Life.

Early life and career.

Ibn Muqla was born in Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, in AH 272 (885/6 CE). His career in public service began in Fars, where he served as tax collector. His rise to power in the central government came in 908, under the patronage of the powerful vizier Abu 'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, who appointed him in charge of official dispatches. It was at this time, under the ineffectual rule of Caliph al-Muqtadir (), that the civil bureaucracy reached its apex of power in the Abbasid court, but where the achievements of previous reigns in restoring the Caliphate's fortunes collapsed due to chronic financial shortages. Throughout the period, the political scene in Baghdad was dominated by Ibn al-Furat and his faction (the Banu'l-Furat), his rival Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah and the faction gathered around him (the Banu'l-Jarrah), and the powerful chief of the military, Mu'nis al-Khadim. Despite his close ties to Ibn al-Furat, which were re-affirmed during the latter's second tenure in 917–918, Ibn Muqla eventually turned against him. His next promotion came during the "de facto" 918–928 vizierate of Ali ibn Isa, when he assumed the important department ("diwan") of the public estates.

First vizierate.

By cultivating the friendship of the powerful chamberlain ("hadjib") Nasr, Ibn Muqla managed to secure the post of vizier for himself after Ali's disgrace in 928. His vizierate however was marked by extreme internal instability, including a short-lived coup in 929, instigated by Mu'nis, which deposed al-Muqtadir in favour of his brother al-Qahir. Despite the coup's failure, Mu'nis and his close ally Ali ibn Isa now dominated the government, and led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal in 930.

Second vizierate and the overthrow of al-Qahir.

Ibn Muqla was reappointed as vizier by al-Qahir when he succeeded al-Muqtadir after the latter's death in 932. The new caliph's attempts to assert his own authority met with opposition both from Ibn Muqla and from Mu'nis. Mu'nis started conspiring against al-Qahir, but he was arrested and killed before he could act, whereupon, after only six months in office, Ibn Muqla was dismissed. Ibn Muqla then headed another conspiracy, and in 934 al-Qahir was captured, blinded and deposed by the Baghdad troops, with his nephew al-Radi succeeding him.

Third vizierate and downfall.

Initially, al-Radi sent for Ali ibn Isa to once more assume the vizierate, but the latter refused on account of his advanced age; Ibn Muqla was then appointed to his third term of office. However, for the first months of the reign, Muhammad ibn Yaqut continued to be the most powerful member of the court until his downfall in April 935; only then did Ibn Muqla truly gain control of the administration.  By this time, the greatest threat faced by the Caliphate was the increasing independence of the regional governors, who had taken advantage of the internal quarrels in the Abbasid court to strengthen their own control over their provinces and withheld the taxes due to Baghdad, leaving the central government crippled. Ibn Muqla resolved to reassert his control over the neighbouring provinces by military force, and chose the Hamdanid-controlled Jazira as his first target: in 935 he launched a campaign that took the Hamdanid capital, Mosul, but he was forced to return to Baghdad. Another attempt in 936 to launch a campaign against the rebellious governor of Wasit, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, failed to even get started. Coupled with his failure to counter the mounting financial crisis, this last disaster led to Ibn Muqla's dismissal and arrest.  Ibn Muqla's dismissal marks also the final end of the independence of the Abbasid caliphs, for shortly after Ibn Ra'iq was appointed to the new post of "amir al-umara" ("commander of commanders"), a military-based office that became the "de facto" ruler of what remained of the Caliphate and deprived the Caliph from all real authority. Ibn Ra'iq had the possessions of Ibn Muqla and his son confiscated, and Ibn Muqla in turn began to conspire against the "amir al-umara". Ibn Ra'iq however became aware of this, and had him imprisoned and his right hand cut off. Shortly after, even while the army of the Turkish general Bajkam was approaching Baghdad to depose Ibn Ra'iq, his tongue was cut. Despite Bajkam's success, Ibn Muqla remained in prison, where he died on 20 July 940.

Calligraphy.

Ibn Muqla was also famous as a calligrapher. He was revered as 'a prophet in the field of handwriting; it was poured upon his hand, even as it was revealed to the bees to make their honey cells hexagonal'. He or his brothers have been considered the originators of the so-called "al-khatt al-mansub" ("proportioned script") style, perfected by the 11th-century Persian calligrapher Ibn al-Bawwab. "Khatt" refers to the "marking out" of lines, which suggests that calligraphy is a demarcation of space. In the "al-khatt al-mansub" system letter design is related to three measurements: the size of "nuqta"; the height of the "alif"; and the circle with a diameter equal to the height of the "alif".  None of Ibn Muqla's authentic work exists today, his work is only known through other sources like Ibn al-Nadim.

Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muqla (; 885/6 – 20 July 940/1), commonly known as Ibn Muqla, was a Persian official of the Abbasid Caliphate who rose to high state posts in the early 10th century. His career culminated in his own assumption of the vizierate at Baghdad thrice: in 928–930, 932–933 and 934–936. Unable to successfully challenge the growing power of regional emirs, he lost his position to the first "amir al-umara", Ibn Ra'iq, and died in prison. He was also a noted calligrapher.

Abu ʿAli Muhammad Ibn ʿAli Ibn Muqla Shirazi (persan : ابن مقلهٔ شیرازی), né en 886 à Bagdad, mort le à Bagdad, était un calligraphe islamique, un des plus grands de l'époque abbasside. On pense qu'il a inventé le script thuluth, le premier style cursif arabe, bien qu'aucun de ses travaux originaux demeure.


Plot.

Bodhidharma (Suriya), a master of martial arts and medical remedies, is the son of a great Tamil king of the Pallava dynasty. He is sent to China by his guru, who requests him to stop the spread of a pandemic disease existing there from spreading to India. Initially, the people in China treat him as an inferior, but later, when he cures a little girl from the deadly disease and fights against some people who ill-treated villagers there, the people of China began to respect and worship him. He begins to teach them how to cure many diseases, the skills of hypnotism, and the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolinquan. However, after several years, when he expresses his desire to return to India, the villagers plot to poison him and bury him near the temple, believing that their place would be disease free if he is buried there. Bodhidharma agrees to die and subsequently becomes a fundamental figure in Chinese history, affectionately being dubbed as "Damo".  In modern-day China, Dong Lee (Johnny Tri Nguyen) is given the task of starting a government-planned biological war against India, known as "Operation Red". He arrives in Chennai and starts this operation by injecting a virus into a street dog. This disease was the one which occurred during the time of Bodhidharma in China. Meanwhile, Subha Srinivasan (Shruti Haasan), a genetics student, researches that Bodhidharma can be brought back to life if his sample of DNA is matched with another sample of DNA which she finds in Aravind (Suriya), a descendant of Bodhidharma who is working as a circus artist nearby. Lee finds out Subha's mission to revive Bodhidharma and plans to kill her first so that the disease cannot be stopped.  Subha approaches Aravind but begins to love and spend time with him, thereby forgetting about her mission. One day, Aravind's family sees Subha and clearly remembers that she visited them a year before to find Aravind and know all about him for the Bodhidharma research. Saving herself, she lies by saying that she does not know them. Later that night, Aravind's uncle (Ilavarasu) explains all what happened one year before when they met Subha. Aravind goes and meets Subha and is enraged upon realising the truth. However the next day, he reconciles with Subha in a love failure mood and agrees to contribute to the research and hence save the country. The research begins of giving life to Bodhidharma and to end Operation Red. Lee, who is capable of doing anything, does all impossibly bad things, mastered in "Nokku Varmam" (hypnotism), a martial art which was actually taught to the Chinese by Bodhidharma.  Subha goes to her genetics department and announces that Operation Red can be stopped if they read and make use of the cures in a book written by Bodhidharma. However, the department laughs and refuses to believe her, claiming that an ancient book is of no use in modern times, much to her dismay. After some time, Subha and Aravind learn that Subha's professor from the genetics department is assisting Lee in Operation Red. They sneak into the professor's apartment and learn about the operation. The next day, the professor is caught red-handed by Aravind, Subha, and her friends but surrenders and explains that he received a huge sum of money from the China government if he carried out Operation Red. After the professor gives the gang more details about Operation Red and how to stop it, they leave. However, after a while, Lee arrives, and the professor once again teams up with him to save his own life.  Lee causes numerous havoc in the city, which Subha, Aravind, and their gang barely escape. They finally locate a research centre where they can activate Bodhidharma's DNA in Aravind and decide to hide there for a few days. They all deactivate their phones so that nobody can trace them. However, Lee somehow traces Subha and the gang with the help of two of Subha's outside friends. However, he kills both of them afterwards. Lee then locates the place of the research centre. Subha and her friends in the research centre escape in a van, but Lee chases them, and the van collapses. An unconscious Aravind gets beaten badly by Lee at first, but then gains Bodhidharma's skills and kills Lee. Aravind uses an ancient medicine to cure the disease. Subha and Aravind then get married and finally tell the press about the importance of our history.

Production.

Casting.

Initial reports suggested that Suriya would play three characters; a circus artist, a scientist and a Buddhist monk, for a portion set in China in the 5–6th century. However, it was clarified that the scientist's role would be performed by the female lead, Shruti Haasan, while Suriya would play a modern-day circus artist as well as Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th century. Vietnamese actor and martial artist Johnny Tri Nguyen was signed to play the antagonist, while Kannada actor Avinash and Abhinaya of "Naadodigal" fame were selected to play minor supporting roles in the film.

Influences.

Sources claimed that the film drew inspirations from Christopher Nolan's "Inception". However, the director dismissed the news, reasoning that he had begun shooting much before the release of "Inception". Murugadoss further denied reports that the film was a remake of the Bollywood flick "Chandni Chowk to China", as both were supposed to be set in China, and that the film's concept was similar to that of the Hollywood film "Perfume", confirming the script as original. After completing the film, he emphasised that he had not been inspired or remade any film, stating that Hollywood filmmakers can "feel free to remake "7aum Arivu"".

Filming.

The first schedule of the film was completed in China and those fifteen minutes of the edited film reportedly cost 150 million. Later, some shots were canned in Trichy and later at Ampa Skywalk, followed by the song "Oh Ringa Ringa" in Besant Nagar, for which 1000 junior artists were allotted, and a stunt sequence in Perambur. In the process, Suriya had an ankle injury due to which the shot was postponed for a period of 3 days. Suriya trained to get a Six pack abs for a Kung Fu sequence within 16 days, following cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran's request. Shabina Khan designed the costumes for Suriya and Shruti, staying with the team throughout the filming process in Bangkok and Hong Kong. The song "Mun Andhi" was shot in Thailand. Though initial reports stated that the film would feature a time machine, they were later dismissed.  The visual effects of the film were done by Legacy Effects at an approximate cost of 100 million, who had made an impact in Hollywood for their work in the "Terminator" series, the "Jurassic Park" series, "Aliens", the "Predator" series, "Iron Man", "Edward Scissorhands", and "Avatar".

Soundtrack.

The soundtrack, composed by Harris Jayaraj, consists of six songs including a Chinese track, sung by Chinese singer Wang Hao. It marks the second collaboration of Jayaraj and Murugadoss after the success of "Ghajini". Lyrics were penned by Madhan Karky. The audio rights of the album were secured by Sony Music reportedly for a whopping amount. The composition of the soundtrack took place in Singapore. The audio was released on 22 September 2011 in Chennai Trade Centre in a grand manner. The event was hosted by Jai and Anjali, lead pair of Murugadoss' production "Engeyum Eppodhum", while Bollywood actress Isha Sharvani, Lakshmi Rai and several international artists performed on stage, which were choreographed by Shobi. Actors Dhanush, Karthi, Jiiva, Jayam Ravi, Vishal Krishna and Ram Charan Teja attended the function, with Dhanush releasing the trailer. Though initial reports said that Shahrukh Khan would appear in the launch, it was later dismissed.

Critical response.

P. G. Devi from "Behindwoods" gave 3.5/5 and commented: "The album promises a couple of big chart-busting hits like the peppy 'Ringa Ringa', the melodious 'Mun Andhi' and the pathos-ridden 'Yamma Yamma'. Though there is a déjà vu feel all around the album, its a sure shot commercial success". "Indiaglitz" stated that "the unique stamp of Harris can be felt throughout the disc, and that makes songs [...] a treat to senses", recommending it for "those who love and appreciate good music". Pavithra Srinivasan from "Rediff" provided 2.5/5, mentioning that "it looks like Harris Jeyaraj has run out of steam. While Yemma Yemma and The Rise of Damo are appealing, the rest sound like he remixed some of his own older numbers, or chose to be inspired by other classics [...] 7aum Arivu's music does have its moments, but these are few and far between." Prakash Upadhyaya from "Oneindia.in" said that the album had "variety of songs. The soundtracks will have larger appeal when it is watched".

Release.

Bharath Creations bought the rights for the film in US and Canada. The film's theatrical rights in Tamil Nadu were sold for 600 million. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Sun TV. The film was given a "U" certificate by the Indian Censor Board, but did not get the 30 percent entertainment tax waiver. The film was scheduled for a Diwali release on 26 October 2011; with producer Udhayanidhi Stalin's intervention, it was brought forward by one day, opening ahead of the other films. The distribution rights in Kerala were acquired for 24 million, releasing in more than 100 screens. In Chennai, the film released in 51 screens. The film was the largest release in Suriya's career, opening with 1000 prints worldwide, with 400 prints in Tamil Nadu alone. The Telugu dubbed version, "7th Sense" had the second largest release in Andhra Pradesh for a dubbed film by opening up in 400 screens across the state. A special screening was shown to actor Kamal Haasan. In Malaysia, the film was released in record 53 screens. In the US, the film was released in both Tamil and Telugu in 50 screens.

Critical reception.

"Indiaglitz" claimed that Murugadoss had made a "bold attempt" and "succeeded in it with the help of Suriya and Udhayanidhi Stalin", lauding him for "conveying a bitter truth [...] in a sugar coating", and going on to claim it to be a "winner in all his invasions". "Behindwoods" described it as "technical finesse catering to commercial compulsions", giving the film 3 out of 5. "Rediff" gave it 3 out of 5, noting that it was "worth a watch" and had "several things working for it". "Sify" called the film "average", writing that "the effort of Murugadoss to make a special kind of film is laudable but seems to lack the imagination required to pull off what he set out to achieve". "Nowrunning.com" rated it 3/5 stating that "a hopeful beginning makes this routine fare an absolute disappointment. This is not a bad film. You just expect better from a director like Murugadoss".

Box office.

"7aum Arivu" had a strong opening on 25 October, a day prior to Diwali. The film earned 402.5 million in its six-day opening weekend from all over the world. In Chennai alone, the film grossed 90 million in its lifetime. Indian film trades considered the film a commercial success, despite a high budget and distribution price. "7aum Arivu" is thought to have grossed an estimated 900 million–1 billion worldwide in its lifetime.

Controversies.

Some criticism toward the film involved historical inaccuracies pertaining to the character Bodhidharma. According to experts, he had travelled from India to China with a main intention of propagating Buddhism and his portrayal as a man with "medicinal knowledge" and his expertise at "martial arts" were not well received by the viewers who claimed that the film gives too much emphasis on his identity as a Tamilian rather than highlighting the other facts. The film was compared by film historian S. Theodore Baskaran with other Tamil films about history and folklore which had been historically inaccurate like "Veerapandiya Kattabomman" and "Parthiban Kanavu". A man named Babu T. Raghu had pointed out in a press conference that the monk was 150 years old when he reached China, while in the film they had depicted him in his 20s. He expressed his desire to debate with the film-makers, and also said that he had material evidence to prove it, while sparking off a hunger strike across the country on Bodhidharma's followers. Other sources also reported a similar issue. Later reports claimed that the film was very similar to the game Assassin's Creed. Some were of the opinion that the film and the game were based on the same concept, despite being different in other aspects. The film "Velayudham", which had released alongside "7aum Arivu" was also compared with the game.  The film was sent for CBFC certification with dummy background score and the official re-recording happened thereafter triggering protests demanding re-certification.

7aum Arivu (; ) is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language science fiction martial arts film written and directed by AR Murugadoss, featuring Suriya and Shruti Haasan in the lead roles and Johnny Tri Nguyen as the main antagonist. The film, produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin began production in May 2010 and was released on 25 October 2011 in Chennai and a day later, on Diwali, worldwide. The visual effects for the film were done by US based Legacy Effects, making this their second Indian film after "Enthiran".

Le Septième Sens ou 7am Arivu ou 7aum Arivu est un film de A. R. Murugadoss avec Surya sorti en. Il relate l'histoire d'un moine bouddhiste du et des recherches actuelles entreprises pour retrouver ses connaissances.


Family and early life.

Anthony Fainga'a was born in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, and started playing rugby league as a five-year-old with the Queanbeyan Kangaroos. He attended St. Edmund's College where he first represented the school's 1st XV aged 15. He was selected as vice-captain of the Australian Schools team in 2004.  Anthony's twin brother Saia, and younger brothers Vili and Colby are also professional rugby union players. The Fainga'a's are of Tongan and Aboriginal descent.

Rugby career.

Fainga'a was vice captain of the World Championship-winning Australian Under 19's in 2006. He sealed Australia's 17–13 Under 19 final win over New Zealand with a late drop goal and was later nominated for the International Rugby Board's Under 19 Player of the Year. He also represented the Australian Under 21s in 2006.  Fainga'a made his Super 14 debut for the Brumbies against the Bulls in 2007 after recovering from a Lisfranc fracture in his left foot and added a further two caps during the season, coming off the bench against the Stormers and Sharks.  A confident ball player and punishing defender, Fainga'a was called into the Australian Sevens side for the final two tournaments of the 2007 World Series in London and Edinburgh. He played in all eight matches for the Canberra Vikings in the Mazda Australian Rugby Championship, taking on the goal kicking duties at the back end of the season.  In 2008, Anthony and his twin brother Saia signed on with Queensland Reds for the 2009 season. He joined the Reds Development Tour to Ireland and France at the end of 2008 and made his full Reds debut in 2009. At the start of the 2010 season, he lined up as the Reds' starting No. 12.  Fainga'a made his test debut for Australia against the All Blacks in Melbourne in 2010. He played in 16 matches of the Reds 2011 Super Rugby title-winning season in including the semi-final win over the Blues and final victory over the Crusaders. He was selected alongside his brother Saia in the Wallabies squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand, where Australia took third place.

Anthony Fainga'a (born 2 February 1987) is an Australian professional rugby union footballer. His usual position is centre. He currently plays Super Rugby for the Brumbies.

Anthony S. Fainga'a, né le à Queanbeyan, est un joueur de rugby à XV international australien évoluant au poste de centre. Il joue avec les Kintetsu Liners en Top League depuis 2016.


Tennis career.

Franjo Kukuljević first came to attention when he won the National Tennis Championships in 1929. This led to him receiving an invitation to join the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Davis Cup team the following year in Zagreb. He made his debut with doubles partner Ivan Radović, losing to the Spanish team. He was also defeated in his singles match by Enrique Maier due to his lack of match play. This was followed by appearances at international tournaments in places such as Kaposvár, Piešťany and Semmering. In 1930 he was selected to represent Yugoslavia in the inaugural Balkan Games in Athens, joined by Franjo Šefer and Vlasta Gostiša. Playing singles, doubles and mixed doubles matches, they earned a silver medal, the final scores of the top five teams being Romania with 25 points, Yugoslavia with 24, Greece with 18, Bulgaria with 4, and Turkey with 3.  In 1931 Zagreb welcomed the Japan Davis Cup team consisting of the Satoh brothers and Minoru Kawashima who were scheduled to face Yugoslavia in the first round of the Davis Cup in front of 1,500 spectators, which at the time was a record at the tennis courts in Yugoslavia. Kukuljević nearly defeated Hyotare Satoh whom he pushed to five sets. He competed again at the second Balkan Games.  In 1932 a rivalry arose between Kukuljević and the up-and-coming talent Franjo Punčec. They met in two notable finals, first in the Yugoslavian International Championships, and then in the national championships. In both meetings Kukuljević dominated the field and left victorious. Kukuljević then returned to Semmering where he booked his first world top ten trophy over a Wimbledon champion, the Australian Jack Crawford.  The 1933–1934 season saw Kukuljević's decline as Franjo Punčec stripped him of his national singles title. After travelling to Egypt he injured himself, which caused him to waste the rest of his season. In 1935 he won the All-India Lawn Tennis Doubles Championships with Franjo Šefer. He performed well in the mixed doubles as well and took the Netherlands Championships mixed trophy.  By chance, in 1937 at the Wimbledon Championships he met Madansinhji, the Maharaja of Kutch, with whom he played doubles. They became lifelong friends. Kukuljević went on to claim the singles title in the Dutch Championships after eliminating Giorgio de Stefani in the final. He then travelled to Düsseldorf, clinching the tournament there by beating Czechoslovakian Josef Siba for the title. He became the Danish champion as well in Copenhagen after facing his compatriot Josip Palada in the final match. In the doubles he won the South of Sweden Championships. He then toured India and Nepal again, then sailed to the Philippines and Japan to take part in exhibition matches.  In 1938 Kukuljević reached the Davis Cup Europe final with Punčec and Palada, and only lost to Germany in Berlin. In Belgrade he beat world number one Don Budge in two straight sets, which was a major upset.  In the 1939 Wimbledon Championships he beat reigning French champion Don McNeill in the second round, a huge feat that received a massive media coverage in England. He marched into the quarterfinals where only Henner Henkel of Germany was able to stop him. Together with Simonne Mathieu of France, he was runner-up at the French Open mixed doubles event in 1939.  In 1943 he was still active within the seceded Independent State of Croatia. He played in Gödöllő where he lost in the doubles, partnering Josip Sarić.  In 1948 he added the North of England Championships to his accolades, which he won in Scarborough from Gerald Oakley of Britain.

Later life.

Kukuljević had a brother named Tomislav. After World War II, they emigrated to South Africa, where Kukuljević worked as a merchant and married Ljuba Kukuljević. He died in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Franjo Kukuljević (; 7 October 1909 – 8 November 2002) was a Croatian tennis player. He played for the Yugoslavian team at the International Lawn Tennis Challenge from 1930 to 1939. He was a 13-time national champion – one in singles, six in doubles and six in the mixed doubles, usually with Vlasta Gostiša. He was a Dutch, Indian and Danish champion as well.

Franjo Kukuljević, né le à Zagreb et mort le à Johannesburg, est un joueur yougoslave de tennis. Avec Simonne Mathieu, il est finaliste du double mixte de Roland Garros en 1939.


Early life.

Born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1815, Catherine moved to England with her family in 1824. She was the eldest daughter of 10 children to George Hogarth. Her father was a journalist for the "Edinburgh Courant", and later became a writer and music critic for the "Morning Chronicle", where Dickens was a young journalist, and later the editor of the "Evening Chronicle". Dickens immediately took a liking to the intelligent and beautiful 19 year old Catherine and invited her to his 23rd birthday party. Catherine and Dickens later became engaged in 1835 and were married on 2 April 1836 in St Luke's Church, Chelsea, going on their honeymoon in Chalk, near Chatham in Kent. They set up a home in Bloomsbury, and went on to have ten children. During that period, Charles wrote that even if he were to become rich and famous, he would never be as happy as he was in that small flat with Catherine.  Catherine's sister, Mary Hogarth, entered Dickens's Doughty Street household to offer support to her newly married sister and brother-in-law. It was not unusual for the unwed sister of a new wife to live with and help a newly married couple. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. She became a character in many of his books, and her death is fictionalised as the death of Little Nell.  Catherine's younger sister, Georgina Hogarth, joined the Dickens family household in 1842 when Dickens and Catherine sailed to America, caring for the young family they had left behind. During their trip, Dickens wrote in a letter to a friend that Catherine never felt gloomy or lost courage throughout their long journey by ship, and "adapted to any circumstances without complaint". 1845, Charles Dickens produced the amateur theatrical "Every Man in his Humour" for the benefit of Leigh Hunt. In a subsequent performance, Catherine Dickens, who had a minor role, fell through a trap door injuring her left ankle. In 1851, as 'Lady Maria Clutterbuck', Catherine Dickens published a cookery book, "What Shall we Have for Dinner? Satisfactorily Answered by Numerous Bills of Fare for from Two to Eighteen Persons". It contained many suggested menus for meals of varying complexity together with a few recipes. It went through several editions until 1860. Also in 1851, she suffered a nervous collapse after the death of her daughter Dora Dickens, aged nearly 8 months.  Over the subsequent years, Dickens found Catherine an increasingly incompetent mother and housekeeper and blamed her for the birth of their 10 children, which caused him financial worries. He had hoped to have no more after the birth of their fourth son Walter, and he claimed that her coming from a large family had caused so many children to be born. He even tried to have her diagnosed as mentally ill in order to commit her in an insane asylum. As well as this, to ensure no more children could be born, he ordered their bed to be separated and put a bookshelf in between them. Their separation in May 1858, after Catherine accidentally received a bracelet meant for Ellen Ternan, was much publicised and rumours of Dickens' affairs were numerous—all of which he strenuously denied.

Separation.

In June 1858, Charles and Catherine Dickens separated, and she moved into a property on Gloucester Crescent in Camden Town. The exact cause of the separation is unknown, although attention at the time and since has focused on rumours of an affair between Dickens and Ellen Ternan and/or Catherine's sister, Georgina Hogarth.  A bracelet intended for Ellen Ternan had supposedly been delivered to the Dickens household some months previously, leading to accusation and denial. Dickens' friend, William Makepeace Thackeray, later asserted that Dickens's separation from Catherine was due to a liaison with Ternan, rather than with Georgina Hogarth as had been put to him. This remark coming to Dickens' attention, Dickens was so infuriated that it almost put an end to the Dickens–Thackeray friendship.  Georgina, Charles and all of the children except Charles Dickens, Jr., remained in their home at Tavistock House, while Catherine and Charles Jr. moved out. Georgina Hogarth ran Dickens' household. On 12 June 1858, he published an article in his journal, "Household Words", denying rumours about the separation while neither articulating them nor clarifying the situation.  He sent this statement to the newspapers, including "The Times", and many reprinted it. He fell out with Bradbury and Evans, his publishers, because they refused to publish his statement in "Punch" as they thought it unsuitable for a humorous periodical. Another public statement appeared in the "New York Tribune", which later found its way into several British newspapers. In this statement, Dickens declared that it had been only Georgina Hogarth who had held the family together for some time:

Later years.

Dickens and Catherine had little correspondence after their separation, but she remained attached and loyal to her husband and to his memory until her own death from cancer. On her deathbed in 1879, Catherine gave the collection of letters she had received from Dickens to her daughter Kate, telling her to "Give these to the British Museum – that the world may know [Charles] loved me once".  Catherine Dickens was buried in Highgate Cemetery in London with her infant daughter Dora, who had died in 1851 aged nearly 8 months.

In the media.

Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary "Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas", broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine.  In the 1976 series "Dickens of London", she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess.  In the 2013 film "The Invisible Woman", she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan.  In the 2017 film "The Man Who Invented Christmas", she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark.

Catherine Thomson "Kate" Dickens (née Hogarth; 19 May 1815 – 22 November 1879) was the wife of English novelist Charles Dickens, and the mother of his ten children.

Catherine Thompson Hogarth (['kæθrin 'tɒmsən 'həʊgɑːθ]) dite « Kate » (['keit]) (Édimbourg, 19 mai 1815 - Londres, 22 novembre 1879), a été l'épouse de l'écrivain anglais Charles Dickens, avec lequel elle a eu dix enfants.


Professional career.

Milošević started his pro career with Hercegovac during the 2003–04 season. In 2005, he moved to Sloboda Tuzla where he played for almost 3 years. In the 2008–09 season, he moved to Serbia and joined Crvena zvezda. He then returned to Bosnia and played for Bosna Sarajevo.  He then moved to Cyprus and played for Keravnos Strovolou in 2010, and later to Budućnost Podgorica in 2011. He joined Zlatorog Laško in 2013.  In 2014, he agreed to terms with Panionios, but he left the club before playing in a single game. Later that season, he signed a one-year contract with AEK. He sometimes came off the bench, while Dušan Šakota served as the team's starting power forward. He had a solid season with AEK, and in August 2015, the team re-signed him for the 2015–16 season. In June 2016, he re-signed with AEK for the 2016–17 season.  On September 22, 2017, after three years with AEK Athens, Milošević joined Promitheas Patras of the Greek Basket League. On July 19, 2018, he agreed to join Lavrio and stay in Greece for another season. On August 16, 2019, Milošević signed with Aris.

National team career.

Milošević has also been a member of the senior men's Bosnia and Herzegovina national basketball team. With Bosnia's senior national team, he played at the EuroBasket 2011. He was also called by Bosnian head coach, Duško Ivanović, to participate at the team's training camp for EuroBasket 2015, and he managed to make the team's final roster and play at the tournament.

Milan Milošević (born September 26, 1985) is a Bosnian professional basketball player for Aris of the Greek Basket League. He also represents the senior men's Bosnia and Herzegovina national basketball team. He is 2.05 m (6 ft. 8 in.) tall, and he can play at both the small forward and power forward positions.

Milan Milošević, né le, à Bileća, dans la République socialiste de Bosnie-Herzégovine, est un joueur bosnien de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste d'ailier ou ailier fort.


Venue.

The Eden Arena was announced as the venue of the 2013 UEFA Super Cup on 16 June 2011. It opened in May 2008 on the site of the former Stadion Eden. It is the home stadium of SK Slavia Prague, who play in the Gambrinus Liga.

Background.

The match marked the first ever UEFA Super Cup between a pair of consecutive UEFA Champions League winners (Chelsea won the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, coincidentally defeating Bayern Munich in the final).  The match was the first time since 2004 that both finalists competed without the managers who won their respective UEFA trophies in the previous season, as both Jupp Heynckes and Rafael Benítez left the clubs after the conclusion of the previous season. The new managers, Pep Guardiola and José Mourinho, renewed a rivalry they shared in Spain as managers of Barcelona and Real Madrid respectively. Guardiola had twice won the trophy in his management career, with Barcelona in 2009 and 2011. Mourinho had competed for the trophy only once in 2003 when his Porto entered as UEFA Cup holders and were defeated by Milan. Since then Mourinho had twice won the Champions League but on each occasion left his club immediately afterwards and therefore did not lead them in to the Super Cup.

Ticketing.

The international ticket sales phase for the general public ran from 14 June to 5 July 2013. Tickets were available in three price categories: €130, €90, and €50. UEFA also launched a charity ticket auction, with all proceeds going to the Centre for Access to Football in Europe. The two clubs were allocated tickets where fans could apply.

The 2013 UEFA Super Cup was the 38th UEFA Super Cup, an annual football match organised by UEFA and contested by the reigning champions of the two main European club competitions, the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League. In a repeat of the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, the match featured Bayern Munich, the winners of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, and Chelsea, the winners of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Having beaten Bayern in the 2012 Champions League Final, it was Chelsea's second consecutive appearance in the Super Cup. It was played at the Eden Arena in Prague, Czech Republic, on 30 August 2013, and was the first to be held away from the Stade Louis II in Monaco since it became a one-legged match in 1998.

La Supercoupe de l'UEFA 2013 est la de la Supercoupe de l'UEFA. Le match oppose le Bayern Munich, vainqueur de la Ligue des champions 2012-2013, à Chelsea, vainqueur de la Ligue Europa 2012-2013.


First and second marriage.

Ovtchinnikova was born in Saint Petersburg. On 26 November 1919, she married Jehan, marquis de Monléon (uncle of Rose de Monléon, Princess Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł), in Nice, France. She was only 15-years-old. Their marriage ended in divorce on 17 July 1930. She took Lewis Sloden, an art dealer, as her second husband in London on 9 November 1932. She met the 27-year-old Prince Peter in the summer of 1935 and the two soon started a romantic relationship. He introduced her to his mother, Princess Marie, but the royal family strongly disapproved of Peter's relationship with "the Russian" (as they dubbed her) and were wary of her influence over the Prince. After King George II's restoration to the Greek throne in the autumn of 1935, Peter left for Athens. Ovtchinnikova threatened with suicide, leading King George to compare her with Anna Karenina.

Royal marriage.

Ovtchinnikova's influence over Peter steadily increased. She also proved willing to try to appease his family, especially Princess George. In December 1936, she obtained divorce from her second husband. The same month, King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated in order to marry his own twice divorced foreign lover, the American Wallis Simpson, and Peter disapproved of his conduct.  The pair embarked on a journey to Asia in September 1937, where Peter was going to engage in anthropological research. They arrived in what is now Pakistan in early 1938. Wishing to avoid the Himalayan winter, they moved to South India and spent time with the Toda people. They visited the Nilgiris district, Madras, Kalimpong and finally Ceylon. The pair contracted marriage in a Danish consulate in Madras in September 1939, without informing his family or the Greek government. By marrying Ovtchinnikova his father, Prince George, disowned him.  Prince Peter and Ovtchinnikova returned to Europe in November 1939. The German invasion of France in 1940 led Peter and his wife to leave Paris and move to Assisi, Italy. As tensions between Greece and Italy increased prior to the Greco-Italian War, Peter moved to Athens. Ovtchinnikova was not welcome there, so she took refuge in Istanbul. The Greek government spoiled Peter's plans to have Ovtchinnikova, whom the King considered to be a plotter, evacuated to India and assured that she remained blocked in Istanbul.  The two were eventually reunited in Palestine, and underwent a Greek Orthodox marriage ceremony in Jerusalem on 5 June 1941. They settled in Cairo, where Peter introduced his wife as a Greek princess. This shocked the King, who did not hesitate to inform the diplomatic corps that their marriage was not recognized as dynastic and that Ovtchinnikova was not entitled to the princely dignity. Furthermore, the King placed the couple under surveillance. "The Russian", it was rumored, wished Greece to be Orthodox but Communist and with Peter as king. The pair was well received at the court of King Farouk I and Egyptian high society. Ovtchinnikova used this to involve herself in charities, especially those related to Greek diaspora. The royal family viewed her activities with suspicion, worrying that she might eclipse Princess Paul, wife of the heir presumptive.

After the war.

After the end of the Second World War, Peter and Ovtchinnikova moved to Denmark, but soon moved to the United States in order to raise funds for another Asian expedition. They left the United States in January 1949, travelling from California to Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. They arrived on the island on 16 February and crossed over to India, once again meeting with the Toda people. The pair were unable to enter Tibet or Nepal due to the recent Chinese invasion of Tibet, but Peter managed to study Tibetan refugees who fled to India and Ovtchinnikova assisted him in his research. Ovtchinnikova also occupied herself with the welfare of children and founded several orphanages for Indian and Tibetan children in Bengal.  The expedition ended in 1952, and the pair went to Copenhagen, where Peter presented his findings. The committee wanted him to return and continue his research, which he did within a few weeks. He and his wife were again prohibited from entering Tibet, but this time they also faced the hostility of the Indian government. In 1956, Ovtchinnikova's mother-in-law accepted her invitation to visit them in India; their relationship was improving. In May 1956, the pair received an eviction notice from the Indian government, demanded by China. Ovtchinnikova was then suffering from tuberculosis, and Peter managed to obtain permission for them to stay six more months. They departed in February 1957.

Separation and widowhood.

Upon their return to Europe, Prince Peter and Ovtchinnikova settled in the United Kingdom. After the Greek monarchy was abolished in 1973, Prince Peter decided to liquidate his possessions in Greece, most notably his residence in Glyfada. From then on, the pair spent their time in London, Paris and Copenhagen. As the years passed by, their relationship deteriorated. They eventually decided to separate, but not officially. Ovtchinnikova moved to Hong Kong, where she lived in a vast apartment filled with cats and monkeys, while Peter took up a relationship with a young Englishwoman who lived with him in Copenhagen. Ovtchinnikova was widowed on 15 October 1980. Her in-laws ostracized her at Peter's memorial mass, held at St Sophia's Cathedral, London, on 22 October; no member of the royal family expressed condolence to her. She inherited his enormous wealth, which he in turn had inherited from his mother. She sold her mother-in-law's jewelry in February and died on 13 March 1990. She was buried next to her husband in the grounds of their Danish palace, Lille Bernstorff. On her tomb, "the Russian" is described as "Princess Peter of Greece".

Princess Peter of Greece and Denmark ("née" Irina Aleksandrovna Ovtchinnikova (Russian: Ирина Александровна Овчинникова); 4 October 1904 – 13 March 1990), formerly Irina, marquise de Monléon, was a white émigré who married the anthropologist Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark and assisted him in his research.

Irène (ou Irina) Aleksandrovna Ovtchinnikova (en russe : "Ирина Александровна Овчинникова"), par ses mariages successifs marquise de Monléon, "Mrs" Sloden puis « princesse de Grèce », est née (officiellement) le à Saint-Pétersbourg, en Russie, et décédée le à Paris, en France. Épouse du prince Pierre, qu'elle a largement secondé dans ses recherches anthropologiques, c'est une Russe blanche entrée dans la famille royale de Grèce.


History.

What is known today as ATV started in 1969 with Alfonso Pereyra as its first manager. After unsuccessful attempts to run it in the early 1970s and subsequent political turmoil in Peru, the station was closed; however, it became a TV Perú local station for the capital area.  By 1981, the channel was under new leadership. Carlos Tizón Pacheco, who financed the 1980 presidential campaign of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry, and then-president of local auto firm PROMASA, took over the channel frequency with his firm Andina de Radiodifusión, S.A., with test broadcasting commencing on May 9 the same year. After two years the channel returned to broadcasting on April 18, 1983, with President Terry presiding.  Since then the station has quickly gained a Peruvian audience by showing foreign films and broadcasting dramas, usually from Brazil. Until 1992 the station was known as Canal 9 (Channel 9), after its Lima, Peru VHF frequency, up until 1986 it had only been a local station, with national broadcasting starting only in 1987.  On January 14, 1992, due to the interconnection via satellite at the national level, the then denominated Channel 9 changes its name to ATV (abbreviation of Andina de Televisión).  The station is among the most watched television stations in Peru, often obtaining high ratings from past TV shows such as Magaly TV, a magazine and gossip show hosted by Peruvian journalist Magaly Medina.  ATV has had the Peruvian broadcasting rights to the FIFA World Cup 2010, as well as the last Olympic games and the European Championship. In 2014, ATV HD has announced it will broadcasting the full coverage of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in full HD to its viewers.

ATV HD.

In November 2006, the Peruvian Minister of Transports and Communications published in Peru's official newspaper "El Peruano" a decree concerning Digital terrestrial television. In April 2007, ATV started to test their HD Channel with American NTSC system on channel 30.

Programming.

ATV programming is varied and tries to attend to all agrees and cultural groups within Peru. Among their usual programming is a morning show called "Que Tal Mañana!" hosted by Laura Borlini and comedians Fernando Armas and Hernan Vidaurre; soap operas such as Pasion de Gavilanes, El Color del Pecado or El Cuerpo del Deseo; news shows which include the daily "Primera Noticia", ATV Noticias and El Deportivo and the Sunday's Dia D; folkloric shows like Canto Andino; a movie reviews show called De Pelicula; a toddler-oriented programme called "Tu Bebe". It also broadcasts WWE shows RAW and Smackdown and its monthly pay per views. In January 2013, they started to broadcast, followed by El Señor de los Cielos in 2014.

ATV (known as Andina de Televisión), is a Peruvian television network founded in 1959 and relaunched in 1983. The network is the flagship property of Grupo ATV one of Peru’s largest media and broadcasting companies.

ATV - Andina de Televisión S.A.C., est une chaîne de télévision péruvienne. Cette société de télévision est membre de l'Organisation des Télécommunications Ibéro-Américaines (OTI).


Early life.

Paul Bolo was born in Marseille, the younger brother of "an eloquent French prelate". Starting in his youth, Paul was the black sheep of the family. He changed occupations frequently; his first place of employment was a barber's shop where he worked as an assistant. After a few months, he became the owner of a small soap shop. His soap business eventually collapsed and so he decided to sell lobsters. The lobster sales were large, but expenses were higher than the income and the venture went "to the wall." He then left Marseille and became involved with a silk manufacturing company in Lyon. He later ran a photographic shop, taking pictures of customers belonging to various sectors of society, but this business also was short-lived.  Bolo's next stop was Paris where he quickly became "a man about town". He was easy-going and intelligent and became a frequent guest in the "convivial circles" of Paris. He married a woman who was older and much richer than he was; she died and left her fortune to him, and he went to Egypt.

Travel to Egypt and beyond.

Bolo was an adventurer, and Egypt was considered to be "the Mecca of adventurers" at that time. A colorful, multicultural country appealed to this inquisitive Frenchman.  Almost as soon as Bolo arrived in Egypt he sought a meeting with the ruler, Abbas Hilmi, the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Hilmi, who spoke fluent French, was as eager to meet with Europeans visiting Cairo as they were eager to meet with him. Bolo and Hilmi liked each other from the first meeting; the Khedive and the lobster-dealer had common ground: their love of adventure. They met frequently, and at one of those meetings, Bolo was presented with the title of Pasha. Paul Bolo thus became Bolo Pasha.  Bolo accompanied Hilmi on various outings: to a petrified forest and on boat trips along the Nile; the boats were decorated as if it was the era of Cleopatra and Antony. Bolo and Hilmi were seen together, visiting the statue of the Sphinx, the pyramids and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, which is situated in the Citadel of Cairo. Gradually Bolo became an intimate friend of Hilmi, and as such he was present at some unusual court ceremonies, some of which he planned himself. One was a reception for a Consul-General from one of the European countries.  This was a carefree time in Bolo's life, but Hilmi had foreseen a storm on the horizon. Hilmi felt he was about to be deposed, and he knew his country's history: nobody in Egypt was going to admire a deposed Khedive. Hilmi tried to decide how he could save as much as possible of his fortune. He decided to use his faithful friend to assist him in this effort. Newspaper articles of the time preserve this history:  Bolo found himself under suspicion because of his frequent trips between Paris and Geneva. In March 1915, Bolo met with Hilmi in Switzerland. Apparently Bolo was given $2,500,000 to be used to pay the French media in order to influence the public to accept peace with Germany.

Traveling to the United States.

On February 22, 1916, Bolo arrived in New York City. He spent almost a month there, leaving on March 17, 1916. During the time he spent in New York, Bolo tried to avoid being seen in the company of German agents, but he traveled to Washington, D.C. for a secret meeting with Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, a German ambassador to the United States.  When the French government appealed to the governor of New York asking for help in collecting evidence against Bolo, Merton E. Lewis, the Attorney General of New York State, was assigned to the case. He was able to collect some "sensational" evidence: One of the most important pieces of evidence was the letter Bolo wrote to the New York City branch of the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916:

Arrest and trial.

Bolo was arrested in Paris on 29 September 1917. He was tried at court-martial and was charged with treason. Visibly shaken by the charge of treason, Bolo exclaimed: When asked why he never kept records of his money transfers, Bolo responded: "I am the master of money, not its slave!"  Abbas Hilmi was called as a witness, but he failed to arrive in Paris. However, Bolo's second wife was a strong witness on his behalf, as was his brother. Senator Charles Humbert (whom Bolo had mentioned in his letter to the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916) was called as a witness. The senator testified "he never suspected for a moment that there was any hidden motive in the deal for the bonds of the newspaper."  In his last appeal to the court, Albert Salles, Bolo's attorney, said: Salles' speech was to no avail. The court convicted Bolo and sentenced him to death. The conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, and the decision was handed down after only 15 minutes of deliberation.  Bolo Pasha was executed in Vincennes, on the morning of April 17, 1918.  After the execution, Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France addressed the American people:

Bolo Pasha, originally named Paul Bolo, (24 September 1867, Marseilles – 17 April 1918, Vincennes) was a Frenchman who was a Levantine financier, a traitor, and a German agent. The New York Times wrote that he "circumnavigated the globe, engaged in various curious occupations, participated in many shady schemes." The French secret police and Scotland Yard failed to collect enough evidence to convict him of treason, but he was eventually convicted with the help of evidence collected by the New York Attorney General. He was executed by firing squad on April 17, 1918.

Paul Marie Bolo, plus connu sous le nom de Bolo Pacha ou Bolo-Pacha, né le à Marseille, exécuté le au fort de Vincennes, était un aventurier français.


Plot.

Madison Avenue advertising executive Fred Bolton, a Lakeville, Connecticut widower living beyond his means, is beset by two major problems. First, his boss at Tomes Advertising Agency has instructed him to come up with an original campaign—in 24 hours—to promote star client Allied Drug & Food's over-the-counter indigestion medication "Aspercel". Allied's Chairman of the Board, Tom Dugan, wants a "jet set" appeal campaign that will "give sour stomachs class and dignity."  The second problem is Helen, Fred's teenage daughter. She loves horses, takes riding classes and has already had decent success in some competitions. Her biggest wish is to have her own horse, which her riding instructor Suzie Clemens feels will give the girl much-needed confidence, both as a young girl and as an equestrian. However, it is a dream that Fred, Helen, and even Helen's Aunt Martha, know they cannot actually afford, in addition to the fact that Fred is allergic to horses.  After a frustrated night brainstorming, Fred gets the idea to solve both problems at once: acquire a good horse, name him "Aspercel" and—with Helen riding him—bring the name of the client's product into the press, all the while fulfilling his daughter's dream. In order to accomplish this, of course, Helen and "Aspy" have to win a few prizes and make the horse a celebrated figure. Fred enlists the aid of Helen's riding instructor, Suzie, and is assisted by teenager Ronny Gardner—who quickly develops eyes for Helen.  Helen does begin to win ribbons, but the resulting publicity is below Dugan's expectations. When Helen learns that her father's job is at stake, she falters under pressure and fails to win an important show. Suzie, however, realizes Aspercel's potential when the animal carries Fred over a seven-foot wall – and tops that by outrunning a police car. Suzie volunteers to ride Aspercel in the International Horse Show in Washington, D.C. and suggests that her ex-fiancé, the wealthy Archer Madison—who once rode on the U.S. Equestrian Team—be brought in as trainer. Suppressing his jealousy of Archer, Fred reluctantly agrees. As the result, Suzie and Aspercel win the championship and all ends happily as Fred is rewarded with a promotion, a happy daughter, and Suzie's love.

The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit is a 1968 American comedy film directed by Norman Tokar, with a screenplay by Louis Pelletier, based on the 1955 book, "The Year of the Horse" by Eric Hatch. The film stars Dean Jones, Diane Baker, Ellen Janov, Kurt Russell and Lurene Tuttle in the principal roles. The film's title is a riff on the titular horse's dapple gray color and the title of the 1955 Sloan Wilson novel about the American search for purpose in a world dominated by business, "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit."

Le Cheval aux sabots d'or (titre original "The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit") est un film familial produit par Walt Disney Productions. Il est sorti le. Il est basé sur "" (1965) un roman d'.


Background.

The "Concerto for Violin and Orchestra", Opus 33, was not an easy assignment for Nielsen. He began writing it in the summer of 1911 in Bergen, Norway, where he was spending some time at the invitation of Nina Grieg. It progressed with some difficulty as Nielsen, now back in his native Denmark, commented that the concerto "has to be good music, and yet always make allowances for the activity of the solo instrument in the best light, that is rich in content, popular and dazzling without becoming superficial." In fact, he did not complete it until mid-December.

Reception.

The first performance followed on 28 February 1912, the same night as the first performance of Nielsen's 3rd Symphony. Carl Nielsen himself conducted the Royal Danish Orchestra at the Odd Fellows Mansion in Copenhagen with Peder Møller, Nielsen's preferred virtuoso, as soloist. Nielsen spoke of the "great enthusiasm" with which the concerto was received but in fact the press commented above all on the masterly performance of Møller. Robert Henriques, in his extremely positive review, noted: “The Violin Concerto is a very significant work which will gain every time it is heard, because of course one only gradually becomes aware of all the brilliant details." He saw the concert, which had also included Nielsen's third symphony, as a demonstration of the composer's "rare talent," commenting that he was "on the true road towards the great goals he has set himself." It became something of a landmark for Nielsen who wrote of his overwhelming "Erfolg" (success). The concerto continued to be received with enthusiasm as it was performed on several occasions over the following years, not only in Denmark but also in Gothenburg and Stockholm, always with Møller as soloist.

Music.

Unlike Nielsen's later works, the concerto has a distinct, melody-oriented Neo-Classical structure. Unusually, there are two movements. The calm "Praeludium" is followed by a catching tune for the orchestra providing opportunities for tricks by the violin. The long, slow Adagio leads to the final Scherzo which, as Nielsen commented, "renounces everything that might dazzle or impress."

Carl Nielsen's Concerto for Violin and orchestra, op. 33 [D.F.61] was written for Hungarian violinist Dr. Emil Telmányi, Nielsen's son-in-law, in 1911. The concerto has three movements, including a slow prelude.

Le Concerto pour violon et orchestre opus 33 est un concerto de Carl Nielsen. Composé en 1911, il est créé le à Copenhague avec en soliste Peder Møller.


Design and development.

The MCR4S is a four-seat development of the Dyn'Aéro MCR01 and retains many similarities. Both types are low wing, single engine monoplanes with T-tails. The major changes are an increase in fuselage length to accommodate an extra row of seats with generous windows and the replacement of the flaperons seen on the long span variants of the MCR01, which have wings of about the same span as those of the MCR4S, with slotted flaps.  The wing and all control surfaces of the MCR4S have carbon fibre spars and ribs, to which preformed aluminium skins are glued. The wings have constant chord and carry 3° of dihedral. The ailerons are short, leaving the rest of the trailing edge of each wing divided between two double slotted, three position flaps. Winglets were introduced in 2001 and modified to have straight (in plan) trailing edges from 2002. The MCR4S has a T-tail with an all-moving tailplane. The fin is an integral part of the carbon fibre monocoque fuselage shell which also features a small ventral fin.  The cabin seats up to four, depending on the variant, in two side-by-side rows. Entry is via the large, forward hinged, two piece canopy. Two large windows light the rear seats, the port side one doubling as an emergency exit. A variety of Rotax flat four engines may be fitted, driving a two or three blade propeller, which may have fixed or variable pitch. The MCRS4 has a tricycle undercarriage. The main wheels are mounted on short, vertical legs beneath the wings, as on the Club and ULC variants of the MCR01, with a track of 2.33 m (7 ft 8 in). All undercarriage wheels and legs are faired.  The Dyn'Aéro MCR4S flew for the first time on 14 June 2000.  The MCR4S structure has been used by EADS Defence & Security for its EADS Surveyor 2500 drone.

Operational history.

The first public appearance of the MCR4S was at the International Air Rally held at Cranfield just nine days after the first flight. French certification was gained in June 2001 (DGAC) and the first customer, aircraft designer Pierre Robin, flew his aircraft shortly afterwards. UK certification (LAA), though sought, had not been achieved by 2009.  In mid-2010, 90 MCR4Ss appeared on the civil aircraft registers of European countries excluding Russia.

Variants.

"Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2011/12"

The Dyn'Aéro MCR4S is a four-seat development of the French two seat, single engine Dyn'Aéro MCR01. It first flew in early 2000 and is sold as a kit for homebuilding in several versions by SE Aviation of Pontarlier.

Le MCR 4S est un aéronef civil développé par la société Dyn'Aéro. SE Aviation à Pontarlier a repris la production.


Films.

"Paranormal Activity" (2007).

Set in October 2006, a young couple, Katie and Micah, who have recently moved to a new house in San Diego, California, are terrorized by a demon that Katie believes has been following her all her life. The film is designed to look like a found footage-styled film with Micah filming the activity in their house.

"Paranormal Activity 2" (2010).

Set in August 2006, two months before the events of the first film, Katie's sister, Kristi, and her family, who reside in Carlsbad, California, experience strange activity after Kristi's baby son, Hunter, is born. The film uses security cameras and, in some scenes, a hand-held camera to film the activity in the house.

"Paranormal Activity 3" (2011).

Set in September 1988, it focuses on a younger Katie and Kristi, who live with their mother, Julie, and Julie's boyfriend, Dennis, in Santa Rosa, California, as they encounter "Tobi" the demon from the first time. Concerned, Dennis decides to set up a few cameras around the house, one of which is attached to a small oscillating fan that moves the camera back and forth. The film also uses a hand-held camera.

"Paranormal Activity 4" (2012).

Set in November 2011, the film focuses on Alex Nelson and her family residing in a neighborhood in Henderson, Nevada. The family began to experience hauntings, concerning Alex's adopted brother, Wyatt, after Katie and her mysterious son, Robbie, move in across the street. Alex is helped by her boyfriend, Ben, to film the activity via MacBook webcams, a video camera, an iPhone camera and Kinect technology. "Tobi" is mentioned once in the film.

"Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones" (2014).

Set in June 2012, the film follows a Latino community in Oxnard, California, where a group of high school graduates deal with the demon of a mysterious cult which has "marked" one of them. They document their experiences using basic tools of recording and with clues from the previous films to try to understand what is happening to them. "The Marked Ones" is the last film in the series to feature Katie Featherston.

"Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension" (2015).

Set in 2013, the film follows the Fleeges, a family of three who, after having relocated to a house in Santa Rosa, California, discover several tapes that show Katie and Kristi in the midst of their initiation ritual to enter a demonic coven 25 years before. The family begins to be haunted by the demon when the daughter, Leila, is targeted as she was born on the same date as Hunter from "Paranormal Activity 2". Along with normal recorders, the family also discovers a unique video recorder that can show supernatural happenings, which they use to record the increasing paranormal activities.

Untitled seventh film (2021).

On June 19, 2019, Paramount announced that a seventh installment is in development. On November 7, 2019, it was announced that the seventh film will be released on March 19, 2021.

Production.

Development.

First-time director Oren Peli had been afraid of ghosts his whole life, even fearing the comedy film "Ghostbusters", but intended to channel that fear into something positive and productive. Peli took a year to prepare his own house for shooting, going so far as to repaint the walls, add furniture, put in a carpet, and build a stairwell. In this time, he also did extensive research into paranormal phenomena and demonology, stating, "We wanted to be as truthful as we could be." The decision to make the supernatural entity in the story a demon was a result of the research pointing to the most malevolent and violent entities being "demons". The phenomena in the film take place largely at night—the vulnerability of being asleep, Peli reasoned, taps into a human being's most primal fear, stating, "If something is lurking in your home there's not much you can do about it." Attempting to focus on believability rather than action and gore, Peli chose to shoot the picture with a home video camera. In deciding on a more raw and stationary format (the camera was almost always sitting on a tripod or something else) and eliminating the need for a camera crew, a "higher degree of plausibility" was created for the audience and they were "more invested in the story and the characters". Peli says that the dialogue was "natural" because there was no real script. Instead, the actors were given outlines of the story and situations to improvise, a technique known as "retroscripting" used in the making of "The Blair Witch Project". In casting the movie, Peli auditioned "a few hundred people" before finally meeting Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat. He originally auditioned them individually and later called them back to audition together. Peli was impressed with the chemistry between the actors, saying, "If you saw the footage, you would've thought they had known each other for years." During a guest appearance on "The Jay Leno Show" on November 3, 2009, Sloat and Featherston explained they each saw the casting call on LACasting. Featherston noted they were originally paid $500 for their work. The film was shot out of sequence due to Peli's self-imposed seven-day shooting schedule, though Peli would have preferred the story unfold for the actors as he had envisioned it. Sloat, who controlled the camera for a good deal of the film, was a former cameraman at his university's TV station. "It was a very intense week", Peli recalled, stating that the film would be shot day and night, edited at the same time, and would have the visual effects applied to it as the acting footage was being finalized.  Paramount and DreamWorks hired screenwriter Michael R. Perry to create "Paranormal Activity 2". Oren Peli, the director of the first film, served as a producer for this prequel. Kevin Greutert, director of "Saw VI", was initially hired to direct the prequel; however, Lions Gate Entertainment exercised a clause in Greutert's contract to have him direct the final film in the "Saw" film series. Both of the actors from the first film, Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat, reprise their roles in the prequel. Tod "Kip" Williams directed "Paranormal Activity 2", which started production in May 2010 and was released in October the same year.  "Paranormal Activity 3" and "4" were directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, documentary filmmakers who were well-known for their feature debut "Catfish". Production on the third entry began in June, 2011, with a release October 21 of the same year. Filming for the fourth film commenced in June, 2012, with a release of October 19.  A Latin American-themed fifth film, "" was released on January 3, 2014. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, returned to produce the film, while Christopher B. Landon, a screenwriter who had worked on the prior three entries in the series, served as the writer and director.  The sixth and final film in the series, "", was announced to be released on October 25, 2013. However, in August 2013, the release date was pushed back to October 24, 2014. On September 17, 2014, the film's title was finalized and the release date was set on March 27, 2015, later changed to October 23, 2015. In September 2013, it was confirmed that Gregory Plotkin, a film editor who had edited every release in the series since "Paranormal Activity 2", would make his directorial debut with the fifth film. Oren Peli, the creator of the franchise, and Jason Blum would return to produce the fifth film. In late September 2013, Paramount hired "Almanac" writers Jason Pagan and Andrew Stark to write the screenplay. Though series writer Christopher B. Landon said that several sequels would follow "The Ghost Dimension" to wrap up the story, producer Jason Blum later confirmed that the film would indeed be the last in the series. He said: "It’s coming to an end. This is it, the finale. We’re saying it before the movie opens. We’re not going to grind this horror franchise into the ground. This will keep Paranormal Activity as part of this culture and this particular time in a really fantastic way... All the questions that everyone has asked from the past ‘Paranormal Activity’ films: What does Toby look like? What’s the backstory to the families? These questions have been teased out. Now they will be answered."  A seventh film was later announced to be in development.

Other media.

Digital comics.

In December 2009, a short digital comic entitled "Paranormal Activity: The Search for Katie" was released for the iPhone. It was written by Scott Lobdell and features art from Mark Badger.

Video game.

A video game called "Paranormal Activity: The Lost Soul" was released on August 15, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PS4. The game was engineered for VR and made use of the PlayStation VR for the PlayStation as well as Oculus Rift and HTC Vive for Windows, but VR was not required for play. The game was nominated for "Best Sound Design for an Indie Game" at the 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.

Paranormal Activity is an American supernatural horror franchise consisting of six films and additional media. Created by Oren Peli, the original film was widely released in 2007.

Paranormal Activity est une série de films d'horreur américains créée par Oren Peli. Distribuée par Paramount Pictures, la saga est composée de cinq films ainsi que d'un spin-off, "" étant une suite non officielle au premier film, et se passant au Japon. Tous les films de la saga ont été filmés au format "found footage".


Childhood and early career.

Mewalal was born on 1 July 1926, in Daulatapur in Chitarghati Panchayat of the erstwhile Gaya district (now Nawada district) in Bihar, to Sahoo Mahadeoram and Kusumi Devi. He spent his early days playing football in Daulatpur at the banks of Khuri river flowing next to his village, with the seeds of the tar tree.  In 1937, his family shifted to Calcutta (now Kolkata), with his father working at the Fort William, and resided at the locality, Fort William and Hastings. Once in Calcutta, his footballing talent was noticed by Sergeant Barnett who guided him to join the Morning Star Club. Barnett would then become his first coach. Known for his ability to shoot with both feet, Mewalal credited Sergeant R. Blackey for helping him with the technique. He began playing as a right-in and was eventually urged at the club to play in the center-forward position, considering his physique and the ball shooting technique. he began playing for the Napier club the following year. He made his name at the club scoring an important goal in a draw against Grear Sporting Club.

Club career.

Mewalal started his senior career in 1938 with Khiddirpore Club which was then playing in the 2nd Division of Calcutta Football League. He came into the limelight in 1944 when he scored the winning goal for the IFA XI against India XI. In 1945, he joined the 1st Division club Aryans. It was his hattrick for Aryans in the same year against Mohun Bagan in a Calcutta league match that impressed the then Mohun Bagan captain Sailen Manna and in 1946 he joined Mohun Bagan under Manna. In 1947 he joined the Eastern Railway Football Club. After spending 8 years with them, he joined BNR Football Club. In 1958, while playing in an Inter-Railway tournament in Kharagpur his knee was broken. This incident brought an end to Mewalal's illustrious 20-year career.  During his club career, he scored more than 150 goals in the local league. He also scored 39 goals for Bengal in Santosh Trophy including five hattricks. Mewalal was the top-scorer in the Calcutta Football League on four occasions. He achieved this feat in 1949, 1951 & 1954 for Eastern Railways and in 1958 for BNR. He also scored a record of 32 hat-tricks in local football tournaments which record stands even today.

International career.

Playing for the Indian national team, Mewalal's first major tournament was the 1948 Olympics in London. Following Games, the team played exhibition games including a game against the Dutch club Ajax winning 5–1. Mewalal emerged as the top scorer in the games. At the inaugural Asian Games in 1951 in New Delhi, he finished as the top scorer with four goals, and India winning the gold medal. He scored the winning goal in the 1–0 win against Iran in the final. He was also a part of the team that competed at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki. He also toured several European countries in the late 1940s as part of the Indian team, and its tours of Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Myanmar and Thailand in the 1950s.

Personal life.

Mewalal married Laxmi Devi Lal when he was 18, and had three children together. He was admitted to a hospital in Kolkata on 14 November 2008, after having suffering from pneumonia. Diagnosed with Gallstone, he was again admitted on 8 December and was operated upon on 19 December. Having lived on liquid diet following this, he died on 27 December.

Sheoo Mewalal (also known as "Sahu Mewalal"; born 1 July 1926) was an Indian Olympian footballer who plied his trade at Kolkata (then Calcutta). His playing position was striker and he was known for his excellent fitness, bicycle kicks and goal scoring abilities especially using the rabona kick.

Sahu Mewalal (né le 1926 à Daulatapur, dans le district de Gaya dans le Bihar et le ) était un footballeur indien.


Background.

Various regions of Thailand are prone to seasonal flash-flooding due to their tropical savanna climate. The floods often occur in the north and spread down the Chao Phraya River through the central plains, in the northeast along the Chi and Mun Rivers flowing into the Mekong, or in the coastal hillsides of the east and south. Remnants of tropical storms that strike Vietnam or the peninsular south commonly increase precipitation, resulting in further risk of flooding. Drainage control systems, including several dams, irrigation canals and flood detention basins, have been constructed, but are inadequate to prevent flood damage, especially in rural areas. Much effort, including a system of drainage tunnels begun in 2001, has been put into preventing the inundation of the capital city, which lies near the mouth of the Chao Phraya and is prone to flooding, with considerable success. Bangkok has seen only brief and minor flooding since the major flood of 1995. Other regions, however, had experienced severe flooding as recently as 2010.  Rainfall in March 2011 over the area of northern Thailand was an extraordinary 344 percent above the mean. Bhumibol Dam in particular received 242.8 mm of rain, well above the normal 25.2 mm. Since 1 January the dam had accumulated 245.9 mm, 216.0 mm or 186 percent above normal.  Bangkok's tendency to flood is particularly acute. Bangkok and adjacent provinces are only 50 cm to two meters above sea level. Sea levels are rising four mm every year. The rising sea levels push more water into the Chao Phraya River. To combat rising sea levels a barrier dam stretching from Chonburi to Hua Hin has been proposed, at a cost of 500 billion baht. The three-meter high dykes that sequester the river are subsiding, as is the rest of the city. In the past, some areas of Bangkok were sinking as much as three centimeters per year, due to excessive groundwater extraction. Groundwater extraction was halted in 1977. That step has slowed subsidence to about one centimeter per year on average. However, the sheer weight of Bangkok's ever expanding infrastructure has exacerbated the problem. Bangkok has some 700 buildings more than 20 storeys high and 4,000 buildings eight to 20 storeys high. The sheer weight of these structures displaces the spongy soil and increases subsidence. In a 2015 report, Thailand's National Reform Council warned that relocation of the capital was not out of the question.

Flooding timeline.

With the monsoon season well underway in 2011, when noticeable rainfall started in May, major flooding began as Tropical Storm Nock-ten made its landfall in northern Vietnam, causing heavy precipitation in northern and northeastern Thailand and flash floods in many provinces from 31 July. Within one week thirteen persons had been reported dead, with ongoing flooding in the provinces of Chiang Mai, Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Nan, Phrae, and Uttaradit in the north, and Bung Kan, Nakhon Phanom, Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, and Udon Thani in the upper northeast. The upper-central provinces of Phichit, Phitsanulok, and Sukhothai were also flooded as the flooding spread down the overflowing Yom and Nan Rivers. Prachuap Khiri Khan on the gulf coast was also affected.  Flooding was still ongoing by late-August, as heavy rains were expected to continue for longer than usual due to the effect of El Niño. Flood waters reached a depth of 50 cm in downtown Nan, and became the highest recorded in 16 years in Phitsanulok Province, while large areas in the downstream provinces of Nakhon Sawan, Ang Thong, Ayutthaya, and Nakhon Nayok were affected and the death toll rose to 37 by 22 August. Both Bhumibol and Sirikit Dams increased discharge rates to compensate for the increase in incoming flow.  By 19 September almost all of the lower central provinces were affected by the flood: Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, Suphan Buri, Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, and Nonthaburi, the latter two on the northern border of Bangkok. Broken floodgates resulted in water from the Chao Phraya flowing through irrigation canals and inundating large areas of paddy fields in Singburi, Ang Thong, and Ayutthaya, but lessened the strain on Bangkok as the fields served as water retention areas. Power boats were used to run against the river's flow while at anchor in an attempt to increase the river's discharge rate.  By the beginning of October, most dams were already near or over capacity and were being forced to increase their rate of discharge, potentially worsening downstream flooding. Flooding in Ayutthaya worsened and flood water entered the city itself, inundating the Ayutthaya Historical Park and forcing evacuations. Barriers protecting industrial estates failed, resulting in the flooding of dozens of major factories and a country-wide disruption of the manufacturing supply chains. In Nakhon Sawan, the sandbag barrier protecting the city was breached, resulting in rapid flooding of the city. Hundreds of patients had to be transferred out of Ayutthaya and Nakhon Sawan Regional Hospitals by boat as water levels rose over the hospital floors and power supplies and life support systems were disrupted.

Northeast.

The Mekong, and its major tributaries Mae Mun and Mae Chi all experienced flooding. In Khon Kaen Province alone, floods destroyed close to 350,000 rai (56,000 hectares; over 200 square miles) of land, stranding 315 families of Mai Si Wilai village in the middle of the swollen Nong Kong Kaew Lake in Chonnabot District, while in Phra Lap municipality on the outskirts of Khon Kaen city, over 700 displaced residents of Phra Kheu village called the shoulder of a provincial highway home. The provincial Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, normally allocated 50 million Thai baht, was granted an extra 50 million for 2011 and had spent over 80 million by the end of October 2011.

South.

Significant flooding occurred in late-2011 in Thailand's southern provinces. Nine provinces were affected by flash flooding owing to rains that occurred in November 2011. Saba Yoi, Khuan Niang, Rattaphum, and Singha Nakhon Districts were declared disaster zones after flood waters as deep as five meters covered nearly all areas. More than 159 small and key roads were impassable. Ten other districts were feared at risk of inundation and more rains were expected. Coastal areas in the south were also battered by high waves.

Flooding in and around Bangkok.

As floodwaters drained southwards from Ayutthaya, Bangkok was becoming seriously threatened by mid-October. In Pathum Thani Province bordering Bangkok to the north, continuous efforts to reinforce and repair sandbag flood walls were undertaken to prevent the Chao Phraya and Rangsit Canals from overflowing into Bangkok. Several districts in eastern Bangkok which lie outside Bangkok's flood wall, as well as parts of the surrounding Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Chachoengsao, and Nakhon Pathom Provinces, became flooded as water was diverted from the Chao Phraya to the Nakhon Nayok River and outlying canals.  As flood barriers in Pathum Thani failed, even more industrial estates as well as suburban residential areas became flooded. Parts of the Phahonyothin Highway leading out of Bangkok became inaccessible, causing severe traffic jams on alternative routes. Disruption of a barrier protecting the Khlong Prapa water supply canal early on 20 October allowed floodwaters to enter the canal and rapidly flow down to Sam Sen in central Bangkok, overflowing and flooding several areas along the banks. Although the breach was controlled, residents panicked and illegally parked cars on flyovers and parts of the elevated expressway.  The entire Rangsit campus of Thammasat University in Pathum Thani, north of Bangkok, serving as the largest evacuation centre, was flooded with two meters of water. This led to the school's final exams to be postponed three times.  As the situation continued, several floodgates controlling the Rangsit/Raphiphat canal system became overwhelmed and were forced to release water towards more residential areas. Residents of several districts of Bangkok, especially those bordering Pathum Thani, were told to prepare for flooding. 15 October, saw the beginning of what would be the total inundation of Muang Ake and Rangsit University. The Rangsit gymnasium served as the main means of exit from the town for those who did not have ability to leave on boat or four-wheel drive. An army truck transferred many to the Mo Chit bus station.  The Chao Phraya River watershed drains an area of. This entire area drains towards Bangkok and eventually empties into the sea. The Chao Phraya River itself, and pumping stations around Bangkok drain approximately per day. However, the releases from the dams upstream of Bangkok coupled with additional rainfall, led to estimates that of flood waters must be drained. The flow headed towards Bangkok equated to. Thailand's Royal Irrigation Department predicted, provided there is no new rain, that it would take 30–45 days for this quantity of water to reach the sea.  Until water flows out to sea, it must go somewhere. This meant flooding on unprotected low-lying land. The amount of land inundated, and the height of peak flood waters was difficult to project for three reasons:

Mitigation and relief efforts.

Centralized flood monitoring and relief operations began in mid-August. Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, appointed in early-August, made tours of flooded provinces beginning 12 August and assigned cabinet members and members of parliament to visit affected people, pledging support to local administration organizations. The 24/7 Emergency Operation Center for Flood, Storm and Landslide was set up on 20 August under the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Department of the Ministry of Interior to coordinate warning and relief efforts. The government also allocated extra flood-relief budgets to the affected provinces. The prime minister also pledged to invest in long-term prevention projects, including the construction of drainage canals.  The armed forces were mobilized to distribute aid to affected people, and civilian groups and organizations were also involved, with volunteers packing sustenance kits and delivering aid to some areas. A Flood Relief Operations Center (FROC) was set up at Don Mueang Airport to coordinate the delivery of aid, superseding the Emergency Operation Center because it could not exercise adequate authority. The stadium at Rangsit Campus of Thammasat University served as a shelter for evacuees, mostly from Ayutthaya. However, many people in the flooded areas refused to leave their homes for fear of looting.  China, Japan, the Philippines, the United States, and New Zealand pledged support and assistance for relief operations.  On 16 October 2011, the aircraft carrier, as well as several other United States Navy ships were deployed to Thailand to assist in relief work. It was not clear to the US government whether or not the Thai government required US naval assistance due to mixed signals from the Thai government. An anonymous US defense official said that they were "ready to help but we haven't got a request". Then Captain John Kirby of the USS "Mustin", docked at Port Laem Chabang on a routine visit, said Thailand asked the warship to prolong its stay at the port for up to six days for assistance in aerial surveillance of the extent the flooding. The Pentagon said two Seahawk helicopters aboard would conduct the reconnaissance.

Disputes.

At the national level a debate raged as to whether the dams that store waters upstream of Bangkok were mismanaged.  The size and scope of the 2011 flood can, in part, be attributed to the low rainfall of the 2010 monsoon season. Dam levels hit record lows on June 2010. The evidence shows that early in the season the dams collected large amounts of water building reserves and buffering early flooding. The scale of the rainfall of 2011 is evidenced by the quantity of water collected behind Bhumibol Dam. Over eight billion cubic meters of water were collected in three months, filling this dam to capacity. Once at capacity, continuing rains forced officials to increase flows from the dams despite increasing flooding and this led to accusations that the dams were mismanaged early in the monsoon season. However, the counter argument is that had the monsoon season for 2011 been short and the dam levels not built up, that even lower levels than 2010 would have been mismanagement too.  As the flooding threat to Bangkok increased, discontent with the government response and the FROC mounted. The government was criticized for underestimating the extent of flooding, giving mixed or conflicting information, and not giving adequate warnings. Failure of governmental units to share data and cooperate were reported as contributing to the problem. FROC administrators and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) were criticized for playing politics and refusing to cooperate at the expense of the general population.  Copying the technique suggested by King Bhumibol Adulyadej to help quicken the flow of water through the much shallower Khlong Lad Pho canal, Yingluck placed hundreds of boats in the Chao Phraya River to accelerate the flow and drainage of the basin. Yingluck was criticized for this by Democrat Party spokesman Chavanond Intarakomalyasut, who called the operation a "waste of time" as there were high sea tide at the time. Smith Dharmasarojana, former Director-General of the Meteorological Department and Chairman of the National Disaster Warning Council Foundation, also criticized the operation, claiming that "accelerating boats in the middle of the wide Chao Phraya River is a waste because they propel only the water on the surface." However, others countered that boats wouldn't move forward unless they propelled water backwards. The middle ground to this dispute is that the overall power of the Chao Phraya River is tremendous compared to the additional power added to it by the engines of the boats. Later on 5 December 2011, the king was present at a public ceremony held on his 84th birthday anniversary, attended by senior public officers and broadcast live throughout the nation. He gave a public speech a part of which was: "...Especially, the people are now suffering from the inundation. Every person is obliged to together and without delay cope with this public danger. And all projects I have suggested, such as the project on permanent management of water, are merely an advice, not an order. The persons concerned must think twice [about them]..."  Sukhumbhand Paribatra, a member of the opposition party and Democrat Governor of Bangkok, apparently seized on the flood as an opportunity to grandstand and made comments such as "please believe me and only me", and charged that 800,000 sandbags provided by the federal government were of questionable construction. "Once I saw these paper bags I was in shock", he said, refusing the sandbags. In response, the government released photos of the bags, construction details, and suggested that the governor was perhaps ill-advised by a third party in an attempt to allow him to save some face.  The use of flood barriers resulted in several disputes between people on the different sides. Those on the flooded side were angry that they were unfairly affected, and often attempted to sabotage the barriers, sometimes resulting in armed confrontation. Farmers in Phichit Province, among others, fought over the maintenance of sandbag barriers and sluice gates. Residents in areas outlying Bangkok are also dissatisfied that their homes are flooded while Bangkok was protected. Arguments over the construction of the controversial Kaeng Suea Ten Dam also arose.  Local resistance to the building and maintenance of flood barriers disrupted work in several instances. Residents in some areas sabotaged barriers and threatened government workers at gunpoint.

Issues with car owners.

Once the flood arrived at Pathum Thani Province, the media presented flood-related news more frequently and made car owners in Bangkok and nearby precincts panic. Many designated car parks were full at that time. Many parked their vehicles on expressways, at intersections, or anywhere they perceived would not get flooded. This aggravated traffic problems and there were several unreported accidents. No deaths were reported.

Communication deficiencies.

One notable error in communications between Thai media and foreign companies was the lack of information in English. Japan's Toshiba said, "it is critical for the government to provide more accurate flood information and implement long-term prevention measures". Other foreign investors shared this anxiety. Another notable example of insufficient communication was with Rohm Integrated Systems, one of the largest Japanese semiconductor manufacturers who had a manufacturing plant in Navanakorn. The company received very little information about the flood and could not move critical equipment in time.

Damage.

The flooding has been described as "the worst flooding yet in terms of the amount of water and people affected". As of 6 November, flooding affected 3,151,224 people from 1,154,576 families, with 506 deaths and two missing persons reported by the 24/7 Emergency Operation Center for Flood, Storm and Landslide (EOC). Damage estimates of at least 185 billion baht in the latest estimate by the Federation of Thai Industry (central region) which includes 95 billion baht damage on Thai industry, 25 billion baht damage to Thai agriculture, and 65 billion baht damage to housing. A large part of the damage stemmed from the effect on the manufacturing industry, with 930 factories in 28 provinces affected, including several industrial estates in Ayutthaya and Pathum Thani Provinces. The flooding has been estimated to result in a decrease of 0.6–0.9 percent in economic growth. Schools, 1,053 of which were affected as of 19 September, were forced to end the term early.  Employment was hurt when factories flooded and workers were laid off or fired. Not all factories were expected to reopen, causing significant long-term job loss in central Thailand.  Thailand accounts for about 30 percent of global trade in rice and 25 percent of the main crop was not expected to survive the floods. On the other side of the world, rice farmers in Arkansas, usually accounting for 42 percent of US output, also were flooded early that year, and then faced drought, reducing their crop by 32 percent according to the USDA. Combined, these two events will have a global impact on rice prices. In Thailand, where rice farmers do not typically have much reserve capital, effects on farmers will be felt the greatest since they lost both their investment in the current crop and must wait to earn money when flood waters recede before planting a new one.

Damages to industrial estates and global supply shortages.

On 8 October 2011 the 10-metre high water barrier in Nikom Rojna Industrial Estate, which housed many manufacturing plants, collapsed. The strong current interfered with reconstruction efforts and resulted in the area being non-operational. One of the major manufacturing plants, Honda, was left virtually inaccessible.  Thailand is the world's second-largest producer of hard disk drives, supplying approximately 25 percent of the world's production. Many of the factories that made hard disk drives were flooded, including Western Digital's, leading some industry analysts to predict future worldwide shortages of hard disk drives. Western Digital was able to get one of their plants, flooded on 15 October 2011, restored and operating on 30 November 2011. Western Digital's flood-related costs were estimated at between US$225–275 million, however, an insurance claim of US$50 million for property damage, and another claim for business interruption would help lower the net impact. As a result, most hard disk drive prices almost doubled globally, which took approximately two years to recover. Because of the prices increase, Western Digital reported a 31 percent revenue increase and a more than doubled profit for fiscal year 2012.

Impacts of flooding on other countries.

The economies of other countries were significantly impacted by the flood. The country that was hardest hit was Japan. Japanese firms with plants in Thailand included Toyota, Honda, Hitachi, and Canon. One analyst predicted the profits of one firm, Toyota, may be cut by (). Worker incomes in Thailand and Japan were impacted.  For some firms and countries the impact was not all negative. For example, Thailand is a major exporter of seafood and countries like India have firms that gained as they stepped to fill in the void.  Thailand's flood helped contribute to a total estimated in economic losses for the first nine months of 2011. These losses represented 80 percent of the world's total economic losses and the insurance industry responded by raising rates in some areas between 50–200 percent or by not accepting new clients in Asia.

Damage to tourism.

In early-November 2011, the Governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), Suraphon Svetasreni, projected a combined loss as high as US$825 million owing to reduced international and national tourism. TAT projected that between 220,000 and 300,000 visitors would cancel their trips.  Tourism numbers had been running higher than 2010 until the end of October 2011. Arrivals at Bangkok's airport were up 6.7 percent compared to October 2010 and same month last year, Phuket arrivals were up 28.5 percent.  The TAT wanted tourists to know tourist destinations such as Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Pai, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Pattaya, Sattahip, Chonburi, Chantaburi, Phetchaburi, Hua Hin, Cha-am, Phuket, Krabi, Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Trang, Satun, Hat Yai, Rayong, Trat, Chumphon, Ranong, Ko Pha Ngan, and Ko Samui had not been affected by flooding at all. If a section of Bangkok became temporarily inaccessible, visitors still had other options.  Concerns about the ability to continue food supplies to some areas was evident in the media. Some retailers in Phuket were scrambling in October 2011 to establish alternatives when their regular distribution centers were flooded. An added concern became even more pressing when it became clear on 7 November 2011 that Rama II Road, the last open link to the south, was expected to flood. To offset this risk, plans were announced to mobilize teams to reclaim Highway 340 that in parts was under up to a meter of water.  On December 2011, the Miss Earth 2011 beauty pageant was set to be held in Bangkok, but was relocated to the Philippines.

Sanitation concerns.

Effects of the trash and sewage in flood waters were expected to peak when waters subsided, leaving behind stagnant pools of water. A spokesman for UNICEF encouraged everyone to stay out of the water as much as possible. Since a household sanitation system does not operate under flood water, individuals who remained in flooded areas exposed themselves to risks and increased risks for those living downstream by continuing to generate more sewage and trash in waters carried downstream.

Severe flooding occurred during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand. The flooding began at the end of July triggered by the landfall of Tropical Storm Nock-ten. These floods soon spread through the provinces of northern, northeastern, and central Thailand along the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins. In October floodwaters reached the mouth of the Chao Phraya and inundated parts of the capital city of Bangkok. Flooding persisted in some areas until mid-January 2012, and resulted in a total of 815 deaths (with three missing) and 13.6 million people affected. Sixty-five of Thailand's 76 provinces were declared flood disaster zones, and over of farmland was damaged. The disaster has been described as "the worst flooding yet in terms of...water and people affected."

Les inondations de 2011 en Thaïlande sont de très fortes inondations, causées par quatre tempêtes consécutives et plus particulièrement par le débordement de la Chao Phraya et du Mékong, ayant affecté la Thaïlande. Depuis leur début au mois de juillet, à la fin à la mi janvier 2012 elles ont fait 815 morts et 3 disparus.