Career.

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Rhymefest started off battle rapping at events such as JumpOff and ScribbleJam against acts like Eminem and Chalk. He appeared on the MTV show "Punk'd" when Kanye West was the subject of a practical joke on the set of his second music video for "Jesus Walks." Rhymefest was the first to greet West as he stepped out of a van after it had been revealed to him that he had just been "Punk'd." Rhymefest was on the set of the video to give his input as he was co-writer of the song. Also appeared on TRL along with Kanye West and other stars introducing new artists to the game such as Pharrell Williams introducing Robin Thicke.  Rhymefest was also featured on the episode of the VH1 show "Driven" that dealt with the life story of Kanye West as told by his family, friends and colleagues.  Rhymefest guest starred in an episode of the second season of Nick Cannon's "Wild 'N Out" on MTV, originally aired on Thursday, February 23, 2006. During the "Wildstyle" segment of the show, Fest freestyled to Nick Cannon, ""The black team, a real hard team to deal with, what the hell is this? A little baby Will Smith? I don't understand, by all accounts, Nick Cannon, get out of here, you need to Roll... Bounce!"" After that, in response to a rap about his lisp, he rapped, ""Yeah I got a lisp, I understand this, but why you look like a piece of big Suge Knight's shit? I don't understand, wait a minute, don't buzz me, Celie from The Color Purple, 'You sho is ugly!'"" He also performed "Brand New" with Kanye West on the episode.  "Brand New" was featured on the series premiere of the MTV program "8th & Ocean". It was being played in the Miami club Privé while Britt danced with Adrian.  Fest appeared on Chicago PBS station's local affairs program "Chicago Tonight".  Appears in puppet form and performs the new "Crank Yankers" theme song.  Appeared on an episode of "Chancers" with Matthew Knowles.  Appeared on an episode of "Last Call with Carson Daly", where he performed his single "Fever". Instead of reciting the third verse, he broke into a freestyle about Carson and people in the audience.  Rhymefest appeared as a guest on WGN and CLTV's television show, "Garrard McClendon LIVE". He had three appearances on the show, discussing WalMart's hiring of Blacks, his Englewood campaign for alderman, and his rap career.  Smith co-wrote "Glory" alongside John Legend and Common, for the 2014 motion picture "Selma". The song received the 2014 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the 2014 Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Politics.

In October, 2010, Smith announced his candidacy for Chicago's 20th ward alderman. He placed second in the February 22, 2011 election, and was defeated by incumbent Willie Cochran in the April 5, 2011 runoff election, getting 45.4% of the vote to Cochran's 54.6%.  He hosted a "Truth & Reconciliation" event series to enhance awareness about gun violence in Chicago.

Donda's House.

Rhymefest also managed Donda's House, Inc., now renamed Art of Culture, Inc. The organization was originally named after Kanye West's mother Donda West. Artists who were accepted into Donda's House included Hex Hectic.

Rhymefest the Goodwill Hip Hop Ambassador.

On October 19, 2006, Rhymefest met with the United Kingdom's Parliamentary Leader of the Opposition, David Cameron of the Conservative Party. They discussed the issue of violent rap lyrics which Cameron had highlighted as a problem and they both agreed that hip hop music should not be banned, but that rappers should portray the positive side of life in their music. According to the London Metro, Rhymefest treated Cameron to a performance in his House of Commons office and even invited him to venture with him to a nightclub. However at the advice of Legal Document Assistant and Consigliere to "The Chicago Outfit" Jacques Darrow Carr of Los Angeles, California this was turned down by Cameron due to his busy schedule. In a March 2011 interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio, Rhymefest discussed his relationship with David Cameron, including a frank discussion regarding Mr Cameron's reaction to him.

Che Guevara namesake.

Che Smith, named for the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, addressed the matter, stating:

Personal life.

Rhymefest has always been a Muslim.

Che Smith (born July 6, 1977), better known by his stage name Rhymefest, is an American hip hop artist, philanthropist, and politician from Chicago, Illinois, whose first official album, "Blue Collar", was released on July 11, 2006. His prominent songwriting credits include co–writing Kanye West's "Jesus Walks", which won the Grammy for Best Rap Song at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards and "New Slaves" taken from West's sixth studio album "Yeezus" (2013).

Rhymefest, de son vrai nom Che Smith, né le à Chicago, en Illinois, est un rappeur américain. Il publie son premier album officiel, ", le.


Life and career.

Born to photographer and filmmaker John Cook and television director and producer Heather Cook, and nephew to artist Arnaud Maggs, Jesse Cook spent the first few years of his life moving between Paris, Southern France and Barcelona.  After his parents separated, Cook and his sister accompanied his mother to her birth country, Canada, where he took lessons at Toronto's Eli Kassner Guitar Academy, and eventually studied under Kassner. While Cook was still a teenager, his father retired to the French city of Arles in the Camargue where his neighbor was Nicolas Reyes, lead singer of the flamenco group the Gipsy Kings. During frequent visits to Arles, Jesse Cook became increasingly fascinated by the "Camargue sound", the rhythmic, flamenco-rumba approach that could be heard on many corners and cafés in the "gipsy barrio".  Back at home, he continued his studies in classical and jazz guitar at Canada's Royal Conservatory of Music, York University, and Berklee College of Music in the United States. He has often quipped that he later attempted to unlearn it all while immersing himself in the oral traditions of gypsy music.  After the independent 1995 release in Canada of his debut album, "Tempest", he played at the 1995 Catalina Jazz Festival; shortly afterwards, "Tempest" entered the American Billboard charts at No. 14.  Cook has recorded ten studio albums, five live DVDs and has traveled the world exploring musical traditions that he has blended into his style of rumba flamenco.  In 1998, Cook was nominated for a Juno Award as Instrumental Artist of the Year. In 2001, he received a Juno Nomination for Best Male Artist. In 2001, Cook won a Juno Award in the Best Instrumental Album category for "Free Fall". In 2009, he was Acoustic Guitar's Player's Choice Award silver winner in the Flamenco category (gold went to Paco de Lucia). He is a three-time winner of the Canadian Smooth Jazz award for Guitarist of the Year and numerous other awards.  In 2011, Cook began filming, directing, and editing his own music videos with the release of "Virtue". He has since directed, filmed, and edited eight music videos, 16 episodes of "Friday Night Music", and produced, edited, and mixed the PBS Concert Special "Jesse Cook, Beyond Borders".  Cook has said of his music: "If you go to Spain and you play [my] music, they’ll say, what is this? They don’t recognize it as Flamenco because it’s not, it’s a hybrid. I love Flamenco, but I also love world music, jazz, pop, Brazilian Samba, and Persian music."

Jesse Arnaud Cook is a Canadian guitarist. He is a Juno Award winner, "Acoustic Guitar" Player's Choice Award silver winner in the Flamenco Category, and a three-time winner of the Canadian Smooth Jazz award for Guitarist of the Year. He has recorded on the EMI, E1 Music and Narada labels and has sold over 1.5 million records worldwide.

Jesse Cook est un guitariste de nouveau flamenco né en 1964 à Paris de parents canadiens. Il a rejoint Toronto à l'âge de trois ans.


Gameplay.

"Disney’s Aladdin" is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player controls the eponymous main character through several stages taking place throughout the city of Agrabah. Within each stage, Aladdin must defeat foes by jumping on them or disorienting them by throwing apples while avoiding dangerous obstacles. Gems can be collected to gain extra lives and points, and 10 red gems located within each stage will substantially increase the player's score. Also most stages contain a treasure chest holding a scarab that flies about for a few seconds, if the player collects it before it disappears they will access a bonus stage in which they spin a wheel that allows Genie to grant them extra lives and other special bonuses. Aladdin also has a health meter of hearts (starting with 3) which will deplete each time he is hit. These can be increased through pickups or through the bonus stages as well.  The escape from the Cave of Wonders and the carpet ride with Princess Jasmine are both stages in which the player rides the Magic Carpet through self-scrolling stages. While in the Cave of Wonders the player must traverse up and down to avoid dangerous obstacles while outrunning waves of lava, the ride with Jasmine is a free-flying bonus stage (between stages 5 and 6) in which the player can collect gems; the bonus stage ends when the melody to "A Whole New World" ends. Only stages 1, 6 and 7 have a boss to defeat (stage 7 being the final stage), while stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 require reaching the end to complete.

Reception.

"Electronic Gaming Monthly" four reviewers scored the Super NES version 8, 8, 9 and 8 out of 10, adding up to 33 out of 40 (average 8.25 out of 10). They commented that the graphics, animation, music and gameplay are all outstanding. "GameFan"s four reviewers scored it 90%, 89%, 87% and 90%. Pedro Hernandez of Nintendo World Report gave the game a positive review, saying that "Capcom truly did something great with this Super NES game". A ScrewAttack reviewer also gave the game a positive review, saying that it was one of the best SNES games. "Aladdin" proved to be a commercial success, selling approximately 1.8 million copies worldwide, becoming Capcom's highest-selling game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System after "Street Fighter II" and its various versions.  Shinji Mikami, the game's designer, said that if he had not made the SNES game, he "would probably buy" the Virgin game because it has a sword and better animation.  The GBA port received mixed reviews. Avi Fryman of GameSpy called the port of "Disney's Aladdin" "the most monumentally disappointing" of all the ports from SNES to GBA.

The game was released in November 1993, the same month that another game with the same title was released by Virgin Games for Sega Genesis. The two games vary in some respects; in the Virgin game, Aladdin wields a scimitar, which is not the case in the Capcom game. The Capcom game was ported to Game Boy Advance (GBA) in Japan on August 1, 2003, in Europe on March 19, 2004, and in North America on September 28, 2004.

Aladdin est un jeu vidéo de plate-forme sorti en 1993 sur Super NES, à l'occasion de la sortie du dessin animé "Aladdin" produit par Walt Disney Pictures la même année.


Early career.

Born at Huy in the Austrian Netherlands in 1743, Argenteau joined the "Mercy d'Argenteau" Infantry Regiment Nr. 56 in 1760. That year he fought at the bloody Battle of Torgau. Before the Seven Years' War ended, he was present at the storming of Schweidnitz. Promoted to Major in 1773, he transferred to the "Loudon" Infantry Regiment Nr. 29. During the Austro-Turkish War (1787-1791), he led the 29th as their "Oberst" (colonel) and served with distinction at the Siege of Belgrade. In October 1789, he received promotion to "General-major".

French Revolutionary Wars.

In 1793, Argenteau served in the Italian theater as chief of staff to Joseph De Vins, the Austrian army commander. Apparently, he did not get along with the officers of their ally, the Kingdom of Sardinia. He continued to fight in northwestern Italy and was involved in at least two small actions. The French drove his troops from their positions during the Battle of Loano on 23 November 1795. He was brought before a Court-martial, but acquitted and in March 1796 promoted to "Feldmarchal-Leutnant".  In April 1796, he commanded the Right Wing under a new army commander, Johann Beaulieu, a fellow Walloon. During the Montenotte Campaign, the French army under Napoleon Bonaparte mauled Argenteau's wing at the battles of Montenotte and Dego. After these defeats, Beaulieu's army remained largely paralyzed as the French knocked the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont out of the First Coalition. Despite these events, Argenteau received the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in May 1796.

Napoleonic Wars.

In 1805, Argenteau led a division in the army of Archduke Charles in northern Italy. At the Battle of Caldiero in October, he commanded five divisions of the Center of the army. At his retirement from military service in 1808, he was appointed "Feldzeugmeister", full general. From 1809 until his death in 1819, he was proprietor ("inhaber") of the "Argenteau" Infantry Regiment Nr. 35. He died in Vienna.

Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau, comte de Mercy or Eugen Gillis Wilhelm Graf Mercy d'Argenteau (1743 – 4 May 1819) joined the Austrian army in 1760, became a general officer, and led large formations of soldiers in several actions during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Eugène-Guillaume d'Argenteau, comte de Mercy, né le à Huy dans la principauté épiscopale de Liège (territoire du Saint-Empire qui ne faisait pas partie des Pays-Bas autrichiens) et mort le à Vienne, fut un militaire hutois au service du Saint-Empire.


History.

The modern cable skiing system was invented by a German engineer Bruno Rixen, who built his first water ski cableway on a lake in Bordesholm, Germany, in 1959. Rixen sold the first commercial system in 1966. However at least one prior cable skiing facility was in operation in Helsinki during the 1950s, and it was claimed to be the first in the world. The inventor was Kauko Kolma, a Finnish construction foreman and water skier.

Popularity.

Cable skiing is very popular in Europe and slowly gaining momentum in the United States. In Germany alone there are over 70 active cableways plus 15 two mast cableways. Two mast cable systems also called linear cable systems are gaining popularity world-wide with numerous systems across the US and Europe with prices for systems ranging from 8,000 to 35,000. One spot in Germany, Langenfeld, has four cableway systems and the highest water skiing and wakeboarding capacity in the world. Since the sport has been growing very fast recently, there are currently more than 40 cables in Poland - Margonin (960 m), Szczecinek (1100 m), Ostróda (800 m), Lublin (760 m) and Augustów (740 m). In the U.S. there are around 50 cableways. One of the largest cable parks in the world and the only cable park in North Africa - Sliders Cable Park was opened in 2014 in El Gouna, Egypt. It is one of a few parks that is open all year round attracting pro riders for winter trainings.

Cable skiing is a way to water ski (or wakeboard), in which the skier's rope and handle are pulled by an electrically-driven cable, whereas traditionally a waterskier is pulled by a motorboat. The mechanism consists of two cables running parallel to one another with carriers between them every 80 metres. The carriers are metal tubes that can hook up tow ropes with riders. Tow ropes are detached and attached at the same time without slowing the system down, which is a main reason for its high efficiency. With a main cable of 800 metres long, 10 riders can waterski or wakeboard at the same time. The speed of the main cable can be up to 38 mph (61 km/h), and slalom skiers can reach much higher speeds. The most common speed is 19 mph (31 km/h), which suits wakeboarders best.

Un téléski nautique est une installation permettant la pratique du ski nautique sur un plan d'eau ; la traction, au lieu d'être assurée par un bateau à moteur, est assurée par un système de câbles, à l'instar du dispositif utilisé pour les téléskis. Ce type d'installation est apparu à la fin des années 1960 en Allemagne, il en existe aujourd'hui environ 330 rien qu'en Europe.


Classification.

The term "Chinese Indonesian" has never been clearly defined, especially for the period before 1900. There was no Indonesian identity or nationality before the 20th century. The ethno-political category Han Chinese was also poorly defined before the rise of modern Chinese nationalism in the late 19th century. At its broadest, the term "Chinese Indonesian" is used to refer to anyone from, or having an ancestor from, the present-day territory of China. This usage is problematic because it conflates Han Chinese with other ethnic groups under Chinese rule. For instance, Admiral Zheng He (1371–1433), who led several Chinese maritime expeditions into Southeast Asia, was a Muslim from Yunnan and was not of Chinese ancestry, yet he is generally characterized as "Chinese". This broad use is also problematic because it prioritizes a line of descent from China over all other lines and may conflict with an individual's own self-identity. Many people who identify as Chinese Indonesian are of mixed Chinese and Indonesian descent. Indonesia's

History.

Early interactions.

The first recorded movement of people from China into Maritime Southeast Asia was the arrival of Mongol forces under Kublai Khan that culminated in the invasion of Java in 1293. Their intervention hastened the decline of the classical kingdoms such as Singhasari and precipitated the rise of the Majapahit empire.  Chinese Muslim traders from the eastern coast of China arrived at the coastal towns of Indonesia and Malaysia in the early 15th century. They were led by the mariner Zheng He, who commanded several expeditions to Southeast Asia between 1405 and 1430. In the book "Yingya Shenglan", his translator Ma Huan documented the activities of the Chinese Muslims in the archipelago and the legacy left by Zheng He and his men. These traders settled along the northern

Chinese in the archipelago under Dutch East India Company rule (1600–1799).

By the time the Dutch arrived in the early 17th century, major Chinese settlements existed along the north coast of Java. Most were traders and merchants, but they also practiced agriculture in inland areas. The Dutch contracted many of these immigrants as skilled artisans in the construction of Batavia (Jakarta) on the northwestern coast of Java. A recently created harbor was selected as the new headquarters of the Dutch East India Company ("", VOC) in 1609 by Jan Pieterszoon Coen. It grew into a major hub for trade with China and India. Batavia became home to the largest Chinese community in the archipelago and remains so in the 21st century. Coen and other early Governors-General promoted the entry of Chinese immigrants to new settlements "for the benefit of those places and for the purpose of gathering spices like cloves, nutmeg, and mace". The port's Chinese population of 300–400 in 1619 had grown to at least 10,000 by 1740. The Dutch Company ruled migrant ethnic groups in Batavia using 'officers' drawn from each community, usually with the title "kapitan" or

Chinese in the archipelago under Dutch colonial rule to 1900.

When the VOC was nationalized on 31 December 1799, many freedoms the Chinese experienced under the corporation were eliminated by the Dutch government. Among them was the Chinese monopoly on the salt trade which had been granted by the VOC administration. An 1816 regulation introduced a requirement for the indigenous population and Chinese traveling within the territory to obtain a travel permit. Those who did not carry a permit faced arrest by security officers. The Governor-General also introduced a resolution in 1825 which forbade "foreign Asians in Java such as Malays, Buginese and Chinese" from living within the same neighborhood as the native population. Following the costly Java War (1825–1830) the Dutch introduced a new agrarian and cultivation system that required farmers to "yield up a portion of their fields and cultivate crops suitable for the European market". Compulsory cultivation restored the economy of the colony, but ended the system of revenue farms established under the VOC.  The Chinese were perceived as temporary residents and encountered difficulties in obtaining land rights. Europeans

Divided nationalism (1900–1949).

The Chinese revolutionary figure Sun Yat-sen visited southeast Asia in 1900, and, later that year, the socio-religious organization Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan (), also known as the Chinese Association, was founded. Their goal was to urge ethnic Chinese in the Indies to support the revolutionary movement in China. In its effort to build Chinese-speaking schools the association argued that the teaching of the English and Chinese languages should be prioritized over Dutch, to provide themselves with the means of taking, in the words of Phoa Keng Hek, "a two or three-day voyage (Java–Singapore) into a wider world where they can move freely" and overcome restrictions of their activities.

Loyalty in question (1950–1966).

The Netherlands relinquished its territorial claims in the archipelago (with the exception of West Papua) following the 1949 Round Table Conference. In the same year that the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan, allowing the Communist Party of China to take control of mainland China. Most Chinese Indonesians considered a communist China less attractive than a newly independent Indonesia, but in the archipelago their loyalties were questioned. Ethnic Chinese born in the Dutch East Indies whose parents were domiciled under Dutch administration were regarded as citizens of the new state according to the principle of "jus soli", or "right

Managing the "Chinese Problem" (1967–1998).

When the New Order government of General Suharto came into power in 1966–1967, it introduced a political system based only on the Pancasila (five principles) ideology. To prevent the ideological battles that occurred during Sukarno's presidency from resurfacing, Suharto's "Pancasila democracy" sought a depoliticized system in which discussions of forming a cohesive ethnic Chinese identity were no longer allowed. A government committee was formed in 1967 to examine various aspects of the "Chinese Problem" (') and agreed that forced emigration of whole communities was not a solution: "The challenge was to take advantage of their economic aptitude whilst eliminating their

Social policy reforms (1999–present).

Suharto unexpectedly resigned on 21 May 1998, one week after he returned from a Group of 15 meeting in Cairo, which took place during the riots. The reform government formed by his successor Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie began a campaign to rebuild the confidence of Chinese Indonesians who had fled the country, particularly businessmen. Along with one of his envoys James Riady, son of financial magnate Mochtar Riady, Habibie appealed to Chinese Indonesians seeking refuge throughout East Asia, Australia, and North America to return and promised security from various government ministries

Origins.

Chinese immigrants to the Indonesian archipelago almost entirely originated from various ethnic groups especially the Tanka people of what are now the Fujian and Guangdong provinces in southern China, areas known for their regional diversity. Nearly all Chinese Indonesians are either patrilineal descendants of these early immigrants or new immigrants born in mainland China.  The first group of Chinese people to settle in large numbers to escape the coastal ban were the most affected Tanka boat people, other came in much smaller numbers, Teochews from Chaozhou, the Hakkas from Chengxiang county (now renamed Meixian), Huizhou (pronounced Fuizhew in Hakka) and rural county of Dabu (pronounced Thaipo in Hakka), the Cantonese from Guangdong and various different ethnic dialect groups who left the trading city ports of southern Fujian including the ethnic Tanka, Hakkas, etc. Descendants of Hokkien Tanka are the dominant group in eastern Indonesia, Central and East Java and the western coast of Sumatra. Teochews, southern neighbors of the Hokkien, are found throughout the eastern coast of Sumatra, in

Demographics.

Indonesia's 2000 census reported 2,411,503 citizens (1.20 percent of the total population) as ethnic Chinese. An additional 93,717 (0.05 percent) ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia were reported as foreign citizens, mostly those of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China, who may not be able to pay the cost of becoming an Indonesian citizen. Because the census employed the method of self-identification, those who refused to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese, or had assumed the identity of other ethnic groups, either because of assimilation or mixed-parentage, or fear of persecution, were recorded as non-Chinese. It is also likely that there are around 6 to 8 millions Chinese living in Indonesia according to several external estimates.  Past estimates on the exact number of Chinese Indonesians relied on the 1930 Dutch East Indies census, which collected direct information on ethnicity. This census reported 1.23 million self-identified ethnic Chinese living in the colony, representing 2.03 percent of the total population, and was perceived to be an accurate account of the group's population. Ethnic information would not be collected again until the 2000 census and so was deduced from other census data, such as language spoken and religious affiliation, during the intermediate years. In an early survey of the Chinese Indonesian minority, anthropologist G. William Skinner estimated that between 2.3 million (2.4 percent) and 2.6 million (2.7 percent) lived in Indonesia in 1961. Former foreign minister Adam Malik provided a figure of 5 million in a report published in the "Harian Indonesia" daily in 1973. Many media and academic sources subsequently estimated between 4 and 5 percent of the total population as ethnic Chinese regardless of the year. Estimates during the 2000s have placed the figure between 6 and 7 million, and the Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission of the Republic of China estimated a population as high as 7.67 million in 2006.  According to 2010 population census, 22.3 percent of Chinese Indonesians lived in the capital city of Jakarta, located on the island of Java. When the island's other provinces—Banten, West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java—are included, this population accounted for around half (51.8 percent) of all Chinese Indonesians. This data does not count the number of ethnic Chinese that have foreign citizenship. 8.15 percent of West Kalimantan's population is ethnic Chinese, followed by Bangka–Belitung Islands (8.14 percent), Riau Islands (7.66 percent), Jakarta (6.58 percent), North Sumatra (5,75 percent), Riau (1.84 percent). In each of the remaining provinces, Chinese Indonesians account for 1 percent or less of the provincial population. Most Chinese Indonesians in North Sumatra lived in the provincial capital of Medan; they are one of major ethnic groups in the city with the Bataks and Javanese people, but in the province, they constituted only a small percentage because of the relatively large population of the province, the sizeable Chinese population also has presence in Binjai, Tanjungbalai and Pematangsiantar city. Bangka–Belitung, West Kalimantan, and Riau are grouped around the hub of ethnic Chinese economic activity in Singapore and, with the exception of Bangka–Belitung, these settlements existed long before Singapore's founding in 1819.  The ethnic Chinese population in Indonesia grew by an average of 4.3 percent annually between 1920 and 1930. It then slowed owing to the effects of the Great Depression and many areas experienced a net emigration. Falling growth rates were also attributed to a significant decrease in the number of Chinese immigrants admitted into Indonesia since the 1950s. The population is relatively old according to the 2000 census, having the lowest percentage of population under 14 years old nationwide and the second-highest percentage of population over 65. Their population pyramid had a narrow base with a rapid increase until the 15–19 age group, indicating a rapid decline in total fertility rates. This was evidenced by a decline in the absolute number of births since 1980. In Jakarta and West Java the population peak occurred in the 20–24 age group, indicating that the decline in fertility rates began as early as 1975. The upper portion of the pyramid exhibited a smooth decline with increasing population age. It is estimated that 60.7 percent of the Chinese Indonesian population in 2000 constitutes the generation that experienced political and social pressures under the New Order government. With an average life expectancy of 75 years, those who spent their formative years prior to this regime will completely disappear by 2032.  According to the last 2010 population census, the self-identified Chinese Indonesian population is 2,832,510. There is a growth of 17.5% from 2000 census, although some of them are because the census bureau improved its counting methodology between 2000 and 2010. During the 2000 census, it only published data for the eight largest ethnic groups in each province. Because Chinese Indonesians in some provinces did not have a large enough population, they were left off the list. This error was only corrected in 2008 when Aris Ananta, Evi Nuridya Arifin, and Bakhtiar from the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore published a report that accounted for all Chinese Indonesian populations using raw data from BPS.

Society.

Scholars who study Chinese Indonesians often distinguish members of the group according to their racial and sociocultural background: the ""totok"" and the ""peranakan"". The two terms were initially used to racially distinguish the pure-blooded Chinese from those with mixed ancestry. A secondary meaning to the terms later arose that meant the ""totok"" were born in China and anyone born in Indonesia was considered ""peranakan"". Segmentation within ""totok"" communities occurs through division in speech groups, a pattern that has become less apparent since the turn of the 20th century. Among the indigenized ""peranakan"" segmentation occurs through social class, which is graded according to education and family standing rather than wealth.

Gender and kinship.

Kinship structure in the ""totok"" community follows the patrilineal, patrilocal, and patriarchal traditions of Chinese society, a practice which has lost emphasis in ""peranakan"" familial relationships. Instead, kinship patterns in indigenized families have incorporated elements of matrilocal, matrilineal, and matrifocal traditions found in Javanese society. Within this community, both sons and daughters can inherit the family fortune, including ancestral tablets and ashes. Political, social, and economic authority in ""peranakan"" families is more evenly distributed between the two genders than in ""totok"" families. Kin terms do not distinguish between maternal and paternal relatives and polygyny is strongly frowned upon. Western influence in ""peranakan"" society is evidenced by the high proportion of childless couples. Those who did have children also had fewer of them than ""totok"" couples.  Despite their break from traditional kinship patterns, ""peranakan"" families

Identity.

Ethnic Chinese in the 1930 Dutch East Indies census were categorized as foreign orientals, which led to separate registration. Citizenship was conferred upon the ethnic Chinese through a 1946 citizenship act after Indonesia became independent, and it was further reaffirmed in 1949 and 1958. However, they often encountered obstacles regarding the legality of their citizenship. Chinese Indonesians were required to produce an Indonesian Citizenship Certificate (', SBKRI) when conducting business with government officials. Without the SBKRI, they were not able to make passports and identity cards (', KTP); register birth, death, and marriage certificates; or register a business license. The requirement for its use was abolished in 1996 through a presidential instruction which was reaffirmed in 1999, but media sources reported that local authorities were still demanding the SBKRI from Chinese Indonesians after the instructions went into effect.  Other terms used for identifying sectors of the community include'and '. The former, traditionally used to describe those born locally, is derived from the root Indonesian word "

Economic aptitude.

Members of the "totok" community are more inclined to be entrepreneurs and adhere to the practice of "guanxi", which is based on the idea that one's existence is influenced by the connection to others, implying the importance of business connections. In the first decade following Indonesian independence their business standing strengthened after being limited to small businesses in the colonial period. By the 1950s virtually all retail stores in Indonesia were owned by ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs, whose businesses ranged from selling groceries to construction material. Discontentment soon grew among indigenous merchants who felt unable to compete with ethnic Chinese businesses.

Political activity.

Between the 18th and early 20th centuries, ethnic Chinese communities were dominated by the "peranakan" presence. This period was followed by the growth of "totok" society. As part of a resinicization effort by the indigenized ethnic Chinese community, a new pan-Chinese movement emerged with the goal of a unified Chinese political identity. The movement later split in the 1920s when "peranakan" elites resisted the leadership of the "totok" in the nationalist movement, and the two groups developed their own objectives. When it became apparent that unification was being achieved on "totok" terms, "peranakan" leaders chose to align their community with the Dutch, who had abandoned the segregation policies in 1908. The two communities once again found common ground in opposition to the invading Japanese when the occupying forces treated all Chinese groups with contempt.  The issue of nationality, following independence, politicized the ethnic Chinese and led to the formation of Baperki in 1954, as the first and largest Chinese Indonesian mass organization. Baperki and its majority "peranakan" membership led the opposition against a draft law that would have restricted the number of ethnic Chinese who could gain Indonesian citizenship. This movement

Culture.

Language.

Four major Chinese-speech groups are represented in Indonesia: Hokkien (Southern Min; Min Nan), Mandarin, Hakka and Cantonese. In addition to these, the Teochew people speak their own dialect that has some degree of mutual intelligibility with Hokkien. Distinctions between the two, however, are accentuated outside of their regions of origin. There were an estimated 2.2 million native speakers of various Chinese varieties in Indonesia in 1982: 1,300,000 speakers of Southern Min varieties (including Hokkien and Teochew); 640,000 Hakka speakers; 460,000 Mandarin speakers;

Literature.

Chinese cultural influences can be seen in local Chinese Malay literature, which dates back to the late 19th century. One of the earliest and most comprehensive works on this subject, Claudine Salmon's 1981 book "Literature in Malay by the Chinese of Indonesia: A Provisional Annotated Bibliography", lists over 3,000 works. Samples of this literature were also published in a

Media.

All Chinese-language publications were prohibited under the assimilation policy of the Suharto period, with the exception of the government-controlled daily newspaper "Harian Indonesia". The lifting of the Chinese-language ban after 1998 prompted the older generation of Chinese Indonesians to promote its use to the younger generation; according to Malaysian-Chinese researcher of the Chinese diaspora, Chang-Yau Hoon, they believed they would "be influenced by the virtues of Chinese culture and Confucian values". One debate took place in the media in 2003, discussing the Chinese "mu yu" (, "mother tongue") and the Indonesian "guo yu" (, "national language"). Nostalgia was a common theme in the Chinese-language press in the period immediately following Suharto's government. The rise of China's political and economic standing

Religion.

There is little scholarly work devoted to the religious life of Chinese Indonesians. The 1977 French book "" ("The Chinese of Jakarta: Temples and Collective Life") is the only major study to assess ethnic Chinese religious life in Indonesia. The Ministry of Religious Affairs grants official status to six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. A 2006 civil registration law does not allow Indonesians to identify themselves as a member of any other religion on their identity cards.  According to an analysis of the 2000 census data, about half of Chinese Indonesians were Buddhist, and about one third Protestant or Catholic. A New York Times report however, puts the percentage of Christians much higher, at over 70 percent. With the exception of Chinese-Filipinos, Chinese Indonesians tend to be more Christian than other Chinese ethnic groups of Southeast Asia due to a complex of historical reasons. Throughout the 20th century Chinese religion and culture was forbidden and persecuted in Indonesia, forcing many Chinese to convert to Christianity. The first wave of conversions occurred in

Architecture.

Various forms of Chinese architecture exist throughout Indonesia with marked differences between urban and rural areas and among the different islands. Architectural developments by the Chinese in Southeast Asia differ from those in mainland China. By blending local and European (Dutch) design patterns, numerous variations of fusion styles emerged. Chinese architecture in Indonesia has manifested in three forms: religious temples, study halls, and houses. Cities during the colonial period were divided into three racial districts: European, oriental (Arabs, Chinese, and other Asians), and indigenous. There usually were no physical boundaries among the zones, except for rivers, walls, or roads in some cases. Such legal boundaries promoted high growths in urban density within each zone,

Cuisine.

Chinese culinary culture is particularly evident in Indonesian cuisine through the Hokkien, Hakka, and Cantonese loanwords used for various dishes. Words beginning with'() signify the presence of meat, e.g.'("meat bun"); words ending with'() signify vegetables, e.g.'("Chinese white cabbage") and '. The words'() signify noodle as in "".  Most of these loanwords for food dishes and their ingredients are Hokkien in origin, and are used throughout the Indonesian language and vernacular speech of large cities. Because they have become an integral part of the local language, many Indonesians and ethnic Chinese do not recognize their Hokkien origins. Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng, lumpia, and bakpia can trace their origin to Chinese influence. Some food and

Education.

Citizens of the Republic of China (Taiwan) residing in Indonesia are served by two international schools: Jakarta Taipei

Popular Culture.

Geography.

Warung Buncit is name of an area in South Jakarta (also known as Jalan AH Nasution) that took its origin from Chinese Indonesian profile name Bun Tjit. Zaenuddin HM wrote in his book "212 Asal-Usul Djakarta

Bibliography.

Tertiary sources  Secondary sources  Primary sources

Chinese Indonesians (Indonesian: "Orang Indonesia keturunan Tionghoa") or (in Indonesia) simply Orang Tionghoa (), are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries. Most Chinese Indonesians are descended from Southern Chinese immigrants.

Les Chinois d'Indonésie sont les Indonésiens qui se déclarent d'origine chinoise. En l'an 2000, quelque Indonésiens se déclaraient d'origine chinoise, soit 0,7 % de la population de l'Indonésie. De plus, selon le recensement national de l'année 2010, Indonésiens se déclaraient d'origine chinoise, soit 1,20 % de la population de l'Indonésie. Toutefois, beaucoup d'experts stipulent que le nombre soit très sous-estimé, à cause des chinois d'Indonésie qui refusent de déclarer leur ethnie dû à la peur de la discrimination. Aussi, de nombreux autres estiment qu'ils n'ont plus d'attaches avec la Chine, et qu'ils sont pleinement Indonésiens. Il y eut, aussi, au cours de l'histoire, de nombreux mariages mixtes, de Chinois, avec des indigènes. Ainsi, il pourrait y avoir entre 3 000 000 et 5 000 000 de personnes d'origines Chinoise, ou partiellement, en Indonésie.


Geography.

The river forms from the Chiputneticook Lakes (North Lake, East Grand Lake, Mud Lake, and Spednic Lake) along the Canadian - U.S. border. U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps show the St. Croix River as beginning at the outlet stream from East Grand Lake, then flowing through the short Mud Lake and entering Spednic Lake, extending to its outlet at Vanceboro, Maine, and the start of the river proper. Adding the section of river and lake from the outlet of East Grand Lake gives a total length of to the St. Croix.  The total drainage area of the river is approximately. In the 20th century, the river was heavily developed for hydroelectric power. The river had previously hosted a large population of Atlantic salmon; however, the salmon population was reduced after building hydroelectric dams upriver from Calais-St. Stephen.  The river is an estuary between Calais-St. Stephen and the river's mouth at Robbinston and St. Andrews. This tidal area extends for approximately along this section and exhibits a tidal bore.

Navigation.

The Saint Croix River was an early trade corridor to interior Maine and New Brunswick from the Atlantic coast. Ocean ships could navigate upstream to Calais and St. Stephen; although tidal fluctuation made Eastport a preferred port for deeper draft vessels. The river upstream of Calais and St. Stephen became an important transportation corridor for log driving to bring wooden logs and pulpwood from interior forests to sawmills and paper mills built to use water power at Calais and Woodland.

Historical boundary issues.

The boundary issues of the St. Croix River came out of the Treaty of Paris that was signed in 1783. The geography of the river was not charted clearly until the Jay Treaty (1794) provided provisions for surveying the boundary. The boundary between Maine and New Brunswick north of the headwaters of the Saint Croix took another four decades to establish. Following the War of 1812 there was a push to settle this disputed territory north of the St. Croix on the St. John watershed and it remained in dispute until 1842. During this conflict Maine, Massachusetts and New Brunswick continued to issue some lumbering permits to the disputed territory. With or without a permit, lumbermen were in a race to cut the best timber from the land while it was under dispute. Although it was illegal to cut trees with no permit, the Saint John River enabled this activity because it increased business at the local mills, shipyards and timber ponds in New Brunswick so the officials were slow to halt the ongoing illegal activity.  During this time, the lumbermen were very serious and competitive about the trees. Whoever got to the best trees first claimed them. Dynamite was used as a tool of sabotage to blow up some of the log booms that were strung across the river to catch the recently cut trees. It is also known that at times the timber men purposely sorted their logs incorrectly to attempt to confuse local officials charged with regulating timber trade and transportation.

Water level monitoring.

Canada.

The Water Survey of Canada maintains six river flow gauges in the St. Croix River watershed:

United States.

The United States Geological Survey maintains two river flow gauges in the St. Croix River watershed.  USGS also maintains a water chemistry monitor at Milltown, Maine () where the rivershed is. For water year 2001, the pH ranged from 6.6 to 7.2.

Crossings.

Seven active international bridges cross the river at the following locations:  One defunct crossing exists:

Derived names.

HMCS "St. Croix" (I81), previously USS "McCook" (DD-252), became a Canadian ship in 1940 as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement. It was renamed after the St. Croix River to follow the Canadian tradition of naming destroyers after Canadian rivers while recognizing the shared national history of the ship.

Dam Removal.

New Brunswick Power has indicated their desire to remove the 138 year old Milltown Dam on the St Croix River between St. Stephen, New Brunswick (Canada), and Calais, Maine (USA). Currently, New Brunswick Power stakeholders, government officials, the Peskotomuhkati Tribe, locals, and the public are examining this proposed dam removal. Milltown Dam removal would restore Salmon Falls between St. Stephen and Calais. The Peskotomuhkati Tribe is also advocating for the removal of Milltown Dam and the full restoration of Salmon Falls. Milltown Dam was built in 1881 by New Brunswick Power and is the oldest operating hydro facility in Canada. Atlantic Salmon, shad, eels, and alewives would all benefit from this dam’s removal and ongoing habitat restoration. St Croix River oxygen levels would also improve with the restoration of Salmon Falls. Milltown Dam could be removed as early as 2022 pending regulatory approval.

The St. Croix River () is a river in northeastern North America, in length, that forms part of the Canada–United States border between Maine (U.S.) and New Brunswick (Canada). The river rises in the Chiputneticook Lakes and flows south and southeast, between Calais and St. Stephen. It discharges into Passamaquoddy Bay, in the Bay of Fundy.

Le fleuve Sainte-Croix est un fleuve formant une frontière naturelle entre l'État américain du Maine et la province canadienne du Nouveau-Brunswick. Il prend sa source dans les Lacs Chiputneticook. Il s'écoule sur 114 km en direction sud-sud-est pour se jeter dans l'Océan Atlantique par la Baie de Passamaquoddy tributaire de la Baie de Fundy.


Signs and symptoms.

Fibroadenomas are benign (not harmful in effect) tumours of the breast, most often present in women in their 20s and 30s. Clinically, fibroadenomas are usually solid breast lumps that are:  • Painless  • Firm or rubbery  • Mobile  • Solitary-round with distinct, smooth borders People who have a simple fibroadenoma have a slightly increased risk of developing malignant (harmful) breast cancer. Complex fibroadenomas may increase the risk of breast cancer.  In the male breast, fibroepithelial tumors are very rare, and are mostly phyllodes tumors. Exceptionally rare case reports exist of fibroadenomas in the male breast, however these cases may be associated with antiandrogen treatment.

Cause.

The cause of fibroadenoma is unknown (idiopathic). A connection between fibroadenomas and reproductive hormones has been suggested which may explain why they present themselves during reproductive years, increase in size during pregnancy, and regress post-menopause.  Higher intake of fruits and vegetables, higher number of live births, lower use of oral contraceptives and moderate exercise are associated with lower frequency of fibroadenomas.

Cytology.

The diagnostic findings on needle biopsy consist of abundant stromal cells, which appear as bare bipolar nuclei, throughout the aspirate; sheets of fairly uniform-size epithelial cells that are typically arranged in either an antler-like pattern or a honeycomb pattern. These epithelial sheets tend to show typical metachromatic blue on Diff-Quik staining. Foam cells and apocrine cells may also be seen, although these are less diagnostic features. The gallery images below demonstrate these features.  Cellular fibroadenoma, also known as juvenile fibroadenoma, is a variant type of fibroadenoma with increased stromal cellularity.

Macroscopic.

Approximately 90% of fibroadenomas are less than 3 cm in diameter. However, these tumors have the potential to grow reaching a remarkable size, particularly in young individuals. The tumor is round or ovoid, elastic, and nodular, and has a smooth surface. The cut surface usually appears homogenous and firm, and is grey-white or tan in colour. The pericanalicular type (hard) has a whorly appearance with a complete capsule, while the intracanalicular type (soft) has an incomplete capsule.

Microscopic.

Fibroadenoma of the breast is a benign tumor composed of a biplastic proliferation of both stromal and epithelial components. This biplasia can be arranged in two growth patterns: pericanalicular (stromal proliferation around epithelial structures) and intracanalicular (stromal proliferation compressing the epithelial structures into clefts).  These tumors characteristically display hypovascular stroma compared to malignant neoplasms. Furthermore, the epithelial proliferation appears in a single terminal ductal unit and describes duct-like spaces surrounded by a fibroblastic stroma. The basement membrane is intact.

Molecular pathology.

Up to 66% of fibroadenomas harbor mutations in the exon (exon 2) of the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene. In particular, these mutations are restricted to the stromal component.

Diagnosis.

A fibroadenoma is usually diagnosed through clinical examination, ultrasound or mammography, and often a biopsy sample of the lump. Suspicious findings on imaging may result in a person needing a biopsy in order to gain a definitive diagnosis. There are three types of biopsies: Fine-needle aspiration, core-needle biopsy and surgical biopsy. The method of biopsy depends on the appearance, size and location of the breast mass.

Treatment.

Fibroadenomas can be expected to shrink naturally and so, most are simply monitored. Monitoring fibroadenomas involves regular check-ups to make sure that the breast mass is not growing and is not potentially cancerous. Check-ups involve physical examinations performed every 3–6 months and optional diagnostic imaging performed every 6–12 months for 1–2 years. Generally, surgery is only recommended if the fibroadenoma gets larger or causes increased symptoms. They are removed with a small margin of normal breast tissue if the preoperative clinical investigations are suggestive of the necessity of this procedure. A small amount of normal tissue must be removed in case the lesion turns out to be a phyllodes tumour on microscopic examination.  Because needle biopsy is often a reliable diagnostic investigation, some doctors may decide not to operate to remove the lesion, and instead opt for clinical follow-up to observe the lesion over time using clinical examination and mammography to determine the rate of growth, if any, of the lesion. A growth rate of less than sixteen percent per month in women under fifty years of age, and a growth rate of less than thirteen percent per month in women over fifty years of age have been published as safe growth rates for continued non-operative treatment and clinical observation.  Some fibroadenomas respond to treatment with ormeloxifene.  Fibroadenomas have not been shown to recur following complete excision or transform into phyllodes tumours following partial or incomplete excision.

Non-invasive Surgical Interventions.

There are several non-invasive options for the treatment of fibroadenomas, including percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, and percutaneous microwave ablation. With the use of advanced medical imaging, these procedures do not require invasive surgery and have the potential for enhanced cosmetic results compared with conventional surgery.

Cryoablation.

The FDA approved cryoablation of a fibroadenoma as a safe, effective, and minimally-invasive alternative to open surgical removal in 2001. During cryoablation, ultrasound imaging is used to guide a probe into the mass of breast tissue. Extremely cold temperatures are then used to destroy the abnormal cells, and over time the cells are reabsorbed into the body. The procedure can be performed as an outpatient surgery using local anesthesia, and leaves substantially less scarring than open surgical procedures and no breast tissue deformation.  The American Society of Breast Surgeons recommends the following criteria to establish a patient as a candidate for cryoablation of a fibroadenoma:

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a newer technique for the treatment of malignant and benign tumors of the breast and has shown promising results in the form of complete radiological removal of tumors. An ultrasound beam is focused on a target in the breast and leads to tissue death and protein degradation by raising the temperature in that area. Currently, the use of radiation is recommended in some cases, but HIFU in particular is not part of treatment guidelines. Further research into the usefulness of HIFU, specifically in fibroadenoma, is required before more widespread use of the technique in fibroadenoma.

Epidemiology.

Of all breast tissue samples taken, fibroadenomas comprise about 50%, and this rate rises to 75% for tissue sample in women under the age of 20 years. Fibroadenomas are more frequent among women in higher socioeconomic classes and darker-skinned people. Body mass index and the number of full-term pregnancies were found to have a negative correlation with the risk of fibroadenomas. There are no known genetic factors that influence the rate of fibroadenomas. The rate of occurrence of fibroadenomas in women have been reported in literature to range from 7% to 13%.

Fibroadenomas are benign breast tumours characterized by an admixture of stromal and epithelial tissue. Breasts are made of lobules (milk producing glands) and ducts (tubes that carry the milk to the nipple). These are surrounded by glandular, fibrous and fatty tissues. Fibroadenomas develop from the lobules. The glandular tissue and ducts grow over the lobule to form a solid lump.

L'adénofibrome (ou fibroadénome) est une tumeur bénigne du sein composée de tissus fibreux et de tissus glandulaires atteignant la glande mammaire. Cette tumeur bénigne est la plus fréquente des tumeurs solides du sein. Elle survient essentiellement chez les jeunes femmes, souvent avant 30 ans, mais peut apparaître à tout âge.


Controls and parameters.

Noise gates have a "threshold" control to set the level at which the gate will open. More advanced noise gates have more features.  The "release" control is used to define the length of time the gate takes to change from open to fully closed. It is the fade-out duration. A fast release abruptly cuts off the sound, whereas a slower release smoothly attenuates the signal from open to closed, resulting in a slow fade-out. If the release time is too short, a click can be heard when the gate re-opens. Release is the second-most common control to find on a gate, after threshold.  The "attack" control is used to define the length of time the gate takes to change from closed to fully open. It is the fade-in duration.  The "hold" control is used to define the length of time the gate will stay fully open after the signal falls below the threshold, and before the release period is commenced. The hold control is often set to ensure the gate does not close during short pauses between words or sentences in a speech signal.  The "range" control is used to set the amount of attenuation to be applied to the signal when the gate is closed. Often there will be complete attenuation, that is no signal will pass when the gate is closed. In some circumstances, complete attenuation is not desired and the range can be changed.  Advanced gates have an external "sidechain". This is an additional input that allows the gate to be triggered by another audio signal. A variation of a sidechained noise gate used in electronic music production is a "trancegate" or just simply "gate", where the noise gate is not controlled by audio signal but a preprogrammed pattern, resulting in a precisely controlled chopping of a sustained sound.  Noise gates often implement hysteresis, that is, they have two thresholds: one to open the gate and another, set a few dB below, to close the gate. This means that once a signal has dropped below the close threshold, it has to rise to the open threshold for the gate to open, so that a signal that crosses over the close threshold regularly does not open the gate and cause chattering. A longer hold time also helps to avoid chattering, as described above.

Roles.

The basic function of a noise gate is to eliminate sounds below a given threshold. Noise gates are commonly used in the recording studio and sound reinforcement. Rock musicians may also use small portable "stompbox" units to control unwanted noise from their guitar amplification systems. Band-limited noise gates are also used to eliminate background noise from audio recordings by eliminating frequency bands that contain only static.

Audio noise reduction.

In audio post-processing, noise gating reduces steady noise sources such as rumble from LP records, hiss from audio tape, static from a radio or amplifier, and hum from a power system, without greatly affecting the source sound. An audio signal such as music or speech is broken up into many frequency bands by a collection of overlapping band-pass filters, and if the signal amplitude in any one band is lower than a preset threshold, then that band is eliminated from the final sound. This greatly reduces perceptible background noise because only the frequency components of the noise that are within the gated passbands survive.  The technique was implemented in real-time electronics in some audiophile record players as early as the 1980s, and is now commonly used in audio production post-processing, where software to Fourier transform the audio signal can yield a very detailed spectrum of the background noise. Common digital audio editing software packages such as CoolEdit and Audacity include easy-to-use digital noise gating code: the user selects a segment of audio that contains only static, and the amplitude levels in each frequency band are used to determine the threshold levels to be applied across the signal as a whole.  Noise gating works well when the static is steady and either narrowly confined in frequency (e.g. hum from AC power) or well below the main signal level (15 dB minimum is desirable). In cases where the signal merges with the background static (for example, the brushed drum sounds in the "Sun King" track on the Beatles album "Abbey Road") or is weak compared to the noise (as in very faint tape recordings, the noise gating can add artifacts that are more distracting than the original static.  In the context of a multi-microphone recording session, noise gating is employed to reduce the leakage of sound into a microphone from sources other than the one the microphone was intended for. One example involves the mic-ing up of a drumkit. In most multi-mic drum recordings, one microphone will be used to capture the snare drum sound and another to capture the kick drum sound. The snare microphone will output a signal composed of a high level snare signal and a lower level kick drum signal (due to the further distance of the kick drum from the snare microphone). If the threshold level of the noise gate is set correctly, a snare drum signal can be isolated. To fully isolate the snare drum signal, the release rate has to be quite fast, which can cause the tail end of the snare sound to be "chopped off". This can usually be remedied by the inclusion of one or more overhead microphones, which can act as a general "audio glue" for all the other gated sources.  Noise gates are useful when editing live recordings to remove background noise between passages or pieces of dialogue. However, care must be taken in setting the gates so they do not trigger due to spurious noise such as when people move chairs.  For vocal applications on stage, an optical microphone switch may be used. An infra-red sensor senses if somebody is in front of the microphone and switches on the microphone.

Recording usages.

A good example of time-controlled noise gating is the well-known "gated reverb" effect heard on the drums on the Phil Collins hit single "In the Air Tonight", created by engineer-producer Hugh Padgham, in which the powerful reverberation added to the drums is cut off by the noise gate after a few milliseconds, rather than being allowed to decay naturally. This can also be achieved by: sending the "dry" snare signal to the reverb (or other process) unit, inserting a noise gate on the path of the reverb signal and connecting the snare sound to the side chain of the gate unit. With the gate unit set to "external sidechain" (or "external key"), the gate will respond to the snare signal level and "cut off" when that has decayed below the threshold, not the reverberated sound.  It is a common production trick to use spurious combinations of side chain inputs to control longer, more sustained sounds. For example, a hi-hat signal can be used to control a sustained synthesized sound to produce a rhythmic melodic (or harmonic) signal which is perfectly in time with the hi-hat signal. A good example of this use of the device can be found on the Godley & Creme concept album "Consequences". The album's story required the creation of a number of special sound effects that would convey the impression of natural disasters.  For the "Fire" sequence, Godley and Creme used a noise gate, triggered by the sound of multitracked voices, that created the "voice" of a raging bushfire. During the recording of this segment, each time the voice signal began, it triggered the noise gate to open up another channel, which carried a pre-recorded loop of a crackling sound (created by overdubbing the sound of Bubble Wrap being popped in front of a microphone). The combined voices and crackling created an eerie and quite convincing "talking fire" effect.

Multi-latch gating.

The invention of a technique, called multi-latch gating by Jay Hodgson, common in classical music recordings for years, is often credited to producer Tony Visconti, whose use on David Bowie's "Heroes" may have been the first in rock. Visconti recorded Bowie's vocals in a large space using three microphones placed 9 inches (23 cm), 20 feet (6.1 m), and 50 feet (15.2 m) away, respectively. A different gate was applied to each microphone so that the farther microphone was triggered only when Bowie reached the appropriate volume, and each microphone was muted as the next one was triggered.  "Bowie's performance thus grows in intensity precisely as ever more ambience infuses his delivery until, by the final verse, he has to shout just to be heard...The more Bowie shouts to be heard, in fact, the further back in the mix Visconti's multi-latch system pushes his vocal tracks [dry audio being perceived as front and ambience pushing audio back in the mix], creating a stark metaphor for the situation of Bowie's doomed lovers shouting their love for one another over the Berlin wall".

Trance gating.

Envelope following (also called trance gating because of its prevalence in trance) is the use of a gate on a track additional to the one it attenuates, so called because the latter's amplitude profile will then match or closely follow that of the first. Envelope following may be used to create syncopated rhythms or to tighten sloppy performances. For example, a synth pad may play whole notes while keyed to a guitar or percussion part. Examples include DJ Nexus's "Journey into Trance" (1:11), Chic's "Everybody Dance", and Diana Ross's "Upside Down".

Sound reinforcement.

Noise gates play an important role in drum mic'ing in heavy metal shows. The drum and cymbal mic channels will typically have noise gates so that the mics will only be turned on when the specific drum or cymbal is being played. This dramatically reduces "bleeding" between the drum mics. This is used to reduce audio feedback triggered by other highly amplified sounds onstage.

A noise gate or gate is an electronic device or software that is used to control the volume of an audio signal. Comparable to a compressor, which attenuates signals "above" a threshold, such as loud attacks from the start of musical notes, noise gates attenuate signals that register "below" the threshold. However, noise gates attenuate signals by a fixed amount, known as the range. In its simplest form, a noise gate allows a main signal to pass through only when it is above a set threshold: the gate is "open". If the signal falls below the threshold, no signal is allowed to pass (or the signal is substantially attenuated): the gate is "closed". A noise gate is used when the level of the "signal" is above the level of the unwanted "noise". The threshold is set above the level of the "noise", and so when there is no main "signal", the gate is closed.

Une (littéralement "porte à bruits") est un effet de traitement sonore dont le but est d'empêcher les sons parasites du signal entrant de passer à travers le circuit audio, dans le but d'obtenir un son le moins parasité possible en sortie. Son utilisation la plus typique est d'être réglée pour couper tout signal ne dépassant pas un certain volume ; elle peut être utilisée pour éviter d'enregistrer ou d'amplifier les petits bruits de fond sur scène ou en studio : prise de respiration, petits chocs et mouvements, etc.


Early life and education.

Ryan Seacrest was born on December 24, 1974, in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Constance Marie (née Zullinger), a homemaker, and Gary Lee Seacrest, a real estate lawyer. His father served as a Lieutenant in the US Army and his grandfather, Henry Gene Skeen, was a Major General in the US Army. His mother told the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution", "Instead of playing with G.I. Joes or Cowboys and Indians, Ryan would always have a little microphone and do shows in the house."  At age 14, he attended Dunwoody High School. At age 16, while still attending high school, Seacrest won an internship at 94.1 WSTR (FM), in Atlanta, with Tom Sullivan, who trained him in the many aspects of radio. When a regular DJ called in sick, Sullivan put him on the air for the very first show of his broadcasting career. Seacrest was given the weekend overnight shift at WSTR.  Seacrest continued to work on air at WSTR until graduating from Dunwoody High in 1992. Seacrest went on to study journalism at the University of Georgia in fall 1992. He continued his radio show at a local Athens station. Seacrest left the university at age 19 and moved to Hollywood to pursue his broadcasting career.  In May 2016, Seacrest was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the University of Georgia and gave the commencement speech at the graduation ceremony.

Career.

Television hosting.

In 1993, Seacrest hosted the first season of ESPN's "Radical Outdoor Challenge". He also hosted three kids' game shows, "Gladiators 2000" from 1994 to 1996 (a spinoff of the television show, "American Gladiators"), "Wild Animal Games" in 1995, and "Click" in 1997. Seacrest appeared as the host of the fictional game show "Lover's Lane" on "Beverly Hills, 90210" in "The Final Proof". In the fall and winter of 2000, Seacrest was the host of The "NBC Saturday Night Movie". During commercial breaks, he offered trivia on the film and a chance to win prizes by answering online on NBCi. In 2001, he hosted a reality television program, "Ultimate Revenge", where elaborate practical jokes were played on family and friends instigated by their own relatives and friends. It was shown on TNN from 2001 to 2003.

"American Idol".

In 2002, Seacrest accepted the position as co-host of a new Fox reality television series "American Idol" with comedian Brian Dunkleman. The following year, he became the sole host. When the show increased in popularity, seen by some 26 million viewers weekly, Seacrest became recognizable around the world. In 2003, Seacrest hosted the spin-off show, "American Juniors." In July 2009, Seacrest inked a deal with CKX for $45 million to continue to host "American Idol," making him the highest paid reality television host at that time. In April 2012, he signed a two-year, $30 million deal to stay on as host of "American Idol". In May 2014, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Seacrest had signed a one-year deal with the option of another year. He remained host of the series until the end of its run in April 2016. The following May, it was announced that ABC had won a multi-network bidding war for the rights to the show. On July 20, 2017, Seacrest announced on "Live with Kelly & Ryan" that he would be the host of an "Idol" reboot. His initial multi-year deal was reported to be worth over $10 million.

"New Year's Rockin' Eve".

In August 2005, it was announced that Seacrest would become executive producer and co-host of ABC's "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve". On December 31, 2005, Seacrest performed much of the show's hosting duties. Dick Clark's role was limited by speech and mobility issues due to his recovery from a stroke. Seacrest also occasionally served as a substitute host on the CNN television program "Larry King Live," and co-emceed Larry King's final show with Bill Maher on December 16, 2010.  In 2009, ABC renamed the program "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve With Ryan Seacrest", to reflect Seacrest's role. The "40th Dick Clark’s New Year's Rockin’ Eve," co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest, delivered ABC's biggest New Years' numbers in twelve years, with 22.8 million viewers.  When Dick Clark died, Seacrest publicly remembered his mentor's impact on his life in a special tribute in "The Hollywood Reporter". After Clark's death, Seacrest hosted the 2013 edition of "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" with co-hosts Jenny McCarthy and Fergie paying tribute to Dick Clark in the pre-show. In October 2013, Seacrest signed a multi-year contract extension with Dick Clark Productions to continue as host and executive producer of "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve". In 2017, Seacrest hosted "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" for the 13th consecutive year alongside Jenny McCarthy, who had co-hosted for eight years and brought in 25.6 million viewers, the highest in six years. The 2019-20 edition of "Rockin' Eve" marked Seacrest's 15th consecutive year as the host alongside Lucy Hale.

E! and NBC.

In January 2006, US cable channel E! announced a three-year, $21 million deal for Seacrest to host various programs, including "E! News" and its red carpet awards show coverages.  In April 2012, Seacrest signed a deal with NBCUniversal expanding his on-air role beyond E! to NBC. He contributed to the "Today Show," Olympics coverage, entertainment programming, as well as news and other special events. Seacrest will remain managing editor of "E! News" and host and produce its red carpet awards show coverage.  In September 2012, Seacrest left "E! News" and was replaced by Terrence J.  Seacrest was an NBC correspondent for the 2012 London Olympic Games and co-hosted the closing ceremony with Bob Costas and Al Michaels. In 2016, Seacrest hosted NBC's live late-night coverage for the Rio Olympic Games.

"Live with Kelly and Ryan".

After a year-long search, on May 1, 2017, it was announced that Seacrest would join Kelly Ripa as host of "Live with Kelly and Ryan" as her new permanent co-host and executive producer. Seacrest succeeded Michael Strahan, and started his duties on the day of the announcement. By December 2017, the show was averaging over 3 million viewers.

Other shows.

In 2013, Seacrest hosted "The Million Second Quiz", an interactive game show on NBC.  Seacrest hosted "Knock Knock Live" in 2015, which premiered on Fox. The show featured celebrities arriving at the door of ordinary people who've done something special and giving them a prize. However, the show was cancelled after two episodes.

Radio hosting.

In January 2004, Seacrest became the new host of the radio program "American Top 40," a syndicated weekly countdown show, created and formerly hosted by Casey Kasem. The show was syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks. In February 2004, Seacrest became host of Los Angeles radio station KIIS-FM's morning show, replacing long-time host Rick Dees. The show, "On Air With Ryan Seacrest," is broadcast live, from 6am to 10am Pacific Time, at ABC studios in New York.  In 2018, Seacrest was inducted into the Library of American Broadcasting Foundation's 16th Annual Giants of Broadcasting & Electronic Arts.

Television producing.

Seacrest's three-year hosting deal with E! included executive producing credits on various programs, including "E! News" and its red carpet awards show coverages. That same year, Seacrest launched Ryan Seacrest Productions (RSP); in August 2008, Seacrest named his longtime William Morris Agent, Adam Sher, as CEO. Comcast had first-look rights for all RSP shows through January 2012. Clear Channel acquired a minority stake in RSP in early 2012, but the company no longer has a first look deal with any network.  Seacrest remains managing editor of "E! News" and executive produces its red carpet awards show coverage but no longer hosts (since January 2012) "E! News" on a daily basis.  An Associated Press profile portrayed Seacrest as using both the deal with E! and "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" as springboards to a long-lasting career in television production and ownership.  Seacrest produces the hit series "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", the highest-rated show on the E! network, and the spin-offs "Khloe and Lamar," "Kourtney and Kim Take New York" and "Kourtney and Khloe Take Miami." RSP also produced the Emmy Award-winning ABC reality series "Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution." RSP also produced two new reality series in 2012 including "Melissa and Tye," which aired on CMT and "Shahs of Sunset" for Bravo. Bravo announced a second season of "Shahs of Sunset" on April 18, 2012. RSP's new show "Married to Jonas" premiered on August 19, 2012 on E! and was renewed for a second season.  On January 31, 2012, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Bain Capital announced they would invest up to $300M in Ryan Seacrest Media. A consortium headed by Seacrest (with partners AEG and CAA) agreed to rebrand Mark Cuban's HDNet television network as AXS TV.  In 2017, Seacrest signed a multi-year overall deal between Ryan Seacrest Productions and ABC Studios in which the company's scripted division would develop scripted projects for ABC Studios exclusively.  In 2018, Seacrest joined the Paley Center for Media's Board of Trustees.

Business ventures.

Seacrest was a principal investor in the Typo keyboard, which aimed at cloning the Blackberry physical keyboard for use with iPhone devices that launched in 2014. The Typo keyboard was discontinued in a 2015 patent settlement with Blackberry Ltd.

Fashion.

Seacrest worked with Burberry's Christopher Bailey who designed Seacrest's suits for red carpet events as well as New Year's Eve since 2009 and "American Idol" starting in 2010. Seacrest wore close-fitting suits and decided to make something similar for a wider audience at an "accessible" price point. With Bailey as his mentor, Seacrest developed his own collection, Ryan Seacrest Distinction, which launched in 2014. He formed an exclusive retail partnership with Macy's to sell the brand Distinction, consisting of suit separates, sports coats and evening wear manufactured by Peerless Clothing International. The line also includes accessories such as ties, pocket squares, belts, cufflinks and jewelry, which are manufactured by Randa Accessories. Seacrest works with Itochu for the production of dress shirts, as well as a sportswear collection released in September 2017.  Seacrest partnered with dermatologist Harold Lancer to produce the men's skincare line Polished. The line has five items, which are designed for easy use. Seacrest announced the line in August 2017 on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon".

Philanthropy.

In 2010, Seacrest launched the nonprofit Ryan Seacrest Foundation. The foundation has ten centers at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Children's National Medical Center, Levine Children's Hospital, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Boston Children's Hospital and Children's Hospital Colorado. In April 2012, Seacrest named Selena Gomez as Ambassador to the Foundation. In February 2017, the foundation partnered with the Atlanta Braves to promote the non-profit at SunTrust Park. Seacrest did voice work for the Braves' "Welcome Home" broadcast media campaign.  Seacrest serves on the board of trustees of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and honorary co-chair of the GRAMMY Foundation board, which later merged with the GRAMMY Museum and became the GRAMMY Museum Foundation.

Personal life.

Seacrest had a two-year on-and-off relationship with model Sara Jean Underwood, which was revealed on "The Howard Stern Show" in 2009.  In April 2010, Seacrest began dating Julianne Hough, a professional dancer, actress, and singer known for participating in "Dancing with the Stars." On March 15, 2013, it was announced that their relationship had ended. They were dating for over two years before the split.  On May 14, 2016, he returned to the University of Georgia to give advice to alumni and received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.  Seacrest has been in a relationship with model Shayna Taylor since 2017.  On November 17, 2017, it was reported that Seacrest was under investigation for sexual harassment allegations by a former E! wardrobe stylist. Seacrest denied the allegations, and also said that "This person who has accused me of horrible things offered, on multiple occasions, to withdraw her claims if I paid her millions of dollars. I refused." On February 1, 2018, the Associated Press reported that the E! channel's investigation into the claims had closed and that there was insufficient evidence to support the claims.

Credits.

Radio.

Source

Ryan John Seacrest (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host and producer. He is known for hosting the competition show "American Idol", the syndicated countdown program "American Top 40", and iHeartMedia's KIIS-FM morning radio show "On Air with Ryan Seacrest".

Ryan John Seacrest est un acteur et producteur américain né le à Atlanta (Géorgie) (États-Unis). Il est animateur de radio à la station KIIS-FM 102.7 de Los Angeles (Californie), Z100 de New York et Virgin Radio de Montréal.


Distribution.

The tree grows in a small section of northern California within Siskiyou, Modoc, Shasta, Plumas and Tehama Counties; and very localized in southwestern Oregon in Josephine and Jackson Counties.  It is usually found in small, scattered populations, not in large forests, at altitudes of. This includes locales in the Modoc Plateau, southern Cascade Range, Klamath Mountains, and northern Sierra Nevada. It is slow-growing in the wild, and is mostly restricted to sites difficult for plant growth, on serpentine soils and on old lava flows. Its tolerance of these sites enables it to avoid competition from much faster-growing trees. It is found in chaparral and Yellow pine forest habitats.

Description.

"Cupressus bakeri"−"Hesperocyparis bakeri" is an evergreen tree with a conic crown, growing to heights of (exceptionally to 39 meters−130 feet), and a trunk diameter of up to 50 cm (20 inches) (exceptionally to 1 meter—40 inches).  The foliage grows in sparse, very fragrant, usually pendulous sprays, varying from dull gray-green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale-like, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots.  The seed cones are globose to oblong, covered in warty resin glands, 10–25 mm long, with 6 or 8 (rarely 4 or 10) scales, green to brown at first, maturing gray or gray-brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, and release pollen in February–March.  The cones often remain closed for several years, only opening after the parent tree is killed in a wildfire, thereby allowing the seeds to colonize the bare ground exposed by the natural fire.

Conservation.

Fire suppression policies of the past decades have severely limited reproduction of this fire dependent species. It is listed as an IUCN Red List vulnerable species.

Cupressus bakeri, reclassified as Hesperocyparis bakeri, with the common names Baker cypress, Modoc cypress, or Siskiyou cypress, is a rare species of cypress tree endemic to a small area across far northern California and extreme southwestern Oregon, in the western United States.

Le cyprès de Baker ou cyprès de Modoc ("Cupressus bakeri") est un arbre de la famille des "Cupressaceae", originaire du sud-ouest des États-Unis.


Season achievements.

The 1997–98 NHL season saw the largest number of players (six) achieve their 1,000th point. A total of five players scored their 1,000th point in the season.  Beginning with Gordie Howe's achievement in, and ignoring the cancelled (lockout) season of, there have been 16 seasons in which no player happened to score their 1,000th career point. Of these 16, there were six seasons between Gordie Howe and the second player, Jean Beliveau, to make it to the 1,000-point mark.

Player achievements.

The fewest NHL games required to reach the mark was 424, set by Wayne Gretzky. Second quickest was Mario Lemieux, achieving the mark in his 513th game. In a sense, Gretzky was the fastest "and" the second fastest, as he scored his second 1,000 points (the NHL's only player ever to score 2,000 points in regular-season play) only 433 games after scoring his first 1,000 points. Of the eight defenseman to score 1,000 points, the fewest NHL games required was 770, set by Paul Coffey.  Of the 90 players to score at least 1,000 points in their career, 55 reached the mark in fewer than 1,000 career games played.  Dave Andreychuk came closest to the statistical coincidence of scoring 1,000 points in exactly 1,000 games, scoring his 1,000th point in the 998th game he played.  Of those on the list, Brian Propp came closest to 'not' achieving 1,000 points — reaching the mark with only eight games remaining in his final NHL season. Lanny McDonald scored his 1,000th point with only ten games remaining in his final season.  Thirteen players could have made the list on assists alone. Wayne Gretzky, Ron Francis, Mark Messier, Ray Bourque, Paul Coffey, Adam Oates, Steve Yzerman, Jaromir Jagr, Gordie Howe, Marcel Dionne, Mario Lemieux, Joe Sakic and Joe Thornton have had at least 1,000 regular season assists in their NHL careers.

Team achievements.

A total of 23 different NHL franchises have had a player score their 1,000th point while playing for the franchise. Including three franchises that have changed cities, there have been 26 different teams that have celebrated a player's 1,000th point.  Seven players scored their 1,000th point while playing for the Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins, and six have done so with the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs.  Only three times have multiple players reached 1,000 points on the same team in the same season. The Washington Capitals had three teammates score their career 1,000th point during the season—Adam Oates, Phil Housley and Dale Hunter. The Toronto Maple Leafs had two teammates, Doug Gilmour and Larry Murphy, achieve the mark during the season. The Ottawa Senators had two teammates, Daniel Alfredsson and Alexei Kovalev, reach the mark during the season.  (Table updated as of March 12, 2020)

Active players within 100 points.

The following players are within 100 points of reaching 1,000 career points, as of March 12, 2020.

Retired players within 100 points.

These are players who are now retired that came within 100 points of reaching 1,000 for their career. They are listed with the NHL team for which they played the most games.

The List of National Hockey League (NHL) players with 1,000 points is a list of the individual players who have scored at least 1,000 regular season points during their career in the NHL. A point in the NHL is awarded to a player for scoring a goal or to the player(s) that assists a player to score the goal; a maximum of two assists can be awarded per goal.

Dans la liste qui suit sont cités tous les joueurs de hockey sur glace qui ont atteint le chiffre de points en saison régulière dans la Ligue nationale de hockey.


Life.

Alexander Helios was born and educated in Alexandria. He was the second of Cleopatra's three sons, Caesarion being the oldest. In late 34 BC, at the Donations of Alexandria, he was given the title of "King of Kings". His parents also made him ruler of Armenia, Media, Parthia and any countries yet to be discovered between the Euphrates and Indus Rivers, despite the fact that most of this territory stood outside of their control at that time. These areas were, in fact, already ruled by Artaxias II of Armenia (who had been elected King that same year after Antony captured his father Artavasdes II), Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene and Phraates IV of Parthia. In 33 BC, Alexander was engaged to his distant relative Iotapa, a princess of Media Atropatene and daughter of Artavasdes I. However, Mark Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The next year, they committed suicide as Octavian and his army invaded Egypt. Iotapa left Egypt to return to her father and later married her maternal cousin King Mithridates III of Commagene, who was of Armenian and Greek descent.  When Octavian conquered Egypt, he spared Alexander, but took him, his sister and his brother, Ptolemy Philadelphus from Egypt to Rome. Octavian celebrated his military triumph in Rome by parading the children in heavy golden chains in the streets behind an effigy of their mother clutching an asp to her arm. It is unclear whether Ptolemy Philadelphus survived the journey to Rome, as Cassius Dio only mentions the twins in his "History of Rome". Octavian gave the children to Octavia Minor, his elder sister and a former wife of Mark Antony, to be raised under her guardianship in Rome. They were generously received by Octavia, who educated them with her own children.

Later life.

The fate of Alexander Helios is unknown. Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that Octavian killed Antony's son Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, Caesarion. The only further mention of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus comes from Cassius Dio, who states that when their sister Cleopatra Selene II married King Juba II, Octavian (then named Augustus) spared the lives of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus as a favor to the couple. After Helios arrived in Rome, he disappears from historical records, implying that he died before reaching maturity.

Alexander Helios (; late 40 BC – unknown, but possibly between 29 and 25 BC) was a Ptolemaic prince and was a son of the Macedonian queen Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt by Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Alexander's fraternal twin sister was Cleopatra Selene II. Cleopatra named her son after Alexander the Great. His second name in Ancient Greek means "Sun"; this was the counterpart of his twin sister's second name Selene (Σελήνη), meaning "Moon".

Alexandre Hélios (en grec, « soleil »), né en 40 av. J.-C., est l'aîné des fils de Cléopâtre VII et de Marc Antoine, frère jumeau de Cléopâtre Séléné (« lune ») et frère aîné de Ptolémée Philadelphe.