Formation.

According to the Pangaea Proxima hypothesis, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans will continue to get wider until new subduction zones bring the continents back together, forming a future Pangaea. Most continents and microcontinents are predicted to collide with Eurasia, just as they did when most continents collided with Laurentia.  Around 50 million years from now, North America is predicted to shift west and Eurasia would shift to the east, and possibly even to the south, bringing Great Britain closer to the North Pole and Siberia southward towards warm, subtropical latitudes. Africa is predicted to collide with Europe and Arabia, closing the Mediterranean Sea (completely closing the Tethys Ocean (or Neotethys) and the Red Sea) and forming a supercontinent called Afro-Eurasia. A long mountain range (the Mediterranean Mountain Range) would then extend from Iberia, across Southern Europe and into Asia. Some are even predicted to have peaks higher than Mount Everest. Similarly, Australia is predicted to beach itself past the doorstep of Southeast Asia, causing the islands to be compressed inland, forming another potential mountain range, and forming a supercontinent, called Afro-Euraustralasia. Meanwhile, Southern and Baja California are predicted to have already collided with Alaska with new mountain ranges formed between them.  About 125 million years from now, the Atlantic Ocean is predicted to stop widening and begin to shrink because some of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge will have been subducted. In this scenario, a mid-ocean ridge between South America and Africa will probably be subducted first; the Atlantic Ocean is predicted to have narrowed as a result of subduction beneath the Americas. The Indian Ocean is also predicted to be smaller due to northward subduction of oceanic crust into the Central Indian trench. Antarctica is expected to shift northwards, colliding with Madagascar and Australia, enclosing a remnant of the Indian Ocean (called the Indo-Atlantic Ocean), and creating the supercontinent Terra Orientalis.  When the last of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is subducted beneath the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean is predicted to close rapidly.  At 200 million years in the future, the Atlantic is predicted to have closed. North America is predicted to have already collided with Africa, but be in a more southerly position than where it drifted. South America is predicted to be wrapped around the southern tip of Africa, completely enclosing the Indo-Atlantic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean will have grown wider, encircling half the Earth.

Other suggested supercontinents.

Paleogeologist Ronald Blakey has described the next 15 to 85 million years of tectonic development as fairly settled and predictable, without supercontinent formation. Beyond that, he cautions that the geologic record is full of unexpected shifts in tectonic activity that make further projections "very, very speculative". In addition to Pangaea Proxima, two other hypothetical supercontinents—"Amasia" and "Novopangaea"—were illustrated in an October 2007 "New Scientist" article.

Pangaea Proxima (also called Pangaea Ultima, Neopangaea, and Pangaea II) is a possible future supercontinent configuration. Consistent with the supercontinent cycle, Pangaea Proxima could occur within the next 300 million years. This potential configuration, hypothesized by Christopher Scotese, earned its name from its similarity to the previous Pangaea supercontinent. Scotese later changed Pangaea Ultima (Last Pangaea) to Pangaea Proxima (Next Pangaea) to alleviate confusion about the name Pangaea Ultima which could imply that it would be the last supercontinent. The concept was based on examination of past cycles of formation and breakup of supercontinents, not on current understanding of the mechanisms of tectonic change, which are too imprecise to project that far into the future. "It's all pretty much fantasy to start with," Scotese has said. "But it's a fun exercise to think about what might happen. And you can only do it if you have a really clear idea of why things happen in the first place."

La Pangée prochaine est le nom donné à un hypothétique mais probable supercontinent qui pourrait apparaître dans 250 millions d'années par le rapprochement de l'Afrique, de l'Eurasie et des Amériques, et enfin collage de l'Australie et de l'Antarctique. Cette structure a d'abord été dénommée par son auteur, Christopher Scotese, "Pangée ultime", nom qu'il a modifié afin d'éviter qu'il n'insinue l'idée qu'elle pourrait être la dernière.


History.

The harbour, nearly long, was discovered in 1520 by the Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan. Other Spanish expeditions followed, including Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. On 17 December 1586 the privateer Thomas Cavendish sailed into the estuary on his flagship the "Desire" of 120 tons, accompanied by the "Hugh Gallant" of 40 tons and the "Content" of 60 tons. He named the harbour "Port Desire" after his ship, and the point of land at the harbour mouth is still known as "Punta Cavendish". They met only a few Native Americans, who shot arrows that wounded some of the crew. After ten days Cavendish took his ships on their way, and returned to England in 1588. In 1591 Cavendish set out on another expedition with five ships, himself sailing as admiral on the "Leicester Galleon", while the "Desire" was commanded by captain John Davis. They suffered problems in the winter at the Strait of Magellan so turned north, and on 20 May 1592 the "Desire" and the "Black Pinnace" lost touch with other ships and went into Port Desire to wait for Cavendish. He did not turn up, so in August they sailed to the nearby "Penguin Island" then south, but were caught by a storm and, forced to run before the wind, came on unknown islands, making the first probable sighting of the Falkland Islands.  In 1670 John Narborough visited "Port Desire" and claimed the territory for the British Empire, but no substantial attempt was made to assert the British claim against the Spanish claim to the region. Captain John Byron went on from there to claim British possession of the Falklands in the 1760s, and when the Spanish attacked there in 1770 one of the ships forced to flee was the sloop of war "Swift" which returned to "Port Desire", but was shipwrecked on a concealed rock.  Antonio de Biedma founded the Nueva Colonia de Floridablanca in 1780 in the area near present-day Puerto Deseado, later shut down by Viceroy Vertíz.  In 1790 a fort was established at Puerto Deseado by the Real Compañía Marítima (Royal Maritime Company) of Charles IV of Spain, which served as a base for whaling until its abandonment in 1806.  Perhaps the area's most famous visitor came on the Voyage of the Beagle commanded by captain Robert FitzRoy, which brought the young naturalist Charles Darwin on 23 December 1833 for the first of several visits while HMS "Beagle" carried out its hydrographic survey.

Traffic.

The town was serviced by the freightrailwayline running form Las Heras via Pico Truncado to Puerto Deseado up until 1976. According to Railwaygazette, this line will be modernized shortly for reopening end of 2015 or the beginning of 2016. The town is connected to the national roadsystem via a 120 km long nearly straight secondary road.

Climate.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Puerto Deseado has a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk") with mild, warm summers and cold winters.

Tourism.

Most of the tourism industry is based on touring the estuary to see the diverse fauna, such as the Commerson's dolphin, Magellanic and Rockhopper penguins.

Economy.

Puerto Deseado's economy is based on the fishing industry. There are several fish-processing plants by its coasts on "Avenida Costanera" and a high percentage of the population works on jobs related to industrial fishing such as stevedores, crane operators, fish cleaners and the like.

References in films and literature.

Films.

The movie "Gone Fishing" by Carlos Sorín is set almost entirely in Puerto Deseado.

Literature.

Puerto Deseado is the main setting of the novels "The Sunken Secret" and "The Arrow Collector" by Cristian Perfumo. "The Sunken Secret" is based on the true story of the wreck and recovery of HMS Swift (1763) a British sloop of war that sank off the town's coast.

Puerto Deseado, originally called Port Desire, is a city of about 15,000 inhabitants and a fishing port in Patagonia in Santa Cruz Province of Argentina, on the estuary of the Deseado River.

Puerto Deseado est une ville et un port de pêche de Patagonie, dans la province de Santa Cruz en Argentine. Elle se trouve dans l'estuaire du río Deseado. Sa population se montait à en 2001 (contre en 1991).


Early life and education.

Davis was born in Washington, D.C., where his father was a photographer for the National Bureau of Standards. He spent several years as a choirboy to please his mother, although he could not carry a tune. He enjoyed attending the concerts at the Watergate before air traffic was loud enough to drown out the music. His brother Warren, 14 months younger than he, was his constant companion in boyhood. He received his B.S. from the University of Maryland in 1938 in chemistry, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. He also received a master's degree from that school and a Ph.D. from Yale University in physical chemistry in 1942.

Career.

Davis spent most of the war years at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah observing the results of chemical weapons tests and exploring the Great Salt Lake basin for evidence of its predecessor, Lake Bonneville.  Upon his discharge from the army in 1946, Davis went to work at Monsanto's Mound Laboratory, in Miamisburg, Ohio, doing applied radiochemistry of interest to the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1948, he joined Brookhaven National Laboratory, which was dedicated to finding peaceful uses for nuclear power.  Davis reports that he was asked "to find something interesting to work on," and dedicated his career to the study of neutrinos, particles which had been predicted to explain the process of beta decay, but whose separate existence had not been confirmed. Davis investigated the detection of neutrinos by beta decay, the process by which a neutrino brings enough energy to a nucleus to make certain stable isotopes into radioactive ones. Since the rate for this process is very low, the number of radioactive atoms created in neutrino experiments is very small, and Davis began investigating the rates of processes other than beta decay that would mimic the signal of neutrinos. Using barrels and tanks of carbon tetrachloride as detectors, Davis characterized the rate of the production of argon-37 as a function of altitude and as a function of depth underground. He deployed a detector containing chlorine atoms at the Brookhaven Reactor in 1954 and later one of the reactors at Savannah River. These experiments failed to detect a surplus of radioactive argon when the reactors were operating over when the reactors were shut down, and this was taken as the first experimental evidence that neutrinos causing the chlorine reaction, and antineutrinos produced in reactors, were distinct. Detecting neutrinos proved considerably more difficult than not detecting antineutrinos. Davis was the lead scientist behind the Homestake Experiment, the large-scale radiochemical neutrino detector which first detected evidence of neutrinos from the sun.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 with Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba and Italian Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos, looking at the solar neutrino problem in the Homestake Experiment. He was 88 years old when awarded the prize.

Personal life.

Davis met his wife Anna Torrey at Brookhaven and together they built a 21-foot wooden sailboat, the "Halcyon". They had five children and lived in the same house in Blue Point, New York for over 50 years. He died in Blue Point, New York from Alzheimer's Disease.

Raymond "Ray" Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s, which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; for this he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Raymond Davis Jr. ( à Washington, D.C. – ) est un chimiste et un physicien américain. Il est colauréat avec Masatoshi Koshiba d'une moitié du prix Nobel de physique de 2002.


Geography.

Territory.

The territory of San Giorgio su Legnano is located at the northern edge of the Po Valley, south of the Alpine foothills. It rises on a moorish plateau at the edge of the hollow dug by the Olona river. The soil consists mainly of pebbles, gravel, sand and clay.

The town.

The urban fabric of San Giorgio su Legnano has developed around the old town. Then, gradually, between 1914 and 1958, San Giorgio was the subject of a marked urbanization that led to the occupation of most of the area of the municipality.  At the same time, there has been a significant increase

Climate.

According to, San Giorgio su Legnano is in Zone E with a rating of 2451 GR/G. Due to its location in the upper Po Valley, San Giorgio su Legnano has a Continental climate with cold winters characterized by many days of snowfall and fog. Summers are hot humid, and moderately wet; temperatures can exceed and humidity 80%. That humidity persists for the entire year because

Toponymy.

The reference to the saint in the name of the municipality comes from a small church dedicated to Saint George attached to a convent of Augustinian friars present in the Legnano countryside, whose existence is attested by a manuscript of 1261. This monastery was the original nucleus of the Castle Visconteo of Legnano. It is likely that the presence of this monastery has then determined the title to Saint George, as well as the castle, also of a district of Legnano (the "Costa di San Giorgio") and the nearby municipality of San George su Legnano.  In the Middle Ages, the community of San Giorgiowas known as

History.

From Prehistory to Middle Age.

In Prehistory the "sangiorgese" territory was covered by moorland. It was therefore an area where only bushes grew spontaneously, given the poor fertility of the soil. Over the centuries, thanks to the fertilization work of local farmers and the construction of artificial canals in the surrounding areas, the "sangiorgese" territory has been made arable. Once vast areas were cultivated and the flora of the wooded areas was composed mainly of oaks, hornbeams, chestnuts, common hazels, planes, ashes, poplars, elms, maples and alders. The oldest archaeological records found in the territory of San Giorgio su Legnano are made up of Roman necropolises, the dating of which corresponds to the imperial age (1st century BC-4th century). The oldest tombs are strongly affected by Celtic influence, as the Romanization process is not yet complete.  The first documented naming the sangiorgese community is to an inscription carved on some bricks dated 1393 that were found during some excavations at

From Middle Age to 18th century.

In the Middle Ages the community of "Sotena", like the nearby Legnano, was on the border between the Seprio peasants (whose capital was Castelseprio) and Burgaria (probably under the hegemony of Parabiago), two counties dependent on the Lombardy Brand, which was a territorial division from the Longobards and Franks.  At the time, the community depended on both the civil and religious aspects of the Pieve of Parabiago. Since the 16th century, San Giorgio had a mayor, even at the time a representative of the community. The mayor was flanked by a chancellor whose duties were similar to those of

From 19th century to 21st century.

In Napoleonic times, from an administrative point of view, the municipality of San Giorgio was suppressed and incorporated in the neighboring municipality of Canegrate. He was a member of the aforementioned municipality from November 4, 1809, to November 8, 1811.  Agricultural crops were very varied. The main crops were cereals (millet and wheat), vine and mulberry, which is the basis of the breeding of silkworms. In addition to the cereal crop, the economy of San Giorgio su Legnano was also based on livestock farming. The agricultural contract spread in these centuries in the Altomilanese was that of the sharecropper. Vine was the most common crop in the area. In 1723, in fact, about 70% of the "sangiorgese" territory was cultivated with vineyards. The vine was so common that, as recently as 1855, San Giorgio su Legnano was among the communities where the fraction

Main sights.

Religious architecture.

In San Giorgio su Legnano there are two churches, a subsidiary and a parish one. Prior to the construction of the latter, the community referred to a church before 1750 and later demolished and also called by the same name as the modern parish.  The parish church of San Giorgio su Legnano, Church of Beata Vergine Assunta, that is dedicated to Assumption of Mary, was consecrated on 23 April 1935 by the Archbishop of Milan, Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster. The domed octagonal church is an example of a Bramantes-inspired Renaissance style, easily inferred from the central plant. On each of the eight sides open the corresponding side chapels and the presbytery, which develops in depth. The two side chapels, one of the Sacred Heart and the other of Our Lady are increased, forming a circle-shaped outline closed by a dome. Another peculiarity of the church is the use of bricks of clear Lombard derivation.

Civil architecture.

In San Giorgio su Legnano there are some buildings of historical interest. The oldest, among those owned by the municipality, is the former town hall of San Giorgio su Legnano. Born as a home of elementary schools and municipal offices and situated in "via Gerli", it was inaugurated in 1892. It also housed classrooms until 1929, when the new schools were inaugurated. He served as a town hall until 1992.  The building that houses the "Circolo familiare" was built in the

Natural areas.

Villa Parravicini has an English landscape garden, which covers about 9,300 square meters and includes more than 30 species of trees and more than 15 species of shrubs. Built in the mid-19th century, it is bound by the superintendence of environmental and architectural goods along with the manor

Demographics.

Ethnic groups.

As of December 31, 2016, foreign nationals living in the

Religion.

The patron saint is Saint George. The majority of the population is Catholic Church. The immigration of EU and non-EU citizens has

Transportation.

San Giorgio su Legnano is lined by the provincial road N° 12, which is the most

Economy.

Agriculture has been San Giorgio's main livelihood for centuries. With the advent of industrialization, in this role, it gave way to manufacturing activities. In the 21st century it is not an important activity for the economy of San Giorgio su Legnano; it is carried out in a limited part of the municipality, south of the town, which is still free from construction and infrastructure.  The first "Sangiorgese" industries arose in the second half of the

Culture.

Languages and literature.

Around Legnano it's spoken Legnanese dialect, dialect of the Lombard language (belonging to the western branch), spoken by about 30% of the population of the area where it is spread. Like all Western Lombard dialects, legnanese is a Romance language derived from Latin with a Celtic substrate and longobard superstratum. In Legnanese dialect there are those who find traces of the languages

Sport.

The Unione Sportiva Sangiorgese s a multi-sports company founded in 1922 that deals with athletics, volleyball, basketball, skiing and hiking. The basketball team played in the Serie B championship.  The company organizes the cross-country race called Campaccio, an international event born in 1957 that takes place on a course of about 12 km. The name of the race comes from "campasc", which in the Legnanese dialect means "uncultivated field". In fact, in the first editions, the route of the race

Education.

In San Giorgio su Legnano there are four public school plexuses: a first grade secondary school, a primary school and a kindergarten.

San Giorgio su Legnano (Legnanese: ) is a "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan.

San Giorgio su Legnano est une commune italienne de la ville métropolitaine de Milan dans la région Lombardie en Italie.


Background.

In 1990, a 13-year-old Shakira signed a recording contract with Sony Music. Her debut studio album "Magia" was released in 1991, and largely consisted of tracks she had written since she was eight years old. Commercially, the project struggled, selling an underwhelming 1,200 copies in her native Colombia. Her follow-up record "Peligro" was released in 1993, and suffered a similar failure. Consequently, Shakira took a two-year hiatus, allowing her to complete her high school education. Looking to revive her struggling career, Shakira decided to make an international debut studio album. "Pies Descalzos" was produced on a budget of $100,000, since it was expected to only move 100,000 copies.

Composition.

It primarily focuses on Latin pop genres, though it experiments with pop rock styles. Assuming a prominent position in its production, she co-wrote and co-produced each of the 11 tracks included on the record. The albums opens with "Estoy Aquí" ("I'm Here"), which sees prominent uses of guitar instrumentation. Lyrically, it discusses a willingness to correct a failed relationship. The pop ballad "Antología" ("Anthology") notes an appreciation of the knowledge a lover has shared. "Un Poco de Amor" ("A Little Bit of Love") states that Shakira is waiting to find someone who loves her. It became her first track to include phrases in English, performed by the uncredited Howard Glasford, and additionally experiments with elements of reggae music.  The guitar-driven "Quiero" ("I Want") explains Shakira's happiness upon the return of a lover. Similarly, the mid-tempo "Te Necesito" ("I Need You") and the upbeat "Vuelve" ("Return") describe her yearning for a romantic partner to re-enter her life. "Te Espero Sentada" ("I Wait Sitting") expresses a desire for a romantic partner to be aware of the sorrow his absence brings to Shakira. "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" ("Bare Feet, White Dreams") suggests that one is happiest when living a carefree lifestyle, while "Pienso en Ti" ("I Think of You") notes that Shakira thinks more about a lover as times progresses. The penultimate track "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" ("Where Are You Love?") asks that her boyfriend comes back to her. The album closes with its eleventh track "Se Quiere, Se Mata" ("You Want, You Kill"), which tells the story of expectant parents Braulio and Dana, and sees the usage of a harmonica during its chorus.

Singles.

"Estoy Aquí" was serviced as the lead single from "Pies Descalzos" in 1995. It was met with positive reviews from music critics, who recognized it as a stand-out track from its parent album. Additionally, it became Shakira's first recording to attain commercial success. The song peaked at numbers 1 and 2 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs component charts. "Estoy Aquí" became the first track by Shakira to receive an accompanying music video, and was directed by Simon Brand. The setting depicts a barn during the fall and wintertime, and shows a black-haired Shakira performing the song with her guitar.  "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" was originally featured on a Colombian compilation album "Nuestro Rock". After attaining success on the record, it was later released as the second single from "Pies Descalzos", and was also embraced as a highlight from the record. The track peaked at numbers 3 and 5 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts, respectively. Its music video was directed by Gustavo Garzón, and shows various scenes of Shakira holding photographs, sitting in a red chair, and singing in the rain.  "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" was serviced as the third single from its parent album, and was praised for its melody and songwriting. In comparison to its preceding singles, the track slightly underperformed, reaching number 11 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Songs chart. Its accompanying music video was directed by Garzón, and films Shakira singing while attending an upper class masquerade ball. "Un Poco de Amor" became the fourth single from the project, and was appreciated for its prominent reggae influences. It peaked at number 11 on both the "Billboard" Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts. The music video was directed by Garzón, and depicts Shakira dancing with uncredited guest vocalist Howard Glasford, in addition to members of various ethnic groups.  The fifth single "Antología" peaked at numbers 3 and 15 on the Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts, respectively. The track did not receive a formal music video, though a performance in Miami during the Oral Fixation Tour was officially released to YouTube in 2007. The sixth and final single "Se Quiere, Se Mata" reached numbers 1 and 8 on the Latin Pop Songs and Latin Songs charts, respectively. Its music video was directed by Juan Carlos Martin; it tells the story of Braulio and Dana, who succumb to their sexual desires, resulting in Dana's pregnancy. It concludes as Dana goes to abort her unborn child, and dies herself. To further promote "Pies Descalzos", Shakira embarked on the Tour Pies Descalzos during 1996 and 1997. By its conclusion, she visited ten countries and performed twenty-one shows across two continents.

Critical reception.

In retrospect, "Pies Descalzos" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented it as a strong debut showing. Carlos Quintana from About.com appreciated Shakira's "combination of styles, well thought lyrics and music arrangements", and placed it among her strongest bodies of work. Jose F. Promis of Allmusic opined that the record "[balanced] heartfelt, earnest ballads with catchy, jangly pop/rock" and was a "solid debut". A reviewer from "Billboard" provided a positive review, opining that the record "[carries] passion, conviction, and honesty". At the 1997 "Billboard" Latin Music Awards, the album received two awards for "Pop Album of the Year by a Female Artist" and "Pop Album of the Year by a New Artist". It was also nominated at the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards in 1997 for "Pop Album of the Year", but lost to Enrique Iglesias's album "Vivir". Shakira herself received the Lo Nuestro Awards for "Pop Female Artist of the Year" and "Pop New Artist of the Year". In 2015, "Billboard" listed "Pies Descalzos" as one of the Essential Latin Albums of Past 50 Year stating that "Finally, Latin rock had found its muse".

Commercial performance.

Commercially, the project became Shakira's breakthrough record, with which she established notability throughout Latin America. In Argentina, it attained double-platinum certification after passing 120,000 in sold copies. In her native Colombia, the album was awarded the "Diamond Prism" by her record label, acknowledging sales of one million units. It was additionally certified platinum in Chile. In Ecuador, "Pies Descalzos", sales of 15,000 copies earned the album a platinum certification.  In Peru, "Pies Descalzos" attained platinum certification after surpassing 10,000 sold copies. It also was awarded platinum recognition in Venezuela. Elsewhere, the album peaked at number 71 on the German Albums Chart. In the United States, it failed to chart on the "Billboard" 200. However, it reached number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot Heatseekers Albums component chart, and additionally peaked at numbers 3 and 5 on the Latin Pop Albums and Latin Albums charts. It was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies. As of 2008, "Pies Descalzos" has sold over five million copies., it has sold 580,000 copies in the US, making it the 23rd bestselling Latin album in the country according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from Allmusic.

Pies Descalzos () is the third studio album and international debut by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira, released on 6 October 1995, by Sony Music and Columbia Records. Its music incorporates Latin pop styles, additionally experimenting with pop rock elements. Looking to revive her struggling career after the commercial failures of her first two studio efforts "Magia" and "Peligro", she assumed a prominent position in its production. As executive producer, Luis Fernando Ochoa co-wrote and co-produced each of the eleven tracks on the record with Shakira.

Après'et ', est le troisième album de Shakira. Mais elle le considère comme le premier car elle avait 18 ans lors de sa sortie en 1995, et avait les pleins pouvoirs sur l'aspect artistique. Cet album possède aussi plusieurs versions dans la liste des chansons : l'ordre est différent. Souvent les deux derniers titres sont inversés. Il y a aussi un mélange entre les chansons "Te Espero Sentada", "Vuelve" et "Pies descalzos".


History.

The hill of Ripatransone (whose name means "rock of Transone", Transone being a local feudal lord who founded the castle here) has been inhabited since prehistorical times, and was settled first by the Umbri and then the Piceni. After the Roman conquest it lost importance, regaining it in the Middle Ages when several castles were built here, being unified into a single town in 1096. In 1205 it was a free commune, existing in particular rivalry with Fermo and against Francesco Sforza. In 1571 it was given the status of City and that of diocesan see by Pope Pius V. After the Renaissance it was part of the Papal States, becoming part of unified Italy in 1860. However, the Unification of Italy did not bring immediate benefits. Only after the conquest of Rome the economic and social life of Ripa (and the Marche in general) woke up, until the city experienced a new youth. The factors that most influenced the renewed splendor of Ripatransone, whose population grew unceasingly, were the new impulse of agriculture and the investment in the education sector that made it an important center of studies. It was after the two world wars and the Fascist period that, thanks to the economic boom, the emigration and depopulation of the countryside caused a new sudden demographic collapse. Only from the end of the 20th century to the early years of the 21st, also thanks to the event of immigration from abroad, the municipality no longer loses its inhabitants and sees prospects of repopulation.

Municipal coat-of-arms.

The coat of arms consists of a shield depicting a silver lion passing through with a golden lily in the right front paw, on five necks in a red background. The coat of arms is surmounted by the crown of the City and surrounded by laurel fronds, one of which is sometimes replaced by an oak branch. The hills represent the five traditional hills of the city: Belvedere, Monte Antico, Capodimonte, Roflano and Agello.

Climate.

The climate of Ripatransone is close to the Mediterranean: winters are colder and, although the hilly altitude limits the frequency of snowfalls, they occur more or less annually and can also be intense and lasting. Summers are generally cooler and more airy, with temperatures that are still quite high.

Main sights.

After Ascoli Piceno, Ripatransone is the largest historical center of the province, and its monumental appearance derives from the importance of the city in the past. The town's layout is medieval, and there are numerous remains of ancient fortifications. The Corso Vittorio Emanuele cuts the village longitudinally for about a kilometer, flanked by tall noble palaces of various ages.  Ripatransone Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral and minor basilica in the town of Ripatransone, province of Ascoli Piceno, region of Marche, Italy. It is located on Piazza Ascanio Condivi. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Gregory the Great and to Saint Margaret. It was formerly the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Ripatransone but is now a co-cathedral in the Diocese of San Benedetto del Tronto-Ripatransone-Montalto.  Romanesque, with a single nave, preserves paintings from the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries and a baptismal font in the shape of a chalice which is the oldest in Ripatransone.  The narrowest alley in Italy is located in Ripatransone, a small town of a 4000 inhabitants in the province of Ascoli Piceno in the Marche region. This alley is situated in the Roflano area. The alley is 43 cm width but in some parts it narrows to 38 cm. However, in Italy there are no formal requirements for this status, thus, the street does not have an official recognition. This street was found in 1968, at that time it did not have a name.

Palazzo Bonomi-Gera.

Palazzo Bonomi Gera Civic Museum overlooks Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. The palace was designed at the end of the 17th century by Luzio Bonomi (1669-1739). In 1963-1966, following the purchase by the magistrate Uno Gera, structural restoration interventions were carried out. In 1971, Uno Gera donated both the palace and its art collection to the community. Since 1976 the building has been assigned to the new seat of the Civic Art Gallery.

References.

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Ripatransone is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Ascoli Piceno in the Italian region Marche, located about southeast of Ancona and about northeast of Ascoli Piceno.

Ripatransone est une commune italienne d'environ habitants, située dans la province d'Ascoli Piceno, dans la région Marches, en Italie centrale.


Etymology.

Its Cornish language name—literally, "the grey rock in a wood"—may represent a folk memory of a time before Mount's Bay was flooded, indicating a description of the mount set in woodland. Remains of trees have been seen at low tides following storms on the beach at Perranuthnoe.

Prehistory.

There is evidence of people living in the area during the Neolithic (from circa 4000 to 2500 BC years). The key discovery was of a leaf-shaped flint arrowhead, which was found within a shallow pit on the lower eastern slope, now part of the modern gardens. Other pieces of flint have been found, and at least two could be Mesolithic (circa 8000 to 3500 BC). During the Mesolithic, Britain was still attached to mainland Europe via Doggerland, and archaeologist and prehistorian Caroline Malone noted that during the Late Mesolithic the British Isles were something of a "technological backwater" in European terms, still living as a hunter-gatherer society whilst most of southern Europe had already taken up agriculture and sedentary living. At this time the mount would likely to have been an area of dry ground surrounded by a marshy forest. Any Neolithic or Mesolithic camps are likely to have been destroyed by the later extensive building operations, but it is reasonable to expect the mount to have supported either a seasonal or short-term camp for Mesolithic people.  None of the flints, so far recovered, can be positively dated to the Bronze Age (c. 2500 to 800 BC), although any summit cairns would have most likely been destroyed when building the castle. Radiocarbon dating established the submerging of the hazel wood at about 1700 BC. A hoard of copper weapons, once thought to have been found on the mount, are now thought to have been found on nearby Marazion Marsh. Defensive stony banks on the north-eastern slopes are likely to date to the early 1st millennium BC, and are considered to be a cliff castle. The mount is one of several candidates for the island of Ictis, described as a tin trading centre in the "Bibliotheca historica" of the Sicilian-Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century BC.

History.

St Michael's Mount may have been the site of a monastery from the 8th to the early 11th centuries. Edward the Confessor gifted the site to the Benedictine order of Mont Saint-Michel and it was a priory of that abbey until the dissolution of the alien houses as a side-effect of the by Henry V, when it was given to the Abbess and Convent of Syon at Isleworth, Middlesex, in 1424. Thus ended its association with Mont St Michel, and any connection with Looe Island (dedicated to the Archangel Michael). It was a destination for pilgrims, whose devotions were encouraged by an indulgence granted by Pope Gregory in the 11th century. The earliest buildings on the summit, including a castle, date to the 12th century.

Siege, occupation and ownership.

Sir Henry de la Pomeroy captured the Mount in 1193, on behalf of Prince John, in the reign of King Richard I. The monastic buildings were built during the 12th century. Various sources state that the earthquake of 1275 destroyed the original Priory Church, although this may be a misunderstanding of the term "St Michael's on the Mount" which referred to the church of St Michael atop Glastonbury Tor. Syon Abbey, a monastery of the Bridgettine Order, acquired the Mount in 1424. Some 20 years later the Mount was granted by Henry VI to King's College, Cambridge on its foundation. However, when Edward IV took the throne during the Wars of the Roses the Mount was returned to the Syon Abbey in 1462.  John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, seized and held it during a siege of 23 weeks against 6,000 of Edward IV's troops in 1473–74. Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, occupied the Mount in 1497. Sir Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St Michael's Mount, led the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, it was given to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, by whose son it was sold to Sir Francis Bassett. During the Civil War, Sir Arthur Bassett, brother of Sir Francis, held the Mount against the Parliament until July 1646.  The Mount was sold in 1659 to Colonel John St Aubyn. his descendants, the Lords St Levan, remain seated at St Michael's Mount.

18th century.

Little is known about the village before the beginning of the 18th century, save that there were a few fishermen's cottages and monastic cottages. After improvements to the harbour in 1727, St Michael's Mount became a flourishing seaport.  In 1755 the Lisbon earthquake caused a tsunami to strike the Cornish coast over away. The sea rose in 10 minutes at St Michael's Mount, ebbed at the same rate, and continued to rise and fall for five hours. The 19th-century French writer Arnold Boscowitz claimed that "great loss of life and property occurred upon the coasts of Cornwall."

19th century.

By 1811, there were 53 houses and four streets. The pier was extended in 1821 and the population peaked in the same year, when the island had 221 people. There were three schools, a Wesleyan chapel, and three public houses, mostly used by visiting sailors. Following major improvements to nearby Penzance harbour, and the extension of the railway to Penzance in 1852, the village went into decline, and many of the houses and other buildings were demolished.  During the 18th and 19th centuries, the structure of the castle was romanticised. In the late 19th century, the remains of an anchorite were discovered in a tomb within the domestic chapel. A short, underground narrow gauge railway was constructed in about 1900. It was used to bring goods up to the castle and take away rubbish. In 2018, the tramway was reported as being "still in regular use, perhaps not every day", and is not open to the general public, although a small stretch is visible at the harbour. It is Britain's last functionally operational railway.  Some sources, including in the British industrial narrow gauge railways, a List of track gauges and, in 2018, on an information board near the line, suggest a different gauge of while The Railway Magazine says it has a gauge of

Second World War.

The Mount was fortified during World War II during the invasion crisis of 1940–41. Three pillboxes can be seen to this day.  Sixty-five years after the Second World War, it was suggested based on interviews with contemporaries that the former Nazi Foreign Minister and one-time ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, had intended to live at the mount after the planned German conquest. Archived documents revealed that during his time in Britain in the 1930s, when he had proposed an alliance with Nazi Germany, von Ribbentrop frequently visited Cornwall.

National Trust.

In 1954, Francis Cecil St Aubyn, 3rd Baron St Levan, gave most of St Michael's Mount to the National Trust, together with a large endowment fund. The St Aubyn family retained a 999-year lease to inhabit the castle and a licence to manage the public viewing of its historic rooms. This is managed in conjunction with the National Trust.

Preservation.

The chapel of St Michael, a 15th-century building, has an embattled tower, one angle of which is a small turret, which served for the guidance of ships. The chapel is extra-diocesan and continues to serve the Order of St John by permission of Lord St Levan. Chapel Rock, on the beach, marks the site of a shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary, where pilgrims paused to worship before ascending the mount. Many antiquities, comprising plate armour, paintings and furniture, are preserved at the castle. Several houses are built on the hillside facing Marazion, and a spring provides a natural flow of water. There is a row of eight houses at the back of the present village; built in 1885 they are known as Elizabeth Terrace. Some of the houses are occupied by staff working in the castle and elsewhere on the island. The mount's cemetery (currently no public access) contains the graves of former residents of the island and several drowned sailors. There are also buildings that were formerly the steward's house, a changing-room for bathers, the stables, the laundry, a barge house, a sail loft (now a restaurant), and two former inns. A former bowling green adjoins one of the buildings. The population of this parish in 2011 was 35.  The harbour, enlarged in 1823 to accommodate vessels of up to 500 tonnes deadweight, has a pier dating back to the 15th century which has also been renovated. Queen Victoria disembarked from the royal yacht at St Michael's Mount in 1846, and a brass inlay of her footstep can be seen at the top of the landing stage. King Edward VII's footstep is also visible near the bowling green. In 1967 the Queen Mother entered the harbour in a pinnace from the royal yacht Britannia.  Another noteworthy point of interest on the island is its underground railway, which is still used to transport goods from the harbour up to the castle. It was built by miners around 1900, replacing the pack horses which had previously been used. Its steep gradient renders it unsafe for passenger-use, thus The National Trust has made it out-of-bounds for public access.  The causeway between the mount and Marazion was improved in 1879 by raising it by with sand and stones from the surrounding area. Repairs were completed in March 2016 following damage from the 2014 winter storms. Some studies indicate that any rise in ocean waters as well as existing natural erosion would put some of the Cornwall coast at risk, including St. Michael's Mount.

Local government.

Until recent times both the mount and the town of Marazion formed part of the parish of St Hilary. St Michael's Mount forms its own civil parish for local government purposes. Currently, this takes the form of a parish meeting as opposed to a parish council (that is, a yearly meeting of electors that does not elect councillors). Lord St Levan currently chairs the St Michael's Mount parish meeting.

Geology.

The rock exposures around St Michael's Mount provide an opportunity to see many features of the geology of Cornwall in a single locality. The mount is made of the uppermost part of a granite intrusion into metamorphosed Devonian mudstones or pelites. The granite is itself mineralised with a well-developed sheeted greisen vein system. Due to its geology the island's seaward has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1995.

Granites.

There are two types of granite visible on the mount. Most of the intrusion is a tourmaline muscovite granite which is variably porphyritic. This is separated from a biotite muscovite granite by pegmatites.

Devonian pelites.

Originally laid down as mudstones these pelites were regionally metamorphosed and deformed (mainly folded here) by the Variscan orogeny. They were then affected by the intrusion of the granite, which caused further contact metamorphism, locally forming a hornfels, and mineralisation.

Mineralisation.

The best developed mineralisation is found within the uppermost part of the granite itself in the form of sheeted greisen veins. These steep W-E trending veins are thought to have formed by hydraulic fracturing when the fluid pressure at the top of the granite reached a critical level. The granite was fractured and the fluids altered the granite by replacing feldspars with quartz and muscovite. The fluids were also rich in boron, tin and tungsten, and tourmaline, wolframite and cassiterite are common in the greisen veins. As the area cooled the veins became open to fluids from the surrounding country rock and these deposited sulphides, e.g. chalcopyrite and stannite. Greisen veins are also locally developed within the pelites.

Folklore.

In prehistoric times, St Michael's Mount may have been a port for the tin trade, and Gavin de Beer made a case for it to be identified with the "tin port" Ictis/Ictin mentioned by Posidonius.  It is claimed that the Archangel Michael appeared before local fishermen on the mount in the 5th century AD, with the version by John Mirk copying details from the Golden Legend.  The chronicler John of Worcester relates under the year 1099 that St Michael's Mount was located five or six miles (10 km) from the sea, enclosed in a thick wood, but that on the third day of November the sea overflowed the land, destroying many towns and drowning many people as well as innumerable oxen and sheep; the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" records under the date 11 November 1099, "The sea-flood sprung up to such a height, and did so much harm, as no man remembered that it ever did before". The Cornish legend of Lyonesse, an ancient kingdom said to have extended from Penwith toward the Isles of Scilly, also talks of land being inundated by the sea.  One of the earliest references to the mount (originally named "Dynsol" or "Dinsul"), was in the mid 11th century when it was "Sanctus Michael beside the sea".  In the 1600s, John Milton used the Mount as the setting for the finale of what was once one of the most famous poems in English literature, his "Lycidas", which drew on the traditional sea-lore that had it that the archangel Michael sat in a great stone chair at the top of the Mount, seeing far over the sea and thus protecting England. In the mid 1850s the poem's scenes of the drowning of Lycidas, in the seas below the Mount, were illustrated in engravings and paintings by J. M. W. Turner. The poem drew together various traditions from the Bible, classical mythology and local folkore to offer an elegy for the pagan world that had faded away.

Legend.

During the 6th century, before a castle was built, according to legend, the island St. Michael's Mount sits upon was once home to an 18-foot giant named Cormoran, who lived in a cave with his ill-gotten treasures obtained by terrorizing local towns and villages. That is, until a young farmer's son named Jack took on this gigantic menace, who had an appetite for cattle and children, and killed him by trapping him in a concealed pit, bringing down his axe upon his head. When he returned home, the elders in the village gave him a hero's welcome, and henceforth, called him "Jack the Giant Killer".

In modern popular culture.

The mount has featured in a number of films, including the 1979 film "Dracula", where it was prominently featured as the exterior of "Castle Dracula". It appeared in the 1983 James Bond film "Never Say Never Again", as two guided missiles armed with nuclear warheads fly over the English countryside and out to sea, passing directly over St Michael's Mount. In the 2003 film "Johnny English" it was used as the exterior of the character Pascal Sauvage's French chateau, and in 2012 it was a filming location for the fantasy adventure movie "Mariah Mundi and the Midas Box".  "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount" is the title of an experimental electronic track by musician Aphex Twin, who grew up in Cornwall, and in Michael Moorcock's series of Fantasy novels about Prince Corum, a fictionalised version of St Michael's Mount appears as Moidel's Mount.  It was one of the locations used on BBC One "Balloon" Idents which were used on the channel from 4 October 1997 to 29 March 2002.  Under its Cornish name of Karrek Loos yn Koos, the island appears prominently in Giles Kristian's 2018 historical fiction novel "Lancelot".

St Michael's Mount (, meaning "hoar rock in woodland") is a tidal island in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The island is a civil parish and is linked to the town of Marazion by a man-made causeway of granite setts, passable between mid-tide and low water. It is managed by the National Trust, and the castle and chapel have been the home of the St Aubyn family since approximately 1650.

Le St Michael's Mount est une île accessible à marée basse de forme pyramidale de granite qui culmine à, située dans Mount's Bay en Cornouailles, à environ un kilomètre de la ville de Penzance, au sud-ouest de la Grande-Bretagne.


Extent and service.

The following services use part or all of the Eighth Avenue Line. The trunk line's bullets are colored : The Eighth Avenue Line begins as a two-track subway under Broadway at 207th Street in Inwood. A flying junction just to the south brings two tracks from the 207th Street Yard between the main tracks, merging after Dyckman Street. The subway leaves Broadway to pass under Fort Tryon Park to the north end of Fort Washington Avenue, which it follows to roughly 175th Street before turning southeast under private property.  The small 174th Street Yard lies under Broadway, with two tracks exiting to the south under that roadway. When the George Washington Bridge was designed in the 1920s, provisions were made for a lower deck that would carry these two tracks north from the yard and across the bridge, as well as two commuter rail tracks. However, when the lower level was added in 1962, it instead carried a roadway.  The two main tracks from Fort Washington Avenue enter Broadway near 172nd Street, curving and running underneath a public school (PS173M) at 174th Street, and other private property, and the yard tracks in a double-decker tunnel. A few blocks later, the lower tracks separate to straddle the yard tracks at 168th Street. The local/express split begins here, with the local tracks coming from the yard and the express tracks coming from Inwood. Contrary to standard practice, the two local tracks are in the center and the two express tracks are on the outside. Except during late nights, the local service (C) ends at 168th Street, reversing direction on the yard tracks; the A runs to 207th Street at all times, express except during late nights. South of 168th Street, the express (outer) tracks lower below the local tracks, forming another double-decker tunnel, this time under St. Nicholas Avenue.  North of 145th Street, the lower (express) tracks rise into the center, and the three-track IND Concourse Line enters St. Nicholas Avenue below the four-track Eighth Avenue Line. 145th Street is a two-level transfer station, with two island platforms on each level. To the south, the Concourse Line tracks rise and merge with the Eighth Avenue Line, carrying the B onto the local tracks and the D onto the express tracks. The resulting four-track line continues south under St. Nicholas Avenue and Eighth Avenue (Frederick Douglass Boulevard), which becomes Central Park West at 110th Street.  Most of the line under Central Park West is built on two levels with both local tracks to the west and only local stations. The two northbound tracks are above the two southbound tracks. Approaching 59th Street–Columbus Circle, where Central Park West becomes Eighth Avenue, the subway again spreads out into a single four-track level.  A flying junction south of 59th Street takes B and D trains east under 53rd Street, merging with two tracks from 57th Street to become the four-track IND Sixth Avenue Line. The two-track IND Queens Boulevard Line, also in 53rd Street, curves south into a lower level of the 50th Street station, and merges to the south, taking E trains onto the local tracks. An unused southbound-only lower level at 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal was formerly accessed only from the southbound track from the Queens Boulevard Line. Plans for the 7 Subway Extension required partially demolishing the lower level to make room for the new IRT Flushing Line tracks.  The four-track line continues south under Eighth Avenue to 14th Street, where it turns southeast under Greenwich Avenue and south under Sixth Avenue, above the four-track IND Sixth Avenue Line. The two-level West Fourth Street–Washington Square station allows easy transfers between the two lines. Just to the south are track connections between the local tracks of each line, not used by current normal service patterns. The Sixth Avenue Line turns east into Houston Street after passing the connections.  Canal Street, under Sixth Avenue, is the last normal four-track station on the line. Crossovers in each direction, beyond the station, take C and late night A trains between the local tracks to the north and the express tracks to the south. As the subway turns from Sixth Avenue into Church Street, the southbound local track passes under the express tracks, bringing E trains to the east. At this point, a bellmouth originally intended for the never-built IND Worth Street Line is present on the east side of the tunnel. It has been proposed to use this to bring Long Island Rail Road Atlantic Branch trains to Lower Manhattan as part of the Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project.  The four tracks continue south under Church Street, with two separate but connected stations at World Trade Center at the end of the local tracks and Chambers Street on the express tracks. The two express tracks turn east under Fulton Street, crossing the East River through the Cranberry Street Tunnel into Cranberry Street in Brooklyn. Cranberry Street leads to High Street, from which the line turns south into Jay Street, straddled by the two-track IND Sixth Avenue Line from the Rutgers Street Tunnel. The Eighth and Sixth Avenue Lines end, becoming the IND Fulton Street Line and IND Culver Line, at crossovers (currently unused) allowing trains to switch between the two, located between High Street and Jay Street–MetroTech. Both the A and C trains continue along the Fulton Street Line.

History.

Planning and construction.

As early as March 1918, soon after the BMT Broadway Line opened to Times Square–42nd Street, plans were being considered for an extension of that line beyond the stubs at 57th Street(which was not yet open) to the Upper West Side and Washington Heights via Central Park West (Eighth Avenue). On August 3, 1923, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the Washington Heights Line, an extension of the Broadway Line to Washington Heights. The line was to have four tracks from Central Park West at 64th Street under Central Park West, Eighth Avenue, Saint Nicholas Avenue, and private property to 173rd Street, and two tracks under Fort Washington Avenue to 193rd Street. South of 64th Street, one two-track line would connect to the Broadway Line stubs at 57th Street, and another would continue under Eighth Avenue to 30th Street at Penn Station, with provisions to continue downtown.  Mayor John Hylan instead wanted to build an independent subway system, operated by the city. The New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT) gave preliminary approval to several lines in Manhattan, including one on Eighth Avenue, on December 9, 1924. The main portion of the already-approved Washington Heights Line—the mostly-four track line north of 64th Street—was included, but was to continue north from 193rd Street to 207th Street. South of 64th Street, the plan called for four tracks in Eighth Avenue, Greenwich Avenue, the planned extension of Sixth Avenue, and Church Street. Two tracks would turn east under Fulton Street or Wall Street and under the East River to Downtown Brooklyn.  A groundbreaking ceremony was held at St. Nicholas Avenue and 123rd Street on March 14, 1925. Most of the Eighth Avenue Line was dug using a cheap cut-and-cover method, where the street above was excavated. Still, the construction of the line was difficult, as it had to go under or over several subway lines. At 59th Street–Columbus Circle, workers had to be careful to not disrupt the existing IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line overhead. 42nd Street, the longest station along the line at, was expected to be a major express station with large platforms, so the platforms were staggered away from each other in order to avoid going under property lines. Additionally, several workers died in cave-ins during construction.  In the summer of 1926 the BOT held a public hearing and agreed upon the details of the construction of the subway line under Church Street. As part of the construction of the line, Church Street was widened from being wide to being wide to accommodate the subway underneath and was connected with a southern diagonal extension of Sixth Avenue, which was. Had the street not been widened the construction would have cost an additional $7 million for the construction of a two-level subway structure. In January 1929, the city paid money awarded to adjacent property owners for property taken and awarded contracts for -wide sidewalks and a -wide roadway. The sidewalks had been wide and the roadway had been wide. New buildings were built on the west sides of Church Street. The east side of the street was not affected by the construction. $9,631,760 was awarded to 161 property owners whose property had been taken. 168,888 square feet of land had to be acquired to widen Church Street between Park Place and Canal Street.  In 1926 construction began on the extension of Sixth Avenue south from Carmine Street to Canal Street, to allow for the construction of the Eighth Avenue Line (which runs under the street south of Eighth Street), and to provide access to the Holland Tunnel. The construction of the extension was completed in 1930. The city condemned entire lots, displacing 10,000 people, to build the extension and used leftover land for parks.  The stations on the line were built with long platforms, but they had provisions to lengthen them to to accommodate eleven-car trains. Four of the express stations (at Fulton, 14th, 42nd, and 59th Streets) were built with long mezzanines so that passengers could walk the entire length of the mezzanines without having to pay a fare. It was proposed to develop the mezzanines of these four stations with shops, so that they would become retail corridors, similar to the underground mall of the under-construction Rockefeller Center.

Early operation.

The majority of the Eighth Avenue Line, from Chambers Street north to 207th Street, was opened to the public just after midnight on September 10, 1932, after three days of operation on a normal schedule but without passengers. The Cranberry Street Tunnel, extending the express tracks east under Fulton Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall in Brooklyn, was opened for the morning rush hour on February 1, 1933, with the exception of the station at High Street, which opened on June 24, 1933. Initially, only the Fulton Street entrance was open; the Adams Street entrance would open later once its escalators were completed. The Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line opened on March 20, 1933, extending the line beyond Jay Street–Borough Hall.  When the subway opened in 1932, express (A) and local (AA) trains served the line; expresses did not run during late nights or Sundays. Expresses and late night/Sunday locals were sent south into Brooklyn on February 1, 1933, and, when the IND Concourse Line opened on July 1, 1933, the C was added to the express service, while all locals became CC trains to the Concourse Line, forcing A trains to run local north of 145th Street. The E was added to the local tracks south of 50th Street on August 19, 1933, when the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened. The final major change came on December 15, 1940, when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened. The AA was brought back as a non-rush hour local service, becoming the BB and switching to the Sixth Avenue Line at 59th Street–Columbus Circle during rush hours. The CC was kept only during rush hours to provide local service south past 59th Street. Additionally the C became a rush hour-only service, replaced by a full-time D over the express tracks between the Concourse and Sixth Avenue Lines. The AA was discontinued on December 11, 1988, and the B and C's northern terminals were swapped on March 1, 1998. This created the pattern that has remained to this day, with five services during normal hours: the A express, B part-time local via Sixth Avenue (then BB), C local (then AA and CC), D express via Sixth Avenue, and E local from Queens.

Later years.

In 1953, the platforms were lengthened at Spring Street and Canal Street to to allow E trains to run eleven-car trains. The E began running eleven-car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000.  On March 23, 1970, southbound E trains, during rush hours, began stopping at the lower level of the 42nd Street station.  On August 28, 1977, late night AA service was eliminated. The A began making local stops in Manhattan during late nights, when the AA was not running. On May 6, 1985, the IND practice of using double letters to indicate local service was discontinued. The AA was renamed the K and rush hour CC service was renamed C. This change was not officially reflected in schedules until May 24, 1987.  On December 10, 1988, the K designation was discontinued and merged into the C, which now ran at all times except late nights. The C ran from Bedford Park Boulevard to Rockaway Park during rush hours, 145th Street to Euclid Avenue during middays, and from 145th Street to World Trade Center during evenings and weekends. The A now ran express in Brooklyn during middays, and the B was extended to 168th Street during middays and early evenings.  On May 29, 1994, weekend C service between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. was extended to 168th Street to allow A trains to run express. Beginning April 30, 1995, C service was extended to 168th Street during middays as construction on the Manhattan Bridge cut B service from Manhattan. On November 11, 1995, midday service was cut back to 145th Street after B service to 168th Street was restored. The change was made to reduce crowding on the C and to reduce passenger confusion about the C's route.  The B and the C, which both ran local along Central Park West, switched northern terminals on March 1, 1998, ending the connection between the C and the Bronx. Instead of alternating between three different terminals depending on the time of day, all C service now terminated at 168th Street.  A report for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation looking at the Lower Manhattan Rail Link, an idea to connect Lower Manhattan with the Long Island Rail Road and JFK International Airport, presented several alternatives that would utilize the Cranberry Street Tunnel instead of building a new East River Tunnel. These alternatives would have required that C trains be rerouted through the Rutgers Street Tunnel.  In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, World Trade Center station was temporarily not usable as a terminal for the E. C service was suspended until September 24, 2001. Local service along Central Park West was replaced by the A and D, and the E was extended from Canal Street to Euclid Avenue replacing C service in Brooklyn.  On January 23, 2005, a fire at the Chambers Street signal room crippled A and C service. C service was suspended until February 2 and was replaced by the A, B, D, E, and V along different parts of its route. Initial assessments suggested that it would take several years to restore normal service, but the damaged equipment was replaced with available spare parts, and normal service resumed on April 21.  The 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Plan called for five of the Eighth Avenue Line's stations, along with 28 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. The stations receiving renovations are 34th Street–Penn Station, 72nd Street, 86th Street, Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, and 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting. As part of the renovations, 72nd Street was closed from May 7, 2018 to October 4, 2018, and 86th Street was closed from June 4, 2018 to October 26, 2018. In addition, the Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station was closed from April 9, 2018 to the week of September 2–4, 2018, and 163rd Street was closed from March 12, 2018 to September 27, 2018.

IND Worth Street Line.

The IND Worth Street Line was a proposed major expansion of the IND Eighth Avenue Line. The line would have branched off of the line's local tracks at the intersection of Church Street and Franklin Street to the south of the Canal Street station and would have turned southeast into Worth Street. This route would have traveled in a two-track tunnel. It would have probably stopped at Foley Square (Lafayette and Centre Streets, on the north side of Federal Plaza), Chatham Square (with a possible connection to the Second Avenue Subway), Rutgers Street–East Broadway (with a connection to the IND Rutgers Street Line), and a station in the Lower East Side (possibly Pitt Street and Grand Street). This portion would have been about long and would have cost about $13 million. Crossing to Williamsburg, the line was to have stops at Havemeyer Street and Union Avenue, the latter of which would have had connections to the IND Crosstown Line and a major junction to the IND Houston Street Line, the IND Utica Avenue Line, and a connection to the Rockaways.  In March 1930, public hearings were held by the BOT concerning the construction and planning of this line. At the March 12 hearing, the project's construction was endorsed by east side civic organizations. In June 1930, the Board of Estimate approved the construction of the line, and in July Chairman Delaney sent letters to 450 real estate owners outlining the planned route and requested their consent for the construction of the project, of which the Board needed 50%. On August 23, 1930, bids on the construction of the connection (bellmouths) between the Eighth Avenue LIne and the proposed Worth Street Line were put up for bid by the Board of Transportation. These bellmouths were constructed to allow work on the Worth Street Line to be done without interrupting service on the Eighth Avenue Line. This route was expected to the first line of the IND Second System to be built. At the time it was anticipated that the line would open a year or so after the completion of the Eighth Avenue Line under the East River to Brooklyn. However, the construction of the line was delayed due to the city's lack of funding after 1932. The Board of Transportation resumed efforts to build the line after a study of existing conditions in the area was completed, and on the basis that funding would be provided from government and private sources. The plans were truncated to a three-stop crosstown line entirely within Manhattan. Stops would have been located at Foley Square, Rutgers Street, and Lewis Street. The Lewis Street stop, located in the Lower East Side, would have been the line's terminal. Construction was expected to begin in 1937 and be complete by 1944. In 1938 the cost of the line was pegged by the BOT to be $16.73 million.  Even though these bellmouths were never used and the line was never completed, the bellmouths are still visible south of Canal Street adjacent to the local tracks. Other provisions were built in anticipation of the construction of the line. A large open space above the platform level at the East Broadway station on the Sixth Avenue Line was intended to become a two-track station. Above the tunnel north of the Broadway station on the Crosstown Line, a six-track station shell was partially completed. This station would have provided service to the IND Worth Street and the Houston Street Lines.

The IND Eighth Avenue Line is a rapid transit line in New York City, United States, and is part of the B Division of the New York City Subway. Opened in 1932, it was the first line of the Independent Subway System (IND), and the "Eighth Avenue Subway" name was also applied by New Yorkers to the entire IND system.

L'IND Eighth Avenue Line est une ligne (au sens de tronçon du réseau) souterraine du métro de New York qui dessert l'arrondissement de Manhattan. Issue de l'ancien réseau de l'Independent Subway System (IND), construit par la ville de New York à partir des années 1930, elle fait aujourd'hui partie de la "Division B". Elle constitue l'une des lignes principales ("trunk lines") du réseau qui donnent leur couleur (en l’occurrence le bleu) aux dessertes ("services") qui les empruntent. La ligne, inaugurée en 1932 et achevée en 1933 comporte aujourd'hui 30 stations, et tire son nom du fait que la plupart de son tracé est situé en dessous de la Huitième Avenue. Elle est empruntée par les métros A, C et E, et est reliée à l'IND Sixth Avenue Line au niveau de plusieurs stations à Manhattan. La couleur bleu marine a été adoptée en 1979.


Career.

Start at Death Row Records.

A younger cousin of rapper Snoop Dogg, likewise from Long Beach, California, Daz began his career at about age 16 with Death Row Records, cofounded by Marion "Suge" Knight, where Daz learned music production from Dr. Dre. Signed to the label at age 17, both producing and rapping, Daz worked with Dr. Dre on West Coast rap's breakthrough album, "The Chronic". Meanwhile befriending rapper Kurupt, who also rapped on "The Chronic", the two formed a rap duo, Tha Dogg Pound.  The Dogg Pound appeared on Snoop Dogg's debut solo album, too, the cultural landmark "Doggystyle", released, as Death Row's second album, in November 1993. Daz, in particular, was more involved in "Doggystyle"'s production. Daz was featured on one track and received co-production credit on two, "Serial Killa" and "For All My Niggaz & Bitches", although Daz may have contributed more production work, not officially credited. In the meantime, Daz produced tracks for the movie soundtracks "Above The Rim" as well as "Murder Was the Case".  In their single "What Would You Do?", Tha Dogg Pound sided with Dr. Dre against his former N.W.A groupmate Eazy-E and his Ruthless Records. Later, amid the rap genre's East Coast–West Coast rivalry then ongoing and escalating, Tha Dogga Pound jumped in for the West, specifically the Los Angeles area, by releasing the single "New York, New York", featuring Snoop, which slighted the city. (Responding, the rap duo Capone-N-Noreaga, from the city's borough Queens, released "L.A., L.A.", featuring Mobb Deep and Tragedy Khadafi.) Subsequently, Tha Dogg Pound's debut album, "Dogg Food", met rave reviews and platinum sales.

Growth at Death Row Records.

In 1996, as both the East–West rap rivalry and Suge Knight's violent tactics in house intensified, Death Row's lead producer Dr. Dre increasingly distanced himself from the studio's toxic atmosphere. Starting with Tha Dogg Pound's debut album "Dogg Food", produced by Daz, Dre ceased producing entire albums with Death Row. Eventually working there only with 2Pac, Dre produced just three tracks—"California Love", "California Love Remix", and "Can't C Me"—on 2Pac's first Death Row album, "All Eyez on Me".  Daz, on the other hand, produced five songs on "All Eyez on Me"—"Ambitionz Az A Ridah", "2 Of Amerikaz Most Wanted", "I Ain't Mad At Cha", "Skandalouz", and "Got My Mind Made Up"—which rapidly became 2Pac's most commercially successful album, solidifying Daz's standing as a producer. Effectively Death Row's lead producer by then, Daz also helped on Snoop Dogg's second album, "Tha Doggfather", which recorded from February to October 1996. In March, Dre left Death Row to form his own record label, Aftermath Entertainment.  The murder of 2Pac in September 1996 and Suge's parole violations incurring his prison sentence of nine years in 1997 spurred an exodus of artists from Death Row. From 1997 to early 1998, Nate Dogg, Snoop, and Kurupt left Death Row, leaving the label's only remaining platinum seller as Tha Dogg Pound member Daz, who meanwhile contributed production to Nate Dogg's debut studio album, released by his own newly formed label, to the Lady of Rage's only studio album, and to the "Gridlock'd" soundtrack. Soon, Death Row released Daz's debut solo album, "Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back". Even after he left Death Row nearing 2000, his production appeared on the unauthorized Snoop compilation "Dead Man Walkin'", leaked by Suge Knight in 2001.

D.P.G. Recordz & indie releases.

After leaving Death Row Records, Daz would produce for artists like Kurupt, Soopafly, and B-Legit. In 2000, Daz's second solo album, "R.A.W.", was released by his own label, D.P.G. Recordz. In the following years, Daz has continued to focus on his own, indie releases and sales.  In 2001, while Death Row still owned the duo's original name, Daz and Kurupt reappeared, if under the name D.P.G., with a second album, "Dillinger & Young Gotti", which received mixed reviews. But Kurupt soon signed with Death Row again, prompting Daz to repeatedly smear him in songs and interviews.  While feuding with Kurupt from 2002 to 2005—as in Daz's songs "Catch U in the Club" and "U Ain't Shit", plus his skit "A Message to Ricardo Brown", drawing Kurupt's response "No Vaseline Part 2"—Daz released a few solo albums, if one with a makeshift group, DPGC, including Snoop Dogg, Soopafly, and Bad Azz.  In 2005, Snoop hosted a West Coast unity event, where Daz and Kurupt reconciled. While gaining rights to their original name, Tha Dogg Pound, Kurupt left Death Row again, and Daz closed his brief time at Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings. Over the years since then, Tha Dogg Pound has released a few more albums.

Delmar Drew Arnaud (born May 25, 1973), of the stage name Daz Dillinger, formerly Dat Nigga Daz, and commonly Daz, is an American rapper and record producer who, in the 1990s, at Death Row Records, aided the catapult of West Coast rap and gangsta rap into the mainstream. Along with Kurupt, he also forms a rap duo, Tha Dogg Pound.

Daz Dillinger, de son vrai nom Delmar Arnaud, né le à Long Beach, en Californie, est un rappeur et producteur américain. Il est surtout connu pour ses travaux avec Death Row Records, au sommet de la popularité du rap West Coast. Il est le cousin de Snoop Dogg et de RBX, et le premier rappeur à avoir insulté publiquement Suge Knight. Il est formé à la production par Dr. Dre entre 1992 et 1994. Daz Dillinger a travaillé aux côtés des meilleurs rappeurs de la Côte ouest.


History.

First table hockey games were made during the 1930s in Sweden and Canada. Naturally there was no plastic, so they were made from sheet metal.  The use of plastic brought an expansion of table hockey. The Swedish company Stiga started to make hockey tables in the late 1950s. Thanks to the enthusiasm of Swedish players, table hockey expanded to the rest of the world.  Big worldwide development arrived in the late 1990s. That led to an idea founding an international federation. ITHF was established during the World Championship 2005 in Riga, Latvia. Now it associates sixteen national federations.  Especially in Sweden, Finland, Russia, Czech Republic, Norway and Latvia, table hockey is quite popular. But it is growing in lots of countries and there are many tournaments played every week.

Game rules.

These are the most important rules. Whole rules.

Face-offs.

Centre forwards and left defenders must stay on their own side of the centre red line during a face-off.

Tournaments.

The ITHF divides individual tournaments to six levels.

Level 1 Tournaments history.

World Championships, Continental Championships

Level 2 Tournaments.

World Tour Big 6 (now World Tour Majors and World Tour Super Series)

Level 3 Tournaments.

World Tour, Regional Championships (f.i. Baltic Championships), World Championships Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), Continental Championships Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), Continental Tours (North American Tour), National Championships (only if 1 tournament per season)

Level 4 Tournaments.

National Tours (*maximum 13 per season per nation), Regional Tours (f.i. SLO-CRO Interliga), National Championships Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), Regional Championships Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), North American Local League Playoffs (f.i. Lemont THL Playoff)

Level 5 Tournaments.

Sanctioned Local Leagues, National Championships Special Classes (Kids, SuperVeterans, Rookies)

Level 6 Tournaments.

National Tour Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), Local Leagues for Special Classes (Junior, Women, Veteran), Local Junior Tournaments, All Other Tournaments

Level 10 (Team) Tournaments.

World Team Championship history.

List of all ITHF international tournaments played. In brackets is the number of teams.

World Table Hockey Tour.

In 2003/04, the first worldwide league, EuroLeague (EL), was created. 6 tournaments formed the league, The tournaments were Helsinki Open, Oslo Open, Riga Cup, Swedish Masters, Moscow Open and Czech Open.  The league has changed name to World Table Hockey Tour (WT), and consists every year of around 15 tournaments. The original 6 tournaments (B6) are still regarded as the most important tournaments, and are called the Big Six tournaments.  List of all ITHF tournaments played. Click on the links to see playoff results:

ITHF World ranking.

The World ranking table sorts players by their actual rank points. The ranking is sum of player's best results in last two years. Points, which player gets for participating in any reported tournament are counted on the basis of: level of the tournament, number of players beaten and world ranking of players beaten. A winner of the World Championship gets always 1010 points and a winner of Europe Championship and North America Championship gets at least 610 points. World ranking with a reduced coefficient calculated points to six years. In the world ranking is more than 10 000 players from more than 50 countries and six continents.

ITHF ranking - nations.

Rank points of a country is sum of its five best players. The table below shows top ten nations as of July 20, 2019. Complete table

Table hockey is a sport played on table hockey games. The International Table Hockey Federation (ITHF) uses only table hockeys made by Stiga. The origin of the sport was the Swedish Championship 1982 in Upplands Väsby. Organized table hockey is played in northern, central and eastern Europe, in North America, but table hockey is also played in South America, Africa, Australia, and Asia.

Le hockey sur table est un jeu d'adresse pour deux joueurs, basé sur le hockey sur glace et se pratiquant sur une table.


Family.

She was Abu Bakr's daughter. Her mother was Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza, and she was the full sister of Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr. Her half-sisters were Aisha and Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr, and her half-brothers were Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr and Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. She also had a stepmother from the Kinana tribe, Umm Ruman bint Amir, and a stepbrother, al-Tufayl ibn al-Harith al-Azdi. The historians Ibn Kathir and Ibn 'Asakir cite a tradition that Asma was 10 years older than Aisha; but according to Al-Dhahabi, the age difference was thirteen to nineteen years.

Biography.

Early Life: 595–610.

Asma's parents were divorced before Muhammad started preaching the message of Islam.<ref name="Bewley/Saad p. 178">Bewley/Saad p. 178.</ref> Because of this she remained at her father's house.

Islam in Mecca: 610–622.

Asma was one of the first to accept Islam, being listed fifteenth on Ibn Ishaq's list of those who accepted Islam at the invitation of Abu Bakr.  When Muhammad and Abu Bakr sought refuge in the cave of Thawr outside Mecca on their migration to Medina in 622, Asma used to carry food to them under cover of dark. When the two men left the cave, Asma tied the goods with the two belts of her cover, and for this ingenuity she received from Muhammad the title "Dhat an-Nitaqayn", meaning "She of the Two Belts".  She was married to Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam shortly before the "Hijra". She joined him in Medina a few months later.<ref name="Bewley/Saad p. 177">Bewley/Saad p. 177.</ref>

Medina: 623 onwards.

Asma found her new neighbours to be "sincere women". She was a poor baker, and they used to make bread for her. She and Al-Zubayr arrived in Medina with "neither property nor slave nor any possession in the earth other than his horse." Asma used to feed the horse, taking it out to graze and grinding date-stones for it. Muhammad gave Al-Zubayr some date-palms in Medina, and Asma used to carry date-stones on her head from the garden to their home, a journey of about two miles. One day she passed Muhammad, who offered her a lift home on his camel, but fearing her husband's jealousy, she modestly refused. Al-Zubayr told her, however, that she should have accepted rather than carry such a heavy load on foot. When Abu Bakr eventually gave them a slave, Asma said that "it was as if he had set me free."  Her mother Qutayla bint Abduluzza came to visit her in Medina, bringing gifts of dates, ghee and mimosa leaves. Asma would not admit her to the house or accept the gifts until she had sent her sister Aisha to consult with Muhammad. Muhammad advised that it was correct for Asma to show hospitality to her mother”  Asma and Al-Zubayr had eight children.  Asma was unhappy in her married life, for Al-Zubayr was "the most jealous of people" and "hard on her." He took three additional wives in Medina, and "whenever Zubayr was angry with one of us, he used to beat her until the stick broke." She complained to her father, who advised her: “My daughter, be patient. When a woman has a righteous husband and he dies and she does not remarry after him, they will be reunited in the Garden.” Another of Al-Zubayr's wives, Umm Kulthum bint Uqba, also complained of his "harshness" and "pestered" him into divorcing her after only a few months.  Al-Zubayr eventually divorced Asma "and took Urwa, who was young at that time."

The Battle of Yarmouk.

The Battle of Yarmouk in 636 is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history. The Muslims were hugely outnumbered by the Romans but, with the help of the women and the young boys amongst them, they drove the Roman Empire out of Syria.  Women like Hind bint Utbah and Asma bint Abi Bakr were instrumental in the Battle of Yarmouk. The earliest histories pay great tribute to Asmā's bravery there. Al-Waqidi wrote that the Quraysh women fought harder than the men. Every time the men ran away, the women fought, fearing that if they lost, the Romans would enslave them."

Asma's opposition to Yazid.

Asma's son, Abdullah, and his cousin, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, were both grandsons of Abu Bakr and nephews of Aisha. When Hussein ibn Ali was killed in Karbala, Abdullah, who had been Hussein's friend, collected the people of Mecca and rose up against Yazid. When he heard about this, Yazid had a silver chain made and sent to Mecca with the intention of having Walid ibn Utbah arrest Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr with it. In Mecca and Medina Hussein's family had a strong support base, and the people were willing to stand up for them. Hussein's remaining family moved back to Madina. Eventually Abdullah consolidated his power by sending a governor to Kufa. Soon Abdullah established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia, the greater part of Syria and parts of Egypt.  Yazid tried to end Abdullah's rebellion by invading the Hejaz, and he took Medina after the Battle of al-Harrah followed by the siege of Mecca. His sudden death ended the campaign and threw the Umayyads into disarray, with civil war eventually breaking out. After the Umayyad civil war ended, Abdullah lost Egypt and whatever he had of Syria to Marwan I. This, coupled with the Kharijite rebellions in Iraq, reduced his domain to only the Hejaz.  Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr was finally defeated by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who sent Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Hajjaj was from Ta’if, as were those who had killed Hussein. Abdullah asked his mother Asma what he should do, then left to take on Hajjaj. Hajjaj's army defeated and Abdullah died on the battlefield in 692. The defeat of Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr re-established Umayyad control over the Empire.  A few years later in 740ad the people of Kufa called Zayd ibn Ali, the grandson of Hussein, over to Kufa. Zaydis believe that in Zayd's last hour, he was also betrayed by the people of Kufa."

692: Death.

Asma died a few days after her son who was killed on Tuesday 17 Jumada al-Ula in 73 AH". Asma died when she was 100 years old.

Asmā' bint Abi Bakr (; c. 595 – 692 CE), was one of the companions of the prophet Muhammad and half-sister of his third wife Aisha.

Asmaa bint Abi Bakr (en arabe : ʾasmāʾ bint ʾabī bakr, ) est la fille d'Abu Bakr. Elle serait née vers 595. Sa mère est Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza, قتيلة بنت عبدالعزة ce qui fait d'elle la demi-sœur d'Aïcha et de Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr. Elle joue un rôle important pendant les premières années de l'islam.


College career.

One of the most recognizable players in Kansas State history, Mitch Richmond was a two-year letterman for head coach Lon Kruger from 1986–88. He helped guide the Wildcats to a 45–20 (.692) record, including a pair of NCAA Tournament appearances and a trip to the 1988 NCAA Midwest Regional Final. His 1,327 points are the most by a player in a two-year career.

Professional career.

Golden State Warriors (1988–1991).

Richmond was drafted 5th overall in the 1988 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, following two years at Kansas State, where he averaged 20 points per game, and two years at Moberly Area Community College.  Richmond captured the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in the 1988–89 season, after averaging 22 points per game for the Warriors. He was a key part of Don Nelson's fast-paced offense, focusing on Richmond and teammates Tim Hardaway and Chris Mullin which was dubbed "Run TMC" (the initials of the players' first names and a play on the name of the popular rap group Run-DMC). In addition to the shooting he provided, he complemented Hardaway's passing and fast break skills and Mullin's shooting skills by slashing to the hoop as part of the Warriors' attack.

Sacramento Kings (1991–1998).

After three years of scoring 22+ points a game in Golden State, Richmond, on November 1, 1991, was traded (along with Les Jepsen) to the Sacramento Kings during the 1991–92 season in exchange for the rights to Billy Owens, and became arguably the team's first star since the franchise moved to Sacramento in 1985. Staying with the Kings until 1998, Richmond was the team's leading scorer in each of his 7 seasons there, averaging no fewer than 21.9 points a game each season. Between 1993 and 1998, Richmond was a fixture on the Western Conference's All-Star team, and he won MVP honors at the All-Star Game in Phoenix, in 1995. In the middle of his prime, Richmond was selected to the United States' Olympic team (Dream Team III), earning a gold medal in Atlanta. During his prime, Richmond was recognized as one of basketball's all-time best pure shooters.

Washington Wizards (1998–2001).

Richmond was traded by the Kings, along with Otis Thorpe, to the Washington Wizards for Chris Webber in May 1998, a move that keyed the Kings' transformation from perennial doormat to an elite title contender. However, things did not work out as well for Richmond. In three years with the Wizards, he lost a lot of the shooting touch he displayed as a King, and his days as a regular were numbered after missing half of the 2000–01 season. Richmond's departure from Washington coincided with the Wizards signing Richmond's perennial rival at the shooting guard position, Michael Jordan.

Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002).

Richmond signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Lakers, where he played the final year of his career. Playing strictly off the bench, he averaged 4 points a game. He earned an NBA championship ring with the Lakers in 2002 but played sparingly in the postseason, logging 4 minutes overall. In game 4 of the finals, just seconds after making the last basket of his career, Richmond dribbled out the clock to win the title with the Lakers.

National team career.

Before coming to the NBA, he played for the U.S. national team at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, winning the bronze medal. He became a member of the team again at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, U.S. and won the gold medal along with David Robinson, who was also on the USA men's national basketball team in 1988.  In August 2010, Richmond played in the NBA Asia Challenge 2010 at Araneta Coliseum in Manila, an exhibition game which pitted NBA legends and NBA Development League players against Philippine Basketball Association stars and legends.

Personal life.

Mitch Richmond is the cousin of NFL defensive back Lardarius Webb.  Richmond and his wife Julie have three sons, Phillip, Jerin, and Shane Richmond, and he has a daughter Tearra Gates with Teala Jones.  Phillip played basketball as a walk-on for the Oregon Ducks from 2014–2016.

Halls of Fame.

Mitch Richmond was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame for 2014, and formally entered the Hall on August 8. Richmond was also inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame in San Francisco, California in 2016.

Mitchell James Richmond (born June 30, 1965) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played collegiately at Moberly Area Community College and Kansas State University. He was a six-time NBA All-Star, a five-time All-NBA Team member, and a former NBA Rookie of the Year. In 976 NBA games, Richmond averaged 21.0 points per game and 3.5 assists per game. Richmond was voted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2014. His jersey No. 2 was retired in his honor by the Sacramento Kings, for whom he played seven seasons.

Mitchell James Richmond, dit Mitch Richmond (né le 30 juin 1965 à Fort Lauderdale, Floride) est un ancien joueur de basket-ball américain. Il a évolué en NBA entre 1988 et 2002, s’imposant comme un des arrières les plus prolifiques de la ligue du haut de son mètre 96. Il est avec Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oscar Robertson, Shaquille O'Neal et Michael Jordan, un des quatre joueurs de l’histoire à avoir maintenu une moyenne supérieure à 21 points par match durant ses 10 premières saisons professionnelles. Coéquipier de Tim Hardaway et Chris Mullin au début des années 1990 au sein d’un trio surnommé le Run TMC, il aura dû attendre sa dernière saison professionnelle pour remporter le titre suprême avec les Lakers de Los Angeles. Il a défendu à plusieurs reprises les couleurs des États-Unis au cours de diverses compétitions internationales, remportant notamment l’or olympique en 1996.