Premise.

"The Crown" traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947, to Philip Mountbatten, until the early 21st century. Claire Foy portrays Elizabeth in seasons one and two, and Olivia Colman in seasons three and four. Foy is set for a cameo in a flashback scene in the fourth season. Imelda Staunton will portray the Queen in the fifth and final season.  The first season depicts events up to 1955, with Winston Churchill resigning as prime minister and the Queen's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend. The second season covers the Suez Crisis in 1956 leading to the retirement of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, the retirement of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal, and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964. The third season covers 1964 to 1977, beginning with Harold Wilson's election as prime minister and ending with her Silver Jubilee, also covering Edward Heath's time as prime minister. The third season also introduces Camilla Shand. The fourth season will be set during Margaret Thatcher's premiership and will feature Lady Diana Spencer, and introduce Prince William and Prince Harry. Events depicted include Michael Fagan's break-in to Buckingham Palace, Princess Diana's appearance at the Barnado's Champion Children Awards and her 1989 flight on Concorde. The fifth season will cover the Queen's reign into the early years of the 21st century.

Cast and characters.

Main.

Featured.

The following actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role.

Production.

Development.

In November 2014, it was announced that Netflix was to adapt the 2013 stage play "The Audience" into a television series. Peter Morgan, who wrote the 2006 film "The Queen" and the play, is the main scriptwriter for "The Crown". The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry, Philip Martin, Julian Jarrold, and Benjamin Caron. The first 10-part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date, costing at least £100 million. A second season was commissioned, with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons. By October 2017, "early production" had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season, and by the following January, Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season. In January 2020, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a fifth and final season. Speaking to ending the series with five seasons, after it had been intended to last six, Morgan said while crafting the stories for season five, "it has become clear to me that this is the perfect time and place to stop"; Netflix and Sony supported Morgan's decision.

Casting.

By November 2014, Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series. By May 2015, Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret. In June 2015, John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill, and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Philip; Foy was confirmed as Queen Elizabeth II. Also starring in the first season were Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, and Eileen Atkins.  The Left Bank producers noted that Smith was paid more than Foy in the first two seasons, partially because of his "Doctor Who" fame. This information brought up discussion on the gender pay gap, including the creation of a petition asking Smith to donate the difference between his and Foy's salary to the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund. Left Bank later issued an apology to Foy and Smith for putting them "at the center of a media storm... through no fault of their own." Left Bank also clarified that they "are responsible for budgets and salaries; the actors are not aware of who gets what, and cannot be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues." They added that they support "the drive for gender equality in film and TV and [were] eager to talk to the British Time’s Up campaign and [were] already speaking to Era 50:50, a group campaigning for gender equality on screen and stage." Suzanne Mackie, Left Bank's creative director, did note that moving forward, no other actor would be paid more than the actress portraying the Queen. Regarding the controversy, Foy was "not [surprised about the interest in the story] in the sense that it was a female-led drama. I'm not surprised that people saw [the story] and went, 'Oh, that's a bit odd.' But I know that Matt feels the same that I do, that it's odd to find yourself at the center [of a story] that you didn't particularly ask for." Smith noted that he supported Foy and was "pleased that it was resolved and [the producers] made amends for it because that's what needed to happen." "The Hollywood Reporter" noted it was unclear what Smith was referring to as resolved, since Netflix and Left Bank had not commented on the matter further. Foy later described reports that she had received backpay to bring her salary up to parity as "not quite correct".  The producers recast the continuing roles with older actors every two seasons, as the timeline moves forward and the characters age. In October 2017, Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons. By January 2018, Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip, respectively, for these seasons. However, by the end of the month Bettany was forced to drop out due to the time commitment required. By the end of March 2018, Tobias Menzies was cast as Prince Philip for the third and fourth seasons. In early May 2018, Bonham Carter was confirmed to have been cast, alongside Jason Watkins as Prime Minister Harold Wilson. The next month, Ben Daniels was cast as Antony Armstrong-Jones for the third season, along with Erin Doherty joining the series as Princess Anne. A month later, Josh O'Connor and Marion Bailey were cast as Prince Charles and the Queen Mother, respectively, for the third and fourth seasons. In October 2018, Emerald Fennell was cast as Camilla Shand. In December 2018, Charles Dance was cast as Louis Mountbatten. In April 2019, Emma Corrin was cast as Lady Diana Spencer for the fourth season. Gillian Anderson, who had been rumoured since January 2019 to be in talks to portray Margaret Thatcher in the fourth season, was officially confirmed for the role in September 2019.  In January 2020, Imelda Staunton was announced as succeeding Colman as the Queen for the fifth and final season.

Filming.

An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, altogether taking 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street, were built at Elstree Studios, while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya. Additional locations in the UK included Waddesdon Manor, Eltham Palace, the Royal Naval College, Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle, Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House, The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, Wellington College, the Great Central Railway (heritage railway) and the Glenfeshie Estate. Filming on the second season began in early October 2016. Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about () to produce. The third season began filming in July 2018, and concluded in February 2019. The fourth season began filming in August 2019 and wrapped in March 2020.  The re-enactment of the removal of the King's cancerous lung, originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas, was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak, specialist in transplant surgery at Guy's Hospital, London. Chandak and his surgical team then became part of the actual scene filmed for the show. The surgical model of King George VI was donated to the Gordon Museum of Pathology for use as a teaching aid.

Historical accuracy.

The show has been commended for its depiction of events, although it has occasionally faced criticism for excessive dramatisation and for some events that bear no relation to the historical evidence. Peggy Noonan of "The Wall Street Journal" commented on the historical inaccuracy of the series, and argued for "more truth in art and entertainment".  The series has portrayed characters who had died prior to the events depicted, notably Baron Nahum who continued to be featured in the second season, but in reality had died by then. Prince William of Gloucester is logically present in the first season, but by the third season's depiction of the Queen's Silver Jubilee he had died five years earlier.

Season 1.

In reality there was no dispute over Michael Adeane being the natural successor to Tommy Lascelles as Private Secretary. Martin Charteris accordingly took the role in 1972.  Churchill's wife Clementine is depicted overseeing the burning of his portrait by Graham Sutherland shortly after his retirement. In reality it was destroyed by their private secretary Grace Hamblin's brother without her involvement.  Royal historian Hugo Vickers denied that Princess Margaret had acted as monarch whilst Queen Elizabeth was away on tour, and claimed that her speech at the ambassador's reception never happened. Martin Charteris was on tour with Queen Elizabeth and not in London during these events. The Queen Mother bought the Castle of Mey a year earlier than shown and often looked after Charles and Anne whilst Queen Elizabeth was away.  The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Churchill forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. In the series, the Queen tells her sister that, if she marries Townsend, she would no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. However, there is clear evidence that, in reality, efforts had been made to prevent any further delay of the marriage, which would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance, stay in the country, and continue with her public duties.

Season 2.

There is no evidence to suggest that Queen Elizabeth gave a speech at the Jaguar Cars factory, nor would she have met Lord Altrincham to discuss his article.  Vickers wrote that Queen Elizabeth did condemn the Duke of Windsor after she read the Marburg Files, but claimed that the series gave a false implication that the Duke was banished from the royal family upon publication. He remained in contact with his family, and his public appearances continued.  The depiction of the relationship with Jackie Kennedy has drawn criticism. Reports indicate that she had described Prince Philip as "nice but nervous" and overall there was no bond between them. The implication that Queen Elizabeth visited Ghana to compete with Jackie Kennedy's popularity was ridiculed by critics. Reviews of the episode noted that it ignored more significant events of the visit, such as Kennedy's sister Lee and her husband Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł's initial exclusion from the banquet invitation list given both were divorcees. Both were eventually invited, though Princess Margaret and Princess Marina did not attend, despite the Kennedys apparently wanting to meet them.  Gordonstoun School responded to its negative portrayal, claiming that Prince Charles's personal feedback to the school had been overwhelmingly positive. Royal historian Hugo Vickers said that the same episode inaccurately depicted Philip's sister's death in a plane crash as having arisen from his own misbehaviour at Gordonstoun: "It is beyond me how serious film-makers would wish to turn such a dreadful tragedy into a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth."  Phil Owen of "The Wrap" saw dry comedy in Northam's portrayal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, stating: "I'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy. There's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he's having a nervous breakdown in every scene."

Season 3.

Queen Elizabeth did not visit Winston Churchill following his final stroke. Vickers claims that by then Churchill was senile and incapable of holding a conversation.  Sir Anthony Blunt's exposure as a Soviet spy has drawn criticism. Vickers noted that the episode did not mention that he was publicly exposed in 1979 and stripped of his knighthood, whilst also noting that he never resided at Buckingham Palace and ridiculing a scene in which he discusses his exposure with Prince Philip in an attempt to blackmail the royal family.  The depiction of the relationship with President Johnson has been criticised. It has been suggested that he did not refuse to attend Churchill's funeral, in response to Harold Wilson's refusal to support the Vietnam War, and that the president was genuinely unable to attend due to poor health. His disappointment with Wilson's views on Vietnam had developed much later. Historians also denied the episode's implication that no US president had ever been to Balmoral. Dwight D. Eisenhower had visited Balmoral whilst president in 1959. Critics noted that the episode did not mention that Johnson is the only president since Harry S. Truman never to have met the monarch. The implication that Johnson did not know who Princess Margaret was before her November 1965 visit to America was criticised by critics. Princess Margaret was at a White House dinner during that visit, but the details are mostly fictional (such as her carousing with President Johnson and kissing him, dirty limericks, and helping secure a US bailout, which was in fact negotiated earlier, in September 1965).  The relationship with Princess Alice has also drawn criticism for Philip's depiction as being estranged from his mother and objecting to her visiting London. In fact he visited her regularly and often transported her by plane, and her depicted interview with a journalist from "The Guardian" never happened. Vickers also stated that the same episode ignored that Philip encouraged her to move to London permanently.  Prince Charles did visit the Duke of Windsor in Paris in 1972, however the depiction of letters concerning his affections for Camilla Shand was criticised; Charles and Camilla had met but were not intimately close during the Duke's lifetime. Queen Elizabeth did visit the Duke ten days before his death, but this had been long-planned and not requested at short notice. Wallis Simpson was not by the Duke's side at the time of his death.  The timeframe of Robin Woods's posting as Dean of Windsor around the time of the Apollo 11 spaceflight and lunar landing in July 1969 is inaccurate. He took the role in 1962.  It has been suggested that there wasn't any plot by the palace to prevent Charles and Camilla's marriage, with Camilla's love for Andrew Parker Bowles being genuine and Charles unable to decide. It has also been suggested that Princess Anne's relations with Andrew Parker Bowles did not overlap with Charles and Camilla's introduction. Reviews of the episode noted that it ignored more significant events, citing Anne's 1973 wedding to Captain Mark Phillips and her attempted kidnapping in 1974.

Release.

The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016. The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016. The second season was released on December 8, 2017. The third season was released on November 17, 2019.  Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2017 and released worldwide on November 7, 2017. Season 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 22, 2018 and was released worldwide on November 13, 2018.

Reception.

Critical response.

The Crown has been praised as a drama by the press, being described by The Telegraph as "TV's best soap opera" and given a 5/5 rating, although some reviewers, such as in The Times, raised concerns that some of the episodes are based on false premises.  The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported 89% approval for the first season, based on 71 reviews with an average rating of 8.77/10. Its critical consensus reads, "Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make "The Crown" a top-notch production worthy of its grand subject." On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 81 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89% approval rating for the second season based on 83 reviews, with an average rating of 8.35/10. The website's critical consensus reads ""The Crown" continues its reign with a self-assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes." On Metacritic, the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100, based on 27 critics, retaining the first season's indication of "universal acclaim".  Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90% approval rating for the third season based on 100 reviews, with an average rating of 8.54/10. Its critical consensus reads: "Olivia Colman shines, but as "The Crown" marches on in reliably luxurious fashion through time it finds space for the characters around her, providing ample opportunity for the appealing ensemble to gleam, too." On Metacritic, the season holds a score of 84 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

The Crown is a historical drama web television series about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, created and principally written by Peter Morgan, and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix. It grew out of Morgan's film "The Queen" (2006) and his stage play "The Audience" (2013), and is credited as based on the latter. The first season covers the period from Queen Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh's marriage in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret's engagement to Group Captain Peter Townsend in 1955. The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 to the retirement of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1963 and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964. The third season spans the period between 1964 and 1977, including Harold Wilson's two periods as prime minister, and introduces Camilla Shand. The fourth will include Margaret Thatcher's premiership and introduce Lady Diana Spencer. The fifth and final season will cover the Queen's reign into the 21st century.

Tirant son origine du film "The Queen" (2006) et de la pièce "" (2013), de Peter Morgan, "The Crown" devait durer répartis sur six saisons, avec d'une heure par saison, couvrant la vie de la reine de son plus jeune âge à son règne, avec de nouveaux acteurs toutes les deux saisons. En, Morgan annonce que la série ne comprendra finalement que cinq saisons.


Plot.

Steven Murphy, a skilled cardiothoracic surgeon, finishes an open heart surgery, and goes to a diner, where he meets a teenage boy named Martin. Afterward, Steven returns home to his wife, Anna, and their children, teenager Kim and younger son Bob. Anna and Steven have sex where Anna pretends to be under the effect of anaesthesia. He later tells Anna that Martin's father died in a car accident ten years earlier, and that he has taken an interest in the boy to help him deal with his grief. Martin comes to the Murphy household for dinner; Kim seems rather taken with him.  Martin returns the favor by inviting Steven to his mother's home for dinner. After the meal, Steven tries to leave but Martin insists he watch a movie with them. Martin leaves halfway through, and his mother makes a romantic advance on Steven by complimenting his hands and attempting to kiss them and suck them. However, Steven immediately rebuffs her and goes home. Over the next few days, Martin's demands on Steven's time grow increasingly frequent and desperate, but Steven does not reply. One morning, Bob awakens and finds he cannot feel his legs; he has become paralyzed. Steven and Anna rush him to the hospital, where an examination reveals that nothing is physically wrong. Meanwhile, Kim visits Martin. She tells him that she loves him and undresses. Martin says that he has to go home and leaves.  The next morning, Martin meets Steven and reveals the truth: his father did not die in the crash but during surgery that Steven himself performed after the accident. Martin blames Steven for his father's death. Martin explains that, to "balance" the act of destroying a family, Steven must kill one of the members of his own. If not, the Murphys will slowly die after four stages; paralysis is the first stage, followed by self-imposed starvation, bleeding from the eyes, and finally death. Steven attempts to dismiss these claims, but later finds that Bob is refusing food (the second stage). Soon after, Kim also loses the use of her legs and the willingness to eat.  Kim receives a call from Martin at the hospital. During the conversation, she regains the use of her legs, only to lose mobility again when the connection is broken. This convinces Anna that Martin has the power to follow through on his threats. She visits Martin to ask why she and her children must suffer for Steven's mistakes. Martin responds that "it's the only thing...that's close to justice". Anna, suspecting that her formerly alcoholic husband may have been drinking on the day of the operation, speaks to Steven's anesthesiologist, Matthew, who reveals that Steven did in fact have a few drinks that morning in return of sexual favor by Anna. Matthew bargains Anna into masturbating him as payment for the information. After all tests are exhausted the hospital is at a loss for a solution, so Anna insists the children are transported back home, where they are tube-fed. Steven then kidnaps Martin, brutally beating him and demanding that he reverse the condition of the children. Martin is unaffected, merely warning Steven that time is running out.  Kim and Bob argue over who their father will choose, while Anna claims that killing one of the children is clearly the only option, as they can have another. Attempting to reach a decision, Steven meets with the school principal and questions which of his children is most academically gifted. Kim, having a crush on Martin, attempts to persuade him to heal her legs again so they may elope together; when unsuccessful, she attempts to save herself by escaping and crawling through the neighborhood. Steven and Anna retrieve her. As Steven disinfects her wounds, Kim tells him how much she loves him and volunteers to be the one to die. The next morning, Anna releases Martin as holding him captive was no use. Bob begins bleeding from the eyes (the final stage before imminent death), causing all to panic. Rather than choose, Steven binds Kim, Bob, and Anna to chairs, covers their heads, and pulls a woolen hat over his own face. He loads a rifle, spins in circles, and fires. The first two shots miss, but the third kills Bob.  Some time later, the family visits the same diner where Steven met with Martin. Martin enters and stares at them; he and the family briefly lock eyes. As the Murphys leave, Martin gazes after them, and Kim turns to look back at Martin as she leaves.

Production.

On May 11, 2016, it was announced that Colin Farrell had been cast in the film, with Yorgos Lanthimos directing from a screenplay he had written with Efthymis Filipou. Film4 Productions and Element Pictures produced the project. In June 2016, Nicole Kidman was cast in the film, and in August 2016, Alicia Silverstone, Raffey Cassidy, Bill Camp, Barry Keoghan, and Sunny Suljic also joined.

Filming.

As of August 23, 2016, the film had begun principal photography in Cincinnati, filming at The Christ Hospital. It was also shot in the Hyde Park and Northside neighborhoods.

Release.

In May 2016, A24 acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The same month, Haut et Court acquired French rights. It had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 22, 2017. Lanthimos and Filippou won the Best Screenplay award at the festival.  The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 20, 2017 and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 3, 2017.

Reception.

Critical response.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "The Killing of a Sacred Deer" has an approval rating of 79% based on 268 reviews, with an average rating of 7.67/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Killing of a Sacred Deer" continues director Yorgos Lanthimos' stubbornly idiosyncratic streak—and demonstrates again that he is a talent not to be ignored." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  "The Killing of a Sacred Deer" was named as "one of the best horror movies of the year" by Joey Keogh of Wicked Horror, who called the film "horror in its purest, most distilled form, freed from the shackles of jump scares or exposition." Keogh also stated that Keoghan is the film's "ace card," and that the actor "gives his best, most self-assured performance to date," as Martin, the "supremely frightening yet weirdly charismatic creation who makes even the act of eating spaghetti seem terrifying." Zhuo-Ning Su of Awards Daily wrote in 2017 that the revenge thriller is "less complex than [Lanthimos'] previous work but [it] engrosses and unsettles all the same," adding that the film "palpably improves" in its second hour. While praising the cast, particularly Kidman, Su added that Keoghan "shines brightest as the plain but charismatic boy who's somehow not quite right", calling his performance "vivid," and "fully realised."  In a mixed review, Nicholas Bell of ION Cinema wrote that the "mysterious, highly metaphorical" film, which he compared to "something from the Old Testament", "finds the director getting a bit too hung up on his own idiosyncrasies." Bell also criticized Lanthimos' and Filippou's "overtly precise dialogue" which he felt the characters were "straitjacketed" into. However, he praised the director of photography Thimios Bakatakis and the score, calling it "eerie." Bell summarised that the film was "interesting, but a bit too ambiguous to remain as uncomfortably off-putting as it hopes."  Writing in a 5-star review for Bloody Disgusting, Trace Thurman wrote that "Sacred Deer" would be "the most unsettling film you see this year," particularly noting Lanthimos' direction and Bakatakis' cinematography which he said gave the film a "surreal, otherworldly quality." Thurman also praised the cast, writing that Farrell and Kidman "deliver their lines with a stilted coldness that sends chills up the spine." He called the younger actors "equally impressive, with Keoghan being the standout," noting his "eerie performance that you believe to be that of a psychopath." However, also writing for Bloody Disgusting, Benedict Seal gave the film a one-star review, stating that it had "none of the escalating intrigue and tension" of the then-recently released "The Gift" and "The Witch". Seal added that the film plays out "mechanically" after the reveal in the center of the film and referred to the visuals as "striking at times," but commented they "become monotonous and garish." Ultimately summing up the film as "the biggest bum note yet from one of the most overrated directors in the art-house world" and "an epic embarrassment."

The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological thriller film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos, from a screenplay by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou. It stars Colin Farrell, Nicole Kidman, Barry Keoghan, Raffey Cassidy, Sunny Suljic, Alicia Silverstone, and Bill Camp. The story is based on the ancient Greek tragedy "Iphigenia at Aulis" by Euripides.

Mise à mort du cerf sacré ("The Killing of a Sacred Deer") est un thriller britannico-américain réalisé par Yórgos Lánthimos et sélectionné en 2017 au Festival de Cannes où il a obtenu le prix du scénario, ex-aequo avec le film de Lynne Ramsay, "A Beautiful Day".


Foundation.

The Simca plant received a visit by Juscelino Kubitschek before his inauguration as president in 1956, organized by a Brazilian General who had a family member employed in Poissy. Kubitschek jokingly invited Simca to build a plant in Minas Gerais, his home state. Simca took this proposal quite seriously and sent a letter of intent to produce cars in Brazil. In the interim, Brazil had formed an Executive Group for the Automotive Industry (GEIA), which had laid forth a set of requirements for any producer wishing to establish a plant in Brazil. Simca claimed that their proposal and arrangement with Kubitschek pre-dated these rules and lobbied for exceptions. Simca also lobbied directly in Minas but were in the end forced to present their own proposal, which was passed with a number of contingencies.  Simca do Brasil was then founded on 5 May 1958 in the City of Belo Horizonte, capital of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, as a result of Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek efforts to lure foreign car companies to pioneer this market with huge potential through tempting fiscal advantages. Assembly of the Vedette (and derivatives) began in March 1959.  Simca do Brasil initially imported kits of the Simca Vedette supplied by the French Simca HQ and had them assembled in their facilities in São Bernardo do Campo (State of São Paulo), where the administration would move to later on, and Rio de Janeiro. In spite of promises made, first to President Kubitschek and later to the GEIA (the Brazilian Executive Group for the Automotive Industry), Simca's activities were never moved to Minas Gerais. The first car left the assembly line in 1959 but was plagued with enormous problems not only because of the 480 strong, but totally inexperienced workforce. The delays in passing the GEIA rules meant that Simca were unable to access hard currency and suffered severe parts problems as a result. A reputation for low quality quickly developed, one which Simca was unable to shake.

From assembling to manufacturing.

Meanwhile, Simca do Brasil imported all the tools and machinery to start its own production and was busy recruiting 980 local OEM parts suppliers to transform the Simca Chambord, Présidence and Rallye models into true Brazilian made cars because of Brazilian government demands in exchange for the benefits granted so far. But the huge problems faced on a daily basis at the assembly line threatened to put the future manufacturing site in severe doubts.  A crisis broke out and Simca do Brasil threatened to become paralyzed by the growing problems. Simca France, having invested heavily in their Brazilian offspring, then sent their top engineer Jacques Jean Pasteur to Brazil not only to streamline the production but to actually run the entire operation. By 1961 Pasteur had successfully addressed the issues and cars were being built with 98% of parts from national suppliers.

Chrysler takes over.

In the second half of 1966 Chrysler took over as majority shareholder, after having bought 92% of Simca France. From August 1967 onwards, cars left the production line with a small badge at the rear saying ""fabricado pela Chrysler"” (built by Chrysler), sending out the message of the takeover by the American car brand. The well established Simca name remained in use for another two years. Finally, in 1969, the Simca name was laid to rest as the Americans re-introduced one of their internationally renowned brand names by launching the Dodge Dart on the Brazilian market.

Simca do Brasil was a subsidiary of the now defunct French automaker Simca and started out in the late 1950s assembling the Simca Vedette imported in kit form from France and selling it in three versions, the Chambord, Présidence and Rallye. Later the Company manufactured the radically restyled Esplanada with improved engines and, with increasing control by the Chrysler Group over the French concern, was taken over by the American car giant as majority share holder. During its ten years of market presence Simca defended its market share against fierce competition from Volkswagen, Ford, Chevrolet and Willys. The brand disappeared from the Brazilian Market in the late 1960s following a strategic decision by its owners Chrysler.

Simca do Brasil était une filiale créée par le constructeur français Simca au Brésil en 1958. SIMCA était, à l'origine, une firme automobile franco-italienne, créée par Fiat en 1935 pour construire sous licence ses véhicules automobiles en France, vendus sous la marque "Simca-Fiat" de 1935 à 1938 puis après sous la seule marque "Simca".


Plot summary.

Sylvia Tebrick, the 24-year-old wife of Richard Tebrick, suddenly turns into a fox while they are out walking in the woods. Mr. Tebrick sends away all the servants in an attempt to keep Sylvia's new nature a secret, although Sylvia's childhood nurse returns. While Sylvia initially acts human, insisting on wearing clothing and playing piquet, her behaviour increasingly becomes that characteristic of a vixen, causing the husband a great deal of anguish. Eventually, Mr. Tebrick releases Sylvia into the wild, where she gives birth to five kits, whom Tebrick names and plays with every day. Despite Tebrick's efforts to protect Sylvia and her cubs, she is ultimately killed by dogs during a fox hunt; Tebrick, who tried to save Sylvia from the dogs, is badly wounded, but eventually recovers.  McSweeney's Collins Library imprint republished "Lady into Fox" in 2004.

Reception and influence.

Rebecca West described "Lady Into Fox" as one of the "best imaginative productions" of the decade.  The success of the novel led to several imitations. They included a parody by Christopher Ward (1868-1943) "Gentleman Into Goose" (1924), while Vercors' homage "Sylva" (1961), depicts a fox transforming into a woman.

Adaptation.

In 1939, British choreographer Andrée Howard created a work of the same name based on Garnett's book for Ballet Rambert. Sally Gilmour dancing Sylvia Tebrick assured the ballet's success. The music was an arrangement of piano pieces by Arthur Honegger ("Sept pièces brèves" and "Toccata et variations"), setting and costumes designed by Nadia Benois.

Lady into Fox was David Garnett's first novel under his own name, published in 1922. This short and enigmatic work won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, and the Hawthornden Prize a year later. Being a work of Fantasy set in the present-day society, it fits into the category of Contemporary Fantasy which was not yet recognized as a distinct genre at the time of writing.

La Femme changée en renard est un court roman fantastique publié par l'écrivain britannique David Garnett en 1922. C'est le premier roman que cet auteur publia sous son véritable nom (sans recourir à un pseudonyme). Le roman fut récompensé par le James Tait Black Memorial Prize en 1922 et le Hawthornden Prize l'année suivante.


Life.

Chapin was born in West Orange, New Jersey, to James A. Chapin and Delia S. Ryder. He studied at Cooper Union, the Art Students League of New York, and abroad at the Royal Academy of Antwerp, Belgium. Early in his career he won the Temple Gold Medal of the Pennsylvania Academy for his portrayals of the Marvin Family. Chapin executed numerous portraits of well-known public figures; at least five of his portraits were commissioned by "TIME" as cover art. Other illustrators of "Time" covers during the period from 1942 to 1966, which has been called the golden age of "Time" covers, included Boris Artzybasheff, Robert Vickrey, Bernard Safran and Boris Chaliapin.  Chapin's works have been acquired by many private collectors and for the permanent collections of the many institutions such as The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (where he taught portraiture), The Phillips Collection, The Art Institute of Chicago, The Newark Museum, Amherst College, The Dallas Museum of Art, Texas; The Asheville Art Museum, The Currier Gallery of Art, The Five College Museums Collections, The Harvard Art Museums, and The Indianapolis Museum of Art.  Chapin had a significant impact on the early history of Regionalists Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, and Grant Wood with his 1920's series of portraits of the Marvin family.  While teaching in California in the late 1930s, Chapin met Mary Fischer; they married soon after. Largely due to his opposition to United States foreign policy in Southeast Asia, he moved to Canada in 1969, and died in Toronto in 1975.

Legacy.

The James Ormsbee Chapin Papers, which contain correspondence, sketches, articles, reproductions, and proofs, were donated to the Delaware Art Museum in 1994.

James Ormsbee Chapin (9 July 1887 – 12 July 1975) was an American painter and illustrator. He was the father of jazz musician Jim Chapin and grandfather of folk singer Harry Chapin.

James Ormsbee Chapin, né le et mort le, et un peintre américain et un illustrateur. Il est le père du musicien de jazz et grand-père du chanteur folk Harry Chapin.


Early life, education, and military career.

Cook was born in Meriden, Connecticut in 1943. He was raised in Meriden and did not permanently move to California until the end of his military career. In 1966, he graduated from Southern Connecticut State University, earning a B.S. in teaching. Later that year, he joined the United States Marine Corps. As an infantry officer, Cook served in the Vietnam War. His actions in combat earned him many honors, including the Bronze Star and two Purple Hearts. He served in the Marine Corps for 26 years.  After he retired from the Marine Corps in 1992 as a colonel, he earned an MPA from California State University, San Bernardino in 1996 and a master's in political science from University of California Riverside in 2000.

Academic career.

From 1993 to 1994, he was Director of Yucca Valley Chamber of Commerce. From 1998 to 2002, he was a professor at Copper Mountain College. Cook taught courses on political violence and terrorism at University of California Riverside since 2002.

California Assembly.

Elections.

In 2006, Cook ran for California's 65th Assembly District. Cook won a five candidate Republican primary field with 29% of the vote. In the general election, Cook defeated Democrat Rita Ramirez-Dean 60%–37%. In 2008, he won re-election to a second term, defeating Democrat Carl Wood 53%–47%. In 2010, he won re-election to a third term, defeating Wood again 58%–42%..

Tenure.

The 65th district included the cities of Banning, Beaumont, Big Bear Lake, Calimesa, Cherry Valley, Hemet, Moreno Valley, Perris, San Jacinto, Sun City, Twentynine Palms, Yucaipa, Yucca Valley and other smaller communities and unincorporated areas in Riverside County, San Bernardino County, Inyo County and Mono County.  The California Chamber of Commerce and the California Taxpayers Association gave Cook a perfect 100% rating, 2007–2011. In 2010, Democratic Speaker of the Assembly John Pérez appointed Cook to chair the Veterans Affairs Committee, the first time a Democratic speaker had appointed a Republican to chair a committee since 2002.

U.S. House of Representatives.

2012 campaign.

In January 2012, 34-year incumbent Jerry Lewis announced he would not seek re-election in November. Cook entered the primary for the district, which had been renumbered from the 41st to the 8th in redistricting. He finished second in the 13-candidate all-party open primary. He earned 15% of the vote. Fellow Republican and conservative activist Gregg Imus ranked first with 16% of the vote. Cook was endorsed by the California Off-Road Vehicle Association (CORVA) past presidents, the San Bernardino Sun, National Vietnam and Gulf War Veterans Coalition, the County Farm Bureau, state Assemblyman Steve Knight, state Senator Sharon Runner, and U.S. Congressman Ed Royce. In the November election, Cook defeated Imus 58%–42%.

Tenure.

In 2013, Cook co-signed a letter to then president Barack Obama, urging him to finalize the Keystone XL pipeline, stating that it was about "jobs, jobs jobs." He also expressed fear that China "is ready to take advantage of America's missteps with the Keystone pipeline."  Early in 2017, Cook voted in favor of repealing the Affordable Care Act. His reason for voting for the repeal was to ensure that "every American has access to quality care to fit their budget." In August 2017, he voted in favor of outlawing late term abortions, unless the woman was a victim of rape or incest or that her life was threatened.  Cook voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. By voting for the bill, Cook says that the bill will "deliver crucial tax relief for middle-class and low-income Americans." He voted for this bill because more than 90 percent of taxpaying constituents will receive a tax break. He also supports it because it simplifies the tax code.

Political positions.

In the first session of the 115th United States Congress, Cook was ranked the 33rd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index, a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetown's McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship.

Abortion.

Cook is pro-life.

Education.

Cook opposes Common Core State Standards.

Health care.

Cook supports repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"). He supports legislation that "decreases premiums, makes it easier for employers to offer affordable healthcare options for their employees, and allows greater freedom for people to purchase a plan of their choice."

Immigration.

Cook believes that the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is unconstitutional.

Personal life.

Cook resides in Yucca Valley with his wife, Jeanne.

Paul Cook (born March 3, 1943) is an American politician serving as the U.S. Representative for California's 8th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, he was previously elected to the Yucca Valley Town Council from 1998 to 2006 and California State Assembly for the 65th district until 2012.

Paul Joseph Cook, né le à Meriden (Connecticut), est un homme politique américain, élu républicain de Californie à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis depuis 2013.


Development.

In 1938, Guy Motors built five Guy Quad armoured car prototypes to a design by the Woolwich Arsenal based on the Quad Ant artillery tractor chassis. In early 1938, a number of different 4×4 chassis from British and foreign manufacturers had been tested to see which was the best for development of a new line of armoured cars to replace those older designs in use. By September, three armoured cars had been built by Guy. While chassis with more advanced features were seen as having better potential, it was decided that in order to get production under way the Guy chassis was preferred.  The vehicles successfully completed troop trials and from 1939–1940 a further 101 of the armoured cars – initially designated "Tank, Light, (Wheeled) Mark I" – were produced. While the contract specification had been for riveted construction, they were actually welded following Guy's suggestion that this would be more suitable and effective. To that end, they developed the necessary techniques including rotating jigs, which meant the bodies and turrets could be produced quicker and cheaper. The Royal Commission for Awards to Inventors recognised this after the war.  The vehicle had a welded hull (making it the first British armoured car with an all-welded construction) with a sloped glacis plate. Above the centre of the hull was mounted a turret with two Vickers or Besa machine guns. The engine was located at the rear. The vehicle carried a No. 19 radio set.  The body of the Guy vehicle formed the basis of the later Humber Armoured Car, which employed a new chassis.

Service history.

Six cars were sent to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), but were lost when France fell to the Germans. Four cars, two each with the 12th Lancers and 2nd Northamptonshire Yeomanry, had their guns removed and additional seats fitted in 1940 for use in the Coats Mission to evacuate King George VI, Queen Elizabeth, Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret in the event of German invasion. The rest served with different British Army, Belgian Army, Danish and Dutch units stationed in Britain. By 1943, they were replaced by more modern vehicles.

The Guy Armoured Car was a British armoured car produced in limited numbers during Second World War. The car saw limited action during the Battle of France.

La Guy Armoured Car (littéralement "le mec blindé") était une voiture Britannique blindée produite en nombre limité pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La voiture a vu une action limitée au cours de la Bataille de France. Le fabricant n'avait pas assez de capacité de production en plus des tracteurs d'artillerie de sorte que la conception et les techniques de construction furent transmises à Rootes et utilisées comme base pour la voiture blindée Humber Armoured Car.


History.

Leinster Senior League.

In 1921–22 Pioneers were playing in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division. Other teams in this league this season included Shamrock Rovers, Bohemians B, St James's Gate B, Bray Unknowns, Shelbourne United, Midland Athletic, Brooklyn, Merrion, Glasnevin, CYMS and Richmond.

League of Ireland.

The 1922–23 season saw the League of Ireland expand from eight to twelve teams. After Frankfort and YMCA dropped out, Pioneers became one of six new teams to join the league. The others were Shamrock Rovers, Shelbourne United, Rathmines Athletic, Athlone Town and Midland Athletic. Pioneers subsequently spent four seasons playing in the League of Ireland. They finished the 1922–23 season in 8th place, the 1923–24 season in 9th place and both the 1924–25 and 1925–26 seasons in 10th and last place. At the end of the 1925–26 season they failed to get re–elected and they were replaced by Dundalk. Pioneers also played in four FAI Cup campaigns. Their best result was a quarter final appearance in 1924–25.

Pioneer XI v Gallia.

In 1923 Gallia Club Paris visited Dublin to play two friendly matches against Bohemians and Pioneers. The tour was significant as it saw the French Football Federation officially recognize the Football Association of Ireland. On Saturday, 31 March, Gallia played a 1–1 draw against Bohemians at Dalymount Park. Then on Sunday, 1 April, at same venue, a Pioneer XI played a 0–0 draw with Gallia. The FAI originally hoped that Gallia would play a League of Ireland XI. However the FFF had only sanctioned club matches. The Pioneer XI, however, was entirely made up of guest players and was effectively a League of Ireland XI. None of the players selected played for Pioneers. The guest players included, among others, Frank Collins, Ernie MacKay, Charlie Dowdall, Ned Brooks, Bob Fullam and Christy Robinson.

Ground.

During their four seasons in the League of Ireland, Pioneers played their home games at two different venues. During the 1922–23 season they played at Strand Hall, Clontarf. The following three seasons, 1923–24 to 1925–26 saw them play at The Thatch in Whitehall. During the 1923–24 season they shared this venue with Midland Athletic. While playing in the Amateur Football League Pioneers played at Saint Anne's Park. Since 2015 they have been based at the ALSSA Sports Complex, near Dublin Airport.

Notable former players.

Ireland internationals.

The following Pioneer F.C. players represented Ireland at full international level.

Pioneers Football Club are an Irish association football club based in Dublin. It was founded in 1908 by members of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association. Between 1922–23 and 1925–26 they played four seasons in the League of Ireland. In 2009–10 Pioneers were playing in the Amateur Football League. In 2015 Pioneers were revived after a five season period of inactivity. They now play in the Leinster Senior League.

Pioneers Football Club est un club de football irlandais basé à Dublin. Entre 1922 et 1926 il dispute le Championnat d'Irlande de football. Depuis 2009 il renait de ses cendres pour jouer en Leinster Senior League.


Structure and function.

Hemoglobin A (HbA) is the most common adult form of hemoglobin and exists as a tetramer containing two alpha subunits and two beta subunits (α2β2). Each subunit contains a heme group that diatomic oxygen (O) molecules can bind to. In addition to oxygen, subunit assembly and quaternary structure are known to play important roles in Hb affinity. When hemoglobin binds to O2 (oxyhemoglobin), it will attach to the Iron II (Fe2+) of heme and it is this iron ion that can bind and unbind oxygen to transport oxygen throughout the body. All subunits must be present for hemoglobin to pick up and release oxygen under normal conditions.

Synthesis.

Heme synthesis.

Heme synthesis involves a series of enzymatic steps that take place within the mitochondrion and cytosol of the cell. First, in the mitochondrion, the condensation of succinyl CoA and glycine by ALA synthase takes place to produce 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). ALA then moves to the cytosol and after a series of reactions creates coproporphyringen III. This molecule moves back into the mitochondrion where it reacts with protoporphyrin-III oxidase to produce protoporphyrin IX. Iron is then enzymatically inserted into protoporphyrin via ferrochelatase to produce heme.

Globin synthesis.

Globin synthesis takes place in the ribosomes which are located within the cytosol. Two globin chains that have heme groups combine to form hemoglobin. One of the chains is an alpha chain and the other is a non-alpha chain. Non-alpha chain nature in hemoglobin molecules varies due to different variables. Fetuses have a non-alpha chain called gamma and after birth it is then called beta. The beta chain will pair with the alpha chain. It is the combing of two alpha and non-alpha chains which create a hemoglobin molecule. Two alpha and two gamma chains form fetal hemoglobin or hemoglobin F (HbF). After the first five to six months after birth, the combing of two alpha chains and two beta chains form adult hemoglobin (HbA). The genes that encode for the alpha chains are located on chromosome 16, while the genes that encode for non-alpha chains are located on chromosome 11.

Clinical significance.

Due to the numerous steps and processes during hemoglobin synthesis, there are many places in which errors can occur. Heme synthesis involves multiple enzymes and when these enzymes are deficient or do not function properly consequences such as mutations or deletions in genes coding for the globin chain can occur. This results in globin gene disorders (hemoglobinopathies) which can be either abnormal globin chain variants (sickle cell anemia) or reduced chain synthesis in erythroid cells (thalassemia) during the cellular process of hematopoiesis. These hemoglobinopathies are often inherited as autosomal recessive traits.

Alpha-thalassemia.

Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia) is defined by a lack of α-globin chain production in hemoglobin, and those who carry a mutation impacting the α-globin chain on only one chromosome are considered to have a “silent” α-thalassemia whereas, if the mutation is on both then it is considered an α-thalassemia trait. α-thalassemia is mostly found in sub-tropical and tropical areas, where individuals who carry the gene is 80-90% of the population. Like other hemoglobin related disorders (sickle cell and β-thalassemia), it is hypothesized that α-thalassemia is selected for within populations due to carriers being better protected against malaria falciparum. Most carriers of α-thalassemia are asymptomatic and are diagnosed if it is found after routine hematological analyses or before birth screenings. Single α-globin gene carriers usually have no profound fatigue or anemia because they have a compensating increase in the number of microcytic red blood cells. In contrast, mild α-thalassemia carriers could have symptoms of anemia due to other factors not related specifically to the disorder: poor diet, drop in hemoglobin levels due to blood loss, or other diseases.  The most severe form of α -thalassemia is a condition that begins at infancy in which there is no expression of α-genes and results in a large production of hemoglobin Bart's (Hb Bart's). The most common cause of Hb Bart’s is the inheritance of a deletion allele in that lacks functional α-globin genes from both parents. Hb Bart’s is a tetramer of four gamma-globulin subunits and is ineffective at transporting oxygen to the tissues due to its very high oxygen affinity. This usually results in fatal hydrops fetalis and associated symptoms include intra-uterine anemia, slowing of brain growth, oedema, deformities of the skeleton, and cardiovascular deformities that could lead to cardiac failure.

Beta-thalassemia.

Beta-thalassemia (β-thalassemia) is an inherited mutation of the β-globulin gene which causes the reduced synthesis of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. The majority of the mutations are point mutations that affect translation, transcriptional control, and splicing of the hemoglobin β gene and gene product. Individuals with one gene mutation (heterozygocity) are considered to have β-thalassemia minor (carrier or trait β-thalassemia), while those who have two gene mutations (homozygosity or compound heterozygosity) are diagnosed with β-thalassemia or intermedia. Due to the lack of beta-globin, accumulation of alpha-globin subunits and alpha tetramers begin to accumulate leading to damage of erythrocytes. People of Asian, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent have a much higher incidences of β-thalassemia. It has been determined that there is a wide variation in phenotypes and genotypes of the disease due to more than 200 different thalassemia-associated mutations have being found in the beta-globin gene. Individuals with β-thalassemia major usually require medical attention within the first 2 years of life and require regular blood transfusions to survive. Patients who present the disorder later usually do not require transfusions and are diagnosed with thalassemia intermedia.

Sickle cell disease.

HbS, Sickle hemoglobin, is the most common variant of hemoglobin and is arises due to an amino acid substitution in the b-globin subunit at the sixth residue from glutamic acid to valine. There are different forms of sickle cell disease. HB SS which is the most common and severe form of sickle cell. Hb SC is due to inheriting Hb S from one parent and Hb C (hemoglobin C) from the other parent. Hb S beta thalassemia is the least common and is experienced in patients who have inherited beta thalassemia hemoglobin from one parent and HbS from the other. In addition, there is sickle cell trait (HbAS) which is defined by having HbA and HbS. This makes the individual heterozygous for sickle cell. Of the world population, it is estimated that there are about 300 million individuals with the sickle cell trait and about 100 million of those are in sub-Saharan Africa. There is also a higher prevalence of sickle cell trait in areas that malaria is commonly found, with the prevalence in some parts of Africa and Saudi Arabia being as high as 25% and 60%, respectively. Individuals who have HbAS have about 40%HbS, 56% HBA, and are usually asymptomatic unless there is a severe lack of oxygen to the body (hypoxia) which can lead to symptoms of sickle cell disease. However, HbAS does not cause vaso-occlusive crisis, which is known to be associated with sickle cell disease.  Patients that are homozygous for HbS have multi-stranded fibers that induce a change in shape of red blood cells from biconcave disks to elongated crescents. The sickling reaction is reversible after re-oxygenating the hemoglobin, therefore, red blood cells can go through cycles of sickling and unsickling depending on the concentration of oxygen present in the bloodstream. Red blood cells that are sickle-shaped lack flexibility and stick to the walls of blood vessels decreasing or stopping the flow of oxygen to nearby tissues. This decrease in oxygen to the tissues cause vaso-occlusive crisis which presents itself in muscle pain and injury to tissues. Some symptoms of sickle cell anemia include fever, fatigue from anemia, swelling of the hands and feet, stroke, and organ failure. Current treatments include blood transfusions which aid with increasing the number of normal red blood cells, bone marrow transplants to help the patients body produce healthy red blood cells, and medications to help alleviate the symptoms listed previously.

See also.

Hemoglobin  Hemoglobin variants:  Hemoglobin protein subunits (genes):

Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or αβ, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, accounting for over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein, found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Hemoglobin A is the most common adult form of hemoglobin and exists as a tetramer containing two alpha subunits and two beta subunits (α2β2). Hemaglobin A2 (HbA2) is a less common adult form of hemoglobin and is composed of two alpha and two delta-globin subunits. This hemoglobin makes up 1-3% of hemoglobin in adults.

L'hémoglobine A, couramment symbolisée par HbA, est la principale forme d'hémoglobine de l'homme, constituant plus de 97 % de l'hémoglobine totale des érythrocytes d'un adulte sain. Elle est constituée de deux sous-unités α et deux sous-unités β, de sorte que sa formule s'écrit.


Design.

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-734" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-734" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history.

The boat's career began with training at 8th U-boat Flotilla on 5 December 1942, followed by active service on 1 August 1943 as part of the 3rd Flotilla for the remainder of her service.  In two patrols she sank no ships.

Wolfpacks.

"U-734" took part in three wolfpacks, namely

Fate.

"U-734" was sunk on 9 February 1944 in the North Atlantic, SW of Ireland, in position, by depth charges from Royal Navy sloops &. All hands were lost.

German submarine "U-734" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for service during World War II. She was laid down on 20 October 1941 by Schichau-Werke, Danzig as yard number 1525, launched on 19 September 1942 and commissioned on 5 December 1942 under "Oberleutnant zur See" Hans-Jörg Blauert.

L'Unterseeboot 734 ou U-734 est un sous-marin allemand (U-Boot) de type VIIC utilisé par la "Kriegsmarine" pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.


Construction.

"Cavalier" was one of 96 War Emergency Programme destroyers ordered between 1940 and 1942. She was one of the first ships to be built with the forward and aft portions of her hull welded, with the midsection riveted to ensure strength. The new process gave the ship additional speed. In 1970 a 64-mile race was arranged between "Cavalier" and the frigate, which had the same hull form and machinery. "Cavalier" beat "Rapid" by after "Rapid" lifted a safety valve, reaching an average speed of.

Service history.

After commissioning she joined the 6th Destroyer Flotilla, part of the Home Fleet, and took part in a number of operations off Norway. Most notably in February 1945 she was despatched with the destroyers and to reinforce a convoy from the Kola Inlet in Russia, which had suffered attacks from enemy aircraft and U-boats, and had subsequently been scattered by a violent storm. She and the other escorts reformed the convoy, and returned to Britain with the loss of only three of the thirty-four ships. This action earned "Cavalier" a battle honour.  Later in 1945 "Cavalier" was despatched to the Far East, where she provided naval gunfire support during the Battle of Surabaya. In February 1946 she went to Bombay to help quell the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. After some time in the British Pacific Fleet she was paid off in May 1946 and was placed in reserve at Portsmouth.  "Cavalier" returned to service in 1957 after a modernisation, which included removing some of her torpedo tubes in favour of Squid anti-submarine mortars. She was again sent to the Far East, and joined the 8th Destroyer Squadron in Singapore. In December 1962 she transported 180 troops from Singapore to Brunei to help suppress a rebellion that became part of the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. After disembarking the troops she remained in Brunei as a communications centre for several days until other Royal Navy ships arrived to relieve her.  On the 6th of July 1971 "Cavalier" would participate in a race against a similar ship,. "Cavalier" narrowly won the race after a safety valve blew on "Rapid". "Cavalier" was presented with the 'Cock o' the Fleet' award. The award can be seen on the ships bridge to this day.  "Cavalier" was decommissioned in 1972 along with the sloop (moored in London), and is the last surviving British destroyer of World War 2 still in the UK.

Fate.

After decommissioning at Chatham Dockyard, she was laid up in Portsmouth. As a unique survivor, after a five-year campaign led by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the ship was purchased by the Cavalier Trust for £65,000 and handed over on Trafalgar Day 1977 in Portsmouth. By selling the ship to the Trust, the UK Government and the Royal Navy severed all formal connection and responsibility for the ship. A special warrant was issued that allows her to retain the prefix "HMS" (Her Majesty's Ship) and fly the White Ensign, a privilege normally only enjoyed by commissioned ships of the Royal Navy. A similar privilege is enjoyed by another museum ship, the cruiser.  Moved to Southampton, "Cavalier" opened as a museum and memorial ship in August 1982. This was not commercially successful, and in October 1983 the ship was moved to Brighton, where she formed the centrepiece of a newly built yacht marina. In 1987, the ship was brought to the River Tyne to form the centrepiece of a national shipbuilding exhibition centre planned by South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council in the former shipyard of Hawthorn Leslie and Company, builders of many similar destroyers. The plans for the museum came to nothing, and the borough council, faced with annual maintenance costs of £30,000 and a hardening of public opinion against unnecessary expenditure, resolved to sell the ship and wind up the venture in 1996. The ship sat in a dry dock (owing to a previous list) in a rusting condition, awaiting a buyer or scrapping in situ.  After the reforming of the Cavalier Trust, and a debate in Parliament, in 1998 "Cavalier" was bought by Chatham Historic Dockyard for display as a museum ship. Arriving on 23 May 1998, "Cavalier" now resides in No. 2 dry-dock.  On 14 November 2007, "Cavalier" was officially designated as a war memorial to the 142 Royal Navy destroyers sunk during World War II and the 11,000 men killed on those ships. The unveiling of a bronze monument created by the artist Kenneth Potts was conducted by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The monument is adjacent to the ship at the Historic Dockyard in Chatham, Kent.  In the summer of 2009 the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust made available accommodation on board the ship for youth groups who wish to stay on board and experience life on board a Royal Naval Destroyer.  In September 2010, "Cavalier" fired the first full broadside from a ship flying the White Ensign since a firing by the destroyer in December 1981. This was due to the work of the heritage naval gun crew who restored all three 4.5-in guns back to working condition in conjunction with the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.  In April 2014 "Cavalier" was added to Google Maps Business View (formerly Google Business Photos) by CInsideMedia Ltd, in celebration of the 70th anniversary of her launch. The tour, which includes "Cavalier"s engine and gear room, was enhanced with interactive audio hotspots to enable visitors with accessibility issues to explore the ship.

HMS "Cavalier" is a retired destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by J. Samuel White and Company at East Cowes on 28 March 1943, launched on 7 April 1944, and commissioned on 22 November 1944. She served in World War II and in various commissions in the Far East until she was decommissioned in 1972. After decommissioning she was preserved as a museum ship and currently resides at Chatham Historic Dockyard.

Le HMS "Cavalier" (R73/D73) est un ancien destroyer de de la Royal Navy. Lancé le, il a été mis en service le, en fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et a servi dans diverses actions en Extrême-Orient jusqu'à sa mise hors service en 1972. Après sa mise en retraite, il a été préservé comme navire musée et réside actuellement à Chatham Historic Dockyard. Il est enregistré au National Historic Ships depuis 1996 et est aussi un navire de la National Historic Fleet.


Childhood and early musical career.

Born in Burbank, California, in the San Fernando Valley, Ferguson grew up in the Van Nuys and Canoga Park sections of Los Angeles. At 12 years old, Ferguson's parents encouraged his musical abilities with classical piano lessons. When he was 16, Ferguson's interest transferred to the banjo. Along with his brother Tom, an accomplished fiddle player, he formed a bluegrass group called The Oat Hill Stump Straddlers including Michael Fondiler and Steve Fondiler. Ferguson was also a member of local garage bands Western Union and The Red Roosters.  He also held part-time jobs at different points as a theater usher and an architect's assistant for his father John Ferguson, and taught piano in a music store and studied at UCLA after high school.

The band Spirit.

Spirit was founded in the mid-1960s. Many musicians of the time cited The Beatles and their music as an influence, and Ferguson was no exception. Reuniting with longtime musician friends Randy California and California's stepfather Ed Cassidy, who, with Mark Andes and John Locke were in a band called the Red Roosters - Ferguson joined with them to form a jazz influenced rock group that was originally called Spirits Rebellious, after a Khalil Gibran passage. With the general consensus that the moniker was too long, they later shortened the name to Spirit. Ferguson was the last member to join the band and found himself in the position of lead vocalist and percussionist.  Ferguson shared singing and songwriting duties with California, writing most of the songs on their first album. Spirit began playing at various nightclubs and concerts in the Los Angeles area, especially the clubs along the Sunset Strip, including Whiskey-a-Go-Go. At one of these shows, French film producer Jacques Demy saw Spirit perform and decided he wanted them in his next film. This led to a cameo role for the band and a short speaking part in which Ferguson played a character based loosely on himself in the film "Model Shop". Spirit also provided much of the instrumental soundtrack. The band went on to tour and record several albums.

Jo Jo Gunne.

Ferguson and Mark Andes decided to leave Spirit in 1971 and form their own band.  Ferguson was Jo Jo Gunne's main songwriter (writing virtually all the material) and only lead vocalist. Jo Jo Gunne became the second act signed to the new Asylum Records label. The band scored a moderate hit with "Run, Run, Run" from their debut album (1972).  With the first record and some touring already completed, Mark Andes decided to leave and join a band that would later become Firefall, with his brother Matt staying behind with Jo Jo Gunne. Jimmie Randall, an Austin, Texas bassist was recruited in Mark's place.  Jo Jo Gunne toured all over the US and Europe for the next three years, and recorded three more albums, "Bite Down Hard" (1973), "Jumpin' The Gunne" (1974) and "Where's The Show" (1975). Matt Andes left the band after the third album and was temporarily replaced with Star Donaldson on lead guitar, and then, later, John Staehely. After a four-year existence, the group split up in the mid-1970s. Jo Jo Gunne reformed in 2005, and recorded a new album, "Big Chain", which included both new material and new versions of several old Gunne songs.

Solo career.

Ferguson took a year and a half off to rest, until record producer Bill Szymczyk asked Ferguson to come down to his Coconut Grove recording studio in Miami. He contributed in 1975 on piano and vocals to Joe Walsh's live recording of "You Can't Argue with a Sick Mind" before Walsh subsequently went on to join Eagles. Ferguson recorded three studio albums and a limited-run live album for Asylum. While managed by Martin Pichinson, he scored a Top 10 hit with the title song on his second solo album, "Thunder Island" (1978), which peaked at #9 in the US. Another minor hit was "Shakedown Cruise" (#31) from his last Asylum album, "Real Life Ain't This Way". After his recording contract for Asylum was completed, Ferguson changed record labels, and recorded two more solo albums for Capitol Records.

Soundtrack composer.

In 1982, after his sixth and last solo album, "White Noise", Ferguson decided to become a soundtrack composer for movies and television. To date, he has written music for over 15 feature films and for many TV shows. His most recognizable composition as a TV and film scorer is the theme to the NBC-TV version of "The Office", which won him the 2007 Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Comedy Television Program. (In The Office, He is also the guitarist in Kevin's band "Scrantonicity.") Ferguson recently began producing albums for other artists. He is the composer of "Pictures of You" from the soundtrack to "The Terminator", and the entire score to "" and "Bad Dreams", as well as the "Tales From The Crypt" episode "”Forever Ambergris”".  Ferguson is also the current soundtrack composer for "", having replaced original composer James S. Levine halfway through season 1 with Ferguson's music debuting in the season 1 episode, "Chinatown".

John Arden "Jay" Ferguson (born May 10, 1947) is an American rock/pop musician, known for his work with Spirit and Jo Jo Gunne, and his 1978 solo hit "Thunder Island". His later career has been as a composer of music for television programs and films.

Jay Ferguson (John Arden Ferguson) est un compositeur américain de musiques de films, né le. Il est notamment connu pour sa composition sur le cinquième volet de la saga de films d'horreur consacrée au personnage de Freddy Krueger : "L'Enfant du cauchemar" de Stephen Hopkins.


Subjugation of Babylon.

In 521 BCE, Intaphrenes was sent as general at the head of an army by Darius I to eliminate Arakha, who allegedly had usurped the throne of Babylon as Nebuchadnezzar IV in 522 BCE. Babylon was taken without much fighting on November 27, 521 BCE, and as was customary in such cases, Arakha was mutilated and impaled with his followers.

Death.

Intaphrenes was put to death after the insurrection for trying to enter the King's palace while he was lying with his wife. The seven noblemen who had toppled Bardiya had made an agreement that they could all visit the new king whenever they pleased, except when he was with his wife. One evening, Intaphrenes went to the palace to meet Darius, but was stopped by two officers who stated that Darius had retired for the night. Becoming enraged and insulted, Intaphrenes drew his sword and cut off the ears and noses of the two officers. While leaving the palace, he took the bridle from his horse, and tied the two officers together. The officers went to the king and showed him what Intaphrenes had done to them. Darius began to fear for his own safety; he thought that all seven noblemen had banded together to rebel against him and that the attack against his officers was the first sign of revolt. He sent a messenger to each of the noblemen, asking them if they approved of Intaphrenes's actions. They denied and disavowed any connection with Intaphrenes's actions, stating that they stood by their decision to appoint Darius as King of Kings.  Taking precautions against further resistance, Darius sent soldiers to seize Intaphrenes, along with his son, family members, relatives and any friends who were capable of arming themselves. Darius believed that Intaphrenes was planning a rebellion, but when he was brought to the court, there was no proof of any such plan. Nonetheless, Darius killed Intaphrenes's entire family, excluding his wife's brother and son. She was asked to choose between her brother and son. She chose her brother to live. Her reasoning for doing so was that she could have another husband and another son, but she would always have but one brother. Darius was impressed by her response and spared both her brother's and her son's life.  The name Intaphrenes was never mentioned again by Herodotus after Intaphrenes's death.

Intaphrenes (Old Persian: "Vidafarnâ") was one of the seven who in September 522 BCE helped Darius I usurp the throne from Bardiya, following Bardiya’s alleged usurping of the throne of the Achaemenid Empire from Cambyses II. Intaphrenes then became Darius's bow carrier, a high position in which he is depicted in the Behistun Inscription.

Intapherne est l'un des sept seigneurs achéménides qui conspirèrent avec Darius, fils d'Hystaspe, contre le faux Smerdis. Désespéré de n'avoir pu obtenir la couronne, il conspira contre Darius. Celui-ci le fit mettre à mort avec toute sa famille.


History.

The Iberian War, which had been provoked by the uprising of the Iberians against the Persians in 524/5, had been largely indecisive: the Persians swiftly crushed the revolt, but were unable to make any gains in Byzantine territory except for two forts, Scanda and Sarapanis, in Lazica. The Byzantines had recovered from some early reversals to inflict two major defeats on the Persians in 530 at Dara and Satala. In their aftermath, they gained the two border forts of Bolum and Pharangium in Persarmenia, but were in turn defeated at Callinicum in 531. Throughout these conflicts, periods of truce and negotiations were interspersed with campaigns, but these had led to no concrete results.  With the death of the Persian "shahanshah" Kavadh I (r. 488–531) in late 531, however, and the accession of his third son Khosrau I (r. 531–579), the situation changed: Khosrau's domestic position was insecure, while on the Byzantine side, Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) was perhaps already more focused on recovering the lost western half of the Roman Empire than in pursuing war against Persia. The Byzantine envoys Rufinus, Hermogenes, Alexander and Thomas found Khosrau in a more conciliatory disposition than his father, and an agreement was soon reached. Justinian would pay 110 "centenaria" (11,000 pounds) of gold, ostensibly as a contribution to the defence of the Caucasus passes against the barbarians living beyond, and the base of the "dux Mesopotamiae" would be withdrawn from the fortress of Dara to the city of Constantina. The two rulers would recognize once again each other as equal and pledged mutual assistance. Khosrau initially refused to hand back the two Lazic forts, while demanding the return of the two other forts the Byzantines had captured in Persian Armenia. Justinian at first agreed, but soon changed his mind, causing the agreement to be broken off. In summer 532, however, a new embassy by Hermogenes and Rufinus managed to persuade Khosrau for a full exchange of the occupied forts, as well as for allowing the exiled Iberian rebels to either remain in the Byzantine Empire or return unmolested to their homes.  The next few years were marked by a remarkably cordial atmosphere and cooperation between the Middle East's two great powers. During that time, however, as Justinian focused his energy and resources in his wars of reconquest against the Vandals and in Italy against the Goths, the defenses of the East were neglected. This presented a golden opportunity for Khosrau, who, urged by Gothic envoys and anxious to fill his depleted state coffers with booty, began a new war in summer 540.

The Perpetual Peace (), signed in 532 between the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and Sassanid Persia, was a peace treaty of indefinite duration, which concluded the Iberian War (527–531) between the two powers. It heralded a period of relatively cordial relations, but lasted only until 540, when hostilities resumed over the control of Lazica.

La paix éternelle (en grec : ἀπέραντος εἰρήνη) est conclue en 532 entre l'Empire byzantin et l'Empire sassanide. C'est un traité de paix d'une durée indéfinie qui met fin à la guerre d'Ibérie entre les deux puissances. Elle ouvre une période de relations relativement apaisées entre les deux rivaux jusqu'en 540, avec la réouverture des hostilités autour du contrôle du royaume de Lazique.


Early life.

Farquharson was born on 4 December 1899 at 3 Lismore Cottages, Botanic Avenue, Dublin. He was the third child born to presbyterian Thomas Farquharson, a sanitary contractor, and Margaret Cassin, a dressmaker. Both of his parents hailed from Dublin and earned enough income to afford a live-in servant. Raised as a Catholic, he was brought up in the football heartland of Drumcondra at the family home in Golden Acre. The family later moved to Jones Road and his father became a reputable master builder and contractor in the area. Tom was educated at a school run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers.

Club career.

Early career.

As a youth, Farquharson played Gaelic football before taking up association football with Annually in 1916. He helped the side reach the final of the Leinster Minor Cup, held at Shelbourne Park, where they defeated Olympic B 4–2. Annually folded in 1919 after being unable to secure suitable playing grounds. Farquharson instead began playing for a Catholic Young Men's Society (CYMS). However, he eventually left Dublin because of his Republican sympathies during the Irish War of Independence. He was described as a "non-violent member" of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a role that included running messages for the group and transporting people to safehouses. A 19-year-old student at the time, he was arrested along with his friend Seán Lemass, later to become Taoiseach, for pulling down British Army wanted posters in St Stephen's Green. This proved embarrassing to Farquharson's father, who conducted business with the British. Farquharson and Lemass were held at Mountjoy Prison but Farquharson was released on bail by a British Army Major who was a friend of his father on the basis that he would leave Ireland.  He was sent to work in Blackwood, Caerphilly, in South Wales, gaining employment as either a carpenter or a painter and decorater. On arriving in Wales, he took up rugby union, playing as a full back for his local side Blackwood. He later went to watch local Welsh Football League side Oakdale who found themselves short of a goalkeeper for a match. Farquharson offered his services where his experience playing Gaelic football proved invaluable. He then moved onto Southern Football League side Abertillery Town for the 1921–22 season. His performances for the side saw him chosen to represent a Welsh Southern Football League XI.

Cardiff City.

Farquharson soon attracted the interest of Football League First Division side Cardiff City. His performances for Abertillery led to him being invited to a trial with Cardiff by club founder Walter Bartley Wilson in February 1922 before signing permanently. He made his debut for the club on the last day of the 1921–22 season, playing in a 3–1 victory over Manchester United on 6 May 1922. The following season, Ben Davies remained first choice at the start of the campaign before Farquharson featured in five consecutive matches between October and November 1922. The pair continued to compete throughout the season with Farquharson featuring in 21 league matches (one more than Davies) and playing in the club's 3–2 victory over Aberdare Athletic in the 1923 Welsh Cup final. His performances resulted in Davies' being sold at the end of the season to Leicester City with long-serving Herbert Kneeshaw remaining as cover. Having established himself as first choice, Farquharson featured 51 times during the 1923–24 season, missed only three matches during the campaign, featuring in all six of the club's FA Cup and Welsh Cup ties. Cardiff finished second in the First Division, losing out on winning the league title to Huddersfield Town on goal average. In the following campaign, Farquharson helped the side reach their first FA Cup final where they suffered a 1–0 defeat to Sheffield United. With the retirement of Kneeshaw, Farquharson saw off competition from Joe Hills and Tommy Hampson to continue his spell as first choice goalkeeper.  During the 1926–27 season, the club embarked on another FA Cup campaign to reach their second final in three seasons. He played in all six of Cardiff's fixtures leading up to the final. In his career, Farquharson had developed a reputation as a penalty specialist, even being dubbed "the penalty king". His method of saving spot kicks by rushing forward as the penalty was being taken proved so effective that in the quarterfinal of the FA Cup, his save to deny Chelsea forward Andrew Wilson's penalty prompted the sport's governing bodies to change the rules of the game. Goalkeepers were subsequently banned from rushing from their goal line when facing penalty kicks. Wilson later described the incident, remarking "I thought I was seeing things when I looked at Tom Farquharson in the Cardiff goal. As I placed the ball, he was standing with his back against the net [...] I shot and he dashed forward and made a wonder save." Farquharson explained the reasoning behind his technique, stating "By advancing forward I can leap to either side far more quickly than from a standing position."  In the final of the competition, Cardiff defeated Arsenal 1–0 at Wembley Stadium, becoming the only non-English side to have won the FA Cup. Farquharson kept five clean sheets from Cardiff's seven matches in the competition, conceding only three goals, becoming the first Irish goalkeeper to win the cup and keep a clean sheet in the final of the competition. At the end of the game, Farquharson acquired the match ball which he later donated to the church. The side returned to Cardiff following their victory where they were received by an estimated crowd of 150,000 people lining the streets to witness their return.  Farquharson remained as the club's first choice goalkeeper for several years after their cup success. However, economic troubles saw a steady decline for Cardiff and, in 1929, they were relegated from the First Division two years after winning the FA Cup. Their troubles continued as they were relegated to the Third Division South for the first time in their history soon after. In 1932, he nearly left the financially stricken club to join Hull City after a transfer offer was accepted. Cardiff planned to replace him with backup goalkeeper Len Evans, only for Evans to leave himself before the deal was completed. A board meeting was hastily arranged during which Farquharson agreed to remain with Cardiff, where he played for a further three years before retiring in 1935. In his book, "The Who's Who of Cardiff City", Dean Hayes describes Farquharson as "without doubt [...] the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the club." He played in 445 matches in the Football League, a club record which stood until 1985 when it was surpassed by Phil Dwyer. His total remains the highest by any goalkeeper in the club's history.

International career.

When Farquharson began his international career in 1923 there were, in effect, two Ireland teams, chosen by two rival associations. Both associations, the Northern Ireland – based Irish Football Association (IFA) and the Irish Free State – based Football Association of the Irish Free State (FAIFS) claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ireland and selected players from the whole island. As a result, several notable Irish players from this era, including Farquharson, played for both teams.  Between 1923 and 1927 Farquharson played seven times for the IFA XI. He made his debut for the IFA XI on 3 March 1923 in a 1–0 defeat to Scotland. On 10 October 1923, Farquharson was a member the IFA XI that beat England 2–1 at Windsor Park. He made his last appearance for the IFA XI on 28 February 1925 in a 3–0 defeat to Scotland. His appearances for the side were limited due to the presence of Elisha Scott.

Irish Free State side.

Between 1929 and 1931 Farquharson also played four times for the FAIFS XI. He had made his debut for an FAIFS XI shortly after winning the 1927 FA Cup with Cardiff, playing in a charity match against a Leinster Football Association XI. The match was regarded as unofficial, which meant the players were not awarded caps. He made his competitive debut for the side on 20 April 1929 in a 4–0 win against Belgium at Dalymount Park. On 11 May 1930 he won his second cap for the FAI XI when he played against Belgium again, helping his side to a 3–1 away win.  In April 1931, this situation saw Farquharson briefly embroiled in controversy when he was called up by the IFA to play against Wales but opted instead to play for the FAI XI against Spain. His comments made in a newspaper interview after his decision proved controversial when he claimed that "I will go so far as to say that the Irish Football Association usurped the name of Ireland by calling the side they have selected "Ireland"". His decision and comments saw him honoured with an award at a special presentation by the FAIFS. Soon after, he also appeared for a Welsh League XI against their counterparts from the Irish Free State at Dalymount Park, suffering a 3–1 defeat.  The highlight of his appearances for the FAI XI came on 26 April 1931 when he helped them hold Spain to 1–1 draw in the Montjuic Stadium in Barcelona. Farquharson was team captain and after conceding a penalty, he redeemed himself by saving the resulting spot kick. He made his final appearance for the FAI XI on 13 December 1931 in a 5–0 defeat to Spain at Dalymount Park.

Personal life.

After moving to Wales, Farquharson joined the order of the Benedictines. His wife Pearl hailed from Skerries in Dublin and the pair had five children together, three girls and two boys. Farquharson was believed to have carried a handgun in his kitbag during his playing career "for protection" following his involvement with the IRA in his youth. Several former teammates of his verified the fact and several claimed to have seen the weapon; Ernie Curtis stated in an interview "Tom told me about being on the move from house to house – and that he always carried a gun. He opened up his kit bag and there it was!" Eddie Jenkins also recalled an incident when Farquharson was annoyed by teammate George Russell, who he believed was showing off, and produced the weapon before he tongue-in-cheek "threatened to shoot him if he didn't behave".  Farquharson and his family lived on Allensbank Road in Heath, Cardiff, before later moving to Cyncoed in the northern part of the city. Following his retirement from football, Farquharson returned to his work as a painter and decorator. He later opened a tobacconist's in Cardiff City Centre. In July 1948, Farquharson was convicted of illegal distribution of Irish sweepstakes tickets and was fined £250. He ran his shop until he and his wife decided to emigrate to Canada; all five of his children had emigrated there in previous years. His daughter Pam later described her father as "a very passive, quiet and private man."  Farquharson's son Donald Farquharson was also an accomplished sportsman. He was an early pioneer of masters athletics and founded the Canadian Masters Athletics Association. His great-grandson Steve Farquharson was drafted to the Ontario Hockey League in the 3rd round (58th overall) to the Toronto St. Michael's Majors where he played two seasons before playing one season with the Barrie Colts. He later became a scout for the Colts.  Farquharson died of a heart attack on 24 December 1970.

Honours.

Cardiff City  FA Cup  FA Charity Shield  Welsh Cu

Thomas Gerard Farquharson (4 December 1899 – 24 December 1970) was an Irish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Born in Dublin, he played youth football for local sides. In his teens, he became a member of the Irish Republican Army and was arrested by the British Army for removing wanted posters and held in Mountjoy Prison. He was released on the basis that he would leave Ireland, instead settling in South Wales.

Tom Farquharson, né le à Dublin et mort le au Canada est un footballeur international irlandais. Il joue au poste de gardien de but asse l'essentiel de sa carrière au club de Cardiff City. Il fait partie des doubles internationaux irlandais puisqu'il a été sélectionné à la fois en équipe d'Irlande de football et en équipe de République d'Irlande de football. En 1927, il est le gardien de l'équipe de Cardiff qui devient la toute première équipe non anglaise à remporter la Coupe d'Angleterre


Life.

Since Thomas was still in his minority at the time of his father's death, King Edward III of England, with whom Scotland was battling in the Scottish Wars of Independence, placed Thomas in the care of his (Thomas's) step-father, William Carsewell. He was prevented from receiving the earldom by Richard Talbot, 2nd Baron Talbot, who claimed the title Lord of Mar in the right of his wife, Elizabeth de Comyn. In the tumultuous years that followed Dupplin Moor, Thomas's grandmother, Lady Christina Bruce, held the seat of the earls of Mar, Kildrummy Castle. When she died in 1357, the castle passed to Thomas along with her lands and lordship, which were called the Earldom of Garioch.  In 1351, Thomas was one of the ambassadors sent to England to negotiate the ransom of Scotland's king, David II, who was prisoner there. When David was eventually released in 1357, Thomas was one of the seven lords “from whom three were to be selected as hostages” until the king's ransom was paid. As Earl of Mar (as he was styled in 1357), Thomas was made Great Chamberlain of Scotland in 1358. Thomas is said to have favored England's king, Edward III, inasmuch as the English king had granted him a pension of 600 merks per annum. In addition, the English king agreed to pay Thomas £600 sterling yearly if he lost his lands in Scotland. Thomas agreed to serve the English king by fighting in England's war with France in 1360. In 1362, he was sent as a Scottish ambassador to negotiate with England, and in 1369 he was one of the guarantees of a truce between the two nations.  Earl Thomas was in both England and France frequently in his life, as John Mackintosh has laid out in his book "Historic Earls and Earldoms of Scotland": In March, 1359, he had a passport through England for himself and thirty persons in his retinue, and three merchants; while in August, 1359, he had a safe conduct for himself and one hundred horsemen in his train. The same year, in October, he had a passport to France with twenty-four horsemen. In November, 1362, he had a safe conduct to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury for himself and twelve horsemen. He had passports for himself and twelve horsemen in February, 1363, in March the same year, and in February, 1365. In July, 1365, he had a licence to send eight horsemen to Newcastle-on-Tyne with one hundred and twenty oxen, which he had sold to merchants in that city. In October, 1368, he had a passport for himself and twelve gentlemen on their way through England in pilgrimage to St. [John of] Amiens, in France.  In 1363, he fell out of favor with David II, perhaps due to David's resentment of Thomas's alliance with the English or perhaps because of the extortions Thomas was alleged to have committed on his people. For whatever reason, David besieged and took his Castle of Kildrummy. However, in 1368, upon payment of a composition, Thomas received it back and was restored to the king's good favor.

Marriages.

Thomas married twice. His first wife was Margaret Graham of Menteith, whom he divorced because she bore him no children, or, as one old chronicler put it, “at the instigation of the Devil.” His second wife was Margaret Stewart, Countess of Angus, but this marriage produced no children either.

Death and Burial.

Thomas died childless, some say in 1374, others in 1377, the confusion arising from the fact that his brother-in-law was already claiming the title Earl of Mar in 1374. However, some scholars argue that Earl Thomas must have died in early 1377 because of a charter dated August 10th of that year, in which Douglas confirmed a charter previously made by Thomas.  Thomas of Mar was the last of the Celtic earls of Mar, and was buried within the walls of Kildrummy Castle. He was succeeded by his sister Margaret, through whom the title Earl of Mar did indeed pass to her husband, William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas.

Thomas, Earl of Mar, (c. 1330-1377) was a 14th-century Earl of Mar, an earldom located in the County of Aberdeen, Scotland. He is sometimes styled Mormaer of Mar since "mormaer" was the Scottish equivalent of the English word earl. Because the identification and numbering of the ancient earls of Mar is debatable, Thomas is variously numbered the ninth, tenth, or thirteenth. of the ancient earls. He was a son of Domhnall II of Mar, who fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor in 1332.

Thomas de Mar (né vers 1330 – mort en 1377) noble écossais qui fut le comte de Mar de 1332 à 1377 et le dernier représentant de l'antique lignée des mormaers de Mar.