Finale de la Coupe du monde de football 2018

Venue.

The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug. An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia's World Cup bid, which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010. Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012, following a meeting of the now-erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo, Japan. The stadium also hosted six other matches, including the opening match on 14 June, three group stage matches, a round of 16 match, and the second semi-final match.  The Luzhniki Stadium, previously known as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium until 1992, originally opened in 1956 as part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex to host the USSR Summer Spartakiade. The stadium has served as the national stadium of the country, hosting many matches for the Russia national team and its predecessor, the Soviet Union national team. In the past, the stadium has been used as the home ground at various times for CSKA Moscow, Torpedo Moscow, and Spartak Moscow. However, there are currently no clubs based at the stadium.  The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events. The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics, hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, athletics, football (four matches, including the gold medal match), and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix. The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final, as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. Other events staged include the Spartakiad, the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships, the 1973 Summer Universiade, the Friendship Games in 1984, the 1986 Goodwill Games, and the 1998 World Youth Games. In 2013, the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds. The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts, including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union, as well as political rallies.  Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA, the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006, but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup. This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe, and among the largest in Europe. To prepare for the World Cup, the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013. The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch, which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass, after the removal of the athletic track. The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value, while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting. The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project. The renovation project cost €341 million, and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017.

Background.

After Uruguay and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals, a European side was ensured to win the World Cup for a fourth consecutive tournament. Colombia's earlier elimination had already guaranteed the match would feature at least one European team, as with every final since 1954. The match was also the ninth all-European World Cup final, which most recently occurred in 2006 and 2010.  The match was the third World Cup final for France, first appearing in the 1998 final as hosts, winning 3–0 against reigning champions Brazil. France also contested the 2006 final, where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw. Only Germany (eight) and Italy (six) have reached more finals among European nations. Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager, after Franz Beckenbauer, Rudi Völler, and Mário Zagallo.  The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance. They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final, and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010. With a population of 4.17 million, Croatia is the second least-populated country to play in a World Cup final, behind Uruguay (victors in 1930 and 1950). Croatia's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998, when they finished in third place, losing 2–1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the third place play-off.  The final was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia, with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws. The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final, with hosts France winning 2–1. Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004, which finished as a 2–2 draw. Their next, and most recent, meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match, which finished as a 0–0 draw.

Road to the final.

France.

France entered the 2018 World Cup as one of the favourites to win the tournament, particularly for their strong squad featuring several youth talents. The team finished as runners-up to Portugal at Euro 2016, which the country hosted. The team qualified for the World Cup finals after finishing first in their qualification group, ahead of Sweden and the Netherlands.  At the World Cup, France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia, Denmark, and Peru. The team defeated Australia 2–1 in its opening match in Kazan, with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich. In its second match, France won 1–0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19-year-old Kylian Mbappé, who became France's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament. The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage, allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark. The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes. The team's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively.  Finishing as winners of Group C, France were matched in the round of 16 with Group D runners-up Argentina. France won 4–3 on two goals scored by Mbappé, who also won a penalty in the opening minutes. Defender Benjamin Pavard also scored in the match, with his strike later voted as goal of the tournament. Mbappé's performance drew comparisons to Brazilian stars Ronaldo and Pelé, who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match. In the quarter-finals, France defeated Uruguay 2–0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann. The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg, which ended in a 1–0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti. The French team, particularly Mbappé, were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half.

Croatia.

Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses, with their golden generation led by forward Mario Mandžukić and midfielders Marcelo Brozović, Mateo Kovačić, Luka Modrić, Ivan Perišić, and Ivan Rakitić. The team had been eliminated in the group stage at the 2014 tournament, but reached the round of 16 at Euro 2016. In their qualification group, Croatia scored 15 goals and finished second to Iceland after appointing manager Zlatko Dalić amid a series of poor away results. However, Croatia managed to advance past Greece in the qualifying play-offs, winning the first leg 4–1 and drawing 0–0 in the second.  Croatia were drawn into Group D with Argentina, Iceland, and Nigeria, considered a difficult draw due to Argentina's talent and Nigeria's historic performances. In their opening match, the team earned a 2–0 victory over Nigeria, with an own goal by Oghenekaro Etebo caused by Mandžukić and a penalty scored by Modrić. Striker Nikola Kalinić refused to enter the match as a substitute, citing back pain as his reason for not playing, and was expelled from the team by Dalić, leaving Croatia with only 22 players for the remainder of the tournament. Croatia went on to upset Argentina with a 3–0 win, thanks to an effective game plan that used the "height and strength of their players to dominate the game in aerial duels", playing a "pressing game, counter-attacking, and more direct play in possession" to counter Lionel Messi, scoring all their goals in the second half. Croatia finished atop the group with a 2–1 win over Iceland, resting several starting players in the final group match. In the round of 16, Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1–1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time. Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3–2, with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel. The team advanced to a quarter-final fixture with hosts Russia, who had defeated Spain in the round of 16, in Sochi. The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute, but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1–1 through the end of regular time. Croatia took a 2–1 lead in the 101st minute with a header by Domagoj Vida, but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised five minutes before the end of extra time to trigger a penalty shootout. The shootout was won 4–3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded into the goal off Akinfeev's arm and the post. Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament, after Argentina in 1990. After the match, a video of Vida shouting "Glory to Ukraine" prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA's disciplinary committee, which enforces a ban on political slogans. Croatia's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began as they conceded a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute. Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal in the first half. Croatia managed an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute. The match was won 2–1 by Croatia after a 109th-minute goal by Mandžukić. This made Croatia the first team to earn three come-from-behind victories in the FIFA World Cup, all three matches also going into extra time.

Pre-match.

Match ball.

The official match ball for the final was the Telstar Mechta (; dream or ambition), a red-coloured variant of the Adidas Telstar 18 introduced for the knockout stage. The Telstar family, a homage to the original 1970 Telstar, was designed similarly to 2014's Brazuca, but with longer seams and additional panels.

Officials.

Argentine referee Néstor Pitana was selected to lead the officiating team for the final, which was announced on 12 July 2018 by the FIFA Referees Committee. The final was Pitana's fifth match as referee during the tournament, becoming only the second referee to officiate the opening match and the final. Pitana officiated an additional group stage match, along with two knockout stage matches in the round of 16 and quarter-finals. Pitana has been a FIFA referee since 2010, and officiated four matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. His compatriots Hernán Maidana and Juan Pablo Belatti were chosen as assistant referees. Björn Kuipers of the Netherlands was chosen as the fourth official, with his fellow countryman Erwin Zeinstra as the reserve assistant. Italian Massimiliano Irrati was named the video assistant referee, presiding over the first use of the technology at a World Cup final. Argentine Mauro Vigliano was chosen as the assistant video assistant referee, while Carlos Astroza of Chile was appointed as the second assistant and Danny Makkelie of the Netherlands as the third assistant.

Closing ceremony.

The tournament's closing ceremony was held prior to the start of the match, featuring a performance of "Live It Up", the official song of the tournament, by Will Smith, Nicky Jam, and Era Istrefi. Jam also performed "X (Equis)", wearing a shirt honouring J Balvin. Opera singer Aida Garifullina sang the Russian folk song "Kalinka", accompanied by a children's choir and percussion section that featured a cameo by Brazilian star Ronaldinho.

Match.

Summary.

Croatia kicked off the final at 18:00 local time (15:00 UTC), with the ground temperature reported at. The match was played through a minor thunderstorm, which produced several visible lightning strikes. An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match, including ten heads of state, among them Russian president Vladimir Putin, French president Emmanuel Macron, and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović. The starting line-ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals.  Croatia had the majority of possession and chances early in the first half, with the ball staying mostly in France's half. An attack by French midfielder Antoine Griezmann was stopped by a challenge from Marcelo Brozović, which was called as a foul despite claims that Griezmann dived. Griezmann took the ensuing free kick, which was diverted by the head of Mario Mandžukić into the left corner of his own net to give France the lead in the 18th minute. It was the first own goal to be scored in a World Cup final and the 12th of the tournament, the most of any World Cup.  Ten minutes later, Croatia equalised with a left-footed strike by Ivan Perišić to the right corner of the net, assisted by Domagoj Vida after a free kick by Luka Modrić on the right. In the 34th minute, a penalty was awarded against Croatia after Perišić's handball in the box from a corner on the right was reviewed by the video assistant referee. Griezmann scored the penalty in the 38th minute with a low finish to the left, giving France a 2–1 lead at half-time; the first half's three goals were the most of any World Cup final since 1974. France led at half-time despite having only one shot on goal and with only 34% of possession.  A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption. In the 59th minute, France extended their lead to 3–1 with a left-foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked. Six minutes later, Kylian Mbappé scored France's fourth goal, with a low right-foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958. Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute from a back-pass that goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble away from Mandžukić, who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg. Despite a late push by Croatia, the match finished as a 4–2 victory for France.

Details.

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 Match rules

Post-match.

France became the sixth country to win the World Cup more than once with their win. Didier Deschamps became the third person to have won the World Cup as both a player and manager, after Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer. The final was the highest scoring since 1966, and the highest score in regular time since 1958. The medals were presented on the pitch to both teams by presidents Putin, Macron, and Grabar-Kitarović amid a heavy rainstorm. FIFA president Gianni Infantino handed the trophy to French captain Hugo Lloris. As Lloris raised the trophy, a short version of the tournament's official song "Live It Up" was played.  Croatian captain Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament. France's Antoine Griezmann, the final's man of the match, also won the Bronze Ball and the Silver Boot award with four goals and two assists. Kylian Mbappé won the Best Young Player award for the tournament.  Large crowds, including 90,000 people at the Eiffel Tower fanzone and an estimated million on the Champs-Élysées, celebrated the victory in Paris. The celebrations were marred by instances of rioting that were broken up by police, as well as the deaths of at least two people during celebrations elsewhere in the country, one man died after diving into a shallow canal and another died after crashing his car into a tree, RATP, the operator of the Paris Métro system, temporarily renamed several stations in honour of the team and its World Cup victory.  On 16 July, more than 550,000 fans welcomed the Croatian team home in the capital city of Zagreb, in the single largest public gathering in Croatia's history, where a six-hour-long bus tour brought them from Zagreb Airport to Ban Jelačić Square. In the following days, players were all welcomed individually in their hometowns as well.

Broadcasting and viewership.

FIFA estimated that the global audience for the final peaked at 1.12 billion people, including 884 million watching television broadcasts and 232 million using other platforms, including online streaming, and at public venues. According to a broadcast audit report, 86.7 percent of televisions in France and 88.6 in Croatia were watching the broadcast.

Europe.

In France, the final was televised on TF1 and BeIN Sports and drew an average of 26.1 million viewers, making it the most watched event ever in French television history. In the United Kingdom, the final had an average viewership of 10.5 million and a peak viewership of 13.8 million, split between free-to-air broadcasters BBC One and ITV, almost half that of the viewership of England–Croatia semi-final. In Germany, the match drew a viewership of 21.3 million, which was around 76% of the market share, on state-owned ZDF. In Spain, the match had a 57.3% share, with 8.2 million viewers on Mediaset España Comunicación's Telecinco. In Croatia, the match drew around 1.538 million viewers – more than 38% of the population – on national broadcaster HTV2 for an 89.3% market share. In Italy, it drew 11.7 million viewers on Canale 5. In the Netherlands, the match had a viewership of 3.1 million on NPO1. In the host nation of Russia, the final was the third-most watched match of the 2018 World Cup and accounted for around 50% of the nation's population.  In total, the final drew more than 160 million viewers in 20 European territories, including Russia, the United Kingdom and Germany.

Rest of the world.

In the United States, the match was broadcast in English on Fox and in Spanish on Telemundo; the broadcasts averaged 16.6 million viewers combined, with Telemundo reaching a total of 57% of the country's Latino population. In India, 70 million viewers streamed the match online, through Sony Picture Networks India's (SPN) Sony Liv application, which was a record for a football match; an additional 22.4 million viewers watched the match on Sony Ten 2, Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN. In China, the match drew a combined of 56 million viewers on state-broadcasters CCTV-1 and CCTV-5, the most-watched sporting event in China since 2008 Beijing Olympics; an additional 24 million viewers streamed the match through Youku, a video-service and an Alibaba Group subsidiary. In Australia, the final was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers – with a peak of 3.4 million viewers – on national public broadcaster SBS. Whereas, in Canada, the final was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers, with a peak of 5.4 million viewers on CTV, TSN and RDS.

Advertising.

In the United States, Fox received between US$399,000 and $750,000 for a 30-second advertisement spot during the World Cup final; whereas in France, TF1 got up to $300,000 for a 30-second ad-spot.

The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The match was played by France and Croatia, and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia.

La finale de la Coupe du monde de football 2018 est le match de football concluant la, organisée en Russie. Elle a eu lieu le au stade Loujniki de Moscou, à (17 heures )


History.

Antebellum Era.

The Mount Olivet Cemetery was established by Adrian Van Sinderen Lindsley and John Buddeke in 1856. It was modelled after the Mount Auburn Cemetery. In the 1870s, a chapel designed in the Gothic Revival architectural style by Hugh Cathcart Thompson was built as an office.  The Southern aristocracy was buried in a separate section from common folks. These included planters as well as former governors of Tennessee, U.S. Senators, and U.S. Congressional Representatives. In the Antebellum era, slaves were often buried with their owners. Visitors to Nashville were buried alongside paupers.

Confederate circle.

After the American Civil War, "the Ladies Memorial Society of Nashville with surviving Confederate veterans such as William B. Bate, Daniel Carter, General Benjamin Cheatham, and Thomas Harding purchased 26,588 square feet in the center of Mount Olivet and established Confederate Circle" for the interment of Confederate dead. It was used for the interment of Confederate soldiers who had died on nearby battlegrounds and as a memorial to their sacrifice. Women organized such memorial associations and raised money for interment of Confederate soldiers in major cities across the South and areas where there were concentrations of bodies. The memorial association arranged for burials of about 1,500 soldiers at Confederate Circle. They also built an obelisk.

World War I and beyond.

A plaque in memory of Nashvillians who died in World War I was dedicated by General Hugh Mott in 1924.  The cemetery was purchased by Stewart Enterprises in 1994.  In 2015, the chapel, by then listed on the National Register of Historic Places, burned.

Mount Olivet Cemetery is a cemetery located in Nashville, Tennessee. It is located approximately two miles East of Downtown Nashville, and adjacent to the Catholic Calvary Cemetery. It is open to the public during daylight hours.

Le cimetière Mount Olivet est un cimetière de situé à Nashville, au Tennessee. Il est situé à environ (deux miles) à l'est du centre-ville de Nashville, et à côté du cimetière du calvaire catholique. Il est ouvert au public pendant la journée.


Geography.

Greer is located at (34.930304, −82.225052). It is northeast of Greenville and west of Spartanburg, both via U.S. Route 29.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which are land and, or 9.18%, are water. Greer has three lakes: Lake Robinson, Apalache Lake and Lake Cunningham. The South Tyger River runs through the northern part of Greer, part of the Broad River watershed.

History.

Greer was named for James Manning Greer, whose ancestry traces from Scotland, through Ireland. Many of his descendants still reside in the region. James Manning Greer was a descendant of John Greer, Sr. who surveyed his land in Laurens County in 1750. John and his family were already in Laurens County, prior to the Greer passengers who arrived aboard the ship "The Falls" in 1764. John Greer's family settled at Duncans Creek between that Creek and the Enoree River and close to Duncan's Creek Presbyterian Church. John, Sr.'s great grandson James Manning Greer settled his family near Greenville in an area that eventually became Greer's Station.  Located in the foothills of the upstate region of South Carolina, Greer's history stretches from its days as a hunting ground for local Cherokees, to its settlement by pioneering families in the 1700s, to the advent of the railroad in the 1800s. The area now known as Greer was once part of the "Domain of the Cherokees" prior to the American Revolutionary War. In 1777 the area was added to the state of South Carolina. Development toward the birth of the town occurred in 1873, when the Richmond and Danville Air Line Railway (now the Norfolk Southern Railway) established a line between Atlanta and Charlotte. A station was built on land that belonged to James Manning Greer, and was named Greer's Station. The first post office was located in the new depot, Greer's Depot. That depot was a red brick, Victorian structure with a slate roof and a cupola. It was located immediately adjacent to the current Norfolk Southern rail line between Trade Street and Depot Street, facing toward Moore Street. It was demolished in 1976 by its then owner, the Southern Railway System, in order to avoid property taxes. When the town was incorporated in 1876, it was named Town of Greer's. One hundred years later, the name was officially changed to the City of Greer without an "s" on the end.  Merchants, blacksmiths and physicians set up shop in what is now the downtown area of Greer. In 1900, Greer's first bank, the Bank of Greer's, opened. The Piedmont and Northern Railway laid a second railroad line through Greer in 1914. With two active train lines, Greer became an attractive site for commerce. The railway meant big business for local farmers, enabling them to ship their crops, mainly cotton and peaches, out of state. Greer also became a textile-manufacturing center, with flourishing mills that included Victor, Franklin, Apalache and Greer Mills. The communities that grew up around the mills were as close-knit as the outlying farming communities.  In 1939 artist Winfred Walkley painted a mural, "Cotton and Peach Growing", for the town's old post office as one of thirteen works commissioned by the U.S. Treasury Department's Section of Fine Arts between 1938 and 1941 for post offices and federal buildings throughout South Carolina. The building is now home to the Greer Heritage Museum.  After World War II, the city began to grow and diversify its industrial base. A new hospital and high school were built. People came to downtown Greer from Spartanburg and Greenville to shop. In the early 1960s Interstate 85 was opened, as well as the Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport. Imports derailed the textile industry in the 1970s and threatened to turn Greer into a ghost town, but the citizens of Greer worked together to attract new industry.  The Arthur Barnwell House, Davenport House, Gilreath's Mill, Greer Depot, Greer Downtown Historic District, Greer Post Office, Louie James House, R. Perry Turner House, Robert G. Turner House and Earle R. Taylor House and Peach Packing Shed are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 16,843 people, 6,714 households, and 4,511 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,044.5 people per square mile (403.2/km2). There were 7,386 housing units at an average density of 458.0 per square mile (176.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.39% white, 19.49% African American, 1.16% Asian, 0.22% Native American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.42% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.18% of the population. 21.6% were of American, 9.5% Irish, 8.9% German and 8.4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 90.6% spoke English and 8.5% Spanish as their first language. Since 2000, the city has seen an explosive increase in Hispanic immigration.  There were 6,714 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.99.  In the city, the population was spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $33,140, and the median income for a family was $41,864. Males had a median income of $33,147 versus $23,566 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,546. About 12.2% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.

Recreation.

The city of Greer has a thriving recreation sports program. Greer Recreation (Greer Rec) has many sports opportunities. Their best accomplishments include the 2007 9–10 Little League softball state championship, and the 2019 6u Rookie Ball Dixie Youth Baseball State Championship. The 6u team went undefeated in a 12 team tournament held in West Columbia to give Greer baseball its first state Championship ever.  In the summer of 2010, the combined team of two schools, (Blue Ridge Middle School, and Greer Middle) the 11- to 12-year-old Little League softball team went to the regional tournament in Warner Robins, Georgia, but lost the first two games and was eliminated.  City Stadium in Greer is a WPA project completed in 1938; it currently seats 3,000. Throughout the years the stadium has hosted Little League, scholastic, The American Legion World Series, and semi-professional sports and received a major renovation in 1997.  In 2012 the City of Greer successfully renovated the Cannon Center, a former National Guard armory that later became a basketball gym. The facility was originally built in 1936. The completed renovation included new office space, classroom space, dressing rooms for events/productions, and state of the art audio-visual equipment.  The City Recreation Department has been honored with South Carolina Recreation and Parks Agency of the Year twice since 2005. It also received the South Carolina Recreation and Parks Athletic Agency of the Year in 2009. The department is led by Ann Cunningham (Director) and Red Watson (Assistant Director).  Greer City Park is part of the City of Greer's Municipal Complex that was completed in 2008, the 12-acre Greer City Park is located adjacent to Greer City Hall and offers numerous recreational opportunities in Historic Greer Station.

Healthcare.

Greer is home to two hospitals and a cancer center which is undergoing an expansion.

Pelham Medical Center.

This hospital, part of Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System, focuses on medical and surgical patients. Pelham Medical Center is licensed for and operates 48 beds and is located at 250 Westmoreland Road. The facility provides emergency services, general surgery, gynecology, orthopedics, cardiology (non-invasive), endocrinology, gastroenterology, general medicine, oncology, and intensive care services. This campus includes Pelham Medical Center Medical Office Building, the Surgery Center at Pelham, and the Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute at Pelham.

Gibbs at Pelham provides radiation oncology and medical oncology services. In 2015, Gibbs at Pelham added the Cyberknife M6 system, which is the first of its kind in the southeastern United States and was the first system in the United States to treat with precision. Gibbs was the first in North or South Carolina, and one of the first cancer centers in the United States, to utilize a new tool for prostate cancer called the SpaceOAR® System. SpaceOAR is the first FDA-approved procedure for placing a ‘spacer’ to protect the rectum of men undergoing prostate cancer radiation.  In early 2018, Spartanburg Regional began construction on an expansion of its Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute at Pelham location. The 190,000-square-foot expansion is intended to provide cancer care for more patients along the border of Spartanburg and Greenville counties. It is anticipated that the construction will be completed in spring 2020.

Greer Memorial Hospital.

Located on Greenville Health System's Greer Medical Campus, Greer Memorial Hospital is an 82-bed facility with emergency, ICU and maternity care.

Transportation.

Airports.

Greer is served by the Greenville–Spartanburg International Airport Roger Milliken Field, which in 2012 handled over 1.7 million passengers. The airport is a commercial Class C airport located south of the center of Greer, midway between Greenville and Spartanburg. The airport is served by Allegiant Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines. Scheduled cargo service is offered by FedEx Express and UPS Airlines. Greer is also within of Donaldson Center Airport, Greenville Downtown Airport, and Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport all general aviation facilities.

Railroads.

Greer is served by Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, which operates to both Greenville and Spartanburg. Greer is the location of the South Carolina Inland Port, an inland port built to handle containerized goods. The port is served by Norfolk Southern, and connects Greer to the Port of Charleston.

Highways.

One two-digit Interstate highway runs through Greer. Interstate 85 passes south of the city center, with access from Exits 57 through 60. I-85 leads northeast to Charlotte, North Carolina, and southwest to Atlanta. U.S. Route 29 runs through Greer, connecting Greenville and Spartanburg. South Carolina Highway 14 and South Carolina Highway 290 both run through Greer. SC 14 leads north to Landrum, near the North Carolina border, and south to Simpsonville, while SC 290 leads east to Duncan and northwest to U.S. Route 25 north of Travelers Rest.

Education.

Greer has a public library, a branch of the Greenville County Library System.

Greer is a city in Greenville and Spartanburg counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The population was 25,515 as of the 2010 census and had risen to an estimated 33,373 as of 2019. The city of Greer is located in Greenville County. It is part of the Greenville–Anderson–Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is additionally part of the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area in Upstate South Carolina.

Greer est une municipalité américaine située dans les comtés de Greenville et de Spartanburg en Caroline du Sud. Dans la deuxième moitié du, James Manning Greer cède une partie de sa ferme, "Blakely Place", pour la construction du chemin de fer et d'une gare. Une ville se développe autour de la gare (""). Elle devient une municipalité après un référendum en date du.


Qualification.

The draw for the qualifiers was held on 21 January 2017. The top three finishers of the last AFC Women's Cup qualified automatically and did not have to enter qualifying, while Jordan also qualified automatically as hosts but decided to also participate in the qualifying competition. The matches were played from 3 to 12 April 2017.

Qualified teams.

The following eight teams qualified for the tournament.

Venues.

The competition was played in two venues in the city of Amman.

Draw.

The final draw was held on 9 December 2017, 13:00 EET (), at the King Hussein bin Talal Convention Center on the eastern shores of the Dead Sea. The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four teams. The teams were seeded according to their performance in the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup final tournament and qualification, with the hosts Jordan automatically seeded and assigned to Position A1 in the draw.

Squads.

Each team must register a squad of minimum 18 players and maximum 23 players, minimum three of whom must be goalkeepers (Regulations Articles 31.4 and 31.5).

Match officials.

A total of 10 referees and 12 assistant referees were appointed for the final tournament.

Group stage.

The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup as well as the semi-finals. The third-placed team of each group entered the fifth-placed match.  Teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Article 11.5):  All times are local, EEST ().

Knockout stage.

In the knockout stage, extra time and penalty shoot-out are used to decide the winner if necessary, except for the third place match where penalty shoot-out (no extra time) is used to decide the winner if necessary.

Bracket.

Fifth place match.

Winner qualified for 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Awards.

The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament:

Qualified teams for FIFA Women's World Cup.

The following five teams from AFC qualify for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Broadcasting rights and sponsorships.

Le Sports acquired the all-media broadcasting and signal production rights in China in 2015, but they collapsed due to financial problems thus giving in all the rights they've acquired and transferred them to China Central Television and PP Sports in 2017. Tire manufacturer Continental announced they would be official sponsor.

The 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup was the 19th edition of the AFC Women's Asian Cup, the quadrennial international football tournament in Asia competed by the women's national teams in the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It was originally scheduled to be held in Jordan between 7 and 22 April 2018, but later was changed to 6 to 20 April 2018.

Le Coupe d'Asie féminine de football 2018, dix-neuvième édition de la Coupe d'Asie féminine de football, met aux prises les 8 meilleures sélections asiatique féminines de football affiliées à l'AFC. La compétition se déroule en Jordanie du 6 au. Elle sert également de tournoi qualificatif pour la Coupe du monde de football féminin 2019 qui se déroule en France et pour laquelle les 5 premières équipes se qualifient.


Early life.

Kenji Fujimori was born to Japanese Peruvian engineers, Alberto Fujimori, at the time dean of the science faculty of the National Agrarian University in Lima, and later President of Peru, and Susana Higuchi. He has three elder siblings. His father won the 1990 presidential elections, in 1992 he suspended the constitution and neutralized the Congress and the opposition. Kenji's mother soon disagreed with her husband, and they divorced in 1994. After this, Kenji's 19-year-old sister Keiko was named "First Lady". Alberto Fujimori resigned in 2000 after a massive corruption scandal and went to exile in Japan. He was extradited to Peru and sentenced to jail in 2007.

Education.

From 1999 to 2004, Kenji Fujimori studied agronomics at Kansas State University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree. Since 2008, he has been the general manager of a Lima private security and surveillance company. In March 2009, he founded his own enterprise, offering "independent services". Moreover, he holds executive positions in three other companies.

Political career.

In 2006, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of the Lima Region, representing his father's Si Cumple party. In 2010, he was a founding member of Fuerza 2011, led by his sister. Since March of that year, he has been the national secretary of youth of this party. In 2011 he ran for Congress in the constituency of Lima. He was elected and served for the 2011–2016 term and was reelected for the 2016–2021 term.

"Kenjivideos" scandal.

On 21 March 2018 two days before President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski faced an impeachment process for a second time, a video was released of Kuczynski allies, including his lawyer and Kenji Fujimori, attempting to buy the vote against impeachment from one official. Following the release of the video, Kuczynski presented himself before congress and officially submitted his resignation to the Council of Ministers.

Kenji Gerardo Fujimori Higuchi (born 19 May 1980), popularly known as Kenji, is a Peruvian congressman and "Fujimorista" politician. He is the son of former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori and former Peruvian First Lady and congresswoman Susana Higuchi. He has three siblings: Hiro Alberto, Sachi Marcela and Keiko Fujimori. In 2011 he ran for congress for Fuerza Popular, a political party led by his sister Keiko, being the most voted congressman in 2011. On January 31, 2018 he resigned from Fuerza Popular, and in March 20th announced the creation of a new political party Cambio 21. In June 2018, following the ""Kenjivideos"" scandal, congress suspended Kenji and two other congressmen of his party for the alleged crimes of influence peddling and bribery.

Kenji Gerardo Fujimori Higuchi, né le à Lima, est un homme d'affaires péruvien et homme politique. Fils d'Alberto Fujimori, président du Pérou de 1990 à 2000, et frère de Keiko Fujimori, il est élu député « fujimoriste » en 2011 et 2016.


Early life and family.

Sampanthan was born 5 February 1933. He is the son of A. Rajavarothiam, Superintendent of Stores at the Gal Oya Project. Sampanthan is related to S. Sivapalan and N. R. Rajavarothiam both of whom were MPs for Trincomalee. He was educated at St. Patrick's College, Jaffna, St. Anne's College, Kurunegala, St. Joseph's College, Trincomalee and St. Sebastian's College, Moratuwa. After school he joined Ceylon Law College, graduating as an attorney at law.  Sampanthan married Leeladevi, daughter of P. K. Rudra. They have two sons (Sanjeevan and Senthuran) and one daughter (Krishanthini).

Career.

After qualifying Sampanthan practised law in Trincomalee.  Sampanthan joined the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi's (Federal Party) in 1956. ITAK leader S. J. V. Chelvanayakam offered Sampanthan nomination in 1963 and 1970 but Sampanthan declined.  On 14 May 1972 the ITAK, All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Ceylon Workers' Congress, Eelath Thamilar Otrumai Munnani and All Ceylon Tamil Conference formed the Tamil United Front, later renamed Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF). Sampanthan was the TULF's candidate in Trincomalee at the 1977 parliamentary election. He won the election and entered Parliament. Sampanthan and all other TULF MPs boycotted Parliament from the middle of 1983 for a number of reasons: they were under pressure from Sri Lankan Tamil militants not to stay in Parliament beyond their normal six-year term; the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka required them to swear an oath unconditionally renouncing support for a separate state; and the Black July riots in which up to 3,000 Tamils were killed by Sinhalese mobs. After three months of absence, Sampanthan forfeited his seat in Parliament on 7 September 1983. Sampanthan served as joint treasurer, vice president and general secretary of TULF.  Sampanthan was one of the ENDLF/EPRLF/TELO/TULF alliance's candidates in Trincomalee District at the 1989 parliamentary election but the alliance failed to win any seats in the district. He was one of the TULF's candidates in Trincomalee District at the 1994 parliamentary election but failed to get re-elected after coming second amongst the TULF candidates. However, he re-entered Parliament in 1997 following the assassination of A. Thangathurai on 5 July 1997. He was one of the TULF's candidates in Trincomalee District at the 2000 parliamentary election but the TULF failed to win any seats in the district.  On 20 October 2001 the ACTC, Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front, Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization and TULF formed the Tamil National Alliance (TNA). Sampanthan became the leader of the TNA. Sampanthan contested the 2001 parliamentary election as one of the TNA's candidates in Trincomalee District. He was elected and re-entered Parliament.  Soon after its formation the TNA began to make a more pro-Tamil Tiger stance, recognising the Tigers as the sole representative of the Sri Lankan Tamils. This caused a split within the TULF. Some members of the TULF, led by its president V. Anandasangaree, were opposed to the Tigers. Anandasangaree refused to allow the TNA to use the TULF name during the 2004 parliamentary election. This caused the members of TULF who wished to remain with the TNA, led by Sampanthan, to resurrect the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi political party. Sampanthan became the leader of ITAK.  Sampanthan was re-elected in the 2004, 2010 and 2015 parliamentary elections. The Speaker of the Parliament recognised Sampanthan as Leader of the Opposition on 3 September 2015. During the 2015 Sri Lankan presidential election, the TNA, under his leadership, decided to back Maithripala Sirisena as the common opposition candidate. Sirisena went on to win the election and became the president replacing the incumbent Mahinda Rajapaksa.

Rajavarothiam Sampanthan (; ; born 5 February 1933) is a Sri Lankan Tamil politician and lawyer who has led the Tamil National Alliance since 2001. He has also been a Member of Parliament since 2001, and previously served as a Member of Parliament from 1977 to 1983 and from 1997 to 2000. He was the Leader of the Opposition from September 2015 to December 2018.

Rajavarothiam Sampanthan (; ;) né le, est un politicien tamoul du Sri Lanka. Il est le chef du parti politique Tamil National Alliance depuis 2001. Il a été député entre 1977 et 1983, avant d'être démis de ses fonctions après la promulgation du amendement de la Constitution du Sri Lanka, qui rend inconstitutionnel tout parti politique séparatiste, puis ré-intègre le parlement entre 1997 et 2000, et depuis 2001 à aujourd'hui.


Background.

Born in Cessnock, New South Wales, Edwards played his junior rugby league for the Cessnock Goannas in the Newcastle Rugby League, before being signed by the Newcastle Knights.

Playing career.

Early career.

In 2008, Edwards played for the Newcastle Knights' NYC team. In 2009, he spent a year back with the Cessnock Goannas before moving on to the Knights' New South Wales Cup team, Central Coast Centurions in 2010.

2010.

In Round 15 of the 2010 NRL season, Edwards made his NRL debut for the Knights against the Parramatta Eels. On 9 September 2010, he was named on the interchange bench in the 2010 New South Wales Cup Team of the Year.

2011.

After playing 4 games in 2010, Edwards was recalled to the team in Round 4 of the 2011 NRL season and didn't miss a game for the rest of the year. On 13 September, he won the Once-A-Knight Old Boys Gladiator Award at the Knights' end of season awards night.

2012.

On 2 August, it was confirmed by Knights CEO Matthew Gidley, that Edwards would quit the club at the end of the season after knocking back 3 separate offers. On 6 August, he signed a 3-year contract with the Canberra Raiders starting in 2013.

2013.

In Round 1 of the 2013 NRL season, Edwards made his Raiders debut against the Penrith Panthers. On 12 September, he won the Raiders' Coach's Award alongside Brett White at the club's end of season awards night.

2014.

On 16 April, Edwards re-signed with the Raiders on a 3-year contract.

2015.

On 28 September, Edwards signed a 2-year contract with the Wests Tigers starting in 2016, after being released from the final 2 years of his Raiders contract.

2017.

Edwards was named in the Tigers squad for the 2017 NRL Auckland Nines. On 6 September 2017, Edwards was one of the nine players that were released by The Wests Tigers at the end of the season following a poor year on the field for the club. He joined Limoux for their 2017-18 season.

Joel Edwards (born 17 July 1988) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer for the Newcastle Thunder in the Betfred League 1 competition. He plays as a and. He previously played for the Wests Tigers, Newcastle Knights and the Canberra Raiders in the NRL, the Limoux Grizzlies in the Elite One Championship & York City Knights in the RFL Championship.

Joel Edwards, né le à Cessnock (Australie), est un joueur de rugby à XIII australien évoluant au poste de deuxième ligne ou de troisième ligne. Il commence sa carrière en National Rugby League aux Knights de Newcastle en 2010, il rejoint ensuite en 2013 les Raiders de Canberra puis en 2016 les Wests Tigers. Après avoir disputé plus de cent matchs en NRL, il tente une expérience à l'étranger en signant pour Limoux dans le Championnat de France


Early career.

It was said that Luo Binwang could recite poetry when he was six years old. In adulthood, after a period serving on the staff of Li Yuanqing (李元慶) Prince of Dao, an uncle of then-ruling Emperor Gaozong, Luo worked in the central government in Chang'an from 665. In 670, he was exiled to Xinjiang, after which he travelled to Yunnan with the army. He later served on staff of the prominent general Pei Xingjian (裴行儉) while Pei was serving as the commandant at Tao Prefecture (洮州, roughly modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai), and was in charge of the military correspondences, but he did not have a good relationship with Pei, who also disapproved of the other three greater writers grouped with Luo — Wang, Yang, and Lu, instead favoring the talents of Wang Bo's brother Wang Ju (王勮) and Su Weidao. Eventually, Luo became a secretary at the county government of Chang'an County — one of the two counties making up the capital Chang'an — a low position that was however considered fairly prestigious due to its location at the capital.

Participation in Li Jingye's rebellion.

In 678, Luo Binwang was dismissed and imprisoned for criticising Wu Zetian, but was released the following year. After Emperor Gaozong's death and the subsequent takeover of Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Dowager Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) as regent over initially their son Emperor Zhongzong, whom she quickly deposed, and then Emperor Ruizong, Luo made a number of suggestions to her, which she did not accept, and he was in turn demoted to the post of secretary general of Linhai County in 684. He and a number of similarly demoted officials met at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and they, supporting Li Jingye the Duke of Ying as their leader, rose against Empress Dowager Wu at Yang Prefecture, claiming as their goal Emperor Zhongzong's restoration. Luo was in charge of the resistance forces' correspondences, and he wrote a particularly sharp-worded declaration against Empress Dowager Wu:  It was said that when Empress Dowager Wu read the declaration, she smiled and laughed at what he wrote. However, when she reached the portion that read, "The soil on the new imperial tomb is not yet dry, and to whom can the two-meter-tall orphan be entrusted?" she turned solemn, and she commented, "It is the fault of the chancellors that we lost this man's service." After Li Jingye's defeat later that year, Luo was also killed, and Empress Dowager Wu, impressed with his writing, sent people to gather them and publish them.

Style.

In prose, he was a master of the ornate "pianwen" 駢文 "parallel prose" style. His poetry (mostly "gushi") is often similarly complex. Among his works is a long, autobiographical verse narrative, but he is best known for his poem "Ode to the Goose", said to have been written when he was seven years old. His "Ode to the Cicada" is also of great renown and influence.

Luo Binwang (, ca. 619–684?), courtesy name Guanguang (觀光/观光), was a Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty. His family was from Wuzhou, modern Yiwu, Zhejiang, but he was raised in Shandong. Luo is grouped with Lu Zhaolin, Wang Bo, and Yang Jiong as the Four Paragons of the Early Tang, the most outstanding poets of their time.

Luo Binwang (, vers 640–684?), alias Guanguang (), est un poète chinois de la dynastie Tang. Sa famille est originaire du Wuzhou (moderne Yiwu, dans la province du Zhejiang), mais il grandit dans le Shandong. Luo fait partie avec (), Wang Bo (), et () des () du début des Tang, le groupe le plus célèbre des poètes de cette période.


Saison 1981 de la Ligue canadienne de football

CFL News in 1981.

The Eastern and Western Football Conferences, which had carried on as separate and autonomous entities since the founding of the CFL in 1958, agreed to a full merger prior to the start of the 1981 season.  With the merger, the Eastern and Western Football Conferences were dissolved and renamed as the East and West Divisions.  The merger authorizes the CFL to have full authority over decisions, including the adoption of a full interlocking schedule for both divisions. All nine teams played each other twice, once home and once away, regardless of their affiliated division. Other than during the three seasons of the CFL's U.S. expansion era from 1993 to 1995, the League's teams have played at least one game home and one away versus every other team in the League since the 1981 season.  In addition, the merger set up the CFL Board of Governors and the CFL Management Council to replace the Executive Committee and the General Managers Committee. After the 1980 season, after owning the team for over ten years, Montreal Alouettes owner Sam Berger retired and sold the team to Nelson Skalbania, who brought in high priced NFL talent who did not adapt to the Canadian game, bringing a terrible losing season to Montreal (they did, however, make the playoffs due to the weak division that year), and with it, a loss of fan support, and he lost money and because of the high priced talent he bankrupted the team. So the team folded after the season, but a year later, a new team, the Montreal Concordes, owned by Expos owner Charles Bronfman, took over the team's players and history.  The East was so weak this season that the Calgary Stampeders, despite being the West's fifth place team, finished with a better record than the second place Ottawa Rough Riders. Ottawa nevertheless upset the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and qualified for the Grey Cup despite winning only five games in the regular season finishing seventh overall.  The ensuing controversy over having a 5–11 team playing in the Grey Cup played a large part in eventually persuading the league to implement a cross-over rule permitting a fourth place team in one division to qualify for the playoffs in place of a third place team in the other division with a weaker record. Nevertheless, the current rule makes no provision to allow a fifth place team to make the playoffs even if its record is better than that of the second place team in the other division, which occurred in 2018.

Regular season standings.

Final regular season standings.

"Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points"

Grey Cup playoffs.

The Edmonton Eskimos are the 1981 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Ottawa Rough Riders, 26–23, at Montreal's Olympic Stadium. Edmonton won their fourth-straight championship on a last second Dave Cutler field-goal. The Rough Riders' J.C. Watts (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Offence and John Glassford (LB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Defence. The Eskimos' Neil Lumsden (RB) was named Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.

The 1981 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 28th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 24th Canadian Football League season.

1981 est la saison de la Ligue canadienne de football et la depuis la fondation de la "Canadian Rugby Football Union" en 1884.


Schedule.

All draws are held at the FPF headquarters at Cidade do Futebol, in Oeiras. Match kick-off times are in WET (UTC±0) from the fourth round to the semi-finals, and in WEST (UTC+1) during the rest of the competition.

First round.

A total of 120 teams from the Campeonato de Portugal (CP) and the District Football Associations (D) entered the first round. The draw took place on Wednesday, 9 August 2017, at 15:00 WEST. Teams were divided into eight series of 14 or 16 teams according to geographic criteria. Matches were played on 3 and 4 September 2017.  Fixtures Series A  Series B  Series C  Series D  Series E  Series F  Series G  Series H  The following 17 first-round losing teams were selected to compete in the second round:

Third round.

A total of 64 teams participated in the third round, which included the 46 winners of the previous round and the 18 teams competing in the 2017–18 Primeira Liga (I). The draw took place on Thursday, 28 September 2017, at 15:00 WEST, and matches were played between 12 and 15 October 2017.

Fourth round.

A total of 32 teams participated in the fourth round, all of which advanced from the previous round. The draw took place on Thursday, 19 October 2017, at 12:30 WEST, and unlike previous rounds, was free of restrictions. Matches were played between 16 and 19 November 2017.

Fifth round.

A total of 16 teams participated in the fifth round, all of which advanced from the previous round. The draw took place on Wednesday, 22 November 2017, at 12:30 WET, and matches were played between 6 and 30 December 2017.

Quarter-finals.

Eight teams participated in the quarter-finals, all having advanced from the previous round. The draw took place on Monday, 18 December 2017, at 12:00 WET, and matches were played on 10 and 11 January 2018.

Semi-finals.

The semi-final pairings were determined after the draw for the quarter-finals on Monday, 18 December 2017, at 12:00 WET. This round will be contested over two legs in a home-and-away system, with the first leg played on 7 and 28 February and the second leg played on 18 April 2018.  "Aves won 3–1 on aggregate."  "1–1 on aggregate. Sporting CP won 5–4 on penalties."

The 2017–18 Taça de Portugal (also known as Taça de Portugal Placard for sponsorship reasons) was the 78th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier knockout competition in Portuguese football.

La Coupe du Portugal de football 2017-2018 ou "Taça de Portugal 2017-2018" en portugais, est la de la Coupe du Portugal de football. Le CD Aves remporte sa première Coupe du Portugal, avant la finale les joueurs du Sporting CP s'étaient fait violemment agressé par un groupe de supporters.


Definition.

The test is applied to a 2 × 2 contingency table, which tabulates the outcomes of two tests on a sample of "n" subjects, as follows. The null hypothesis of marginal homogeneity states that the two marginal probabilities for each outcome are the same, i.e. "p" + "p" = "p" + "p" and "p" + "p" = "p" + "p".  Thus the null and alternative hypotheses are  Here "p", etc., denote the theoretical probability of occurrences in cells with the corresponding label.  The McNemar test statistic is:  Under the null hypothesis, with a sufficiently large number of discordants (cells b and c), formula_3 has a chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom. If the formula_3 result is significant, this provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis, in favour of the alternative hypothesis that "p" ≠ "p", which would mean that the marginal proportions are significantly different from each other.

Variations.

If either "b" or "c" is small ("b" + "c" < 25) then formula_3 is not well-approximated by the chi-squared distribution. An exact binomial test can then be used, where "b" is compared to a binomial distribution with size parameter "n" = "b" + "c" (Caution: "n" has a new meaning!) and "p" = 0.5. Effectively, the exact binomial test evaluates the imbalance in the discordants "b" and "c". To achieve a two-sided P-value, the P-value of the extreme tail should be multiplied by 2. For "b" ≥ "c":  which is simply twice the binomial distribution cumulative distribution function with "p" = 0.5 and "n" = "b" + "c".  Edwards proposed the following continuity corrected version of the McNemar test to approximate the binomial exact-P-value:  The mid-P McNemar test (mid-p binomial test) is calculated by subtracting half the probability of the observed "b" from the exact one-sided P-value, then double it to obtain the two-sided mid-P-value:  This is equivalent to:  where the second term is the binomial distribution probability mass function and "n" = "b" + "c". Binomial distribution functions are readily available in common software packages and the McNemar mid-P test can easily be calculated.  The traditional advice has been to use the exact binomial test when "b" + "c" < 25. However, simulations have shown both the exact binomial test and the McNemar test with continuity correction to be overly conservative. When "b" + "c" < 6, the exact-P-value always exceeds the common significance level 0.05. The original McNemar test was most powerful, but often slightly liberal. The mid-P version was almost as powerful as the asymptotic McNemar test and was not found to exceed the nominal significance level.

Examples.

In the first example, a researcher attempts to determine if a drug has an effect on a particular disease. Counts of individuals are given in the table, with the diagnosis (disease: "present" or "absent") before treatment given in the rows, and the diagnosis after treatment in the columns. The test requires the same subjects to be included in the before-and-after measurements (matched pairs).  In this example, the null hypothesis of "marginal homogeneity" would mean there was no effect of the treatment. From the above data, the McNemar test statistic:  has the value 21.35, which is extremely unlikely to form the distribution implied by the null hypothesis ("P" < 0.001). Thus the test provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effect.  A second example illustrates differences between the asymptotic McNemar test and alternatives. The data table is formatted as before, with different numbers in the cells:  With these data, the sample size (161 patients) is not small, however results from the McNemar test and other versions are different. The exact binomial test gives "P" = 0.053 and McNemar's test with continuity correction gives formula_3 = 3.68 and "P" = 0.055. The asymptotic McNemar's test gives formula_3 = 4.55 and "P" = 0.033 and the mid-P McNemar's test gives "P" = 0.035. Both the McNemar's test and mid-P version provide stronger evidence for a statistically significant treatment effect in this second example.

Discussion.

An interesting observation when interpreting McNemar's test is that the elements of the main diagonal do not contribute to the decision about whether (in the above example) pre- or post-treatment condition is more favourable. Thus, the sum "b" + "c" can be small and statistical power of the tests described above can be low even though the number of pairs "a" + "b" + "c" + "d" is large (see second example above).  An extension of McNemar's test exists in situations where independence does not necessarily hold between the pairs; instead, there are clusters of paired data where the pairs in a cluster may not be independent, but independence holds between different clusters. An example is analyzing the effectiveness of a dental procedure; in this case, a pair corresponds to the treatment of an individual tooth in patients who might have multiple teeth treated; the effectiveness of treatment of two teeth in the same patient is not likely to be independent, but the treatment of two teeth in different patients is more likely to be independent.

Information in the pairings.

In the 1970s, it was conjectured that retaining one's tonsils might protect against Hodgkin's lymphoma. John Rice wrote:  85 Hodgkin's patients [...] had a sibling of the same sex who was free of the disease and whose age was within 5 years of the patient's. These investigators presented the following table: They calculated a chi-squared statistic [...] [they] had made an error in their analysis by ignoring the pairings.[...] [their] samples were not independent, because the siblings were paired [...] we set up a table that exhibits the pairings:  It is to the second table that McNemar's test can be applied. Notice that the sum of the numbers in the second table is 85—the number of "pairs" of siblings—whereas the sum of the numbers in the first table is twice as big, 170—the number of individuals. The second table gives more information than the first. The numbers in the first table can be found by using the numbers in the second table, but not vice versa. The numbers in the first table give only the marginal totals of the numbers in the second table.

In statistics, McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal (that is, whether there is "marginal homogeneity"). It is named after Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. An application of the test in genetics is the transmission disequilibrium test for detecting linkage disequilibrium. The commonly used parameters to assess a diagnostic test in medical sciences are sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify the people with disease. Specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease. Now presume two tests are performed on the same group of patients. And also presume that these tests have identical sensitivity and specificity. In this situation one is carried away by these findings and presume that both the tests are equivalent. However this may not be the case. For this we have to study the patients with disease and patients without disease (by a reference test). We also have to find out where these two tests disagree with each other. This is precisely the basis of McNemar's test. This test compares the sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostic tests on the same group of patients.

En statistique, le test de McNemar est un test statistique, alternative non-paramétrique au test T pour des échantillons appariés, il permet de comparer au maximum deux valeurs mesurées.


Education.

Barbara Demeneix obtained her Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. Hons) at the University of Wales and an M.Sc. at the University of Clermont-Ferrand (France). She completed her PhD in endocrinology and physiology at the University of Calgary (Canada) in 1977 as well as her Doctorat d’Etat (D.Sc.) at the University Paris VI in 1983.

Research career.

Between 1970 and 1981 Barbara Demeneix taught at different levels in Malawi, Canada, Morocco and France, before taking up a Lectureship at the University Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg from 1981 to 1989. During this period she undertook two research fellowships in the Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory in Cambridge (1986) and in the Max Planck Institute in Munich (1988-1989).  Since arriving at the National Museum of Natural History in 1990 her research focused on the evolution of thyroid hormone signalling. She sought to understand how thyroid hormones activate or repress gene activity in different tissues at various developmental states and in changing physiological conditions. Working with amphibian and mouse models, she contributed to developing and optimising techniques to study gene regulation in integrated contexts. Technologies have been patented and licensed out to SMEs (Polyplus, WatchFrog).  In the laboratory, these methods have been applied to advance understanding of: Barbara Demeneix was nominated to the Chair of Comparative Physiology in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris in 1995. This position was previously held by Claude Bernard, Jean-Pierre Flourens and Frédéric Cuvier. In 1998 she took on the twin direction of Museum Comparative Physiology Laboratory and the CNRS unit UMR 7221 ‘Evolution of Endocrine Regulations’ (1998-2013). In 2001 she became director of the Department ‘Regulations and Development’ of the National Museum of Natural History, a post she held until 2017. This department grouped 3 main research units representing 200 staff. During this period she coordinated two large-scale European projects: CRESCENDO (2005-2011) on nuclear receptors in development and aging, and SWITCHBOX (2011-2015) on maintaining health in old age through homeostasis.  Barbara Demeneix is active with international committees addressing thyroid hormone and endocrine disruption (including the OECD and the European Thyroid Association).  In 2016 she co-published an opinion column in "Le Monde" with more than 100 other scientists, in which they asked the EU and the international community to act against endocrine disrupting chemicals. They also condemned the use of strategies for manufacturing doubt employed by industries in the climate change battle.

Publications.

Barbara Demeneix has published more than 170 scientific publications, and two first-author books.

Barbara Demeneix (born 1949) is a biologist and endocrinologist. She is currently team leader in a CNRS research unit at the National Museum of Natural History (Paris, France).

Barbara Demeneix (née le ) est une endocrinologue, directrice de recherche au CNRS et lauréate de la médaille de l'innovation 2014.


Boussinesq approximation.

The essential idea in the Boussinesq approximation is the elimination of the vertical coordinate from the flow equations, while retaining some of the influences of the vertical structure of the flow under water waves. This is useful because the waves propagate in the horizontal plane and have a different (not wave-like) behaviour in the vertical direction. Often, as in Boussinesq's case, the interest is primarily in the wave propagation.  This elimination of the vertical coordinate was first done by Joseph Boussinesq in 1871, to construct an approximate solution for the solitary wave (or wave of translation). Subsequently, in 1872, Boussinesq derived the equations known nowadays as the Boussinesq equations.  The steps in the Boussinesq approximation are: Thereafter, the Boussinesq approximation is applied to the remaining flow equations, in order to eliminate the dependence on the vertical coordinate. As a result, the resulting partial differential equations are in terms of functions of the horizontal coordinates (and time).  As an example, consider potential flow over a horizontal bed in the ("x,z") plane, with "x" the horizontal and "z" the vertical coordinate. The bed is located at, where "h" is the mean water depth. A Taylor expansion is made of the velocity potential "φ(x,z,t)" around the bed level :  where "φ(x,t)" is the velocity potential at the bed. Invoking Laplace's equation for "φ", as valid for incompressible flow, gives:  since the vertical velocity is zero at the – impermeable – horizontal bed. This series may subsequently be truncated to a finite number of terms.

Original Boussinesq equations.

Derivation.

For water waves on an incompressible fluid and irrotational flow in the ("x","z") plane, the boundary conditions at the free surface elevation are:  where:  Now the Boussinesq approximation for the velocity potential "φ", as given above, is applied in these boundary conditions. Further, in the resulting equations only the linear and quadratic terms with respect to "η" and "u" are retained (with the horizontal velocity at the bed ). The cubic and higher order terms are assumed to be negligible. Then, the following partial differential equations are obtained:  This set of equations has been derived for a flat horizontal bed, "i.e." the mean depth "h" is a constant independent of position "x". When the right-hand sides of the above equations are set to zero, they reduce to the shallow water equations.  Under some additional approximations, but at the same order of accuracy, the above set A can be reduced to a single partial differential equation for the free surface elevation "η":  From the terms between brackets, the importance of nonlinearity of the equation can be expressed in terms of the Ursell number. In dimensionless quantities, using the water depth "h" and gravitational acceleration "g" for non-dimensionalization, this equation reads, after normalization:  with:

Linear frequency dispersion.

Water waves of different wave lengths travel with different phase speeds, a phenomenon known as frequency dispersion. For the case of infinitesimal wave amplitude, the terminology is "linear frequency dispersion". The frequency dispersion characteristics of a Boussinesq-type of equation can be used to determine the range of wave lengths, for which it is a valid approximation.  The linear frequency dispersion characteristics for the above set A of equations are:  with: The relative error in the phase speed "c" for set A, as compared with linear theory for water waves, is less than 4% for a relative wave number. So, in engineering applications, set A is valid for wavelengths "λ" larger than 4 times the water depth "h".  The linear frequency dispersion characteristics of equation B are:  The relative error in the phase speed for equation B is less than 4% for, equivalent to wave lengths "λ" longer than 7 times the water depth "h", called fairly long waves. For short waves with equation B become physically meaningless, because there are no longer real-valued solutions of the phase speed. The original set of two partial differential equations (Boussinesq, 1872, equation 25, see set A above) does not have this shortcoming.  The shallow water equations have a relative error in the phase speed less than 4% for wave lengths "λ" in excess of 13 times the water depth "h".

Boussinesq-type equations and extensions.

There are an overwhelming number of mathematical models which are referred to as Boussinesq equations. This may easily lead to confusion, since often they are loosely referenced to as "the" Boussinesq equations, while in fact a variant thereof is considered. So it is more appropriate to call them Boussinesq-type equations. Strictly speaking, "the" Boussinesq equations is the above-mentioned set B, since it is used in the analysis in the remainder of his 1872 paper.  Some directions, into which the Boussinesq equations have been extended, are:

Further approximations for one-way wave propagation.

While the Boussinesq equations allow for waves traveling simultaneously in opposing directions, it is often advantageous to only consider waves traveling in one direction. Under small additional assumptions, the Boussinesq equations reduce to:  Besides solitary wave solutions, the Korteweg–de Vries equation also has periodic and exact solutions, called cnoidal waves. These are approximate solutions of the Boussinesq equation.

Numerical models.

For the simulation of wave motion near coasts and harbours, numerical models – both commercial and academic – employing Boussinesq-type equations exist. Some commercial examples are the Boussinesq-type wave modules in MIKE 21 and SMS. Some of the free Boussinesq models are Celeris, COULWAVE, and FUNWAVE. Most numerical models employ finite-difference, finite-volume or finite element techniques for the discretization of the model equations. Scientific reviews and intercomparisons of several Boussinesq-type equations, their numerical approximation and performance are e.g., and.

In fluid dynamics, the Boussinesq approximation for water waves is an approximation valid for weakly non-linear and fairly long waves. The approximation is named after Joseph Boussinesq, who first derived them in response to the observation by John Scott Russell of the wave of translation (also known as solitary wave or soliton). The 1872 paper of Boussinesq introduces the equations now known as the Boussinesq equations.

Les équations de Boussinesq en mécanique des fluides désignent un système d'équations d'ondes obtenue par approximation des équations d'Euler pour des écoulements incompressibles irrotationnels à surface libre. Elles permettent de prévoir les ondes de gravité comme ondes cnoïdales, ondes de Stokes, houle, tsunamis, solitons, etc. Ces équations ont été introduites par Joseph Boussinesq en 1872 et sont un exemple d'équations aux dérivées partielles dispersives.


Coaching career.

Early career.

Phelps began his coaching career in 1963 as a graduate assistant at Rider College (now Rider University), where he had played basketball. After a move to St. Gabriel's High School in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, he obtained his first full assistant job in 1966 at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.  His first head coaching job came in 1970 at Fordham University in The Bronx, where he coached Charlie Yelverton and P.J. Carlesimo, the athletic director's son. Phelps led the Rams to a 24–2 record in the 1970–71 regular season and a #9 national ranking.  Fordham received an at-large bid to the 25-team NCAA tournament, where they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen, and won the consolation game for third place in the East regional.  In May 1971 at age 29, Phelps was named head coach at the University of Notre Dame.

Notre Dame.

During his 20 seasons (1971–91) at South Bend, Phelps' Notre Dame teams went, with 14 seasons of 20 wins or more. In 1978, Notre Dame made its only Final Four appearance to date. His most-remembered game occurred in 1974, when the second-ranked Fighting Irish scored the last 12 points of the game on January 19 to upset top-ranked UCLA, coached by John Wooden, 71–70, ending the Bruins' record 88-game winning streak. He shares the NCAA record for most upsets over a #1 team at seven with Gary Williams.

Broadcasting career.

Phelps began his broadcasting career when he served as a commentator for ABC Sports' basketball coverage at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.  In 1992, he continued broadcasting career when he announced color commentary for that year's NCAA tournament for CBS. He joined ESPN the next season and worked for them until 2014 as a college basketball studio and game analyst.  During the April 7, 2014 broadcast of "College GameDay", Phelps announced that he was leaving ESPN.  "I spent 20 years at Notre Dame as a coach and now 20 years here at ESPN doing a great job with all you people. And now it's time for me to move forward, and this will be my last time on TV," Phelps said.  Phelps added: "It's been a great run. Twenty years is always my target for everything, and it's time to move forward."

Off the court.

After retiring from Notre Dame, he briefly worked for the Office of National Drug Control Policy in the administration of George H.W. Bush and also served as an observer in the 1993 elections in Cambodia. In 1995, he made what was considered then to be a farcical announcement he was running for president.  Phelps is a great fan of opera. The well-rounded former coach made a cameo appearance in the Notre Dame student opera performance of Offenbach's "Orpheus in the Underworld". Phelps played the part of Bacchus, the God of Wine, in two performances in April 2006.  A lifelong Chicago Cubs fan, Digger has thrown out numerous Ceremonial first pitches at Wrigley Field and has sung 7th inning stretch for 20 consecutive years as of August 2017.  Phelps released his memoirs in 2007, titled "Undertaker's Son: Life Lessons from a Coach." Phelps co-wrote the book with Jack Colwell, and the book details Phelps' upbringing, professional success, life principles and even lists his "Top 20" songs of all-time. In 2017, Phelps wrote the book "Father Ted Hesburgh: He Coached Me," co-written with Tim Bourret. The book chronicles the remarkable life of Father Theodore Hesburgh, who served as Notre Dame's president from 1952 until his retirement in 1987 and was a key figure in the civil rights movement.

Personal life.

Phelps resides in South Bend and has three adult children. His eldest, Karen, is married to baseball pitcher Jamie Moyer. He is a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity at Rider College.  Phelps was instrumental in the restoration of various programs at John McDonogh High School in New Orleans post-Hurricane Katrina. His gifts helped to restore the sports program and helped to launch a four-year Culinary Academy in partnership with the Louisiana Restaurant Association Education Foundation and the Recovery School District on December 15, 2010.

Cancer battle.

In April 2013, Phelps was diagnosed with bladder cancer. On July 1, 2013, his doctor declared him in remission.

Richard Frederick "Digger" Phelps (born July 4, 1941) is an American former college basketball coach, most notably of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from 1971 to 1991. For 20 years, from 1993 to 2014, he served as an analyst on ESPN. He got the nickname "Digger" from his father, who was a mortician in Beacon, New York.

Richard Frederick Phelps, né le à Beacon dans l'État de New York, est un entraîneur de basket-ball professionnel connu pour avoir été pendant deux décennies l'entraîneur des Fighting Irish de Notre-Dame.


Early life.

Atić was born in Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Raised in Donji Vakuf, Atić started playing basketball with Spars Sarajevo. In 2013, he signed with Spars Sarajevo.

Professional career.

Spars Sarajevo.

In 2013, Atić signed a deal with Bosnian club Spars Sarajevo, of the Bosnian Championship. He stayed a member of Spars Sarajevo from 2013 to September 2015, when the Greek club AEK bought his player rights with a transfer fee. In January 2016, he returned to Spars Sarajevo, after AEK loaned him back to the club, for the remainder of the 2015–16 season.

AEK Athens.

On September 1, 2015, Greek club AEK Athens, of the Greek Basket League, confirmed that Atić would join the club from Spars Sarajevo, for a buyout transfer fee amount of €750,000. Atić signed a six-year contract with AEK, that was worth €1.5 million net income. In January 2016, AEK loaned him back to Spars Sarajevo for the rest of the season.  Before the start of the 2016–17 Greek Basket League season, Atić managed to have some very good friendly games, including a 12-point game against the defending EuroLeague champions, CSKA Moscow. Due to this, AEK initially decided to keep him on their roster for the 2016–17 season, rather than loan him to another club again.  However, due to FIBA's rules and regulations of the FIBA Champions League, he was ruled ineligible to play in the league, because he was not originally registered for the Greek League as a foreign player in the league's first roster designation period. Due to FIBA Champions League rules, such players cannot play in the league, unlike European-wide leagues like the EuroLeague and EuroCup, where no such limitations exist. As a result of this, AEK decided to loan him to another club for the 2016–17 season. With AEK, he won the Greek Cup's, 2018 edition, and also the FIBA Champions League title. On July 14, 2018, Atić was released by the Greek club.

Trikala Aries.

On November 2, 2016, AEK loaned Atić to the Greek club Trikala Aries, for the remainder of the 2016–17 season. However, after playing with Trikala in 7 games during the 2016–17 Greek Basket League season, his player loan was cancelled, and he returned to AEK.

National team career.

Bosnian junior national team.

Atić played at the 2014 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship with the Bosnian Under-18 junior national team, averaging 16.0 points, 5.2 rebounds, and 2.4 assists per game. He also played at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, where he led his team in scoring, at 16.0 points per game. He also averaged 7.6 rebounds and 3.8 assists per game during the tournament. His team finished the tournament in 4th place, and Atić was named to the All-Tournament Team.  He also played at the 2nd-tier level 2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B tournament, where he averaged 12.1 points, 7.1 rebounds, and 6.1 assists per game.

Bosnian senior national team.

Atić is a member of the senior men's Bosnian national basketball team. With Bosnia, he played at the 2019 FIBA World Cup European qualification.

Edin Atić (born January 19, 1997) is a Bosnian professional basketball player who plays for Igokea of the Adriatic League. Standing at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) and weighing 195 lbs. (88 kg), Atić is mainly a shooting guard-small forward, but he can also play as a point forward. He also represents the senior Bosnian national basketball team.

Edin Atić, né le, à Bugojno, en République fédérale de Yougoslavie, est un joueur bosnien, de basket-ball. Il évolue aux postes d'arrière et d'ailier.


Performance history.

The opening night of "Artaxerxes" (2 February 1762) at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden proved very successful. The work was revived at the theatre the following year, although this second run was marred by a riot. On 24 February 1763 a mob protesting the abolition of half-price admissions stormed the theatre in the middle of the performance. According to a contemporary account in "The Gentleman's Magazine":  By 1790, "Artaxerxes" had received well over 100 performances, including 48 in Dublin alone between 1765 and 1767. In the United States, the overture was played in Philadelphia as early as 1765, while arias from the opera were heard in New York City in 1767. The US premiere of the complete opera came on 31 January 1828 at the Park Theatre in New York City with a cast that included Elizabeth Austin as Semira. "Artaxerxes" remained in the London repertoire for over 70 years with regular revivals including those at the Drury Lane Theatre (1780, 1820, 1827, and 1828), Covent Garden (1813, 1827, and 1828), and the St James's Theatre (1836). The score for "Artaxerxes" had been published in 1762. However, it did not contain the recitatives or the final chorus. The original performing version of the score was lost in the fire that destroyed the Theatre Royal in 1808. After that date, performances of the work used a shortened version reconstructed by Henry Bishop and John Addison in 1813.  Notable modern revivals of the work include a 1962 performance in London's St. Pancras Town Hall as part of the St. Pancras Festival, a BBC concert performance in 1979, and another concert performance in 2002 by the Classical Opera Company conducted by Ian Page at St John's, Smith Square. To mark Thomas Arne's 300th birthday, a fully staged production of "Artaxerxes" was performed in October 2009 in the Linbury Theatre of London's Royal Opera House. The production was directed by Martin Duncan and designed by Johan Engels using a new performing edition of the score by Ian Page with a reconstruction of the final chorus by Duncan Druce. The cast included Christopher Ainsley as Artaxerxes, Rebecca Bottone, Caitlin Hulcup and Elizabeth Watts.

Roles and casting.

"Artaxerxes" was composed when the castrato singers were at their height. The title role (Artaxerxes) and that of Arbaces were written for the Italian castrati, Nicolò Peretti and Giusto Fernando Tenducci respectively. With the waning of the castrati, the title role was sung by women "en travesti" in the 19th century. In the 1827 and 1828 performances in London, Artaxerxes was sung by the contraltos Eliza Paton and Elizabeth Vestris. In modern performances the role is often taken by a counter-tenor. The more virtuosic role of Arbaces went through a considerable amount of casting instability in the 19th century. It was sometimes sung by sopranos, and at other times transposed for tenors such as John Braham who sang the role 1827. Considered too high for a modern counter-tenor, Arbaces was sung by a mezzo-soprano, Patrica Spence, in the 1995 Hyperion recording. The role was also sung by a mezzo-soprano in the 2009 Royal Opera House revival.

Synopsis.

The opera opens in a moonlit garden of Xerxes' palace. Mandane, the daughter of King Xerxes, and Arbaces, the son of the King's general Artabanes, are in love. Xerxes has opposed their marriage and banished Arbaces from the palace. Arbaces climbs the wall into the garden. As the young lovers express their love for each other and their despair at Arbaces' banishment, Artabanes arrives carrying a bloody sword. His fury at Xerxes' treatment of his son and his desire for Arbaces to become King have led him to assassinate Xerxes. Artabanes confesses the murder to Arbaces and exchanges his bloody sword for that of Arbaces.  Artaxerxes, the King's younger son, arrives with his guards. Artabanes tells him of his father's death and accuses Artaxerxes's older brother Darius of the murder, "Who but he at dead of night could penetrate The palace? Who could approach the royal bed? Nay, more, his royal ambition..." Artaxerxes commands Artabanes to avenge his father's death by killing Darius. Later in the garden, Artaxerxes expresses his love to Semira, the daughter of Artabanes and sister of Arbaces.  In the King's palace, the execution of Darius is announced. However, Rimenes (also in love with Semira) has Arbaces led into the chamber in chains, announcing that the bloody sword used to kill Xerxes had been found in his possession. Arbaces is now condemned to death. However, Artaxerxes, who had long been a friend of Arbaces, doubts his guilt. He releases Arbaces from prison and allows him to escape through a secret passage. Rimenes, encouraged by Artabanes, then goes off to lead a rebellion against Artaxerxes.  In the Temple of the Sun Artaxerxes, surrounded by his nobles, swears to maintain the rights, laws, and customs of his subjects and is about to pledge this by drinking from a sacred cup, unaware that Artabanes has poisoned the drink. Before Artaxerxes can drink from the cup, news arrives that Rimenes and his men are at the palace gates. The danger is averted when Arbaces kills the traitor, confirming to Artaxerxes that his friend is innocent. Artaxerxes then offers the sacred cup to Arbaces instead so that he may pledge his innocence.  Artabanes is now faced with seeing his son die or confessing the truth. He confesses to all that he has poisoned the cup, intending to kill Artaxerxes and that he had also assassinated Xerxes. Artabanes is led off in chains. Artaxerxes, out of his love for Semira and his gratitude to Arbaces, condemns their father to eternal exile rather than death. The opera ends with the two pairs of lovers reunited and the jubilation of all.

Recordings.

A live recording of a 1979 BBC concert performance was once available on LP. However, the first major studio recording to be released on CD is from Hyperion Records.  The performance of "Artaxerxes" at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 2009 to celebrate Arne's 300th birthday was followed by release of a studio recording in 2010 by Linn Records.

Artaxerxes is an opera in three acts composed by Thomas Arne set to an English adaptation (probably by Arne himself) of Metastasio's 1729 libretto "Artaserse". The first English "opera seria", "Artaxerxes" premiered on 2 February 1762 at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden and continued to be regularly performed until the late 1830s. Its plot is loosely based on the historical figure, Artaxerxes I of Persia who succeeded his father Xerxes I after his assassination by Artabanus.

Artaxerxès est un opéra en trois actes composé par Thomas Arne en 1762, sur une adaptation anglaise (probablement d'Arne lui-même) du livret "Artaserse" (1729) de Métastase. La première anglaise de l’"opera seria" "Artaxerxès", est créée le, au Théâtre Royal de Covent Garden. L'œuvre continue à être montée régulièrement jusqu'à la fin des années 1830. Son intrigue est vaguement basée sur le personnage historique d', qui a succédé à son père, après son assassinat par Artaban.


Background.

The 45-year-old Bird was a transient who had been born in Louisiana in a location he could not remember. He supported himself as a manual laborer and railroad gandy dancer, who laid and maintained tracks. The work on the railroad kept him moving from place to place. He had an extensive criminal record, including burglary and attempted murder, and been incarcerated for a total of 31 years in Michigan, Iowa and Utah.

The Bird hex.

After his conviction was announced, Bird was allowed to make a final statement. He spoke for 20 minutes, noting that his request to represent himself had been denied and that his own lawyers were against him.  Bird then said, "I'm putting the Jake Bird hex on all of you who had anything to do with my being punished. Mark my words, you will die before I do." Allegedly, six people connected with the trial died: Judge Edward D. Hodge of a heart attack within a month of sentencing him to death, as did one of the officers who took his first confession. A police officer who took a second confession died, as did the court's chief clerk, and one of Bird's prison guards. J.W. Selden, one of Bird's lawyers, died on the first anniversary of his sentencing.

Reprieve, appeals and execution.

The execution at the Washington State Penitentiary was scheduled for January 16, 1948, but Bird claimed he had committed 44 other murders which he was willing to help the police solve. Washington governor Monrad C. Wallgren granted him a 60-day reprieve. Police from other states interviewed Bird, and eleven murders were substantiated. He was knowledgeable enough about the 33 other murders to be considered a prime suspect.  The interviews with Bird enabled the police departments of many states to declare many unsolved murders as solved. In addition to his Washington state murders, the transient Bird apparently had killed people in Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Wisconsin. He mostly preyed on Caucasian women. Bird had dispatched his victims with an axe or hatchet.  During his reprieve, Bird lodged an appeal but a retrial was denied by the Washington State Supreme Court. His appeals to the federal courts, including three petitions to the United States Supreme Court, also were denied. He was hanged on the morning of July 15, 1949, at 12:20 a.m., before 125 witnesses. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the prison cemetery.

Jake Bird (December 14, 1901 – July 15, 1949) was an American self-confessed serial killer who was tried and executed for the axe murders of Bertha Kludt (age 53) and her daughter Beverly June Kludt (17) in Tacoma, Washington on October 30, 1947. Bird may have killed as many as 46 people.

Jake Bird ( - ) est un tueur en série américain, jugé et condamné le pour les meurtres à la hache de Bertha Kludt (âgée de 53 ans) et sa fille Bervely June Kludt (âgée de 17 ans) à Tacoma, dans l'État de Washington. Il a été reconnu coupable de onze autres meurtres, et pourrait en avoir commis jusqu'à quarante-six.


Playing career.

McGillis was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the 10th round, 238th overall in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. After being drafted McGillis chose to play in the college ranks and played with Northeastern University for 4 years. While in college he earned Hockey East first All-Star team honors twice (1995, 1996) and an NCAA East First All-American team nomination in 1996.  During his senior season McGillis was traded by the Red Wings to the Edmonton Oilers for Kirk Maltby. After college McGillis joined the Oilers for the season and played 73 games, scoring 22 points. The following season he scored 25 points in 67 games with the Oilers before being traded to the Philadelphia Flyers. He appeared in 13 games with the Flyers, scoring 6 points.  McGillis scored a career high 49 points during the season and won the Barry Ashbee Trophy as the Flyers top defenceman. McGillis played for three different teams in the season. He started the year with the Flyers before being traded to the San Jose Sharks. After only 37 games with the Sharks McGillis was again traded, this time to the Boston Bruins. For the season McGillis scored 28 points in 80 games with the Bruins.  After the 2004–05 NHL lockout McGillis signed with the New Jersey Devils. McGillis played in only 27 games with the Devils during the season before being demoted to the Albany River Rats, the first time in his career he was demoted to the minors, due to the Devils' salary cap issues and never played another game in the NHL. For the 2006–07 season McGillis spent the entire year with the Devils' new minor league affiliate Lowell Devils, scoring 41 points in 68 games.  On September 20, 2007, McGillis accepted an invitation from the Vancouver Canucks to attend their training camp. He was released by the team on October 1. He then signed with Adler Mannheim of the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

Daniel Stewart McGillis (born July 1, 1972) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Edmonton Oilers, Philadelphia Flyers, San Jose Sharks, Boston Bruins, and New Jersey Devils. He spent the final three seasons of his career playing for Adler Mannheim of the German Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

Daniel Stewart McGillis (né le juillet 1972 à Hawkesbury dans la province d'Ontario au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur.