired and built up the Finance Area (1985-1987) then directed the institution’s Euro-Asia Center (1988-1994) where he developed the school’s executive education activities in Asia. In 1998 he led INSEAD’s development campaign, launched in 1995, that raised over €100 million by early 2000. In August of that year he was appointed dean of INSEAD. During his tenure (2000-2006) he led the institute’s global expansion with the opening of campuses in Singapore and Abu Dhabi, launched the INSEAD Executive MBA Program, and led INSEAD’s second development campaign that raised €120 million. His publications are in the areas of risk estimation and valuation in financial markets, the theory of the firm under uncertainty, the process of business value creation, and the internationalization of higher education institutions.

Selected publications.

‘Finance for Executives: Managing for Value Creation’, sixth edition, Cengage (2019) 'The Internationalization of Higher Education and Business Schools: A Critical Review’, Springer (2016) ‘The Future of Business Schools’, Journal of Management Development (November 2005) ‘The Home Country in the Age of Globalization: How Much Does it Matter for Firm Performance?’, Journal of World Business (May 2004) ‘Is Performance Driven by Industry- or Firm-Specific Factors? A New Look at the Evidence’, Strategic Management Journal (January 2003) ‘Seasonality in the Risk-Return Relationship: Some International Evidence’, Journal of Finance (March 1987) ‘Friction in the Trading Process and the Estimation of Systematic Risk’, Journal of Financial Economics (August 1983) ‘A Mean-Standard Deviation Exposition of the Theory of the Firm Under Uncertainty’, American Economic Review (March 1978)

Academic board and advisory positions.

University of the People (Member of Board of Trustees), 2013present University of the People (Chairman Advancement Committee), 20132019 Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar (Joint Advisory Board), 2010present The American University in Cairo (Advisory Board – School of Business), 2006present MIT Corporation: Member of the Visiting Committee for the Sloan School of Management, 20102019 Unnivers (Expert-Advisor), 2013–2019 University of the People (Member Development Committee), 2020present Sasin Graduate Institute at Chulalongkorn University (Advisory Board), 20102015 The American University of Beirut (Board of Overseers – School of Business), 20062014 The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (International Advisory Group), 20062012 Chairman of the EQUIS Accreditation Awarding Body (EFMD), 20042011 The European Foundation for Management Development (Board Member), 20042006 The Indian School of Business (Board Member), 20022006 The Athens Laboratory of Business Administration (Advisory Board), 20012006

Corporate board and advisory positions.

Momentum Invest (Advisor), 2017present International Board on Economic Regulations (Member), 2015present AlphaOne Partners LLP (Advisor), 20142017 S&B Industrial Minerals, S.A. (Non-Executive Director), 20112013 Rémy Cointreau (Non-Executive Director; Member of the Strategy Committee), 20062015 Vivendi (Non-Executive Director; Member of the Audit Committee), 20032010 Accenture (Member of the Energy Advisory Board), 20022006 Cerestar (Non-Executive Director), 20012003 Mastrad (Non-Executive Director), 19982003

Honors and awards.

The French Legion of Honor Doctorate Honoris Causa awarded by The University of Liège (Belgium) Doctorate Honoris Causa awarded by The Art Center College of Design (California) Doctorate Honoris Causa awarded by The American University in Cairo (Egypt) The Chief Executive Leadership Award presented by The Council for Advancement and Support of Education The Fulbright Award for Global Business Education Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award' Honorary Lifetime Member of the European Foundation for Management Development Baruch College Presidential Award for Distinguished Faculty Scholarship Helen Kardon Moss Anvil Award for Excellence in Teaching awarded to the best teacher of the year at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania

Gabriel Hawawini (born August 29, 1947) is an Emeritus Professor of Finance at INSEAD business school where he held the Henry Grunfeld Chair in Investment Banking from 1996 to 2013 and served as dean from 2000 to 2006, spearheading the institution’s global expansion from its original campus in France into Asia (Singapore) and the Middle East (Abu Dhabi).

Gabriel Hawawini (né le 29 août 1947 à Alexandrie en Egypte) est Professeur émérite à l’INSEAD où il a occupé la « Henry Grunfeld Chair in Investment Banking » de 1996 à 2013 et où il a exercé les fonctions de Directeur Général et Doyen de 2000 à 2006. Il est à l’origine de l’expansion internationale de l’établissement depuis son premier campus en France (Fontainebleau) vers l’Asie (Singapour) et le Moyen-Orient (Abu Dhabi).


Geography.

Powells Crossroads is located at (35.183526, -85.482900). It is situated in the Sequatchie Valley around the intersection of State Route 283 and State Route 27. Whitwell lies just to the west, opposite the Sequatchie River. Walden Ridge, much of it protected by Prentice Cooper State Forest, rises prominently to the east.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, all land.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,286 people, 485 households, and 392 families residing in the town. The population density was 294.0 people per square mile (113.6/km2). There were 509 housing units at an average density of 116.4 per square mile (45.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.22% White, 0.16% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.  There were 485 households out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 2.98.  In the town, the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $36,650, and the median income for a family was $42,727. Males had a median income of $33,611 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,536. About 5.8% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 and over.

In popular culture.

Powells Crossroads was the filming location for parts of the 1984 movie "Starman". The lake on which Karen Allen's character lived is located in the Prentice Cooper State Forest and is called Crater Lake. The truck stop scene at "Bowdarks" was also filmed nearby, at the Martin Springs exit on I-24.

Powells Crossroads is a town in Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,322 at the 2010 census, up from 1,286 in 2000. It is part of the Chattanooga, TN-GA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Powells Crossroads est une municipalité américaine située dans le comté de Marion au Tennessee. Selon le recensement de 2010, Powells Crossroads compte. La municipalité s'étend sur une superficie de.


Composition and recording.

Green wrote "Love and Happiness" with Teenie Hodges, with whom he also collaborated in writing "Take Me to the River", "Here I Am (Come and Take Me)", "Full of Fire", and other songs. It was produced by Willie Mitchell in the 1972 recording session for the album "I'm Still in Love with You". Of the recording process, Green said:  In his 2000 autobiography "Take Me to the River", Green said of the song:

Chart performance.

On April 27, 1973, London Records released "Love and Happiness" as a U.K. single, backed with "So You're Leaving" (catalog number 10419). Hi Records, however, did not release the song as a single at the time that the album "I'm Still in Love with You" was on the charts, instead releasing the title track, "Look What You Done for Me", and "For the Good Times". The song nonetheless gained popularity in the U.S. from radio airplay, and his performance of the song on "Soul Train" on March 3, 1973.  In an attempt to boost Green's flagging record sales, an edited version of the song was finally released as a U.S. single in the summer of 1977, backed with "Glory Glory" (catalog number 45-2324). The single peaked at #104 on the pop chart and #82 on the R&B chart.  The song was also featured as the lead-off track on "Al Green's Greatest Hits, Volume II" (1977) and appeared on reissues of his first greatest hits compilation.

"Love and Happiness" is a 1972 song by Al Green from his album "I'm Still in Love with You". Green co-wrote the song with Teenie Hodges. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on London Records in 1973 and in the United States on Hi Records in 1977. It has been covered by Etta James, Al Jarreau, and many other performers.

Publiée en single (sous le label Hi Records) en, elle a atteint la place du Hot 100 du magazine musical américain "Billboard", passant en tout 12 semaines dans le chart.


Hank Williams version.

According to Colin Escott's 2004 book "Hank Williams: A Biography", Williams was inspired to write the song when he found it on a schedule of upcoming MGM releases. The song was recorded on August 30, 1949, at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio. Williams is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley BoysZeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar)as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass). As Escott observed, the plaintive despair in Williams's voice on the recording is echoed by the backing of the musicians:  The song was released as the B-side to the blues "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" because up-tempo numbers were deemed more appropriate for the jukebox trade than melancholy ballads. The single reached No. 4 on the country chart in 1949.  "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" has become closely identified with Williams's musical legacy and has been widely praised. In the 2003 documentary "The Road to Nashville", singer k.d. lang stated, "I think 'I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry' is one of the most classic American songs ever written, truly. Beautiful song." In his autobiography, Bob Dylan recalled, "Even at a young age, I identified with him. I didn't have to experience anything that Hank did to know what he was singing about. I'd never heard a robin weep, but could imagine it and it made me sad." In its online biography of Williams, "Rolling Stone" notes, "In tracks like 'I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry', Williams expressed intense, personal emotions with country's traditional plainspoken directness, a then-revolutionary approach that has come to define the genre through the works of subsequent artists from George Jones and Willie Nelson to Gram Parsons and Dwight Yoakam." "Rolling Stone" ranked it No. 111 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the oldest song on the list, and No. 3 on its 100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time.

Authorship.

Music journalist Chet Flippo and Kentucky historian W. Lynn Nickell have each claimed how 19-year-old Kentuckian Paul Gilley wrote the lyrics, then sold the song to Williams along with the rights, allowing Williams to take credit for it. They stated that Gilley also wrote the lyrics to "Cold, Cold Heart" and other songs before drowning at the age of 27. However, Williams said he wrote the song originally intending that the words be spoken, rather than sung, as he had done on several of his Luke the Drifter recordings.

Chart performance.

Hank Williams version.

Williams' version ranked No. 29 in "CMT's 100 Greatest Songs in Country Music" in 2003.

"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" is a song recorded by American country music singer-songwriter Hank Williams in 1949. The song has been covered by a wide range of musicians. During his "Aloha from Hawaii" TV-special, Elvis Presley introduced it by saying, "I'd like to sing a song that's... probably the saddest song I've ever heard."

La chanson est sortie sur la face B du single "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (publiée sous le label Sterling Records en ). Elle n'a pas attiré beaucoup d'attention à l'epoque, mais après la mort de Hank Williams a été ravivée et reprise par beaucoup d'artistes, notamment Willie Nelson, Jerry Lee Lewis et Elvis Presley.


About.

The church is one of the "35-odd rock-hewn churches, the largest concentration anywhere in Ethiopia." It is situated in the erstwhile Gar'alta woreda. The entrance is reached by a steep and hazardous ascent with hand and footholds in the rock. Visitors have to cross a natural stone bridge with a sheer drop of approximately 250m on either side, and thereafter a final narrow wooden footbridge. A strenuous ascent is followed by a climb up a vertical rock wall depending entirely on hand grips and foot holds (without additional support) crowned with a walk over a 50 cm wide ledge facing a cliff of sheer drop. The standing pillars are made up of Enticho and Adigrat Sandstones, which are the last erosional remnants of a sandstone formation that once covered the Precambrian basement.

History.

According to local legend, the church was hewn in the sixth century and dedicated to Abuna Yemata (also referred to as Abba Yem'ata), one of the Nine Saints. The Nine Saints are traditionally believed to have originated from Rome, Constantinople and Syria between the end of the fifth and beginning of the sixth centuries.

Paintings in the church.

The paintings on the walls and domes of the church are preserved in a reasonable state. Extensive study was undertaken to understand the reason behind this phenomenon. The design of the traceries in the church replicates those found in nearby churches of Gher'alta, such as Debre Tsion church. There are more paintings depicting figures from the Old Testament than from the New Testament. The dry air and lack of humidity have preserved these frescoes in their original perfection. The paintings date back to initial traces of Christianity in Ethiopia and are themed around the nine saints and twelve apostles. The oldest icons are in the form of diptychs and triptychs dating back to the fifteenth century.

Abuna Yemata Guh is a monolithic church located in the Hawzen woreda of the Tigray Region, Ethiopia. It is situated at a height of and has to be climbed on foot to reach. It is notable for its dome and wall paintings dating back to the 5th century and its architecture.

Abuna Yemata ou Abuna Yemata Guh est une église située dans le Tigré, en Éthiopie, dans la chaîne du Gheralta, à proximité de Wukro. Elle est connue pour l'état de conservation remarquable de ses fresques ainsi que pour sa relative difficulté d'accès’. Elle est dédiée à Yemata, l'un des Neuf Saints auxquels la première évangélisation de l'Éthiopie et de l'Érythrée est traditionnellement attribuée.


Devadatta.

Devadatta is noted for attempting to kill the Sakyamuni Buddha on several occasions including:  According to Sutta Pitaka, after trying to kill Sakyamuni Buddha a number of times, Devadatta set up his own Buddhist monastic order by splitting the (sangha). During his efforts to become the leader of his own Sangha, he proposed five extra-strict rules for monks, which he knew Buddha would not allow. Devadatta's reasoning was that after he had proposed those rules and Buddha had not allowed them, Devadatta could claim that "he" did follow and practice these five rules, making him a better and more pure monk. One of these five extra rules required monks to be vegetarian. In the Contemplation Sutra, Devadatta is said to have convinced Prince Ajatasattu to murder his father King Bimbisara and ascend the throne. Ajatasattu follows the advice, and this action prevents him from attaining enlightenment at a later time, when listening to a teaching of the Buddha. Devadatta is the only individual from the early Buddhist tradition to have committed three anantarika-karmas.

King Suppabuddha.

King Suppabuddha was the father of Devadatta and Yasodharā and the father-in-law of Prince Siddhattha. One day Suppabuddha blocked the Buddha's path, refused to make way, and sent a message saying, "I cannot give way to the Buddha, who is so much younger than I". Finding the road blocked, the Buddha and the bhikkhus turned back. As the Buddha turned back, he said to Ananda, "Because the king has refused to give way to a Buddha, he has committed a bad kamma and before long he will have to face the consequences". It is said that the king died on the seventh day after that event had taken place. He fell down the stairs, collapsed and died and was born in a suffering state, being unable to escape the effects of his evil kamma (according to Buddhist belief). According to the Buddha's prediction the earth swallowed him. It is said, "So the king went down the stairs and as soon as he stepped on the earth, it opened and swallowed him up and dragged him right down to Avici Niraya."

Karma.

Anyone who commits an anantarika-karma will go to hell. The five different actions which each constitute an anantarika-karma are the only actions which can produce a definite result.  Accounts claim that toward the end of Devadatta's life, he was struck by a severe remorse caused by his past misdeeds and did indeed manage to approach the Buddha and retook refuge in the Triple Gem, dying shortly afterwards. Because of the gravity of his actions, he was condemned to suffer for several hundred millennia in Avici. However, it was also said that he would eventually be admitted into the heavens as a Pratyekabuddha due to his past merits prior to his corruption.  In the Samaññaphala Sutta, Gautama Buddha said that if Ajatasattu hadn't killed his father, he would have attained sotapannahood, a degree of enlightenment. But because he had killed his father he could not attain it.

Ānantarika-karma or ānantarika-kamma is a heinous crime that through karmic process brings immediate disaster. They are called 'anantarika' because they are 'an' (without) 'antara' (interval), in other words the results immediately come to fruition in the next life, i.e. the participant goes straight to hell. These are considered so heinous that even non-Buddhists must avoid them. According to Buddhism, committing such a crime would prevent the perpetrator from attaining the stages of sotāpanna, sakadagami, anāgāmi or arhat in that lifetime. The five crimes are:

Anantarika-karma ou ānantarika-kamma est un des cinq pêchés du bouddhisme apportant un désastre immédiat dans le processus karmique. "anantarika" signifie "sans" (an) "interval" (tarika).


History and setting up.

Magyar Bulls RLFC, Hungary's National Rugby league team was founded in Budapest in May 2011 by members of the Budapest Exiles RFC, keen to try rugby league and with an open invitation to other teams in Hungary to send players - all with the objective of honouring an invitation to play in the CEE European Bowl competition vs. the Czech Republic.  From small beginnings on a Monday evening, on Margit Island, in the middle of the Danube, the squad has grown to be able to select a nucleus of 20 players to play against the Czech Republic on 23 July. The pull of playing international RL has seen enquiries to train and play from a number of other clubs in Hungary as well as players of Hungarian origin who have travelled back to play from Italy and the UK.  In June 2013, Hungary was granted Observer status by the RLEF. They subsequently played their first fully sanctioned international against a Greece team featuring professional players Michael Korkidas and Braith Anasta. In 2014, Tour in Paris again and Hungary competed in the inaugural Balkans Cup tournament in Serbia. This was Hungary's first International tournament. Hungary finished the overall tournament in fourth place. They also made history in the tournament, as they recorded their first ever international try in their match with Bosnia. In 2015 Tour in Belgrade on Euro 9' Tournament.

Current Squad.

Squad selected for the 2018 Emerging Nations World Championship;

Hungarian National Rugby League in Australia.

In 2016, Hungary began searching for players in Australia of Hungarian heritage to play for Hungary. This was met with resounding response, with many quality players putting their name down. Several training sessions were held in Sydney by coach John Wilson and manager Stephen Németh.  On Saturday the 4th of February 2017, Hungary played their first test match outside of Europe against Uruguay who were making their International debut, in front of 500 spectators. Hungary ran away with the game 50-4 in a dominant display. The team consisted of only Australian players with Hungarian heritage. This was also Hungary's first test match victory across any continent. The four Farkas brothers were outstanding, scoring 30 of the 50 points between themselves alone, with Aaron Farkas accumulating 16 himself in a spectacular performance at hooker. Alexander Fricska scored a try on debut.  On Wednesday the 8th of February 2017, just 4 days after the first test played outside of the Europe, Hungary played their second against a stronger Thailand side, featuring ex NRL and Super league coach Brian Smith, in front of 100 spectators. Hungary opened up the scoring with 2 quick tries, before scoring 2 more before the half. Thailand came out strong in the second half scoring first points, however Hungary were too strong and ran out 44-10 winners becoming just their second test match victory since the teams origin 6 years prior. The game was almost called off as the night before, a storm washed out the majority of Sydney's Rugby League fields. Just hours before kickoff, the game was rescheduled at Endeavor Sports High School, instead of the original venue, Erskineville Oval.

Results.

A † denotes that the match did not contribute to the RLIF World Rankings.

Cap Number and playing record.

As of 8 February 2017.

The Hungary national rugby league team, known as the Magyar Bulls, represents Hungary in the sport of rugby league football. Making their debut against the Czech Republic in July 2011, they played their first ranked international against Greece in October 2013.

L' Équipe de Hongrie de rugby à XIII, connue également sous le nom des « "taureaux magyars »," est la sélection qui représente la Hongrie dans les compétitions officielles. Elle a disputé son premier match officiel face à la République Tchèque en juillet 2011, et son premier match comptant pour le classement international en octobre 2013 face à la Grèce.


Context.

A large body of evidence has established that a defining characteristic of cognitive biases is that they manifest automatically and unconsciously over a wide range of human reasoning, so even those aware of the existence of the phenomenon are unable to detect, let alone mitigate, their manifestation via awareness only.

Real-world effects of cognitive bias.

There are few studies explicitly linking cognitive biases to real-world incidents with highly negative outcomes. Examples:  There are numerous investigations of incidents determining that human error was central to highly negative potential or actual real-world outcomes, in which manifestation of cognitive biases is a plausible component. Examples:  Each of the approximately 100 cognitive biases known to date can also produce negative outcomes in our everyday lives, though rarely as serious as in the examples above. An illustrative selection, recounted in multiple studies:

To date.

An increasing number of academic and professional disciplines are identifying means of cognitive bias mitigation. What follows is a characterization of the assumptions, theories, methods and results, in disciplines concerned with the efficacy of human reasoning, that plausibly bear on a theory and/or practice of cognitive bias mitigation. In most cases this is based on explicit reference to cognitive biases or their mitigation, in others on unstated but self-evident applicability. This characterization is organized along lines reflecting historical segmentation of disciplines, though in practice there is a significant amount of overlap.

Decision theory.

Decision theory, a discipline with its roots grounded in neo-classical economics, is explicitly focused on human reasoning, judgment, choice and decision making, primarily in 'one-shot games' between two agents with or without perfect information. The theoretical underpinning of decision theory assumes that all decision makers are rational agents trying to maximize the economic expected value/utility of their choices, and that to accomplish this they utilize formal analytical methods such as mathematics, probability, statistics, and logic under cognitive resource constraints.  Normative, or prescriptive, decision theory concerns itself with what people "should" do, given the goal of maximizing expected value/utility; in this approach there is no explicit representation in practitioners' models of unconscious factors such as cognitive biases, i.e. all factors are considered conscious choice parameters for all agents. Practitioners tend to treat deviations from what a rational agent would do as 'errors of irrationality', with the implication that cognitive bias mitigation can only be achieved by decision makers becoming more like rational agents, though no explicit measures for achieving this are proffered.  Positive, or descriptive, decision theory concerns itself with what people "actually" do; practitioners tend to acknowledge the persistent existence of 'irrational' behavior, and while some mention human motivation and biases as possible contributors to such behavior, these factors are not made explicit in their models. Practitioners tend to treat deviations from what a rational agent would do as evidence of important, but as yet not understood, decision-making variables, and have as yet no explicit or implicit contributions to make to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.

Game theory.

Game theory, a discipline with roots in economics and system dynamics, is a method of studying strategic decision making in situations involving multi-step interactions with multiple agents with or without perfect information. As with decision theory, the theoretical underpinning of game theory assumes that all decision makers are rational agents trying to maximize the economic expected value/utility of their choices, and that to accomplish this they utilize formal analytical methods such as mathematics, probability, statistics, and logic under cognitive resource constraints.  One major difference between decision theory and game theory is the notion of 'equilibrium', a situation in which all agents agree on a strategy because any deviation from this strategy punishes the deviating agent. Despite analytical proofs of the existence of at least one equilibrium in a wide range of scenarios, game theory predictions, like those in decision theory, often do not match actual human choices. As with decision theory, practitioners tend to view such deviations as 'irrational', and rather than attempt to model such behavior, by implication hold that cognitive bias mitigation can only be achieved by decision makers becoming more like rational agents.  In the full range of game theory models there are many that do not guarantee the existence of equilibria, i.e. there are conflict situations where there is no set of agents' strategies that all agents agree are in their best interests. However, even when theoretical equilibria exist, i.e. when optimal decision strategies are available for all agents, real-life decision-makers often do not find them; indeed they sometimes apparently do not even try to find them, suggesting that some agents are not consistently 'rational'. game theory does not appear to accommodate any kind of agent other than the rational agent.

Behavioral economics.

Unlike neo-classical economics and decision theory, behavioral economics and the related field, behavioral finance, explicitly consider the effects of social, cognitive and emotional factors on individuals' economic decisions. These disciplines combine insights from psychology and neo-classical economics to achieve this.  Prospect theory was an early inspiration for this discipline, and has been further developed by its practitioners. It is one of the earliest economic theories that explicitly acknowledge the notion of cognitive bias, though the model itself accounts for only a few, including loss aversion, anchoring and adjustment bias, endowment effect, and perhaps others. No mention is made in formal prospect theory of cognitive bias mitigation, and there is no evidence of peer-reviewed work on cognitive bias mitigation in other areas of this discipline.  However, Daniel Kahneman and others have authored recent articles in business and trade magazines addressing the notion of cognitive bias mitigation in a limited form. These contributions assert that cognitive bias mitigation is necessary and offer general suggestions for how to achieve it, though the guidance is limited to only a few cognitive biases and is not self-evidently generalizable to others.

Neuroeconomics.

Neuroeconomics is a discipline made possible by advances in brain activity imaging technologies. This discipline merges some of the ideas in experimental economics, behavioral economics, cognitive science and social science in an attempt to better understand the neural basis for human decision making.  fMRI experiments suggest that the limbic system is consistently involved in resolving economic decision situations that have emotional valence, the inference being that this part of the human brain is implicated in creating the deviations from rational agent choices noted in emotionally valent economic decision making. Practitioners in this discipline have demonstrated correlations between brain activity in this part of the brain and prospection activity, and neuronal activation has been shown to have measurable, consistent effects on decision making. These results must be considered speculative and preliminary, but are nonetheless suggestive of the possibility of real-time identification of brain states associated with cognitive bias manifestation, and the possibility of purposeful interventions at the neuronal level to achieve cognitive bias mitigation.

Cognitive psychology.

Several streams of investigation in this discipline are noteworthy for their possible relevance to a theory of cognitive bias mitigation.  One approach to mitigation originally suggested by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, expanded upon by others, and applied in real-life situations, is reference class forecasting. This approach involves three steps: with a specific project in mind, identify a number of past projects that share a large number of elements with the project under scrutiny; for this group of projects, establish a probability distribution of the parameter that is being forecast; and, compare the specific project with the group of similar projects, in order to establish the most likely value of the selected parameter for the specific project. This simply stated method masks potential complexity regarding application to real-life projects: few projects are characterizable by a single parameter; multiple parameters exponentially complicates the process; gathering sufficient data on which to build robust probability distributions is problematic; and, project outcomes are rarely unambiguous and their reportage is often skewed by stakeholders' interests. Nonetheless, this approach has merit as part of a cognitive bias mitigation protocol when the process is applied with a maximum of diligence, in situations where good data is available and all stakeholders can be expected to cooperate.  A concept rooted in considerations of the actual machinery of human reasoning, bounded rationality is one that may inform significant advances in cognitive bias mitigation. Originally conceived of by Herbert A. Simon in the 1960s and leading to the concept of satisficing as opposed to optimizing, this idea found experimental expression in the work of Gerd Gigerenzer and others. One line of Gigerenzer's work led to the "Fast and Frugal" framing of the human reasoning mechanism, which focused on the primacy of'recognition' in decision making, backed up by tie-resolving heuristics operating in a low cognitive resource environment. In a series of objective tests, models based on this approach outperformed models based on rational agents maximizing their utility using formal analytical methods. One contribution to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation from this approach is that it addresses mitigation without explicitly targeting individual cognitive biases and focuses on the reasoning mechanism itself to avoid cognitive biases manifestation.  Intensive situational training is capable of providing individuals with what appears to be cognitive bias mitigation in decision making, but amounts to a fixed strategy of selecting the single best response to recognized situations regardless of the 'noise' in the environment. Studies and anecdotes reported in popular-audience media of firefighter captains, military platoon leaders and others making correct, snap judgments under extreme duress suggest that these responses are likely not generalizable and may contribute to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation only the general idea of domain-specific intensive training.  Similarly, expert-level training in such foundational disciplines as mathematics, statistics, probability, logic, etc. can be useful for cognitive bias mitigation when the expected standard of performance reflects such formal analytical methods. However, a study of software engineering professionals suggests that for the task of estimating software projects, despite the strong analytical aspect of this task, standards of performance focusing on workplace social context were much more dominant than formal analytical methods. This finding, if generalizable to other tasks and disciplines, would discount the potential of expert-level training as a cognitive bias mitigation approach, and could contribute a narrow but important idea to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.  Laboratory experiments in which cognitive bias mitigation is an explicit goal are rare. One 1980 study explored the notion of reducing the optimism bias by showing subjects other subjects' outputs from a reasoning task, with the result that their subsequent decision-making was somewhat debiased.  A recent research effort by Morewedge and colleagues (2015) found evidence for domain-general forms of debiasing. In two longitudinal experiments, debiasing training techniques featuring interactive games that elicited six cognitive biases (anchoring, bias blind spot, confirmation bias, fundamental attribution error, projection bias, and representativeness), provided participants with individualized feedback, mitigating strategies, and practice, resulted in an immediate reduction of more than 30% in commission of the biases and a long term (2 to 3-month delay) reduction of more than 20%. The instructional videos were also effective, but were less effective than the games.

Evolutionary psychology.

This discipline explicitly challenges the prevalent view that humans are rational agents maximizing expected value/utility, using formal analytical methods to do so. Practitioners such as Cosmides, Tooby, Haselton, Confer and others posit that cognitive biases are more properly referred to as cognitive heuristics, and should be viewed as a toolkit of cognitive shortcuts selected for by evolutionary pressure and thus are features rather than flaws, as assumed in the prevalent view. Theoretical models and analyses supporting this view are plentiful. This view suggests that negative reasoning outcomes arise primarily because the reasoning challenges faced by modern humans, and the social and political context within which these are presented, make demands on our ancient 'heuristic toolkit' that at best create confusion as to which heuristics to apply in a given situation, and at worst generate what adherents of the prevalent view call'reasoning errors'.  In a similar vein, Mercier and Sperber describe a theory for confirmation bias, and possibly other cognitive biases, which is a radical departure from the prevalent view, which holds that human reasoning is intended to assist individual economic decisions. Their view suggests that it evolved as a social phenomenon and that the goal was argumentation, i.e. to convince others and to be careful when others try to convince us. It is too early to tell whether this idea applies more generally to other cognitive biases, but the point of view supporting the theory may be useful in the construction of a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.  There is an emerging convergence between evolutionary psychology and the concept of our reasoning mechanism being segregated (approximately) into 'System 1' and 'System 2'. In this view, System 1 is the 'first line' of cognitive processing of all perceptions, including internally generated 'pseudo-perceptions', which automatically, subconsciously and near-instantaneously produces emotionally valenced judgments of their probable effect on the individual's well-being. By contrast, System 2 is responsible for 'executive control', taking System 1's judgments as advisories, making future predictions, via prospection, of their actualization and then choosing which advisories, if any, to act on. In this view, System 2 is slow, simple-minded and lazy, usually defaulting to System 1 advisories and overriding them only when intensively trained to do so or when cognitive dissonance would result. In this view, our 'heuristic toolkit' resides largely in System 1, conforming to the view of cognitive biases being unconscious, automatic and very difficult to detect and override. Evolutionary psychology practitioners emphasize that our heuristic toolkit, despite the apparent abundance of'reasoning errors' attributed to it, actually performs exceptionally well, given the rate at which it must operate, the range of judgments it produces, and the stakes involved. The System 1/2 view of the human reasoning mechanism appears to have empirical plausibility (see Neuroscience, next, and for empirical and theoretical arguments against, see ) and thus may contribute to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.

Neuroscience.

Neuroscience offers empirical support for the concept of segregating the human reasoning mechanism into System 1 and System 2, as described above, based on brain activity imaging experiments using fMRI technology. While this notion must remain speculative until further work is done, it appears to be a productive basis for conceiving options for constructing a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.

Anthropology.

Anthropologists have provided generally accepted scenarios of how our progenitors lived and what was important in their lives. These scenarios of social, political, and economic organization are not uniform throughout history or geography, but there is a degree of stability throughout the Paleolithic era, and the Holocene in particular. This, along with the findings in Evolutionary psychology and Neuroscience above, suggests that our cognitive heuristics are at their best when operating in a social, political and economic environment most like that of the Paleolithic/Holocene. If this is true, then one possible means to achieve at least some cognitive bias mitigation is to mimic, as much as possible, Paleolithic/Holocene social, political and economic scenarios when one is performing a reasoning task that could attract negative cognitive bias effects.

Human reliability engineering.

A number of paradigms, methods and tools for improving human performance reliability have been developed within the discipline of human reliability engineering. Although there is some attention paid to the human reasoning mechanism itself, the dominant approach is to anticipate problematic situations, constrain human operations through process mandates, and guide human decisions through fixed response protocols specific to the domain involved. While this approach can produce effective responses to critical situations under stress, the protocols involved must be viewed as having limited generalizability beyond the domain for which they were developed, with the implication that solutions in this discipline may provide only generic frameworks to a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.

Machine learning.

Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, has been used to investigate human learning and decision making.  One technique particularly applicable to cognitive bias mitigation is neural network learning and choice selection, an approach inspired by the imagined structure and function of actual biological neural networks in the human brain. The multilayer, cross-connected signal collection and propagation structure typical of neural network models, where weights govern the contribution of signals to each connection, allow very small models to perform rather complex decision-making tasks at high fidelity.  In principle, such models are capable of modeling decision making that takes account of human needs and motivations within social contexts, and suggest their consideration in a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation. Challenges to realizing this potential: accumulating the considerable amount of appropriate real world 'training sets' for the neural network portion of such models; characterizing real-life decision-making situations and outcomes so as to drive models effectively; and the lack of direct mapping from a neural network's internal structure to components of the human reasoning mechanism.

Software engineering.

This discipline, though not focused on improving human reasoning outcomes as an end goal, is one in which the need for such improvement has been explicitly recognized, though the term "cognitive bias mitigation" is not universally used.  One study identifies specific steps to counter the effects of confirmation bias in certain phases of the software engineering lifecycle.  Another study takes a step back from focussing on cognitive biases and describes a framework for identifying "Performance Norms", criteria by which reasoning outcomes are judged correct or incorrect, so as to determine when cognitive bias mitigation is required, to guide identification of the biases that may be 'in play' in a real-world situation, and subsequently to prescribe their mitigations. This study refers to a broad research program with the goal of moving toward a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation.

Other.

Other initiatives aimed directly at a theory and practice of cognitive bias mitigation may exist within other disciplines under different labels than employed here.

Cognitive bias mitigation is the prevention and reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases – unconscious, automatic influences on human judgment and decision making that reliably produce reasoning errors.

L’atténuation des biais cognitifs est la prévention et la réduction des effets négatifs des biais cognitifs – les influences inconscientes et automatiques sur le jugement et la prise de décision humains qui produisent des erreurs de raisonnement.


Background.

On 5 October 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took control of the city of Derna. An uprising in June 2015 by the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna, however, resulted in their expulsion from large parts of the city. Though clashes continued, ISIL had withdrawn by April 2016. In August 2016, the Libyan National Army began a siege of the city, which was tightened in 2017 following the Shura Council's execution of an air colonel whose plane was shot down near the town. While being ruled by the Shura Council, Derna served as center for al-Qaeda militants, most notably Hesham Ashmawy's Al-Mourabitoun network which regularly launched attacks against Egypt from Libya.

Battle.

On 7 May 2018, Field Marshall Khalifa Haftar declared that the peace efforts in Derna had reached a dead end, announcing a "Zero Hour" for the "liberation of Derna". In a speech delivered at a military parade in Benghazi, Haftar declared that his army was targeting enemy hideouts. Subsequently, the LNA entered Derna and clashed in the Al-Fatayeh district, losing 7 troops and several military vehicles. The military warned local residents of the need to observe security measures, and in particular, called on the civilian population not to approach the places of concentration of militants. The next day, Mansour Al-Hasadi, member of the High Council of State, called for international protection of civilians in the city of Derna, pointing towards the large number of families who had to flee their homes in the district of Fatayeh in search of another safe place in the city. The same day, the LNA captured east of Derna, as well as a major high ground.  On 9 May, the High Council of State renewed its call to end the Battle of Derna, calling for the Presidential Council, the parliament and the United Nations Support Mission in Libya to intervene.  On 11 May, The Leader of the Shura Council, Ateyah Al-Shaari, Dissolved the Shura Council of Mujihadeen in Derna and replaced it with the Derna Protection Force.  On 15 May, Human Rights Watch reported that civilians were endangered by the attack on Derna.  On 16 May, The Derna Protection Force claimed to repel LNA assaults on the Fatayeh and Dahr Homer fronts, south of the city, And claimed to seize six military vehicles in addition to arms and ammunition.  On 18 May, the LNA was working on dismantling the external defense lines of the terrorists inside the city – putting heavy pressure on the militants, who did not have a choice but to leave their hideouts and become an easy target for the army.  On 22 May, The LNA announcer that Brigadier Abdul Hamid Werrfali, Commander of the 36th Brigade, had died in clashes southwest of Derna. The next day, Haftar announced that the LNA will intensify its offensive on the far eastern port city of Derna until it has full control of the area.  On 24 May, Haftar announced that the LNA was "near victory". The same day, 2 LNA troops were killed by a car bombing, which was claimed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.  On 26 May, Egypt bombed DPF positions, joining the battle in support of the LNA.  On 28 May, the LNA seized two suburbs in south-western Derna.  On 29 May, the LNA took control of the western entrance to Derna. The same day, the Derna Protection Force withdrew from the Al-Fatayeh district to the east of the city.  On 30 May, a water desalination plant in Derna stopped working as a result of the war.  On 3 June, The LNA clashed in the Sahel Sahrqi neighborhood. The next day, the LNA captured the Shiha and Bab Tobruk districts.  By 5 June, the LNA was advancing with four battalions into Derna, with 2 from each side, and was bolstered by the Al-Saiqa brigade. At this time, the LNA had seized 75% of Derna.  On 9 June and 10 June, the LNA said it had advanced in the district of Sheiha after hitting it with multiple air strikes, to the edge of Al Maghar in central Derna. LNA spokesman Ahmed al-Mismari also stated that the combat zone was now "less than just 10 km squared."  On 11 June, it was reported that several districts in Derna had been seized by the LNA, with only a few pockets of resistance remaining in the eastern part of the city. Many news outlets then reported that the battle was nearing its end. On 12 June, the LNA was attacked by 2 suicide bombers, the second of whom killed 2 fighters and wounded 3 others. On 13 June, "The Libya Observer" released a video of 2 unarmed men in civilian clothes being tortured and executed by the LNA.  On 14 June, Saleh Faraj, an officer patrolling areas under LNA control, stated that only "50 or 60 remnant" fighters of the DPF were still in Derna, and that they were now holed up in the central district of the city. He also stated that the DPF had planted explosives and deployed snipers. On 18 June, Abu Sufian bin Qumu, Osama Bin Laden's former driver, was captured by the LNA. On 20 June, a suicide bomber killed 4 Libyan security force members, After heading towards them with a white flag. On 24 June, Looting, robberies and assaults on properties by the LNA forced tens of families to flee from the Bab Tobruk and Sahel areas.  On 26 June, while the LNA was fighting for the "last remaining meters" of Derna, LNA spokesman Ahmed al-Mismari stated that most of the terrorist commanders had been killed or captured within the last few days. Although he was unable to confirm the death of Ateyah Al-Shaari, The leader of the Derna Protection Forces, He was able to confirm the "neutralization" of a different commander, Muftah al-Ghweil.  On 27 June, UNICEF sent a thousand hygiene kits to Derna, which should benefit about five thousand people, including children.  On 28 June, al-Qaeda's media organizer Abu Safana Ben Kama was detained by the LNA. Later on the same day, the LNA also managed to take control of the Al-Maghar district, capturing the entire city of Derna. By the end of the day, the LNA had declared victory.  After the LNA declared victory, celebrations erupted in Derna. Some began chanting, while others while honked their car horns in celebration and flashed the victory sign as army forces were seen keeping order on the streets. Khalifa Haftar was quoted as saying "After a bitter struggle and enormous sacrifices, today our date is renewed with victory while it marks the date of defeat for the terrorists". Between 7 and 31 May, The Libyan National Army suffered 20 killed and 35 wounded, while the Shura council suffered 100 killed and 100 captured. Approximately 19,270 civilians were displaced.  However, fighting in the old city continued for the following several months. In July and September, the Derna Protection Force clashed with the LNA. On 11 February 2019, the LNA declared the end of military operations in Derna, after they had retaken the entire city. On 12 February, the 46 remaining fighters of the Derna Protection Force (DPF) surrendered themselves to the LNA, marking the dissolution of the group.

The Battle of Derna was a military campaign by the Libyan National Army to recapture the city of Derna from the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna, which lasted from 7 May 2018 until 12 February 2019. The majority of military operations concluded by 28 June 2018, with the Libyan National Army declaring control of the entire city on that day, despite continued clashes in the old city. During the early stages of the battle, the Shura Council was dissolved and replaced with the Derna Protection Force, which continued operations after the LNA declared victory in June 2018, before surrendering themselves at the end of the battle.

La bataille de Derna se déroule du au lors de la deuxième guerre civile libyenne. À l'issue des combats, la ville de Derna, auparavant contrôlée par le Conseil de la Choura des moudjahidines de Derna, est prise par l'Armée nationale libyenne (ANL).


Battle.

Price's Confederate cavalry force was in full retreat following its expedition into Missouri. On October 28, 1864, it stopped to rest about two miles (3 km) south of Newtonia, Missouri. About 3:00 p.m., Maj. Gen. James G. Blunt's Union cavalrymen spotted the rear of Price's supply train entering the woods south of town on the Cassville road. McLain's Colorado Light Artillery, supported by the 15th Kansas Cavalry, opened on the rebels.  Blunt formed the 16th Kansas Cavalry and 2nd Colorado Cavalry in two lines and personally led a charge behind a screen of skirmishers toward the fleeing supply train. Most of the rebel skirmishers were in no condition (physically or mentally) to resist, and they were soon tumbling backwards. Brig. Gen. Joseph O. (Jo) Shelby's mounted infantry division, including his "Iron Brigade", rode to the front, dismounted, and engaged the Union force. Shelby's men overlapped the flanks of the smaller Union force and forced it back into a large cornfield near the Matthew H. Ritchey estate. There, fighting raged until Federal cannon fire and reinforcements under Brig. Gen. John B. Sanborn finally caused the Confederates to retreat at nightfall. However, Shelby had accomplished his mission in holding up the Union pursuers. By morning, Price had retreated across the desolate prairie towards the Indian Territory.  Despite the duration and ferocity of the firefight, casualties were rather light (400 for the Federals versus 250 for the Confederates).  Today, most of the battlefield is in private hands. Twenty acres (81,000 m2), plus the Ritchey mansion, are owned by the Newtonia Battlefield Preservation Society.

Second Battle of Newtonia Site.

The Second Battle of Newtonia Site is a historic battlefield site listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The site consist of the battlefield site as a whole plus what has been designated as the cornfield site, the artillery ridge site and the Granby Road site. The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Newtonia battlefield.

The Second Battle of Newtonia was fought on October 28, 1864, in Newton County, Missouri, as part of Major General Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition of the American Civil War.

La seconde bataille de Newtonia s'est déroulée le, dans le comté de Newton, au Missouri, dans le cadre de l'expédition du Missouri du major général Sterling Price de la guerre de Sécession.


Geography.

According to the 2010 census, Morton has a total area of, of which (or 99.66%) is land and (or 0.34%) is water.

Demographics.

At the 2010 census there were 16,267 people, 6,622 households, and 4,507 families living in the village. The population density was 1,251.9 people per square mile (481.8/km2). There were 6,973 housing units at an average density of 536.6 per square mile (199.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.3% White, 0.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7%.  Of the 6,622 households 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 27.6% of households were one person and 12.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.95.  The age distribution was 23.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% 65 or older. The median age was 41.4 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.  The median household income was $70,878 and the median family income was $87,800. Males had a median income of $54,055 versus $27,629 for females. The per capita income for the village was $34,632. About 3.3% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Morton's economy has been shaped by its proximity to both east/west and north/south interstates (I-74, I-474, I-155, I-55), central location between Chicago, St. Louis and Indianapolis, the presence of Caterpillar's logistics center, proximity to Caterpillar's corporate headquarters in Peoria, and the surrounding fertile farmland. Morton is a net importer of workforce due to the high concentration of major employers and has an unemployment rate (approximately 4%) below the regional, state and national averages. Major industry clusters include advanced manufacturing and logistics/distribution.

Schools.

Morton Community Unit School District 709 is the local public school district; it has one high school (Morton High School), one junior high school for grades seven and eight, and four primary schools for kindergarten through grade six. Private schools in the village are Blessed Sacrament and Bethel Lutheran, both private grade schools with preschool through eighth grade.

Morton is a village in Tazewell County, Illinois, United States, known for its pumpkins and annual Pumpkin Festival. The population was 16,267 at the 2010 census. Morton, the home of a Caterpillar Inc. distribution facility and a Libby's pumpkin cannery, is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Morton is a suburb of Peoria where it is only a 14 minute commute to downtown. Morton is also home to the corporate headquarters of Morton Buildings Inc.

Morton est un village américain du comté de Tazewell, dans l'État de l'Illinois. Il est incorporé le. Le village est renommé pour ses citrouilles et son "festival annuel de la citrouille".


Biography.

Early life.

She came from a land-owning nobility family. She was the daughter of Henryk Rodziewicz, coat of arms Łuk and Amelia née Kurzeniecki. for help given to the January insurgents (storage of weapons) Maria's parents were sentenced to family estate of Pieniaha in Vawkavysk confiscation and to deportation to Siberia. Amelia, who was pregnant with Maria at that time, was allowed to give birth and later was deported by a carriage that she paid for a few months later. During the parents' stay in exile, the Rodziewicz's children were put under the care of various relatives. Initially, Maria's grandparents took care of the Kurzeniecki family in the Zamosze estate near Janów, and after their short death a friend and distant relative of her mother took care of her - Maria Skirmuntt (in Korzeniów in the Pinsk region).  In 1871, as a result of amnesty, Maria's parents returned from exile. At that time, they could only settle outside the lands called by the Russians 'taken away', i.e. not in the Grodno region, where the Rodziewicz family had relatives. They settled in Warsaw, where they were in a very difficult financial situation (father worked as a tenant of the tenement house, mother for some time in a cigarette factory). The family situation improved slightly when a distant relative of Ksawery Pusłowski made Maria's father the administrator of his property. However, real improvement occurred in 1875, when Henryk Rodziewicz inherited the property of Hruszów in Polesie (1533 ha) from his childless brother Teodor. It was not a family property for a long time (the great-grandfather of Rodziewiczówna bought it from Alexander Suvorov).  Already during her stay in Warsaw Rodziewiczówna began to attend the finishing school of Mrs. Kuczyńska. At the end of 1876, due to the improvement of the financial situation of the family, she was placed in a finishing school in Yazlovets ran by the Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose superior was Marcelina Darowska (beatified by John Paul II). There she stayed until the summer of 1879, when due to her father's illness and lack of money for further education she had to return to her family (she finished the fifth or sixth grade). Staying in a school in Jazłowiec, where girls in a religious but patriotic atmosphere were prepared primarily for the future role of wife and mother, had a great impact on Rodziewiczówna. Her first works were also to be created here, most likely "Kwiat lotosu" (lotus flower).

Reign over Hruszowa.

In 1881 Rodziewiczówna's father died. After his death, she gradually began to take control of his estate until 1887, when she took it over formally (with the burden of the debts of her father and uncle, as well as the need to repay her siblings). She cut her hair short (with her mother's permission) and in the short skirt and "masculine" coat she took care of Hruszowa, which, however, did not bring much income (despite a large acreage arable land was at most a third of it).  In 1882 Maria Rodziewiczówna debuted under the pen name Mario in 3 and 4 issue of „Dziennik Anonsowy” with two novelettes – "Gama uczuć" i "Z dzienniczka reportera". She used the same pen name in 1884 in Świt, redacted by Maria Konopnicka, with a story "Jazon Bobrowski", and a humoresque published in 1885, "Farsa panny Heni". Her novel debut was "Straszny dziadunio", which won in a 1886 competition held by „Świt”, which publiushed the novel in episodic format.  The relationships of the estate with local Belarussian peasants were varied. In 1890 the writer could face up to two weeks of arrest for „active abuse” (beating) of an Antopol shepherd (the case was solved amicably by paying the shepherd 5 rubles). In December 1900 there was an arson, burning a barn, threshers and cowshed with fifty cattle. The estate dedicated itself to spreading the culture, and local peasants could find medical aid there. In 1937, for anniversary of 50 years of governing Hruszowa (and 50 years of literary work) the villagers gave Rodziewiczówna a dedicared album, bought bells to her chapel and delivered bricks to the construction place of a Catholic church in Antopol for free (the church was co-founded by her).  After the death of her grandmother, mother and sister in the mid-90s, the writer lived in Hruszowa for some time alone. It is difficult to say when Helena Weychert (met in the Stowarzyszenie Ziemianek - Association of Landowners) moved to the estate as Rodziewiczówna's life partner.. Weychert introduced changes in the maintenance of the farm (such as the introduction of crop rotation or the launch of a distillery), which improved revenues. After a few years, she moved to Warsaw, buying, together with Rodziewiczówna, a flat on Bracka Street and a property near Falenica.  In 1919 her place was taken in Hruszowa by a new (introduced as a distant relative) partner of the writer - Jadwiga Skirmuntt. Jadwiga dealt with "womanly household and farmkeeping", while Maria "left business and masculine farmkeeping to herself". This relation was described by Skirmuntt in her memoirs with the German word "Wahlverwandtschaft", meaning "spiritual affinity" / "affinity by choice".  The writer spent time until World War I in her estate in the company of Jadwiga Skirmuntt or Helena Weychert. Only in winter did she go to Warsaw for 2-3 months. She also made several trips abroad: to Rome (for 500 rubles obtained as a reward for "Dewajtis"), 2-3 times to southern France, at least once to Munich, Sweden and Norway.  In 1905 she began organizing social activities (social tensions and the image of workers' misery made a huge impression on her). In 1906, she founded the secret women's association Unia. She also contributed to the establishment of a grocery store and a store selling folk products in Warsaw, as well as a common room in the Kobryń poviat.

World War I.

The outbreak of World War I found Rodziewiczówna in Warsaw. She took part in the organization of a military hospital, she also helped organize cheap kitchens for intelligentsia and academic assistance. In 1915 she returned to Hruszowa for some time, taking care of the refugees she had tried to keep there. In the years 1919–1920 she initiated a number of social activities in the area of Hruszowa, establishing an agricultural circle, building a steam room, and rebuilding the cheder in Antopol. During the Polish-Bolshevik war, she was in Warsaw, where she was the secretary of the Main Committee of the Polish Red Cross and was appointed the commandant of the Female Volunteer Committee for the Relief of Lviv to the city of Warsaw. For her activity in this field, she was awarded the "Orlęta" Medal of Honor, which was accompanied by a diploma signed by general Tadeusz Rozwadowski. After the end of war, she returned to Hruszowa. Years later, Rodziewiczówna considered this diploma the most important souvenir of her activity.

Interwar period.

In the interwar period, she tried to continue her educational and social activities (among others, she organized the Polish House in Antopol, she also financed the construction of a floor at the Kobryn School of her own name). However, government policy in Kresy aroused her disapproval. She ideologically associated the maintenance of "Polishness" in these lands with the role of landowners and the Church. Meanwhile, the authorities demanded that her part of the estate (150 ha) be handed over for the needs of settlement, which were also personally disputed with the starosta from Kobryn. She became a protector and co-founder of the Union of Homeland Nobility.  Rodziewiczówna had a critical attitude towards Jews created from her own experience and observations of the environment, whom she considered exploiters (usury), who would significantly contribute to the poverty of the Polesie village and the financial problems of the borderland landowners. This has often been reflected in her works, where there is the figure of an evil Jew, but in some of them she gives examples of positive and kind people who help Poles in troubles (e.g. "Jaskółczym szlakiem").  In 1937 she was invited to the authorities of Oboz Zjednoczenia Narodowego. She accepted the invitation but in 1938, in protest against the deeds of OZN authorities, she left the organization.

World War II.

The outbreak of World War II found her in Hruszowa. She was displaced from it in October 1939 (the property, after the area was taken over by the Red Army, was taken over by a committee of local people). Based on false documents, she crossed the border of the German occupation and, together with Skirmuntt, got to the transit camp in Łódź at ul. Łąkowa 4, from where they were removed in March 1940 by the Mazaraki family, owners of the property near Tuszyn.  Shortly afterwards she went to Warsaw, i.e. to the General Government, where, assisted by friends, she spent the last years of her life in very difficult material conditions. During the Warsaw Uprising, the ancient writer was already passing by or being moved to several different homes, looked after by friends, the Polish Red Cross and the insurgents.  She left Warsaw after the surrender, spending a few weeks in Milanówek, and then heading to Żelazna - the property of Aleksander Mazaraki jr. near Skierniewice. Placed in a nearby forester's cabin in Leonów. She died of pneumonia in November 1944.  Initially, she was buried in Żelazna, but on November 11, 194 she was buried in the "Avenue of the Distinguished" at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.

Private life.

As a teenager Maria declared that she would never marry. She spent her life with Helena Weychert and Jadwiga Skirmuntt, and their arrangement was that Maria would spend few winter months in Warsaw with Helena, and the rest of the year in Hruszowa with Jadwiga. During her life only Irena Krzywicka would publicly imply that she was a lesbian, in a 1936 article in "Wiadomości Literackie". Maria's behavior and attire were very masculine and noted by her contemporaries for that. Krzysztof Tomasik called her "the first butch of Polish literature".

Maria Rodziewiczówna (February 2, 1863 – November 16, 1944, near Żelazna) was a Polish writer, among the most famous of the interwar years. Her works often addressed patriotism, idealized rural life, and praised the countryside and peasantry. Rodziewiczówna is also noted for advocating for women's' rights. Her writings include "Wrzos" ("Heather"), "Dewajtis", "Lato leśnych ludzi" ("Summer of the Forest People"), "Straszny dziadunio" ("Eerie Grandpa").

Maria Rodziewiczówna (connue aussi sous les pseudonymes "Žmogus", "Mario", "Weryho"), née le à dans le voblast de Hrodna et morte le à Skierniewice, est une écrivaine polonaise.


History.

The Royal Armouries is one of the ancient institutions of the Tower of London and was originally engaged in the manufacture of armour for the Kings of England. The Office of the Armoury grew out of the department known as the King's Privy Wardrobe at the Tower of London in the mid-15th century. Overseen from 1423 by the Master of the King's Armour, and based in the White Tower, the Office was responsible for manufacturing armour and edged weapons for the monarch and his armies; it functioned alongside the Office of Ordnance, which had responsibility for firearms.  The Armoury oversaw storehouses and workshops at Woolwich and Portsmouth, and at various royal palaces (most notably the Greenwich Armoury, which specialized in richly decorated ceremonial armour). In 1545, it is recorded that a visiting foreign dignitary paid to view the Armoury collection at the Tower of London. By the time of Charles II, there was a permanent public display there; the "Spanish Armoury" which included instruments of torture and the "Line of Kings"—a row of wooden effigies representing the kings of England. This makes it the first museum in Britain. The influence of the Armoury began to wane as traditional weapons gave way increasingly to firearms in the field of war. In the 1620s, swords, lances and items of armour were still used in battle, but for the most part were being issued by the Office of Ordnance (which was becoming a sizeable department of State) rather than by the Armoury. The latter, however, remained staffed and operational until 1671, when it was finally absorbed by the Ordnance Board; the board continued to maintain, and indeed expanded, the Armoury as a museum.  The Tower was engaged in the development, manufacture and storage of a wide variety of weaponry until the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855. Thereafter the historic armoury collection remained. Only a small part of this could be displayed, however, and in 1995, much of the artillery collection was moved to Fort Nelson in Hampshire and the following year a new Royal Armouries Museum was opened in Leeds. The remaining part of the collection relates directly to the Tower.  The National Heritage Act 1983 established the Armouries as a non-departmental public body, now sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

Master of the Armouries.

The head of the Royal Armouries is known as the Master of the Armouries. This was an ancient office that was revived in 1935 when the Royal Armouries became a national museum. The current Director General and Master of the Armouries is Edward Impey.

Master of the Armoury.

The Master of the Armoury was responsible for maintaining a store of armour and weapons for use in the event of war and had an office in the Tower of London. The first use of the title was in 1462.

The Royal Armouries is the United Kingdom's National Museum of Arms and Armour. It is the United Kingdom's oldest museum, originally housed in the Tower of London from the 15th century, and one of the oldest museums in the world. It is also one of the oldest and largest collections of arms and armour in the world, comprising the UK's National Collection of Arms and Armour, National Artillery Collection, and National Firearms Collection. Its historic base is in the Tower of London, but today the collection is split across three sites:

Le est le musée britannique consacré aux armes et armures. Fondé en 1983, il est partagé en trois musées : le Royal Armouries de la Tour Blanche à la Tour de Londres, le Royal Armouries Museum de Leeds et le Fort Nelson dans le Hampshire.


Life.

Very few biographical details of this artist are known with any level of certainty. Nothing much is known about the artist other than that he flourished in Mechelen around 1538. While there is still no consensus among scholars, a majority believe that Vincent Sellaer should be identified with the artist to whom the early 17th century biographer Karel van Mander referred as "Vincent Geldersman". Van Mander described Sellaer as a good painter of allegories, such as Leda with two eggs, Susanna and the elders, and Cleopatra with the asp. Van Mander mentioned him in his "Life of Frans Minnebroer" as one of the notable painters of Mechelen. While many known versions of a "Leda and the Swan" have been attributed to Sellaer, none has survived that depicts a Leda with eggs.  Some art historians such as G.J. Hoogewerff have speculated that Sellaer worked for some time in Brescia and may have visited other Italian cultural centres. This Italian stay would be situated in the years 1521 to 1524.  Scholars believe that Sellaer was the foremost painter in Mechelen, and his patrons were likely members of the court and the city’s Great Council.

Work.

To date only a single signed and dated painting by Vincent Sellaer is known. It is the work entitled "Christ blessing the Children" now in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Based on the characteristics of this panel a whole series of works has now been attributed to Sellaer. Many of these works depict half-length central figures, with a mythological or Christian-inspired theme.  Based on his presumed Italian residence, roughly two large spheres of influence are distinguished. First, the influence of the leonardesque-Lombardian school and in particular that of da Vinci and Brescia masters such as Moretto da Brescia and Girolamo Romani. Secondly, a Florentine-Roman influence, particularly by Andrea del Sarto and the school of Raphael. Especially the later works, including the numerous versions of the "Holy Family" attributed to Sellaer, combine both influences. A third influence is that of the Venetian school as shown in the use of a typical Venetian colour scheme peculiar to Titian, Romani and Veronese. Sellaer's numerous depictions of putti call to mind the work of Moretto da Brescia. Typically Italian style characteristics such as sfumato and clair-obscur are used in Sellaer's work. The monumentality of form of Sellaer's paintings was almost unseen in the Low Countries at the time. His works usually include a half-length central figure facing forward while subsidiary figures at the back help clarify the story.  A theme to which Sellaer returned regularly was that of the "Madonna and Child with Saints", also referred to as the "Holy Kinship". An example is (At Sotheby's on 28 January 2010 in New York, lot 253). As in many compositions of Sellaer, children play an important role in this painting by animating it with their movement and round smiling faces. The motif of a child climbing onto the back of the central female figure was one of Sellaer’s favoured devices in these compositions. This is also reflected in another favourite theme of Sellaer, the depiction of the virtue of Charity, which in the sixteenth century was typically represented by a woman surrounded by infants.

Vincent Sellaer (1490–1564), was a Flemish Renaissance painter known for his mythological and religious subjects. His works stand out through their monumentality of form and their mixing of Italian and northern styles.

Vincent Sellaer (ca. 1490 - 1564) est un artiste peintre de la Renaissance flamande connu pour ses sujets mythologiques et religieux.


Background.

Domnall was one of two recorded sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland; the other being Mathgamain. Domnall was a member of the Uí Briain, a branch of the Dál Cais, descended from the eponymous Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland. Domnall's mother was Derb Forgaill, daughter of Lethlobar Ua Laidcnén, King of Airgíalla. The fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" accord Domnall the epithet "gerrlámhach" ("short-armed") which may indicate—if the term is taken literally—that he suffered some sort of deformity.  Muirchertach Ua Briain was one of three sons of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland, a man who secured control of the Kingdom of Munster in the 1060s before gaining the high-kingship of Ireland less than a decade later. In 1075, in an act of overlordship over the Kingdom of Dublin, Toirdelbach Ua Briain appointed Muirchertach Ua Briain King of Dublin, following a precedent set by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster, a previous claimant to the Irish high-kingship who had done the same to his own eldest son, Murchad, in 1052. When Toirdelbach Ua Briain finally died in 1086, his sons bitterly contested the kingship of Munster before Muirchertach Ua Briain succeeded in securing it for himself. By 1091, the latter appears to have regained control of the Dublin, only to lose it to Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles, who united it with the Kingdom of the Isles. Gofraid's reign in Ireland was short-lived, as Muirchertach Ua Briain forced him from Dublin in 1094. After the Gofraid's death the following year, Muirchertach Ua Briain appointed his own nephew, Domnall mac Taidc, as King of the Isles. Uí Briain influence in the Isles was similarly short-lived, however, as Domnall mac Taidc was apparently forced from the region, and Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway seized control of not only the Isles, but perhaps even Dublin itself, before falling in battle in 1103. Later in 1111, Domnall mac Taidc temporarily seized the kingship of the Isles in an act that may have been opposed by his aforesaid uncle. The reasons for Domnall mac Taidc's exit from the Isles are uncertain. Although he may have been forcibly ejected by the Islesmen, he may well have returned to Ireland to take advantage of Muirchertach Ua Briain's rapidly failing health.

Kingship of Dublin.

In 1114, the power of a now gravely ill Muirchertach Ua Briain's began to waver. The kingship of Munster was temporarily seized by Muirchertach Ua Briain's half-brother, Diarmait Ua Briain. The record of a grant to Christ Church Cathedral, in which Domnall is styled "King of Ireland", appears to suggest that he attempted to assert a claim to the kingship as well. In fact, the fifteenth-century "Mac Carthaigh's Book" specifically states that Domnall was installed in the kingship of Dublin by his father in 1114. Although Muirchertach Ua Briain's problems were lessened with the death Domnall mac Taidc in 1115, within the year the co-kings of Leinster—Donnchad mac Murchada and Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge, King of Uí Failge—took advantage of his own decline, and attempted to gain control of Dublin by way of a major assault upon the town. In fact, Domnall's father and grandfather had excluded the Kingdom of Leinster from overlordship of Dublin for the last forty years. Furthermore, not only was Conchobar was an unremitting opponent of Domnall's father, but Donnchad possessed several links to the kingship of Dublin as he was married to Domnall mac Taidc's sister, and further had a claim of his own, as both his father and grandfather—Murchad and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó—held the kingship during their own careers.  The prospect of enduring overlordship from nearby Leinster, as compared to the more distant and anaemic overlordship of Munster, appears to have compelled the Dubliners to oppose the Leinstermen. The ensuing battle itself is recorded by both the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" and the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen", which reveal that it was Domnall himself who marshalled the forces of Munster to victory. Considering Munster's weakened state, his triumph in Dublin was remarkable achievement. Unfortunately for Donnchad, however, he lost his life in the encounter; and according to the thirteenth-century ecclesiast Giraldus Cambrensis, the Dubliners added insult to injury by burying his corpse with that of a dog as a show of contempt to the Leinstermen. There is uncertainty as to when Domnall originally gained the kingship of Dublin. His father could have installed him as such upon assuming the Irish high-kingship, or perhaps following the aforesaid ousting of Gofraid Crobán in 1094—although it is not impossible that Domnall mac Taidc was installed as king at this point instead. Another possibility is that Domnall had been appointed king not long before his victory over the Leinstermen—perhaps upon his father's failing health in 1114—or else not long after his successful defence of Dublin. Whatever the case, the evidence of Domnall's kingship indicates that Muirchertach Ua Briain was the third consecutive claimant to the high-kingship to appoint an intended successor to the kingship of Dublin.  Although Muirchertach Ua Briain recovered enough to regain power in Munster within the year, Dublin was later lost to Donnchad's kinsman and Leinster successor, Diarmait mac Énna meic Murchada, King of Leinster, who died there in 1117. Meanwhile, as Muirchertach Ua Briain's power continued to evaporate, the authority of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht ever increased. In 1118, several sources, such as the sixteenth-century "Annals of Loch Cé", the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", the twelfth-century "Chronicon Scotorum", and "the Annals of Tigernach", indicate that Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair gained control of Dublin. In fact, the later source specifies that he had driven Domnall from the kingship once and for all, revealing that Domnall had regained the kingship following Diarmait mac Énna's death in 1117. Although this source also relates that hostages from the "northern half of Ireland" were recovered from Dublin by Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, a statement perhaps indicative of the power that Domnall managed to preserve over northern realms once firmly under his father's suzerainty, at his height Domnall's father had been one of the most successful Uí Briain monarchs, and Domnall was unable to match his accomplishments. Domnall's victory in Dublin marked the beginning of the end of Munster domination of Norse-Gaelic Dublin. Before the frail Muirchertach Ua Briain finally died in 1119, he was forced to resign the kingship of Munster in favour of his half-brother. When the latter died in 1118, Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair had the realm partitioned between Tadc Mac Carthaig in the Kingdom of Desmond, and the sons of Diarmait Ua Briain in the Kingdom of Thomond. Domnall himself was excluded from the kingship.

Death.

Thereafter Domnall disappears from record until his death, as an old man at Lismore, dated by the "Annals of the Four Masters" to 1135. The annal-entry itself describes him as a one-time lord of Leinster, which could be evidence that he had tried to seize Leinster at some point in his career. The "Annals of Tigernach" apparently also record Domnall's death, although the annal-entry identifies him as a grandson of Muirchertach Ua Briain. Long afterwards in 1157, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain, a contender to the Irish high-kingship, invaded the partitioned Munster and forced the submission of Diarmait Mac Carthaig, and further drove out Toirdelbach mac Diarmata Uí Briain—the son of Domnall's aforesaid uncle, Diarmait Ua Briain—and replaced him with another Uí Briain dynast, Conchobar mac Domnaill Uí Briain, King of Ormond. The latter was likely a brother of Lughaid mac Domnaill Uí Briain who was slain in the battle of Móin Mhór in 1151. Both men—Conchobar and Lughaid—could well have been sons of Domnall himself.

Domnall Gerrlámhach (died 1135), also known as Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain, Domnall mac Muirchertaig, and Domnall Ua Briain, was an obscure twelfth-century Uí Briain dynast and King of Dublin. He was one of two sons of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland. Domnall's father appears to have installed him as King of Dublin in the late eleventh- or early twelfth century, which suggests that he was his father's successor-designate. Although Domnall won a remarkable victory in the defence of the Kingdom of Dublin in the face of an invasion from the Kingdom of Leinster in 1115, he failed to achieve the successes of his father. After his final expulsion from Dublin at the hands of Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, and the death of his father, Domnall disappears from record until his own death in 1135. He was perhaps survived by two sons.

Domnall Gerrlámhach (mort en 1135), également connu sous le nom de Domnall Gerrlámhach Ua Briain, Domnall mac Muirchertaig, et Domnall Ua Briain, est un obscur dynaste Uí Briain du XIIe siècle qui fut roi de Dublin. Domnall est l'un des deux fils de Muirchertach Ua Briain, Ard ri Erenn d'Irlande.